Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikel Landabaso Author-X-Name-First: Mikel Author-X-Name-Last: Landabaso Title: The promotion of innovation in regional policy: Proposals for a regional innovation strategy-super-1 Abstract: This paper argues that given the correlation of innovation and R&TD efforts with regional economic development, closing the inter-regional ‘technology gap’ in the European Union, which risks further widening, becomes a pre-condition for reducing the ‘cohesion gap’, which is the primary objective of regional policy. Therefore regional policy should hcreasingly concentrate its efforts in the promotion of innovation if it is to be successful in creating the conditions for a sustained (and sustainable) economic development process in less favoured regions. Hitherto, support for the promotion of Innovation in the less developed regions has been generally inadequate in quantity and quality to meet their economic developmc:nt needs and it has not been adapted to the specific characteristics of the process of Innovation in different regional contexts. The inadequate intensity of the Innovation effort by the public sector and particularly by the private sector, and its poor adaptation to the specific needs and, conditions in the less developed regions (due to a lack of understanding of the innovation prorocess at the regional level) helps increase the ‘technology gap’ between regions and tends to perpetuate or even increase the ‘cohesion gap’. The author argues that one practical way to approach this problem may be to encourage regions to develop regional Innovation strategies. These strategies should aim at promoting publiclprivate and inter-firm cooperation and creating the institutional conditions (consensus among the key regional players) for a more efficienl: use of scarce public and private resources for the promotion of innovation (bigger and better spending in this field through regional policy). Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christos Kalantaridis Author-X-Name-First: Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Kalantaridis Title: Between the Community and the World market: garment entrepreneurs in rural Greece Abstract: During the 1980s and early 1990s it was widely reported that rural areas located on the periphery of Europe had undergone rapid economic growth and structural transformation. Change in these regions was led by small- and even micro-scale enterprises. The growth of these firms was associated with an increased internationalization of production and the renaissance of the industrial district. This paper investigates how small towns and rural areas located along the periphery of Europe are integrated in international production networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 25-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:1:p:25-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Udo Staber Author-X-Name-First: Udo Author-X-Name-Last: Staber Title: An ecological perspective on entrepreneurship in industrial districts Abstract: The model of industrial districts postulates that business foundings are driven by co--operative and competitive processes. These dynamic processes reflect inter--firm learning, operational flexibility, and constant innovation, and are seen as the source of a district's economic vitality. However, empirical studies have usually followed static research designs and investigators have tended to make dynamic inferences from cross--sectional data. In this study, the author draws on organizational ecological theory to test hypotheses concerning temporal variations in the relationship between co--operation, competition, and business founding rates in a textile--clothing district in Germany. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 45-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:1:p:45-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dylan Jones-Evans Author-X-Name-First: Dylan Author-X-Name-Last: Jones-Evans Title: Technical entrepreneurship, experience and the management of small technology--based firms --exploratory evidence from the UK Abstract: The effect of previous occupational background of the technical entrepreneur has been recognized as being highly influential on the management of a small technology--based firm. However, while the high technical expertise of such individuals is seen as being relevant to the future success of a technological organization, considerable doubt has been cast on whether technical entrepreneurs have the necessary management skills required to manage a successful business. In fact, lack of management expertise may lead to problems as the organization grows, leading to considerable leadership crises at important stages of development. Utilizing a typology based on previous organizational background, this paper presents the results of an exploratory qualitative study of 38 technical entrepreneurs in the UK, concentrating on an examination of the effect of previous management experience on the functions undertaken by the technical entrepreneur within a small technology--based firm. The study found that, in general, entrepreneurs assume responsibility for functions in which they had previous experience. However, unlike other studies of entrepreneurship, there is very little reluctance by these individuals to delegate responsibilities for management roles of which they have very little prior knowledge or experience. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 65-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:1:p:65-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John R. Bryson Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: R. Bryson Title: Business service firms, service space and the management of change Abstract: The growth of business service firms represents the latest stage in a continuing twentieth century process of technological and organizational restructuring of production and labour skills. It is associated with the rising information intensiveness of production and the development of an economy of signs. Business service activities located in service spaces drive innóva.tions both in production technology and in management systems. The co-presence of business service firms with their clients as well as other business service firms shapes the possibilities of trust between them. A detailed case study of the way in which large client firms utilize the services of independent business service companies is provided. This is followed by an examination of the relationship between small firms and business service expertise. A dual information economy may be developing in which large firms are able to search for specialist business service expertise irrespective of its location, while SMEs are tied into local providers of more generalist expertise. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 93-112 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:2:p:93-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Can Erutku Author-X-Name-First: Can Author-X-Name-Last: Erutku Author-Name: Luc Vallée Author-X-Name-First: Luc Author-X-Name-Last: Vallée Title: Business start-ups in today's Poland:who and how? Abstract: Poland provides a prime opportunity to study the emergence of businesses in newly formed capitalist economies and to compare this process with business creation elsewhere. Small businesses, which were virtually absent in Poland from 1940 to 1990, have now become, and are likely to remain, the engine of the economy in the years to come. At the same time, large state-owned firms are slowly being reorganized and privatized. In this context, determining the key factors that explain the successes and failures of private businesses in Poland should be of special interest to policy-makers in that country. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 113-126 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:2:p:113-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul. Westhead Author-X-Name-First: Paul. Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead Title: Ambitions, external environment and strategic factor differences between family and non--family companies Abstract: Family firms are regarded as an important phenomenon throughout the world. It is, however, surprizing to note that empirical research surrounding the ambitions, ‘external’ environments and strategies of family firms is scarce. This exploratory paper addresses this research gap. To detect real rather than sample differences between independent family i and non--family unquoted companies in the UK, a matched sample methodology was utilized. In total, data was collected on 51 variables. Chi--square tests revealed 16 statistically significant contrasts between the two matched groups of companies. A discriminant analysis model, in addition, revealed the combination of variables that best dichotomized family from non--family companies. This model confirmed that family companies faced a number of unique issues that influ--enced their competitive stance. Interestingly, family companies that were resistant to change and unaware of emerging industry and market opportunities were markedly less likely to have focused upon technology concerns in order to improve their competitive position. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 127-158 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:2:p:127-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Thierstein Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Thierstein Author-Name: Manfred Walser Author-X-Name-First: Manfred Author-X-Name-Last: Walser Title: Sustainable regional development the squaring of the circle or a gimmick? Abstract: In 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, 179 countries agreed on three declarations including Agenda 21. The concept of Sustainable Development (SD) became a triumph in both speeches and potential concepts. The various meanings of ‘sustainable development’ led to a confusion of Babylonian proportions. The obvious overloading of the term to meet high expectations makes it much more difficult to set into practice. The clever construction of the Rio Declaration allows for opportunities that must not be squandered. The strength of SD as a concept lies in the complexity of the problem and its high degree of commitment among signing members. In this study, SD will be investigated for its applicability; the authors consider the quality of the concept of SD and the handling of the complexity of SD. A two-strategy approach is developed: the difference between the global project ‘SD’ and the short-run mastery of the SD problem. Such statements need to be investigated and measured against the global context of SD. SD can then be integrated into the concept of regional ‘sustainable development’. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 159-174 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:2:p:159-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Holmquist Carin Author-X-Name-First: Holmquist Author-X-Name-Last: Carin Title: Guest editorial Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 179-182 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:179-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerome A. Katz Author-X-Name-First: Jerome Author-X-Name-Last: A. Katz Author-Name: Pamela M. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: M. Williams Title: Gender, self-employment and weak-tie networking through formal organizations Abstract: Aldrich and colleagues have used intensive study of samples of convenience in their research on social networking among female entrepreneurs. This means that several questions remain only partially answered. Foremost among these is the incidence of social networking itself, differences in the level of networking between female entrepreneurs and logical comparison groups - male entrepreneurs and female salaried managers, and that most networking theories are developed for strong--tie rather than weak--tie processes. Building on the conceptualizations of Aldrich and colleagues, we chose a secondary analysis approach to a neglected aspect of social networking, weak--tie network linkage in formal organizations, using a representative sample of American self--employed and salaried managers drawn from the General Social Survey (GSS). The results suggest that entrepreneurs' weak--tie network efforts are less than those of managers, with female entrepreneurs engaging in weak--tie networking less than salaried male managers. Explanations of why these results differ from studies by Aldrich and colleagues, and implications for future research, are given. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 183-198 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:183-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Marlow Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Marlow Title: Self--employed women — new opportunities, old challenges? Abstract: In this paper it is argued that the gender of an individual entering self--employment will significantly affect the experience of owning a business. Given that women are subject to patriarchal pressures that underlie their subordination in society, it is argued that being female will affect the experience of self--employment from initiation of the firm, to development of the enterprise through to the manner of daily management challenges. This hypothesis is evaluated through a matched study of male and female small business owners where the effect of gender upon the experiences of small firm ownership is evaluated. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 199-210 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:199-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nancy M. Carter Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: M. Carter Author-Name: Kathleen R. Allen Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: R. Allen Title: Size determinants of women-owned businesses: choice or barriers to resources? Abstract: Although one of the fastest growing segments of the US economy, women-owned Businesses still lag behind men-owned businesses in size as measured by sales and income. This study examines women-owned businesses in the adolescent stage of their life cycle to determine whether firms that are larger than the typical women-owned businesses are so because their owner's lifestyle intentions and choice differ or because size is linked directly to the resources that the entrepreneurs control. The results indicate that having access to financial resources and emphasizing the financial aspects of the business overwhelm the effects of the entrepreneur's lifestyle intention or choice on their chances for having large businesses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 211-220 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:211-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ted baker Author-X-Name-First: Ted Author-X-Name-Last: baker Author-Name: howard E. aldrich Author-X-Name-First: howard Author-X-Name-Last: E. aldrich Author-Name: liou nina Author-X-Name-First: liou Author-X-Name-Last: nina Title: Invisible entrepreneurs:the neglect of women business owners by mass media and scholarly journals in the USA Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 221-238 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:221-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nilsson Pernilla Author-X-Name-First: Nilsson Author-X-Name-Last: Pernilla Title: Business counselling services directed towards female entrepreneurs - some legitimacy dilemmas Abstract: This paper follows on from a governmental business support programme directed towards female entrepreneurs in the rural districts of Sweden. The implementation of a gender segregated business counselling service is discussed from feminist and neo-institutional perspectives. The intention is to explore the components of the counselling service's identity formation within an institutionalized field of business. Female entrepreneurship as ‘the other’ leads 1.0 legitimacy dilemmas concerning the interactions between the counselling service and the Local Enterprise Boards. The study illustrates a situation where legitimacy is acquired by directing the search-light to external resources. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 239-258 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:239-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Berg Nina Gunnerud Author-X-Name-First: Berg Author-X-Name-Last: Nina Gunnerud Title: Gender, place and entrepreneurship Abstract: In this paper it is argued that feminist geographies may contribute to new insights about entrepreneurship. First, the implicit masculinism of conventional entrepreneurship research is challenged. Second, different conceptions of place and gender are explored to demonstrate that the way we conceive of place and gender is crucial to our understanding of entrepreneurship. Third, the interweaving of place, gender and entrepreneurship is focused. It is concluded that when studying entrepreneurs one is studying gendered individuals in gendered places. The difference that place makes to gender relations and entrepreneurship should be taken into account. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 259-268 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000015 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000015 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:259-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David L. Rigby Author-X-Name-First: David L. Author-X-Name-Last: Rigby Author-Name: Micheal J. Webber Author-X-Name-First: Micheal J. Author-X-Name-Last: Webber Title: The forms and determinants of technological change in US manufacturing† Abstract: An evolutionary model of process-induced technological change is outlined. The model identifies processes of innovation, imitation, selection, and entry and exit. The theoretical impact of these processes on the rate and direction of technological change is specified. The model of technological change is estimated for the US manufacturing sector between 1965 and 1990 and for 20 individual manufacturing industries. The post-war history of process-induced innovation in the manufacturing sector of the US reveals that the pace and direction of technical change has been dominated by the effects of selection and by the entry and exit of marginal firms rather than by innovation and imitation. Thus, the movement of production costs has been driven more by changes in the structure of the market within which manufacturing firms operate than by changes in the pace of‘real’ technical change. Most accounts of technological change, at least in the case of the US manufacturing sector, exaggerate the impact of innovation and imitation on unit costs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 273-298 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000016 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:4:p:273-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jawad Inayatullah Author-X-Name-First: Jawad Author-X-Name-Last: Inayatullah Author-Name: Sue Birley Author-X-Name-First: Sue Author-X-Name-Last: Birley Title: The Orangi Pilot Project: the evaluation of a micro-enterprise credit institution Abstract: This paper evaluates the functioning of the Orangi Pilot Project, a credit institution set up to invest in small scale enterprises in a large slum in Karachi. Despite severe poverty and street violence, the project extended loans to 4382 businesses between 1987 and 1996. Of these, 58% were closed at the time of the study, with 94% having fully repaid the loan within the time agreed. The paper examines the reasons for this high success rate and concludes that the institute had developed efficient and robust lending procedures which were innovative, disciplined and streamlined. Case studies of typical investments are presented to illustrate both the nature of the investee businesses and the role of the loan officers and field personnel. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 299-318 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:4:p:299-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John B Miner Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: B Miner Title: A psychological typology and its relationship to entrepreneurial success Abstract: This research indicates that typologies covering multiple types of entrepreneurs are applicable within the realm of entrepreneurial personality. Four such personality types - personal achievers, real managers, expert idea generators, and empathic supersalespeople - are identified, and shown to be related to subsequent entrepreneurial success. The evidence indicates that entrepreneurial talent may be gauged in terms of the number of these patterns present in a given individual. Those with more patterns are more likely to achieve a substantial level of success. These results have implications for anyone whose work touches upon the field of entrepreneurship. This paper is concerned primarily with how the typology was developed and how the relationship of each type to entrepreneurial success was established. The career routes that fit each type (and which must be followed to obtain success) are considered. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 319-334 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000018 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:4:p:319-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivan Turok Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Turok Title: Evaluating European support for business development: evidence from the structural funds in Scotland Abstract: Small business development is a priority of the European Structural Funds in the late 1990s. This coincides with the economic development efforts of many European regions and nations. Policy measures include the provision of business information, advice and counselling; grants, loans and equity investment; schemes for management and workforce development; assistance for innovation and technical development; and infrastructural support for marketing and training. Evaluation of the Structural Funds is generally undeveloped because of institutional and technical difficulties. The concept of thematic evaluation may be useful by allowing a focus on particular issues or policies and avoiding the complexity of regional programme-wide evalu--ations. This paper illustrates this with an evaluation of business development policies in Central Scotland. The evaluation examined issues concerned with the strategy and organization of business support as well as its economic impact and effectiveness. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 335-352 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000019 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000019 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:4:p:335-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Roper Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Roper Title: Strategic initiatives and small business performance: an exploratory analysis of Irish companies Abstract: Using information provided by over 450 small firms throughout Ireland this paper examines the links between firms' strategic initiatives and their growth, profitability and asset utilization. Strategy choice is found to have an important and significant link to business growth and profitability but no significant link to asset utilization. Growth and profitability linkages, however, often operated in opposite directions. For example, strategies designed to centralize the ownership or control of sample businesses were positively associated with business growth but had negative profitability links. Similar results were evident for a number of market and systems strategies. The implication is that the appropriate strategy choices for a firm depend strongly on the firm's business priorities. The strongest growth associations were with the introduction of management accounting systems, the introduction of new or improved products and moves to centralize ownership. For businesses with broader development objectives, new product development, export market development and moves towards more consensual managerial approaches had positive profitability, growth and asset utilization links. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 353-364 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 1997 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000020 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:4:p:353-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denis Maillat Author-X-Name-First: Denis Author-X-Name-Last: Maillat Title: Innovative milieux and new generations of regional policies Abstract: The main objective of regional policy is to reduce regional differences. The means by which this objective is reached have changed considerably. In this paper, four generations of regional policy are discussed. The first generation, dating back to the beginning of the sixties and a time of economic growth, was based on the principle of distribution. As of the end of the seventies, the environment began to change, with no growth left to distribute, but with territorial production systems to be restructured and reorganized. The issue of distribution gave way to the issue of creating specific territorial resources. From being of exogenous nature, regional policy became more endogenous. Thus, the policies of the second--generation were geared to promoting the endogenous development capacities of each region depending on each region's specific resources. With globalization, the opposition between endogenous and exogenous development policies became outdated. Third--generation policies presented a combination of endogenous and exogenous aspects aimed at creating comparative, environmental advantages. Lastly, and more recently, fourth--generation policies have made their appearance, revealing the need to stimulate, in medium--sized towns, the external manifestations of neighbourhood, variety and accessibility. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:1:p:1-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Carter Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Title: Portfolio entrepreneurship in the farm sector: indigenous growth in rural areas? Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 17-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:1:p:17-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keshabanada Das Author-X-Name-First: Keshabanada Author-X-Name-Last: Das Title: Collective dynamism and firm strategy: Study of an Indian industrial cluster Abstract: An attempt to contribute to the debate on flexibility-collectivity in small and medium enterprises, this study presents the complex character of a typical cluster in a developing country. It analyses various aspects of organization of production, the process of internal differentiation, competitive strategies of the firms, collective action and conditions of labour. Despite the growth of SMEs, technological advancement has been limited. Fast proliferation of business has given a boost to easy entry of entrepreneurs with the vested motive of making a quick profit. This has encouraged price competition based on using inferior inputs that would tarnish the image of the cluster. Importantly, the predicament of labour has remained a disturbing feature in such clusters. Promoting clusters would have to be based on mutual trust and networking, especially in the non-competitive areas such as ensuring product quality and enhancing standards of employment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 33-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:1:p:33-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Orser Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Orser Author-Name: Sandy Hogarth-Scott Author-X-Name-First: Sandy Author-X-Name-Last: Hogarth-Scott Title: Case analysis of Canadian self--employment assistance programming-super-1 Abstract: Governmentslsaquo;Perceptions of the importance of self--employment is underscored by the growing number of publicly--supported self--employment training schemes. This study contrasts findings from two Canadian case studies on self--employment programming. The scope of issues inherent in programme assessment are presented. Findings suggest that the make--up of the assessment team and methodology employed impact the criteria used and interpretation of programme effectiveness. Programme stakeholders include participants, training and programme delivery agents, policy--makers, unions, business owners, and employment equity groups. Recommendations include the use of more inclusive assessment criteria in monitoring programme impact, criteria that include changes to participantsrsaquo; lifestyle, work/family relationships, longer--term earning patterns, income stability, the quality of work life, etc. Evaluation criteria from which agencies can model future programme assessments including measurement characteristics of the costs and benefits for stakeholders are provided. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 51-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:1:p:51-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Autio Erkko Author-X-Name-First: Autio Author-X-Name-Last: Erkko Author-Name: Yli--Renko Helena Author-X-Name-First: Yli--Renko Author-X-Name-Last: Helena Title: New, technology--based firms as agents of technological rejuvenation Abstract: In this paper the catalysing impact of new, technology--based firms in industrial technolog--ical renewal is analysed. New, technology--based firms are studied from the resource--based perspective, as concentrations of technological competencies that operate in industrial networks. The empirical database contains information on nearly 400 Finnish new, technology--based firms. The empirical evidence suggests that new, technology--based firms tend to operate in envir--onments where the notions of the resource--based perspective are of high relevance, striving to generate economic profit through the innovative combination of their knowledge resources with those provided by their operating environment. The technology links and value--creation mechanisms depicted by the sample firms are in line with the Pavitt taxonomy, and help to understand why the bulk of the population of new, technology--based firms are not growth oriented. This paper argues that new, technology--based firms can catalyse economic growth without growing themselves, by contributing to the dynamism of regional innovation systems. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 71-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:1:p:71-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giuliano Bianchi Author-X-Name-First: Giuliano Author-X-Name-Last: Bianchi Title: Requiem for the Third Italy? Rise and Fall of a too succesful concept Abstract: This paper reviews first the long controversy that finally led to recognition that dualistic models (North versus South) were no longer suitable for understanding the multi-regional differentiation of contemporary Italian development, since that development had generated a new geo-economic formation labelled as ‘peripheral economy’ or ‘Third Italy’, whose speciific development agent had been small enterprise spatial systems, later named with terms that were newly coined (‘system areas’) or rediscovered (the Marshallian ‘industrial district’). Frorn that point onwards, the Italian as well as the international debates on small enterprise spatial systems (SESSs), and especially on industrial districts, record attitudes oscillating from being passionately in favour to being hypercritical but, in both cases, strongly ideologized. The Third Italy's case supplies a pertinent example of the risk of ideologizing a scientific controversy. Despite the continuing emphasis put on their past performances, the most recent difficulties of the SESSs to cope with post-industrial transition pose the question of whether and to what extent the Third Italy concept can hold its former epistemological and interpretative power. Components and mechanisms of the SESSs currently affected by the post-industrial processes are identified by means of three stylized schemes (the production, spatial and social models of an SESS). A brief overview of the evolution of the Italian regions from 1951-91 supports the assumption that the SESSs have been the dynamic agent of both the genesis and the dissolution of the Third Italy. The conclusions of the paper can be summarized as follows: 1 SESSs, even in their most illustrious form, the industrial district, are concrete geo-historical formations and not abstract timeless constructions to be studied in their processes of genesis, decline and transformation; 2 ideological stereotypes impeded, some two decades ago, the recognition of the specificity of Italian development and, in particular, that of the Third Italy with its SESSs; 3 this ‘distraction’ hindered the timely adoption of appropriate policies; and 4 it would be ironic if an innovative analysis such as that which led to the identification and the conceptualization of industrial districts and the Third Italy now became a new stereotype. Hence further empirical field research is required which can protect the considerable accumulation of knowledge about small enterprise spatial systems from the risk of becoming an ideological faith far from reality. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 93-116 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:2:p:93-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: chell Elizabeth Author-X-Name-First: chell Author-X-Name-Last: Elizabeth Author-Name: susan baines Author-X-Name-First: susan Author-X-Name-Last: baines Title: Does gender affect business ‘performance’? A study of microbusinesses in business services in the UK Abstract: There is a dearth of studies that have examined the issue of the impact of gender on business performance. Three problems are evident in this earlier work:(1) the need to expose theoretical assumptions; (2) the adequacy of methodologies adopted; and (3) apparent equivocal results. A theme running through much of this work is whether the concept of ‘performance’ is itself gendered. This paper confines itself to addressing three research questions in respect of the impact of gender of business owner on business performance. The field data comprise a sample of 104 microbusinesses in business services in two locations-Newcastle upon Tyne and Milton Keynes, in the UK. The results show (1) no significant difference between the performance of the businesses of sole male and sole female owners, (2) clear evidence of the underperformance of spouse-owned businesses, (3) no support for the hypothesis that women have an ‘integrated approach’ to their business and personal lives (in contrast to men), and (4) evidence that cultural presuppositions about gender roles were most clearly demonstrated in the spouse-owned businesses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 117-135 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:2:p:117-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark S. Freel Author-X-Name-First: Mark S. Author-X-Name-Last: Freel Title: Evolution, innovation and learning: evidence from case studies Abstract: Whilst considerable work has addressed the characteristics of innovative small firms and their aggregate contribution to economic growth and development, the internal processes of learning and innovation have remained relatively neglected. Drawing upon evolutionary ideas within economics and the broader social sciences, this paper begins the development of an appropriate process theory of learning within innovative small firms. The theory conceptualizes; the skills of the firm in terms of organizational routines. These routines are subject to self--reinforcing, path--dependent development which result in the tendency towards lock--in within product innovative small firms. Amongst other things suggested by the paper are the need to augment the knowledge bases of technically driven firms and the need for training policy differentiation between product innovative small firms and their more mainstream counterparts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 137-149 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:2:p:137-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Felsenstein Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Felsenstein Author-Name: Aliza Fleischer Author-X-Name-First: Aliza Author-X-Name-Last: Fleischer Author-Name: Adi Sidi Author-X-Name-First: Adi Author-X-Name-Last: Sidi Title: Market failure and the estimation of subsidy size in a regional entrepreneurship programme Abstract: Capital subsidy programmes aimed at small businesses attempt to compensate for market failures that exist in the conventional financing markets. The existence of these market failures means that some small firms can be denied access to credit despite the fact that they have viable business projects. This rejection occurs because the ‘risk profile’ of the small business is likely to be weighted by factors other than project viability such as ownership structure, business experience and location of the firm. Information on firms with these characteristics is often limited and thus they are overlooked by otherwise well-functioning credit markets. This paper presents an empirical examination of the subsidy embodied in a capital assistance programme that addresses this situation. Data are analysed pertaining to nearly 500 loans and loan guarantees authorized for small businesses in peripheral regions in Israel over the period 1993--95. The gross size of the subsidy embodied in the programme is calculated and a methodology is presented. Employment impacts of the programme are also presented. On this basis, the magnitude of the subsidy-per-job is estimated and the implications of this kind of programme for increasing regional welfare are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 151-165 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:2:p:151-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Feiwel Kupferberg Author-X-Name-First: Feiwel Author-X-Name-Last: Kupferberg Title: Humanistic entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial career commitment Abstract: Although the crucial role of entrepreneurs in the process of establishing firms is common knowledge in SME research, a major theoretical problem has been how to combine theories of ‘persons’ (entrepreneurs) with theories of ‘organizations’ (firms). In this study I suggest that what is missing is a dynamic or processual approach to the study of entrepreneurs. Just as organizations change during their development, so do persons. In order to understand how in particular new firms come about, we should look more closely into the dynamics of personal change that lead certain individuals to commit themselves to entrepreneurial careers. A study of humanistic entrepreneurs in Denmark indicates that the process of becoming an entrepreneur can be seen as a particular kind of career commitment. The emergence of such career commitments is analysed. Different patterns of entrepreneurial career commitments are presented and explained in terms of both structural conditions and biographical self--narratives. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 171-188 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:3:p:171-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannu Littunen Author-X-Name-First: Hannu Author-X-Name-Last: Littunen Author-Name: Esa Storhammar Author-X-Name-First: Esa Author-X-Name-Last: Storhammar Author-Name: Tuomo Nenonen Author-X-Name-First: Tuomo Author-X-Name-Last: Nenonen Title: The survival of firms over the critical first 3 years and the local environment Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the success of new firms in different environments and the factors affecting it. In this study the criterion of a successful firm is that of continued functioning, and firms are divided into two groups: those that have closed down and those that continue after the critical first 3 years. As the basis for a regional analysis the authors look first at the differences between these two groups in terms of the characteristics of firms and entrepreneurs. The regional distribution of the firms that closed down is then examined, followed by an analysis of the regional differences in the characteristics of all the firms and entrepreneurs studied. Regional differences were found in the closing down of firms as well as in the factors explaining the continuation/closing down of business activities. Explanations for the success of firms were found in the characteristic of the entrepreneur, the success of the start--up phase, and in the characteristics of the firm itself. The effects of the environment on firms can thus be seen through these variables. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 189-202 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:3:p:189-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Judit Karsai Author-X-Name-First: Judit Author-X-Name-Last: Karsai Author-Name: Mike Wright Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Zbigniew Dudzinski Author-X-Name-First: Zbigniew Author-X-Name-Last: Dudzinski Author-Name: Jan Morovic Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Morovic Title: Screening and valuing venture capital investments: evidence from Hungary, Poland and Slovakia Abstract: This paper examines the screening and valuation approaches used by venture capital firms in emerging markets using evidence from surveys of venture capital firms in Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The results show notable differences in the state of development and operation of the venture capital markets both between the three countries and in comparison with the developed UK venture capital market, especially in relation to the degree of equity ownership sought by venture capitalists, the information used in deal screening and valuation methods. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 203-224 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:3:p:203-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carter Sara Author-X-Name-First: Carter Author-X-Name-Last: Sara Author-Name: Rosa Peter Author-X-Name-First: Rosa Author-X-Name-Last: Peter Title: The financing of male-- and female--owned businesses Abstract: Whether female entrepreneurs are disadvantaged in financing their business has been an important policy theme within the gender and enterprise literature. The question has remained controversial, as different methodological approaches have yielded contradictory results. A particular challenge is how we can best move on from exploratory research to more rigorous methods needed to separate gender differences from other causative agents. This paper presents new data on the sources and uses of finance by male and female proprietors using data obtained from a customized academic survey of 600 (300 male--owned and 300 female--owned) British businesses, part of a 3--year study on the impact of gender and small business management. The results show quantifiable gender differences in certain areas of business financing, although intra--sectoral similarities demonstrate that gender is only one of a number of variables that affect the financing process. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 225-242 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:3:p:225-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert J. Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: J. Bennett Title: Business associations and their potential contribution to the competitiveness of SMEs Abstract: This paper examines the relations between small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and business associations. It identifies sectoral, local and national dimensions and reports survey results in Britain that evidence the range of services supplied and demanded. The paper reviews the theoretical understanding of how associations operate and how they can be expected to relate to their SME members. Using this framework the paper then assesses, largely using new survey evidence, the types of associations most relevant to SMEs, their characteristics, and their services. The paper concludes by arguing that SMEs are one of the least well represented groups of business, their interests are often likely to be swamped in association governance either by large businesses or by employee--status individuals. In general there are also limits to development of services through business associations, although there is strong variation between businesses by sector, location and size. The author concludes that contributions by associations through specific services to individual companies appears to be relatively limited. The chief contribution of associations to competitiveness of their member businesses appears to be their improvement of collective industry standards, e.g. through codes of conduct, information, collective events, benchmarking and management seminars. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 243-260 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:3:p:243-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan D. MacPherson Author-X-Name-First: Alan D. Author-X-Name-Last: MacPherson Title: Academic-industry linkages and small firm innovation: evidence from the scientific instruments sector Abstract: This paper explores the role of academic linkages in the product development efforts of small and medium-sized manufacturing firms (SMFs). Data from a sample of 204 SMFs in New York State's scientific instruments sector suggest that university research units can play a helpful role in small firm innovation. Knowledge spillovers from the academic sector are shown to be geographically localized. A key finding is that the intensity of academic-SMF interaction varies inversely with the time-distance that separates firms from major campuses. A related finding is that innovation rates are higher among SMFs that enjoy close proximity to academic resources. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the role of micro-geographical factors in regional knowledge diffusion. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 261-276 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000015 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000015 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:4:p:261-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Hassink Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Hassink Author-Name: Michelle Wood Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Title: Geographic ‘clustering’ in the German opto electronics industry Abstract: The dynamics of industrial clustering and its implications for regional development present important challenges for research in economic geography. Awareness of the potential economic and innovative benefits from the geographic ‘clustering’ of firms in related industries is longstanding. In turn, the means of aiding and promoting such clustering forms an important focus for government agencies and other support organizations. This paper aims to explore these issues by drawing on empirical evidence from the opto--electronics industry in Germany. In sum, the paper argues that, indeed, there appears to be geographic clustering in the opto--electronics industry in Germany, notably in the region of Thuringia, around Jena, and in the Munich area. The contrasting experiences of Jena and Munich suggest, however, that geographic clustering in high--technology industry does not necessarily lead to R&D collaboration and innovation. Further, in--depth research is required to determine the conditions under which geographic clustering is beneficial to innovation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 277-296 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000016 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:4:p:277-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bengt Johannissson Author-X-Name-First: Bengt Author-X-Name-Last: Johannissson Title: Personal networks in emerging knowledge-based firms: spatial and functional patterns Abstract: The commercialization of high technology and professional knowledge is often organized by individuals and firms within networks. Operational models of the personal network entrepreneurs build both individually (egocentric networks) and collectively as members of the small--firm clusters (sociocentric networks), which are presented and applied to Swedish data. Entrepreneurs in knowledge--based firms, when compared with traditional firms, invest more time in networking and also build more focused networks. Academic entrepreneurs in science parks establish less dense local networks than traditional entrepreneurs in the industrial districts. A panel analysis suggests that the differences between knowledge--based and traditional firms with respect to personal networking are reduced over time. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 297-312 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:4:p:297-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benson Honig Author-X-Name-First: Benson Author-X-Name-Last: Honig Title: Who gets the goodies? An examination of microenterprise credit in Jamaica Abstract: This research examines the lending decisions made by microenterprise credit support pro--grammes in Jamaica, focusing on what types of owners of firms successfully obtain loans. Utilizing agency theory, human capital and social capital theories, the study examines what types of borrowers successfully navigate the credit market nurtured by non--governmental orga--nizations (NGOs). It is based on field research comparing five organizations, evaluating the loan process and characteristics of each lender, with a study of their market, utilizing interviews conducted with entrepreneurs of 254 informal sector firms. The study first describes and exam--ines the organizational character of the loan agencies, to discern their effect on the loan granting process. Subsequent analysis examines the characteristics of those individuals who received loans, and compares them with those who did not.

The research shows that the behaviour of NGO microenterprise credit institutions in Jamaica conform closely to predictions based on agency theory, behaving very differently from banks, credit unions, informal lending associations and families. Although the bureaucratic mechan--isms and organizational goals and objectives were found to be quite similar among the five different NGO credit agencies studied, each lender varied considerably in their tacit selection criteria of their clientele. The research underscores the importance of social capital and human capital on the lending process. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 313-334 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000018 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:4:p:313-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lybaert Nadine Author-X-Name-First: Lybaert Author-X-Name-Last: Nadine Title: The association between information gathering and success in industrial SMEs:the case of Belgium Abstract: The proposition that having adequate information and a sound information system can bring about competitive advantages has been stated and demonstrated many times. Although the potential importance for success of acquiring and processing information has been stressed for small companies as well, empirical research that focuses on this issue has been scarce in Belgium. This study tries to fill the gap by gaining some insights into the importance of information use for the performance of Belgian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Data supplied by a sample of 208 Flemish industrial SMEs with a staff size of 20 to 100 people are presented. They support the contention that firms that use more information had better results in the past. Also, the results concerning expected performance confirm the formulated hypothesis. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 335-351 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000019 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000019 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:4:p:335-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MICHAEL TAYLOR Author-X-Name-First: MICHAEL Author-X-Name-Last: TAYLOR Title: The small firm as a temporary coalition Abstract: The small firm is frequently cast as a key player in processes of local economic growth. In the literature supporting this view, the nature of the small firm remains largely opaque with little attention being given to real people running real firms. The small firm is treated as atomistic and the ‘business enterprise’ as an object is assumed to coincide with processes of enterprise and the actions of individuals being ‘enterprising’. The paper develops an alternative view of the small firm as a networked temporary coalition. To develop this view, six existing perspectives on small firms are reviewed and the networked temporary coalitions perspective is elaborated through two case studies of manufacturing and service coalitions. A review of existing research suggests that a third of small firms appear to fit this model. The temporary coalition is interpreted as mirroring relationships in the ‘gift economy’ and ‘reciprocal’ modes of exchange. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283263 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283263 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:1:p:1-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: PETER ROSA Author-X-Name-First: PETER Author-X-Name-Last: ROSA Title: The prevalence of multiple owners and directors in the SME sector: implications for our understanding of start-up and growth Abstract: The contribution of portfolio entrepreneurs to the business birth rate has not been systematically researched. To explore this a triangulation approach is adopted involving three data sets: an analysis of a one year's new company incorporations in Scotland; a re-analysis of a survey of 600 male- and female-owned businesses in three industry sectors; and an analysis of a practitioner selected data set of successful Scottish entrepreneurs (‘local heroes’). The paper reports that multiple ownership and cross-linkages between firms are extensive (up to 40% of limited companies may be involved) and occur in reduced frequencies in sole traders and partnerships. There is also a strong gender effect with men much more likely to diversify their business portfolios than women. Failure rates were also low in associated companies, implying that growing clusters of companies rather than single ones may be more efficient. The highest rates of inter-company links were found in the sample of high growth companies. The study confirms the prevalence and importance of inter-firm links to the process of new firm creation, but more research is required to explore multiple directorships as a proxy for business ownership or portfolio entrepreneurship. There are policy implications of shifting the unit of analysis from the firm to the entrepreneur. On the one hand perhaps ‘no policy’ is best, if the business community is adequately recreating and growing by itself through these ownership, control and transference mechanisms. On the other hand, there may be a need for better segmentation, to identify true novice entrants who are not linked to the business community. Further, picking winners and losers may not be possible at the level of the firm, but may be more feasible at the level of entrepreneurs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 21-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283272 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283272 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:1:p:21-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MATTHEW GORTON Author-X-Name-First: MATTHEW Author-X-Name-Last: GORTON Title: Spatial variations in markets served by UK-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) Abstract: This paper considers the existence of spatial variations in the geographical markets served by UK-based SMEs. This topic has largely been ignored within the existing literature and there is little evidence on how the dependence of SMEs on local, national and international markets varies spatially. In dealing with this weakness a standardized postal questionnaire was distributed to SMEs in two study areas: one economically peripheral and, the other, an economic core area. The results show that peripheral firms supply a significantly higher percentage of goods and services to local markets (when controlling for life-cycle and sectoral differences). In contrast, core firms are more oriented to the whole region to which they belong and to national markets, but rather surprisingly there are no significant statistical differences with regard to exporting. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 39-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:1:p:39-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: CHRISTOS KALANTARIDIS Author-X-Name-First: CHRISTOS Author-X-Name-Last: KALANTARIDIS Title: Processes of innovation among manufacturing SMEs: the experience of Bedfordshire Abstract: This paper contributes to the study of innovative SMEs in two ways. First, the entirety of recent work focuses upon success cases of local innovation systems at the expense of less successful areas, which are thus in greater need of policy intervention. This paper aspires to address this gap in the literature by focusing on the experience of an area (Bedfordshire) characterized by low levels of innovative activity. Second, the search for the factors that accommodate or hinder innovation concentrated heavily at the macro-level. Consequently, any policy recommendations failed to distinguish between SMEs according to the extent and nature of their previous involvement in innovation. In response the authors develop a typology of SMEs based upon the extent and timing of innovation; the underlined aim is to undertake a comparative analysis of the causes, processes and obstacles to innovative activity. It is argued that: (1) there appears to be some relationship between the size of an enterprise and the extent of its involvement in innovation within the SME sector; (2) there are fundamental differences in the characteristics, processes and obstacles to innovation between the four elements of the typology; and (3) at the micro-level innovative activity does not appear to be positively related to job creation. Thus, increasing the innovative propensity of SMEs will not necessarily reduce unemployment rates. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 57-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:1:p:57-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ANTONIO VAZQUEZ-BARQUERO Author-X-Name-First: ANTONIO Author-X-Name-Last: VAZQUEZ-BARQUERO Title: Inward investment and endogenous development. The convergence of the strategies of large firms and territories? Abstract: Inward investment is often understood as an inadequate instrument for self-sustained growth and as being responsible for the insufficient development of peripheral areas. Globalization and increasing competition within the markets, however, changed the firms' and regions' adjustment environment, and led to the convergence of spatial strategies of the large innovative firms and the development strategies of regional and local governments. This process contributes toward the integration of the external firms within local productive systems and, therefore, large innovative firms can play a relevant role in endogenous development processes. Although the convergence of strategies is not a phenomenon that can be generalized for all types of firms and territories, a new line of action opens up that permits improved productive restructuring and economic development, even in less favoured and peripheral regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 79-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283308 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283308 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:1:p:79-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MONDER RAM Author-X-Name-First: MONDER Author-X-Name-Last: RAM Title: Trading places: the ethnographic process in small firms' research Abstract: Ethnography has gained increasing acceptance as a valuable means of analysing the dynamic nature of life in small enterprises. This paper focuses on the process of ‘exchange’ between researcher and researched, which emerged as a key issue in a year-long ethnographic investigation of employment relations in three small firms. ‘Exchange’ has connotations of trading, bargaining and negotiation. Although these practices have been implied in previous studies using ethnography, they were central to the research reported on here. The paper considers how the intensive level of involvement during the research was managed, the various modes of ‘exchange’ that were negotiated, and their contribution to shaping an understanding of employment relations in the case study firms. A number of implications arise from the exercise. First, the ‘exchange’ process can act as an important ‘facilitator’ of research in the often-unpredictable arena of the small firm. Hence, it should be acknowledged and analysed accordingly rather than seen as ancillary to ‘sound’ research. Second, managing fieldwork roles in such contexts is as much a creative act as it is a ‘scientific’ procedure. Finally, theorizing these processes can deepen understanding of substantive research issues, which is perhaps the key contribution of ethnographic work. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 95-108 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283218 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:2:p:95-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DAVID SMALLBONE Author-X-Name-First: DAVID Author-X-Name-Last: SMALLBONE Author-Name: DAVID NORTH Author-X-Name-First: DAVID Author-X-Name-Last: NORTH Author-Name: CHRISTOS KALANTARIDIS Author-X-Name-First: CHRISTOS Author-X-Name-Last: KALANTARIDIS Title: Adapting to peripherality: a study of small rural manufacturing firms in northern England Abstract: Using empirical data drawn from two studies of manufacturing SMEs in ‘remote’ rural areas in northern England, the paper examines some of the ways in which firms have adapted to the characteristics of their local external environment over a 16-year period. The evidence presented suggests that in both the 1980s and 1990s successful adaptation to local conditions in peripheral rural regions included: proactive product and market development to overcome the limited size and scope of local markets; a labour-intensive development path to exploit the potential advantages of remote rural labour markets; and a relatively low level of subcontracting-out of production activities. The study also shows that whilst the recession of the early 1990s had an impact on the annual profitability and sales growth performance of rural manufacturing SMEs, its impact on their survivability was less than might be expected. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 109-127 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:2:p:109-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: PAUL WESTHEAD Author-X-Name-First: PAUL Author-X-Name-Last: WESTHEAD Author-Name: STEPHEN BATSTONE Author-X-Name-First: STEPHEN Author-X-Name-Last: BATSTONE Title: Perceived benefits of a managed science park location Abstract: This study explores the benefits of a managed science park location in the UK for independent technology-based firms. Property needs of independent technology-based firms located on managed science parks are compared with the property needs of technologybased firms located on non-managed parks. The role played by the science park manager/ director in the development of firms located on managed and non-managed science parks is also explored. Conclusions and implications for policy-makers and practitioners are detailed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 129-154 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283236 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:2:p:129-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ROBERT J. BENNETT Author-X-Name-First: ROBERT J. Author-X-Name-Last: BENNETT Author-Name: PAUL J. A. ROBSON Author-X-Name-First: PAUL J. A. Author-X-Name-Last: ROBSON Title: The use of external business advice by SMEs in Britain Abstract: This paper reports new survey results on the extent, sourcing and impact of external business advice to SMEs in Britain. The survey, covering 2547 respondents, is the largest and most definitive assessment to date. Its results demonstrate the very wide extent of external advice: used by 95% of respondent SMEs, an increase from 85.8% in a similar survey in 1991. The analysis of the survey assesses sources of advice in terms of the level of trust that exists between the supplier and the SME client. The market appears to be strongly segmented and dominated by high trust specialist sources (accountants, lawyers), customers, suppliers and business friends. Business associations and government-backed sources play an important but lesser role. The recent government initiative of Business Link has, however, established an important market, used by 27% of respondents. Impact assessments confirm the significance of high trust private sector suppliers for the most crucial supplies of advice. Variations in use occur by SME type chiefly by size but also by sector and growth record. Generally levels of use vary by SME type to a greater extent than levels of impact. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 155-180 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:2:p:155-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: JARI J. RITSILA Author-X-Name-First: JARI J. Author-X-Name-Last: RITSILA Title: Regional differences in environments for enterprises Abstract: Over the past decade there has been a strong emphasis on the analysis of local economic development. Current research on local development has strongly promoted endogenous growth mechanisms, stressing factors such as local entrepreneurship, social networks, synergy, innovativity, dynamic learning processes and factor flexibility. Accordingly, there has been an increasing interest in the role of innovations and their diffusion in regional development and growth. However, few studies have focused on lagging regions and the problems that they are faced with. This paper attempts to chart the existing regional differences in environments for enterprises in Finland following the concept of innovative milieu. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 187-202 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:3:p:187-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ULRICH J. FRANKE Author-X-Name-First: ULRICH J. Author-X-Name-Last: FRANKE Title: The virtual web as a new entrepreneurial approach to network organizations Abstract: The term ‘virtual organization’ has become a very popular expression to describe a new evolving organizational form. However, for many people it is difficult to distinguish between the different forms of virtual organizations. From an inter-organizational perspective the virtual organization is a network of companies. This paper reviews first the different typologies of interorganizational networks before it presents a case study of a stable SME network. The member companies of this stable SME network have decided to extend their network, which leads to a virtual web. The ‘virtual web’ is basically a pool of independent enterprises that have generally agreed to co-operate. The partnerships deriving from the virtual web are called ‘virtual corporations’, which exist only for a certain period of time or for a particular project. Both concepts are described in detail. Based on the presented case study, possible implications of the evolution process from a stable network to a virtual web are identified. One of the major concerns of this development process is that it leaves the virtual web with a managerial vacuum. A possible solution to overcome the lack of management at the macro-organizational level is to implement the ‘net-broker concept’. The net-broker's task is to initiate and maintain the virtual web as well as to facilitate the formation of virtual corporations. A discussion of the traditional understanding of entrepreneurs and the net-broker identifies the net-broker as an entrepreneur, but an entrepreneur with a different understanding of conducting business. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 203-229 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:3:p:203-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MAUREEN KILKENNY Author-X-Name-First: MAUREEN Author-X-Name-Last: KILKENNY Author-Name: LAURA NALBARTE Author-X-Name-First: LAURA Author-X-Name-Last: NALBARTE Author-Name: TERRY BESSER Author-X-Name-First: TERRY Author-X-Name-Last: BESSER Title: Reciprocated community support and small town - small business success Abstract: This paper presents an empirical test of the significance of reciprocated community support, in contrast with traditional economic factors and unilateral support, in the success of small businesses in small towns. The central hypothesis is that entrepreneurs who make non-market contributions to their community and whose community supports them, are more likely to consider their businesses to be successful. Logistic regression is used to analyse survey data from over 800 small businesses in 30 small towns of the state of Iowa (USA). The authors found that the interaction effect of an entrepreneur's service to the community, reciprocated by community support of the business, is the single most significant determinant of business success among dozens of indicators and characteristics of the respondent, the business, and the small towns in the sample. In addition, it was found that business people who feel successful expect to expand. These findings are relevant to rural development. The expansion of existing businesses is an important component of regional job growth. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 231-246 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:3:p:231-246 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: EDWARD J. MALECKI Author-X-Name-First: EDWARD J. Author-X-Name-Last: MALECKI Author-Name: RYAN M. POEHLING Author-X-Name-First: RYAN M. Author-X-Name-Last: POEHLING Title: Extroverts and introverts: small manufacturers and their information sources Abstract: This paper investigates the information sources used by 50 small manufacturing firms in North Florida, USA, for a number of regulatory and competitive purposes. Some sources are used on a regular, ongoing basis, permitting the classification of firms as extroverts or introverts, depending on the number of sources used. The two groups are significantly different in their use of external information for non-routine issues that appear. Although customers are overall the most frequently used external information source, they are prominent only for competitive matters, such as product development, new mandates and exporting. Government agencies, on the other hand, are the sources most frequently turned to for regulatory matters, including environment, worker safety and local land use regulations. The most versatile information source for both extroverts and introverts is the small manufacturer's network of ‘other firms’, which is the only source used by most firms for problems concerning labour. The detailed examination of information source usage permits the preliminary identification of firm personality types with respect to external information. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 247-268 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283191 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283191 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:3:p:247-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ALEXEI TKACHEV Author-X-Name-First: ALEXEI Author-X-Name-Last: TKACHEV Author-Name: LARS KOLVEREID Author-X-Name-First: LARS Author-X-Name-Last: KOLVEREID Title: Self-employment intentions among Russian students Abstract: The present research investigated employment status choice intentions, defined as the decision to enter an occupation as a waged or salaried individual as opposed to a self-employed one. Hypotheses based on tracking models and the theory of planned behaviour were tested on a sample of 512 Russian students from three different universities in St. Petersburg. The results showed that the theory of planned behaviour, not tracking models or demographics, determined employment status choice intentions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 269-280 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283209 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:3:p:269-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre-Andre Julien Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-Andre Author-X-Name-Last: Julien Author-Name: Louis Raymond Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Raymond Author-Name: Real Jacob Author-X-Name-First: Real Author-X-Name-Last: Jacob Author-Name: Charles Ramangalahy Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Ramangalahy Title: Types of technological scanning in manufacturing SMEs: an empirical analysis of patterns and determinants Abstract: As the component of environmental scanning that is concerned with science and technology, products, production processes, hardware and information systems, the concept of technological scanning, especially in small business, has received little empirical attention in the past. This paper aims to better define the different technological scanning practices of small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) and identify the main factors that determine these differences. This is done without relation to organizational effectiveness as technological scanning is but one of many potential influences on business performance. Using data obtained from a mail survey on the scanning practices of 324 SMEs, the study hopes to increase our understanding of how various entrepreneurs confront various environments in practice. The research model used is based on the notion that, to define different technological scanning practices in small business, four aspects must be considered: strategic orientation (objectives pursued); types of information sought (on technologies and their costs, human resources necessary, etc.); sources used (customers, fairs, specialized publications, suppliers, research centres, etc.); and scanning management practices (methods used, staff involved, level of formalization, and integration of activities). These aspects are contingent upon four factors: the managers' profile; their perception of the environment; their firm's characteristics; and their information network. A cluster analysis reveals that the sampled firms can be grouped into four separate categories, according to the intensity of their technological scanning activities and the type of strategy used. In the first category, where scanning is most developed, the SMEs emphasize cost reduction and control, followed by improvements in competitiveness; they seek mainly financial and human resource information, and use their own internal resources to obtain it. A second category, where scanning is least developed, puts the emphasis on increasing production capacity and flexibility; these SMEs seek very diverse information from many sources. Of the two intermediate groups, one aims to diversify and increase the quality of products and services; marketing information is obtained through customers, suppliers and subcontractors. The other, whose scanning is better organized, favours increasing production capacity through innovation and market information with the help of governmental and financial institutions. This research concludes that there is no ‘one best way’ to environmental scanning in manufacturing SMEs, and that it all depends upon the organization, its objectives and its environmental pressures. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 281-300 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:4:p:281-300 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Weikl Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Weikl Author-Name: Reinhold Grotz Author-X-Name-First: Reinhold Author-X-Name-Last: Grotz Title: Transnational technology transfer of SMEs and its impact on regional development Abstract: Innovatory activities and the innovatory capacity of enterprises are key factors for entrepreneurial competitiveness especially in the context of internationalization. Transnational technology transfer can have a positive impact on the technological capability of enterprises in the host country and on regional economic development. The role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has remained obscure in this context. Against this background, the empirical research undertaken by the present authors intends to clarify the role of German SMEs in the context of internationalization with regard to transnational technology transfer and its impact on home and host countries on an empirical basis. Therefore, a representative postal survey of German SMEs in selected industries was sent out (8% random sample) and complementary interviews with matched-pairs of SMEs were conducted. The empirical results indicate that the success of an internationalization strategy depends on the methods of strategic orientation. Most internationalized enterprises are specialized in certain products with a specific know-how. Against this background, internationalization normally takes place with capital intensive forms in important markets. Subsidiary firms, affiliates or branch plants are set up that remain in control of the investing German company. These forms of internationalization are chosen by enterprises that want to assure that specific know-how, as being a critical determinant for their competitiveness, is not transferred to third parties. The regional impact of such a transfer is of little relevance as the partners are not integrated into the regional networks. Theories currently discussed in this context do not address transnational technology transfer and its regional impact sufficiently. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 301-315 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283128 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:4:p:301-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Hinz Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Hinz Author-Name: Monika Jungbauer-Gans Author-X-Name-First: Monika Author-X-Name-Last: Jungbauer-Gans Title: Starting a business after unemployment: characteristics and chances of success (empirical evidence from a regional German labour market) Abstract: Labour market policy in Germany strongly supports initiatives to found new businesses. In addition to credit programmes with low interest rates open to everyone, the state also supports the foundation of businesses by the unemployed. Business founders who are entitled to receive unemployment compensation get temporary financial assistance to start up a business on their own. In this paper, the authors evaluate how this policy instrument works. The analysis is based on data taken from a mail survey with business founders who started their businesses in 1995 in the metropolitan area of Munich. The results show that it is hard to define whether the programme supports additional business foundations. However, the authors have some empirical evidence that this might be the case. In addition, the analysis did not reveal a deficit in human capital among the unemployed founders. However, a deficit in financial resources was detected. Unemployed founders have to negotiate higher hurdles if they want to raise outside capital. The businesses founded by the unemployed founders are on average as competitive as those founded by employed founders; however, they show a slower pace of employment growth. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate that the unemployed founders are a highly selective sample of all the unemployed, especially if one focuses on human capital resources. As a consequence, the effects of the programme should be interpreted conservatively. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 317-333 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283137 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:4:p:317-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timo Pihkala Author-X-Name-First: Timo Author-X-Name-Last: Pihkala Author-Name: Elina Varamaki Author-X-Name-First: Elina Author-X-Name-Last: Varamaki Author-Name: Jukka Vesalainen Author-X-Name-First: Jukka Author-X-Name-Last: Vesalainen Title: Virtual organization and the SMEs: a review and model development Abstract: Virtual organizations have been presented as one solution for SMEs aiming to increase their competitiveness. This paper seeks to clarify those preconditions that affect the abilities of SMEs to participate in virtual organizations. The reviews on the networking literature and the resource-based theory show that the demands that virtual organizations set to the SMEs are substantial, and that from this point of view getting access into this type of networking is possible only for those SMEs that are competitive already. In the theoretical part of the paper a typology of SMEs is created, highlighting the resource base and networking capabilities of different MEs. The paper presents four illustrative cases, reflecting the theoretical types. The cases bring out the nature of SME networking as an iterative process: the more the firm participates in networking the better it is capable of creating new co-operation. On the other hand, if the firm is either unwilling or incapable of networking with other firms the preconditions for participating in a virtual organization become unreachable. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 335-349 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283146 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:4:p:335-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milan Zafirovski Author-X-Name-First: Milan Author-X-Name-Last: Zafirovski Title: Probing into the social layers of entrepreneurship: outlines of the sociology of enterprise Abstract: This paper analyses entrepreneurship in an unconventional manner from the viewpoint of conventional economic wisdom. The latter imputes to entrepreneurship as well as development of an ‘inner logic’ of its own. In contrast with this imputation, a complex social structure is attributed to entrepreneurship and hence to economic development. Entrepreneurship possesses an eminently social character and is subject to the operation of definite societal processes. Of these, of particular relevance are cultural-historical and social-structural factors, as exemplified in the ‘spiritual’ and institutional preconditions of modern dynamic capitalism, including entrepreneurship. At this juncture, the profit motive of entrepreneurship appears as a culture-specific, institutional incentive, not as an expression of some inborn propensity to profiteering. For human motives, preferences and values cannot be taken as parametric, homogeneous and exogenous to society, but as variable, heterogeneous and endogenous to it and its culture and institutions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 351-371 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:4:p:351-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frederic Delmar Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Delmar Author-Name: Per Davidsson Author-X-Name-First: Per Author-X-Name-Last: Davidsson Title: Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs Abstract: This paper reports on a unique study of a large, random sample of business start-ups that were identified prior to the actual, commercial launch of the ventures. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, to present frequencies on the involvement of the Swedish population in the small business sector (particularly in start-ups of firms) and to compare these with estimates from Norway and the USA, which are based on studies using a similar research design. The authors also discuss the possible reasons for the differences that emerge between countries. Second, the characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs (i.e. individuals trying to start an independent business) are analysed and compared for sub-groups within the sample and with characteristics of business founders as they appear in theoretical accounts or retrospective empirical studies of surviving all firms. In order to get a representative sample from the working age population, respondents (n = 30,427) were randomly selected and interviewed by telephone. It was found that 2.0% of the Swedish population at the time of the interview were trying to start an independent business. Sweden had a significantly lower prevalence rate of nascent entrepreneurs compared to Norway and the USA. Nascent entrepreneurs were then compared to a control group of people not trying to start a business. The results confirmed findings from previous studies of business founders pointing to the importance of role models and the impression of self-employment obtained through these, employment status, age, education and experience. Marital status, the number of children in the household, and length of employment experience were unrelated to the probability of becoming a nascent entrepreneur. The gender of the respondent was the strongest distinguishing factor. Importantly, the results suggest that while one has a reasonably good understanding of the characteristics associated with men going into business for themselves, the type of variables investigated here have very limited ability to predict nascent entrepreneur status for women. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:1:p:1-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mauri Laukkanen Author-X-Name-First: Mauri Author-X-Name-Last: Laukkanen Title: Exploring alternative approaches in high-level entrepreneurship education: creating micromechanisms for endogenous regional growth Abstract: Entrepreneurship is widely regarded as instrumental in economic growth, a balanced regional development and for creating jobs. To fulfil what is called their ‘third obligation’, universities are expected to contribute by research, teaching and transfer of technology. Entrepreneurial education is one of the responses to the realities. For the field of entrepreneurship, the enhanced status may seem welcome. However, there is a downside, related to the at times nebulous conceptual and efficacy notions of entrepreneurship and its education, breeding unreasonable and unpredictable expectations. This paper explores alternative strategies in university-based entrepreneurial education, describing, as a starting point, the dominant pattern of education, based on an individual-centred mindset. Further, it is argued that by conceptualizing the university as a regional evolution mechanism, a different yet parallel educational strategy may be suggested, called a business generating model. Its aim is to foster the necessary conditions for new ventures and for the strategic expansion of regional SMEs: the emergence and fusion of viable business concepts, entrepreneurial actors, resources and a munificent environment. It is suggested that educational applications based on this logic might be effective for meeting the new demands. The paper concludes by discussing some of the contingency issues related to the two broad models. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 25-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283072 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283072 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:1:p:25-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dave Crick Author-X-Name-First: Dave Author-X-Name-Last: Crick Author-Name: Shiv Chaudhry Author-X-Name-First: Shiv Author-X-Name-Last: Chaudhry Author-Name: Stephen Batstone Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Batstone Title: Revisiting the concentration versus spreading debate as a successful export growth strategy: the case of UK SMEs exporting agricultural-related products Abstract: This paper investigates the behaviour of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) that export agricultural-related products from the UK. Although a body of knowledge exists on both the areas of export strategy and competitiveness, empirical data has tended to relate to manufacturing as opposed to agricultural products. Multivariate quantitative analysis of survey data and subsequent findings from interviews indicate that limited statistical differences exist between the competitiveness of agricultural firms that employ as a growth strategy an approach which concentrates on key export markets compared with those that spread their efforts over a number of markets. Firm size, experience and commitment are investigated as co-variates within the analysis. Implications for policy-makers are drawn from the findings. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 49-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283081 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283081 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:1:p:49-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bernadette Andreosso-O'Callaghan Author-X-Name-First: Bernadette Author-X-Name-Last: Andreosso-O'Callaghan Title: Territory, research and technology linkages - is the Shannon region a propitious local system of innovation? Abstract: Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 69-87 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283090 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283090 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:1:p:69-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Paradox in the periphery: an entrepreneurial reconstruction? Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between entrepreneurship and the structure of the periphery. The objective is to reach an understanding of the entrepreneurial process within the context of the periphery, which is traditionally seen as a poor environment. The paper considers the concept of peripherality and identifies a process of gravitation that drains higher order services towards the core. However, this deterministic model does not correspond with the realities of the Scottish Highlands. The paradox is that new businesses are being created that appear to use old redundant peripheral values such as tradition. It is argued that it is the social construction of the periphery that produces this post-modern change. The qualitative methodology indicates the emergence of a new spatial paradigm of aesthetic consumption. Two indicative case studies are presented which show that entrepreneurship is the creation and extraction of value from the environment. Their businesses are the commodification of non-material and aesthetic values. Further analysis of these data demonstrates that entrepreneurs interpret their own version of the environment, rather than merely reacting to it. In turn, they enact this interpretation which forms the basis of their businesses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 91-109 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:2:p:91-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Huggins Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins Title: The success and failure of policy-implanted inter-firm network initiatives: motivations, processes and structure Abstract: This paper examines the processes and causes of inter-firm network success and failure, defined in terms of the ability of networks to become a sustained and valued form of business activity for their members. The paper examines four different case study network initiatives: (1) a failed informal ‘new entrepreneurs' network’ (2) a successful informal ‘local cluster group’ (3) a failed formal ‘defence contractors' network’ and (4) a successful formal ‘small-firm technology group’. It is shown that networks in business are often consciously developed and maintained by those managing directors who have recognized the importance of cooperative activities for achieving competitive advantage for their companies. The best network support consisted of brokers who are able to mix and overlap the ‘hard’ business and ‘softer’ social interests of participants. The case studies indicate that it is formal groups that are the most potent form of inter-firm network, but that it is through an initially informal structure that they are best facilitated. It is concluded that both economic and social rationalities are at play in the motivation of firms to join networks, and that their success is closely connected to pre-existing commonality between members. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 111-135 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283036 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:2:p:111-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allan Gibb Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Gibb Author-Name: Deepak Adhikary Author-X-Name-First: Deepak Author-X-Name-Last: Adhikary Title: Strategies for local and regional NGO development: combining sustainable outcomes with sustainable organizations Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of the development of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and the problem of how to combine sustainable outcomes from activities with sustainable organizations. It seeks to blend concept with practice via the development and application of a model of the NGO as an entrepreneurial organization. The context is that of the experience of (and work undertaken with) the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) funded Competency-based Economies through the Formation of Enterprise (CEFE) Network of NGOs in South Africa. The paper argues that viewing NGOs as entrepreneurial small organizations with a focus upon dynamic stakeholder network development, entrepreneurial management, strategic business development, and strategic alliance building is the key to the much sought after combination of sustainable outcomes and organization. After briefly reviewing some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with the role of NGOs in small enterprise development and the context of the operation of the CEFE Network of NGOs in South Africa, a model of entrepreneurial NGOs is proposed and then applied to South African CEFE Networks. In the conclusion a final outline of NGO sustainability criteria is offered and implications for donor approaches are briefly explored. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 137-161 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283045 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:2:p:137-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Celine Druilhe Author-X-Name-First: Celine Author-X-Name-Last: Druilhe Author-Name: Elizabeth Garnsey Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Garnsey Title: Emergence and growth of high-tech activity in Cambridge and Grenoble Abstract: This paper compares the genesis and growth of two well-known European high-technology centres, Cambridge in the UK and Grenoble in France. This paper attempts to explain why, despite strong differences in terms of initial conditions, Cambridge and Grenoble present similarities, sometimes striking, related to the creation of their respective science parks and to the growth of high-tech activities in the wider area. In the early 1970s Cambridge was a typical British university town while Grenoble had a strong industrial past and a tradition of relationships between university and industry. Despite these differences, high-tech activities emerged at the same time in both places as a unique local dynamic milieu. The paper shows the similarities and differences in the paths of development followed in both centres. Current constraints on growth are described and new dynamics of growth are outlined. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 163-177 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283054 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:2:p:163-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tony Fu-Lai Yu Author-X-Name-First: Tony Fu-Lai Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Title: Hong Kong's entrepreneurship: behaviours and determinants Abstract: It is widely known that Hong Kong's economic success is to a large extent attributed to its dynamic entrepreneurs. However, economic studies on Hong Kong's style of entrepreneurship are few. This paper attempts to throw light on this issue. It argues that Hong Kong is an entrepreneurial society. A unique feature of Hong Kong's style of entrepreneurship lies in its ability to conduct ordinary, rather than extraordinary, discovery. Through the use of guerrilla business strategy, imitation and regional arbitrageurship, entrepreneurial firms in Hong Kong are able to exploit narrow profit margins and to survive global competition. Moreover, the cultural, economic and political environments of Hong Kong are found to be favourable in incubating adaptive entrepreneurship. This paper concludes that, although Hong Kong's style of entrepreneurship emerges out of its unique environments, Hong Kong's experience can be useful to other developing economies. The critical issue is whether latecomer countries can successfully develop adaptive entrepreneurship compatible with their backgrounds so as to exploit international market opportunities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 179-194 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200413455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200413455 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:3:p:179-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Chell Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Chell Author-Name: Susan Baines Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Baines Title: Networking, entrepreneurship and microbusiness behaviour Abstract: It has been argued that networking by owner-managers of small businesses will enhance business performance. Yet to define and demonstrate the presence of networking activity is suffused with methodological difficulties. In this paper the authors attempt to disentangle some of these difficulties. The paper draws on quantifiable data from 104 owner-managers and qualitative data from 34 critical incident interviews from a study of microbusinesses to assess the nature and extent of networking activity. The paper shows: a high proportion of owner-managers use their trading contacts as sources of useful additional information; they use ‘weak ties’ for purposes such as recruitment; a sparse use of institutional networks; an association between networking activity and business performance, although it seems that this must be qualified by sectoral differences; an association between type of owner-manager on a scale of entrepreneurship and networking activity. The policy implications of this paper suggest that economic development agencies continue to have problems reaching out to the microbusiness. This paper recommends that such agencies might use a tool to differentiate more finely amongst the microbusiness population. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 195-215 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200413464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200413464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:3:p:195-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Collinson Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Collinson Title: Knowlege networks for innovation in small Scottish software firms Abstract: This paper examines the emergence of small indigenous software companies in Scotland, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the region's socio-economic infrastructure as a foundation for innovative new business ventures. Following a brief review of some of the accepted wisdom on high-tech start-ups and regional economic development the paper provides some background information on the Scottish region, comparing new firms in the software industry with the foreign multinationals that dominate the local IT industry. A framework - the ‘sociotechnical constituencies’ approach - is then proposed that allows the author to examine networks of specialist knowledge that underlie new business development. Agglomeration effects and the influence of ‘clusters’ of complementary types of knowledge, expertise and innovative competencies at the regional level are at the heart of the analysis. The framework is applied to a sample of local firms, looking at how ‘learning’ via sociotechnical networks underlies their evolution. Policy-makers' attempts to boost the region's new business birth rate and promote the hoped-for ‘silicon glen’ effect are viewed in the light of the study's findings. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 217-244 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200413473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200413473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:3:p:217-244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Freel Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Freel Title: External linkages and product innovation in small manufacturing firms Abstract: The requirement for small firms to collaborate, as a means to supplementing and complementing limited internal resources, has dominated much of the academic and policy debate on regional development and small firm innovation throughout the late 1980s and 1990s. However, relatively little empirical work has sought to look further than simple frequency enumeration - noting that the most innovative and better performing firms are generally more likely to have links with external organizations. Based upon a sample of 228 small West Midlands' manufacturers, this study considers the source, function, geography and strength of innovation-related co-operation. While the general findings point to innovators making greater use of external linkages, of certain types and in particular directions (notably the preponderance of vertical value chain linkages), the results are less emphatic than might have been anticipated. This leads to consideration of the factors contributing to and impeding joint innovation and the firms' perceptions of the impact of innovation. From this, it appears that much of the observed difference between innovators and non-innovators lies in less objective measures. The data suggest the importance of inter-personal dynamics, attitude and expectations in facilitating successful collaboration. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 245-266 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200413482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200413482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:3:p:245-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Morten Huse Author-X-Name-First: Morten Author-X-Name-Last: Huse Title: Boards of directors in SMEs: a review and research agenda Abstract: This paper aims at reviewing research and presenting a research agenda on boards of directors in SMEs. While most publications about boards in SMEs focus on the lack of research in the area, this paper presents some of the work that has been conducted. Publications on boards of directors during the 1990s in outlets for SME research are reviewed. Boards of directors in small and medium-sized companies are getting increased attention, but the knowledge about boards in such companies is still fragmented. This paper presents research challenges based on a holistic model of directorates in SMEs that is elaborated from previous research about directorates. The papers selected for this special issue on boards of directors in SMEs are presented in this framework. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 271-290 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620050177912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620050177912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:4:p:271-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark K. Fiegener Author-X-Name-First: Mark K. Author-X-Name-Last: Fiegener Author-Name: Bonnie M. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Bonnie M. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Dirk R. Dreux Author-X-Name-First: Dirk R. Author-X-Name-Last: Dreux Author-Name: William J. Dennis Author-X-Name-First: William J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dennis Title: The adoption of outside boards by small private US firms Abstract: The research issue motivating the present study is concerned with why some small private firms adopt an ‘outside board’ (i.e. larger boards in which the majority of directors are neither managers of the firm nor relatives of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO)) and others do not. This issue is addressed by investigating whether differing contextual conditions distinguish adopters from non-adopters of outside boards. The authors consider the adoption of an outside board to be one part of a larger organizational life-cycle process in which organizations implement more ‘professional management’ structures and practices in response to their evolving internal and external contexts. The authors examine simultaneously three contextual pressures that commonly confront small private firms as they develop over time- firm growth and larger size, the succession of the CEO, and the diffusion of equity to individuals outside the firm- to determine which of these are salient in explaining the presence of an outside board. Logistic regression results (3070 respondents toa cross-industry mail survey) indicate that outside boards are more likely when more equity is held by individuals outside the firm, CEOs are older and CEOs do not intend to implement an intra-family transition of leadership. The results suggest that firms adopt outside boards primarily to satisfy the desires of external owners, and only secondarily for the service and resource benefits that outside directors provide. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 291-309 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620050177921 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620050177921 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:4:p:291-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonas Gabrielsson Author-X-Name-First: Jonas Author-X-Name-Last: Gabrielsson Author-Name: Henrik Winlund Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Winlund Title: Boards of directors in small and medium-sized industrial firms: examining the effects of the board's working style on board task performance Abstract: Increased attention towards the role of the board makes demands on reforms in the boardroom. In many countries, even small and medium-sized firms are experiencing the challenges of creating well functioning boards. In this paper the authors examine the importance of structures and processes in the boardroom of 302 small and medium-sized industrial firms in Sweden. The contribution of the paper is not only that it tries to explore the relationship between processes in the board and board performance, but also that it pays attention to the working structures that exist to maximize the board's task performance. In this study board task performance is measured as the performance of various control and service roles. There are two main findings. (1) The board members' involvement, and (2) the board's formal structures are important for the board's ability to perform its tasks effectively. The findings empirically support the arguments about the importance of a good and clearly defined working style in the board. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 311-330 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620050177930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620050177930 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:4:p:311-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harry J. Sapienza Author-X-Name-First: Harry J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sapienza Author-Name: M. Audrey Korsgaard Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Audrey Korsgaard Author-Name: Philip K. Goulet Author-X-Name-First: Philip K. Author-X-Name-Last: Goulet Author-Name: Jeffrey P. Hoogendam Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey P. Author-X-Name-Last: Hoogendam Title: Effects of agency risks and procedural justice on board processes in venture capital-backed firms Abstract: This paper builds a model of the effects of agency risk and procedural justice in the boards of directors of venture capital-backed firms. Such boards are unique in that they consist of managers and outside owners with significant power and incentive to be highly involved in venture governance. The authors integrate agency theory and procedural justice perspectives to develop propositions regarding the effects of agency risk and board processes on the responses to poor performance and conflicts of interest. This integrated perspective suggests that factors that increase perceived agency risks will increase outsiders' tendency to focus efforts on monitoring and controlling board decisions and their propensity to resort to formal means to resolve conflicts. However, the authors suggest that through their effects on trust and positive attributions, fair procedures and interactions will reduce these tendencies. A discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of the proposed model concludes the paper. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 331-351 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620050177949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620050177949 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:4:p:331-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson Author-X-Name-First: Bengt Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson Author-Name: Morten Huse Author-X-Name-First: Morten Author-X-Name-Last: Huse Title: Recruiting outside board members in the small family business: an ideological challenge Abstract: The focus of this paper is to explore how contrasting ideologies influence the selection process of outside directors in the small family business. Small family businesses donot just represent smallscale economic activity but they are the outcome of entrepreneurial ambition and family involvement. This means that willpower and emotional commitment blend with calculative considerations. As emotional as well as cognitive constructs the family, management and entrepreneurship each represent an ideology: paternalism, managerialism and entrepreneurialism. The proposed ideological framework is positioned against alternative approaches to the study of board selection processes. Two sets of data are presented. A piloting survey of 12 family businesses is used to substantiate the theoretical assumption that entrepreneurial firms avoid having outside directors and managerial firms welcome outside directors, leaving paternalistically-run family businesses ambivalent. Repeated in-depth interviews in two family businesses, one founder-managed and entrepreneurial, the other established and traditional, reveal how the professionalization of the board enforces managerialism, challenging thus far dominating ideologies, entrepreneurialism and paternalism. The outcome of this ideological contest, if properly orchestrated, is an energized and more competitive family business. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 353-378 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620050177958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620050177958 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:4:p:353-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maryann P. Feldman Author-X-Name-First: Maryann P. Author-X-Name-Last: Feldman Author-Name: Cynthia R. Ronzio Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia R. Author-X-Name-Last: Ronzio Title: Closing the innovative loop: moving from the laboratory to the shop floor in biotechnology manufacturing Abstract: Innovation is a hallmark of successful technology-intensive start-up companies. This paper considers manufacturing as a knowledge-generating activity integral to product innovation in entrepreneurial biotechnology firms. The model of the virtual corporation has been advocated as a means to focus on the resources of start-up companies; yet regional specialization in technical applications and product categories suggests that manufacturing may be a knowledge-generating activity that can provide a potential source of regional advantage. This paper considers the manufacturing strategies that bio-entrepreneurs would like to pursue and explores barriers to forward integration. While capital constraints may force firms to licence and subcontract manufacturing, it was found that entrepreneurs believe that it is important to undertake manufacturing and, when they are financially able, they invest in manufacturing facilities. The authors conclude by providing a framework for considering when it might be most appropriate for biotechnology firms to invest in manufacturing. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010005484 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010005484 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:1:p:1-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Westhead Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead Author-Name: Mike Wright Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Deniz Ucbasaran Author-X-Name-First: Deniz Author-X-Name-Last: Ucbasaran Author-Name: Frank Martin Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: International market selection strategies of manufacturing and services firms Abstract: The following broad research question is explored in this study: do manufacturing firms cite the same exporting methods and modes as those cited by firms engaged in construction or service activities? This study, therefore, addresses a major weakness associated with stage models of internationalization (i.e. a focus solely upon manufacturing firms). In 1990/91, survey responses were gathered from 621 independent businesses located in Great Britain. In 1997, a follow-on telephone survey was conducted with 150 surviving firms. This survey gathered information on the propensity to export goods or services abroad and the mode of export behaviour. Implications for researchers, practitioners and policy-makers are highlighted. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 17-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856201750046793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856201750046793 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:1:p:17-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ted Fuller Author-X-Name-First: Ted Author-X-Name-Last: Fuller Author-Name: Paul Moran Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Moran Title: Small enterprises as complex adaptive systems: a methodological question? Abstract: Complexity science constitutes an emerging post-positivist interdisciplinary field of investigation of dynamical systems in the natural and physical worlds. The central concept of complexity is that interactions between parts of open systems create novel, unpredictable patterns, and that while the history of the system is relevant in understanding its dynamic, the isolation of individual parts of the system (analysis) does not reveal the casual mechanisms in the system. It is suggested that complexity science can inform our methodologies for investigating the social sciences. The paper explores whether complexity science offers ways of theory building that can take account of pluralistic or interdisciplinary research in enterprise dynamics. The authors offer a model of six theorized ontological layers, derived from the canon of research literature within a small enterprise domain, with boundaries at each end. It is suggested that dynamical concepts of agency (adaption, evolution, fitness, interdependence) coupled with the theory of evolutionary autopoietic structures generate a plausible field for the study of enterprise dynamics. A focus on ontological and experimental adequacy is necessary to develop theory within this framework. An appropriate methodology involves iterations between experimental forms of scientific analysis and the grounding of emergent or evolving theories. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 47-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856201750046801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856201750046801 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:1:p:47-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergio Mariotti Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Mariotti Author-Name: Lucia Piscitello Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Piscitello Title: Localized capabilities and the internationalization of manufacturing activities by SMEs Abstract: In this paper it is argued that the internationalization of production through foreign direct investment (FDI) by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is influenced by local level idiosyncracies. Although SMEs suffer from inherent constraints to international growth (due to the scarce availability of financial and managerial resources), the presence of qualified localized capabilities strengthen and complement their competitive/ownership advantages, thus favouring their internationalization. These capabilities are related to the advanced specialized services available to the firms, the existence of a ‘marshallian atmosphere’, and an environment conducive to innovation and learning. However, it is argued that negative externalities stemming from protectionism-oriented public intervention discourage the international growth of firms and negatively influence the propensity of SMEs to internationalize. Empirical support for these premises is provided by this study of the Italian case over the decade 1986--1995. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 65-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856201750046810 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856201750046810 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:1:p:65-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cees Gorter Author-X-Name-First: Cees Author-X-Name-Last: Gorter Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp Author-Name: Eric Pels Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Pels Author-Name: Sytze Rienstra Author-X-Name-First: Sytze Author-X-Name-Last: Rienstra Title: Are entrepreneurs' forecasts of economic indicators biased? Abstract: Insight into the investment behaviour of firms is central in understanding economic dynamics. A critical question, however, is whether firms provide sufficiently reliable data to enable them to make plausible forecasts at the meso (regional or sectoral) level. This paper analyses Dutch investment forecasts at different levels of aggregation. The central research question is whether entrepreneurs, individually or as a group, make systematic errors in their investment forecasts. A statistical test reveals that investment forecasts are not biased at the aggregated (regional and sectoral) level. At the micro level, however, there is a significant bias. Hence, using aggregated (regional and sectoral) data to test the lack of bias (unbiasedness) of forecasts may lead to the wrong conclusions. Moreover, aggregated investment forecasts may then be an inappropriate source for policy recommendations, despite their seemingly high reliability. This finding may in principle be valid for many European countries, since data collection on investment is organized in similar ways throughout Europe. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 81-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010004098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010004098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:1:p:81-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wim Vanhaverbeke Author-X-Name-First: Wim Author-X-Name-Last: Vanhaverbeke Title: Realizing new regional core competencies: establishing a customer-oriented SME network Abstract: This paper explores the possibilities of combining the recently developed ‘value constellation’ concept and the literature about industrial districts. The advantages related to the geographical concentration of economic activities are insufficient in the competition with companies that are linked to each other within a value constellation - a customer-oriented inter-organizational strategy. This new type of competition forces traditionally operating SMEs in industrial districts to team up with each other in a customer-oriented network. However, these networking strategies are unlikely to emerge because SMEs are locked into their traditional competencies and they lack the financial and strategic resources to develop interactive strategies covering the entire value system. Business associations and local institutions may play a crucial role in changing and shaping the emerging network among the SMEs. However, local institutions are equally susceptible to being locked into traditional patterns of interaction. Their willingness to break away from the past is crucial for the learning capabilities of local SMEs. The difficulties in setting up a customer-oriented network are illustrated by the ‘construction and home furnishings’ business cluster in South West Flanders (Belgium). Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 97-116 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110035642 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110035642 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:2:p:97-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tito Bianchi Author-X-Name-First: Tito Author-X-Name-Last: Bianchi Title: With and without co-operation: two alternative strategies in the food-processing industry in the Italian South Abstract: Tomato processing and the production of buffalo mozzarella are two industries that offer an example of a desirable economic development path for the Italian South, based on the valorization of local resources and traditions and on the local ownership of a multitude of small firms. Although they are comparable in many aspects, the two industries have followed different trajectories in terms of inter-firm co-operation. While the tomato processing firms seem to confirm the traditional view of Southern Italian entrepreneurs as individualistic and unable to co-operate, the producers of buffalo mozzarella have built their remarkable commercial success precisely by creating a business-level institution to promote the reputation of their product. The paper discusses the possible explanations for this different co-operative attitude in the two industries: those that depend on the different nature of the two economic activities and those that depend on deliberate choices made at certain critical stages of the industries' development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 117-145 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/089856201750203581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856201750203581 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:2:p:117-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mats Hammarstedt Author-X-Name-First: Mats Author-X-Name-Last: Hammarstedt Title: Immigrant self-employment in Sweden - its variation and some possible determinants Abstract: This paper examines self-employment among immigrants in Sweden. There are differences in the self-employment rate between immigrants and the native population and between different immigrant groups, both in the raw data and after controlling for variables such as age, gender, education and civil status. The study shows that non-Nordic immigrants in Sweden who arrived at an early date have higher self-employment rates than the native population. It seems as if self-employment among immigrants is to some extent positively correlated with time elapsed after arrival in the country. A number of possible explanations for the observed differences in self-employment between immigrants and natives and between different immigrant groups are presented in the study. Plausible explanations for the observed differences in self-employment rates are differences in traditions from the home country, differences in the labour market situation, and often a lack of knowledge among immigrants about the practical and formal matters an individual encounters when trying to establish a business. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 147-161 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010004106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010004106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:2:p:147-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Westhead Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead Author-Name: David J. Storey Author-X-Name-First: David J. Author-X-Name-Last: Storey Author-Name: Frank Martin Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: Outcomes reported by students who participated in the 1994 Shell Technology Enterprise Programme Abstract: Policy-makers have supported initiatives that enhance the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). They have also encouraged more students to seek jobs in SMEs. This study assessed the contribution of the 1994 Shell Technology Enterprise Programme (STEP), which subsidized the employment of students in SMEs in the UK. A key issue is whether STEP students participating in the programme reported significantly superior benefits than students who had never participated in the programme (i.e. non-STEP students). Outcomes associated with the programme were assessed over a 36-month period between 1994 and 1997. The programme had no significant impact on the ability students to have obtained full-time jobs. Similarly, the programme was not found to be significantly associated with the ability of graduates to have obtained full-time jobs in small private firms. Both STEP and non-STEP students reported in 1997 less positive attitudes towards self-employment or starting their own business. However, STEP students expressed a significantly more positive attitude than non-STEP students towards self-employment or starting their own business. Conclusions and implications for policy-makers and practitioners are detailed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 163-185 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010018273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010018273 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:2:p:163-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marco Bellandi Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Bellandi Title: Local development and embedded large firms Abstract: A classification of potential ties between large firms and local economies is proposed, first, by working on various sections of literature concerning multinational enterprises, subsidiaries and regional development. Then, building on a model of a dynamic local economy, i.e. the vital industrial district, a framework is sketched in which different combinations of linkages are put in relation to different pools and degrees of strength of social capital and other local factors. The main object of this paper is to present that framework and illustrate a proposition nested in it. The proposition is that involvement in knowledge exchange and institutional building, identifying ‘developmental embeddedness’, is more probable where and when the local factors are neither ‘too weak’ nor ‘too strong’, and contextual policies fostering the developmental role of large firm units are present. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 189-210 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110051103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110051103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:3:p:189-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joaquín Guzmán Author-X-Name-First: Joaquín Author-X-Name-Last: Guzmán Author-Name: F. Javier Santos Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Javier Santos Title: The booster function and the entrepreneurial quality: an application to the province of Seville Abstract: The objectives of this paper are two-fold. First, to elaborate a theoretical model that shows the characteristics of an entrepreneur of quality and the factors that influence them. Second, to apply the model to entrepreneurs in the province of Seville, one of the least developed areas in the European Union. The purpose is to show the importance of entrepreneurship for business success and, more importantly, in economic development. In summary, the model shows that entrepreneurs of quality possess an intrinsic motivation and, as consequence of this, they adopt some energizer behaviours, such as the capacity for innovation, ambition and co-operation with others. The model also takes into account factors that influence these characteristics, including the personal context of the entrepreneur, such as experience, education and family, and the global context, such as productive opportunities, socio-cultural factors and political-institutional factors. In the analysis of the entrepreneurs of Seville, the paper mainly focuses on the motivation and the energizer behaviours and their interdependence. The empirical findings indicate that the model is valid. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 211-228 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110035651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110035651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:3:p:211-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monder Ram Author-X-Name-First: Monder Author-X-Name-Last: Ram Author-Name: Sue Marlow Author-X-Name-First: Sue Author-X-Name-Last: Marlow Author-Name: Dean Patton Author-X-Name-First: Dean Author-X-Name-Last: Patton Title: Managing the locals: employee relations in South Asian restaurants Abstract: This paper examines the management of employee relations in South Asian firms in the UK independent restaurant sector. Key working practices pertaining to the employment relationship are examined in a particular socio-economic and spatial context. Acknowledging such contexts facilitates an appreciation of how ethnicity and employment relations interact, rather than abstracting culture from the material context in which it operates. Consistent with this analytic focus, a mixed embeddedness perspective (Kloosterman et al. 1999) is adopted which recognizes the importance of both economic and social aspects of ethnic minority entrepreneurship. A qualitative methodology, drawing upon 23 case histories (involving both employer and employee perspectives) is deployed. The indications from this research suggest that the employment relationship is an outcome of the fluid interaction of social, economic and geographical contexts. This renders problematic both culturalist and purely economic approaches to ethnic minority entrepreneurship. Future research should carefully consider how the employment relationship is influenced by its embeddedness within specific communities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 229-245 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010029280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010029280 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:3:p:229-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jon Sundbo Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Sundbo Author-Name: Robert Johnston Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston Author-Name: Jan Mattsson Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Mattsson Author-Name: Bruce Millett Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Millett Title: Innovation in service internationalization: the crucial role of the frantrepreneur Abstract: This paper introduces the concept of a new entrepreneurial role in services that we call the frantrepreneur. This is based on two case studies of the internationalization of two US franchisors, one in temporary services (Sweden) and the other in computer training (Australia). The frantrepreneur is defined as a franchisee who innovates by adapting a standard service concept to meet local conditions. This role is a further refinement of a series of earlier concepts concerning entrepreneurship roles such as the intrapreneur. This paper provides an indepth evaluation of the roles adopted by the frantrepreneurs and how they changed the original service concept. They did not passively accept the standard service concept and they developed an unusual partnership role with their franchisors with a two-way influence over the business. Although the innovations of frantrepreneurs were mostly in the form of small and incremental changes they standardized their developments to facilitate further adoption. The frantrepreneurs appear to play an important role in smoothing the adaptation and adoption of innovation in the internationalization of a franchise operation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 247-267 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010029271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010029271 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:3:p:247-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gerard George Author-X-Name-First: Gerard Author-X-Name-Last: George Author-Name: D. Robley Wood Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Robley Wood Author-Name: Raihan Khan Author-X-Name-First: Raihan Author-X-Name-Last: Khan Title: Networking strategy of boards: implications for small and medium-sized enterprises Abstract: Development of linkages with the external environment, e.g. interlocks, is a mechanism to access scarce resources. Creating and maintaining these linkages may be an organizational capability that creates a competitive advantage for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). A partial model of networking strategy is proposed, which includes measures of board composition, interlocks, entrepreneurial orientation and environmental hostility. Analysis of 70 community bank Chief Executive Officer (CEO) responses (58% response rate) lends support to the proposition that firms with a networking strategy performed better (higher return on assets (ROA) and higher return on expenditure (ROE)) than those firms that did not actively pursue the development of networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 269-285 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110058115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110058115 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:3:p:269-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harald Bathelt Author-X-Name-First: Harald Author-X-Name-Last: Bathelt Title: Regional competence and economic recovery: divergent growth paths in Boston's high technology economy Abstract: Since the 1960s, the growth of high technology industries in Boston's Route 128 region has attracted the attention of academics, planners and politicians. What was especially remarkable about the region was the capability of its economic base to recover from major structural crises. Owing to this ability, the region is often looked at as being an American example of an industrial district. In contrast to Silicon Valley, however, Boston does not readily fit into the definition of an industrial district because of the dominance of large, vertically-integrated producers and the proprietary nature of high technology production. In the late 1980s, Boston was hit by an additional structural crisis when the minicomputer industry lost its competitive basis and defence expenditures were drastically reduced. As a result, almost 50000 high technology manufacturing jobs were cut between 1987 and 1997. This paper aims to identify the forces behind the region's economic recovery in the mid-1990s and relate these findings to the discussion of the importance of collective learning processes in industrial production and the development of localized competencies. In the literature, it is argued that firm-specific competencies and learning processes can lead to a regional competitive advantage if they are based on localized capabilities (e.g. specialized resources, skills, conventions and institutions). The author will demonstrate in an explorative way that the economic recovery of the Boston region is related to a number of specific forces that differ greatly between the subsectors of the high technology economy. I will also provide tentative evidence of how the willingness to co-operate and engage in interactive learning processes has encouraged economic recovery. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 287-314 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110067502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110067502 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:4:p:287-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Thierstein Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Thierstein Author-Name: Beate Willhelm Author-X-Name-First: Beate Author-X-Name-Last: Willhelm Title: Incubator, technology, and innovation centres in Switzerland: features and policy implications Abstract: Only since the early 1990s, when unemployment rates in Switzerland soared to unprecedented levels, has federal technology and innovation policy begun to design their activities with regard to employment and the establishment of new firms. Now, all across the country, private as well as public incubator facilities, technology and innovation centres have begun to spring up. This paper starts by describing the theoretical and methodological background of a survey of incubator, technology and innovation (ITI) centres. In a first step, all cantonal offices for economic promotion were asked to report and to describe incubator facilities, technology and innovation centres within their realm. In a second step a selection of centres were analysed in depth. The key findings are that: (1) ITI centres are most commonly established by a combination of public and private initiatives; (2) the main motive for the creation of ITI centres is to promote startups and the innovative potential; (3) most ITI centres offer space to rent and make available joint amenities; (4) ITI centres are predominantly in manufacturing, services, and development activities; their level of technology input is high or very high; and (5) the spatial reach of most of the ITI centre is on the region. Together with selected foreign experiences, some conclusions and recommendations for the operation of such centres are formulated. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 315-331 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110074469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110074469 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:4:p:315-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Evans Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Author-Name: Thierry Volery Author-X-Name-First: Thierry Author-X-Name-Last: Volery Title: Online business development services for entrepreneurs: an exploratory study Abstract: This paper addresses the use of the Internet to provide business development services such as training, consulting, counselling and networking. Using a Delphi study of experts from around the world, the possible uses of the Internet as well as criteria for successful implementation are presented. Three critical success factors for providing online services are identified. First, an effective use of online resources requires that the inherent strengths of the Internet be exploited. Using online tools when they are perceived to be a ‘second-best’ mode of communication is inefficient and can be counterproductive. Second, personal contact is still very important and can complement online services. Third, successful online services require an effective Internet site and program management. The study also shows that the specific nature of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs must be carefully considered when developing online services. The entrepreneur is more concerned about his/her problems and is less concerned with the problems of others. However, he or she is willing to participate in a small learning network if the benefits go beyond that of just learning together. Similarly, online training for entrepreneurs should be complemented by a face-to-face component. An efficient/effective pure online training program for entrepreneurs would be very difficult if not impossible to develop and implement. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 333-350 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110052274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110052274 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:4:p:333-350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Sørheim Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Sørheim Author-Name: Hans Landström Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Landström Title: Informal investors - A categorization, with policy implications Abstract: A number of studies concerning informal investors have been carried out over the last two decades. One main conclusion from previous research has been that the informal venture capital market is very heterogeneous, and that classifications for informal investors are needed in order to more accurately depict the informal venture capital market. In this paper we propose that the market could be divided in accordance with the informal investors' investment activity and competence. The study is based on a sample of 425 active informal investors, divided into four different categories: (1) Lotto investors; (2) Traders; (3) Analytical investors; and (4) Business angels. The empirical findings show that there are considerable differences between the four categories of informal investors; differences regarding the information sources used, the level of firm involvement, co-investing, investment horizons, and geographic preferences, to name some examples. As a consequence, each of the various informal investor types responds differently to private and public prospects or motivators. It is suggested, therefore, that the informal venture capital market could be more effectively analysed and depicted by using the proposed classifications and applying differing measures to each informal investor category. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 351-370 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110067511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110067511 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:4:p:351-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Blundel Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Blundel Title: Network evolution and the growth of artisanal firms: a tale of two regional cheese makers Abstract: This paper explores the growth trajectories of two specialist food producers and the business networks in which they are embedded. The context is provided by a brief overview of today's complex and dynamic food industry supply chain, seen from the perspective of a small, craft-based firm. The sector chosen for this study, English regional cheese making, is characterized as displaying a long-standing tension between industrial and artisanal modes of production. The conceptual framework combines insights from the network and resource-capability literatures. This blend of ideas prompts several questions relating to the transfer and appropriation of artisanal knowledge in a network setting. The empirical section provides some illustrations of the processes in action. It charts the development of two regional farm-based cheese makers from their inception in the early 1950s up to the year 2000. The analysis identifies distinct ‘episodes’ characterized by significant structural and processual changes at both firm and inter-firm levels. A series of network maps is used to highlight the distinct pattern of linkages formed by each firm. The maps are supported by a commentary that draws on the managers' own perceptions of the changes, including the reasons why they occurred, and the consequences for their businesses. The discussion section points to underlying structures and mechanisms that appear significant in explaining the surface-level events. The paper concludes by outlining the practical implications for firms in similar situations and assessing the extent to which the findings may be generalized to other business networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110094647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110094647 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:1:p:1-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donato Iacobucci Author-X-Name-First: Donato Author-X-Name-Last: Iacobucci Title: Explaining business groups started by habitual entrepreneurs in the Italian manufacturing sector Abstract: The technical (plant) and legal (company) units normally used in official statistics do not take into consideration the phenomenon of business groups: i.e. sets of companies controlled by the same entrepreneur. The main aims of this paper are to assess the presence of such groups in the Italian small firm manufacturing sector and to examine the causes of their formation. Two data sets are used: the first is a representative sample of Italian manufacturing firms while the second is a small sample of groups localized in the Region of the Marches. They show that groups are widely present among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Starting from the premise that the group is the result of the expansion of activities controlled by the same entrepreneur, this paper reports a first attempt to discriminate among three alternative propositions regarding the causes of such growth and the reasons for the adoption of the group form: (1) as the result of the firm's growth policy; (2) as the result of entrepreneurial dynamics; and (3) as the result of the capital accumulation process on the part of the entrepreneur or his/her family. The empirical analysis on the whole favours the first hypothesis. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 31-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110096636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110096636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:1:p:31-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre Desrochers Author-X-Name-First: Pierre Author-X-Name-Last: Desrochers Title: Regional development and inter-industry recycling linkages: some historical perspectives Abstract: This paper examines the processes leading to the spontaneous development of industrial recycling linkages. The famous ‘industrial symbiosis’ that formed in and around the Danish city of Kalundborg and other similar cases in other parts of Europe and North America are taken as a point of departure. These recycling linkages were found to be primarily the result of the entrepreneurial actions that aimed to create value out of by-products and/or to reduce production costs through the adoption of new inputs. As the incentives driving this behaviour are not new, this paper contends that ‘industrial symbiosis’ is not, as is usually believed, a break with past practices, but rather a widespread phenomenon that has been neglected by contemporary researchers. Historical evidence is provided to support this claim. It is argued that while significant inter-firm recycling linkages will spontaneously emerge at the regional level, these should not be forced at the expense of inter-regional linkages. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 49-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110096627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110096627 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:1:p:49-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruce H. Kemelgor Author-X-Name-First: Bruce H. Author-X-Name-Last: Kemelgor Title: A comparative analysis of corporate entrepreneurial orientation between selected firms in the Netherlands and the USA Abstract: Firms in turbulent or fast-changing environments must continually innovate to remain competitive. This study examined how a firm's strategic management practices influence its entrepreneurial behaviour as compared to an international competitor. Four firms in the Netherlands were each matched with a key competitor in the USA. Several survey measures related to the strategic management process were used along with an instrument related to corporate entrepreneurship practices. Both managers and employees participated in the study. Results revealed significant differences between the Netherlands firms and the US competitors in entrepreneurial orientation. Results also supported these comparative differences along three key dimensions of strategic management as they relate to corporate entrepreneurship. The final set of data revealed a relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and three measures of firm performance. The implications focus upon the key role that culture may play in facilitating corporate entrepreneurship and adaptable organizational practices. Suggestions for further research are also made. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 67-87 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110087023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110087023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:1:p:67-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pilar Beneito Author-X-Name-First: Pilar Author-X-Name-Last: Beneito Title: Technological patterns among Spanish manufacturing firms Abstract: The present work is orientated towards the study of the configuration of the innovating processes of Spanish firms. Using recently available data from a panel of manufacturing firms, a detailed descriptive analysis is carried out with the objective of providing an overall view of the main characteristics of the firms and the market structure in which they evolve. This, in turn, becomes an intermediate step for the establishment of a taxonomy of cases that underlies the concept of technological regime. Firms that report R&D expenditures as well as those that do not are taken into consideration when composing the classification of firms. This feature distinguishes the present work from others which have departed from the subset of innovating firms, thus rendering R&D (or other indicators of formal innovation activities) an obligatory ingredient on the technological strategies chosen by firms. The clusters obtained differentiate from each other mainly because of the level, composition and permanence of investment in formal innovation activities, as well as because of the different rates of innovation success and their protection by means of industrial property. The different technological strategies corresponding to the different clusters are also found to be associated with locational determinants. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 89-115 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110099390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110099390 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:2:p:89-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Drakopoulou Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd Author-Name: Eleni Patra Author-X-Name-First: Eleni Author-X-Name-Last: Patra Title: National differences in entrepreneurial networking Abstract: The paper reports findings of a study into the personal contact networks of Greek entrepreneurs, and compares these to results already published for other countries (Canada, Japan, Italy, Northern Ireland, Sweden, the UK, and the USA). Findings show that generic behaviour across borders cannot be assumed, although similarities exist in the under-representation of women as network members, the average age of network contacts, duration of relationships, and average monthly meetings. A clear example has also been provided of a culture where business networks are very deeply embedded in social structures, and where little or no evidence of an instrumentalist neo-classical model can be found. From a theoretical perspective, adaptation of Hofstede's four-dimensional model provides a generally robust interpretive framework for the results. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 117-134 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110111304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110111304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:2:p:117-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Israel Drori Author-X-Name-First: Israel Author-X-Name-Last: Drori Author-Name: Miri Lerner Author-X-Name-First: Miri Author-X-Name-Last: Lerner Title: The dynamics of limited breaking out: the case of the Arab manufacturing businesses in Israel Abstract: This paper investigates the dynamics of breaking out in the Arab manufacturing business sector in Israel. Based on an ethnographic study and in-depth interviews, this paper develops a three-tier model delineating those characteristics that shape the entrepreneurs' response to structural constraints and their respective mode of operation in the context of resource disadvantage. The model demonstrates that the limited break out of ethnic entrepreneurs signifies selective access to the majority market. Through the model, the paper develops a comprehensive conceptual framework that incorporates two different sets of constraints stemming from the nature of the larger market and institutional setting and community characteristics. The limited breaking out can be explained largely by the dynamics of the interrelations among the institutional environment, the local resources, and the entrepreneurs' characteristics. This implies a Janus-face perspective of breaking out, in which the Arab entrepreneurs tend to use their resources both for the maintenance of their local market and for catering to special segments in the majority market that seek relatively cheap prices or specialized products. The paper concludes that the limited breaking out reflects institutional processes that militate against the minority's ability to fully integrate into the majority market. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 135-154 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110112619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110112619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:2:p:135-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Quaye Botchway Author-X-Name-First: Quaye Author-X-Name-Last: Botchway Author-Name: George Goodall Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Goodall Author-Name: David Noon Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Noon Author-Name: Mark Lemon Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Lemon Title: Emergence-based local Economic Development Model: a way forward in responding to turbulent operating environments Abstract: This paper seeks to present a new approach to the implementation of local economic development policies. It takes evidence from such areas as physics, biology, and management theory and proposes that a new 'model' may be the way forward for economic development activities. The new paradigm is based upon research carried out in the Coventry area of the United Kingdom (UK). The paper has a five-part structure. Initially, it will provide an overview of underlying local economic and management trends in the UK. This is followed by an examination of underpinning theories and how these can be used. The third section will report on local economic development agencies (LEDAs) which operate in and around Coventry. The last two sections will draw the strands together to propose an Emergence-based local Economic Development Model. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 155-174 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210125074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210125074 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:2:p:155-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cynthia J. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia J. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Foreign direct investment and small firm employment in northern Mexico: 1987-1996 Abstract: This study analyses the impact of foreign direct investment on small business employment along the border in Mexico between 1987 and 1996. During this period, unprecedented levels of foreign direct investment flowed to Mexico, most notably to the northern border region. At the same time, it appears that internal migration of workers from the interior to the border occurred in response to employment generated by this investment. Utilizing 1987 and 1996 data from the Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano, bivariate probit models of employment and small/ large firm employment for the border and interior regions are estimated. The results suggest that the increased employment share captured by large firms in the border may have hindered growth in the small business sector. A better understanding of the impact of FDI flows on small businesses may help policymakers in developing countries as they strive to create broad-based economic growth. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 175-191 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110074478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110074478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:2:p:175-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Sarah L. Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah L. Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Title: The articulation of social capital in entrepreneurial networks: a glue or a lubricant? Abstract: While social capital has been applied in a variety of contexts, the nature, role and application of social capital in an entrepreneurial context have not been extensively explored. The nature of social capital presents a conceptual puzzle in that it is said to be both glue, which forms the structure of networks, and at the same time a lubricant that facilitates the operation of networks. Using techniques of participant observation and interviews, this paper attempts to resolve this enigma. It finds that social capital is not a thing, but a process that creates a condition of social capital. The structural and relational aspects are found to be dimensions of this process. Interestingly, the data also demonstrates that there are successful etiquettes of social capital formation. These etiquettes provide the rules and framework for the interactions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 193-210 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110112079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110112079 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:3:p:193-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose Miguel Giner Author-X-Name-First: Jose Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Giner Author-Name: Maria Jesus Santa María Author-X-Name-First: Maria Jesus Santa Author-X-Name-Last: María Title: ‘Territorial systems of small firms in Spain: an analysis of productive and organizational characteristics in industrial districts’ Abstract: The objective of this paper is to examine the degree to which the enterprises located in industrial districts of the Valencian Community (a Spanish region) have organizational structures and characteristics that differ from other firms established in other zones of the Community. Second, the paper tries to determine if these characteristics correspond to the elements that constitute the theoretical model of the industrial district. Literature on industrial districts defines the principal elements constituting this model of organization in which the co-ordination of specialized activities takes place through the combination of market forces and of co-operative relations. The empirical analysis of these factors in firms located within the Valencian Community shows how those firms that are integrated into local productive systems have characteristics that correspond to a great degree to the theoretical characteristics of the industrial district. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 211-228 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210136009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210136009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:3:p:211-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Westhead Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead Author-Name: Carole Howorth Author-X-Name-First: Carole Author-X-Name-Last: Howorth Author-Name: Marc Cowling Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Cowling Title: Ownership and management issues in first generation and multi-generation family firms Abstract: A matched sample methodology was utilized to detect ownership and management differences between first generation and multi-generation independent unquoted family companies in the UK. Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) in first generation and multi-generation companies were generally drawn from the family owning the company. Both types of companies also had small management teams. Several statistically significant differences were detected. CEOs served longer apprenticeships in multi-generation rather than first generation companies. Multi-generation rather than first generation companies were more likely to employ managers drawn from the family owning the company. In other respects, multi-generation companies generally appeared to be better managed than first generation companies. Multi-generation companies had larger boards of directors. Moreover, a larger proportion of multi-generation rather than first generation companies employed a non-executive director. Owners of both types of family companies, but particularly the owners of first generation companies may be ‘control averse’. Many first generation companies (and some multi-generation companies) associated with a shallower managerial pool had failed to address this potential managerial and strategic weakness by selective use of ‘outside’ managerial expertise. Implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 247-269 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110112088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110112088 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:3:p:247-269 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson Author-X-Name-First: Bengt Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson Author-Name: Marcela Ramírez-Pasillas Author-X-Name-First: Marcela Author-X-Name-Last: Ramírez-Pasillas Author-Name: Gösta Karlsson Author-X-Name-First: Gösta Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsson Title: The institutional embeddedness of local inter-firm networks: a leverage for business creation Abstract: There is an increasing concern for the notion of ‘embeddedness’ of economic activity; yet the conceptualization of the concept and its operationalization remain underdeveloped. First, embeddedness may concern, on the one hand, the structure of relations that tie economic actors together (structural embeddedness) and, on the other hand, the social strands supplementing economic strands in each relation (substantive embeddedness). In this paper, a network framework is outlined which proposes several layers or ‘orders’ of embeddedness. Focusing on small firms, the point of departure is individual exchange relationships as personal ties combining economic and social concerns. First-order embeddedness concerns the localized business networks created by combining these dyadic relations. Second-order embeddedness is achieved when considering also the memberships of business persons in economic and social local institutions while third-order embeddedness concerns the special cases where these institutions bridge gaps between firms. The network model is operationalized and applied to a small Swedish industrial (furniture) community, its firms and economic/social institutions. The findings generally support the applicability of the model and demonstrate the supplementarity of different layers/orders of embeddedness. Further research challenges are deduced and implications for practitioners are provided. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 297-315 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210142020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210142020 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:4:p:297-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Xavier Molina-Morales Author-X-Name-First: F. Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales Title: Industrial districts and innovation: the case of the Spanish ceramic tiles industry Abstract: This paper examines the case of the Spanish ceramic tiles industrial district, with special emphasis on collective knowledge creation and innovation processes. Following a brief review of the literature based on industrial district characteristics, a framework with which to guide the empirical research is presented. The framework includes a set of conditions under which knowledge flows across firms' boundaries and how institutions shape knowledge diffusion. These include: (1) firm attributes; (2) the role of local institutions; (3) the importance of the social context; (4) lack of legal protection for innovations; (5) knowledge transmission mechanisms; and (6) specific outcomes of the district. These conditions are illustrated by using a comparative study, of which the key findings are as follows. First, the Spanish ceramic tile industrial district is characterized by small-sized firms, specialization and important product and technological overlaps. Second, there is the important role played by institutions, including academic and research institutions, as well as the relevancy of the social context and the lack of patents and other legal rights. There is also an intensive use of knowledge transmission mechanisms, such as the creation of firms, human resource mobility and informal channels of communication and, finally, a specific district technology and common perception of markets. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 317-335 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210144992 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210144992 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:4:p:317-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa De Propris Author-X-Name-First: Lisa De Author-X-Name-Last: Propris Title: Types of innovation and inter-firm co-operation Abstract: The paper presents the results of an empirical study that aims to investigate the impact of interfirm co-operation over innovation on four different types of innovation: product, process, incremental and radical innovation. Drawing on the innovative milieu literature, the impact on the above four types of innovation was tested for both external and internal factors of innovation such as inter-firm co-operation over innovation, production networking, as well as R&D investment and R&D personnel. Four probit models were run by using a unique data set compiled as part of the Regional Innovation Strategy for the West Midlands (UK) Project. The main findings of the paper seem to provide substantial evidence that, for any of the four types of innovation considered, firms' capacity to innovate could greatly improve if they co-operated with other firms over innovation in addition to or instead of investing in R&D. Innovation policy should not overlook, therefore, the systemic component of innovation and ought to attempt to initiate and support inter-firm co-operation. This would mean a renewed and more focused analysis of firms' clusters as part of a multi-faceted approach to innovation policy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 337-353 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210144974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210144974 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:4:p:337-353 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Rath Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Rath Title: A quintessential immigrant niche? The non-case of immigrants in the Dutch construction industry Abstract: Students of immigrant entrepreneurship show a distinct preference for ethnic concentrations. They focus on small entrepreneurship in sectors with large concentrations of immigrant businesses or on ethnic commercial precincts. This preference stems from practical and theoretical considerations. It seems that the study of such concentrations, or niches, is essential to the theoretical understanding of the structural determinants of small entrepreneurship and the processes of economic incorporation of immigrants. This paper challenges this orthodoxy. It argues that it is important to assess the factors and processes that positively and negatively affect the formation of niches. This argument is corroborated by an analysis of the construction industry in the Netherlands. According to Waldinger (1995: 577), ‘construction represents the quintessential ethnic niche’, but immigrants in the Netherlands did not carve out a niche. This exceptional situation can be attributed to a sector-specific configuration of social, economic and institutional processes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 355-372 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2002 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562022000013158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562022000013158 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:4:p:355-372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Lechner Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Lechner Author-Name: Michael Dowling Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Dowling Title: Firm networks: external relationships as sources for the growth and competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms Abstract: Inter-firm networks, as an inter-organizational form, are increasingly perceived as a model for entrepreneurial firm growth. We study egocentric networks of high-growth entrepreneurial firms in the IT industry and explore how these firms grow through the use of external relations and become competitive. Based on case study research, we identify that firms are using relations for a variety of purposes and that every firm has an individual relational mix. This relational mix changes with the development of the firms. While the relative importance of social and reputational networks decrease with the firms' development, co-opetition networks increase over time. Knowledge and innovation networks are a function of reputation and management capacity while the development of marketing networks depends on the firm's culture and management style. Both weak ties and strong ties are important for the growth of the firm since they fulfil different functions. Firm growth is determined by path-dependent relational capability that eventually reaches its limits and leads to the reconfiguration of a rather stable network. Additionally, firm growth depends not only on the building of egocentric networks but also on the existence and development of healthy sociocentric networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-26 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210159220 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210159220 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:1:p:1-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elina VaramÄki Author-X-Name-First: Elina Author-X-Name-Last: VaramÄki Author-Name: Jukka Vesalainen Author-X-Name-First: Jukka Author-X-Name-Last: Vesalainen Title: Modelling different types of multilateral co-operation between SMEs Abstract: This paper focuses on a theoretical modelling of multilateral SME co-operation. A major part of the previous research has been done on dyadic or bilateral relationships between two partners in a vertical chain although new co-operative ventures increasingly involve multiple partners. The objectives of the paper are to accomplish a conceptualization of different types of multilateral co-operation between SMEs as a synthesis of longitudinal empirical observations and selected theoretical discussions of inter-firm co-operation, to bring out possible advantages and prerequisites of successful co-operation of these types, and to show how co-operation can develop from one basic model to another. The main point in the modelling of SME co-operation is that those who plan, promote or build up co-operative arrangements must know right from the beginning what kind of co-operative model a group of firms will strive for, because the prerequisites of successful co-operation are emphasized differently in different types of co-operation. The empirical examples also suggest that co-operation leads to co-operation, i.e. when a company once joins a net, it is more probable that the company gets access to other nets as well. The basic challenge thus is to get the small or medium-sized company to enter its first co-operative arrangement. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 27-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210157646 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210157646 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:1:p:27-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denis Requier-Desjardins Author-X-Name-First: Denis Author-X-Name-Last: Requier-Desjardins Author-Name: FranÇOis Boucher Author-X-Name-First: FranÇOis Author-X-Name-Last: Boucher Author-Name: Claire Cerdan Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Cerdan Title: Globalization, competitive advantages and the evolution of production systems: rural food processing and localized agri-food systems in Latin-American countries Abstract: This paper reviews the rise of geographic concentrations of small food-processing units in rural areas of Latin America, in order to show that, drawing on the literature on the development of clusters, they may represent a type of local productive system, namely Local Agri-food Systems. Furthermore it assesses whether they might compete efficiently in global food commodity chains. In this regard it analyses the specific assets of these systems, drawing on some specific cases, and stresses the conditions that can enable them to compete on national or even global markets in the supply of processed products. These conditions appear to be a capacity for collective action which, in this particular case, will be enhanced by qualification processes of the products creating common assets for the actors involved. These elements could provide a rationale as regards the categorization of clusters according to their efficiency. Actually, although they won't be able to achieve competitive efficiency in every case, some might, and it remains useful to set up a research programme on their trajectories of development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 49-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210144983 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210144983 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:1:p:49-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ronald V. Kalafsky Author-X-Name-First: Ronald V. Author-X-Name-Last: Kalafsky Author-Name: Alan D. MacPherson Author-X-Name-First: Alan D. Author-X-Name-Last: MacPherson Title: Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers Abstract: Firms in the machine tool (MT) industry produce capital goods that are critical to the manufacturing efforts of other industrial producers, especially those that engage in metalworking activity. Today, US companies in this small but strategically important sector are exposed to substantial import competition, as well as to strong competition from foreign companies that have established branch facilities inside the USA. While there are signs that some US firms have expanded their geographic market ranges domestically and internationally, many producers still sell within a relatively restricted geographic area. This paper examines the interconnections that exist between the geographic input-output ranges of US machine tool producers and various indicators of business performance. Evidence is taken from a national survey of 104 MT companies. The empirical results suggest that geographically extensive sourcing correlates positively with company performance, and the same holds true for marketing (e.g. serving national or global customers delivers better results). Overall, the survey findings suggest that the most successful MT companies serve global markets and/or source globally for inputs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 69-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562022000029269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562022000029269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:1:p:69-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Hjalmarsson Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Hjalmarsson Author-Name: Anders W. Johansson Author-X-Name-First: Anders W. Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson Title: Public advisory services - theory and practice Abstract: Public advisory service to SMEs is a multibillion pound activity throughout the industrialized world. Yet very little research has been done on the theoretical basis for this field. This paper proposes some elements in a theoretical understanding of the rationale behind public measures. The authors argue that public intervention should be considered at two levels, as a public market intervention and as a consultant-client relation at the micro level. At the market intervention level, public advisory service is seen in the perspective of economic theory, comparing neo-classical and neo-Austrian theory. Two different kinds of services are identified and discussed: operational and strategic. At a micro level, the concepts of client identity and clientifying power relations serve to understand the small business manager's way of responding to services. In combining both levels - the market perspective and the micro level - it is argued that the neo-classical theory is connected to operational/expert services and objectifying power technologies. The neo-Austrian theory corresponds with the empirical findings at the micro level showing strategic services embedded in a subjectifying power technology. With the neo-Austrian perspective the rather symmetrical relations between client and consultant at the micro level is comprehensible. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 83-98 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562021000011205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562021000011205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:1:p:83-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monder Ram Author-X-Name-First: Monder Author-X-Name-Last: Ram Author-Name: David Smallbone Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone Title: Special Issue Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 99-102 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075186 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:99-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maggi W. H. Leung Author-X-Name-First: Maggi W. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Leung Title: Beyond Chinese, beyond food: unpacking the regulated Chinese restaurant business in Germany Abstract: Drawing upon findings from in-depth interviews with 22 Chinese restauranteurs, supplemented with communication with key informants and ethnographic observations, this paper illustrates the policy context in which the Chinese restaurant trade in Germany is embedded. Based on the typology from Esping-Andersen, characteristics of the German welfare state regimes are identified with special focus on their impact on immigration and migrants' employment options. This establishes the background for a closer examination of a selection of policies that govern, to different levels of success: (1) the migration of Chinese migrants, (2) the right of work for asylum seekers, (3) the level of authenticity of speciality restaurants, and (4) migrants' access of financial support and advice regarding self-employment. The paper shows how (migrant) entrepreneurs, facing changing levels of market challenges and policy controls, are active and creative agents in optimizing their performances. Strategies adopted include the modification of their business operations and range of products as well as tapping their resourceful ethnic social network for venture capital, necessary information and other forms of support. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 103-118 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075140 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:103-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Kontos Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Kontos Title: Self-employment policies and migrants' entrepreneurship in Germany Abstract: This paper presents results from a European project on policy and migrants' entrepreneurship in Germany. It develops a concept of biographical policy evaluation by analysing the extent to which the biographical processes that have led to self-employment among migrants in individual cases correspond to those anticipated by policy. The study identifies a biographical structure composed of two phases that shape the status passage to self-employment. During these phases, personal resources are mobilized and/or attempts are made to access policy support. Self-employment policies are fragmented in that they are designed to address specific stages of the process. Migrants are often excluded from policy participation, either as a result of policy failures or through a manner of implementation that is frequently influenced by prejudices and stereotypes. Deprived of class resources and sometimes unable to utilize ethnic resources, migrant would-be entrepreneurs require public support. The ‘bridging allowance’ scheme to encourage self-employment among the unemployed currently in place in Germany (Überbrückungsgeld) could serve as a model for a more adequate support policy for non-privileged business starters that would better allow for the participation of migrants. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 119-135 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:119-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jock Collins Author-X-Name-First: Jock Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship: policy responses to immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia Abstract: Australia, one of the most cosmopolitan of contemporary western societies, has a long history of immigrant entrepreneurship, with many ethnic groups significantly over-represented in entrepreneurial activities, particularly in the small business sector of the Australian economy. This paper addresses the changing policy context that shapes the rate of formation of - and the growth and expansion of - ethnic enterprises in Australia. At a macro level, changes to Australian immigration and settlement policy and taxation policy indirectly impact on rates of immigrant minority entrepreneurship formation and survival. At the micro level, policy development that impacts directly on minority immigrant enterprises in Australia is very recent and largely undeveloped. This paper looks at immigrant entrepreneurship in Australia, including spatial dimensions, and at the impact of changing macro policy. It then reviews three key areas of micro policy responses to immigrant entrepreneurship: the education and training needs of ethnic entrepreneurs; policies designed to encourage unemployed immigrants to become entrepreneurs; and policy related to government strategies to improve communication with ethnic entrepreneurs. This paper concludes that there are few direct policy initiatives to promote immigrant entrepreneurship in Australia. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 137-149 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:137-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monder Ram Author-X-Name-First: Monder Author-X-Name-Last: Ram Author-Name: David Smallbone Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone Title: Policies to support ethnic minority enterprise: the English experience Abstract: Continued political enthusiasm for encouraging entrepreneurship in the UK is beginning to influence business support policy towards black and minority ethnic businesses (BMEBs). The Small Business Service (SBS; the government agency charged with providing business support to small firms in England) has an explicit remit to cater for entrepreneurs from all sections of society. This is an important development given the widely noted reluctance of BMEBs to avail themselves of the services of mainstream business support agencies. This paper aims to assess the extent to which policy aspirations in relation to BMEBs have been realized. A survey of Business Links (the agencies contracted to deliver SBS services in England) and interviews with key informants are drawn upon to address three questions: To what extent do Business Links have a policy to support BMEBs? What form are initiatives to support BMEBs taking? How can these experiences inform a policy agenda towards BMEBs? The findings suggest that uneven and under-developed approaches to the support of BMEBS are commonplace. However, some encouraging examples of potentially fruitful initiatives are in evidence, which may reflect a growing awareness of the particular needs of BMEBs. A number of guidelines for future policy are presented, including the importance of diversity within mainstream provision; the need for an engagement strategy; improved access to finance; the promotion of sectoral diversity; and better evaluation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 151-166 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075177 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075177 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:151-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert C. Kloosterman Author-X-Name-First: Robert C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kloosterman Title: Creating opportunities. Policies aimed at increasing openings for immigrant entrepreneurs in the Netherlands Abstract: Since the 1980s, subsequent Dutch governments have promoted self-employment of immigrants to reduce their unemployment rates. These policies have been focused on the (potential) actors themselves, i.e. the immigrants who have started or who may want to start a business. Taking mixed embeddedness as a point of departure, entrepreneurship and self-employment cannot be solely understood by focusing on the micro-level but has to include the larger macro and meso structures that impact on these actors' choices. In this paper, therefore, the focus is on the opportunity structure and on the policies that affect this set of options for starting a (small) business. A typology of policies that may alter this opportunity structure is offered. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 167-181 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:167-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meine Pieter Van Dijk Author-X-Name-First: Meine Pieter Van Author-X-Name-Last: Dijk Author-Name: Árni Sverrisson Author-X-Name-First: Árni Author-X-Name-Last: Sverrisson Title: Enterprise clusters in developing countries: mechanisms of transition and stagnation Abstract: This paper analyses the dynamics of clustered enterprise development in developing countries. It is focused on the different types of clusters that can be identified in these contexts. After a brief introduction, the cluster concept is explained and the need to understand clusters as an expression of social connectivity rather than mere spatial agglomerations is established. Next, a typology of clusters is presented. This typology is discussed on the basis of recent research on small and medium-sized enterprise clusters in different countries and continents. The types of linkages prevailing in different types of clusters are analysed, as well as their implications for technological change. It is argued that the mechanisms of enterprise growth and innovative activity are different in each type of cluster and hence the opportunity structures that entrepreneurs face are variable across cluster types. Therefore, the mechanisms of transition from one type to another are different, and these are discussed next, as well as mechanisms of stagnation and continuity. In conclusion, the implications for development research and policy are outlined and it is emphasized that support must be tailored to the actual state of existing clusters and cannot be deduced from general theory. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 183-206 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210159239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210159239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:3:p:183-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deniz Ucbasaran Author-X-Name-First: Deniz Author-X-Name-Last: Ucbasaran Author-Name: Mike Wright Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Paul Westhead Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead Title: A longitudinal study of habitual entrepreneurs: starters and acquirers Abstract: This study provides insights into the characteristics and behaviour of habitual starter entrepreneurs (i.e. individuals who have established more than one business) and habitual acquirer entrepreneurs (i.e. individuals who have purchased/acquired more than one business). A human capital perspective is utilized to illustrate that the human capital accumulated by a habitual entrepreneur may influence their subsequent behaviour. Prior business ownership experience is discussed in relation to an entrepreneur's human capital accumulation, as well as their search and business opportunity identification behaviour. A case study approach is used to develop propositions that highlight the similarities and differences between habitual starter and acquirer entrepreneurs. Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 207-228 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210145009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210145009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:3:p:207-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kurtis G. Fuellhart Author-X-Name-First: Kurtis G. Author-X-Name-Last: Fuellhart Author-Name: Amy K. Glasmeier Author-X-Name-First: Amy K. Author-X-Name-Last: Glasmeier Title: Acquisition, assessment and use of business information by small- and medium-sized businesses: a demand perspective Abstract: Geographic context has been shown to be an important factor in determining the supply of business information available to firms. However, such studies often ignore the demand for such information by businesses. Using a mail survey and fieldwork, the authors investigate business information demand issues for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in mature industries. Results show that these businesses have distinct preferences for both particular information sources as well as differing qualitative assessments of the sources' credibility, relevance and availability. Thus, studies of organizational information behaviour in a regional context should attend to the demand side of business information behaviour to avoid mis-reading the benefits of geographic location. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 229-252 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562021000011197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562021000011197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:3:p:229-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Secondo Rolfo Author-X-Name-First: Secondo Author-X-Name-Last: Rolfo Author-Name: Giuseppe Calabrese Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe Author-X-Name-Last: Calabrese Title: Traditional SMEs and innovation: the role of the industrial policy in Italy Abstract: The aim of this paper is two-fold. First, it analyses the Italian aid programmes for innovation and technology and, in particular, the role of the regions in view of the recent legislative framework. The second aim is to match the needs of Italian SMEs for technological innovation with the state and regional aid programmes. Two empirical research programmes carried out at Ceris-CNR (Institute of Economic Research on Firms and Growth - Italian National Research Council) confirmed that the Italian SMEs' approach to innovation tends to meet the demand of the existing market through incremental processes. The most common way of introducing new technology is by purchasing new machines and equipment to reduce costs and improve quality. All industrialized countries tend to favour the linking of SMEs with external sources of knowledge. The paper shows that in Italy such a policy clashes with the capacity of SMEs for absorbing innovation. Most of them lack the technical structures (technical office, design department, R&D laboratory, prototype department, etc.) and the graduate staff capable of interacting with the research bodies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 253-271 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210158401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210158401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:3:p:253-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bernard Musyck Author-X-Name-First: Bernard Author-X-Name-Last: Musyck Title: Institutional endowment, localized capabilities and the emergence of SMEs: from mining to recycling, the case of Freiberg (Saxony) Abstract: This paper analyses the development of the emerging SME-based recycling and environmental technology sector in the region of Freiberg in the former centrally planned economy of the German Democratic Republic. The author analyses a relatively successful process of economic renewal resulting from a combination of endogenous assets and exogenous impulses, set within a socio-economic context often seen as unconducive to the creation of new and innovative firms. The analysis has three distinct but interlocking strands of explanation: long-term historical assets and localized capabilities; the restructuring of existing local research institutes; and public policies in support of environmental protection and applied research. The paper analyses how processes of learning and unlearning, and the existence of tacit and formal knowledge, supported by a strong social capital reinforced during years of communism, contributed to the development of the new sector. Overall, the analysis privileges an historical perspective in highlighting a process of long-term continuity in the accumulation of skills and entrepreneurial abilities, combined with a process of industrial transformation and renewal. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 273-298 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000058905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000058905 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:4:p:273-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frédéric Corolleur Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric Author-X-Name-Last: Corolleur Author-Name: Claude Courlet Author-X-Name-First: Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Courlet Title: The Marshallian Industrial District, an organizational and institutional answer to uncertainty Abstract: The object of this paper is to clarify the Marshallian ideas of agents, markets and evolution that make up his concept of the industrial district. The industrial district is interpreted as an organizational and institutional answer to uncertainty. Its longevity depends on the strategies of the local economic actors, the fruition of external economies and its adaptation to a particular trade and technological environment. These propositions are illustrated with regard to contemporary industrial history. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 299-307 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000058941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000058941 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:4:p:299-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mauri Laukkanen Author-X-Name-First: Mauri Author-X-Name-Last: Laukkanen Author-Name: Hannu Niittykangas Author-X-Name-First: Hannu Author-X-Name-Last: Niittykangas Title: Local developers as virtual entrepreneurs - do difficult surroundings need initiating interventions? Abstract: This paper discusses the preconditions and strategies of local development and turnaround in difficult surroundings such as peripheral rural communities. Its key premise is that local decision makers' beliefs of how such small economies function and of ‘proper’ interventions are critical. Such thought patterns were studied among Finnish rural municipality directors (RMDs), using comparative cause mapping. The findings show that while private initiative, entrepreneurship, is regarded as key for development, prevalent views of entrepreneurship, especially firm formation, are unsophisticated, stressing personal traits and social factors such as supportive cultures and role models. Paralleling these views, the current developmental doctrine is indirect, focused on resource provision and implying passive waiting for entrepreneurs to emerge before developers ‘can’ act. Considering their bleak perspectives, the paper argues that communities with weak autonomous turnaround capabilities need more interventionist strategies than those built-in the dominant paradigm, whereas current resource-providing models may be suitable in more benevolent environments. To augment the dominant thinking, the paper suggests an initiating ‘business-based development model’ as a parallel approach for a more effective local economic development in difficult surroundings. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 309-331 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562022000029278 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562022000029278 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:4:p:309-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Irmi Seidl Author-X-Name-First: Irmi Author-X-Name-Last: Seidl Author-Name: Oliver Schelske Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Schelske Author-Name: Jasmin Joshi Author-X-Name-First: Jasmin Author-X-Name-Last: Joshi Author-Name: Markus Jenny Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Jenny Title: Entrepreneurship in biodiversity conservation and regional development Abstract: This paper discusses the protection of biodiversity by means of market-based activities in the food sector and the preconditions and context that provide fertile ground. The variables investigated are the regional production factors involved, the entrepreneurship demonstrated, the kind of niche market developed, and the various kinds of support provided. A case study of a Swiss market activity designed to restore and protect biodiversity is presented; it concerns the cultivation of a traditionally grown wheat species combined with measures to protect wildlife and flora. The wheat is processed into a variety of products, which are sold within the region. The organization of the activity, its economic development and its ecological implications are presented. The discussion reveals the particularities of such endeavours that are of relevance to the economics of regional development (e.g. limited product and market development, reliance on subsidies, need for broad coalitions) and factors of success (e.g. networking, involvement of research, political support). Conclusions with regard to policy are as follows: (1) support in the very early stages is needed (e.g. start-up capital, capacity building, partner-like support from administration); (2) biodiversity-sound agricultural activities rely on subsidies; and (3) a propitious framework for such market activities is to be conserved. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 333-350 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000058914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000058914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:4:p:333-350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Franz Tödtling Author-X-Name-First: Franz Author-X-Name-Last: Tödtling Author-Name: Herta Wanzenböck Author-X-Name-First: Herta Author-X-Name-Last: Wanzenböck Title: Regional differences in structural characteristics of start-ups Abstract: In recent years new firm formation has become a major area of both research and policy. Yet, while regional differences in business start-up intensity, and their causes, have been the subject of various studies, few attempts have been made to investigate spatial variation in the structural features of start-ups. Theoretical considerations and the existing literature both suggest that agglomeration advantages and sectoral structure of regions figure prominently among the factors important in influencing start-up activity and characteristics. In the empirical analysis of start-ups in Austria we accordingly apply a regional typology based on these two factors. The data analysed were drawn from two similarly designed surveys relating to the years 1990 and 1997. It is shown that Austria displays marked regional differences in start-up activity, in terms of both intensity and characteristics. In line with the urban incubator hypothesis, tertiary centres - above all the Vienna region - displayed significantly above-average start-up rates, as well as more favourable structural characteristics of the new firms. Start-up activity in old industrial and in rural areas was substantially lower than average, structural features also being less positive there. Furthermore, the 1990 cohort displayed regional differences in business start-ups' survival period, although the Cox model indicated no significant direct influence of area type in this respect. In economic policy terms it can be concluded that, as well as a general improvement in the environment for start-ups, greater regional differentiation of financial, informational and consultancy support is desirable, since not only the conditions for new firm formation but also the intensity and characteristics of start-ups themselves vary considerably between regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 351-370 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000058923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000058923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:4:p:351-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward J. Malecki Author-X-Name-First: Edward J. Author-X-Name-Last: Malecki Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp Author-Name: Roger Stough Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Stough Title: Editorial Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000209609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000209609 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina Van Geenhuizen Author-X-Name-First: Marina Van Author-X-Name-Last: Geenhuizen Title: Cities and cyberspace: new entrepreneurial strategies Abstract: E-commerce is increasingly influencing business operations, as a major supportive medium for different strategies or as a strategy on its own. This paper seeks to identify impacts from concomitant changes on the development of cities. To this purpose, emerging time-based strategies are analysed in manufacturing and customer-services strategies are analysed in the services sector. The focus of the study is on proximity needs and what these needs imply for elimination of physical segments from value chains and insertion of virtual segments into these chains. The findings are then linked with trends for agglomeration or spread of urban activity. The conclusion is that the future of cities is far from clear. Trends for agglomeration go hand in hand with trends for spread on different spatial levels. In addition, there are huge knowledge gaps. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research to fill these gaps. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 5-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000205009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000205009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:5-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward J. Malecki Author-X-Name-First: Edward J. Author-X-Name-Last: Malecki Title: Fibre tracks: explaining investment in fibre optic backbones Abstract: This paper examines the US portion of the global communications network known as the Internet. The stages in the Internet's evolution, telecommunications deregulation, and a rush by new competitors to new market opportunities associated with the Internet combined to prompt a flurry of investment in new fibre-optic networks. Frameworks to explain new networks built upon, and added to, existing telecommunications networks include network economies and the opportunity-rich paths located between the large markets on the east and west coasts of the country and a capital-driven set of new and old network suppliers. The paper then reviews the small but growing body of research on the geographic structure of the Internet. The empirical section of the paper focuses on analyses of the variation among urban areas both in bandwidth on interurban Internet backbone networks and in the number of web design firms in the USA. Bandwidth investment was attracted not only to cities with larger populations but also to cities with ‘knowledge economies’, indicated by doctoral degree-granting institutions and economic dynamism. The paper concludes with remarks about future research priorities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 21-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000205018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000205018 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:21-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helen Couclelis Author-X-Name-First: Helen Author-X-Name-Last: Couclelis Title: Pizza over the Internet: e-commerce, the fragmentation of activity and the tyranny of the region Abstract: The question this paper explores is the extent to which e-commerce may be liberating consumers and merchants from the constraints of space (and time) that have traditionally led to predictable regional patterns of retail location. Is distance dead, have the laws of regional organization dissolved away in the age of Internet shopping? Following a discussion of some figures, trends and definitions relating to e-commerce, the paper develops a tentative theoretical framework for the study of this question. First, the fragmentation of activity hypothesis suggests that the activity of shopping can be decomposed into a large number of different sub-activities, some of which can better be carried out physically and others electronically from a variety of different locations. Next, noting that the sub-activity of paying for a purchase is the single most critical one for the survival of a local retail presence, a general game-theoretic model is outlined to help to estimate the relative amounts of physical vs. Internet shopping that would help to safeguard a healthy local retail presence. The paper concludes that e-commerce is not about to end the ‘tyranny of the region’. Regional structure principles remain important, although many familiar analytic approaches may have to be rethought or extended. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 41-54 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000205027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000205027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:41-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan R. Cuadrado-Roura Author-X-Name-First: Juan R. Author-X-Name-Last: Cuadrado-Roura Author-Name: Antonio Garcia-Tabuenca Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia-Tabuenca Title: ICT policies for SMEs and regional disparities. The Spanish case Abstract: The effective incorporation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in business is not something that takes place homogeneously or always with the same speed, particularly in the case of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). Obviously, the adaptation process of these technologies by the firms affects, and at the same time is conditioned by, the economic dynamics of the regions. The European Union and the national and regional governments have designed programmes and policies oriented towards strengthening the effective development and application of the ICT in small and medium-sized firms. This paper deals with these subjects taking the Spanish case as a point of reference. First, significant data are presented to show the situation in different regions. Second, a more detailed analysis is made of the promotion policies applied in three regions taken as a case study. From this, certain conclusions are drawn and some critical comments are made. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 55-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000205036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000205036 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:55-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Enno Masurel Author-X-Name-First: Enno Author-X-Name-Last: Masurel Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp Author-Name: Gabriella Vindigni Author-X-Name-First: Gabriella Author-X-Name-Last: Vindigni Title: Breeding places for ethnic entrepreneurs: a comparative marketing approach Abstract: This paper aims to examine the performance conditions of ethnic (migrant) entrepreneurs in a modern economy. After a broad overview of key issues, an analytical tool from marketing theory is proposed, based on the five Ps (Product, Price, Place, Personnel and Promotion). Next, an empirical application is presented, in which results from an in-depth interview study on Moroccan entrepreneurs in Amsterdam are discussed. Given the linguistic and qualitative information in our data base, two recently developed pattern recognition methods for categorized information, namely Apriori and rough set methods, are deployed in order to derive meaningful association and classification rules that are helpful to identify conditional success or performance rules. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 77-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000205045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000205045 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:77-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Danny Mackinnon Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: Mackinnon Author-Name: Keith Chapman Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Chapman Author-Name: Andrew Cumbers Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Cumbers Title: Networking, trust and embeddedness amongst SMEs in the Aberdeen oil complex Abstract: Over the last decade or so, networking has become a ‘vogue concept’ in small business research, connecting with wider debates on learning and regional development. Participation in inter-firm networks is seen to provide small firms with access to a broader pool of resources and knowledge, helping them to overcome size-related disadvantages. In particular, the role of such networks as channels for innovation and learning within regions and localities has been emphasized in the context of an apparent shift towards a knowledge-driven economy. In this paper, we provide an empirically-grounded analysis of networking, trust and embeddedness amongst small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Aberdeen oil complex. Drawing upon survey and interview data, it is argued that connections to extra-local networks play a crucial role in providing access to wider sources of information and knowledge. At the same time, an Aberdeen location still matters to oil-related firms because of the access it offers to crucial forms of industry-specific information and expertise. In concurring with recent calls for more empirically-grounded research which seeks to ‘test’ theoretical propositions against relevant data, we suggest in conclusion that a combination of firm surveys and face-to-face interviews provides an appropriate way forward. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 87-106 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001677826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001677826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:2:p:87-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mourad Dakhli Author-X-Name-First: Mourad Author-X-Name-Last: Dakhli Author-Name: Dirk De Clercq Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: De Clercq Title: Human capital, social capital, and innovation: a multi-country study Abstract: The authors examine the effects of two forms of capital, i.e. human capital and social capital, on innovation at the country level. We use secondary data from the World Development Report on a country's overall human development to test for a relationship between human capital and innovation. We also use previous conceptualizations of social capital as comprising trust, associational activity, and norms of civic behaviour to test for relationships between these indicators of social capital and innovation using data from the World Values Survey. Unlike most previous studies that examined human and social capital within a given country, we develop and empirically test a theoretically grounded model that relates human and social capital to innovation at the societal level across 59 different countries, thus providing a more global view of the role of these two forms of capital in generating value. We find strong support for the positive relationship between human capital and innovation and partial support for the positive effect of trust and associational activity on innovation. However, contrary to our prediction, we find a negative relationship between norms of civic behaviour and one of our innovation measures. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 107-128 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001677835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001677835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:2:p:107-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexius A. Pereira Author-X-Name-First: Alexius A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira Title: State entrepreneurship and regional development: Singapore's industrial parks in Batam and Suzhou Abstract: This paper examines a case of state entrepreneurship and regional development through an analysis of the Singaporean government's ‘regional industrial parks’ programme, which began in 1990. To the Singaporean government, this programme was an entrepreneurial venture because it was designed to generate profits through developing, leasing and managing industrial estates in selected locations across the Asia Pacific region. This paper examines two such regional industrial parks, situated in Batam (Indonesia) and Suzhou (China). It finds that as an entrepreneurial venture, the parks have both successes and failures. In addition, the two parks have had different developmental impacts. The paper concludes by arguing that although the entrepreneurial state's strategies are important, host governments must act on these strategies effectively in order to achieve sustained economic development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 129-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001677844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001677844 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:2:p:129-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. J. Greene Author-X-Name-First: F. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Greene Author-Name: D. J. Storey Author-X-Name-First: D. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Storey Title: An assessment of a venture creation programme: the case of Shell LiveWIRE Abstract: This paper examines the problems inherent in assessing the role of venture creation programmes. It suggests that there are, in particular, two areas to be considered. First, any assessment is contingent upon the evaluation context. In other words, not only are the objectives of any particular venture creation programme important, but also so are the objectives of the evaluation. Following on from this, it is also apparent that a simple input-output (‘black-box’) assessment is unlikely to fully capture the discontinuities or ambiguities inherent in the entrepreneurial process. To address these issues, an assessment instrument is developed to estimate the equivocal nature of the venture creation process. This 4-fold instrument suggests considering individuals in four states: individuals who use a programme but do not subsequently consider entrepreneurship to be appropriate (NO WISH); those who would countenance entrepreneurship in the future (POTENTIALS); those currently attempting to become entrepreneurs (NASCENTS); and those who are entrepreneurs (ACTUALS). Subsequently, this assessment instrument is used to consider the case of Shell LiveWIRE, which is a dedicated provider of enterprise support to young people in the UK. Based upon a sample of over 1000 young people, a probit and ordered probit analysis show that ‘soft’ forms of support (signposting and information provision) were of little value in moving individuals towards entrepreneurial activity. The research also found that the more likely an individual was to be engaged in entrepreneurial activity, the less their expressed value of LiveWIRE services. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 145-159 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001677853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001677853 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:2:p:145-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wai-Sum Siu Author-X-Name-First: Wai-Sum Author-X-Name-Last: Siu Author-Name: Wenchang Fang Author-X-Name-First: Wenchang Author-X-Name-Last: Fang Author-Name: Tingling Lin Author-X-Name-First: Tingling Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Title: Strategic marketing practices and the performance of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Taiwan Abstract: This paper reports on a survey of the strategic marketing practices of 218 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Taiwan. The survey's results indicate that while the higher performing Taiwanese SMEs give a higher priority to marketing than to other business functions in corporate planning, they are still sales- or production-oriented. The higher performing Taiwanese SMEs are more aware of strategic planning tools, but they make less use of them. They compete with value-added products and good buyer-seller relationships. The findings suggest that broad, small firm marketing principles, specifically generated from countries in the West, to some extent contribute to the success of Taiwanese SMEs. Interestingly, however, the specific marketing practices of these small firms are different from those of their Western counterparts. The research results provide additional evidence to support the theory that both Chinese cultural value orientations and mediating environmental factors play significant roles in shaping the attitudes and behaviour of Taiwanese owner-managers and, in turn, the marketing practices of Taiwanese SMEs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 161-178 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001677862 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001677862 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:2:p:161-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Steyaert Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert Author-Name: Jerome Katz Author-X-Name-First: Jerome Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Title: Reclaiming the space of entrepreneurship in society: geographical, discursive and social dimensions Abstract: This paper seeks to explore and to reflect upon the implications of how to conceive entrepreneurship when considered as a societal rather than an economic phenomenon. To conceive and reclaim the space in which entrepreneurship is seen at work in society, we point at the geographical, discursive and social dimensions from where we develop three crucial and connected questions that can reconstruct the future research agendas of entrepreneurship studies and that can guide us towards a geopolitics of everyday entrepreneurship: what spaces/discourses/stakeholders have we privileged in the study of entrepreneurship and what other spaces/discourses/stakeholders could we consider? Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 179-196 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000197135 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000197135 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:3:p:179-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lauretta Conklin Frederking Author-X-Name-First: Lauretta Conklin Author-X-Name-Last: Frederking Title: A cross-national study of culture, organization and entrepreneurship in three neighbourhoods Abstract: When and how do informal institutions reduce the transaction costs for entrepreneurs? This question is the focus of my cross-national study of culture and economic activities. I present comparative evidence from three neighbourhoods across two countries suggesting diverging patterns of entrepreneurship. In the first neighbourhood, social norms and relationships integrate into economic activities. It is very different in the other two neighbourhoods where social norms and relationships are kept out of economic activities: here, evidence suggests that communities create cultural separation through formal institutions or through privatization. Beyond analysing the contrasting relevance of culture in entrepreneurial activities, I explain why these different patterns emerge. Structural factors contribute to contrasting processes of immigrant adaptation in the host countries. The structural context of immigration laws, housing and education policies affect the way in which groups organize in the respective neighbourhoods, and it is these patterns of organization that dictate the subsequent relevance of culture in entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 197-215 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000197126 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000197126 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:3:p:197-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harvey Johnstone Author-X-Name-First: Harvey Author-X-Name-Last: Johnstone Author-Name: Doug Lionais Author-X-Name-First: Doug Author-X-Name-Last: Lionais Title: Depleted communities and community business entrepreneurship: revaluing space through place Abstract: Depleted communities are a persistent feature of late capitalism. They can be seen as areas that have lost much of their economic rationale as space, while retaining high attachments and social relations of place. While conditions in depleted communities can limit possibilities for traditional development, entrepreneurial responses are not similarly constrained. It is argued here that depleted communities can act as hosts to a unique form of enterprise that combines good business practices with community goals. We refer to this as community business entrepreneurship and argue that it is similar to, but distinct from, the traditional entrepreneurial process. To illustrate these ideas three cases are examined. Within the setting of the depleted community, the entrepreneurial process can be modified to pursue community goals, thereby creating new opportunities and making new forms of development possible. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 217-233 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000197117 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000197117 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:3:p:217-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alf Rehn Author-X-Name-First: Alf Author-X-Name-Last: Rehn Author-Name: Saara Taalas Author-X-Name-First: Saara Author-X-Name-Last: Taalas Title: ‘Znakomstva I Svyazi’ (Acquaintances and connections) -- Blat, the Soviet Union, and mundane entrepreneurship Abstract: The discussion regarding entrepreneurship and society has often presupposed that this society by necessity will be one that embraces the market economy as a guiding principle. This paper questions this assumption by discussing a command economy, namely the Soviet Union, as a fundamentally entrepreneurial society. By introducing the case of the blat, ‘Russia’s economy of favours’, the paper illustrates how mundane individual economies can be a part of entrepreneurship, and how flexible opportunity networks can support the rigidity of a command economy. Continuing from this, the exclusion of such irregular economies is discussed from an ideological rather than an analytic standpoint. The paper further presents some inferences that can be drawn from the case of the blat and which problematizes common assumptions in entrepreneurship studies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 235-250 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000197108 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000197108 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:3:p:235-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre-André Julien Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-André Author-X-Name-Last: Julien Author-Name: Eric Andriambeloson Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Andriambeloson Author-Name: Charles Ramangalahy Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Ramangalahy Title: Networks, weak signals and technological innovations among SMEs in the land-based transportation equipment sector Abstract: On apprend plus par la conversation des Doctes, que par la lecture de leurs livres Les épistres de Seneque Translation by François de Malherbe, Paris, Anthoine de Sommaville, 1639, p. 21 Small and medium-sized enterprises, because of their limited resources, use a variety of sources and are linked to different networks to obtain the information they need to develop their strategy and then to gradually organize their environment. Among other things, networks keep them up-to-date with changes in the economy and allow them to take advantage of opportunities to innovate, thus remaining ahead of their competitors. The networks -- personal or business -- with which these firms interact the most are usually geographically or sociologically close by, embedded in the environment, and are known as strong tie networks. They generally supply signals in a familiar language, based on habit as well a good reciprocal knowledge, which are easy to understand. In addition to this, however, the most dynamic firms also have contacts with weak tie networks, which are further removed from the usual behaviours of entrepreneurs and provide weak signals that, while difficult to grasp and decode, nevertheless offer new, pre-competitive information that can support major innovations. Very little empirical research has been done so far to test the probability of this theory. This paper reports on the results of a survey involving 147 SMEs, all in the land-based transportation equipment sector. It confirms the importance of weak tie networks as opposed to other types of networks, recognizing their complementary contribution to technological innovation. The organization's absorptive capacity is also found to be a significant intermediary factor in taking advantage of weak tie networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 251-269 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000263249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000263249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:4:p:251-269 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Johansson Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson Title: Is small beautiful? The case of the Swedish IT industry Abstract: In this paper, the net job contribution of new and small firms in the Swedish Information Technology (IT) industry is investigated. The analysis is based on an extensive data set covering all IT firms in Sweden between 1993 and 1998. The smallest firms and new firms have experienced an extraordinarily fast growth and have created all net jobs in the industry, while large and old firms were major job losers. Private firms and independent firms, furthermore, grew faster than firms owned by the government and firms in enterprise groups. The results raise questions about Swedish economic policy and institutions, which have systematically disfavoured exactly those firms that the analysis shows have generated most of the growth in employment. The conducted policies (mainly introduced in the late 1960s and early 1970s) may partly explain the low economic growth observed in Sweden during the last three decades. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 271-287 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000263258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000263258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:4:p:271-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denise Fletcher Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher Title: International entrepreneurship and the small business Abstract: The topic of ‘international entrepreneurship’ is becoming increasingly popular with researchers concerned with examining how international and entrepreneurial activities intersect when people in organizations engage in pro-active brokering and risk-taking behaviour in cross-border contexts. Some caution is needed in over-generalizing the meaning and significance of international entrepreneurship -- especially in relation to small businesses. Not all entrepreneurial risk-taking, brokering and opportunity-seeking activities lead to internationalization (as the statistics on small business international activities indicate). This might suggest then that the only truly internationally entrepreneurial firms are those that are ‘born global’. However, their entrepreneurial activities are more ‘spatial’, concerned with what can be constructed again in relation to global markets rather than in relation to the local/regional context in which the business is located. For small firms that internationalize a few years after start-up (late starters), processes of international entrepreneurship are different. For ‘later starters’, international entrepreneurship is distinctive in that it is characterized by extending and modifying entrepreneurial understandings and practices that have been socially constructed in relation to the local and regional context in which the small firm is located. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 289-305 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000263267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000263267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:4:p:289-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard T. Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Richard T. Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Author-Name: Colin M. Mason Author-X-Name-First: Colin M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Author-Name: Paul Girling Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Girling Title: Financial bootstrapping and venture development in the software industry Abstract: Access to finance has been identified as a significant constraint on the development of technology-based businesses. Although important, institutional venture capital and business angel finance are used by only a small proportion of new and growing ventures. The role of bootstrapping -- defined here as access to resources not owned or controlled by the entrepreneur -- has been largely overlooked in studies of small firm financing. This paper redresses this omission by analysing the role and importance of bootstrapping in product development and business development in the independently-owned software industry. Results from two regions of the UK -- Northern Ireland and South East England -- are compared with equivalent data from the USA (Massachusetts). Overall, bootstrapping techniques are less extensively used in the Northern Ireland industry than in South East England, and in both regions bootstrapping is less common than in Massachusetts. This may account for the smaller employment size, growth profile and stronger service/consulting orientation of these firms. Moreover, there appear to be considerable variations in the use of bootstrapping. Larger firms tend to make more use of bootstrapping for product development, and consider it more important than do smaller firms, who more highly value business development-related bootstrapping. Small firms are also more likely to use and value cost-reducing bootstrapping techniques, whereas larger firms make more use of the exploitation of value-chain based relationships. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 307-333 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000263276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000263276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:4:p:307-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael J. Pisani Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Pisani Author-Name: José A. Pagán Author-X-Name-First: José A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pagán Title: Self-employment in the era of the new economic model in Latin America: a case study from Nicaragua Abstract: Using data from the 1993 and 1998 Nicaraguan Living Standards Measurement Survey, this paper analyses the desirability of self-employment for Nicaraguan men and women over two points in time in a changing economic environment characterized by market-based reforms called the New Economic Model. Switching regressions of the self-employed and waged and salaried sectoral choice suggest that experience is the major determinant of self-employment for both Nicaraguan men and women. Mixed findings are reported for sectoral selection suggesting that the self-employed men, depending upon current economic conditions, may alternate back and forth between the sector (self-employment or waged and salaried employment) with the highest returns. For women, improvement in economic conditions reflected negative selection in both sectors suggesting that much of the economic gains in the 1990s accrued to men. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 335-350 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000263285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000263285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:4:p:335-350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Judith J. Madill Author-X-Name-First: Judith J. Author-X-Name-Last: Madill Author-Name: George H. Haines Author-X-Name-First: George H. Author-X-Name-Last: Haines Author-Name: Allan L. Riding Author-X-Name-First: Allan L. Author-X-Name-Last: Riding Title: Networks and linkages among firms and organizations in the Ottawa-region technology cluster Abstract: This paper reports on a study of the networking and linkage practices of technology and non-technology firms within the Ottawa cluster. The work seeks to understand how and why particular patterns of networks and linkages evolve and it examines empirically the usage and value of networks and linkages. Previous work argues that technology firms need to be relatively more adept at developing external relationships in order to be successful than do non-technology based companies. This work, however, finds that technology firms exhibit fewer linkages than non-technology based companies do within the Ottawa cluster. The research suggests that the vitality of the Ottawa cluster could be further enhanced through the promotion of additional networking and linkages among regional firms. A key implication for management practice is that CEOs of technology-based firms should work towards establishing and maintaining additional valued relationships. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 351-368 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000188414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000188414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:5:p:351-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John N. H. Britton Author-X-Name-First: John N. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Britton Title: High technology localization and extra-regional networks Abstract: Firms in spatial concentrations of advanced-technology activities do not constrain their knowledge inputs to opportunities found within their industrial cluster. Rather, firms seeking extra-regional markets augment their in-house resources by means of material (embodied technology) and knowledge inputs obtained from sources at the extra-regional scale in addition to within the region. Literature is reviewed on the clustering of firms and their network geography, models of open and closed industrial systems, and absorptive capacity. The latter is used to interpret the search for knowledge undertaken by firms, which are discussed in terms of their organizational differences and strategic choices. A sample of manufacturing establishments from the electronics cluster in the Toronto metropolitan region (Canada) shows firms that are export-intensive have significantly stronger international input connections, especially with consultants and alliance partners. Export orientation is associated with higher levels of expenditure on the in-house generation of knowledge, more innovation inputs from external sources, and distinctive network geographies. Differences in network relations occur within and between three organizational groups of firms -- foreign affiliates, multi-location and single-location domestic firms. Geographically wide-ranging networks are interpreted in terms of opportunities in extra-regional locations compared with local supplies. Regional innovation policy implications are considered. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 369-390 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001674351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001674351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:5:p:369-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Witt Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Witt Title: Entrepreneurs’ networks and the success of start-ups Abstract: The network success hypothesis assumes a positive relation between the networking activities of founders and their start-up’s success. The rationale behind this hypothesis is the theory of socially embedded ties that allow entrepreneurs to get resources cheaper than they could be obtained on markets and to secure resources that would not be available on markets at all, e.g. reputation, customer contacts, etc. This paper clarifies how entrepreneurial network activities can be measured and which indicators exist to quantify start-up success. It then reviews empirical studies on the network success hypothesis. The studies have rarely come up with significant results. This surprising evidence can be explained by large differences in the way that the dependent and the independent variables were defined and by effects of unobserved variables such as the networking expertise of the founders and the entrepreneurs’ level of existing know-how in the areas of co-operation and networking (‘absorptive capacity’). The major shortcomings of existing network studies are found to be the neglect of different starting conditions, the focus on individual founders’ networks instead of multiple networks in start-ups with an entrepreneurial team, and the assumption of a linear causal relation between networking and start-up success. Accordingly, the paper develops a new, extended model for the relation between entrepreneurial networks and start-up success. Finally, we make some suggestions for the further development of entrepreneurial network theory. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 391-412 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000188423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000188423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:5:p:391-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth Title: Creating space for play/invention -- concepts of space and organizational entrepreneurship Abstract: This paper focuses on how one can relate management thinking/practices to entrepreneurial processes in the context of formal organization. In order to do this we develop a number of related ‘spatial concepts’ providing us with the possibility of describing entrepreneurship as a ‘creation and use of space for play/innovation’. Using concepts of space, the managerial and the entrepreneurial dimensions and perspectives on organizing creativity become highly visible in the case studied. This is a field study (within the ethnographic tradition) focusing on an organizational transformation of a former public authority into a competitive limited company. A distinction between managerialism and ‘entrepreneurship as event’ is proposed as conceptually fruitful as well as useful for discussing recommendations to managers for how to handle entrepreneurial processes. A minimal and contextual role for management is suggested when aspiring to support the creations of space for play/invention, for example, for entrepreneurship as forms of organizational creativity. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 413-432 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000197144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000197144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:5:p:413-432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward J. Malecki Author-X-Name-First: Edward J. Author-X-Name-Last: Malecki Title: Book review of Economic Geography of Higher Education: Knowledge Infrastructure and Learning Regions. Edited by ROEL RUTTEN, FRANS BOEKEMA and ELSA KUIJPERS (London: Routledge, 2003). [Pp. 258] Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 433-437 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001674360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001674360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:5:p:433-437 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Benneworth Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Benneworth Title: In what sense ‘regional development?’: entrepreneurship, underdevelopment and strong tradition in the periphery Abstract: This paper explores whether entrepreneurship can help less successful regions to improve their regional economic situation, without all the benefits that entrepreneurship brings when being ‘stripped out’ to more successful regions. The paper uses the idea that peripheral regions possess qualities of tradition and underdevelopment, and that these help to anchor new firms into these regions, resistant to their concentration in core regions. The paper explores whether particular entrepreneurial events can be regarded as ‘densifying’ the regional entrepreneurial environment, thereby making a positive contribution to its economic development. The paper explores the role of these negative anchors to the entrepreneurial events and the densification process by following a sequence of high-technology spin-out firms in the North East of England. Using a realist methodology attempting to interview all the firms within the sequence which could be found, the paper discovers that quite positive advantages exist within these negative qualities.The paper then considers whether these processes, such as plant closure, might drive entrepreneurship in all regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 439-458 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000249786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000249786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:6:p:439-458 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colm O’gorman Author-X-Name-First: Colm Author-X-Name-Last: O’gorman Author-Name: Mika Kautonen Author-X-Name-First: Mika Author-X-Name-Last: Kautonen Title: Policies to promote new knowledge-intensive industrial agglomerations Abstract: This paper explores the role of policymakers in encouraging endogenous growth in regions. Policymakers in many regions have sought to create the local conditions and the knowledge base that will allow a dynamic and innovative cohort of new knowledge-intensive entrepreneurial firms to emerge. We review existing models of agglomeration to identify the critical antecedents and dynamic processes that lead to agglomeration formation. The policy interventions and instruments that impact on these antecedents and processes are then outlined. We describe the evolution of two new knowledge-based agglomerations, Dublin in Ireland and Tampere in Finland, emphasizing the role of policy interventions in the process of agglomeration formation. We show how policy interventions play an important role in stimulating the development of new agglomerations. However, because the process of agglomeration formation is dependent on local resources and processes, efforts to directly transpose a development model from an established district are likely to be ineffective. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 459-479 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000224369 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000224369 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:6:p:459-479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Carter Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Author-Name: Stephen Tagg Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Tagg Author-Name: Pavlos Dimitratos Author-X-Name-First: Pavlos Author-X-Name-Last: Dimitratos Title: Beyond portfolio entrepreneurship: multiple income sources in small firms Abstract: The economic activities of entrepreneurs are not confined to the ownership of a single firm, but encompass income generation from a variety of sources including wage labour, non-earned income and profit from secondary business ventures. This paper investigates the multiple income sources of a sample of 18 561 business owners in the UK. A latent class analysis revealed seven different groups of entrepreneurs differentiated by their degree of engagement in enterprise ownership and income generation. The results demonstrate the importance of multiple income sources in smaller firms and challenge previous assumptions that portfolio activities are expedited solely as a profit maximization strategy by growth-seeking entrepreneurs. While some use portfolio activities for the purpose of wealth accumulation, others use them as a survival mechanism. The results also highlight time variations in the use of portfolio activities. For some business owners, they are a long-term and relatively stable strategy contributing towards either the economic survival of marginal ventures or the development of high growth enterprises. For others, they are a time-limited strategy facilitating business entry or exit. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 481-499 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001693008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001693008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:6:p:481-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Westhead Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead Author-Name: Mike Wright Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Deniz Ucbasaran Author-X-Name-First: Deniz Author-X-Name-Last: Ucbasaran Title: Internationalization of private firms: environmental turbulence and organizational strategies and resources Abstract: Profiles of exporting and superior-performing private small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are presented. Multivariate regression evidence suggests that SMEs focusing upon an offensive and market differentiation strategy of product/service protection is associated with the propensity and the intensity of exporting. Exporting SMEs are also associated with younger and manufacturing firms as well as firms with product or service quality and/or technology resources. The perceptions by SMEs of external environmental turbulence were not significantly associated with the exporting-dependent variables. Most notably, variables associated with exporting SMEs are not the same as those associated with superior firm performance. Moreover, exporting firms did not report superior levels of performance. Implications for policy-makers, practitioners and researchers are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 501-522 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2004 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000231929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000231929 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:6:p:501-522 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Tregear Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Tregear Title: Lifestyle, growth, or community involvement? The balance of goals of UK artisan food producers Abstract: This paper examines the goals of contemporary artisans. Two strands of literature offer different conceptualizations of artisans, the first inferring proclivity towards co-operation and community involvement, the second assuming prioritization of lifestyle goals over growth. Each conceptualization presents alternative implications for regional development. To assess the contrasting theories of the character and socio-economic role of artisans, a qualitative study was undertaken, involving in-depth interviews with 20 artisan food producers in the north of England, exploring their goals and activities. Results give strong evidence of both lifestyle goals and commercial ambitions and skills in the sample. Analysis further suggests that when operating in buoyant niche markets, artisan producers offer the potential for valorization of local resources, skilled employment, and development of localized supply chains. However, under adverse market conditions it is hypothesized that artisans may follow one of two pathways, both of which lead to a loss of socio-economic benefits. Further in-depth research is recommended at the individual firm owner level, to gain more insight into the balance of artisan goals and perceptions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-15 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620420002497777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620420002497777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:1:p:1-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara E. McDade Author-X-Name-First: Barbara E. Author-X-Name-Last: McDade Author-Name: Anita Spring Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Spring Title: The ‘new generation of African entrepreneurs’: networking to change the climate for business and private sector-led development Abstract: This paper discusses the entrepreneurial landscape in Africa and locates a new generation of African entrepreneurs and their business networks within it. Unlike others in that landscape (i.e. micro- or small-scale informal sector vendors, and traditional or multinational large-scale formal sector firms), the ‘new generation’ entrepreneurs are business globalists who organized a system of business enterprise networks consisting of national, regional, and pan-African organizations. The study analyses interview data from 57 men and women network members from 10 countries (Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe). Some defining characteristics of these entrepreneurs are interactive social and business relationships, use of modern management methods and information technology, trust among fellow members, transparent business practices, advocacy on behalf of the private sector, and commitment to increasing intra-African commerce. Their mission is to improve the climate for private sector business in Africa and to promote regional economic integration. They pursue cross-national commercial ventures, maintain official observer status at established regional economic organizations, sign memoranda of understanding with multilateral agencies, establish venture capital funds, and help to change government policies. The paper identifies characteristics of the ‘new generation’ entrepreneurs, evaluates goals and achievements of their networks, and concludes that despite limitations, these entrepreneurs and their organizations have created intra- and cross-national networks that strengthen private-sector-led economic growth in Africa. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 17-42 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000310714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000310714 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:1:p:17-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefania Zerbinati Author-X-Name-First: Stefania Author-X-Name-Last: Zerbinati Author-Name: Vangelis Souitaris Author-X-Name-First: Vangelis Author-X-Name-Last: Souitaris Title: Entrepreneurship in the public sector: a framework of analysis in European local governments Abstract: In this paper we explore the potential role of entrepreneurship in public sector organizations. At first, we present a review of the entrepreneurship theme in the political science and public management research streams, comparing these ideas with the mainstream business literature on entrepreneurship. Thereafter, we illustrate empirically how Stevenson's classical framework of entrepreneurship can be applied in a European local government context to explain the recent initiatives to compete for and utilize European Union structural funds. The empirical basis of the study is comprised of ten in-depth case studies of local government organizations, five in the UK and five in Italy. Finally, we propose five distinct types of entrepreneurial agents in the public sector: professional politician; spin-off creator; business entrepreneur in politics; career-driven public officer; and politically ambitious public officer. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 43-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000310723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000310723 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:1:p:43-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wai-Sum Siu Author-X-Name-First: Wai-Sum Author-X-Name-Last: Siu Title: An institutional analysis of marketing practices of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan Abstract: This paper uses an institutional perspective to examine the interplay among government intervention, manufacturing systems and business approaches and its impacts upon the marketing activities of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. An integrative approach, blending the narrative method and content analysis, is adopted to analyse 391 published news stories about Chinese owner-managers in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, and to disentangle the effects of environmental differences. SMEs in China, which come under strong government influence, carry out minimal planning in marketing and their marketing activities are implicit. They adopt a relation-oriented marketing approach and place emphasis on building relations with government agencies. Most SMEs in Hong Kong operate under the original equipment manufacturing systems and they tend to invest minimal amounts of time and money in marketing. SMEs in Hong Kong adopt a transaction-oriented marketing approach, place emphasis on pricing, product service and sales forecasts, and adapt promptly to market changes. Taiwanese SMEs operate in a politically constrained but economically free environment. They invest substantial amounts of time and money in marketing and fostering customer and dealer relations. Upgrading to the original brand manufacturing systems, Taiwanese SMEs develop their own brands and adapt their marketing plans explicitly and substantially in response to the specific marketing environment. Based on the research results, a tentative schema is proposed depicting the interplay and its impact on the marketing practices of Chinese SMEs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 65-88 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562052000330306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562052000330306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:1:p:65-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Johan Lambrecht Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Lambrecht Author-Name: Fabrice Pirnay Author-X-Name-First: Fabrice Author-X-Name-Last: Pirnay Title: An evaluation of public support measures for private external consultancies to SMEs in the Walloon Region of Belgium Abstract: This paper is a contribution to the somewhat scarce literature on the scientific evaluation of small business policies, and evaluates public support measures for private external consultants to SMEs in the Walloon Region of Belgium. A critical analysis of the supply and the demand, an evaluation of the efficiency and the effectiveness of policy measures, and real policy recommendations are presented. The rationale for offering subsidized private external consultancies as a mixed product was confirmed by the SMEs in the Walloon Region. In general, the consultants received favourable evaluations from the SMEs. However, our empirical findings corroborate the shortcomings reported in the literature on the supply of publicly financed advisory services. We found a profusion of support services, which led to confusion, a lack of conceptual integration of services, the exclusion of certain categories of SMEs, and adverse selection where the consultants push forward their own solutions. Subsidized private external consultancies to SMEs are effective in the Walloon Region, in that SMEs refer to their positive qualitative impact. However, they have no significant influence on net job creation, turnover, or financial indicators. These findings reflect the qualitative targets of the SMEs in using private external consultancy and their singularity. To enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the support measures for the use of private external consultancies by SMEs in the Walloon Region and to avoid adverse selection, we recommend that the neo-Austrian approach is adopted. This means that the real needs of the entrepreneur and of the SME, and symmetric power relations between SMEs on the one side and public authorities and consultants on the other side, determine the publicly financed advisory process. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 89-108 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000338598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000338598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:2:p:89-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Beate Rotefoss Author-X-Name-First: Beate Author-X-Name-Last: Rotefoss Author-Name: Lars Kolvereid Author-X-Name-First: Lars Author-X-Name-Last: Kolvereid Title: Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process Abstract: This study focuses on three different milestones in the business gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications for policy-makers are presented. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 109-127 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500074049 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500074049 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:2:p:109-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard B. Carter Author-X-Name-First: Richard B. Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Author-Name: Howard Van Auken Author-X-Name-First: Howard Author-X-Name-Last: Van Auken Title: Bootstrap financing and owners’ perceptions of their business constraints and opportunities Abstract: In this paper we present the results of a regional survey of small business entrepreneurs that asked about the use of and motivation for bootstrap financing -- employing resources other than traditional financing to fund operations. Extending the work of Winborg and Landstrom (2000) our results indicate that perceived risk is highly associated with owners’ assessment of the importance of bootstrap financing techniques. We also find that owners who see themselves as having limited ability are more likely to use private owner financing techniques that tend to squeeze all available funds from the owner and those close to him/her. Alternatively, bootstrap financing techniques involving the delay of payments are preferred when risk levels appear highest, while owners in business environments with the most opportunity are more likely to try to minimize accounts receivable. The results of this research can be used by consultants and agencies that assist small firms by acquainting owners with the myriad techniques for funding their companies as well as understanding the factors that often motivate the use of particular techniques. Owners should recognize that they should explore various funding alternatives rather than simply using what they are familiar with or what is readily available. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 129-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500067548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500067548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:2:p:129-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José A. Belso Martínez Author-X-Name-First: José A. Author-X-Name-Last: Belso Martínez Title: Equilibrium entrepreneurship rate, economic development and growth. Evidence from Spanish regions Abstract: Over the last few years the entrepreneurship phenomenon has become a frequent target for policymakers and economic researchers. Recently, a series of studies has identified the contribution of entrepreneurship to unemployment reduction and economic growth. At the same time, some researchers point out the increasing relevance of small and medium businesses in the developed economies. The aim of the study is to analyse the evolution of the entrepreneurship equilibrium rate as an economy reaches higher levels of development, to investigate how the entrepreneurship rate responds in contexts of imbalance, and how these imbalances affect economic growth. After a series of hypotheses, we have built up a model of two equations with provincial data for the period 1998--2002. From this model, we have verified the following evidence: the relationship between the level of development and the entrepreneurship equilibrium rate initially decreases and later increases, the existence of an automatic fit mechanism in situations of imbalance in the entrepreneurship rate, a penalization of economic growth for any deviation from the equilibrium rate and heterogeneous behaviour of the entrepreneurship rate in different Spanish regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 145-161 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500032633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500032633 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:2:p:145-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Beyza Oba Author-X-Name-First: Beyza Author-X-Name-Last: Oba Author-Name: Fatih Semerciöz Author-X-Name-First: Fatih Author-X-Name-Last: Semerciöz Title: Antecedents of trust in industrial districts: an empirical analysis of inter-firm relations in a Turkish industrial district Abstract: Structural features and institutional settings of industrial districts, rather than contracts as a co-coordinating mechanism, promote trust in exchanges between firms in industrial districts. Based on this assumption, the paper explores the antecedents of trust in a Turkish industrial district at three levels: institutional environment; institutional arrangements; and inter-firm exchanges. In relation to institutional environment, dominant institutions of the Turkish economy -- mainly state and finance -- and their policies that undermine the role of SMEs in economic development are studied. In this context a third institution, the ‘district association’ that has a vital role in promoting trust-based governance has been analysed. At the second level, formal and informal institutional arrangements that govern the web of exchanges between firms are surveyed. The third level of analysis is directed at entrepreneurs and their attitudes towards family, friendship, expertise and reputation are studied. The research site is the Merter textile district in Istanbul. Data for second and third levels of analysis has been collected through structured interviews and is analysed quantitatively. For institutions and institutional environment, data has been collected mainly by in-depth interviews and is supported by secondary data. Research findings show that informal institutional arrangements are more important than formal arrangements and reputation and expertise of the other firm is more important than family-friendship connections as antecedents of trust. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 163-182 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500102964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500102964 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:3:p:163-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiro Izushi Author-X-Name-First: Hiro Author-X-Name-Last: Izushi Title: Creation of relational assets through the ‘library of equipment’ model: an industrial modernization approach of Japan's local technology centres Abstract: SMEs with a weak internal R&D capacity show the tendency to shy away from using external sources of technical expertise. The tendency deters providers of industrial modernization services from supporting such structurally weak SMEs. This paper examines how Japan's local technology centres -- kosetsushi -- remove the bottleneck and reach out to a significant proportion of SMEs with a weak R&D capacity in their localities. Kosetsushi centres sustain habitual interactions with client firms through ‘low information gap’ services solving immediate needs and lead the clients to a riskier and longer path toward innovation capacity building. This gives kosetsushi centres a position distinct from universities and consultancies in the regional innovation system. While long-term relationships between kosetsushi centres and their client firms can increase switching costs and produce lock-in effects, a case study of two kosetsushi centres illustrates the importance of ‘low-information gap’ services and relational assets created thereby to the modernization of SMEs with a weak internal R&D capacity. The paper calls for long-term commitment by the public sector if it addresses the issue through modernization services. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 183-204 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500102832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500102832 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:3:p:183-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. M. Haugh Author-X-Name-First: H. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Haugh Author-Name: P. J. A. Robson Author-X-Name-First: P. J. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Robson Title: Are Scottish firms meeting the ICT challenge? Results from a National Survey of Enterprise Abstract: This paper examines the diffusion of Information Communication Technology (ICT) into firms in Scotland and northern England. Data concerning the adoption of micro-computers, e-mail, the Internet, ISDN, in-house website, and the automation of business functions is analysed by industry, firm size, firm age, rate of growth, export involvement, and innovation activity. The results from a sample of 1347 firms found an overall increase in the adoption of ICT in firms between 1998 and 2001. The increase is led by older and larger firms in comparison to younger and smaller firms. In addition, the diffusion of the automation of business functions was found to be sequential, from generic to specific applications. Further increases in the diffusion of ICT are likely to come from upgrading existing equipment and increases in the range of business functions that can be automated. Finally, although use of the Internet and web-based trading has increased in the sample firms, this has not replaced traditional marketing and sales. The results support the view that more firms are taking up the challenge of using ICT in-house, with older and larger firms leading the way ahead of younger and smaller firms. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 205-222 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500096711 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500096711 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:3:p:205-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew C. Sonfield Author-X-Name-First: Matthew C. Author-X-Name-Last: Sonfield Title: A new US definition of ‘Minority Business’: lessons from the first four years Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss current definitional issues regarding minority business in the USA and the policy-oriented implications of these issues with regard to European ethnic minority enterprise. After an introductory discussion of the concept of ‘minority business’ and related terminology, this paper then examines a major change in the definition of such businesses made by the National Minority Supplier Development Council (NMSDC), the principal link between large US corporations and the minority business community. In line with US government minority assistance programme requirements, a ‘minority business’ previously had to be at least 51% minority-owned. Under the new NMSDC policy, a firm can have as little as 30% minority ownership and still be eligible for corporate minority-targeted contracts. This paper explains this re-definition and discusses the experiences of the first four years of this new policy and the lessons and implications for the USA. The discussion is then extended to the European context -- the rise of immigration and the related increase in ethnic minority business enterprises, the current nature of public policy toward such enterprises in terms of programmes and legislation, and the implications of the US experience for Europe. Finally, future issues with regard to European ethnic minority enterprise are raised, along with areas for future research focus. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 223-235 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500121782 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500121782 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:3:p:223-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayda Eraydin Author-X-Name-First: Ayda Author-X-Name-Last: Eraydin Author-Name: Bilge Armatli-Köroğlu Author-X-Name-First: Bilge Author-X-Name-Last: Armatli-Köroğlu Title: Innovation, networking and the new industrial clusters: the characteristics of networks and local innovation capabilities in the Turkish industrial clusters Abstract: Elaborating on the literature on industrial districts, this paper suggests that innovation and networking are the two key issues, which provide the new generation industrial clusters’ competitive capacity in the globalization process. The paper presents the findings on the innovative and networking capabilities of the three important industrial clusters of Turkey based on the data collected from the sample firms in each of these industrial clusters through in-depth interviews. The findings clearly show the importance of local and national networking as well as global linkages and confirm the positive relation between intensity of local networking and innovativeness. Moreover, the paper provides evidence that firms within global networks have higher numbers of innovations than firms with higher intensity of locally embedded linkages. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 237-266 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500202632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500202632 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:4:p:237-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Henrik Sornn-Friese Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Sornn-Friese Author-Name: Janne Simoni Sørensen Author-X-Name-First: Janne Author-X-Name-Last: Simoni Sørensen Title: Linkage lock-in and regional economic development: the case of the Øresund medi-tech plastics industry Abstract: This paper examines the role of interfirm linkages in influencing the dynamics of regional economic development. Developing a conceptual framework, we claim that switching costs (real or perceived) can lock firms into existing linkages with the potential effect of impeding regional economic development. A main argument is that in dynamic and competitive environments a class of switching costs, learning opportunity costs, might arise out of the relative importance of learning and innovation. We apply our framework to understand what goes on in the Øresund medi-tech plastics industry, taking as a starting point the lack of cross-border linkage participation in this industry. Through a case study research design we obtain evidence about the characteristics and dynamics of linkage lock-in and switching costs in this particular context and explain that learning opportunity costs prevail and make increased linkage participation across Øresund tardy. Promising future research arising from the present study includes enquiry into dissimilar industries, the possible intermediating role of third parties and the complementarities of the Danish and Swedish areas with a focus on the potential of cross-border regional specialization. All this would potentially add to a more complete picture of the notion of switching costs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 267-291 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500218695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500218695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:4:p:267-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ross Gittell Author-X-Name-First: Ross Author-X-Name-Last: Gittell Author-Name: Jeffrey Sohl Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Sohl Title: Technology centres during the economic downturn: what have we learned? Abstract: This paper documents and assesses the economic performance of metropolitan technology centres in the USA during the business downturn of the early 2000s. We find that many of the USA's leading high-technology centres have performed at or near the national average, but that some of the nation's most prominent technology centres have fared poorly during the downturn, including Silicon Valley. The main factors that accentuated economic decline in technology centres during the recent recession include: a poorly diversified overall economic base; limited diversity within high-technology industries; relatively high (all industry) wages; and high levels of venture capital funding during the end of the ‘boom’ period of the late 1990s. We find that counter to some of the recent literature on regional development and knowledge-based industry clustering and networking, the rules of regional economic development have not changed dramatically with the so-called ‘new economy’. High-technology regions, just as ‘traditional’ industry regions over the past century, are vulnerable to pronounced economic cycles of growth and decline. The cycles can be particularly pronounced if regional economies are not well diversified and labour costs are not moderated during economic downturns. We also find that venture capital can exaggerate rather than moderate regional economic cycles, such as economic growth years in the USA from the late 1990s to the recession of 2001. The model suggests that free-flowing venture capital dollars may result in an over reliance on these funds, at the expense of a sound business model with sustainable growth and reasonable cash flow. Also, business networks associated with venture capital fund flow might be detrimental at critical economic turning points, often resulting in a rush of dollars in a limited business sector, rather than a diversified set of entrepreneurial ventures. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 293-312 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500202582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500202582 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:4:p:293-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AsbjØrn Karlsen Author-X-Name-First: AsbjØrn Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsen Title: The dynamics of regional specialization and cluster formation: dividing trajectories of maritime industries in two Norwegian regions Abstract: The theoretical starting point of this paper is the academic debate on regional specialization, agglomeration and industrial clusters. The paper offers further insights into the industrial dynamics within regional contexts by combining two approaches: (1) an historical study of industrial agency focusing on entrepreneurship, diversification and specialization; (2) a study of the relations within contemporary industrial systems important for industrial upgrading. Methodical triangulation has provided longitudinal studies. Particular attention is paid to path dependence as well as entrepreneurial capacity in order to explain why the industrial trajectories of matching regions divide. As the paper discusses continuity and change, a more dynamic perspective on path dependency is introduced. The past is not just regarded as a constraint, but as heritage as well. The dynamics leading to cluster formation and upgrading as well as industrial fragmentation are investigated in detail. The developments of shipyards and related maritime industries of the two Norwegian regions compared are characterized by static continuity and dynamic continuity, respectively. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 313-338 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500247702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500247702 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:5:p:313-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khalid Nadvi Author-X-Name-First: Khalid Author-X-Name-Last: Nadvi Author-Name: Gerhard Halder Author-X-Name-First: Gerhard Author-X-Name-Last: Halder Title: Local clusters in global value chains: exploring dynamic linkages between Germany and Pakistan Abstract: Recent research has underlined the importance of external linkages for industrial clusters. Suppliers and buyers within a global value chain offer important external ties for cluster-based producers not only in terms of the distribution of physical goods, but also for knowledge flows and innovation. Globalization has intensified such value chain links, connecting geographically dispersed producers to global markets. Yet, there is limited research on how local clusters enter global chains or on ties between clusters in the developed and developing world. This study addresses this gap. It uses the case of the global surgical instrument industry to analyse connections and differences between the industry's leading production clusters in Germany and Pakistan. Global standards, low-cost competition, and advances in medical technology raise challenges for both clusters. The paper explores the responses to these challenges. It distinguishes between knowledge and production links to illustrate differentiation in each cluster, diverging trajectories and continuing ties. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 339-363 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500247785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500247785 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:5:p:339-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stein Kristiansen Author-X-Name-First: Stein Author-X-Name-Last: Kristiansen Author-Name: Joseph Kimeme Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Kimeme Author-Name: Andrew Mbwambo Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Mbwambo Author-Name: Fathul Wahid Author-X-Name-First: Fathul Author-X-Name-Last: Wahid Title: Information flows and adaptation in Tanzanian cottage industries Abstract: The aim of this research is to identify channels of information flows and their impact on business adaptation and survival. The analysis is set within a theoretical framework of information market failure and information flows. The paper draws on empirical data from a survey comprising approximately 400 small-scale entrepreneurs in dressmaking and woodworking industries at different levels of centrality in four regions in Tanzania. The data reveal that half of the businesses are growing and one-third have increased profitability by significant adaptations last year. Most changes occur in products and design. Customers and the media represent the most important sources of business information, followed by family members and business partners. Independent variables that significantly influence adaptability include customer relations, education, media exposure, social networks, and mobility. Associations are strongly modified by the entrepreneurs’ age and gender and by businesses’ size and location. The paper concludes that cottage industries in Tanzania have a remarkable ability to survive. Garment and woodwork markets are still predominantly local and competition from external businesses is limited. Access to business information and new ideas should be improved, however, to counteract growing competition from the modern sector. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 365-388 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500275547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500275547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:5:p:365-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie T. Mora Author-X-Name-First: Marie T. Author-X-Name-Last: Mora Author-Name: Alberto Dávila Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Dávila Title: Ethnic group size, linguistic isolation, and immigrant entrepreneurship in the USA Abstract: Using a sample of immigrant men in US census data from the early and late 1900s and available in the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), this study explores: (1) whether immigrant entrepreneurship is positively affected by ethnic group size and linguistic isolation; (2) how sensitive these relationships are to English-language proficiency; and (3) if these relationships have remained stable over time. The empirical results indicate that the size of the local ethnic population does not enhance immigrant self-employment for either English-proficient or limited-English-proficient (LEP) men in the USA. In addition, while linguistic isolation in the local labour pool seems to promote entrepreneurship among English-fluent immigrants in certain cases, it appears to hinder business formation among the LEP. Finally, comparing the results across time-periods is consistent with the premise that rising xenophobia pushes a disproportionate share of the LEP into self-employment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 389-404 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500275612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500275612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:5:p:389-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Blundel Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Blundel Author-Name: Michael Thatcher Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Thatcher Title: Contrasting local responses to globalization: the case of volume yacht manufacturing in Europe Abstract: This paper is concerned with contrasting the impact of globalization pressures on industrial development in particular localities, with specific reference to the relative performance of regional clusters. A multiple case study approach is adopted in order to examine the decline of volume yacht manufacturing in a long-established English cluster and to compare its responses to globalization with those of major competitors located in other parts of Europe. The case study opens with an analysis of three sector-specific drivers of globalization that have exercised a decisive impact on the sector over the last three decades. In the main analytical section, two alternative approaches to the analysis of clusters (Porter 1990, 2000, Best 2001) are applied to the empirical material. The application of Porter's ‘diamond’ framework suggests some distinctive performance-related characteristics, while Best's ‘cluster dynamics’ model provides a more sophisticated explanation of the differential responses and outcomes identified in the English case. The implications for policy are that cluster-level outcomes may be predicated on the internal dynamics of their respective ‘entrepreneurial firms’, and that regional development initiatives would benefit from conceptual and empirical studies that can better address the historical and spatial complexity of the underlying processes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 405-429 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500385619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500385619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:6:p:405-429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan Macpherson Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Macpherson Author-Name: Michael Ziolkowski Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Ziolkowski Title: The role of university-based industrial extension services in the business performance of small manufacturing firms: case-study evidence from Western New York Abstract: This paper investigates the role of university-based industrial extension services in the business performance of small manufacturing firms in an economically declining region of the United States (Western New York). The outreach initiatives of a specific University at Buffalo (UB) programme are described. Particular attention is given to the activities of UB's Centre for Industrial Effectiveness (CIE), an outreach unit with a mandate to improve the product and/or process development efforts of local manufacturing firms. Our data suggest positive returns on investment for firms that have sought technical support under CIE programmes. A key finding is that CIE's services typically entail the transmission of well-established procedures rather than radically new ways of doing things. A further finding is that firms that have used CIE to develop improved products have experienced stronger investment returns than their counterparts that have focused upon process development (although the returns are positive in both instances). More broadly, our data suggest positive correlations between levels of project investment and a variety of commercial outcomes, including sales growth, job-retention, and unit-cost reduction. The implications of these results for regional economic development policy are discussed. The paper also reviews some of the weaknesses that curtail the effectiveness of university-based centres such as CIE. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 431-447 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500385601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500385601 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:6:p:431-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helen Lawton Smith Author-X-Name-First: Helen Author-X-Name-Last: Lawton Smith Author-Name: John Glasson Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Glasson Author-Name: Andrew Chadwick Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Chadwick Title: The geography of talent: entrepreneurship and local economic development in Oxfordshire Abstract: This paper considers the interaction of stocks of talent, entrepreneurship, processes of institutionalization and networking in local development. The main theme is that although innovation necessarily involves social networks and collective action, it should not be overlooked that the quality of those networks is dependent on the quality or talent of individuals who have initiated particular developments. The paper argues that the literature on local and regional development tends to overlook the agency of individuals and that to do so ignores processes that lead to the distinctive characteristics of localities. Using Oxfordshire as a case study, it demonstrates how the expertise of talented individuals has been translated in the fastest growing high-tech economy in the UK. This has brought visibility to the county's techno-economic and institutional achievements feeding into high-level professional and political policy agendas. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 449-478 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500247819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500247819 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:6:p:449-478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Yeoh Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Yeoh Author-Name: Wilfred Pow Ngee How Author-X-Name-First: Wilfred Author-X-Name-Last: Pow Ngee How Author-Name: Ai Lin Leong Author-X-Name-First: Ai Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Leong Title: ‘Created’ enclaves for enterprise: an empirical study of Singapore's industrial parks in Indonesia, Vietnam and China Abstract: The dynamics of globalization have prompted governments to re-examine accustomed policies, and search for alternative strategies, in order to re-position their economies for the future. This paper explores the spatial context of state involvement in the new economics of competition, with the focus on Singapore's much publicized, and controversial, orchestration of its state enterprise network to encapsulate economic space for Singapore-based firms to expand into the Asian region. This strategic initiative is promulgated on the exportability of Singapore's ‘state credibility’, systemic and operational efficiencies, and technological competencies, to locations where these attributes are less certain. A logit model is applied to questionnaire surveys culled from Singapore's industrial-township projects in Indonesia, Vietnam and China and the findings are presented. The authors conclude that the strategic advantage created for the firms within these privileged investment enclaves, although remarkable, is often at risk from the administrative complexities, and socio-political milieux, of the host environments. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 479-499 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2005 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500361115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500361115 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:6:p:479-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard De Martino Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: De Martino Author-Name: David Mc Hardy Reid Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Mc Hardy Reid Author-Name: Stelios C. Zygliodopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Stelios C. Author-X-Name-Last: Zygliodopoulos Title: Balancing localization and globalization:exploring the impact of firm internationalization on a regional cluster Abstract: This paper explores the impact of firm internationalization on regional industrial clusters. The past decade has witnessed the popularization of two intertwined trends in geographic competitiveness: globalization and localization. While previous research has sought to understand and analyse how multinational enterprises pursue strategies to capture critical expertise and resources in dynamic regional environments, to date only limited efforts have sought to explore how internationalization affects ‘cluster’ relationships among locally founded, rapidly growing firms. Specifically, this paper explores whether the internationalization of local firms weakens the local relationships associated with industrial clusters. It reports the findings of research conducted on the internationalization of a cluster of companies in the photonics industry. Twenty-three senior executives were interviewed, face-to-face. Grounded theory methodology was applied to the data to create a new conceptual framework to explore how internationalization impacts the embedded social relationships of locally established firms. The findings suggest that, as firms internationalize, intimate local relationships become less significant. As local companies mature and their sales and markets expand, they develop new capabilities and operations. Firms pursuing strategies to develop capabilities outside their home region gain access to outside resources and, in turn, elect to reorient their level of intra- vs. inter-cluster interaction. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500397648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500397648 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Cabus Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Cabus Author-Name: Wim Vanhaverbeke Author-X-Name-First: Wim Author-X-Name-Last: Vanhaverbeke Title: The territoriality of the network economy and urban networks: evidence from flanders Abstract: As the network economy is continuing to develop, external economies are taking over internal economies and they are increasingly determining the entrepreneurial logic. To evaluate the territorial impact of this new logic a theoretical framework is developed based on a division of external economies between agglomeration economies that play a role in the economic functioning of urban areas and network economies that result from the networking among firms. The general picture of firms located in Flanders is one of intense networking within agglomerations, especially in their networking with suppliers, together with intense short and long distance relationships, where urban areas dominate the scene. A comparison between the urban networks introduced in spatial policy and the geography of firms’ networks, which has been investigated in this paper as the outcome of a large scale questionnaire, reveals that the nature of the firms’ networked territory can in fact not be translated in terms of urban networks but in terms of relationships between firms located in territories with dynamic industrial communities, and where cities, as a contextual place, play an important role. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 25-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500466708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500466708 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:1:p:25-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: André Torre Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Torre Title: Collective action, governance structure and organizational trust in localized systems of production. The case of the AOC organization of small producers Abstract: The objective of this paper is to explore the collective organizational forms that prevail in localized systems of production. More precisely, in a study on the governance of groups of small agricultural producers, we found that a club-based organization with a strong internal governance structure presents great advantages. Collective action, contractual relations and organizational trust are important in this governance system. This paper contributes to the discussion on Appellation d’Origine Contrôlées (AOCs, Designation of Controlled Origin) and more particularly provides new elements that help to understand the forms of collective organization that prevail in these systems. The amount of research dedicated to AOCs has increased so much that it is no longer legitimate to claim that they are just an obsolete form of local production with no future, or a harking back to the past. Yet, they are still often considered as curiosities, and few studies in the field of economic organization have focused on the organizational methods that prevail in these localized groups of producers. Basing ourselves on a specific example -- that of the Comté AOC -- economic arguments are presented in terms of legitimacy. It is shown (1) that it is possible to analyse the methods of internal organization of an AOC, and (2) that this analysis should be centred on a common good -- reputation -- that justifies and requires this form of co-ordination and brings into play mechanisms of organizational trust. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 55-72 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500467557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500467557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:1:p:55-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Blackburn Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Blackburn Author-Name: Monder Ram Author-X-Name-First: Monder Author-X-Name-Last: Ram Title: Fix or fixation? The contributions and limitations of entrepreneurship and small firms to combating social exclusion Abstract: Notions of social inclusion and the need to combat social exclusion have become popular areas of attention in academic and policy circles. The importance of small firms and entrepreneurship as a means to raising inclusion has been emphasized in these new agendas. A priori, there are a number of reasons why small businesses may be regarded as providing opportunities for social inclusion. However, in this paper we argue that the recent expectations of the role of small firms and entrepreneurship in combating social exclusion are over optimistic. Some of the assumptions on which these expectations are based are questioned. Instead, we suggest that attention should start by a clearer understanding of the concept of social exclusion. Individual economic strategies, in the form of small business activity, can make some contribution but because of the complex multidimensional nature of social exclusion, over-inflated claims should be avoided. When these claims are not achieved there may be a danger of a policy backlash against the promotion of business ownership and disaffection amongst those who fail to realize their goals. This paper draws on secondary evidence and concludes with implications for policy and suggestions for further research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 73-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500419566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500419566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:1:p:73-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Malin Tillmar Author-X-Name-First: Malin Author-X-Name-Last: Tillmar Title: Swedish tribalism and Tanzanian entrepreneurship: preconditions for trust formation Abstract: This paper sets out to explore the preconditions for trust formation using a comparative approach. It takes an empirical point of departure, in two longitudinal and ethnographically inspired studies in the differing contexts of Sweden and Tanzania. The comparison reveals many similarities between the contexts with regard to the influence of informal institutions, as well as the significance of categories in trust formation. Perhaps surprisingly, trust and co-operation are not as low as could be expected in Tanzania, given the inadequate formal institutional environment, but instead, the greater need for co-operation evoked entrepreneurial initiatives that enabled the creation of trust. While the Swedish small-business owners could afford their ‘tribalism’, Tanzanians created trust in an entrepreneurial way. The importance of interventions to understand the local institutional framework is highlighted and it is argued that arranging business training, or similar events, is a fruitful way to facilitate the trust creation process in development contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 91-107 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500531956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500531956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:2:p:91-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christos Kalantaridis Author-X-Name-First: Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Kalantaridis Author-Name: Zografia Bika Author-X-Name-First: Zografia Author-X-Name-Last: Bika Title: In-migrant entrepreneurship in rural England: beyond local embeddedness Abstract: It is now broadly accepted in the literature that in-migrants make a disproportionately positive contribution in the creation of new ventures in rural England. However, to date, there have been precious few advances in our understanding of either the characteristics or, more importantly, the degree of embeddedness of in-migrant entrepreneurs. This paper aspires to address this gap in the literature, drawing upon the findings of an extensive fieldwork investigation in rural Cumbria.1 It is argued that the attributes of entrepreneurial individuals who are not born locally enable them to follow distinct routes to starting and/or running a business, working in contexts that allow them to break away from the confines of rurality. They appear to rely less upon the local setting for the supply of materials and capital, as well as a market for their products/services and to have closer relationships with national and international sources of information than their locally-born counterparts. Thus, in-migrant entrepreneurs emerge as a key instrument in enhancing the integration of rural economies in the national and global markets as well as diminishing the strength of local ties. Weak local ties also mean that growing in-migrant entrepreneurship may be linked with the demise of rural localities as integrated entities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 109-131 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500510174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500510174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:2:p:109-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trevor Jones Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Monder Ram Author-X-Name-First: Monder Author-X-Name-Last: Ram Author-Name: Paul Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Title: Ethnic minority business and the employment of illegal immigrants Abstract: Based on detailed case histories of South Asian workers and their co-ethnic employers in the West Midlands clothing and catering industries, this paper examines the use of illegal immigrant labour in small ethnic minority firms and attempts to tease out its implications for the migrants themselves, their employers and the broader national interest. To establish a proper context, we begin with a review of the recent literature on the structural changes -- principally the confluence of globalization and post-industrialism -- which have generated a seemingly unstoppable flow of labour migration; and the official state policies that have forced much of it underground. Our own case histories are seen as one of countless local expressions of this clash between economic and political imperatives, a clash which effectively criminalizes employers and workers for providing a positive economic and social contribution to the wider good. In the present case, it is only by employing immigrant labour that struggling entrepreneurs can survive in hyper-competitive sectors of the economy and the stark choice is between official tolerance of law-breaking or driving many of these enterprises to the wall. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 133-150 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500531865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500531865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:2:p:133-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingrid Verheul Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Author-X-Name-Last: Verheul Author-Name: André Van Stel Author-X-Name-First: André Van Author-X-Name-Last: Stel Author-Name: Roy Thurik Author-X-Name-First: Roy Author-X-Name-Last: Thurik Title: Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level Abstract: Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data for 29 countries this study investigates the (differential) impact of several factors on female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. These factors are derived from three streams of literature, including that on entrepreneurship in general, on female labour force participation and on female entrepreneurship. The paper deals with the methodological aspects of investigating (female) entrepreneurship by distinguishing between two measures of female entrepreneurship: the number of female entrepreneurs and the share of women in the total number of entrepreneurs. The first measure is used to investigate whether variables have an impact on entrepreneurship in general (influencing both the number of female and male entrepreneurs). The second measure is used to investigate whether factors have a differential relative impact on female and male entrepreneurship, i.e. whether they influence the diversity or gender composition of entrepreneurship. Findings indicate that -- by and large -- female and male entrepreneurial activity rates are influenced by the same factors and in the same direction. However, for some factors (e.g. unemployment, life satisfaction) we find a differential impact on female and male entrepreneurship. The present study also shows that the factors influencing the number of female entrepreneurs may be different from those influencing the share of female entrepreneurs. In this light it is important that governments are aware of what they want to accomplish (i.e. do they want to stimulate the number of female entrepreneurs or the gender composition of entrepreneurship) to be able to select appropriate policy measures. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 151-183 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500532053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500532053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:2:p:151-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. Doug Watts Author-X-Name-First: H. Doug Author-X-Name-Last: Watts Author-Name: Andrew M. Wood Author-X-Name-First: Andrew M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Author-Name: Perry Wardle Author-X-Name-First: Perry Author-X-Name-Last: Wardle Title: Owner-managers, clusters and local embeddedness: small firms in the Sheffield (UK) metal-working cluster Abstract: The primary objective of this paper is to explore the ways in which the characteristics of owner-managers influence the extent to which their firms are embedded within local clusters of economic activity. Data are drawn from an interview survey of a random sample of small metal-working firms in Sheffield, UK. The data are analysed using non-parametric statistical methods to test bivariate relationships. Owner-manager attributes are found to have no influence on the extent of the use of local material supply networks but they do influence the extent of dependence on local markets. Owner-managers born and bred in the local region with limited formal education, working as an operative (rather than executive) prior to start up and with many years experience are more likely to rely on local markets. Owner-manager characteristics are also linked to participation in business networks. Those with most experience and those previously working for large firms are more likely to participate. It is concluded that owner-manager attributes can be important in explaining the level of embeddedness of small firms in a cluster of economic activity and that such attributes need to be built into theories of cluster behaviour. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 185-205 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600680141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600680141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:3:p:185-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José A Belso-Martínez Author-X-Name-First: José A Author-X-Name-Last: Belso-Martínez Title: Why are some Spanish manufacturing firms internationalizing rapidly? The role of business and institutional international networks Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the profile of international manufacturing firms located in Spain. After reviewing previous research on the internationalization of small and medium companies, we will look at whether the relevance of certain characteristics and key internationalization factors differ between firms following the traditional gradual internationalization process and firms internationalizing rapidly. Basically, economic literature points out that clients’, suppliers’, competitors’ and institutions’ networks and differentiation advantages such as marketing or technology play an essential role in the acceleration of the internationalization process. Our empirical analysis for the Valencian Community (a southern Spanish region) shows that some small and medium-sized companies exhibit an accelerated internationalization process. Research findings evidence that firms which admitted an accelerated internationalization process present greater integration in client networks and greater international orientation of sector and company. Our investigation does not find greater differentiation for rapidly internationalized Spanish manufacturing firms. Neither does it recognize suppliers’, competitors’ and institutions’ networks as key factors for developing a rapid internationalization process. Policy-makers and public agencies can benefit from these results: manufacturing sectors appear as targets for programmes focused on rapid internationalization promotion, networking and knowledge-based activities should be constantly encouraged in order to accelerate the internationalization process, entrepreneurs’ and managers’ international orientation and capabilities should also be promoted if more rapid internationalization process is desirable. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 207-226 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600565409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600565409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:3:p:207-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yi-Min Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yi-Min Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Feng-Jyh Lin Author-X-Name-First: Feng-Jyh Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Title: Regional development and sources of superior performance across textile and IT sectors in Taiwan Abstract: The rapid growth and industrialization of Taiwan's textile and IT sectors, mainly comprised of small and medium-sized enterprises, has prompted an array of explanations among academics, including neoliberalism, structural-institutionalism, flying geese patterns, regional networks and economic geography. Drawing on neoliberal, structural-institutional, regional networking and economic geographic views in that strong Taiwanese entrepreneurial culture is important to its textile and IT sector development, this study shares their positive perspectives in influencing the sources of profitability differentials among Taiwan's textile and IT firms in international competitiveness. Researchers investigating the sources of performance differences among firms have focused mainly on the relative importance of industry and firm factors. Specifically, this study employs Taiwan's business database to examine industry and firm effects on profitability differentials in these sectors using return on assets and the economic performance measures of economic value added and market value added. A variance components model is proposed, and findings indicate that firm effects dominate performance while industry effects have little impact. Our discussion reconciles results with those of previous studies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 227-248 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600676560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600676560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:3:p:227-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lorraine Watkins-Mathys Author-X-Name-First: Lorraine Author-X-Name-Last: Watkins-Mathys Author-Name: M. John Foster Author-X-Name-First: M. John Author-X-Name-Last: Foster Title: Entrepreneurship: the missing ingredient in China's STIPs? Abstract: China is concerned to improve the technical capability of its industry. It has chosen Science and Technology Industry Parks (STIPs) as the model for incubating its R&D capability and driving its hi-tech policy. Against this background, the authors examine two main issues. First, we review assessments of university science parks in the UK and a wider context extracted from the literature before examining specifically China's R&D intensity and hi-tech policy. Second, we examine the performance of hi-tech companies situated on STIPs and those located outside STIPs, comparing their success in commercializing technology. We pay particular attention to the role of entrepreneurship in this activity by those engaged in it. Our findings are based on secondary quantitative data and qualitative data collected by means of interviews and focus groups in the Beijing and Shanghai areas in March 2004. From our research it is clear that China lags behind OECD countries in its R&D capability and the technology transfer rate is low, hampering China's hi-tech potential, although China is achieving some success in hi-tech exports, notably of ICT goods. Furthermore, innovation capability, locational factors such as being located in a regional industry cluster (in or outside STIPs), guanxi and networking opportunities, entrepreneurial skills, including international business experience and access to more financial sources and capital for developing the business, are essential for commercializing technology effectively in China. The role of entrepreneurship is evident. However, it remains still underdeveloped in China's STIPs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 249-274 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600593161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600593161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:3:p:249-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paola Bertolini Author-X-Name-First: Paola Author-X-Name-Last: Bertolini Author-Name: Enrico Giovannetti Author-X-Name-First: Enrico Author-X-Name-Last: Giovannetti Title: Industrial districts and internationalization: the case of the agri-food industry in Modena, Italy Abstract: The paper explores the structural changes, in response to internationalization, in an important traditional activity (food chain, meat processing) in a typical ‘district area’. In the paper, attention is focused on the ‘Institutional structure of production’ (Coase, R. 1992) and the cluster is considered as a whole, as a complex economic player, capable of generating coherent action, regulated by institutional mechanisms, and founded on a set of ‘public assets’ which make up its ‘social capital’.  The paper is based on many empirical studies and surveys aimed at exploring the structure of SMEs and the role of the local institutions: the changes observed over time and in response to internationalization underline the reinforcement of the activity's cluster configuration. These features emphasize the existence of a specific unit of analysis, indivisible from the individuals which constitute it. The discussion touches on the classical themes of the efficiency of the net-economy based on SMEs, and their prospects in a context of growing globalization. The paper does not aim to enter into the debate on the origins and mechanism of innovation. However, the case study does illustrate the strength of the hypothesis of a unit of analysis different from the firm for discussion of a number of topics: some empirical examples of innovation, of significance for the economic consolidation of the ID, highlight the importance of district relationships in the production and spread of innovation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 279-304 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600613761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600613761 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:4:p:279-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bat Batjargal Author-X-Name-First: Bat Author-X-Name-Last: Batjargal Title: The dynamics of entrepreneurs’ networks in a transitioning economy: the case of Russia Abstract: Despite its theoretical and practical importance, the evolution and development of entrepreneurs’ networks has attracted a little attention of researchers. The emerging research literature on this topic found that the dynamics of entrepreneurial networks were contingent upon venture lifecycle, industry and region, and resource needs of the firm. In addition and contrast to the previous research, this article examines the effects of the initial network structure, and firm performance of previous years on the changes in entrepreneurs' network structure, relations, and resources over 4 years. The empirical data is composed of the face-to-face interviews with 75 Russian entrepreneurs in 1995, and the follow-up interviews with 56 original respondents in 1999. I found that the greater the initial network size, the less the increase in network size, strong and weak ties, and resources over time. Further, the findings indicate that revenue growth of previous years predicts the changes in networks in the reverse manner. Thus, I found that the greater the average revenue growth, the less the increase in network size, weak ties, and resources over time. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 305-320 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600717448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600717448 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:4:p:305-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terry L. Besser Author-X-Name-First: Terry L. Author-X-Name-Last: Besser Author-Name: Nancy Miller Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: Robert K. Perkins Author-X-Name-First: Robert K. Author-X-Name-Last: Perkins Title: For the greater good: business networks and business social responsibility to communities Abstract: Business networks (co-operative arrangements between independent business organizations) may be the signature organizational form of the contemporary global economy. Many policy-makers and local leaders advocate business network membership as an alternative development strategy for regional economic vitality. The extant literature on business networks has focused on their association with business success. However, little is known about their impact on other aspects of community life. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the role of network membership on one non-economic dimension of the business community interface. We examined the relationship between business network membership and business social responsibility to communities, defined as the provision of leadership and support for community betterment projects. Data were gathered from telephone interviews with a random sample of 460 non-metro small business operators in the USA. Independent t-tests and ordinary least squares regression analyses controlling for theoretically important variables were conducted. Findings show that networked businesses provide more leadership and support for their communities than non-networked businesses. However, networked businesses were no more likely than non-networked businesses to use local suppliers of goods and services. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 321-339 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600715046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600715046 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:4:p:321-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Rosa Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Rosa Author-Name: Alison Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Title: Gender and the commercialization of university science: academic founders of spinout companies Abstract: There is a great deal of interest in Europe and the USA on the commercialization of university science, particularly the creation of spinout companies from the science base. Despite considerable research on academic entrepreneurship, female entrepreneurship in general, and the causes of under-representation of female scientists in academic institutions, there has been little research on the influence of gender on academic entrepreneurship. The study researches female founders of UK university spinout companies using information from the Internet on company founders of spinout companies from 20 leading universities. The proportion of female founders at 12% is very low. The paper explores reasons for this low representation through follow-up postal interviews of the 21 female founders identified, and a male control sample. Under-representation of female academic staff in science research is the dominant but not the only factor to explain low entrepreneurial rates amongst female scientists. Owing to the low number of women in senior research positions in many leading science departments, few women had the chances to lead a spinout. This is a critical factor as much impetus for commercialization was initially inspired by external interest rather than internal evaluation of a commercial opportunity. External interest tended to target senior academics, which proportionally are mostly male. A majority of the women surveyed tended to be part of entrepreneurial teams involving senior male colleagues. As a whole both male and female science entrepreneurs displayed similar motivations to entrepreneurship, but collectively as scientists differed appreciably from non academic entrepreneurs. Women science entrepreneurs also faced some additional problems in areas such as the conflict between work and home life and networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 341-366 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600680059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600680059 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:4:p:341-366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mats Hammarstedt Author-X-Name-First: Mats Author-X-Name-Last: Hammarstedt Title: Book review Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 367-369 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600825134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600825134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:4:p:367-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicola Meccheri Author-X-Name-First: Nicola Author-X-Name-Last: Meccheri Author-Name: Gianluigi Pelloni Author-X-Name-First: Gianluigi Author-X-Name-Last: Pelloni Title: Rural entrepreneurs and institutional assistance: an empirical study from mountainous Italy Abstract: Despite the recognition of entrepreneurship as one of the main determinants of rural economic development, empirical research in this field is relatively sparse. Thus, there is little evidence on the role and function of rural entrepreneurs, the driving force behind the birth, survival and growth of rural enterprises. The present work aims at providing a contribution to filling this gap in knowledge. We present and analyse the results emerging from a questionnaire submitted to a sample of 123 rural entrepreneurs and businesses in a mountainous area of central Italy. In particular, we test for six hypotheses concerning the correlation between different factors, reflecting entrepreneur and business-specific characteristics, and the adoption of instruments of institutional assistance. Entrepreneur's and business's variables are related to (1) entrepreneurial human capital; (2) entrepreneur's local knowledge and social capital; (3) firm's size; (4) entrepreneur's age; (5) firm's age; and (6) busines's sector of activity. Empirical results largely support the importance of variables taken into consideration in explaining differences in the adoption of institutional assistance among businesses of the sample. In the light of our empirical findings, we also examine and propose potential policies for fostering entrepreneurship and the development of the rural region under study. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 371-392 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600842113 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600842113 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:5:p:371-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gunnar Eliasson Author-X-Name-First: Gunnar Author-X-Name-Last: Eliasson Author-Name: Åsa Eliasson Author-X-Name-First: Åsa Author-X-Name-Last: Eliasson Title: The Pharmacia story of entrepreneurship and as a creative technical university1 -- an experiment in innovation, organizational break up and industrial renaissance Abstract: While innovative technology supply has been the focus of much neo-Schumpeterian modelling, few have addressed the critical and more resource-demanding commercializing of the same technologies. The result may have been a growth policy focused on the wrong problem. Using Competence Bloc Theory and a firm-based macro to macro approach we abandon the assumed linear relation between technology change and economic growth of such models, and demonstrate that lack of local commercialization competences is likely to block growth even though innovative technology supplies are abundant. The break up, reorganization and part withdrawal of Pharmacia from the local Uppsala (in Sweden) economy after a series of international mergers illustrate this. Pharmacia has ‘released’ a wealth of technologies in local markets. Local commercialization competence, notably industrially competent financing has, however, not been sufficient to fill in through indigenous entrepreneurship the vacuum left by Pharmacia. Only thanks to foreign investors, attracted by Pharmacia technologies that have opted to stay for the long term, the local Uppsala economy seems to be heading for a successful future. The Pharmacia case also demonstrates the role of advanced firms as ‘technical universities’ and the nature of an experimentally organized economy (EOE) in which business mistakes are a natural learning cost for economic development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 393-420 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600831488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600831488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:5:p:393-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denise E. Fletcher Author-X-Name-First: Denise E. Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher Title: Entrepreneurial processes and the social construction of opportunity Abstract: In contrast to structurally-determinist and cognitive/agency-oriented views of opportunity recognition, it is argued that opportunity formation is relationally and communally constituted — an insight that is not recognized in descriptive or linear process models of opportunity recognition. To arrive at this claim, use is made of social constructionist ideas. These ideas have been frequently applied in entrepreneurship studies but less attention has been given to the relational aspects of social constructionist thinking particularly with regard to opportunity formation processes. To aid this line of enquiry an analysis is undertaken of a sibling-autobiographical account of a high-profile business venture, Coffee Republic. This account has been crafted by the sibling partnership with a particular audience in mind (the would-be entrepreneur) with guidelines and principles on how ‘anyone can do it’. However, it is not utilized here as a good specimen of business venturing to be probed for particular (hidden) meanings. Instead, the account is evaluated in order to illustrate how individualistic statements about opportunity discovery can be reconceptualized as relationally and communally constituted -- an emphasis which is important for widening our theoretical understanding of the activities that we label entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 421-440 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600861105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600861105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:5:p:421-440 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucio Biggiero Author-X-Name-First: Lucio Author-X-Name-Last: Biggiero Title: Industrial and knowledge relocation strategies under the challenges of globalization and digitalization: the move of small and medium enterprises among territorial systems Abstract: Owing to globalization and digitalization, small and medium firms adopt relocation strategies to transfer their activities (and implicitly also knowledge) among territorial systems, inducing transformations into both source and destination areas. Cognitive proximity and knowledge creation/transfer play a crucial role, especially critical when concerning tacit knowledge, which can be transferred only by moving people. In each industrial cluster or industrial district it is possible to identify a kernel of critical activities, which requests complex competencies and has high added value, and a kernel of tacit knowledge, which is based on repeated face-to-face interactions. The former resists globalization and the latter prevents digitalization, which impacts heavily on territorial systems lacking trust, cooperative attitude, and other socio-cognitive factors. Relocation strategies are divided into selective and replicative alternatives, depending on the ability to preserve large kernels. When replicative strategies are followed by many firms, the socio-cognitive integrity and the economic competitiveness of the territorial system are severely damaged. Thus, in order to prevent the ruinous consequences of massive replicative relocation, local and regional governments should steer territorial systems towards selective relocation strategies supporting innovation and improving human capital, paying attention and developing socio-cognitive factors too. In the final part of the paper, case studies of industrial and knowledge relocation at intra-European level are discussed, and a general model is proposed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 443-471 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600884701 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600884701 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:6:p:443-471 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernando G. Alberti Author-X-Name-First: Fernando G. Author-X-Name-Last: Alberti Title: The decline of the industrial district of Como: recession, relocation or reconversion? Abstract: Industrial districts are experiencing intensifications in those economic conditions that have historically favoured them. Some of them have entered a process of decline, which might seem the cause or the effect of recession, relocation or reconversions into different models. The present paper aims at contributing to the debate on the evolutionary patterns of industrial districts, offering an explorative look at the phenomenon of industrial districts’ decline. This topic has been widely overlooked in literature and demands further empirical evidence and conceptual insights. To this purpose, the paper builds on the longitudinal case study of the industrial district of Como, illustrating and analysing its decline process from 1980 to 2003. The focus of the study is on the determinants of an industrial district's decline and the consequences on the structures of the district itself. The findings are then abstracted to a model for the understanding and explanation of the decline of industrial districts. The conclusion is that scholars, practitioners and policy-makers might benefit from enhancing their knowledge of industrial districts’ decline and also from interpreting industrial districts’ evolution in a wider sense. The paper concludes with contributions and suggestions for further research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 473-501 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600884792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600884792 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:6:p:473-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F Xavier Molina-Morales Author-X-Name-First: F Author-X-Name-Last: Xavier Molina-Morales Author-Name: M. Teresa Martínez-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Teresa Martínez-Fernández Title: Industrial districts: something more than a neighbourhood Abstract: The expansion of globalization has led to the relocation of many industrial activities. In particular, this process has affected industrial districts in the traditional industries. However, different districts vary in their capacity to retain activities. The robustness of industrial districts and, in consequence, their capacity to retain core activities at home and thus avoid painful relocations can be analysed by means of the relational capital developed at the district level. The relational structure within the district affects and determines the capacity of innovation of the district firms. This paper analyses the extent to which innovation depends on the amount of relational capital developed at the district level. We have addressed this proposition using internal human mobility, shared vision and trusting co-operation as indicators of the amount and quality of relational capital. In order to support theoretical propositions we have conducted empirical research comparing different industrial districts in the Valencian region of Spain. Research findings suggest a significant association between social capital variables and innovation outcomes. In consequence, these factors can facilitate retaining activities in districts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 503-524 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600884750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600884750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:6:p:503-524 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frank McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Author-Name: Dimitrios Tsagdis Author-X-Name-First: Dimitrios Author-X-Name-Last: Tsagdis Author-Name: Qihai Huang Author-X-Name-First: Qihai Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: The development of industrial clusters and public policy Abstract: This paper assesses the relationships between public policy and the development of industrial clusters. A conceptual model of the relationship between public policies and the development of industrial clusters is developed and tested using data from 43 European industrial clusters. The results indicate that most government policies have no significant impact on the growth of industrial clusters or for the development of co-operation within industrial clusters. There is limited evidence that packages of government policies that are specifically geared towards improving the local asset base are effective in overcoming obstacles to growth of industrial clusters. However, when age is used as a control variable the weak relationship between policy packages and growth of industrial clusters disappear. The results indicate that individual and packages of public policies are not strongly connected to either high levels of co-operation, or high growth in industrial clusters. Moreover, no clear evidence was found that high levels of co-operation were associated with growth in industrial districts. In the light of the failure to find clear-cut associations between public policies and the development of industrial clusters the paper outlines a research agenda to help to increase our understanding of these issues. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 525-542 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600884636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600884636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:6:p:525-542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alessia Sammarra Author-X-Name-First: Alessia Author-X-Name-Last: Sammarra Author-Name: Fiorenza Belussi Author-X-Name-First: Fiorenza Author-X-Name-Last: Belussi Title: Evolution and relocation in fashion-led Italian districts: evidence from two case-studies Abstract: The aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate about how, in advanced countries, industrial districts specialised in traditional manufacturing industries evolve as a consequence of new challenges linked to the globalization process. Using a multiple case study design, the study examines the evolution of two fashion-led Italian districts: the Montebelluna sportswear system and the Vibrata-Tordino-Vomano clothing district. Our findings reveal that cluster firms’ ability to shift from manufacturing to other activities providing higher returns along the global value chain is key to understanding the effect of globalization and relocation processes on the cluster's long-term competitiveness. As illustrated in this study, weak learning districts are the most threatened while innovative districts are able to enact a selective process of relocation, substituting outplaced activities with more valuable ones and attracting inward investments. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 543-562 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2006 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600884685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600884685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:6:p:543-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Perry Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Perry Title: Business environments and cluster attractiveness to managers Abstract: The sustainability of business cluster groups is examined in the case of four cluster initiatives linked to the New Zealand timber industry. The primary objective is to determine the contingent influences shaping the level of support obtained by cluster projects and the distribution of cluster benefits among potential participants. The forest products industry was chosen for the study as this industry has produced cluster projects in different regions and because firms in this industry have a range of network opportunities as well as joining a cluster group. Progress of the projects is assessed through interviews with cluster participants. Two of the four groups have achieved some impact on business development and have sustained support. Two groups have failed to become significant and have lost participation. The attributes of the more successful clusters are related to: (1) enterprise characteristics and extent of reciprocal business relations; (2) the motives for participation; and (3) the relative appeal of cluster participation versus membership of a national industry group. These characteristics lead to the development of two models of enterprise activity conducive to cluster formation distinguished by the extent of firm heterogeneity and business interaction. These findings raise a number of challenges for the advocacy of business clusters as a tool for enhancing business competitiveness. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601061242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601061242 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justo De Jorge Moreno Author-X-Name-First: Justo Author-X-Name-Last: De Jorge Moreno Author-Name: Leopoldo Laborda Castillo Author-X-Name-First: Leopoldo Laborda Author-X-Name-Last: Castillo Author-Name: Elio De Zuani Masere Author-X-Name-First: Elio De Zuani Author-X-Name-Last: Masere Title: Influence of entrepreneur type, region and sector effects on business self-confidence: Empirical evidence from Argentine firms Abstract: In this current work we analyse the influence of factors potentially able to explain entrepreneurs’ self-confidence in their own business activity, in view of the repercussions that they may ultimately have on economic development. Specifically, we include a number of factors in the analysis presented here that can be considered traditional in the specialized literature, such as the regional and sectoral factors, along with an additional factor measuring the type of entrepreneur running the firm. This typology is defined on the basis of the entrepreneurs’ personal characteristics, and their way of managing the firm's resources. The authors used a cross-section (during 2001--2002) of 1314 firms, grouped in four sectors of activity, spatially distributed over 14 Argentine provinces, and considering seven models of entrepreneurial behaviour in the analysis. Our results, controlled by size, at the business level, and for the socio-economic and demographic characteristics, at the regional level, have been tested to be able to capture the significant effect that the entrepreneur type, the sector of activity and the regional location of the firm have in strengthening the entrepreneurs’ perception of the improvement in the economic situation of their firms. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 25-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601043372 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601043372 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:1:p:25-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Greg Clydesdale Author-X-Name-First: Greg Author-X-Name-Last: Clydesdale Title: Cultural evolution and economic growth: New Zealand Maori Abstract: Many indigenous tribes have received settlements of resources enabling them to become major entrepreneurial players. This paper attempts to identify barriers impacting on Maori economic growth. While firms operate with an eye to the future, decision-making in Maori tribes operates with constant historical reference. To accommodate this difference, an evolutionary approach is suggested as the best way to analyse tribal economic status. Historical analysis of cultural-economic evolution reveals adoption of memes and routines as the resource base changed. Adopted memes and routines continue to shape contemporary economic behaviour and define identity. Preserving identity is often held as a barrier to adaptation, but economic growth and exploitation of an expanded resources base requires the adoption of new productive techniques and changes in behaviours, memes and routines. Inherited cultural legacies include sensitivity to mana, kinship groupings, leadership styles, technical isolation and others which have created both barriers and opportunities. Barriers to change include a reaction against the culture competent in that technology. Overcoming these barriers requires an understanding that culture is not a point in time, but an evolving force. This paper suggests that an evolutionary view of economic development may offer added insight in exploring and solving development issues, particularly for indigenous peoples and tribes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 49-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601002204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601002204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:1:p:49-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana M. Moreno Author-X-Name-First: Ana M. Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Author-Name: José C. Casillas Author-X-Name-First: José C. Author-X-Name-Last: Casillas Title: High-growth SMEs versus non-high-growth SMEs: a discriminant analysis Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the main variables that allow one to distinguish between high-growth firms and non-high-growth firms. Theoretically, we discuss such differences through a combination of economic (external approach) and strategic (internal approach) visions. Empirically, this paper provides two differences with regard to previous literature: (1) the primary goal of our work is not to provide an outright explanation of firm growth; rather, we aim to establish what characteristics enable us to distinguish between high-growth and non-high-growth firms. This aspect determines the methodology used (discriminant analysis with dichotomic dependent variable); and (2) firm high growth is understood as an extraordinary growth in comparison with the average growth of other firms in the same industry, and not in absolute terms. The results show that in the main high-growth firms are different from moderate-growth firms or declining firms because of their smaller size (which is contrary to Gibrat's Law), their higher availability of idle resources (consistent with the theory of resources and capabilities), and in some cases, their lower availability of financial resources (consistent with the existing literature on entrepreneurship). Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 69-88 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601002162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601002162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:1:p:69-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gavin Cassar Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Cassar Title: Money, money, money? A longitudinal investigation of entrepreneur career reasons, growth preferences and achieved growth Abstract: This paper longitudinally examines the relationship between the career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs, their growth preferences and subsequent growth achieved. The longitudinal design allows for examination and control of both survivorship and recall bias upon career reason and growth linkages. Substantial recall bias was observed in the career reasons of entrepreneurs, with the reported importance of self-realization and financial success, as explanations for entering venturing activity, being significantly lower when responses were obtained once the venture was operational. Consistent with economic motives, the importance that the entrepreneur places on financial success was a key determinant to explain cross-sectional differences in growth preferences of the entrepreneur, the intended size of the venture, and achieved growth. Further, the importance of financial success was robust to the use of both prospective and retrospective career reasons. While independence was the most important factor to explain the career choices of nascent entrepreneurs, independence was also found to be negatively associated with intended and achieved employment growth. Overall, the findings demonstrate that nascent entrepreneur career reasons for self-employment are not homogeneous, vary by growth intentions and preferences, and are associated with subsequent venture growth achieved. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 89-107 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601002246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601002246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:1:p:89-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Luis Hervás-Oliver Author-X-Name-First: José Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Hervás-Oliver Author-Name: José Albors-Garrigós Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Albors-Garrigós Title: Do clusters capabilities matter? An empirical application of the resource-based view in clusters Abstract: The resource-based view (RBV) of the firm has been applied to territories, although academia has not frequently undertaken exploration of RBV applied to clusters in an empirical base. The goal of this paper aims at empirically translating RBV to the territory with a double objective. First, the work seeks to understand which are the cluster's resources and capabilities. Second, the paper evaluates whether a cluster's unique set of resources and capabilities could influence a cluster's performance. Research is applied to leading European ceramic tile clusters located in Spain (Castellon) and Italy (Emilia-Romagna). Comparing clusters in the same industry allows benchmarking and the metrics make more sense. Secondary data and face-to-face semi-structured interviews with managers from the R&D Institutes, institutional agents and Castellon (59) and Emilian (19) firms assess a cluster's resources and capabilities. The employed variables address skilled labour availability, social capital, linkages, business sophistication and network effects. In addition, and through the utilization of financial and productivity data the work analyses whether there are performance differences. Results indicate that clusters have a unique set of resources and capabilities and a certain performance level. On the whole, a cluster's unique set of resources and capabilities matter. The paper offers a methodological approach to tackle empirically the RBV application to clusters. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 113-136 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601137554 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601137554 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:2:p:113-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anders Waxell Author-X-Name-First: Anders Author-X-Name-Last: Waxell Author-Name: Anders Malmberg Author-X-Name-First: Anders Author-X-Name-Last: Malmberg Title: What is global and what is local in knowledge-generating interaction? The case of the biotech cluster in Uppsala, Sweden Abstract: The aim of this paper is to describe the structure of the biotech cluster in Uppsala, Sweden, and to analyse how cluster knowledge dynamics result from processes and interactions unfolding at different spatial scales. The empirical basis for the analyses are derived from various sources: business registers, an internet-based survey of 106 firms, 23 in-depth interviews with key individuals, and a longitudinal database give data on the degree to which collaborations, rivalry, business transactions, capital sourcing and labour mobility take place in the local cluster. In addition to asking questions about which interactions are most localized and globalized, respectively, the paper also sets out to give an account of the ‘clusterness’ of the case in point. The paper shows that while the business relations of the biotech companies in Uppsala are strongly globalized, the sourcing of capital, the informal social networking and the labour market dynamics are much more regionalized/localized. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 137-159 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601061184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601061184 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:2:p:137-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitja Ruzzier Author-X-Name-First: Mitja Author-X-Name-Last: Ruzzier Author-Name: Bostjan Antoncic Author-X-Name-First: Bostjan Author-X-Name-Last: Antoncic Author-Name: Robert D. Hisrich Author-X-Name-First: Robert D. Author-X-Name-Last: Hisrich Title: The internationalization of SMEs: developing and testing a multi-dimensional measure on Slovenian firms Abstract: The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is explored by focusing on a clarification of the internationalization construct. A set of hypotheses is conceptually developed, including the main dimensions of internationalization (operation mode, market, product, time and performance). The proposed multi-dimensional internationalization construct is empirically tested.Questionnaire data were collected from a sample of 161 Slovenian SMEs. Scales were tested for reliability and validity. Key data analysis (confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modelling) was conducted using the EQS structural equation modelling software.The multi-dimensionality of the developed SME internationalization construct is confirmed. The findings support the proposed SME internationalization hypotheses for the product, time and performance dimensions in full, and the operation mode and market dimensions in part. The proposed internationalization construct can be considered to be a valid measure of the internationalization of SMEs by capturing their multi-dimensionality.The new construct advanced in this study is richer than previous research and offers a relatively complete picture that can be used as a research framework in future examinations of internationalization. The developed internationalization construct advances SME internationalization theory and is informative for practitioners in developing SME internationalization programmes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 161-183 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601137646 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601137646 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:2:p:161-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Einar Lier Madsen Author-X-Name-First: Einar Lier Author-X-Name-Last: Madsen Title: The significance of sustained entrepreneurial orientation on performance of firms -- A longitudinal analysis Abstract: This study focuses on the importance of changes in entrepreneurial orientation (EO) over time for subsequent firm performance, and the significance which inimitable resources (networks, governance system and unique competence) might have in this connection. Hypotheses are developed to test the effects that changes in EO level over a time period and resources have on subsequent firm performance. The study is based on data from 168 Norwegian SMEs, interviewed both in 2000 and 2003. The primary contribution of this study is that a change in EO over time (increased or decreased), may be of importance for a firm's performance represented by performance compared to competitors, and employment growth. A focus on entrepreneurial activities seems to be beneficial in the long run (increasing EO), while the opposite is the case if the EO level decreases. It is especially encouraging to see that firms focusing on EO (increased or the same) are positively associated with employment growth, one of the primary policy goals world-wide. Another contribution from this study is that resources that may be inimitable for firms have some influence on performance compared to competitors. Implications for policy-makers, practitioners and further research are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 185-204 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601136812 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601136812 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:2:p:185-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xavier Gellynck Author-X-Name-First: Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: Gellynck Author-Name: Bert Vermeire Author-X-Name-First: Bert Author-X-Name-Last: Vermeire Author-Name: Jacques Viaene Author-X-Name-First: Jacques Author-X-Name-Last: Viaene Title: Innovation in food firms: contribution of regional networks within the international business context Abstract: This paper explores the role of regional networks in processes of innovation within an international business context. It is hypothesized that firms participating in regional networks demonstrate a stronger innovation competence. Data are drawn from a survey among food firms in the region of Meetjesland, Belgium, and reflect the relation between the firm and a number of regional characteristics. After restructuring the data through factor analysis and cluster analysis, the important role of regional networking is revealed using discriminant analysis. The analysis marks out two factors having the strongest power to discriminate between the clusters: firms are classified as having a stronger innovation competence when networking within the region, and when orienting towards the international market. Results demonstrate that internationally operating firms benefit from regional networking. Further, it is argued that regional networking is not contradictory to an international market orientation, and that firms gain innovation competence by searching for external knowledge on different geographical scales. As these networks have the potential to enhance the innovation competence of firms, support to regional networking is promoted as a policy tool. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 209-226 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701218395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701218395 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:3:p:209-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hermann Frank Author-X-Name-First: Hermann Author-X-Name-Last: Frank Author-Name: Manfred Lueger Author-X-Name-First: Manfred Author-X-Name-Last: Lueger Author-Name: Christian Korunka Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Korunka Title: The significance of personality in business start-up intentions, start-up realization and business success Abstract: Numerous studies with contradictory results have been published on the relationships of personality factors with business start-up intentions and business success. Using a comparison of four conceptually similar studies (Vienna Entrepreneurship Studies) as a basis, this paper analyses the varying roles of personality factors in business start-up intentions, in start-up success and in business success. It can be shown that the significance of personality traits among (potential) business founders decreases in the course of start-up/new business development--from initial start-up intentions, to the start-up process and realization, and on to business success (existence/growth). While up to 20% of the variance in the origins of entrepreneurial intentions can be explained by personality traits, this proportion practically drops to zero in explaining business success. The studies also enable one to assess the value of personality in relation to other configuration fields. Overall, the data from the four studies confirms that a meaningful assessment of the value of personality traits is only possible in conjunction with additional influencing factors in the founder's environment, resources and processes. The results suggest that especially for the development of business start-up intentions it is necessary to take measures to promote personality characteristics in schools and universities. It is not possible to predict the long-term success of a business by evaluating the personality factors of the business founder in early stages of the start-up process. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 227-251 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701218387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701218387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:3:p:227-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Henley Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Henley Title: Entrepreneurial aspiration and transition into self-employment: evidence from British longitudinal data Abstract: This paper is about whether transitions into self-employment are preceded by well-formed entrepreneurial aspirations, and the extent to which aspiration and actual transition are associated with the same factors. It analyses data from a British general purpose longitudinal survey, allowing the tracking of stated entrepreneurial aspiration through to self-employment transition one or more years later. The majority of transitions are not preceded by a statement of aspiration a year earlier and therefore many new ventures may be hastily conceived. Studies which identify nascent entrepreneurs from a sample of the general population and subsequently trace new venture creation may therefore miss significant numbers of entrepreneurial transitions. Although first noted by Katz (1990), this issue has attracted relatively little research attention since. The paper adopts the novel approach of allowing unexplained heterogeneity in the formation of aspirations to be correlated with that in the self-employment transition choice. Aspirations are associated with displacement factors such as low job satisfaction, but this finding is not translated into an association with transitions. Aspirations are not found to be associated with intentional activity such as active saving, or with correlates of personal efficacy such as financial wealth and educational background. Aspirations display regional variation with some regions having higher levels of aspiration that do not translate into a higher start-up rate. These findings reinforce a strong conclusion that policy should address the level of preparedness for new business start-up amongst aspiring entrepreneurs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 253-280 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701223080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701223080 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:3:p:253-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Carree Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Carree Author-Name: André Van Stel Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Van Stel Author-Name: Roy Thurik Author-X-Name-First: Roy Author-X-Name-Last: Thurik Author-Name: Sander Wennekers Author-X-Name-First: Sander Author-X-Name-Last: Wennekers Title: The relationship between economic development and business ownership revisited Abstract: This paper revisits the two-equation model of Carree, van Stel, Thurik and Wennekers (2002) where deviations from the ‘equilibrium’ rate of business ownership play a central role in determining both the growth of business ownership and that of economic development. Two extensions of the original set-up are addressed: using longer time series of averaged data of 23 OECD countries (up to 2004) we can discriminate between different functional forms of the ‘equilibrium’ rate and we allow for different penalties for being above or under the ‘equilibrium’ rate. The additional data do not provide evidence of a superior statistical fit of a U-shaped ‘equilibrium’ relationship when compared to an L-shaped one. There appears to be a growth penalty for having too few business owners but not for having too many. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 281-291 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701296318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701296318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:3:p:281-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Udo Brixy Author-X-Name-First: Udo Author-X-Name-Last: Brixy Author-Name: Reinhold Grotz Author-X-Name-First: Reinhold Author-X-Name-Last: Grotz Title: Regional patterns and determinants of birth and survival of new firms in Western Germany Abstract: Although there is a large body of literature on the determinants of regional variation in new firm formation little is known on the spatial differences in new firm survival. The often-stated positive relationship between entry and exit suggests a negative correlation between entry and survival. On the other hand it seems convincing that regions with high birth rates should also have high survival rates, because a favourable environment for the founding of new firms should also stimulate the development of these firms. However, our analysis reveals an overall negative relationship. In detail the spatial pattern of a combination of both rates is complex, and all types of possible relationships exist. We analyse the factors that influence regional birth and survival rates of new firms for 74 West German regions over a 10-year period. It is shown that in the service sector most variables literally work in opposite directions in the birth and survival rates models. The spatial structures which promote the formation of new service firms are detrimental to the survival of these firms. This does not hold for the manufacturing sector where we find evidence for the ‘supportive environment thesis’. Obviously both industries have different requirements for their ‘seed bed’ but not for their survival. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 293-312 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701275510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701275510 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:4:p:293-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yancy Vaillant Author-X-Name-First: Yancy Author-X-Name-Last: Vaillant Author-Name: Esteban Lafuente Author-X-Name-First: Esteban Author-X-Name-Last: Lafuente Title: Do different institutional frameworks condition the influence of local fear of failure and entrepreneurial examples over entrepreneurial activity? Abstract: This paper analyses how different institutional frameworks condition the influence of selected social traits: the social stigma to entrepreneurial failure and the presence of entrepreneurial role models, over entrepreneurial activity levels in a rural area with strong industrial and entrepreneurial history versus those that are not necessarily characterized by such a tradition. To attain this objective we undertake a rare events logit model using a robust Spanish dataset from 2003. The main contribution of the study indicates that there is a significant difference between entrepreneurial activity levels in rural Catalonia as compared to rural areas in the rest of Spain. This difference is in large part explained by the distinct impact of the observed social traits, where the presence of entrepreneurial role models is a prominent explanatory factor favouring entrepreneurial activity in rural (Catalonia) areas with strong industrial tradition. The findings of the paper back the growing call for territorial specificity in the formulation and application of entrepreneurship support measures, distinguishing between rural and urban areas. Hence, and in accordance with the new rural paradigm, entrepreneurship promotion should take a more holistic character and become an integral part of any rural development plan. The paper's results imply that fostering business creation in rural areas is more often than not a generational process, where the search for short-term benefits can result in the mistaken impression that in rural areas entrepreneurship support policy does not work. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 313-337 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701440007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701440007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:4:p:313-337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Pickernell Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Pickernell Author-Name: Patricia A. Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Patricia A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Author-Name: Michael J. Christie Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Christie Author-Name: David Brooksbank Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Brooksbank Title: Developing a framework for network and cluster identification for use in economic development policy-making Abstract: Drawing on extensive academic research concerning clusters and networks, this paper seeks to create a framework capable of reviewing and monitoring different aspects of clusters and networks on an ongoing basis. The nine-element framework allows evaluation of the structures and processes for the eight basic cluster types identified from the literature. The use of this framework as a complimentary tool to the Multi-sectoral Qualitative Analysis (MSQA) methodology is then demonstrated using three examples (the construction, hardwood timber and higher education sectors). The data was gathered from three sets of key stakeholders (government, institutions and industry) provided from a recent study funded by the Welsh Assembly Government's Small Grants Research Programme. These cases illustrate the use of the framework in helping to generate the initial information necessary for subsequent cluster development policy (within overall regional economic development) by government to occur. The framework provides tools for reviewing and monitoring individual sectors. Information captured within the framework can also help in ameliorating problems in sectors likely to decline further. The need for further development research is also identified. Specifically at the level of the firm and network, there is a need to generate a more detailed framework of analysis of factors that contribute to successful processes of network management, learning and innovation, from which more detailed policy could be enacted in future. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 339-358 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701275411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701275411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:4:p:339-358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Evgueni Vinogradov Author-X-Name-First: Evgueni Author-X-Name-Last: Vinogradov Author-Name: Lars Kolvereid Author-X-Name-First: Lars Author-X-Name-Last: Kolvereid Title: Cultural background, human capital and self-employment rates among immigrants in Norway Abstract: The level of self-employment varies significantly among immigrants from different countries of origin. The objective of this research is to examine the relationship between national culture, human capital in the form of educational attainment in the country of origin and self-employment rates among first-generation immigrants in Norway. Empirical secondary data on self-employment among immigrants from 53 countries residing in Norway in 2004 was used. Five different hypotheses were developed and tested using hierarchical regression analysis. The findings suggest that immigrants from countries with low power distance are more likely to become self-employed. However, other dimensions of cultural attributes, such as the home-country's uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity and individualism/collectivism were not significantly associated with immigrants’ self-employment rate. Finally, and most notably, the average educational attainment in the country of origin was found to be significantly positively associated with self-employment among immigrants. The study concludes with practical implications and suggestions for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 359-376 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701223213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701223213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:4:p:359-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alf Rehn Author-X-Name-First: Alf Author-X-Name-Last: Rehn Title: Book review Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 377-378 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701439975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701439975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:4:p:377-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Kessler Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Kessler Title: Success factors for new businesses in Austria and the Czech Republic Abstract: New business start-ups play a significant role in maintaining as well as creating a functional market economy. However, as the business environment differs in established and emerging market economies, it seems appropriate to examine whether start-up success factors also differ in this context. This paper presents a comparative analysis of success factors for start-ups in early development stages in the traditional market economy of Austria versus the emerging market economy of the Czech Republic. The comparison uses binary logistic regression analysis and is based on an Austrian sample of 296 new businesses from 1998 and a Czech sample of 459 new businesses from 2000. This analysis reveals that the composition of significant success predictors differs in the two samples in question. In Austria, success in the early development stage can mainly be predicted on the basis of start-up process characteristics as well as two aspects of the entrepreneur's personal environment, while personal characteristics, personality traits and resources have no significant impact. In the Czech Republic, on the other hand, characteristics of the start-up process are also important, but in a different composition than in Austria. In addition, one aspect related to personality (i.e. need for achievement) as well as start-up resources play an important role in predicting entrepreneurial success in the Czech sample. As a result, the results support the hypothesis of the cultural embeddedness of entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 381-403 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701439959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701439959 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:5:p:381-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Westhead Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead Author-Name: Carole Howorth Author-X-Name-First: Carole Author-X-Name-Last: Howorth Title: ‘Types’ of private family firms: an exploratory conceptual and empirical analysis Abstract: Family firms that can leverage entrepreneurial experience and knowledge can shape local economic development. Practitioners concerned with fostering enterprise sustainability need to be aware that family firms cite contrasting goals, resource profiles and requirements. Family firms are not a homogeneous entity. The ‘targeting’ of support to ‘types’ of family firms could enable practitioners to satisfy their wealth creation and social inclusion objectives. To stimulate increased critical reflection, insights from agency and stewardship theories were drawn upon to illustrate six conceptualized ‘types’ of private firms based on company ownership and management structures as well as company objectives. Cross-sectional survey evidence was gathered from key informants in family firms in the UK. An agglomerative hierarchical QUICK CLUSTER analysis identified seven empirical ‘types’ of family firms. Four out of the six conceptualized ‘types’ were validated by the exploratory empirical taxonomy. Implications for policy-makers and practitioners as well as researchers are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 405-431 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701552405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701552405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:5:p:405-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Stone Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Author-Name: Cherrie Stubbs Author-X-Name-First: Cherrie Author-X-Name-Last: Stubbs Title: Enterprising expatriates: lifestyle migration and entrepreneurship in rural southern Europe Abstract: This paper focuses on the growing aspect of entrepreneurship associated with lifestyle-induced migration from wealthy countries, through investigating self-employment among expatriates from northern Europe in rural areas of southern France and Spain. Most expatriates had no prior experience of entrepreneurship and typically established their business opportunistically and some time after arrival. Based upon interviews with 41 expatriate households (operating 70 business ventures), the study explores the characteristics of the individuals involved, the nature of their businesses, factors influencing start-up, and processes and patterns of business development. Self-employment is shown to be the most effective available mechanism for supporting lifestyle objectives of expatriates who vary greatly in their skills, experience and resources. The study identifies significant differences between the respective groups from the two countries, reflecting the spatially differentiated character of migration in terms of age, education, qualifications and capital resources. These appear to have given rise to a more sophisticated profile of businesses in the French areas. Sharp differences in language skills as between the different countries are seen as influencing the ability of entrepreneurs to network with, and market to, the indigenous population, with implications for the future development of the businesses, and their local impact. The study seeks to augment standard conceptual approaches to entrepreneurship, through taking account of the primacy of the migration decision and specific related processes, and proposes a model that advances our understanding of the phenomenon. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 433-450 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701552389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701552389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:5:p:433-450 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miranda Cahn Author-X-Name-First: Miranda Author-X-Name-Last: Cahn Title: Indigenous entrepreneurship, culture and micro-enterprise in the Pacific Islands: case studies from Samoa Abstract: In indigenous societies throughout the world ‘business’ and economic activities are embedded in cultural and social aspects, creating unique styles of entrepreneurship, which are often community-orientated, and with diverse livelihood outcomes. In the Pacific Island country of Samoa, the Samoan way of life and culture (fa’aSamoa) is intricately interwoven with rural entrepreneurial activity. This paper explores the relationships between micro-enterprises and fa’aSamoa in rural communities of Samoa, and questions whether an ‘indigenous’ style of entrepreneurship enhances the success and sustainability of micro-enterprises. The qualitative research investigated two separate clusters of micro-entrepreneurs. In each of the case studies fa’aSamoa was interwoven with, and strongly influenced, the livelihood outcomes that the micro-entrepreneurs sought, the characteristics of the micro-enterprise, the risks and vulnerability the micro-entrepreneurs faced, the way in which the micro-entrepreneurs in each of the clusters worked together, and the success and sustainability of the micro-enterprises. The research demonstrated that where fa’aSamoa blended successfully with the micro-entrepreneurial activity, an ‘indigenous’ form of enterprise had developed, and the success and sustainability of the micro-enterprise was enhanced. On the other hand, the research showed that tensions between fa’aSamoa and introduced business systems of the micro-enterprise could jeopardize micro-enterprise success and sustainability. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701552413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701552413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:1:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olav R. Spilling Author-X-Name-First: Olav R. Author-X-Name-Last: Spilling Author-Name: Ovar Andreas Rosenberg Author-X-Name-First: Ovar Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenberg Title: To eat or to be eaten--on the role of entrepreneurship in the Norwegian telecom access sector Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse mechanisms of evolution by studying a population of firms involved in the provision of telecom access in Norway after the liberation of the telecom sector during the 1990s. The approach is based on a combination of theory on entrepreneurship and theories on sectoral innovation systems, in particular the role of entrepreneurship under different technological regimes. By analysing the role of different actors in the market for telecom access, the relationship between the previous state monopolist Telenor and other companies entering the market is discussed. The main conclusion is that Telenor, in spite of the liberalization of the telecom market, still is in a very dominant position in the markets for access provision. To the extent that Telenor is challenged, it is basically by other existing telecom companies. By the time of finalizing this paper (2006), none of the entrepreneurial firms have survived as independent firms. The main conclusion deriving from this analysis, is that the telecom access sector is characterized by the routinized regime, in which the larger, established firms are the dominant players. However, this does not mean that entrepreneurs do not play important roles. By starting their new ventures, entrepreneurs are challenging the positions of the incumbents; they are contributing to more competition and innovation. Without the pressure from the entrepreneurial entrants, the level of innovation in the sectoral system would have been significantly lower. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 19-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701552447 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701552447 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:1:p:19-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carmen Camarero Izquierdo Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Camarero Izquierdo Author-Name: Carlos Hernández Carrión Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Hernández Author-X-Name-Last: Carrión Author-Name: Sonia San Martín Gutiérrez Author-X-Name-First: Sonia San Martín Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez Title: Developing relationships within the framework of local economic development in Spain Abstract: This study is aimed at analysing the relationships between local development agencies and various actors from within their environments. The authors explore the applicability of a relationship marketing approach to local development and propose the influence of economic development objectives on the relational orientation of partnerships, as well as the correspondence between the relational orientation, the results obtained and the expectations of continuity. The empirical study focuses on particular cases of Spanish development agencies operating at local and regional level. A structural equations analysis in a sample of 174 relationships of 18 local development agencies evidences that while the relational orientation of internal relationships and lateral relationships with other development agents is hardly influenced by the objectives of economic development, the closeness of vertical relationships (residents, firms, tourists and local entrepreneurs) depends to a large extent on these objectives. Moreover, it has been confirmed the that effect of relational orientation on competitiveness, on efficient management, and on satisfaction, whereas the creation of infrastructures seems not to be a direct result. The authors conclude that managing relationships with suppliers and target groups as alliances, working together, sharing information, resolving conflicts satisfactorily, and sharing common values, will guarantee performance and resources management efficiency, and will ensure the continuity of fruitful relationships. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 41-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701552462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701552462 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:1:p:41-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niels Beerepoot Author-X-Name-First: Niels Author-X-Name-Last: Beerepoot Title: Diffusion of knowledge and skills through labour markets: evidence from the furniture cluster in Metro Cebu (the Philippines) Abstract: A skilled and flexible labour force is often given recognition as one of the key features of industrial clusters of similar enterprises. In clusters of small enterprises, knowledge and skills are not embedded in firms, but in the local labour force and the movements of a skilled and flexible labour force serve as a channel for knowledge transfer between enterprises. Surprisingly, few studies have looked at how knowledge transfer through the labour market takes place. This paper uses the furniture cluster in Metro Cebu (the Philippines) as a case in point to identify the transfer of knowledge and skills between workers in the context of a low-technology cluster. While knowledge and skills are transferred easily between workers, there are a number of difficulties for the labour market to serve as a model for the generation of new knowledge and hence upgrading of the Cebu cluster. The difficult combination of traditional artisanal knowledge and skills with formal knowledge on furniture-making hinders the effective utilization of the labour force as the key asset for competitiveness of the cluster. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 67-88 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701631522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701631522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:1:p:67-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Siri Terjesen Author-X-Name-First: Siri Author-X-Name-Last: Terjesen Author-Name: Colm O'Gorman Author-X-Name-First: Colm Author-X-Name-Last: O'Gorman Author-Name: Zoltan J. Acs Author-X-Name-First: Zoltan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Acs Title: Intermediated mode of internationalization: new software ventures in Ireland and India Abstract: Building on an emerging literature of international new ventures, we suggest that new ventures face two modes of internationalization: a direct mode and an intermediated means, using multinational enterprises as intermediaries. When considering direct internationalization, new ventures face high entry barriers including a lack of firm resources and access to key infrastructure. However, new ventures pursuing the intermediated mode of internationalization encounter transaction costs and the threat of rent extraction from multinational enterprises. Sector level case evidence suggests that the intermediated form of internationalization can be found in the software industry in Ireland and India. Our firm-level case studies identify the strategic issues and drawbacks associated with the intermediated mode of internationalization. Implications for policy-makers include encouraging firms to consider intermediated internationalization and targeting enterprise supports at entrepreneurs with experience of working in multinational enterprises. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 89-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701630946 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701630946 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:1:p:89-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wim Naudé Author-X-Name-First: Wim Author-X-Name-Last: Naudé Author-Name: Thomas Gries Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Gries Author-Name: Eric Wood Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Author-Name: Aloe Meintjies Author-X-Name-First: Aloe Author-X-Name-Last: Meintjies Title: Regional determinants of entrepreneurial start-ups in a developing country Abstract: In this paper we use data from a developing country, South Africa, to empirically identify the determinants of start-up rates across different sub-national regions and in particular to investigate the role of access to finance on a regional (sub-national) level on start-ups. We find that the most important determinants of start-up rates across South Africa's magisterial districts are profit rates, educational levels, agglomeration as measured by the economic size of a district, and access to formal bank finance. Profits have by far the strongest effect on start-up rates. This, together with the insignificance of unemployment for start-ups, may imply that start-ups in South Africa are mainly opportunity-driven, as opposed to being necessity driven. It is also found that access to formal bank finance matter for regional start-up rates, which is not typical for a developing country and that market-size (agglomerations) is negatively associated with start-up rates in South Africa--an unexpected finding which may imply the existence of ‘congesting' factors such as increased competition, tougher barriers to entry, monopolistic behaviour, and a greater difficulty to be innovative and novel. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 111-124 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701631498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701631498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:2:p:111-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Author-Name: Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Drakopoulou Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Change and the development of entrepreneurial networks over time: a processual perspective Abstract: Although it is now well established that networks contribute to entrepreneurship by extending the individual entrepreneurial asset base of human, social, market, financial and technical capacity, little work, empirical or theoretical, has examined the dynamics of networking processes in a temporal framework. Drawing on evidence from three longitudinal case studies of entrepreneurs operating in the oil industry in the North East of Scotland, this paper presents an extensive empirical investigation into network transformation over time. We are thus able to chart networks in their historical contingency. This chronological lens allows us to view patterns in network continuity and change and enables us to develop a rich conceptual framework. The study demonstrates that networks are vital living organisms, changing, growing and developing over time. Yet set in their history, networks are much more than an extension of the entrepreneurial asset base. Our data shows how a reconceptualization of the nature of networking is called for; one which privileges an understanding of the relational dynamic as a structural configuration representing the social construction of the entrepreneurial environment. Thus our conceptualization proposes that networks actually create the environment, as it is understood and operated by the entrepreneur, and that consequently the networking process is the enactment of the environment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 125-159 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701645027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701645027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:2:p:125-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina Van Geenhuizen Author-X-Name-First: Marina Van Author-X-Name-Last: Geenhuizen Title: Knowledge networks of young innovators in the urban economy: biotechnology as a case study Abstract: The paper explores how young innovative companies shape knowledge networks in seizing local and global opportunities of learning. The perspective used in the paper is derived from management and business literature, that is, knowledge networking is perceived as based upon choices following from strategies and networking capabilities. The empirical part makes use of a small sample of urban innovators in the Netherlands and of rough set analysis as a relatively new way of revealing ‘causal' relations. The paper reports that local/regional and global networks tend to coexist in clusters, and that this pattern follows from particular organizational capabilities derived from the company of origin and particular strategies in building customer and supplier relationships. An in-depth study of a biotechnology cluster supports the idea of coexistence of local and global networks, in that a local/regional orientation is associated with research companies in early stages of existence and with particular service companies, whereas a global orientation is associated with research companies that have passed the early stages. However, there seems to be a general trend that knowledge networks are increasingly shaped on a global scale. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 161-183 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701748318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701748318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:2:p:161-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Huggins Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins Title: Universities and knowledge-based venturing: finance, management and networks in London Abstract: This paper examines university and higher education institution (HEI) involvement in regional knowledge commercialization processes, using London as a case study. It analyses the determinants of HEI knowledge commercialization, and the characteristics of HEIs and the sources of financial capital engaged in these commercialization processes. It is found that within London, a region with a high concentration of both HEIs and sources of financial capital, the lack of effective regional networks between HEIs and financial institutions makes the engagement of HEIs in regional knowledge commercialization activity problematic. It is further found that many of the resources associated with successful knowledge commercialization are skewed towards London's larger and more prestigious universities. Subsequently, the involvement of HEIs in London in knowledge-based venturing processes is significantly lower than that expected. This has resulted in the public sector taking a significant role in meeting HEI demand for seed finance. The findings oppose much existing literature, especially relating to regional innovation systems and clusters, which argues that core and strong economic regions usually possess effective and embedded knowledge networks of the kind analysed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 185-206 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701748342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701748342 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:2:p:185-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Haugen Gausdal Author-X-Name-First: Anne Haugen Author-X-Name-Last: Gausdal Title: Developing regional communities of practice by network reflection: the case of the Norwegian electronics industry Abstract: In 2001 a cluster association of Norwegian high-technology SMEs challenged their regional university college to develop a management education programme aimed at improving both their management practices and co-operation within the cluster. To meet this challenge, the university developed an educational method, which is here denoted as network reflection. The primary objective of this empirical paper is to explore the extent to which network reflection has the capacity to increase regional co-operation, and to extend such concepts as communities of practice, networks of practice and experienced reflection to the regional level, in order to analyse the development of regional collective learning. To achieve this objective, a case study of a network reflection intervention and its longitudinal effects on forming regional co-operation has been conducted. The research questions are: (1) Does network reflection influence the development of regional co-operation and communities of practice? (2) If increases in regional co-operation and communities of practice could be identified, did these influence regional collective learning? (3) Does network reflection influence regional collective learning? The paper concludes that network reflection seems to have a capacity to increase regional co-operation, regional communities of practice and regional collective learning. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 209-235 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701748367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701748367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:3:p:209-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Markus M. Mäkelä Author-X-Name-First: Markus M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mäkelä Author-Name: Markku V. J. Maula Author-X-Name-First: Markku V. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Maula Title: Attracting cross-border venture capital: the role of a local investor Abstract: Examining an increasingly prevalent but under-researched phenomenon, cross-border venture capital investments, it is observed that local venture capitalists typically invest first, followed by foreign venture capitalists in later rounds. A model is developed that explains the role of a domestic venture capital investor in attracting foreign investors and which also accounts for the impact of various circumstances on the importance of this role. In our model based on analysis of nine cross-border venture capital-backed companies, local venture capitalists have several important roles in increasing the venture's cross-border investment readiness including advice to operational management and contributing contacts and local market knowledge. The importance of these roles is mitigated if the entrepreneurial team is highly experienced or if the home market is not important for the venture. The prominence of the local investor has signalling value. Finally, the local investor's international social capital facilitates the formation of cross-border syndicates. Overall, the model developed in the paper contributes to a better understanding of cross-border venture capital and in particular to the division of labour between domestic and foreign venture capitalists in international venture capital syndicates. The paper also contributes to the emerging literature on international social capital. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 237-257 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701795442 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701795442 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:3:p:237-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Doloreux Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Doloreux Author-Name: Steve Dionne Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Dionne Title: Is regional innovation system development possible in peripheral regions? Some evidence from the case of La Pocatière, Canada Abstract: The aim of this paper is to contribute to a greater understanding of the research on innovation systems in peripheral regions by providing a detailed account of the case of the La Pocatière region in Canada. In analysing this case, we raise the following two questions: (1) what are the actors and structure of the innovation system in La Pocatière?; (2) what are the key factors and dynamics leading to innovation activity, as well as to the transformation and growth of this regional innovation system? The empirical bases for the analyses are derived from various sources: historical documents, statistical data, and in-depth interviews with key individuals in private and public organizations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 259-283 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701795525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701795525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:3:p:259-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Parkinson Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Parkinson Author-Name: Carole Howorth Author-X-Name-First: Carole Author-X-Name-Last: Howorth Title: The language of social entrepreneurs Abstract: This paper questions the application of the entrepreneurship discourse to social entrepreneurship in the UK and looks at how people ‘doing’ social enterprise appropriate or re-write the discourse to articulate their own realities. Drawing on phenomenological enquiry and discourse analysis, the study analyses the micro discourses of social entrepreneurs, as opposed to the meta rhetorics of (social) entrepreneurship. Analysis using both corpus linguistics software and Critical Discourse Analysis showed a preoccupation among interviewees with local issues, collective action, geographical community and local power struggles. Echoes of the enterprise discourse are evident but couched in linguistic devices that suggest a modified social construction of entrepreneurship, in which interviewees draw their legitimacy from a local or social morality. These findings are at odds ideologically with the discursive shifts of UK social enterprise policy over the last decade, in which a managerially defined rhetoric of enterprise is used to promote efficiency, business discipline and financial independence. The paper raises critical awareness of the tension in meanings appropriated to the enterprise discourse by social enterprise policy and practice and illustrates the value of discourse analysis for entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 285-309 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701800507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701800507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:3:p:285-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joan-Lluis Capelleras Author-X-Name-First: Joan-Lluis Author-X-Name-Last: Capelleras Author-Name: Francis J. Greene Author-X-Name-First: Francis J. Author-X-Name-Last: Greene Title: The determinants and growth implications of venture creation speed Abstract: Time is central to our understanding of entrepreneurship. However, while prior research has shown a general link between decision speed and venture performance, little is known about what factors influence the speed of venture creation. Equally, little research has been conducted on how venture creation speed impacts on venture growth. This paper examines the determinants and growth implications of venture creation speed from a social constructionist perspective, which sees that time both shapes and is shaped by individuals, social contexts and spatial structures. We, therefore, investigate the influence of entrepreneurial characteristics, external support, institutional influences and the regional context in which venture creation speed occurs and subsequently impacts on growth in new ventures. Results from structured interviews with 381 active de novo entrepreneurs in Catalonia (Spain) show a positive relationship between prior entrepreneurial experience and speed. Interestingly, support from potential suppliers and customers is useful not only for speed but also for the subsequent growth of the venture. In contrast, business planning retards venture creation and fails to lead to an improvement in growth. Results also indicate a positive, but weak, relationship between speed and growth, once entrepreneurial, environmental and venture characteristics are held constant. The paper subsequently discusses these findings and suggests further research directions and practical implications. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 317-343 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701855683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701855683 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:4:p:317-343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marijke D’haese Author-X-Name-First: Marijke Author-X-Name-Last: D’haese Author-Name: Marieke De Ruijter De Wildt Author-X-Name-First: Marieke Author-X-Name-Last: De Ruijter De Wildt Author-Name: Ruerd Ruben Author-X-Name-First: Ruerd Author-X-Name-Last: Ruben Title: Business incomes in rural Nicaragua: the role of household resources, location, experience and trust Abstract: This paper analyses the determinants of business income for rural households in Nicaragua. A sample of 1030 households was studied in order to assess the importance of material and behavioural factors that influence income from business activity. The households are involved in manufacturing, trade, services or have a mixture of businesses. They generally have a low income and asset value. Households supplement their income from wages and agricultural activities. To estimate non-farm business income per employed person we analyse the impact of resources, location, entrepreneurial experience and trust. Our results show that household resources and entrepreneurial experience are significant determinants for business income in all sectors. Trust is also important, particularly generalized trust. The contribution of other forms of trust, such as institutional trust, depends on the sector in which households participate. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 345-366 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701868231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701868231 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:4:p:345-366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Atherton Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Atherton Author-Name: Liz Price Author-X-Name-First: Liz Author-X-Name-Last: Price Title: Can experiential knowledge and localised learning in start-up policy and practice be transferred between regions? The case of the START network Abstract: Although best practice transfer methodologies have become an increasingly common instrument in enterprise policy development, barriers to the exchange and dissemination of knowledge may limit their effectiveness. Using START, an EC-funded network of regional agencies, as a case this paper explores the dynamics of experience exchange in regional enterprise policy. Working closely with the START partnership, the authors developed a detailed account of how the network communicated and disseminated cases and instances of regional start-up policy and practice between themselves. Partners in START were more likely to adapt abstracted principles, concepts and ideas that informed changes to their own practices than to adopt specific initiatives from other regions. This suggests a need to re-focus best practice transfer methodologies away from the transplantation of established practices towards encouraging interactive and collaborative learning based on the sharing of experience. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 367-385 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701872043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701872043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:4:p:367-385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mario Davide Parrilli Author-X-Name-First: Mario Davide Author-X-Name-Last: Parrilli Author-Name: Silvia Sacchetti Author-X-Name-First: Silvia Author-X-Name-Last: Sacchetti Title: Linking learning with governance in networks and clusters: key issues for analysis and policy Abstract: In this paper we analyse the relationship between governance and learning in clusters and networks. In particular, we see these two key elements as interdependent, suggesting that, under particular circumstances, such interdependence may drive clusters and networks towards a dynamic development trajectory. A pure ‘governance perspective’ makes the development of any locality dependent on the system of powers which exists within the locality or across the global value chain. In parallel, a pure ‘competence-based approach’ focuses mainly on the capabilities of actors to learn and undertake activities. In contrast, we open the prospects for an interdependent relation that may change the actual competences of actors as well as the governance settings and dynamics in networks and clusters. When supported by public policies, the learning process may have the potential to modify the governance environment. Simultaneously, the learning process is intrinsically influenced by economic power, which may seriously affect the development prospects of clusters and networks. This is why an intertwined consideration of both aspects is necessary to promote specific approaches to learning and to design appropriate policies. In this paper we offer two preliminary case studies to clarify some of these dynamics: the first taken from the computers cluster in Costa Rica and the second from an Italian bio-pharmaceutical firm and its production network. The first case study refers to the software cluster that was created from scratch in Costa Rica thanks to an enlightened government policy in coordination with new local enterprises and an important foreign direct investor; while the second reflects on the ability of an individual company to create a network of relationships with large transnational companies in order to acquire new competences without falling into a subordinate position with respect to its larger partners. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 387-408 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801886463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801886463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:4:p:387-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jing Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Poh-Kam Wong Author-X-Name-First: Poh-Kam Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Title: Networks vs. market methods in high-tech venture fundraising: the impact of institutional environment Abstract: This study examines how institutional environmental factors, including cultural norm, state regulatory system and venture capital market, influence the high-tech entrepreneur's choice for using network vs. market methods when approaching prospective investors at the early stage of their new venture creation. We collected comparative data through on-site interviews and questionnaire survey with 128 high-tech entrepreneurs in Singapore (a newly industrialised economy) and 250 in Beijing, China (an emerging economy). Our findings suggest that a culture emphasising the value of social obligation, the under-development of the legal/regulatory system and the immaturity of the venture capital market increased the proclivity of entrepreneurs to use network methods. Moreover, entrepreneurs who value networks higher in social obligation than in information transfer are more likely to choose personal ties instead of business ties. This study enhances our understanding of how high-tech entrepreneurs in emerging economies choose between networks and market methods in venture fundraising, and offers suggestions on how public policy makers in these economies can improve the institutional environment of their regions to promote high-tech new venture creation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 409-430 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801886406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801886406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:5:p:409-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul J. A. Robson Author-X-Name-First: Paul J. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Robson Author-Name: Mark Freel Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Freel Title: Small firm exporters in a developing economy context: evidence from Ghana Abstract: A cursory review of the industrial policies of most nations suggests that exporting matters. Identifying exporting firms and facilitating their endeavours (or encouraging others to emulate them) are familiar policy themes, and studies of the relationship between firm characteristics and the propensity to export are common in the academic literature. Yet, the context for the bulk of these studies is provided by developed economies. To the extent that international trade relies upon specialisation and that broad differences exist in the patterns of specialisation between developed and developing economies, one wonders how well findings may be generalised to a developing context. Drawing upon firm-level data from a recent survey of small enterprises in Ghana (n = 500), the current study is concerned with identifying the characteristics of exporters in the three main non-governmental sectors of the Ghanaian economy (manufacturing, services and agriculture). Our interest is in Ghanaian economic development imperatives and in the extent of congruence between the findings of this study and previous developed economy studies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 431-450 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801919157 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801919157 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:5:p:431-450 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonia Mercedes García-Cabrera Author-X-Name-First: Antonia Mercedes Author-X-Name-Last: García-Cabrera Author-Name: Mª Gracia García-Soto Author-X-Name-First: Mª Gracia Author-X-Name-Last: García-Soto Title: Cultural differences and entrepreneurial behaviour: an intra-country cross-cultural analysis in Cape Verde Abstract: Two recent research trends give rise to the current work: the need to extend the conclusions reached in entrepreneurship studies to other cultural contexts, particularly important given the interest in stimulating the creation of firms in recently industrialised and less developed countries; and the need to go beyond the axiom ‘nation=culture’ in favour of the multiple cultures perspective. With these antecedents, we present the current work, which aims to answer two research questions: (1) are the cultural values associated in the literature with venture creation generalisable to different cultural contexts? (2) are there intra-cultural differences in a country generating differences in the entrepreneurial behaviour of its population? Thus, this work contributes to extending knowledge about entrepreneurship and international cross-cultural management by taking the novel approach of studying the cultural values and the decision to create a venture from the intra-cultural differences perspective. A sample of 448 individuals, obtained in the Republic of Cape Verde and analysed in six territories within this country, allows us to confirm the existence of cultural differences in individualism between regions of the Republic of Cape Verde, as well as their capacity to explain entrepreneurial behaviour in these regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 451-483 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801912608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801912608 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:5:p:451-483 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Blundel Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Blundel Title: Book review Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 485-487 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802366184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802366184 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:5:p:485-487 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mario Davide Parrilli Author-X-Name-First: Mario Davide Author-X-Name-Last: Parrilli Title: Collective efficiency, policy inducement and social embeddedness: Drivers for the development of industrial districts Abstract: Where is the future of traditional industrial districts in global markets where competition is fiercer every day? This paper presents the case of the furniture district of Forlí, Italy, as a means to explain the development process, the constraints and the growth prospects that involve this industrial district and, perhaps, a wider variety of districts and SME-based clusters. We hypothesise that development is more likely to be generated when three main drivers, taken from the main bodies of literature on districts and clusters, are taken together: ‘collective efficiency’, ‘policy inducement’ and ‘social embeddedness’. The case study of Forlí helps to identify the trajectory of one among many Italian industrial districts and its solutions to deal with the new competition. Yet, our approach highlights some of the main difficulties that this district is facing nowadays and the related challenges for future development. The general lesson derived from this analysis is that traditional ways of regarding cluster development on the basis of collective efficiency need to be supplemented with an adequate weighing of the social embeddedness driver, as well as of the national and local policy environment. This approach delivers strategic analytical tools to interpret the reality of districts and to target effective development actions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801886513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801886513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rainer Harms Author-X-Name-First: Rainer Author-X-Name-Last: Harms Author-Name: Sascha Kraus Author-X-Name-First: Sascha Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus Author-Name: Erich Schwarz Author-X-Name-First: Erich Author-X-Name-Last: Schwarz Title: The suitability of the configuration approach in entrepreneurship research Abstract: The aim of this paper is to discuss the configuration approach as applied in the context of new ventures. A key topic in entrepreneurship research is the analysis of new venture performance (NVP) and change. Taking into account variations in the population of new ventures and considering the complex nature of NVP and development, the configuration approach may be helpful for these analyses. The configuration approach seeks to identify firm types and explicitly considers interrelations between personal, structural, strategic, and environmental factors pertaining to new ventures. In doing this, refined modelling of NVP and an integration of theoretical approaches in entrepreneurship research may be achieved. However, the configuration approach may not be applied without a prior discussion of its suitability to the research context of new ventures. Any time a research approach is applied in a (new) research context, key aspects of this approach may be violated, which could lead to questionable results. We discuss key assumptions of the configuration approach, the concepts of fit, of equifinality, of reductive mechanisms, and of configuration changes, and find that these building blocks also apply in the context of new ventures. Then, we argue that a specific emphasis on the founder and on the environment and the consideration of unique variable patterns are elements of a configuration approach for new ventures. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 25-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2008 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701876416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701876416 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2008:i:1:p:25-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark T. Schenkel Author-X-Name-First: Mark T. Author-X-Name-Last: Schenkel Author-Name: Charles H. Matthews Author-X-Name-First: Charles H. Author-X-Name-Last: Matthews Author-Name: Matthew W. Ford Author-X-Name-First: Matthew W. Author-X-Name-Last: Ford Title: Making rational use of ‘irrationality’? Exploring the role of need for cognitive closure in nascent entrepreneurial activity Abstract: A fundamental question of interest to both researchers and practitioners alike focuses on why some individuals discover and elect to exploit opportunities to create future goods and services while others do not. Past studies have focused on the role knowledge-based resources play in the early stages of new venture creation, yet few have considered the role cognitive motivations play in impacting the processing and use of information during this process. In this study, we theorize that a cognitive need for closure (NfC), or possessing a desire for an answer on some topic as opposed to enduring confusion and ambiguity, is an important aspect of the entrepreneurial judgment formation process. We hypothesize that the need for closure will be positively related to nascent entrepreneurial activity because it provides a cognitive mechanism for dealing with the opened-ended nature of opportunity pursuit. Data drawn from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) support this hypothesis. More specifically, results suggest that a high NfC is likely to foster the exploitation of discovered opportunity irrespective of their age, gender, position in the family birth order, or unique personal knowledge base. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 51-76 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801912467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801912467 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:1:p:51-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin F. Mole Author-X-Name-First: Kevin F. Author-X-Name-Last: Mole Author-Name: William Keogh Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Keogh Title: The implications of public sector small business advisers becoming strategic sounding boards: England and Scotland compared Abstract: Changes have been made to systems of publicly funded business advice to implement a ‘strategic sounding board’ role for business advisers. Previous literature has shown how this role could be modelled in a ‘coupole’. The ‘coupole’ administers a programme but does not deliver it. The shifting of policy towards this strategic sounding role takes place within the context of existing organisations, however. We review three streams of the literature on business advice: small firm policy, critical management consulting, and organisational development consulting. We introduce a triad of producer, process, and client to understand the implications of changes to the business adviser's role. The paper examines two case studies where public policy has changed to shift business advisers into this sounding board role: England and Scotland. The research suggests: (1) that the new role increases the skills demanded of public sector business advisers; (2) that changes to one part of the triad impacts on all the others; (3) the existing organisation contributes to the way in which the producers react to change in the other parts of the triad. The responses in the networked English support organisations have been innovative but fragmented with little evaluation. In the more hierarchical Scottish organisations, the response has been more measured, both in the sense of being cautious and in the sense of being evaluated. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 77-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2008 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802194168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438590802194168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2008:i:1:p:77-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sofia Avdeitchikova Author-X-Name-First: Sofia Author-X-Name-Last: Avdeitchikova Title: False expectations: Reconsidering the role of informal venture capital in closing the regional equity gap1 Abstract: The role of informal venture capital in entrepreneurial process and economic development is increasingly recognized by scholars and policy-makers around the world. Much of the attention that this form of financing has received during the last couple of decades is due to its potential to bridge the regional equity gap. This study is concerned with regional distribution of informal venture capital and factors explaining the allocation of informal investments, and it is based on a large random sample of informal venture capital investors in Sweden. The key findings are that the informal venture capital market in Sweden shows a considerable concentration in metropolitan areas and university cities. Further, investments conducted in these places are allocated in proportion to the new business formation rate and concentration of technology-based firms, while the only factor that provides some explanation for the location of informal investments in the peripheral regions is the proportion of the regional population that is considering starting their own business. Finally, there is a small but significant reallocation of informal venture capital from peripheral regions to metropolitan areas and university cities, which shows that the informal venture capital market in Sweden contributes rather to sustaining the regional equity gap than to bridging it. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 99-130 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802025962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802025962 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:2:p:99-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rubén Fernández-Ortiz Author-X-Name-First: Rubén Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Ortiz Author-Name: Guadalupe Fuentes Lombardo Author-X-Name-First: Guadalupe Fuentes Author-X-Name-Last: Lombardo Title: Influence of the capacities of top management on the internationalization of SMEs Abstract: International diversification strategies require managerial skills capable of positioning businesses efficiently within a complex international environment. Based on resources and capabilities theory, this study examines the relationship between top management characteristics (age, education, professional experience, and language knowledge) and the international diversification of a given business. It also follows on from Herrmann and Datta's work (2005) by analysing the relationship between these managerial characteristics and SME performance. The analysis is based on a sample of 219 SMEs with international diversification strategies from the La Rioja (northern Spanish region). Regression techniques were used and the results confirmed the existence of a material relationship between a number of managerial characteristics and geographical diversification strategies for SMEs. Empirical evidence was also obtained of the relationship between Spanish SME profitability and certain managerial attributes according to their level of international diversification. Finally, the potential implications of the results of this study for both researchers and real businesses are also discussed. Policy-makers and public agencies can benefit from these results: the development of certain attributes in TMTs strengthens the development of international diversification policies, thus allowing SMEs to improve risk diversification and protection against exchange rate fluctuations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 131-154 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802176104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802176104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:2:p:131-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Theodore Lianos Author-X-Name-First: Theodore Author-X-Name-Last: Lianos Author-Name: Anastasia Pseiridis Author-X-Name-First: Anastasia Author-X-Name-Last: Pseiridis Title: On the occupational choices of return migrants Abstract: This paper examines the factors affecting the employment decision of return migrants. We use data from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Romania, and Tajikistan in which we can examine three categories of occupational status: salaried employment; self-employment without employees; and self-employment with employees. First we examine the choice between self-employment in general (merging the two variants of self-employment) and salaried employment, using binary logit regression. We find that male gender, savings, remittances, household size, and pre-migration experience in the country of origin in self-employment (either as an employer and as a self-employed person without employees) are shaping this decision. However, when we examine the choice between all three categories with the use of multinomial logit regression, we find considerable differences between self-employed individuals and employers. For example, the amount of remittances sent back while working as a migrant, the acquisition of further qualifications (in the form of certified skills, degree, or certificates), and the duration of migration increase the propensity for becoming an employer instead of becoming self-employed, while the amount of savings is not significant in this decision. Finally, we also find that the variables affecting the employment choice decision are different for males and females. Marital status and the duration of migration is statistically significant only for females while household size, remittances, and savings are statistically significant only for males. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 155-181 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802176187 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802176187 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:2:p:155-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lyn S. Amine Author-X-Name-First: Lyn S. Author-X-Name-Last: Amine Author-Name: Karin M. Staub Author-X-Name-First: Karin M. Author-X-Name-Last: Staub Title: Women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa: An institutional theory analysis from a social marketing point of view Abstract: This paper takes an international marketing (IM) approach to the study of women entrepreneurs (WEs) in sub-Saharan Africa by examining factors in the environments in which WEs operate. The goal is to understand better how environmental barriers of many types impact the efforts of WEs. Using institutional theory-driven analysis, findings from a wide range of literature are integrated, with special attention to issues of the social legitimacy of women as entrepreneurs. Results of this study demonstrate that WEs in sub-Saharan Africa face a daunting array of challenges arising from the socio-cultural, economic, legal, political, and technological environments in which they live. Moreover, unfavourable conditions in local regulatory, normative, and cognitive systems place additional burdens on women who desire to become entrepreneurs or to expand an entrepreneurial business. In order to address these gender-specific problems, social marketing is recommended with the goals of (1) changing social beliefs, attitudes and behaviours that negatively affect Wes, and (2) improving conditions in institutional systems and market environments. Recommendations in the paper suggest how to bring about changes in attitudes towards women, work and their independent enterprise. In conclusion, directions for future scholarly research are identified. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 183-211 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802182144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802182144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:2:p:183-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julian Clark Author-X-Name-First: Julian Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Title: Entrepreneurship and diversification on English farms: Identifying business enterprise characteristics and change processes Abstract: Despite the growing importance attached to entrepreneurship as a policy concept in European Union (EU) agriculture, little assessment has been made of its practical application. This paper makes a preliminary consideration of the issues in relation to on-farm diversification. First the literatures on agricultural diversification and innovation are reviewed to establish entrepreneurial traits in (1) business change processes, and (2) business enterprise characteristics. The business enterprise characteristics are then used to identify entrepreneurial diversified businesses from a sample of 118 agricultural enterprises in England. Some 15 entrepreneurial farm businesses were identified and their managers interviewed to reflect on the underlying change processes that they had adopted during 1997--2001; the effects of diversification in terms of socio-economic benefits at business and regional levels; and the effectiveness of agricultural business advice services in supporting entrepreneurial behaviour. Respondents confirmed the importance of networking processes to managing change in their businesses. Importantly all had benefited from diversification, through increased net income, reduced dependence on agricultural subsidies and greater income stability during the survey period. Regional economic benefits were more difficult to quantify, although positive employment generating effects were evident among businesses. Importantly respondents commented on their disengagement from sectoral extension agencies in contrast to their enthusiastic use of generic business support. Consequently, consideration is made of adjustments in extension and advisory provision to enhance on-farm entrepreneurial diversification. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 213-236 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802261559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802261559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:2:p:213-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dafna Kariv Author-X-Name-First: Dafna Author-X-Name-Last: Kariv Author-Name: Teresa V. Menzies Author-X-Name-First: Teresa V. Author-X-Name-Last: Menzies Author-Name: Gabrielle A. Brenner Author-X-Name-First: Gabrielle A. Author-X-Name-Last: Brenner Author-Name: Louis Jacques Filion Author-X-Name-First: Louis Jacques Author-X-Name-Last: Filion Title: Transnational networking and business performance: Ethnic entrepreneurs in Canada Abstract: It is generally acknowledged that transnational networking plays an important role in promoting the performance of ethnic entrepreneurial firms. Yet distinctions between the different types of transnational networking and their effects on business performance have received scant attention in the literature, probably because ethnicity has been considered to be the main actor in the networking--performance relationship. This paper argues that one of the reasons why business performance differs across ethnic entrepreneurial firms is that ethnic entrepreneurs engage in dissimilar types of transnational networking. Analyses of the data generated by 720 ethnic entrepreneurs in Canada revealed that ethnicity, along with human capital and push/pull factors, both of which are part of our conceptual framework, plays a central role in the engagement of different types of transnational networking and that the different types of transnational networking affect business turnover (sales) and business survival (age). Push/pull factors were found to play a marginal role in business performance. These results highlight the competitive market that immigrants and members of ethnic minority groups encounter in the hosting economy and stress the value of transnational networking. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 239-264 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802261641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802261641 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:3:p:239-264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nigel Lockett Author-X-Name-First: Nigel Author-X-Name-Last: Lockett Author-Name: Frank Cave Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Cave Author-Name: Ron Kerr Author-X-Name-First: Ron Author-X-Name-Last: Kerr Author-Name: Sarah Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: The influence of co-location in higher education institutions on small firms’ perspectives of knowledge transfer Abstract: Knowledge transfer (KT) has been identified as an essential element of innovation that drives competitive advantage in increasingly knowledge-driven economies and in which small firms have an important part to play. A number of recent UK Government reports have sought to increase awareness of the importance of KT within higher education institutions (HEIs). In light of this, there is an urgent need for relevant empirical research that examines how KT policy is translated into practice, particularly in the area of small firms. This paper responds to this need by reporting on in-depth longitudinal case studies of small firms co-located in a high profile HEI ‘centre of excellence’ for research and development (R&D) and commercialization of information and communications technologies (ICT) in the Northwest of England. The paper seeks to explore what is it that the SMEs are getting out of this co-location and more specifically the research asks, how do the views of entrepreneurs change over time? Five main themes are identified, namely: (1) increased strategic focus; (2) awareness of core competences; (3) enhanced R&D activities; (4) importance of both technical and business support; (5) the need for a knowledge database to facilitate KT. The study concludes by highlighting the need for more structured yet flexible approaches to KT activities in order to meet the needs of entrepreneurs for different kinds of support at different times in the development of their businesses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 265-283 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802279973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802279973 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:3:p:265-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steven C. Michael Author-X-Name-First: Steven C. Author-X-Name-Last: Michael Author-Name: John A. Pearce Author-X-Name-First: John A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pearce Title: The need for innovation as a rationale for government involvement in entrepreneurship Abstract: Governments around the world seek to support entrepreneurship, yet the justification for such intervention varies. Some governments support entrepreneurship as a means to create jobs. Others support entrepreneurship as a means to create competition in markets, with attendant lower prices. In this paper, we offer a different justification for government support for entrepreneurship: to support and encourage innovation. Innovation does raise competition, lower prices, and create jobs, but more importantly through innovation entrepreneurship creates wealth for individuals and nations. We offer a model of government support for entrepreneurship to yield innovation that is grounded in theory yet rich in practical implications. Innovation is stimulated when the innovator receives the resulting payoff (termed residual claims in economic theory). In many instances, because small firms concentrate residual claims more effectively than large firms, entrepreneurial firms out-innovate established corporations. To accelerate this process, government should advance policies that facilitate new business formation and the concentration of residual claims. Such a prescription suggests two direct approaches: raising the returns to entrepreneurship and reducing the risk. Each has specific policy implications that are discussed at length. Finally we analyse aiding entrepreneurship without a commitment to innovation, and our analysis suggests that this approach is unlikely to be as successful as the focus on innovation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 285-302 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802279999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802279999 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:3:p:285-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: GiSeung Kim Author-X-Name-First: GiSeung Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Joonmo Cho Author-X-Name-First: Joonmo Author-X-Name-Last: Cho Title: Entry dynamics of self-employment in South Korea Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to clarify whether the entry into self-employment was an inevitable move due to economic recession (push hypothesis) or a voluntary move due to entrepreneurship (pull hypothesis) in Korea. It also examines how this decision is affected by changes in socio-economic conditions. The empirical analysis in this study exploited the matched sample for the adjacent months in the Economically Active Population Survey (EAPS) conducted by Korea National Statistical Office in 2000--2004. The empirical results showed that the push aspect of self-employment was strong in Korea over the whole sampled periods. The entry into self-employment in South Korea is largely attributable to economic sluggishness and an increase in unemployment rather than a voluntary transition resulting from entrepreneurship. Policy environment (such as providing information and financial support for new start-ups after the Asian financial crisis), which is a country-specific factor magnified the pushed effects. For the pushed (unprepared) self-employed people, not only is there a need to expand the coverage of vocational training programmes, but also it is vital that social safety nets are strengthened and supplemented. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 303-323 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802332707 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802332707 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:3:p:303-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert J. Stimson Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Stimson Author-Name: Peter J. Nijkamp Author-X-Name-First: Peter J. Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp Author-Name: Roger R. Stough Author-X-Name-First: Roger R. Author-X-Name-Last: Stough Title: Guest Editorial Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 329-331 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903019807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903019807 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:329-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandy Dall’erba Author-X-Name-First: Sandy Author-X-Name-Last: Dall’erba Author-Name: Marco Percoco Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Percoco Author-Name: Gianfranco Piras Author-X-Name-First: Gianfranco Author-X-Name-Last: Piras Title: Service industry and cumulative growth in the regions of Europe Abstract: European regions have experienced a greater presence of service producers in their economy over the last few decades. Indeed, the manufacturing sector increasingly contracts out many activities to intermediate producer services. This is mostly because they are located close to each other and because services experience increasing returns to scale which reduce their marginal costs. In this paper, we propose to measure the extent to which productivity in services has converged across European regions. The model we use, originally developed by Verdoorn (1949), takes the increasing returns to scale explicitly into account. We apply spatial econometric techniques and control for border effects by introducing two different spatial weights matrices under the assumption that economic interactions decrease very substantially when a national border is passed. Furthermore, we take proper care of the presence of both types (spatial and non-spatial) of endogeneity by using spatial two stages least squares (Kelejian and Prucha 1998). Our conclusions bring new insights in the identification of regional productivity differentials. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 333-349 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903019815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903019815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:333-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Sutter Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Sutter Author-Name: Roger R. Stough Author-X-Name-First: Roger R. Author-X-Name-Last: Stough Title: Measuring entrepreneurship and knowledge capital: Metropolitan economic efficiency in the USA1 Abstract: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is employed in an analysis of the US metropolitan areas in an effort to use the information about the inputs to diagnose economic development problems of specific urban regions. The results are presented for the aggregate of all MSAs and also for partial analyses by MSA size (small, medium, and large). Example analyses at the individual MSA level are provided to illustrate how the DEA approach may provide useful carefully targeted policy and management guidance for regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 351-373 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903020052 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903020052 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:351-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tüzin Baycan-Levent Author-X-Name-First: Tüzin Author-X-Name-Last: Baycan-Levent Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp Title: Characteristics of migrant entrepreneurship in Europe Abstract: The present paper aims to investigate and compare various modalities of migrant entrepreneurship in European countries in order to design a systematic classification of migrant entrepreneurship and to highlight key factors of migrant entrepreneurship in Europe. The paper is based on a comparative assessment of available quantitative data and qualitative information derived from a broad review of findings from previous studies in the literature. Our quantitative evaluation includes the European OECD countries, while our qualitative investigation addresses migrant entrepreneurship experiences in eight European countries: Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and the UK. The results of our comparative analysis show that the general picture of European migrant entrepreneurship is determined by some distinct push factors such as high unemployment rates and low participation rates or low status in the labour market as well as by an accompanying factor, namely mixed embeddedness. The results of our comparative evaluation are summarized in a systematic typological table. These show that, while an informal and labour-intensive sector, an underground economy, and small companies and traditional households prompt migrant entrepreneurship in Southern European countries, an over-representation of non-Western immigrants among the self-employed, as well as relatively lower income levels of self-employed immigrants compared to both self-employed natives and employed immigrants are decisive for migrant entrepreneurship in Northern European countries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 375-397 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903020060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903020060 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:375-397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas P. Cornett Author-X-Name-First: Andreas P. Author-X-Name-Last: Cornett Title: Aims and strategies in regional innovation and growth policy: A Danish perspective Abstract: Innovations and the capacity to innovate are crucial factors for regional development. Regional growth is not an exogenous or independent phenomenon, but more or less ‘derived’ from the ability of the local business to perform and generate income. For this reason, attention has been on the factors facilitating growth and the mechanisms stimulating innovative behaviour in large, small and medium-sized enterprises. This paper aims to analyse the changing development strategies and policy set-up in Denmark with regard to regional development and innovation. Core elements are to improve the abilities for knowledge dissemination, innovation, and local entrepreneurship. The analysis provides a closer look into the role of innovation in regional policy, and which type of policies can stimulate innovative activities in business and industry. Recent examples from Denmark representing new approaches to the implementation of innovative development measures are presented and evaluated. Finally, the main results are presented with special attention to organizational and functional aspects of a knowledge-based regional development policy. Among the results are that untraditional measures are needed in particular if innovation policy should reach SMEs and firms not located adjacent to knowledge institutions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 399-420 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903020078 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903020078 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:399-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zoltan J. Acs Author-X-Name-First: Zoltan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Acs Author-Name: Monika I. Megyesi Author-X-Name-First: Monika I. Author-X-Name-Last: Megyesi Title: Creativity and industrial cities: A case study of Baltimore Abstract: Creativity is changing the way in which cities approach economic development and formulate policy. Creative metropolises base their economic development strategies, at least partly, on building communities attractive to the creative class worker. While there are countless examples of high-tech regions transforming into creative economies, traditionally industrial cities have received much less attention in this regard. This research draws on Baltimore to assess the potential of transforming a traditionally industrial region into a creative economy. It analyses Baltimore's performance on dimensions of talent, tolerance, technology, and territory both as a stand-alone metropolitan area and in comparison to similar industrial metropolises. This case study concludes that Baltimore has the opportunity to capitalize on the creative economy because of its openness to diversity, established technology base, appealing territorial amenities, and access to the largest reservoir of creative talent in the USA: Washington, DC. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 421-439 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903020086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903020086 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:421-439 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Teresa de Noronha Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Teresa de Noronha Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp Title: Knowledge and innovation: The strings between global and local dimensions of sustainable growth Abstract: The modern growth literature pays much attention to innovation and knowledge as drivers of endogenous developments in a competitive open economic system. This paper reviews concisely the literature in this field and addresses in particular micro- and macro-economic interactions at local or regional levels, based on clustering and networking principles, in which sustainability conditions also play a core role. The paper then develops a so-called knowledge circuit model comprising the relevant stakeholders, which aims to offer a novel framework for applied policy research at the meso-economic level. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 441-455 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903020094 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903020094 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:441-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward J. Malecki Author-X-Name-First: Edward J. Author-X-Name-Last: Malecki Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Alan D. MacPherson Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 457-457 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903139753 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903139753 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:457-457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dave Valliere Author-X-Name-First: Dave Author-X-Name-Last: Valliere Author-Name: Rein Peterson Author-X-Name-First: Rein Author-X-Name-Last: Peterson Title: Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Evidence from emerging and developed countries Abstract: This paper presents an extension to the economic growth model developed by Wong, Ho, and Autio (2005), to reflect differences in the economic effects of opportunity and necessity-based entrepreneurship in both emerging and developed countries. Data from 44 countries for the years 2004 and 2005, as collected by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research and Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) research, are used to identify predictors of GDP growth for emerging and developed nations. The GEM data are used to determine the effect of different types of entrepreneurship on GDP growth. The GCR data operationalize additional control variables suggested by three economic growth theories: new economic geography, endogenous growth theory and national systems of innovation. This contribution to the literature suggests that, in developed countries, a significant portion of economic growth rates can be attributed to high-expectation entrepreneurs exploiting national investments in knowledge creation and regulatory freedom. However, in emerging countries this effect is absent. It is hypothesized that a threshold exists for entrepreneurs to gain access to the formal economy, below which entrepreneurial contributions act through informal mechanisms. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 459-480 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802332723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802332723 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:5-6:p:459-480 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stéphane Malo Author-X-Name-First: Stéphane Author-X-Name-Last: Malo Author-Name: Jesper Norus† Author-X-Name-First: Jesper Author-X-Name-Last: Norus† Title: Growth dynamics of dedicated biotechnology firms in transition economies. Evidence from the Baltic countries and Poland Abstract: Countries undergoing the difficult transition from state ownership to market economies have characteristics which are often portrayed by scholars as adverse to the development of SMEs. Others nonetheless suggest that the performance of such firms can be positively influenced by business strategies. To develop a better understanding of the relation between these two seemingly different standpoints, this paper investigates the effects of (1) human capital; (2) administration system for start-ups; (3) financial capital; and (4) intellectual property rights on the emerging biotechnology industry in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland and considers the strategic response of two highly successful dedicated biotechnology firms (DBFs): Bioton in Poland and Fermentas in Lithuania. The results suggest that the decision to implement an internationalization strategy (and alliances with foreign partners) in association with the production of low cost, high quality products can drive the growth dynamics of SMEs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 481-502 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802332749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802332749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:5-6:p:481-502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juliet Cox Author-X-Name-First: Juliet Author-X-Name-Last: Cox Author-Name: Colin Mason Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Title: Franchise network restructuring: Pressures, constraints and mechanisms Abstract: Franchised businesses operate on the basis of granting individual franchisees trading rights to serve territories or market areas on either an exclusive or a non-exclusive basis. The design of these territories is generally undertaken during the roll-out phase of the franchise. However, these territories and market areas may become sub-optimal over time, necessitating restructuring. However, if the franchisor has granted exclusive rights to a territory then this is likely to involve a breach in the franchise contract. In cases where existing franchisees do not have exclusive territories they may nevertheless make a legal challenge to the creation of additional franchises on the grounds of encroachment. This paper -- which is based on a study of 40 franchisors in the UK -- examines how franchisors go about network restructuring in constrained and non-constrained situations. Franchisors typically did not act on their legal rights, echoing findings of earlier franchising studies which reveal a divergence between contractual rights and operational behaviour. This focus on network restructuring also provides new perspectives on the reasons for ownership reversion and the growth of multi-unit franchisees. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 503-527 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802365178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802365178 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:5-6:p:503-527 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela da Rocha Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: da Rocha Author-Name: Beatriz Kury Author-X-Name-First: Beatriz Author-X-Name-Last: Kury Author-Name: Joana Monteiro Author-X-Name-First: Joana Author-X-Name-Last: Monteiro Title: The diffusion of exporting in Brazilian industrial clusters Abstract: The present research aimed at understanding the process by which firms in a cluster start to export based on systemic interactions, and the process of diffusion of exporting as a business strategy within the cluster. Diffusion was defined, following Rogers’ (1995: 5) seminal work, as ‘the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system’. The research method used was industry case studies and the unit of analysis selected was the cluster. Two manufacturing industries were chosen to be investigated, and within each geographic area clusters were identified as the origin of dynamic export growth in the industry. Players in each industrial cluster, as well as other significant actors, were interviewed. Extensive secondary data research was done to study clusters’ historical development. Detailed analysis and a comparison of the experiences permitted the extraction of some general conclusions concerning the similarities and differences between the clusters in terms of the adoption and diffusion of exporting. Results showed that the diffusion of exporting in an industrial cluster is quite similar to the dissemination of technical innovation. Social ties were important to facilitate the diffusion of exporting in one of the clusters studied. Also, the role of domestically-owned flagship firms in leading the internationalization process proved to be important in only one of the clusters, while the role of external actors was fully supported in the two industries studied. Finally, a number of support institutions, private and public, interfered in different stages of the internationalization process. In both industries, the federal government had only a late and limited impact on export initiation and development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 529-552 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802373453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802373453 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:5-6:p:529-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Udo Staber Author-X-Name-First: Udo Author-X-Name-Last: Staber Title: Collective learning in clusters: Mechanisms and biases Abstract: Although collective learning has long been considered a core feature of successful clusters, many researchers have treated the concept of learning more as a metaphor than a construct that requires an understanding of the various processes and mechanisms involved. I draw on the cultural-evolutionary perspective to argue that learning in clusters is an inherently biased process, with outcomes that can be both functional and dysfunctional. The cultural-evolutionary approach views learning as a process of imitation, treats beliefs as the unit of selection, and considers individuals as agents who are limited in their cognitive capabilities and social autonomy. Using interview data on 62 small business owners and 34 institutional actors in a textile and a surgical instruments cluster in South-west Germany, I show that the learning process can involve social biases which, in these cases, have the effect of reproducing a collective mindset built on distrust and rivalry. The findings provide an explanation for the fact that many studies of clusters have not been able to document the high levels of interfirm collaboration that cluster theory predicts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 553-573 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 21 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802529526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802529526 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:5-6:p:553-573 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Lindgreen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgreen Author-Name: Martin K. Hingley Author-X-Name-First: Martin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Hingley Title: Challenges and opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) arising from ethnically, racially and religiously diverse populations Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220470 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dave Crick Author-X-Name-First: Dave Author-X-Name-Last: Crick Author-Name: Shiv Chaudhry Author-X-Name-First: Shiv Author-X-Name-Last: Chaudhry Title: An investigation into UK-based Asian entrepreneurs’ perceived competitiveness in overseas markets Abstract: The purpose of this article is to investigate perceptions of UK-based Asian entrepreneurs’ competitiveness in overseas markets. Findings from a postal survey and subsequent interviews establish that a number of differences exist between two identified groups of entrepreneurs. First, internationally oriented Asian entrepreneurs were those of an Asian origin whose primary manufacturing operations were based in the UK but who were involved in overseas sales. Transnational entrepreneurs in comparison were of an Asian origin but leveraged resources in their country of origin in order to serve overseas markets. A contribution is offered to the existing literature by offering insights into the ways that different entrepreneurs from a specific minority community undertake international business activities. Specifically, findings indicate that transnational entrepreneurs are able to utilize the advantages of operating in two socially embedded environments to aid competitiveness in a way that their counterparts who are based in one country are unable to. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 5-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:5-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert C. Kloosterman Author-X-Name-First: Robert C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kloosterman Title: Matching opportunities with resources: A framework for analysing (migrant) entrepreneurship from a mixed embeddedness perspective Abstract: In this article, an innovative analytical framework for the analysis of (migrant) entrepreneurship is presented. The approach combines the micro-level of the individual entrepreneur (with his or her resources), with the meso-level of the local opportunity structure and links the latter, in more loose way, to the macro-institutional framework. This way, insights on the necessary resources of an (aspiring/nascent) entrepreneur with views on opportunity structures can be combined. A simple typology of the opportunity structure is presented which distinguishes between different kind of openings based, on the one hand, on differences in entry barriers (in terms of human capital), and, on the other, on their dynamics (growing or stagnating). This comprehensive analytical framework relates (shifts in) opportunities, resources and outcomes of immigrant entrepreneurship in a systematic way. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 25-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:25-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maarten H. Batterink Author-X-Name-First: Maarten H. Author-X-Name-Last: Batterink Author-Name: Emiel F.M. Wubben Author-X-Name-First: Emiel F.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wubben Author-Name: Laurens Klerkx Author-X-Name-First: Laurens Author-X-Name-Last: Klerkx Author-Name: S.W.F. (Onno) Omta Author-X-Name-First: S.W.F. (Onno) Author-X-Name-Last: Omta Title: Orchestrating innovation networks: The case of innovation brokers in the agri-food sector Abstract: This explorative study of network orchestration processes conducted by innovation brokers addresses new issues in bridging small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and research institutes in innovation networks. The study includes four in-depth case studies in the agri-food sector from different countries: the Netherlands, Germany and France. A guiding research question is how innovation brokers successfully orchestrate innovation networks of SMEs. Based on literature research and cases, we conclude that the innovation broker may have great added value for innovation networks with divergent organizations, especially when the innovation broker takes the lead in three network orchestration functions: innovation initiation, network composition and innovation process management. In addition, the case findings offer best practices of innovation brokers for these orchestration processes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 47-76 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:47-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin K. Hingley Author-X-Name-First: Martin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Hingley Author-Name: Adam Lindgreen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgreen Author-Name: Michael B. Beverland Author-X-Name-First: Michael B. Author-X-Name-Last: Beverland Title: Barriers to network innovation in UK ethnic fresh produce supply Abstract: This article investigates whether sectoral entrepreneurship by ethnic minorities is held back by network disconnection. Popular interest in localized production and consumption often gets offered up as an antidote to rapidly globalizing markets. However, fractures between local production and consumption prevent such markets from developing. This study investigates supply chains and networks that attempt to meet market demand for ‘specialist’ fresh produce, targeted at and run by ethnic minority-controlled foodservice businesses in the UK. The focus for attention is the West Midlands region. This region has a strong and entrepreneurial ethnic minority, predominant foodservice and wholesale sector and a strong agricultural/horticultural tradition, but the two are disconnected. Key findings indicate that latent demand exists for locally sourced specialist fresh produce to meet the needs of a growing ethnic minority population, but network integration is a barrier. Disconnection concerns the following: (a) there are predominant issues of price sensitivity, which dictate channel sourcing and market development, (b) foodservice businesses rely on the access, market information and availability provided by gatekeeper wholesale traders who are bound to overseas agencies and their produce and display an ingrained resistance to local and regional supply and (c) cultural disconnections separate rural (predominantly ‘white’) growers and (predominantly Asian) wholesale intermediaries and retail/foodservice businesses. This article identifies that ethnic entrepreneurship in specific sectors (such as specialist fresh produce) can be strong, but that there still are barriers to successful whole industry, regional and network developments. Poor motivation of both network ‘gatekeeper’ wholesalers and (and network collaboration) growers is preventing ethnic entrepreneurs at the foodservice and retail levels from benefitting from wider regional network source innovation. Recommendations are made for production, technical and marketing support at the grower and intermediary levels; and all stakeholders need educational and market support in the development of truly integrated food networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 77-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220538 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:77-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jock Collins Author-X-Name-First: Jock Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Angeline Low Author-X-Name-First: Angeline Author-X-Name-Last: Low Title: Asian female immigrant entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized businesses in Australia Abstract: Among western nations Australia has received, in relative terms, one of the largest and most diverse intakes of immigrants, many of who start up their own small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). While most immigrant entrepreneurs are male, there is growth in the number of female immigrants who have moved into entrepreneurship in Australia and other countries. Yet, research into female immigrant entrepreneurship and a theoretical investigation as to how the impact of ethnic diversity and gender on entrepreneurship can be conceptualized is not well developed in the literature. This article attempts to redress this gap. It reviews the theory of immigrant entrepreneurship and the Australian research, including the findings of unpublished fieldwork with 80 Asian female immigrant entrepreneurs in Sydney. While female immigrant entrepreneurs draw on their human capital and community and family networks as do all female small business owners, their small business experience is also shaped by broader societal responses to minority immigrants, embodied in the concept of the ‘accent ceiling’, that creates labour market and entrepreneurial barriers for women of minority linguistic, ethnic or religious background that non-immigrant entrepreneurs do not face. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 97-111 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220553 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:97-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Author-Name: Colin Mason Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Author-Name: Paul Robson Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Robson Title: Determinants of long-distance investing by business angels in the UK Abstract: The business angel market is usually identified as a local market, and the proximity of an investment has been shown to be key in the angel's investment preferences and an important filter at the screening stage of the investment decision. This is generally explained by the personal and localized networks used to identify potential investments, the hands-on involvement of the investor and the desire to minimize risk. However, a significant minority of investments are long distance. This paper is based on data from 373 investments made by 109 UK business angels. We classify the location of investments into three groups: local investments (those made within the same county or in adjacent counties); intermediate investments (those made in counties adjacent to the ‘local’ counties); and long-distance investments (those made beyond this range). Using ordered logit analysis the paper develops and tests a number of hypotheses that relate long-distance investment to investment characteristics and investor characteristics. The paper concludes by drawing out the implications for entrepreneurs seeking business angel finance in investment-deficient regions, business angel networks seeking to match investors to entrepreneurs and firms (which are normally their primary clients), and for policy-makers responsible for local and regional economic development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 113-137 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802545928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802545928 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:2:p:113-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bat Batjargal Author-X-Name-First: Bat Author-X-Name-Last: Batjargal Title: Network dynamics and new ventures in China: A longitudinal study Abstract: This study examines the effects of networking skills of entrepreneurs on network dynamics and venture legitimacy. The article is based on the longitudinal survey data of 94 Internet entrepreneurs in Beijing, China. The findings suggest that networking skills of entrepreneurs have positive effects on the structural changes of entrepreneurial networks over time. Further, improvements in networking skills of entrepreneurs are conducive to greater venture legitimacy measured as the number of institutional investors in the new venture. The research and practical implications are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 139-153 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802628864 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802628864 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:2:p:139-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcela Ramírez-Pasillas Author-X-Name-First: Marcela Author-X-Name-Last: Ramírez-Pasillas Title: International trade fairs as amplifiers of permanent and temporary proximities in clusters Abstract: Conceptualizing proximity as a mainly geographically and more or less permanently anchored phenomenon has been shown to be insufficient in clusters; the proximity between firms also has a temporary and relational character when coupled with globalization. This paper aims to contribute to this debate, exploring the role of international trade fairs (ITFs) for amplifying permanent and temporary proximities in clusters. Combining permanent and temporary proximities, a framework is integrated to enquire how non-local foreign relations encountered at ITFs are interconnected in a cluster network. The cluster network depicts the firms that are related for business and innovation purposes at three kinds of proximity. The first kind, the intra-cluster proximity, concerns the overall local networking. The second kind, the extra-cluster proximity, comprises trans-national friendship relations, trans-national market relations, and trans-national partnerships instigated at ITFs. The third kind, the bridging proximity, includes the cases in which firms engaged at ITFs interact with firms not participating at ITFs. This paper relies on social network analysis techniques in order to examine the proximity kinds in a Swedish cluster. The findings reveal that ITFs amplify the possibilities for interconnecting local relations and transnational relations. Participation at ITFs can potentially help firms to overcome the geographical limits of clusters. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 155-187 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620902815106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620902815106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:2:p:155-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Teemu Kautonen Author-X-Name-First: Teemu Author-X-Name-Last: Kautonen Author-Name: Roxanne Zolin Author-X-Name-First: Roxanne Author-X-Name-Last: Zolin Author-Name: Andreas Kuckertz Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Kuckertz Author-Name: Anmari Viljamaa Author-X-Name-First: Anmari Author-X-Name-Last: Viljamaa Title: Ties that blind? How strong ties affect small business owner-managers’ perceived trustworthiness of their advisors Abstract: This research investigates how a strong personal relationship (strong tie) between a small business owner-manager and his professional or informal advisor affects the relationship between the advisor's recent performance and the owner-manager's perceptions of the advisor's trustworthiness in terms of ability, benevolence and integrity. A negative moderating effect could point to a ‘tie that blinds’: the owner-manager may be less critical in evaluating the advisor's perceived trustworthiness in light of their recent performance, because of the existing personal relationship. A conceptual model is constructed and examined with survey data comprising 153 young Finnish businesses. The results show that strong ties increase the owner-manager's perception of the advisor's integrity, disregarding their recent performance. For professional advisors, strong ties reduce the impact of recent performance in the owner-manager's evaluation of their ability. For informal advisors, a strong tie makes it more likely that their benevolence will be evaluated highly in light of their recent performance. While the results show that ‘ties can blind’ under certain circumstances, the limitations of the study raise the need for further research to specify these contextual factors and examine the causal link between the choice of advisor and business performance. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 189-209 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903168265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903168265 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:2:p:189-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mattias Nordqvist Author-X-Name-First: Mattias Author-X-Name-Last: Nordqvist Author-Name: Leif Melin Author-X-Name-First: Leif Author-X-Name-Last: Melin Title: Entrepreneurial families and family firms Abstract: While studies of entrepreneurship and family business have to a great extent developed independently, there are some indications that they are now moving closer to each other. The purpose of this special issue is to contribute to an increased scholarly interest in research that integrates the areas of entrepreneurship and family business. This introductory article elaborates upon the meaning of entrepreneurial families and family firms. Based on a review of a significant amount of previous literature and the articles in this special issue, we generate a guiding framework around three themes -- actor, activity and attitude. We argue that research focusing on specific topics within these themes has great potential to contribute to our theoretical and empirical understanding of entrepreneurship and family firms. We also share a note on why we believe Entrepreneurship and Regional Development is a suitable arena for publishing research with this orientation. We then introduce the five papers that are included in this special issue using the framework developed to position the papers and thereby to reveal their respective contributions and their advancement of our knowledge. We conclude with reflections on some unexplored themes, which are still very relevant to examine in future research on entrepreneurship and family businesses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 211-239 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:211-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G.T. Lumpkin Author-X-Name-First: G.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Lumpkin Author-Name: Keith H. Brigham Author-X-Name-First: Keith H. Author-X-Name-Last: Brigham Author-Name: Todd W. Moss Author-X-Name-First: Todd W. Author-X-Name-Last: Moss Title: Long-term orientation: Implications for the entrepreneurial orientation and performance of family businesses Abstract: Long-term orientation (LTO), defined as the tendency to prioritize the long-range implications and impact of decisions and actions that come to fruition after an extended time period, is a common characteristic of many family businesses. Prior research is equivocal regarding whether an LTO contributes to or detracts from family firm outcomes. Of particular interest is the extent to which family business can be entrepreneurial given an LTO. Drawing on the concept of entrepreneurial orientation (EO), propositions that relate long- and short-term management time horizons of family firms to five dimensions of EO (innovativeness, proactiveness, risk taking, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy) are developed. Specifically, we propose that an LTO will be positively associated with innovativeness, proactiveness, and autonomy but negatively associated with risk taking and competitive aggressiveness. We also address the long- and short-term implications of EO on the performance of family firms, and identify issues to consider in future research into the EO--LTO relationship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 241-264 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726218 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:241-264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José C. Casillas Author-X-Name-First: José C. Author-X-Name-Last: Casillas Author-Name: Ana M. Moreno Author-X-Name-First: Ana M. Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno Title: The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and growth: The moderating role of family involvement Abstract: Lumpkin and Dess [Lumpkin, G.T., and G.G. Dess. 1996. Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review 21, no. 1: 135--72] established the basis of their research agenda on the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and company performance. A wide range of research has incorporated different moderating variables and dimensions of performance, such as profitability, growth, etc. Our work proposes the degree of family involvement comprising a moderating variable in the relationship between EO and company growth. This paper pursues to analyse the influence of family involvement on the relationship between EO and company growth. The empirical study was developed using a sample of 449 small- and medium-sized companies in Spain. The proposed hypotheses were tested using hierarchical linear regression. The results obtained reveal the influence of innovativeness and proactiveness on the growth of a company. However, when family involvement is included as a moderating variable in the equation, a new influence on growth is born from the interaction between innovativeness and family involvement and the interaction between risk-taking and family involvement. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 265-291 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726135 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726135 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:265-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Niedermeyer Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Niedermeyer Author-Name: Peter Jaskiewicz Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Jaskiewicz Author-Name: Sabine B. Klein Author-X-Name-First: Sabine B. Author-X-Name-Last: Klein Title: ‘Can’t get no satisfaction?’ Evaluating the sale of the family business from the family's perspective and deriving implications for new venture activities Abstract: The scarce research on the sale of family businesses suggests that business-owning families take different factors into account than non-family owners when evaluating a business sale. This paper builds on a utility-oriented framework and analyses literature to identify the key factors that affect the family's appraisal of the sale. We integrate these factors into an explanatory model which shows that the family's evaluation of a business sale takes longer and is often different compared to a non-family business sale. In contrast to the paradigm of family business succession, our model advocates the exit option, which in a second step can foster new entrepreneurial family activity. We discuss how satisfaction might affect new venture activities and apply a case to show how our model can be generally used to analyse a family business sale. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 293-320 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:293-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlo Salvato Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Salvato Author-Name: Francesco Chirico Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Chirico Author-Name: Pramodita Sharma Author-X-Name-First: Pramodita Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma Title: A farewell to the business: Championing exit and continuity in entrepreneurial family firms Abstract: What factors influence exit from the founder's business and subsequent entrepreneurial renewal in a generational family firm? Guided by this research question, we trace the development of the Italian Falck Group from its inception as a steel company in 1906 -- ascension as the largest privately owned steel producer in Italy -- losses in the 1970s and 1980s leading to business exit from steel industry in the 1990s -- followed by successful entry in the renewable energy business. A combination of insights from the literature and triangulation of data from multiple primary and secondary sources leads to the development of a model describing how inhibitors of exit from the founder's business can be transformed into facilitators of change. The critical role of farsighted ‘family champion of continuity’ is found central in redirecting the family from its anchoring in past activities to focus on future entrepreneurial endeavours. While the commitment to the founder's business continues, the family champion aided by business savvy and astute non-family executives ably modifies its meaning of ‘continuity of the founder's business’ from ‘steel production’ to ‘continuity of the entrepreneurial spirit of the family’, hence preserving the institutional identity. Insights from this study can help generational family firms which plan to exit from a failing course of action to regenerate so as to create trans-generational value. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 321-348 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:321-348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G. Marchisio Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Marchisio Author-Name: P. Mazzola Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzola Author-Name: S. Sciascia Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Sciascia Author-Name: M. Miles Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Miles Author-Name: J. Astrachan Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Astrachan Title: Corporate venturing in family business: The effects on the family and its members Abstract: Previous literature on corporate entrepreneurship (CE) in family business (FB) focusses on the determinants of CE and presents conflicting results on its effects on firm-level performance. We argue that previous studies have overlooked the idea of FBs being complex social systems comprising three components, controlling families, business entities and individual family members; and any business activity in a FB should also be studied with respect to its effects on the family and individual family members, which ultimately impacts the performance. Moreover, previous FB literature addresses CE as a monolithic concept and does not separate its two primary types: corporate venturing (CV) and strategic renewal (SR). This article focusses solely on CV, investigating the impact of CV on FB. The research is based upon a set of longitudinal in-depth case studies of three FBs engaged in CV initiatives. The findings suggest that CV can have positive, negative or possibly both effects at the family and individual levels depending on four moderating factors. At the individual level, if a succession process is present, CV may increase the incumbent leader's capability to effectively direct the selection and development process of next generation family members (NGFMs) as well as the NGFMs’ human capital. However, CV could also reduce the affective commitment of NGFMs to the core business and such a risk appears to be higher when CV participation in the FB strategy is low. At the family level, development of CV initiatives may both enhance and reduce the family cohesion. The risk of its decrease grows with greater relevance of non-active family members’ ownership and the greater financial impact of the CV initiative itself. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 349-377 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:349-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Tolstoy Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Tolstoy Title: Network development and knowledge creation within the foreign market: A study of international entrepreneurial firms Abstract: The aim of this paper is to contribute to international entrepreneurship theory by adopting a foreign market perspective when examining the links between network development and knowledge creation. Network development is argued to enhance the understanding of regional market structures and make firms more inclined − and better able − to create knowledge in foreign market business relationships (business relationships represent focal points in networks). The basis of this argument is that networks provide a multitude of opportunities for the exploitation of previously unexploited combinations of knowledge. Data were gathered from surveys conducted with an effective random sample of 188 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Sweden. A LISREL-based analysis was performed to test the three hypotheses deduced from theory. Findings showed that network development has a direct positive impact on knowledge creation and that knowledge combination functions as a mediating construct between network development and knowledge creation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 379-402 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903168273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903168273 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2009:i:5:p:379-402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin C. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Colin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Spatial variations in the hidden enterprise culture: Some lessons from England Abstract: Despite the growing recognition that many businesses start by trading on a partially or wholly off-the-books basis, there has been little investigation of whether the prevalence and character of this hidden enterprise culture varies spatially. The aim of this paper is to start to fill that gap. Reporting the results of face-to-face interviews conducted in affluent and deprived urban and rural English localities with 91 early-stage entrepreneurs and 81 established self-employed, it is shown that in all localities wholly legitimate businesses are just the tip of the iceberg and that beneath the surface is a large hidden enterprise culture. However, the preponderance of early-stage entrepreneurs and the established self-employed to trade off-the-books is greater in some locality-types than others. Not only do early-stage entrepreneurs and the established self-employed more commonly trade off-the-books in deprived and rural localities, but they are also more likely to trade wholly off-the-books and therefore not be even recognized as existing by official data sources. The implication is that deprived and rural communities are more enterprising and entrepreneurial than is currently recognized and, consequently, that legitimizing this hidden enterprise culture could be an important means of promoting enterprise and economic development in such communities. The paper concludes by briefly reviewing how this might be achieved. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 403-423 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903168281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903168281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2009:i:5:p:403-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moriah Meyskens Author-X-Name-First: Moriah Author-X-Name-Last: Meyskens Author-Name: Alan L. Carsrud Author-X-Name-First: Alan L. Author-X-Name-Last: Carsrud Author-Name: Richard N. Cardozo Author-X-Name-First: Richard N. Author-X-Name-Last: Cardozo Title: The symbiosis of entities in the social engagement network: The role of social ventures Abstract: Social entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as a mechanism for creating social and economic value. By applying population ecology, resource dependency and resource-based view perspectives, this paper develops a conceptual model to provide greater insight into how social entrepreneurship ventures collaborate with other organizations in a network to fulfill resource requirements. Through this process social ventures address unmet social needs to create value which leads to the development and growth of individuals, communities, and regions. Using a large city's economic development actors involved in small business promotion as test cases, this exploratory study illustrates that social ventures effectively acquire resources from the primary social engagement network actors: corporations, governments, and other social ventures. The framework introduced in the paper provides a means by which to better understand the context in which relevant social engagement players in a network exist and the synergies that they can develop. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 425-455 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903168299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903168299 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2009:i:5:p:425-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Huggins Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins Author-Name: Andrew Johnston Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston Title: Knowledge flow and inter-firm networks: The influence of network resources, spatial proximity and firm size Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyse the characteristics and nature of the networks that firms utilize to access knowledge and facilitate innovation. The paper draws on the notion of network resources, distinguishing two types: social capital--consisting of the social relations and networks held by individuals; and network capital--consisting of the strategic and calculative relations and networks held by firms. The methodological approach consists of a quantitative analysis of data from a survey of firms operating in knowledge-intensive sectors of activity. The key findings include: social capital investment is more prevalent among firms frequently interacting with actors from within their own region; social capital investment is related to the size of firms; firm size plays a role in knowledge network patterns; and network dynamism is an important source of innovation. Overall, firms investing more in the development of their inter-firm and other external knowledge networks enjoy higher levels of innovation. It is suggested that an over-reliance on social capital forms of network resource investment may hinder the capability of firms to manage their knowledge networks. It is concluded that the link between a dynamic inter-firm network environment and innovation provides an alternative thesis to that advocating the advantage of network stability. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 457-484 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2009 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903171350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903171350 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2009:i:5:p:457-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Chell Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Chell Author-Name: Katerina Nicolopoulou Author-X-Name-First: Katerina Author-X-Name-Last: Nicolopoulou Author-Name: Mine Karataş-Özkan Author-X-Name-First: Mine Author-X-Name-Last: Karataş-Özkan Title: Social entrepreneurship and enterprise: International and innovation perspectives Abstract: This paper provides an overview of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise, making reference to pertinent literature. Internationally the distribution of social enterprises is uneven and there are noticeable differences that reflect national differences in welfare, labour market and ideology. Essentially however social enterprises seek business solutions to social problems and in order to do so, we argue, it is necessary for social enterprises to foster innovation. The papers included in this volume present different models and theories of how this might be achieved. All the authors place emphasis on the need to develop a sound theoretical platform and raise methodological problems common to management research. Additionally, the papers raise policy issues, such as how outcomes of social enterprise are valued and prioritised in different societies. The work discussed points to how social enterprise may offer innovative solutions to help solve problems of social integration, socially dysfunctional behaviour and socio-economic development. It indicates the need for further research, especially to test further the models comparatively. Finally this body of work builds on and extends our thinking about entrepreneurship, and the need to tie it into social, cultural, civic and political agenda. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 485-493 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488396 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488396 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:485-493 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victor J. Friedman Author-X-Name-First: Victor J. Author-X-Name-Last: Friedman Author-Name: Helena Desivilya Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Desivilya Title: Integrating social entrepreneurship and conflict engagement for regional development in divided societies Abstract: This paper argues that, in divided societies, social entrepreneurship can be an effective strategy for regional development if it is integrated with conflict engagement. It views both social entrepreneurship and conflict engagement through a social constructionist lens and employs theory building methods from action research and programme theory evaluation. The argument is presented in the form of a ‘programme theory of action’, called the ‘Studio for Social Creativity’ that provides the conceptual and practical basis for promoting development in Israel's northern periphery, a region characterized by socio-economic stagnation as well as deep social divisions, especially between Jewish and Arab Palestinian inhabitants. The programme theory of action includes a description of the context, the problem framing, underlying assumptions, action strategies and intended outcomes. It hypothesizes that integrating social entrepreneurship and conflict engagement impacts regional development by redefining inter-group relationships, enhancing social networks, activating social capital, leveraging diversity and challenging existing power structures. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 495-514 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:495-514 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Perrini Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Perrini Author-Name: Clodia Vurro Author-X-Name-First: Clodia Author-X-Name-Last: Vurro Author-Name: Laura A. Costanzo Author-X-Name-First: Laura A. Author-X-Name-Last: Costanzo Title: A process-based view of social entrepreneurship: From opportunity identification to scaling-up social change in the case of San Patrignano Abstract: The assumption of a strong connection between entrepreneurship and economic growth has led to the neglect of entrepreneurial processes in the social sectors. Based on the findings of an in-depth longitudinal case study, our article focuses on social entrepreneurship (SE) processes designed to exploit innovation that explicitly addresses complex social problems. We elaborate on the characteristics of the process and on the dimensions intervening on how social entrepreneurial opportunities are identified, evaluated, exploited and scaled up. We provide a process-based view of SE, suggesting the need for consistency between individual, organizational and contextual elements. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 515-534 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:515-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Tapsell Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Tapsell Author-Name: Christine Woods Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Woods Title: Social entrepreneurship and innovation: Self-organization in an indigenous context Abstract: This article explores some of the theoretical insights emerging from work in the field of social entrepreneurship and complexity theory. It draws on a neo-Schumpeterian understanding of innovation as self-organization, as it arises in the process of social entrepreneurship. Drawing on complexity theory, we use the lens of self-organization and complex adaptive systems to consider entrepreneurial activity in Maori communities where innovation occurs through the interaction of the young opportunity seeking entrepreneur (potiki) and the elder statesperson (rangatira). The interplay between these two actors in the Maori tribal community illustrates the double spiral (takarangi) dance of innovation (creation) that occurs at and between the edges of chaos and stability. Two theoretical insights emerge from this research. First, we are reminded that tradition and heritage can form the path to innovation while opportunity-seeking adventurers are necessary if steps are to be taken along the path. Second, the historical and cultural context in which innovation occurs is an important consideration for understanding both social and economic entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 535-556 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:535-556 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruth Bridgstock Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Bridgstock Author-Name: Fiona Lettice Author-X-Name-First: Fiona Author-X-Name-Last: Lettice Author-Name: Mustafa F. Özbilgin Author-X-Name-First: Mustafa F. Author-X-Name-Last: Özbilgin Author-Name: Ahu Tatli Author-X-Name-First: Ahu Author-X-Name-Last: Tatli Title: Diversity management for innovation in social enterprises in the UK Abstract: This paper examines the linkages between diversity management (DM), innovation and high performance in social enterprises. These linkages are explicated beyond traditional framing of DM limited to workforce composition, to include discussions of innovation through networked diversity practices; reconciliation; and funding options. The paper draws upon a UK-based national survey and the case study data. Multiple data collection methods were used, including semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and workshops with participant observation. NVivo and SPSS software packages were utilized in order to analyse the qualitative and quantitative data, respectively. We used thematic coding and cropping techniques in analysing the case studies in the paper. A broad range of conflicting and supporting literature was enfolded into the conversations and discussion. The paper demonstrates that social enterprises exhibit unique characteristics in terms of size and location, as well as their double remit to add value both economically and socially. As a conclusion, we argue for social enterprises to consider options for DM in the interests of maximization of innovation and business performance. We contend that further research is needed to describe how social entrepreneurs draw upon their various ‘diversity resources’ in the process of innovation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 557-574 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:557-574 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brett R. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Brett R. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Christopher E. Stevens Author-X-Name-First: Christopher E. Author-X-Name-Last: Stevens Title: Different types of social entrepreneurship: The role of geography and embeddedness on the measurement and scaling of social value Abstract: With its continued emergence in both academic and practitioner communities, the diversity of organizations categorized as social entrepreneurship continues to expand. The increasing diversity represents a challenge to the field as it attempts to build a scientific base of knowledge. To address this issue, we build upon a typology of different forms of social entrepreneurship to theorize about how the role of ‘sites and spaces’ may affect the social entrepreneurial process. Specifically, we explain how variance in the geographic focus of different types of social entrepreneurship influences the types of social networks in which social entrepreneurship is embedded. Drawing upon this logic of embeddedness, we develop propositions about how the structural embeddedness of social entrepreneurship may affect the measurement and scaling of social value. The purpose of this article is to add to the relatively sparse but growing theoretical foundation of the field of social entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 575-598 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:575-598 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Hindle Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Hindle Title: How community context affects entrepreneurial process: A diagnostic framework Abstract: This study reports a multi-faceted search to discover and articulate, in the form of a manageable framework, a diagnostic system for assessing the influence that community factors will have upon the conduct and outcome of any proposed entrepreneurial process. A methodological approach based on investigation of a rich empirical database supported by a wide examination of extant theory in several literatures, resulted in the production of a diagnostic system whose diagrammatic depiction employs a ‘bridge’ analogy. It depicts the culmination of the diagnostic procedure as the ability of different travellers (entrepreneurial actors and community members affected by their actions) to proceed via multiple pathways from an origin to a destination. The origin is a deep understanding of the community as an intermediate environment containing factors both conducive and hostile to any proposed entrepreneurial process. This deep understanding is founded upon intense local examination of the nature and interrelationship of three generic institutional components of any community: physical resources, human resources and property rights, and three generic human factors: human resources, social networks and the ability to span boundaries. The destination thus becomes a contextualised understanding and re-articulation of any proposed entrepreneurial process under consideration. Validation of the efficacy of the framework is being undertaken internationally as a key component of seven substantial projects, which simultaneously involve research and practice. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 599-647 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.522057 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.522057 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:7-8:p:599-647 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oswald Jones Author-X-Name-First: Oswald Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Allan Macpherson Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Macpherson Author-Name: Richard Thorpe Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Thorpe Title: Learning in owner-managed small firms: Mediating artefacts and strategic space Abstract: The authors focus on the way in which owner-managers in smaller firms improve their businesses through the creation of ‘strategic space’. The term ‘strategic space’ refers to the process by which owner-managers are able to access resources, motivation and capability to review existing practices. The starting point is the owner-manager's human capital and their capacity to engage in critical reflection about their business. We highlight three concepts central to the creation of strategic space, first, social capital, which refers to the network relationships that provide access to a wide range of resources and information. Second, absorptive capacity, which describes the way in which organizational members identify, acquire and utilize knowledge from external sources. Third, mediating artefacts, which represent existing knowledge but also facilitate the translation and transformation of understanding within and between communities of practice. This process is essential to the renewal of knowledge and knowing within firms. The contribution this paper makes is to bring together these elements -- human and social capital, absorptive capacity and mediating artefacts -- to offer a conceptual model that illustrates the mechanism by which owner-managers create strategic space. This model provides a deeper understanding of the evolution of knowledge in smaller organizations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 649-673 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903171368 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903171368 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:7-8:p:649-673 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiang-yang Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Xiang-yang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Michael Frese Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Frese Author-Name: Angelo Giardini Author-X-Name-First: Angelo Author-X-Name-Last: Giardini Title: Business owners’ network size and business growth in China: The role of comprehensive social competency Abstract: The authors present a model that explains how comprehensive social competency (made up of three components -- social skills, proactive and elaborate social strategies, and relational perseverance) is related to business people's network development, and how social networks in turn are related to business growth. We conducted two studies with Chinese small business owners, -- one in the capital city Beijing (N = 133) and a second one in the less developed rural region of Xunyi (N = 78). Comprehensive social competency was consistently related to network size and business growth. In addition, government network size was related to the business growth since start-up in both studies (employee growth in Study 1 and personal asset growth in Study 2), but business network size was not related to business growth. Government network size also functions as a partial mediator between comprehensive social competency and business growth since start-up. Some differences are found between the rural area and the urban centre. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 675-705 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903171376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903171376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:7-8:p:675-705 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Author-Name: Olivier Basso Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Basso Author-Name: Véronique Bouchard Author-X-Name-First: Véronique Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard Title: Three levels of culture and firms’ entrepreneurial orientation: A research agenda Abstract: Numerous studies examining the linkage between corporate entrepreneurship and performance resort to the entrepreneurial orientation construct to assess a firm's degree of entrepreneurship. Little conceptual and empirical research has been devoted to understanding the factors and conditions that produce Entrepreneurial Orientation. Generic explanatory variables such as environment, organization, strategy and culture have been mentioned in past research, but though a number of hypotheses have been proposed, few have been thoroughly developed and tested. In this article, we focus on one explanatory variable -- culture -- that we develop along multiple axes. We propose a conceptual framework that aims to provide a better understanding of how three interdependent levels of culture -- national, industry and corporate -- influence Entrepreneurial Orientation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 707-730 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:7-8:p:707-730 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Grace Tyng-Ruu Lin Author-X-Name-First: Grace Tyng-Ruu Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Yo-Hsing Chang Author-X-Name-First: Yo-Hsing Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: Yung-Chi Shen Author-X-Name-First: Yung-Chi Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Title: Innovation policy analysis and learning: Comparing Ireland and Taiwan Abstract: Taiwan and Ireland are regarded as being similar in their geographic positions and economic performances. Both countries moved from being agricultural economies to become major regional players, and are often pointed to as examples of positive national development and innovation. The main purpose of this article is to compare the two island countries’ innovation policies in a national context. The taxonomy of innovation policy proposed by Rothwell and Zegveld [1981, Industrial innovation and public policy. London: Frances Printer Ltd.] was adopted as the analysis framework for this study. The comparison shows that Taiwan's government employs more top-down policy instruments such as providing government research funding and resources to target industries. The Irish government successfully creates an innovation-friendly environment to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to facilitate research and development at the firm level. Finally, this article provides policy implications and recommendations based on what was learned from the comparison of the two countries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 731-762 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 22 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.483290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.483290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:7-8:p:731-762 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Steyaert Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth Author-Name: William B. Gartner Author-X-Name-First: William B. Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner Title: Six memos for a curious and imaginative future scholarship in entrepreneurship studies Abstract: In this introductory article, we explain the purpose of this special issue that is set up as a Festschrift in honour of the (editorial) work of Bengt Johannisson. Inspired by Italo Calvino's Six Memos for the Next Millennium, the special issue is structured along six essays that are both commemorative and affirmative, that is we use the work of Johannisson to explore fresh waters and invent new practices of performing scholarship in entrepreneurship studies. In the special issue, six practices are proposed that keep entrepreneurship studies imaginative: othering words and concepts, exploring boundaries, affecting community scholarship and entrepreneurship education, contextualizing through participation and reconceptualizing method. In the conclusion, we emphasize for the future the importance of a curious and imaginative scholarship in entrepreneurship, a utopian movement that attracts investment of intensity and mobilizes the idiosyncrasies of the multiple. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-7 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540399 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William B. Gartner Author-X-Name-First: William B. Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner Title: When words fail: An entrepreneurship glossolalia Abstract: This article offers a lexicon of mash-ups to describe Bengt Johannisson's research contributions: Otherpreneur: A person who is not the primary ‘founder’ of an organization, yet plays an important role in the creation of the organization: a ‘significant other’; Interactment: Actions that are both informed by others and are responded to; Senseability: When insight and action are combined; Narraction: When stories and action are combined; and Clevoyance: Ingenious insight about the future. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 9-21 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:9-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olav R. Spilling Author-X-Name-First: Olav R. Author-X-Name-Last: Spilling Title: Mobilising the entrepreneurial potential in local community development Abstract: This article focuses on the ‘younger’ Bengt Johannisson and some of his early studies aiming at developing an adequate understanding of the role of small firms in local communities, and how local mobilisation and the role of entrepreneurship could contribute to revitalisation of declining communities. Based on the network approach, he developed his perspectives on organising context and the socially constructed environment, and how the process of entrepreneurship could be regarded as a process of managing personal networks by which the entrepreneurs also enacted the environment. His approach to entrepreneurship stood at the time in strong contrast to traditional and mainstream entrepreneurship research, and in this way, he played an important role as a pioneer as well as an outsider in entrepreneurship research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 23-35 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:23-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathryn Campbell Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell Title: Caring and daring entrepreneurship research Abstract: By scholarly tradition, many entrepreneurship researchers believe that they should ignore the powerful emotions that constantly buffet both themselves and the organizations that they study. In striking contrast to that tradition, Bengt Johannisson's scholarship has been infused with a longstanding appreciation for the dynamism and affective complexity of entrepreneurship as process. This radical shift away from the paradigm of the stolid, heroic entrepreneur has energized a more constructive examination of the entrepreneurial family business and has legitimized study of the emotional, as well as the economic, landscape. In word and deed Bengt is a visionary worthy of emulation. In order to challenge scholarly norms and advance this controversial agenda, he has not only used his stature as a privileged insider but also, on occasion, assumed the role of outsider/provocateur. Mindful of how rigid dichotomies can fragment thinking about the entrepreneurship process, he has employed new/none words as a rhetorical strategy to bridge and thereby heal our thinking. The article is, therefore, a tribute to Bengt's exceptional, caring scholarship and, consequently, a proposal that we make a more concerted effort to build a networked research community that dares to examine all of the passions that drive human endeavours. As we embrace a more inclusive research domain, we will learn to see and cherish our common purpose and, paradoxically, we will come to a fuller understanding of the multi-faceted nature of the entrepreneurship process. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 37-47 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:37-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth Title: On provocation, education and entrepreneurship Abstract: This essay develops an affect-based theory of entrepreneurial entrepreneurship education, something we summarise in a model of provocation-based entrepreneurial entrepreneurship education (the E-super-3 model). Taking its starting point in an anecdote that illustrates the importance of provocation in processes of learning entrepreneurship, this article responds to previous calls for less economised entrepreneurship education focusing on its creative-relational nature. An affect-based theory of E-super-3 brings together provocation, deterritorialisation (uprooting) and decoding/imagination, which calls for both critique and creativity, and resonates with appreciations of paralogy as driver in learning processes. The implications of this conceptual model of learning entrepreneurship entrepreneurially are discussed, with particular focus on the role of the pedagogue and on the future of learning entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 49-63 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:49-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denise E. Fletcher Author-X-Name-First: Denise E. Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher Title: A curiosity for contexts: Entrepreneurship, enactive research and autoethnography Abstract: Long before the current vogue for acknowledging contexts and contextualisation processes in the research process, Johannisson's pioneering scholarship provoked different conceptual and methodological experimentations that were oriented to context. Bengt's unceasing curiosity for understanding how particular localities, communities, networks, industrial districts, regions and families produce embed and enact entrepreneurial activities is a testament to his belief in the importance of the ‘organising context’ for entrepreneurship. In this study, I discuss how Bengt's theoretical and methodological sensitivity to context has provided a strong legacy for the entrepreneurship field, not least because it has opened up possibilities for innovative research methodologies that locate the researcher as situated actor but also because it emphasises participative and relational forms of entrepreneurial action that reshape or transform self-other boundaries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 65-76 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:65-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Steyaert Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert Title: Entrepreneurship as in(ter)vention: Reconsidering the conceptual politics of method in entrepreneurship studies Abstract: In this article, I look into Bengt Johannisson's experiments with enactive research in the so-called Anamorphosis Project. This methodological experiment was based on the assumption that to understand entrepreneurship, researchers themselves must enact an entrepreneurial process and reflect upon it by engaging in auto-ethnography. By connecting aesthetics and politics, this experiment guides us in seeing methodologies as more than just tools -- actually as in(ter)ventions or inventive forms of intervening vis-à-vis societal or community issues. By conceptualizing the performance of scholarship as involving practices of enacting and engaging, I suggest entrepreneurship scholars to take into account the ontological politics of method and to anticipate what can be called methodological experimentation. Drawing upon non-representational theory and actor-network theory, I flesh out the notion of in(ter)vention by emphasizing both its performative and participative dimension. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 77-88 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540416 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:77-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorunn Grande Author-X-Name-First: Jorunn Author-X-Name-Last: Grande Author-Name: Einar Lier Madsen Author-X-Name-First: Einar Lier Author-X-Name-Last: Madsen Author-Name: Odd Jarl Borch Author-X-Name-First: Odd Jarl Author-X-Name-Last: Borch Title: The relationship between resources, entrepreneurial orientation and performance in farm-based ventures Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to investigate how firm-specific resources and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of the firm may influence performance in small farm-based ventures. It builds upon theoretical strands from the resource-based and entrepreneurship perspectives. Research within these fields indicates that these relationships might be dependent on the context within which the firm operates. Hypotheses are developed to test the possible effect of entrepreneurial efforts and resources (financial position, farm size, location, network and unique competence) on short- and long-term performance. Data gathered in 2003 and 2006 from farms engaged in innovative ventures were used to test the hypotheses. The results show that financial capacity, unique competence and entrepreneurial efforts influence performance in the investigated firms. This suggests that firms do get paid back in the long run for engaging in entrepreneurial efforts. Thus, entrepreneurial activities and attitudes represent an important factor enabling firms to create, reconsider and apply their resources in more efficient ways. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 89-111 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 23 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903183710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903183710 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2009:i:3-4:p:89-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terry L. Besser Author-X-Name-First: Terry L. Author-X-Name-Last: Besser Author-Name: Nancy Miller Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: The structural, social, and strategic factors associated with successful business networks Abstract: Business networks, formal arrangements between independent businesses established to enhance member success, are generally accepted as an important strategy to help small businesses survive and prosper, and to promote regional economic development. However, knowledge about what contributes to the success of business networks themselves is less extensive and based primarily on case studies or reports of network directors. The purpose of this paper is to partially address this shortcoming. We consider the structural and social features identified in previous studies as likely correlates of business network success. Using a social constructionist definition of network success, we distinguish successful from less successful networks from among a sample of 29 industry and community business networks in the USA. Findings from interviews with 1122 members and 29 network leaders suggest that trust is central to understanding network success. Structural features have complex positive and negative indirect effects on success through trust and resource exchanges. The findings highlight the fact that business networks, while offering great potential as a way to enhance economic vitality of regions and industries, cannot be viewed as a simple remedy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 113-133 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903183728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903183728 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:3-4:p:113-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joris Knoben Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Knoben Author-Name: Roderik Ponds Author-X-Name-First: Roderik Author-X-Name-Last: Ponds Author-Name: Frank van Oort Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: van Oort Title: Employment from new firm formation in the Netherlands: Agglomeration economies and the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship Abstract: Within the recent literature on the geography of new firm formation, much attention is given to the role of regional knowledge sources based on the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship. At the same time, several other studies show the importance of agglomeration economies for new firm formation. The goal of this study is to assess the relative importance of these determinants for differences in the share of employment creation from new firms at the level of municipalities for the period of 1999--2006 in the Netherlands. It is found that the traditional drivers of new firm formation, such as economic growth and agglomeration effects, have a much stronger effect on new firm formation compared to measures of the regional knowledge base. Moreover, it is shown that when not correcting for the presence of agglomeration effects, the role of local knowledge resources is easily over-estimated, pointing to the dangers of misspecifications of models. The results imply that the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship should, at least for the Netherlands, not be exaggerated. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 135-157 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903183736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903183736 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:3-4:p:135-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonia Madrid-Guijarro Author-X-Name-First: Antonia Author-X-Name-Last: Madrid-Guijarro Author-Name: Domingo García-Pérez-de-Lema Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Author-X-Name-Last: García-Pérez-de-Lema Author-Name: Howard van Auken Author-X-Name-First: Howard Author-X-Name-Last: van Auken Title: An analysis of non-financial factors associated with financial distress Abstract: This article examines factors associated with financial distress among 1006 Spanish manufacturings (SMEs), distinguishing high and low technology industries. Financial distress is analysed using industrial organizational theory through the Porter's five competitive forces model (external factors) and the resource based view through strategic variables (internal factors), such as training, planning, innovation, technology and quality. Two different sources of information were used in the study: Qualitative information related to environmental conditions and strategic variables was gathered through a questionnaire addressed to the firm manager. Quantitative information to identify whether the firm was in financial distress was gathered from the balance sheets and earning statements of the firms. Evidence from this study shows that environmental conditions and some strategic variables are associated with financial distress. The results found that young SMEs with low technology and in a highly competitive environment had a higher probability of financial distress. High bargaining power of buyers and high degree of rivalry among existing competitors were positively associated with financial distress. Financial distress in high-technology industries was not affected by external factors. However, firms with a quality certification have better quality control procedures that ultimately improve financial performance of firms in the technology industries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 159-186 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 23 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2009:i:3-4:p:159-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco Liñán Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Liñán Author-Name: David Urbano Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Urbano Author-Name: Maribel Guerrero Author-X-Name-First: Maribel Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrero Title: Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain Abstract: Empirical research has recently paid considerable attention to the role of environmental factors in explaining regional variations in entrepreneurial activity. However, cognitive models have not usually included these factors in their analyses. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to identify some of the environmental cognitive elements that may explain regional differences in start-up intentions. Thus, an entrepreneurial intention model is developed, theoretically based on the planned behaviour approach, institutional economic theory and social capital theory. The empirical analysis is carried out using structural equation techniques over a sample of 549 final year university students from two Spanish regions (Catalonia and Andalusia). Results confirm that valuation of entrepreneurship in each region helps explain regional differences in entrepreneurial intentions. As expected, social valuation of the entrepreneur was higher in the more developed region (Catalonia), positively affecting perceived subjective norms and behavioural control. In Andalusia, the influence of perceived valuation of the entrepreneur in the closer environment was more important, affecting attitude towards the behaviour and subjective norms. These results explain some of the differences in the pool of potential entrepreneurs in each region. They also justify the need by public-policy decision-makers to promote more positive entrepreneurial values in relatively backward regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 187-215 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 23 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233929 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2009:i:3-4:p:187-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Li Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Title: Financing high-tech SMEs in China: A three-stage model of business development Abstract: This article examines the financing of high-tech Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in China at different stages of business development, based on a survey of 74 face-to-face interviews with high-tech SMEs and additional nine informal face-to-face interviews with bank and government officials in the two Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. Attention is focused on distinguishing different financing methods according to particular stages of an SME's business life cycle. The findings show the importance of informal financial sources from individuals and firms’ employees for high-tech SMEs at all three development stages. Such sources have become a central aspect of the financial infrastructure for the private sector in China. The article distinguishes between the alternative methods or practices used by firms at all three stages, seeking to either overcome particular financial constraints or to avoid the commitment of large capital investments in relatively long-term projects. It identifies the absence of demands and a gap for medium- and long-term funding for high-tech SMEs, placing a serious barrier on the ability of high-tech SMEs to engage in R&D for making more fundamental innovation and developing new/distinctive products. It concludes by making the implications of these findings for China, and internationally. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 217-234 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:3-4:p:217-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Karlsen Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsen Author-Name: Arne Isaksen Author-X-Name-First: Arne Author-X-Name-Last: Isaksen Author-Name: Olav R. Spilling Author-X-Name-First: Olav R. Author-X-Name-Last: Spilling Title: The challenge of constructing regional advantages in peripheral areas: The case of marine biotechnology in Tromsø, Norway Abstract: The idea of constructing regional advantage (CRA) has recently been emphasized by scholars as a new way for firms to gain competitiveness in a globalizing learning economy. The rationale behind the idea is that advantages in a regional industry can be constructed by proactive public--private partnership. This article uses, and examines the relevance of, the CRA framework in analysing the development and functioning of the marine biotechnology industry in Tromsø, which is a fairly peripheral region in Norway. Despite the fact that much effort has been put into education and R&D at the University of Tromsø and related research institutes, and the fact that many public policy tools have intended to create a blooming marine biotechnology industry in the area, the results have so far been meagre. This article explains the rather weak results in terms of the number of firms and jobs in the marine biotechnology industry in Tromsø as being due to a lack of synthetic knowledge on how to industrialize research results and little spillover of market knowledge. With regard to more general theoretical lessons linked to the CRA framework, this article argues for seeing the concept of related variety in a broader industrial and geographical sense in peripheral regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 235-257 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 23 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233945 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2009:i:3-4:p:235-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bastian Lange Author-X-Name-First: Bastian Author-X-Name-Last: Lange Title: Professionalization in space: Social-spatial strategies of culturepreneurs in Berlin Abstract: This article discusses the social interactions and spatial practices of young businesspeople, the so-called ‘culturepreneurs’, and the networking activities they use to form professional scenes in the field of design production in Berlin's cultural industries. This article primarily deals with a problem currently facing entrepreneurship and creative industries: how do young start-up entrepreneurs overcome structural paradoxes between individual professionalization and competitiveness on the one hand, while improving their entrepreneurial performances by depending on a badly needed innovation climate provided in social contexts and professional scenes on the other? For the purposes of this article, ‘scenes’ will be conceptually understood as a necessary prerequisite for creative milieu formations. They are considered to be informal, communicatively established social constructions and are based on the local narratives as well as the self-descriptions of entrepreneurs. Infused with a unique mixture of local myths and everyday life stories, these scenes serve as atmospheric stimulation for many people endeavouring to feel connected to a specific urban place -- in this case Berlin -- where they can launch their own entrepreneurial project. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 259-279 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233978 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:3-4:p:259-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vanessa Ratten Author-X-Name-First: Vanessa Author-X-Name-Last: Ratten Author-Name: Isabell M. Welpe Author-X-Name-First: Isabell M. Author-X-Name-Last: Welpe Title: Special issue: Community-based, social and societal entrepreneurship Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 283-286 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:283-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Morris Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Morris Author-Name: Minet Schindehutte Author-X-Name-First: Minet Author-X-Name-Last: Schindehutte Author-Name: Verona Edmonds Author-X-Name-First: Verona Author-X-Name-Last: Edmonds Author-Name: Craig Watters Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Watters Title: Inner city engagement and the university: Mutuality, emergence and transformation Abstract: The potential transformative impact of university-based entrepreneurship programs on local economic development is examined using the example of a multifaceted inner city initiative. Using complex adaptive systems theory as a guiding framework, core elements of the South Side Entrepreneurial Connect Program (SSECP) are summarized. The emergence of parallel and interacting effects within the community and on the university campus are described, while underlying properties of the SSECP initiative contributing to these effects are specified. Qualitative and quantitative outcomes are specified at a number of levels within the community and the university. Based on the SSECP experience, ten principles are derived for use by entrepreneurship programmes and others involved with economic development and community engagement initiatives. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 287-315 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:287-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Somerville Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Somerville Author-Name: Gerard McElwee Author-X-Name-First: Gerard Author-X-Name-Last: McElwee Title: Situating community enterprise: A theoretical exploration Abstract: This paper argues that enterprises can be understood primarily in terms of their social bases and that the social base of community enterprise lies in community of some kind. It reviews current conceptualizations in this area such as ‘community-based enterprise’ (CBE) and ‘social enterprise’, and argues that CBE is only one form of community enterprise. Community entrepreneurs are understood in terms of their position on a continuum of community participation, as economic/social/political activists, and community enterprise is explained largely in terms of the balance of social capital functions served by its overall activity. The relationship between membership of a community enterprise and membership of a community is explored, and represented in terms of two criteria: the pool from which enterprise members are drawn and the rule by which such members are selected from the pool. This paper illustrates its arguments in relation to two English community enterprises, Coin Street Community Builders based in London and The Eldonians based in Liverpool. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 317-330 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:317-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Léo-Paul Dana Author-X-Name-First: Léo-Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Dana Author-Name: Ivan Light Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Light Title: Two forms of community entrepreneurship in Finland: Are there differences between Finnish and Sámi reindeer husbandry entrepreneurs? Abstract: Every reindeer herder in Finland belongs to one of 56 co-operatives, each known as a paliskunta. In addition, some reindeer owners herd using the folkloric siida model of co-operation. Content analysis of interviews conducted with reindeer herders -- referred to as reindeer husbandry entrepreneurs, by the Reindeer Herders’ Association -- from two ethnic communities in Finland, reveals that respondents who identified themselves as ethnic Finns viewed their self-employment as an individualistic form of entrepreneurship and they focused their discussion on matters related to financial capital and profit. In contrast, Sámi respondents claimed that a significant causal variable behind their herding was maintenance of a cultural tradition and not necessarily limited to the maximization of financial profits. Sámi respondents spoke much about their cooperative siida (a fluid, informal grouping of herders who voluntarily co-operate), and the social capital it involved; and about reindeer herding skills that are acquired on the job, i.e. human capital; and also about aptitudes, beliefs, customs, habits, interests, lifestyle and round-up traditions, reflecting the fact that considerable cultural capital is passed from adults to children in the course of primary socialization. A consequence of family participation in various aspects of community-based reindeer herding is that Sámi children learn the occupation from a young age. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 331-352 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:331-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dirk De Clercq Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: De Clercq Author-Name: Benson Honig Author-X-Name-First: Benson Author-X-Name-Last: Honig Title: Entrepreneurship as an integrating mechanism for disadvantaged persons Abstract: This paper theorises about a specific facet of social entrepreneurship, namely, the integration of disadvantaged persons into the field of entrepreneurship. Drawing from Bourdieu's theory of practice, the authors conceive of this integration as a power-laden process that reflects normative expectations imposed by field incumbents on entrants to the field that require them to both comply with and challenge existing field arrangements. Propositions outline the desirability and ability of disadvantaged persons to meet these expectations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 353-372 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:353-372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Bacq Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bacq Author-Name: F. Janssen Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Janssen Title: The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria Abstract: Social entrepreneurship has recently received greater recognition from the public sector, as well as from scholars. However, the lack of a unifying paradigm in the field has lead to a proliferation of definitions. Moreover, several approaches of the phenomenon, as well as different schools of thought, have emerged in different regions of the world. At first glance, because of different conceptions of capitalism and of the government's role, there seems to be a difference between the American and the European conceptions of social entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to clarify the concepts of ‘social entrepreneurship’, ‘social entrepreneur’ and ‘social entrepreneurship organization’ and to examine whether there is a transatlantic divide in the way these are conceived and defined. After having justified the need for a definition, we present the different geographical perspectives. North American and European literatures on social entrepreneurship are critically analysed by means of Gartner's four differentiating aspects: the individual, the process, the organization and the environment. We show that there is no clear-cut transatlantic divide, but that, even within the US, different conceptions coexist. We propose definitions for the main concepts associated with social entrepreneurship and, finally, discuss implications for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 373-403 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577242 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:373-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Femida Handy Author-X-Name-First: Femida Author-X-Name-Last: Handy Author-Name: Ram A. Cnaan Author-X-Name-First: Ram A. Author-X-Name-Last: Cnaan Author-Name: Ganesh Bhat Author-X-Name-First: Ganesh Author-X-Name-Last: Bhat Author-Name: Lucas C.P.M. Meijs Author-X-Name-First: Lucas C.P.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Meijs Title: Jasmine growers of coastal Karnataka: Grassroots sustainable community-based enterprise in India Abstract: The case of the jasmine flower growers in coastal Karnataka is an example of a local successful grassroots enterprise that has proved robust for over 70 years. The aim of this research is to examine the history, mechanisms, interconnectedness, and success of the jasmine growing program in coastal Karnataka and assess its compatibility with the community-based enterprise (CBE) model as proposed by Peredo and Chrisman [Peredo, A.M., and J.J. Chrisman. 2006. Toward a theory of community-based enterprise. Academy of Management Review 31, no. 2: 309--28]. We found that the existence of a natural, autonomously developed CBE without ‘western’ intervention can help to fine tune our knowledge of sustainable CBE and assist in helping practitioners learn what works and what does not when proposing a CBE. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 405-417 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580166 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:405-417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Massimiliano Mazzanti Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzanti Author-Name: Sandro Montresor Author-X-Name-First: Sandro Author-X-Name-Last: Montresor Author-Name: Paolo Pini Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Pini Title: Outsourcing, delocalization and firm organization: Transaction costs versus industrial relations in a local production system of Emilia Romagna Abstract: This article investigates the firms’ decisions to outsource, taking into account the impact of their embeddedness in a specific regional context on the relative entrepreneurial decision. It focuses on the role of industrial relations, as a factor that could interfere with the entrepreneurs’ decision of resorting to market relationships in discovering and exploiting new business opportunities. We study a local production system in Emilia Romagna (Northern Italy), i.e. the province of Reggio Emilia (RE), whose firms are characterized by a district kind of environment and where entrepreneurship develops in the presence of ‘thick’ industrial relations. The empirical part of the study shows that the role of transaction costs in explaining the outsourcing is blurred, while industrial relations have a stronger explanatory power. Furthermore, it seems that RE firms generally use outsourcing and international delocalization in complementary ways; however, the correlation depends on the activity and the nature of the delocalization channel. Outsourcing strategies appear to be affected by the pattern of socio-economic development in the region where the firms are located. In particular, the entrepreneurial decision to externalize a part of the production process seems to be related to the specific participatory, formal and informal mechanisms involved in regional development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 419-447 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233986 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:419-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maura McAdam Author-X-Name-First: Maura Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam Author-Name: Susan Marlow Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Marlow Title: Sense and sensibility: The role of business incubator client advisors in assisting high-technology entrepreneurs to make sense of investment readiness status Abstract: For high-technology entrepreneurs, attaining an appropriate level of investment to support new ventures is challenging as substantial investment is usually required prior to revenue generation. Consequently, entrepreneurs must present their firms as investment ready in the context of an uncertain market response and an absence of any trading history. Gaining tenancy within a business incubator can be advantageous to this process given that placement enhances entrepreneurial contact with potential investors whilst professional client advisors (CAs) use their expertise to assist in the development of a credible business plan. However, for the investment proposal to be successful, it must make sense to fund managers despite their lack of technological expertise and product knowledge. Thus, this article explores how incubator CAs and entrepreneurs act in concert to mould innovative ideas into plausible business plans that make sense to venture fund investors. To illustrate this process, we draw upon empirical evidence which suggests that CAs act as sense makers between venture fund managers (VFMs) and high-technology entrepreneurs, yet their role and influence appears undervalued. These findings have implications for entrepreneurial access to much needed funding and also for the identification of investment opportunities for VFMs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 449-468 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903406749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903406749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:449-468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leandro Sepulveda Author-X-Name-First: Leandro Author-X-Name-Last: Sepulveda Author-Name: Stephen Syrett Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Syrett Author-Name: Fergus Lyon Author-X-Name-First: Fergus Author-X-Name-Last: Lyon Title: Population superdiversity and new migrant enterprise: The case of London Abstract: This article aims to contribute towards an improved empirical and conceptual understanding of the recent dramatic growth in migrant enterprises within London. Taking as its starting point the emergence of increasingly diverse populations within many urban and regional contexts, the article draws upon the concept of ‘superdiversity’ to develop a contextual analysis of the development of new migrant enterprise. In the absence of existing data, the research method combines secondary materials with primary observational and interview data in relation to six new arrival communities. The results provide a description of the changing context for migrant business within London, mapping the emergence of new forms and geographies of enterprise. The analysis is developed through an examination of processes of business start up and growth, and integration into institutional and regulatory frameworks, to demonstrate how elements of ethnicity, migratory status and a range of other variables interplay with wider economic and political contexts to shape diverse new migrant entrepreneurial activities. The article concludes by considering the challenges that this new phase of diverse migrant entrepreneurship presents to existing theoretical conceptualisations of ethnic minority business and the nature of appropriate policy responses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 469-497 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903420211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903420211 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:469-497 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Johan Jansson Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Jansson Title: Emerging (internet) industry and agglomeration: Internet entrepreneurs coping with uncertainty Abstract: Emerging industries are not rare elements in the economy; rather, they constitute a permanent feature in constantly developing and changing economic environments. However, the emergence of new industries is rarely painless or particularly straightforward processes; actors involved in these processes are confronted with uncertainties of which some are exclusive to emerging industries. A distinctive example of these processes was the emergence of the internet industry in Sweden and the agglomeration of internet firms in central Stockholm. Through three levels of uncertainty: (1) the newness of the technology introduced to the public and the emerging markets; (2) the process of developing new markets and approaching new customers and (3) the renegotiating of pre-existing structures and flexible ways of organizing work and labour, this article argues that agglomerations or local urban milieus play a crucial role to actors (internet entrepreneurs) coping with uncertainty. Agglomerations or urban milieus compose a necessary infrastructure for (1) negotiating industrial legitimacy, and thus establishing structures and procedures in the emerging industry; (2) discovering market opportunities and (3) informal relations necessary in making flexible labour markets efficient. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 499-521 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903505987 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903505987 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:499-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heiko Bergmann Author-X-Name-First: Heiko Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann Title: Entrepreneurship disparities within Switzerland -- Do tax and language differences play a role? Abstract: Due to its unique political institutions and good economic track record, Switzerland used to be called a special case. This paper investigates the start-up propensities in this country based on the individual data of the adult population survey of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The focus is on the factors that are distinctive for Switzerland: language differences and differences in taxes on corporate profit and personal income. There are substantial entrepreneurship disparities among the language areas of Switzerland. Still, I do not find evidence for a cultural influence. The different start-up propensities in the three language areas can be explained by structural characteristics of the regional economy. The same applies to differences in income and profit taxes. If other regional factors are taken into account, I do not find evidence for a direct influence of taxes on the entrepreneurial propensity of the inhabitants of Swiss regions. There is however some evidence for indirect effects. This paper adds to our understanding of the effects of culture and tax differences on entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 523-548 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903508932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903508932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:523-548 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Natasha Evers Author-X-Name-First: Natasha Author-X-Name-Last: Evers Author-Name: Colm O’Gorman Author-X-Name-First: Colm Author-X-Name-Last: O’Gorman Title: Improvised internationalization in new ventures: The role of prior knowledge and networks Abstract: How do entrepreneurs identify foreign market opportunities and how do they identify foreign market(s) and customers? We draw on the concepts of effectuation, improvisation, prior knowledge and networks to study the early internationalization of new ventures operating in the Irish Shellfish sector. We argue that the internationalization process was strongly influenced by two ‘resources to hand’: the entrepreneurs’ idiosyncratic prior knowledge and their prior social and business ties. We observe an effectuation logic and extensive improvisation in the internationalization process of these new ventures. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 549-574 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003690299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003690299 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:549-574 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lutz Trettin Author-X-Name-First: Lutz Author-X-Name-Last: Trettin Author-Name: Friederike Welter Author-X-Name-First: Friederike Author-X-Name-Last: Welter Title: Challenges for spatially oriented entrepreneurship research Abstract: During the past two decades, interdisciplinary oriented entrepreneurship research focused increasingly on spatial aspects of entrepreneurial activities and support policies. This paper takes stock of central themes in entrepreneurship research at and across different geographic scales, the preferred sources of data and information as well as methodological approaches. It sets out to discuss the shifting interest of research over time and to sketch out theoretical and methodological challenges for further research. This paper is based on a review of 18 international journals in small business and entrepreneurship research, economic geography, regional economics and neighbouring sciences for the period 1990--2007. Altogether, 348 relevant articles were identified, read and classified. The analysis reveals that the entrepreneur's socio-spatial contexts in which they operate on a daily basis are still absent from much of the entrepreneurship debate. We suggest intensifying research efforts on the linkage between entrepreneurial activities and localities in order to reach a better understanding of the everydayness of entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 575-602 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003792988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003792988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:575-602 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Arbuthnott Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Arbuthnott Author-Name: J. Eriksson Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson Author-Name: S. Thorgren Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Thorgren Author-Name: J. Wincent Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Wincent Title: Reduced opportunities for regional renewal: The role of rigid threat responses among a region's established firms Abstract: This article illustrates how opportunities for regional renewal in a peripheral region may be reduced by rigid threat responses undertaken by established firms operating within traditional regional industry. In an inductive case study of new biorefinery industry initiatives in a region where traditional pulp-and-paper and forestry industry was in decline, we used primary and secondary data to outline how a set of new industry players who created innovative ways of using existing regional infrastructures and resources sparked rigid threat responses among established firms from the struggling traditional industry. Established industry firms framed new industry initiatives as threats, and responded by (1) reducing new industry actors’ possibilities for new business development, (2) engaging in entrenched resistance, (3) creating collaborative illusions and (4) undermining the fundamentals of the new industry. Consequently, this study contributes to existing literature by proposing the potential of applying the threat-rigidity thesis on a regional level. This is achieved by illustrating that conflicting behaviours between new and established regional industry actors constrain opportunities for regional renewal in a peripheral region. As such, relevant directions for future research and policy implications are outlined. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 603-635 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003792996 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003792996 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:603-635 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Isidoro Romero Author-X-Name-First: Isidoro Author-X-Name-Last: Romero Title: Analysing the composition of the SME sector in high- and low-income regions: Some research hypotheses Abstract: Certain qualitative characteristics of the small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating within a territory might be essential to explain their macroeconomic impact. From this perspective, this article explores the relationship between the composition of the SME sector and the level of regional economic development. In this regard, a conceptual framework to analyse the composition of SME sectors is proposed considering two key aspects: on the one hand, different dimensions of SMEs’ entrepreneurial orientation -- innovation, cooperation, proactivity and quality orientation; and, on the other hand, the role of the external effects resulting from the inter-firm productive linkages within a specific area -- differentiating between domestic, dependent, exporting and extravert SMEs. The relationship between these two key aspects is also considered and tested using a multinomial logit model. The empirical analysis uses data from a survey among over 650 SMEs in two Spanish provinces: Barcelona, as an example of a high-income economy, and Seville, as an example of a comparatively backward area. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 637-660 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.491872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.491872 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:637-660 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard Title: Entrepreneurship as translation: Understanding entrepreneurial opportunities through actor-network theory Abstract: Entrepreneurship scholars argue that opportunities are at the heart of entrepreneurial activity. Yet, there is still a heated debate on the nature of opportunities. The discovery view argues that opportunities are discovered and have objective existence prior to the entrepreneurial process. The creation view argues that the discovery view is incomplete and makes wrongful assumptions about agency, process and opportunities in entrepreneurship. More conceptual development, however, is needed for the creation view to become a fully developed theoretical alternative to the discovery view. In this article, Actor-Network Theory is used to develop the creation view and further our understanding of entrepreneurial processes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 661-680 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.546432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.546432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:661-680 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Vanacker Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Vanacker Author-Name: Sophie Manigart Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Manigart Author-Name: Miguel Meuleman Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Meuleman Author-Name: Luc Sels Author-X-Name-First: Luc Author-X-Name-Last: Sels Title: A longitudinal study on the relationship between financial bootstrapping and new venture growth Abstract: While bootstrap finance is widely used in entrepreneurial ventures, both scholars and practitioners have presented conflicting views on the relation between financial bootstrapping and venture growth. This article empirically investigates the association between bootstrap strategies used at startup and subsequent venture growth. For this purpose, we use a longitudinal database comprising data from both questionnaires and financial accounts of 214 new ventures. Findings demonstrate that the association between financial bootstrapping and venture growth is either nonexistent or positive. More specifically, new ventures that use more owner funds, employ more interim personnel, encourage customers to pay more quickly, and apply for more subsidy programs exhibit higher growth over time. We discuss the managerial and policy implications of these results and suggest avenues for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 681-705 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.502250 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.502250 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:681-705 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesus Valdaliso Author-X-Name-First: Jesus Author-X-Name-Last: Valdaliso Author-Name: Aitziber Elola Author-X-Name-First: Aitziber Author-X-Name-Last: Elola Author-Name: Marijose Aranguren Author-X-Name-First: Marijose Author-X-Name-Last: Aranguren Author-Name: Santiago Lopez Author-X-Name-First: Santiago Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez Title: Social capital, internationalization and absorptive capacity: The electronics and ICT cluster of the Basque Country Abstract: This article analyses the case of a successful young high technology cluster in an old industrialized European region, the electronics and information and communications technology cluster in the Basque Country (Spain). Based on the findings of this case study, we propose that social capital and internationalization play an important role in increasing the absorptive capacity of clusters (thus, the capacity of a cluster to absorb, diffuse and creatively exploit extra-cluster knowledge), and hence, in sustaining their growth and dynamism. Absorptive capacity depends on the capacity of firms to establish intra- and extra-cluster knowledge linkages. We put forward in this article the fact that social capital fosters intra-cluster knowledge linkages, and cluster's internationalization the extra-cluster knowledge ones. Therefore, social capital and internationalization are key elements to increase the absorptive capacity of a cluster and its growth. Given the accumulative, path- and place-dependent nature of social capital and knowledge creation and accumulation, we employed a largely qualitative and historical analysis, combining statistical and qualitative cluster data and interviews with key actors. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 707-733 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.505268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.505268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:707-733 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dilani Jayawarna Author-X-Name-First: Dilani Author-X-Name-Last: Jayawarna Author-Name: Oswald Jones Author-X-Name-First: Oswald Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Allan Macpherson Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Macpherson Title: New business creation and regional development: Enhancing resource acquisition in areas of social deprivation Abstract: Over 7 years, the UK-Government funded an entrepreneurship scholarship scheme in the most deprived regions of England. This study examines how, for 211 of these nascent entrepreneurs, bootstrapping compensated for their inability to obtain debt or equity funding. Results show that social capital (strong, weak and brokerage ties) is important for access to bootstrapped resources. While human capital, including previous business experience and financial skills, are linked to joint-utilisation approaches to bootstrapping, higher financial investment is linked to owner- and payment-related approaches. A key outcome for developing appropriate regional policy is that ‘brokers’ provide a link between socially disadvantaged entrepreneurs and external resources. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 735-761 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.520337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.520337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:735-761 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leona Achtenhagen Author-X-Name-First: Leona Author-X-Name-Last: Achtenhagen Author-Name: Friederike Welter Author-X-Name-First: Friederike Author-X-Name-Last: Welter Title: ‘Surfing on the ironing board’ -- the representation of women's entrepreneurship in German newspapers Abstract: Despite extensive attempts to enhance women's entrepreneurship in Germany, a gender gap continues to exist. This article sets out to analyse the representation of women's entrepreneurship in German media, by analysing how it is depicted in newspapers and how this changes over time. Images transported in media might regulate the nature of women's entrepreneurship, as they contain information about ‘typical’ and ‘socially desirable’ behaviour of women as well as of entrepreneurs. This article contributes to developing an understanding of the relevance of media representation of the entrepreneurship phenomenon for influencing the propensity towards entrepreneurial activity. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 763-786 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.520338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.520338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:763-786 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lutz Preuss Author-X-Name-First: Lutz Author-X-Name-Last: Preuss Title: On the contribution of public procurement to entrepreneurship and small business policy Abstract: Public procurement in industrialized nations accounts for a significant share of gross domestic product; hence it is imperative for local, regional and national economic development to utilize this potential. However, previous discussions of entrepreneurship and small business policy have by and large marginalized public sector procurement. As a contribution to giving greater salience to the linkages between regional development, entrepreneurship and public procurement, this paper presents empirical results of a qualitative study into local government authorities in the United Kingdom. In particular, it draws out a range of enablers and barriers for sourcing from small- and medium-sized enterprises that were perceived by procurement managers. The focus on public sector procurement furthermore leads to a more systematic theoretical elaboration of entrepreneurship policy as being based on legal authority or the market or network effects from geographic proximity. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 787-814 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.546433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.546433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:787-814 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arnaldo Camuffo Author-X-Name-First: Arnaldo Author-X-Name-Last: Camuffo Author-Name: Roberto Grandinetti Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Grandinetti Title: Italian industrial districts as cognitive systems: Are they still reproducible? Abstract: Adopting a knowledge-based perspective, this study develops a framework of how Italian industrial districts (IDs) operate and evolve as cognitive systems. First, we analyse the mechanisms that facilitate knowledge diffusion across firms within IDs, the enabler of cross-firm knowledge transfer (absorptive capacity) and the process of producing new knowledge by combination. Within this analysis, we consider the formation of new firms resulting from the break-away of human resources from existing district firms (spin-offs) as a particular form of knowledge transfer and production within districts. Knowledge production by combination may take place not only within boundaries of IDs, but also involve external sources. We suggest that innovations made by combining internal and external knowledge have played an important role in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of IDs. Finally, again from the cognitive perspective, we address the issue of how globalization impacts on district systems, concentrating on the positive role that two different types of local actors play in their reproduction and evolution: the global--local firms and institutions providing knowledge-intensive business services. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 815-852 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:815-852 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wubiao Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Wubiao Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: Regional deregulation and entrepreneurial growth in China's transition economy Abstract: Despite a less favourable national institutional environment, the private entrepreneurial sector has developed rapidly in China's transition economy. To resolve this puzzle, this study argues that regional deregulation plays a significant role in China's entrepreneurial growth because it stimulates free markets and lifts predatory and discriminatory regulatory policies affecting entrepreneurship. I use provincial-level panel data (1998--2003) for hypothesis testing. The results, based on fixed effects estimation, suggest that deregulation indeed has a significantly positive effect on entrepreneurial growth within regions. In addition, this effect is found to be stronger in earlier years, as well as among less developed, inland regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 853-876 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577816 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:853-876 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mine Karataş-Özkan Author-X-Name-First: Mine Author-X-Name-Last: Karataş-Özkan Title: Understanding relational qualities of entrepreneurial learning: Towards a multi-layered approach Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a multi-layered relational framework of entrepreneurial learning by embedding the conceptual tools of a continental thinker, Pierre Bourdieu, in a social constructionist paradigmatic approach. Through a longitudinal study based on participant observation and in-depth qualitative interviews, entrepreneurial learning processes of five nascent entrepreneurs who have formed a venture team have been examined as a case study. Relational qualities of entrepreneurial learning can be illuminated by exploring dispositions and different forms of capital that nascent entrepreneurs hold at the micro-individual level, which are inextricably linked to the meso-relational level of developing an entrepreneurial habitus as they navigate through the process of business venturing. Such a multi-layered conceptualisation of entrepreneurial learning transcends individual-, team-, firm- and network-level analyses of the subject by generating insights from both micro- and meso-layers. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 877-906 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 23 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:877-906 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Huggins Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins Author-Name: Nick Williams Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Entrepreneurship and regional competitiveness: The role and progression of policy Abstract: Regions have gained a position at the forefront of the economic development policy agenda. However, the regional approach to economic strategy remains contested. This paper tests the extent to which regional policy in less competitive regions is accounting for issues relating to entrepreneurship and enterprise development as a tool for improving regional competitiveness. It does so by examining policies undertaken by the UK Labour government 1997--2010, drawing on interviews with policy makers and an analysis of relevant policy documents. This paper finds that entrepreneurship policy at the regional level is multidimensional, with policies broadly ranging from those that are either economically or socially driven. Although there is a considerable policy activity in these areas across less competitive regions, enterprise policy making remains relatively undifferentiated across the regions. There are a number of evolutions in regional policy occurring, especially a shift from policies relating to the facilitation of clusters to those focused on developing regional innovation ecosystems. It is found that regional policy makers are under pressure to measure short-term outputs at the expense of long-term nurturing. The paper also finds that there is a tension between using enterprise policy as a tool for improving regional competitiveness or for addressing economic and social disadvantage. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 907-932 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 23 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577818 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2010:i:9-10:p:907-932 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Candida G. Brush Author-X-Name-First: Candida G. Author-X-Name-Last: Brush Author-Name: Sarah Y. Cooper Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Title: Female entrepreneurship and economic development: An international perspective Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-6 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.637340 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.637340 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:1-2:p:1-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatiana S. Manolova Author-X-Name-First: Tatiana S. Author-X-Name-Last: Manolova Author-Name: Candida G. Brush Author-X-Name-First: Candida G. Author-X-Name-Last: Brush Author-Name: Linda F. Edelman Author-X-Name-First: Linda F. Author-X-Name-Last: Edelman Author-Name: Kelly G. Shaver Author-X-Name-First: Kelly G. Author-X-Name-Last: Shaver Title: One size does not fit all: Entrepreneurial expectancies and growth intentions of US women and men nascent entrepreneurs Abstract: Women are the majority owners of 30% (6.7 million) of all privately held firms in the US. The vast majority of these firms, however, are smaller than average with only 16% achieving annual revenues of more than $500,000. This suggests that women may have different expectations for the growth of their ventures than men. Using the US Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics dataset, this paper utilizes an expectancy theory perspective to propose differences in growth expectancies of nascent men and women entrepreneurs. Specifically, we conceptualize new venture creation as a process based on the effort--performance--outcome model of entrepreneurial expectancies and propose that differences in motivations towards growth may mediate those relationships. Our findings indicate that while men want to grow their new ventures to achieve financial success, for women, financial success is just one of many reasons to achieve growth. Implications are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 7-27 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.637344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.637344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:1-2:p:7-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dilek Cetindamar Author-X-Name-First: Dilek Author-X-Name-Last: Cetindamar Author-Name: Vishal K. Gupta Author-X-Name-First: Vishal K. Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta Author-Name: Esra E. Karadeniz Author-X-Name-First: Esra E. Author-X-Name-Last: Karadeniz Author-Name: Nilufer Egrican Author-X-Name-First: Nilufer Author-X-Name-Last: Egrican Title: What the numbers tell: The impact of human, family and financial capital on women and men's entry into entrepreneurship in Turkey Abstract: Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development in countries worldwide. Entrepreneurial activity is beneficial for both men and women, including those in developing countries. However, men and women may not engage in entrepreneurship to the same extent because of differential access to (various forms of) capital. This study examines the relative importance of three types of capital -- human, family and financial -- in pursuing entrepreneurship. Using data collected in Turkey, we find that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees. Contrary to expectations, the impact of human capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur is higher for women than men. Data also revealed that family capital facilitates women's entry into entrepreneurship only when family size is very large (i.e. seven or more). No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings suggest that to encourage entrepreneurship in Turkey, policy-makers should emphasize access to human and financial capital. Furthermore, findings suggest that women's likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur will be especially encouraged if they have increased access to education, as well as the skills necessary to take advantage of their family capital. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 29-51 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.637348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.637348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:1-2:p:29-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pauric McGowan Author-X-Name-First: Pauric Author-X-Name-Last: McGowan Author-Name: Caroline Lewis Redeker Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Lewis Author-X-Name-Last: Redeker Author-Name: Sarah Y. Cooper Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Name: Kate Greenan Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Greenan Title: Female entrepreneurship and the management of business and domestic roles: Motivations, expectations and realities Abstract: Whilst some women are motivated to establish entrepreneurial ventures by factors which are similar to those of their male counterparts (including a desire for independence and financial gain), unlike the majority of men, a sizeable number choose entrepreneurship to balance work responsibilities and earning potential with domestic/familial commitments. Despite growing numbers of women citing flexibility and childcare obligations as strong motivations for starting a business relatively little attention has been paid to exploring their motivations, expectations and actual experiences of entrepreneurship, and the extent to which entrepreneurship really offers an improved work/family ‘balance’. This paper presents findings of exploratory, qualitative research conducted in Northern Ireland, which focused upon the entrepreneurial journeys of 14 women as they established and managed their ventures, whilst balancing domestic/familial demands. Drawing upon information-rich evidence from in-depth interviews, insights are presented into their motivations and expectations of what entrepreneurship would offer, and the realities of their experience. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 53-72 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.637351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.637351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:1-2:p:53-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Orser Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Orser Author-Name: Allan Riding Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Riding Author-Name: Joanne Stanley Author-X-Name-First: Joanne Author-X-Name-Last: Stanley Title: Perceived career challenges and response strategies of women in the advanced technology sector Abstract: The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the perceived barriers to career advancement specific to women in the advanced technology sectors. Strategies employed in response to perceived barriers are also examined. Empirical results are based on analysis of qualitative data from a sample of 115 women members of Canadian Women in Technology. Personal-, firm- and industry-level barriers to career advancement were documented. The respondents attributed a high proportion of the challenges they encountered to gender. Respondents were most likely to resolve challenges through personal, or ‘do-it-yourself’, solutions. Few cited firm- or industry-related support structures. While mentoring was identified as a frequently used response strategy through which women address career challenges, the majority of firms in the advanced technology sector lack sufficient numbers of suitable women mentors. The lack of mentorship opportunities is particularly acute for women entrepreneurs. The findings are discussed from the context of contradictions between an industry need to attract and retain entrepreneurial talent and respondents’ perceived career barriers. Industry-level remedial strategies are advanced in the form of: a women's mentoring programme; case studies about successful women entrepreneurs and a website to inform women about career advancement strategies. The programmes were designed by the research team to respond to the challenges cited by women and were implemented in cooperation with the trade association as a critical component of an on-going applied research programme. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 73-93 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.637355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.637355 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:1-2:p:73-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Smallbone Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone Author-Name: Friederike Welter Author-X-Name-First: Friederike Author-X-Name-Last: Welter Title: Cross-border entrepreneurship Abstract: Cross-border entrepreneurship refers to entrepreneurial activity across international borders, which typically involves some form of cooperation or partnership. It includes a wide range of different types of entrepreneurship, from informal petty. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 95-104 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:95-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael J. Pisani Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Pisani Author-Name: Chad Richardson Author-X-Name-First: Chad Author-X-Name-Last: Richardson Title: Cross-border informal entrepreneurs across the South Texas--Northern Mexico boundary Abstract: The border acts as a conduit for some, a funnel for others and as a barrier for many engaged in economic and entrepreneurial activities in South Texas (US) and Northern Mexico. Within this border zone, there are many informal entrepreneurs who actively use the border not only as a wedge against the competition, but also as a lever to gain competitive advantage. Utilizing both qualitative (600 ethnographic interviews) and quantitative (526 survey respondents) research methods, we examine informal cross-border entrepreneurs within the South Texas--Northern Mexico border corridor. Our most salient empirical results indicate: (1) the undocumented are nearly nine times more likely to be engaged in informal cross-border economic activity than US citizens and (2) those informals who possess at least one business permit to operate on either side of the border were two to three times more likely to engage in cross-border activity than those respondents without a business permit. Our ethnographic accounts provide context for our findings Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 105-121 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670908 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:105-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olivier Walther Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Walther Title: Traders, agricultural entrepreneurs and the development of cross-border regions in West Africa Abstract: This paper examines the economic and spatial logics of traders and farmers located between Niger, Benin and Nigeria, with a view to identifying possible complementarities and their implications for regional integration in West Africa. It shows that the development of cross-border regions is highly dependent on the combination of two divergent spatial logics, i.e. the circulation developed by traders and the production developed by agricultural investors. Even though cross-border traders and farmers pursue divergent strategies, the paper suggests that the activities of both are centred on urban border markets. Consequently, investment in border market facilities could promote both trading and productive activities simultaneously in a number of countries. In this regard, the paper underscores the potential benefit of focusing development on functional economic areas rather than on nation-states, addressing concerns that border trade may undermine productive development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 123-141 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670909 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:123-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yung-Hsing Guo Author-X-Name-First: Yung-Hsing Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Title: Small and medium enterprises as pioneers in the expansion of global production networks: A case study of the Japanese electronics industry in Guangdong, China Abstract: Japan has been the largest source country of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China, excluding overseas Chinese territories and tax havens. However, Japan's large-scale but relatively closed production networks have received little discussion in previous research. Two peaks in Japanese investment can be distinguished: the first led by the electronics industry in the mid-1990s and the second by the automotive industry after 2003. Cross-border production network building in the electronics industry is quite different from the scenarios of conventional global production networks (GPN) theory, where leading firms dominate the building of global production networks. In this paper, I demonstrate that in the development of the electronics industry, the institutional advantage small and medium enterprises have of knowing how to operate production bases in Southern China has enabled them to guide leading firms in building cross-border production networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 143-159 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:143-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthias Fink Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Fink Author-Name: Rainer Harms Author-X-Name-First: Rainer Author-X-Name-Last: Harms Title: Contextualizing the relationship between self-commitment and performance: Environmental and behavioural uncertainty in (cross-border) alliances of SMEs Abstract: Cooperation based on self-commitment of the partners is relevant for successful alliances in the context of uncertainty. However, the performance impact of self-commitment can be contingent on the type of uncertainty. Based on the distinction between environmental uncertainty and behavioural uncertainty, we analyse the contingent effect of cooperation based on self-commitment in national and international alliances with focal companies from both market economies and transition economies (n = 181). Our analysis reveals that cooperation based on self-commitment has a positive relationship with performance when the focal company is from a transition economy, irrespective of whether it is engaged in a national or an international alliance. We conclude that the performance effect of cooperation based on self-commitment is contingent upon the geographic origin of the focal company. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 161-179 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:161-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James W. Scott Author-X-Name-First: James W. Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Author-Name: Jussi Laine Author-X-Name-First: Jussi Author-X-Name-Last: Laine Title: Borderwork: Finnish-Russian co-operation and civil society engagement in the social economy of transformation Abstract: This paper presents results from research projects that have investigated networks of civil society organizations (CSOs) between EU member states and neighbouring countries. The focus here is on Finnish-Russian civil society co-operation in the areas of social welfare provision as well as regional and economic development. One major objective in this conjunction is to assess the contribution of this cross-border co-operation to the development of Russia's social economy as well as to discuss the various obstacles that civil society actors face in developing co-operative projects. As such, organizational, social and technical issues are important areas to be addressed. However, civil society co-operation is not a mere technical issue; understanding of the social embeddedness of civil society are also necessary in order to promote social welfare agendas. The concluding section will reflect on experiences of CSO co-operation with regard to capacity-building processes of social learning and future prospects for social enterprise. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 181-197 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:181-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christos Kalantaridis Author-X-Name-First: Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Kalantaridis Author-Name: Denise Fletcher Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher Title: Entrepreneurship and institutional change: A research agenda Abstract: This paper introduces a Special Issue on the theme of Entrepreneurship and Institutional Change. Drawing upon the accumulated literature and three original contributions it aims to explore the conditions and the processes through which entrepreneurship may influence institutional change. The paper argues that entrepreneurs are not only influenced by the prevailing institution(s) but they can also influence (both intentionally and unintentionally) institutional change. This challenges prevailing views about the ability and effectiveness of the state to drive change. The paper also outlines an agenda for future research into how entrepreneurship shapes emerging institutional arrangements. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 199-214 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:199-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Smallbone Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone Author-Name: Friederike Welter Author-X-Name-First: Friederike Author-X-Name-Last: Welter Title: Entrepreneurship and institutional change in transition economies: The Commonwealth of Independent States, Central and Eastern Europe and China compared Abstract: This paper examines the interrelationships between institutional change and entrepreneurship development in countries that until recently were operating under the rules of central planning. The evidence presented in the paper shows important differences in state-entrepreneurship relationships between former Soviet republics, where the slow pace of institutional change and major institutional deficiencies has constrained the development of productive entrepreneurship; Central European countries that are now part of the European Union (EU), where institutional changes associated with accession to the EU are associated with the state becoming an important agent of formal and informal institutional change; and China which presents something of a conundrum, since entrepreneurship has developed rapidly despite major formal institutional deficiencies. Yang's concept of double entrepreneurship is used to explain the so-called Chinese puzzle, where enterprise takes on a socio-political as well as a purely economic dimension. The paper demonstrates the complexity of institutional-entrepreneurship relationships, illustrated with examples of how entrepreneurs can influence institutional change even in hostile institutional environments. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 215-233 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:215-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zografia Bika Author-X-Name-First: Zografia Author-X-Name-Last: Bika Title: Entrepreneurial sons, patriarchy and the Colonels’ experiment in Thessaly, rural Greece Abstract: Existing studies within the field of institutional entrepreneurship explore how entrepreneurs influence change in economic institutions. This paper turns the attention of scholarly inquiry on the antecedents of deinstitutionalization and more specifically, the influence of entrepreneurship in shaping social institutions such as patriarchy. The paper draws from the findings of ethnographic work in two Greek lowland village communities during the military Dictatorship (1967--1974). Paradoxically this era associated with the spread of mechanization, cheap credit, revaluation of labour and clear means-ends relations, signalled entrepreneurial sons’ individuated dissent and activism who were now able to question the Patriarch's authority, recognize opportunities and act as unintentional agents of deinstitutionalization. A ‘different’ model of institutional change is presented here, where politics intersects with entrepreneurs, in changing social institutions. This model discusses the external drivers of institutional atrophy and how handling dissensus (and its varieties over historical time) is instrumental in enabling institutional entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 235-257 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670915 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:235-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Breda McCarthy Author-X-Name-First: Breda Author-X-Name-Last: McCarthy Title: From fishing and factories to cultural tourism: The role of social entrepreneurs in the construction of a new institutional field Abstract: Starting from the premise that cultural tourism is a new institutional field, this paper explores the construction of cultural tourism in regional Ireland. This paper proposes an institutional framework which consists of three main drivers of change: ‘government policy’, ‘resource-mobilization opportunities’ and ‘social entrepreneurship’. It is argued that the development of cultural tourism was made possible by the unique networks of relationships and associations that underpin music, festival and language fields. This study is situated in the literature on neo-institutional theory, and it draws on a model of change [Seo, M., and Creed-Douglas, W. 2002. Institutional contradictions, praxis and institutional change: A dialectical perspective. Academy of Management Review 27, no. 2: 222--47.] to explore how cultural tourism was shaped by powerful historical, political and cultural forces over time. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 259-282 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670916 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:259-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neil Tocher Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Tocher Author-Name: Sharon L. Oswald Author-X-Name-First: Sharon L. Author-X-Name-Last: Oswald Author-Name: Christopher L. Shook Author-X-Name-First: Christopher L. Author-X-Name-Last: Shook Author-Name: Garry Adams Author-X-Name-First: Garry Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Title: Entrepreneur political skill and new venture performance: Extending the social competence perspective Abstract: Research on the social competence perspective holds that since operating high performing new ventures is dependent on entrepreneurs’ ability to influence stakeholder actions, entrepreneur social competence is likely critically important to new venture performance. Using a sample of 163 entrepreneurs throughout the USA, we extend such research by examining the entrepreneur political skill new venture performance relationship. Our results suggest that political skill, which is the component of social competence which specifically assesses an individual's ability to influence other's actions within the business environment, is positively associated with new venture performance. Study results provide additional support for the social competence perspective. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 283-305 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.535856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.535856 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:283-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annaleena Parhankangas Author-X-Name-First: Annaleena Author-X-Name-Last: Parhankangas Author-Name: Åsa Lindholm-Dahlstrand Author-X-Name-First: Åsa Author-X-Name-Last: Lindholm-Dahlstrand Title: Spin-offs to stock markets as a complementary form of entrepreneurship: Contrasting US, UK and Japanese experiences Abstract: This study explores the impact of the national institutional environment on the listing of firms on stock exchanges in Japan, the US, and the UK. In particular, the study compares the incidence of: (1) independent firm initial public offerings (IPOs); and (2) the subsidiaries of established corporations being spun-off to stock markets. An empirical analysis is conducted on a sample of 9118 IPOs extracted from the Securities Data Company New Issue Database. The results show that Japan and the UK are more active in incubating new innovative ventures within large corporations and spinning them to the stock markets than their general entrepreneurial activity would suggest. These results direct our attention to different forms of industrial renewal in different institutional environments. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 307-335 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 24 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577819 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2011:i:5-6:p:307-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Bassens Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bassens Author-Name: Ben Derudder Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Derudder Author-Name: Frank Witlox Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Witlox Title: ‘Gatekeepers’ of Islamic financial circuits: Analysing urban geographies of the global Shari’a elite Abstract: This paper analyses the importance of ‘Shari’a scholars’ in the Islamic Financial Services (IFS) sector, which has been a growing global practice since the 1970s. Based on Shari’a Law, IFS firms provide banking, finance and insurance respecting faith-based prohibitions on interest, speculation and risk taking. Although IFS firms operate across a variety of scales and involve a range of actors, this paper focuses on the transnational capacities of Shari’a experts employed by IFS firms. These scholars use their extensive knowledge of Shari’a Law to assess the ‘Islamic’ character of a firm's operations, and assist the development of Shari’a-compliant products. As they embody necessary entry-points into Islamic circuits of knowledge and authority, members of what we dub the ‘global Shari’a elite’ can be regarded as ‘gatekeepers’ of Islamic financial circuits. Drawing on a comprehensive data source we present a geographical analysis of Shari’a board membership, nationality and educational background of 253 Shari’a scholars. The results show that the global Shari’a elite connects a limited number of IFS hubs (e.g. Dubai, Kuala Lumpur, Kuwait City, Manama, and London) to knowledge and authority networks falling outside ‘mainstream’ business and service spheres. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 337-355 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:337-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jun Li Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Shuai Geng Author-X-Name-First: Shuai Author-X-Name-Last: Geng Title: Industrial clusters, shared resources and firm performance Abstract: Drawing upon the resource-based view, this paper examines the relationships between various types of cluster-based shared resources and cluster firm performance in the Chinese context. Using survey data from a sample of 294 small- and medium-sized enterprises from industrial clusters in Zhejiang Province, we find evidence to support arguments that cluster firms in comparison with non-cluster firms demonstrate significantly higher perceptions of shared resources and that shared resources exclusively available to cluster firms link to better cluster firm performance. The findings of our research suggest that cluster policy needs to attend to the constituents of shared resources in order to enhance firm performance. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 357-381 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.591841 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.591841 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:357-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helen Lawton Smith Author-X-Name-First: Helen Lawton Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen Author-X-Name-First: Sharmistha Author-X-Name-Last: Bagchi-Sen Title: The research university, entrepreneurship and regional development: Research propositions and current evidence Abstract: The objective of this paper is to set a framework for examining the conditions under which a research university becomes more than a latent asset [Power, D., and A. Malmberg. 2008. The contribution of universities to innovation and economic development: In what sense a regional problem? Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 1, no. 2: 233--46.] in regional economies. The framework is comprised of four propositions used to identify drivers of change, evidence of change and evidence of impact. As an exemplar, we examine the University of Oxford's growing engagement in its local region. This paper shows that the convergence between the interests of the university and the local high-tech economy is particularly associated with broader technological trends and with the University's capacity to draw on national funding programmes designed to stimulate ‘third-stream’ activities, including entrepreneurship courses and regional networking activities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 383-404 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.592547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.592547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:383-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Henrik Ohlsson Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Ohlsson Author-Name: Per Broomé Author-X-Name-First: Per Author-X-Name-Last: Broomé Author-Name: Pieter Bevelander Author-X-Name-First: Pieter Author-X-Name-Last: Bevelander Title: Self-employment of immigrants and natives in Sweden -- a multilevel analysis Abstract: Recent research suggests that self-employment among immigrants is due to a combination of multiple situational, cultural and institutional factors, all acting together. Using multilevel regression and unique data on the entire population of Sweden for the year 2007, this study attempts to quantify the relative importance for the self-employed of embeddedness in ethnic contexts (country of birth) and regional business and public regulatory frameworks (labour market areas). This information indicates whether the layers under consideration are valid constructs of the surroundings that influence individual self-employment. The results show that 10% (women) and 8% (men) of the total variation in individual differences in self-employment can be attributed to the country of birth. When labour market areas are included in the analyses, the share of the total variation increases to 14% for women and 12% for men. The results show that the ethnic context and the economic environment play a minor role in understanding individual differences in self-employment levels. The results can have important implications when planning interventions or other actions focusing on self-employment as public measures to promote self-employment often are based on geographic areas and ethnic contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 405-423 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.598570 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.598570 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:405-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José F. Molina-Azorín Author-X-Name-First: José F. Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Azorín Author-Name: María D. López-Gamero Author-X-Name-First: María D. Author-X-Name-Last: López-Gamero Author-Name: Jorge Pereira-Moliner Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira-Moliner Author-Name: Eva M. Pertusa-Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Eva M. Author-X-Name-Last: Pertusa-Ortega Title: Mixed methods studies in entrepreneurship research: Applications and contributions Abstract: Mixed methods research is becoming an increasingly popular approach in several fields. However, its application in the field of entrepreneurship has not been studied. The authors reviewed the use of mixed methods research in three entrepreneurship journals and two leading generalistic journals that publish entrepreneurship research, examining the main purposes and designs. A total of 955 articles were reviewed and 81 mixed methods studies were identified. The analysis of these articles revealed opportunities associated with the application of this approach. Mixed methods may help to improve entrepreneurship research addressing challenges emphasized in earlier studies. Suggestions on why and how to use mixed methods research are offered, and recommendations are provided to guide future mixed methods studies to advance our understanding of the entrepreneurial phenomenon. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 425-456 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 24 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.603363 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.603363 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2011:i:5-6:p:425-456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Lechner Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Lechner Author-Name: Christophe Leyronas Author-X-Name-First: Christophe Author-X-Name-Last: Leyronas Title: The competitive advantage of cluster firms: the priority of regional network position over extra-regional networks -- a study of a French high-tech cluster Abstract: This paper extends research on industry clusters by unbundling network from cluster effects and by analysing how network effects drive the performance of cluster firms. The results show that a firm's connectedness in a regional network is positively associated with firm performance. However, we found that for cluster firms, it is even more important to build strong network positions by developing rather exclusive alliance networks. In addition, a weak position within a cluster cannot be compensated for by strong extra-regional networking activities. From this perspective, cluster-specific advantages are firm-specific and the basis for competitive advantage. Regional competitiveness is therefore a non-substitutable pre-condition for the overall performance of cluster firms. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 457-473 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.617785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.617785 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:457-473 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Huggins Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins Author-Name: Andrew Johnston Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston Author-Name: Chris Stride Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Stride Title: Knowledge networks and universities: Locational and organisational aspects of knowledge transfer interactions Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore the inter-organisational knowledge networks that universities in the UK engage in through their knowledge transfer activities. In particular, it analyses the extent to which organisational and locational factors are associated with the nature of these networks. Based on a UK-wide survey of universities, it is shown that the nature and formation of inter-organisational knowledge networks is related principally to the organisational characteristics of network actors, and secondarily to their spatial location. The characteristics of a network actor, in this case a university, are likely to influence the type, diversity and location of other actors with which it networks. Nevertheless, spatial location is an important secondary factor influencing network formation, especially the geographic reach of a university's network. It is further found that the value generated by universities from their knowledge networks is associated with the type of organisations within which they interact as well as their spatial location. It is concluded that such networks impact both regional innovation capability and regional competitiveness. The results have implications for policymakers, especially in terms of the spatial scale at which the demand and supply for university knowledge can be best mediated. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 475-502 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.618192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.618192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:475-502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Isabel Polo-Peña Author-X-Name-First: Ana Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Polo-Peña Author-Name: Dolores Maria Frías-Jamilena Author-X-Name-First: Dolores Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Frías-Jamilena Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Molina Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Molina Title: Marketing practices in the Spanish rural tourism sector and their contribution to business outcomes Abstract: This paper sets out to highlight the importance of entrepreneurial and market orientations for the success of enterprises operating out of a rural base. Using these two strategic frameworks, this paper identifies the marketing practices undertaken by rural enterprises, and evaluates their effect on business performance, on the local entrepreneur, and on the rural area itself. Enterprises operating from a rural location play a strategic role in the sustainable development of economies, in the context of which the rural tourism sector particularly stands out. The use of marketing practices appropriate to the aims, capacities and resources of such enterprises is proposed as a mechanism for improving their performance. Using the Spanish rural tourism sector as the basis, a scale measuring marketing practices, and another scale reflecting three different types of outcome -- financial, those linked personally to the entrepreneur, and those in terms of development of the rural environment -- are proposed and validated, and the effect of marketing practices on the performance of such enterprises is analysed. The findings, which reveal that marketing practices have a significant effect on the achievement of outcomes, have implications of interest for the literature and for practitioners in the rural enterprise sector. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 503-521 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.617787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.617787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:503-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose-Luis Hervas-Oliver Author-X-Name-First: Jose-Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Hervas-Oliver Author-Name: Jose Albors-Garrigos Author-X-Name-First: Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Albors-Garrigos Author-Name: Blanca de-Miguel Author-X-Name-First: Blanca Author-X-Name-Last: de-Miguel Author-Name: Antonio Hidalgo Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Hidalgo Title: The role of a firm's absorptive capacity and the technology transfer process in clusters: How effective are technology centres in low-tech clusters? Abstract: This paper analyses how the internal resources of small- and medium-sized enterprises determine access (learning processes) to technology centres (TCs) or industrial research institutes (innovation infrastructure) in traditional low-tech clusters. These interactions basically represent traded (market-based) transactions, which constitute important sources of knowledge in clusters. The paper addresses the role of TCs in low-tech clusters, and uses semi-structured interviews with 80 firms in a manufacturing cluster. The results point out that producer--user interactions are the most frequent; thus, the higher the sector knowledge-intensive base, the more likely the utilization of the available research infrastructure becomes. Conversely, the sectors with less knowledge-intensive structures, i.e. less absorptive capacity (AC), present weak linkages to TCs, as they frequently prefer to interact with suppliers, who act as transceivers of knowledge. Therefore, not all the firms in a cluster can fully exploit the available research infrastructure, and their AC moderates this engagement. In addition, the existence of TCs is not sufficient since the active role of a firm's search strategies to undertake interactions and conduct openness to available sources of knowledge is also needed. The study has implications for policymakers and academia. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 523-559 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710256 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:523-559 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kim Klyver Author-X-Name-First: Kim Author-X-Name-Last: Klyver Author-Name: Dennis Foley Author-X-Name-First: Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Foley Title: Networking and culture in entrepreneurship Abstract: Case studies on three diverse cultural groups are used to investigate how culture norms and practices moderate the way entrepreneurs utilize social networking. Moving away from a universalist mono-dimensional position, prior research calls for studies on how culture moderates entrepreneurial networking. Understandably, the concept of a national culture inevitably refers to the mainstream culture which fails to address the sub-culture and minority culture. This paper explores entrepreneurial networking across three cultures (one mainstream culture and two minority) allowing the researcher an insight into how culture moderates entrepreneurial networking. The empirical results reveal variform universality of entrepreneurial networking in two ways: (1) seven drivers moderate how entrepreneurial networking is practiced across cultures, and (2) being embedded in a mainstream culture rather than a minority culture moderates how entrepreneurial networking is practiced. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 561-588 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710257 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:561-588 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Colovic Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Colovic Title: Territorial systems and relocation: Insights from eight cases in Japan Abstract: This paper investigates the evolution patterns of eight territorial systems in Japan during the period of industry relocation. Multiple case study methodology was applied. Data were collected through interviews with entrepreneurs and local government officials. Based on the findings that reveal adaptation processes in which manufacturing firms are involved, we propose a three-stage evolutionary model to conceptualize the changes that are taking place in Japan's territorial systems. We argue that the transactional relationships are evolving towards more socialized relationships and that these relationships are evolving towards more formalized, knowledge-based innovation networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 589-617 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:589-617 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Down Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Down Title: Evaluating the impacts of government policy through the long view of life history Abstract: The research reported in this paper uses life history analyses of Indigenous entrepreneurs to address the following question: How do individuals engaged in entrepreneuring incorporate their experience of government policy into their self-narratives, and what affects are apparent on attitudes towards, and the objectives of, their entrepreneurial activity? Subsequently, the paper makes two contributions to conceptual debates within entrepreneurship and small business studies. Firstly, the paper shows the value of life history methodology narratives in providing insights into entrepreneuring processes over time, particularly in understanding how to evaluate the impact of enterprise animation policies. Secondly, the particular focus upon Indigenous entrepreneurs affords some purchase on recent debates relating to the purpose and potential of enterprise policies aimed at those defined as socially and economically excluded [Blackburn, R., and M. Ram. 2006. Fix of fixation? The contributions and limitations of entrepreneurship and small firms to combating social exclusion. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 18, no. 1: 73--89]. The paper's findings show that life history analysis has an important role to play in developing our understanding of entrepreneurship as a process. Moreover, evaluations of enterprise policy should pay more attention to temporally extensive impacts on individuals over their life course, and not limit evaluative efforts to programme specific factors. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 619-639 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:619-639 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Bishop Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Bishop Title: Knowledge, diversity and entrepreneurship: a spatial analysis of new firm formation in Great Britain Abstract: This paper argues that the diversity of a region's knowledge stock and its balance between knowledge-based manufacturing and services are both important determinants of variations in the rate of new business formation across spatial areas. An empirical study of new firm formation across 408 local unitary authorities and districts in Great Britain over the period 2001--2007 is presented, taking explicit account of the interactions amongst spatial units through an econometric modelling procedure involving maximum likelihood spatial models and alternative spatial weighing matrices. The results indicate that both related and unrelated knowledge diversity have a positive impact on the rate of business formation, whilst aggregate local economy-wide industrial and ethnic diversity has no impact; the division of the knowledge stock between services and manufacturing is also significant, with services having a positive impact on new business formation in contrast to a negative impact for high-technology manufacturing. There is also some support for the view that low wages and economic inactivity constrain new business formation, whilst a competitive regional environment has a positive impact. The results imply that polices should be aimed at creating a diverse set of knowledge-based industries rather than specialization in a narrow range. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 641-660 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.617786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.617786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:641-660 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nick Williams Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Colin C. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Colin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Evaluating the socio-spatial contingency of entrepreneurial motivations: A case study of English deprived urban neighbourhoods Abstract: When examining the motivations of entrepreneurs, it has become commonplace to represent them dichotomously as either necessity- or opportunity-driven. In recent years, an emergent literature has criticized this simplistic necessity/opportunity dichotomy by revealing not only how both necessity and opportunity are often co-present in entrepreneurs’ motives but also how their complex motives can shift over time. This paper furthers this emergent literature by unravelling how entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs’ motives are directly influenced by the socio-spatial context in which operate. To evaluate the socio-spatial contingency of entrepreneurial motivations, a case study is here reported of the drivers underpinning entrepreneurial endeavour in English deprived urban neighbourhoods (DUNs). The results of a face-to-face interviews with 459 participants followed up by a further 18 in-depth interviews, this study reveals that entrepreneurs’ motives in DUNs are complex, combining necessity and opportunity drivers, with the balance shifting over time in direct response to the changing fortunes of, and possibilities in, the locality in which they work and live, which has directly impacts on their perceptions of what is possible and feasible. This paper concludes by calling for greater recognition of the socio-spatial contingency of motivations followed by the implications for both theory and policy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 661-684 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:661-684 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Xavier Molina-Morales Author-X-Name-First: F. Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales Author-Name: Manuel Expósito-Langa Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Expósito-Langa Title: The impact of cluster connectedness on firm innovation: R&D effort and outcomes in the textile industry Abstract: Recent research into the clustering effect on firms has moved away from a simplistic view to a more complex approach. More realistic and complex causal relationships are now considered when analysing these territorial networks. Specifically, this paper attempts to analyse how cluster connectedness moderates the relationship of a firm's innovation effort and the results obtained from this effort. We want to question the commonly accepted direct and positive impact of R&D effort, and moreover, we suggest the existence of a saturation effect and that the level of cluster's inter-connectedness in the cluster moderates this effect. We have developed our empirical study focusing on the Spanish textile industrial cluster. This is a complex manufacturing industry that uses relatively low-technology manufacturing and R&D. Our findings suggest that the degree to which a firm is involved with, or connected to, other firms in the cluster can moderate the effect of the R&D effort on its innovation results. More generally, we aim to contribute to the discussion on the degree to which firms should be involved in the cluster network in order to operate efficiently and gain the maximum competitive advantages. Our findings have implications both in recent cluster and network literature as well for institutional policy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 685-704 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:685-704 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justin Doran Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Doran Author-Name: Declan Jordan Author-X-Name-First: Declan Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan Author-Name: Eoin O’Leary Author-X-Name-First: Eoin Author-X-Name-Last: O’Leary Title: The effects of the frequency of spatially proximate and distant interaction on innovation by Irish SMEs Abstract: This paper tests whether more frequent interaction at different spatial levels has a positive effect on the innovation performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the South-West and South-East of Ireland. Based on an original survey, it finds that more frequent interaction generally increases innovation likelihood, but at a diminishing rate, thus suggesting a trade-off between resources dedicated to transforming knowledge into new products and processes. Spatially distant interaction is found to be at least as valuable as proximate interaction, which questions the received wisdom that the best sources of knowledge are regional. Given the value of distant interaction, the results indicate that regional lock-in may be an obstacle to superior innovation performance of SMEs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 705-727 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710261 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710261 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:705-727 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claire Leitch Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Leitch Author-Name: Shirley-Anne Hazlett Author-X-Name-First: Shirley-Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Hazlett Author-Name: Luke Pittaway Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Pittaway Title: Entrepreneurship education and context Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 733-740 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.733613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.733613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:733-740 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Drakopoulou Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd Author-Name: Briga Chris Hynes Author-X-Name-First: Briga Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Hynes Title: The impact of regional entrepreneurial contexts upon enterprise education Abstract: Growing evidence demonstrates the significance of regional contexts in shaping entrepreneurship capital, and the importance of this for entrepreneurial knowledge and learning. We report the findings of a six-country study into enterprise education within schools, in less and more developed European regions. The fieldwork exposes differences by regional type, across enterprise education objectives, outcomes, resources and social constructions of the entrepreneur. Regional context can be seen as developing local narratives of entrepreneurial identities and careers. Context-setting within schools takes the form of storying entrepreneurship, of presenting credible local identities and expressing the meaning of entrepreneurship for these communities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 741-766 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.566376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.566376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:741-766 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Author-Name: Sarah Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Title: A study of a university-led entrepreneurship education programme for small business owner/managers Abstract: The small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector is crucial to regional and national economies [Thorpe, R., J. Cope, M. Ram, and M. Pedler. 2009. Leadership development in small-and medium-sized enterprises: The case for action learning. Action Learning: Research and Practice 6, no. 3: 201–8; Jones, O., A. Macpherson, and R. Thorpe. 2010. Learning in owner-managed small firms: Mediating artefacts and strategic space. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 22, no. 7/8: 649–73]. In recognition of this, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have been supported through government policy to provide training programmes for SMEs aimed at developing a higher level of skills that will support growth [Lambert Review of Business-University Collaboration. 2003. Final Report, KM Treasury, London. http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk; HM Treasury. 2006. The Leitch Review of Skills: Prosperity for all in the global economy – World class skills. London: HM Treasury; DIUS (Department for Business Innovation Universities and Skills). 2007. Implementing ‘The race to the top’: Lord Sainsbury's review of government's science and innovation policies. TSO; DIUS (Department for Business Innovation Universities and Skills). 2008. Higher education at work: High skills, high value. http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/corporate/migratedD/ec_group/HLSS4_08 (accessed February 7, 2011); Zhang, J., and E. Hamilton. 2010. Entrepreneurship education for owner-managers: The process of trust building for an effective learning community. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship 23, no. 3: 249–70]. This study considers the relationship between entrepreneurship education and SME owner/managers by examining a programme delivered by a HEI for growth-oriented small business owner/managers. It addresses the questions: What factors do participants believe enhance the effectiveness of HEI and SME engagement? And what impact, if any, do participants perceive such engagement has upon them as an individual operating within an SME and their business operations? Qualitative techniques are used to explore the situations of five SME owner/managers at three points during a 5-year period. Findings show that entrepreneurship education delivered a range of benefits to SMEs and the region. Through engaging, owner/managers interacted with others. This extension of their network supported business growth and development. This study demonstrates that enterprise education can deliver positive benefits to SME owner/managers and the wider region in which they are located. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 767-805 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.566377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.566377 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:767-805 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sascha G. Walter Author-X-Name-First: Sascha G. Author-X-Name-Last: Walter Author-Name: Dirk Dohse Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: Dohse Title: Why mode and regional context matter for entrepreneurship education Abstract: This study examines how modes of entrepreneurship education (active, such as business simulations, versus reflective, such as theory lectures) -- alone and in interaction with the universities’ regional context -- affect students’ self-employment intentions. Results from a cross-level analysis show that active modes are, irrespective of the regional context, positively related with intentions and attitudes towards entrepreneurship, whereas the effect of reflective modes is contingent on the regional context. The findings have important implications for the ongoing discussion on the teachability of entrepreneurship, the design of educational programmes and for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 807-835 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.721009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.721009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:807-835 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke Pittaway Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Pittaway Author-Name: Richard Thorpe Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Thorpe Title: A framework for entrepreneurial learning: A tribute to Jason Cope Abstract: This paper explains Dr Jason Cope's work on entrepreneurial learning, and illustrates his approach and how it can be applied to deepen understanding of, and practice in, entrepreneurship education. It begins with a biography of Cope, which summarizes his academic life and offers a timeline for his publications. This paper then explores his philosophical position, before dividing his research into three main phases. In the first, it examines and explains his early work into experiential learning; reflective learning; learning from crises and the role social influences play in entrepreneurial learning. In the second, developments stemming from his PhD are explored. Here, ideas in relation to entrepreneurial learning and the links he makes to transformative learning and double-loop learning are discussed. Finally, in the third part, Cope's entrepreneurial learning framework is explained and key contributing concepts are introduced. This part examines how Cope's theoretical framework was used to undertake research and subsequently to explain how entrepreneurs learn from failure. In the final sections of this paper, the practical implications of his contribution to entrepreneurship education are presented, in the contexts both of higher education and of the development of students, and then for entrepreneurs themselves. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 837-859 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.694268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.694268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:837-859 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Galindo-Martín Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Galindo-Martín Title: Government policies to support entrepreneurship Abstract: This paper summarizes the articles of the Special Issue on Government Policies to Support Entrepreneurship. All of them went through double-blind reviews and revisions. These articles contribute to various perspectives of government policies and entrepreneurship in different countries. The papers in this Special Issue cover a variety of topics encompassed within the area of government policies and entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 861-864 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.742322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:861-864 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: María-Teresa Méndez-Picazo Author-X-Name-First: María-Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Méndez-Picazo Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Galindo-Martín Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Galindo-Martín Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano Title: Governance, entrepreneurship and economic growth Abstract: In general terms, governance simply means how an organization is governed. It is the science of government performance and behaviour and it refers to several processes that must include historical, cultural, social and political determinants. For this reason, it is possible to establish a relationship between governance and institutions. Communities of persons, firms and institutions are essential ingredients of good governance and its analysis could be developed considering two possibilities. The first is considering the factors, such as entrepreneurship, by which government would more efficiently increase economic growth. Second is taking into account the economic results obtained by government. The primary goal of this paper is to analyze the relationship between governance, entrepreneurship and economic growth, developing an empirical analysis for the case of 11 developed countries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 865-877 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.742323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:865-877 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karen A. Murdock Author-X-Name-First: Karen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Murdock Title: Entrepreneurship policy: Trade-offs and impact in the EU Abstract: Based on the notion that trade-offs in public policies form the basis of the separation of managed and entrepreneurial economies; this paper investigates the impact of policy on actual entrepreneurship activity in these two categories of economies. Using data from 19 European Union member countries, the impact that policy trade-offs in the goal, target, location and system of finance have on entrepreneurship activity is measured using ordinary least squares regression. The results indicate that while business regulation negatively impact entrepreneurship activity, the location of policy does not show any measurable impact. They suggest the need for still more supportive institutions in the effort to develop entrepreneurship and create entrepreneurial economies and realize economic benefits. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 879-893 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.742324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:879-893 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin C. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Colin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Sara Nadin Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Nadin Title: Tackling the hidden enterprise culture: Government policies to support the formalization of informal entrepreneurship Abstract: It is now recognized that many entrepreneurs operate wholly or partially in the informal economy. Harnessing this hidden enterprise culture by facilitating its formalization is therefore a potentially effective and innovative means of promoting economic development and growth. To start evaluating how this might be achieved, the aim of this paper is to understand entrepreneurs’ motives for operating in the informal economy so as to identify the public policy interventions required to facilitate the formalization of this hidden enterprise culture. Reporting a survey of 51 nascent entrepreneurs in North Nottinghamshire, of which 43 were operating in the informal economy, the finding is that entrepreneurs’ rationales for working informally differ according to both whether they operate wholly in the informal economy or have registered enterprises but trade partially off-the-books, as well as whether they view themselves as on a journey towards formalization or not. Different policy measures are therefore required to tackle each type of informal entrepreneurship. The outcome is a tentative call for a more nuanced and bespoke policy approach for tackling the different kinds of informal entrepreneurship that comprise the hidden enterprise culture. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 895-915 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.742325 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:895-915 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Hopp Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Hopp Author-Name: Ute Stephan Author-X-Name-First: Ute Author-X-Name-Last: Stephan Title: The influence of socio-cultural environments on the performance of nascent entrepreneurs: Community culture, motivation, self-efficacy and start-up success Abstract: The importance of informal institutions and in particular culture for entrepreneurship is a subject of ongoing interest. Past research has mostly concentrated on cross-national comparisons, cultural values and the direct effects of culture on entrepreneurial behaviour, but in the main found inconsistent results. We add a fresh perspective to this research stream by turning attention to community-level culture and cultural norms. We hypothesize indirect effects of cultural norms on venture emergence: Community-level cultural norms (performance-based culture and socially supportive institutional norms) impact important supply-side variables (entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial motivation) which in turn influence nascent entrepreneurs’ success in creating operational ventures (venture emergence). We test our predictions on a unique longitudinal dataset, tracking nascent entrepreneurs’ venture creation efforts over a five-year time span, and find evidence supporting them. Our research contributes to a more fine-grained understanding of how culture, in particular perceptions of community cultural norms, influences venture emergence. Based on these findings, we discuss how venture creation efforts can be supported. Our research highlights the embeddedness of entrepreneurial behaviour and its immediate antecedent beliefs in the local, community context. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 917-945 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 24 Year: 2012 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.742326 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:917-945 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Down Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Down Title: The distinctiveness of the European tradition in entrepreneurship research Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-4 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746876 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746876 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William B. Gartner Author-X-Name-First: William B. Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner Title: Creating a community of difference in entrepreneurship scholarship Abstract: This article argues for alternative forms of inquiry for exploring aspects of entrepreneurship scholarship that are often unseen, ignored or minimized. The label, ‘The European School of Entrepreneurship’, might serve as a useful rubric for identifying a community of scholars with tendencies towards the following: (1) an interest in the history of ideas that inform entrepreneurship scholarship, (2) a willingness to step outside of the entrepreneurship field, itself, to embrace a variety of ideas, particularly from philosophy and the humanities and (3) a concern for the ‘other’, so as to challenge the unspoken and often unrecognized ‘taken-for-granted’ aspects of what entrepreneurship is and what it might be. Such tendencies are fundamentally different by degree (rather than contrast) from current norms; yet, these tendencies can make a significant difference in current scholarly practice in entrepreneurship, as well as our understanding of the entrepreneurial phenomenon. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 5-15 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746874 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:5-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tony J. Watson Author-X-Name-First: Tony J. Author-X-Name-Last: Watson Title: Entrepreneurial action and the Euro-American social science tradition: pragmatism, realism and looking beyond ‘the entrepreneur’ Abstract: Entrepreneurship studies are dominated by the disciplines of economics and psychology and work within a limiting methodological frame of reference; a ‘scientistic’ and individualistic framework that dominates the US-led mainstream of research. To achieve a more balanced scholarship, it is helpful to look at an alternative style of research and analysis which has deep and intertwined European and American roots. This looks to other social sciences such as sociology, as well as to history and the philosophy of science. Its adoption would encourage to shift the focus away from ‘entrepreneurs’ and onto the much broader phenomenon of entrepreneurial action or ‘entrepreneuring’ in its societal and institutional contexts. Such a shift would open up a greatly expanded range of research questions and enable a better balance to be achieved between attention to individual entrepreneurial actors and their organizational, societal and institutional contexts. A pragmatist and realist frame of reference, which recognizes both the importance of processes of social construction and the existence of a ‘real world’, has considerable potential to enrich and expand the scope of entrepreneurship scholarship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 16-33 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.754267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.754267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:16-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth Title: Public entrepreneurship: desiring social change, creating sociality Abstract: In this paper we want to affirm the desiring-social-change that we find in practices presently represented by theorists and policy-makers as examples of ‘social entrepreneurship’ (SE). We do this as an attempt to intensify the presence of the social and sociality in today's discourse on the entrepreneurship--society relationship. SE, as all entrepreneurship practices, operates by social and economic forces (limiting ourselves to those here), and generates social and economic outcomes (amongst others). Its second half, however, dominates the concept of SE, and our analysis seek to remedy this imbalance by focusing on the social productivity of entrepreneurship, on entrepreneurship desiring social change. We suggest ‘public entrepreneurship’ might grasp this as a more balanced concept that will also support a more precise analysis of the entrepreneurship--society relationship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 34-51 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746883 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:34-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Popp Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Popp Author-Name: Robin Holt Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Title: Entrepreneurship and being: the case of the Shaws Abstract: Our paper takes the case of John and Elizabeth Shaw, early nineteenth-century English hardware factors. The sources are almost 200 hundred letters written by the Shaws and their circle. Using these, two readings of the Shaws' experiences of creating a business are presented. The first is couched within a narrative structure of plotted stages and finds the Shaws starting, struggling to, and ultimately succeeding in creating a successful business. Here, their actions within a nascent industrialized economy can be described as entrepreneurial -- they successfully pursued opportunity through founding an enterprise within economically and technologically auspicious environments. The second, more phenomenological reading, opens up for consideration the questionableness of their experience of ‘being in business’. Here the Shaws' understanding of themselves (as conveyed in personal letters) brings into question the academic tendency to emplot their story as one of the staged growth and profitability. Specifically, it resists attempts to ascribe to their experience entrepreneurial status, not simply because they did not think of themselves as entrepreneurs, but because the appearance of the business for the Shaws was woven with their lives in ways that belie the narrative direction and coherence that concepts like entrepreneurship give to it. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 52-68 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746887 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:52-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Drakopoulou Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd Author-Name: Sarah Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: From admiration to abhorrence: the contentious appeal of entrepreneurship across Europe Abstract: Although entrepreneurship seems to offer a universal economic solution, there are some doubts about whether it is universally attractive. We argue that entrepreneurship is a socially constructed concept and consequently the meanings, and hence the appeal, of the enterprise will vary internationally. We argue that how entrepreneurship is understood affects how attractive it seems. Accordingly, we investigated the meanings of entrepreneurship by analysing a range of metaphors of entrepreneurship gathered from schools across Europe. We found that both the meaning and understandings of the practices vary considerably. For most, the concept of entrepreneurship as an engine of the economy is attractive, but for some, the practices of entrepreneurs were considerably less appealing. We find links between national socio-economic contexts and attractiveness. We argue that culture and context seem to influence the social constructions of entrepreneurship and hence the attractiveness of entrepreneurial options. We also find that the pedagogical national narratives of the entrepreneur stand in dynamic tension with the performative national processes of entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 69-89 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746878 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746878 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:69-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Title: The discourse of entrepreneurial masculinities (and femininities) Abstract: The overarching concern of this paper is the dominant discourse of entrepreneurship portrayed as a form of masculinity. It argues that this discourse is perpetuated by academic research and by media representations of the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur is represented in the media by a narrow range of male stereotypes, whilst women are under-represented and often that representation is linked to domestic concerns. At the same time, academic studies persistently rely on male experience to theorize entrepreneurship, and women are studied in terms of their difference. This enduring discourse results in entrepreneurial femininities being rendered invisible. This paper argues that studies in entrepreneurship should remain alert to the denial and masking of gender. It calls for entrepreneurship researchers to engage with contemporary debates in gender, culture and media studies and proposes a research agenda to challenge the dominant discourses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 90-99 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:90-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Per Davidsson Author-X-Name-First: Per Author-X-Name-Last: Davidsson Title: Some reflection on research ‘Schools’ and geographies Abstract: Reflecting on real and perceived differences between European and North American research cultures, I challenge views that ‘European’ research is under appreciated or discriminated against, and caution against isolationist European positions. Instead, I argue that although no distinctive and coherent European tradition or culture really exists, there may be elements of the prevalent research culture that can be turned into an advantage for Europe-based and/or European-trained researchers in helping to influence and improve one, global research conversation. Of course, a range of sub-communities and sub-conversations will and should exist, but there is no reason for these to be based on geography. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 100-110 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:100-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanjay Goel Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay Author-X-Name-Last: Goel Author-Name: Wim Voordeckers Author-X-Name-First: Wim Author-X-Name-Last: Voordeckers Author-Name: Anita van Gils Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: van Gils Author-Name: Jeroen van den Heuvel Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen Author-X-Name-Last: van den Heuvel Title: CEO's empathy and salience of socioemotional wealth in family SMEs -- The moderating role of external directors Abstract: A focus on preserving socioemotional wealth may influence entrepreneurial activities in family firms. In this paper, we identify the emotion of empathy in the family CEO as an antecedent of socioemotional wealth creation. We argue that the presence of one or more external directors can have a direct as well as moderating influence on the relationship between CEO's empathy and the salience of socioemotional wealth to the family CEO. Our empirical tests confirm these hypotheses. Several areas of future research are suggested to incorporate empathy and other emotions in family business studies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 111-134 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710262 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:111-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ángel Alañón-Pardo Author-X-Name-First: Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Alañón-Pardo Author-Name: Josep-Maria Arauzo-Carod Author-X-Name-First: Josep-Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Arauzo-Carod Title: Agglomeration, accessibility and industrial location: Evidence from Spain Abstract: This paper deals with the location decisions of manufacturing firms in Spain. We analyse how agglomeration economies and transport accessibility influence the location decisions of firms at municipality level and in 10 industries. The main empirical contributions of this paper are the econometric techniques used (spatial econometric models) and some of the explanatory variables (local gross domestic product, road accessibility and the characteristics of firms in neighbouring municipalities). The results show that agglomeration economies and accessibility are important in industrial location decision-making. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 135-173 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710263 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710263 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:135-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claude Marcotte Author-X-Name-First: Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Marcotte Title: Measuring entrepreneurship at the country level: A review and research agenda Abstract: The measurement of entrepreneurial activity across national contexts is a relatively recent and under-represented area of study. There was very little research carried out for comparable indicators of entrepreneurship until the end of the 1990s, when the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Consortium launched its annual surveys. In the last decade, other indexes and databases have been created, such as the EIM COMPENDIA database and the World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey dataset. The first objective of this paper is to review and analyse the existing entrepreneurship indexes with respect to their conceptual and methodological dimensions. This review shows that the conceptual foundations of most of the indexes are insufficiently developed. The second objective is to integrate and compare the indexes on 21 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries for which complete data is available. Strong convergence was found between the indicators of venture creation, business ownership and growth, while noticeable divergences were observed between these indicators and those concerning innovation. This was further explored through cluster analysis, which indicated that the 21 sampled countries could be classified into three distinct entrepreneurial profiles. The paper concludes by offering research directions and debating the use of unitary or composite measures of entrepreneurship in comparison to the analysis of multiple dimensions as exemplified in this paper. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 174-194 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710264 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:174-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Ivy Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Ivy Title: State-controlled economies vs. rent-seeking states: Why small and medium enterprises might support state officials Abstract: This study examines the reasons for support that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) provide to government representatives of their choice (in the form of donations, influence through their networks, information and votes). The study tests stakeholder and social capital approaches as legitimate explanations for SMEs’ relationships with state representatives in different transition economies, specifically Belarus and Ukraine. The study shows that the stakeholder approach is sensitive to business environments and more applicable in a rent-seeking state where the parties perceive value in their exchange. Social relations motivate the SMEs’ support in both types of transition economies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 195-221 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710265 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:195-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Baumgartner Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Baumgartner Author-Name: Tobias Schulz Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Schulz Author-Name: Irmi Seidl Author-X-Name-First: Irmi Author-X-Name-Last: Seidl Title: Quantifying entrepreneurship and its impact on local economic performance: A spatial assessment in rural Switzerland Abstract: Regional and rural development policies in Europe increasingly emphasize entrepreneurship to mobilize the endogenous economic potential of rural territories. This study develops a concept to quantify entrepreneurship as place-dependent local potential to examine its impact on the local economic performance of rural territories in Switzerland. The short-to-medium-term impact of entrepreneurship on the economic performance of 1706 rural municipalities in Switzerland is assessed by applying three spatial random effects models. Results suggest a generally positive relationship between entrepreneurship and local development: rural municipalities with higher entrepreneurial potential generally show higher business tax revenues per capita and a lower share of social welfare cases among the population, although the impact on local employment is less clear. The explanatory power of entrepreneurship in all three models, however, was only moderate. This finding suggests that political expectations of fostering entrepreneurship to boost endogenous rural development in the short-to-medium term should be damped. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 222-250 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:222-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jürgen Brünjes Author-X-Name-First: Jürgen Author-X-Name-Last: Brünjes Author-Name: Javier Revilla Diez Author-X-Name-First: Javier Revilla Author-X-Name-Last: Diez Title: ‘Recession push’ and ‘prosperity pull’ entrepreneurship in a rural developing context Abstract: In this paper, the ‘recession push’ and the ‘prosperity pull’ hypotheses are used to analyse the effect of growing non-farm wage employment on entrepreneurship in a rural developing context. Data are collected in a rural household survey in 110 communes in central Vietnam which includes subjective owner assessments of reasons for starting non-farm businesses. This way it is possible to separately test the two hypotheses by distinguishing opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs. We use clustered probit regression analyses and control for possible endogeneity in order to predict participation in entrepreneurship. The results show that better access to non-farm wage employment increases the likelihood of becoming an opportunity entrepreneur but has no effect on necessity entrepreneurship. This, therefore, supports the ‘prosperity pull’ hypothesis but not the ‘recession push’ hypothesis. The growing non-farm economy is likely to accelerate the emergence of opportunity entrepreneurship in rural areas. However, necessity entrepreneurs are suffering from a lack of individual and household assets which pushes them into entrepreneurship regardless of non-farm job opportunities in the surrounding area. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 251-271 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:251-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberta Sonnino Author-X-Name-First: Roberta Author-X-Name-Last: Sonnino Author-Name: Christopher Griggs-Trevarthen Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Griggs-Trevarthen Title: A resilient social economy? Insights from the community food sector in the UK Abstract: At a time of global economic and environmental crisis, academic and policy debates are re-emphasizing the potential of the social economy in providing an alternative development model that reconnects communities with their resource-base and enhances their ‘resilience’. The goal of this paper is to explore this potential through a focus on the practices and values of those who are concretely involved in the social economy. Based on data collected on five community food enterprises in Oxfordshire, UK, the analysis focuses on the perceptions of social entrepreneurs in relation to the ‘alternativeness’ of the social economy, its potential for expansion and its resilience. The research highlights the capacity of social entrepreneurs to empower local communities through a process of collective mobilization of local resources. Theoretically, this study generates new insights into the nature and meanings of resilience as a process of creation of more self-reliant communities of people, places, tools, skills and knowledge. From a policy and practice perspective, the paper raises the need for regional development strategies that capture the gains of these isolated initiatives, particularly in relation to their innovative capacity to create a shared vision that fosters synergies between local ecological, social and economic resources. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 272-292 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:272-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ewald Kibler Author-X-Name-First: Ewald Author-X-Name-Last: Kibler Title: Formation of entrepreneurial intentions in a regional context Abstract: Research on the impact of the regional environment in the very early phase of the business start-up process is currently limited. This paper contributes to the literature by analysing the influence of regional factors on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions within the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework. The rationale is based on the previous literature which posits that regional conditions have implications for individual perceptions, which, in turn, constitute the foundation of the three antecedents of intention in the TPB model: attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. A multilevel analysis based on a random sample of 834 Finnish working-age individuals, combined with the official national statistics at the municipality level supports the proposition that regional conditions have an indirect impact on the intent to become an entrepreneur. The population density, the level of education, income and wealth and the rate of public and manufacturing sector employment of a region are found to moderate the individual formation of entrepreneurial intentions. This study supports further development of the theoretical understanding of entrepreneurial intentions by demonstrating that regional characteristics are important moderating influences in the TPB model. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 293-323 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.721008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.721008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:293-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juliette Koning Author-X-Name-First: Juliette Author-X-Name-Last: Koning Author-Name: Michiel Verver Author-X-Name-First: Michiel Author-X-Name-Last: Verver Title: Historicizing the ‘ethnic’ in ethnic entrepreneurship: The case of the ethnic Chinese in Bangkok Abstract: This paper aims to come to a better understanding of the meaning of ‘ethnic’ in ethnic entrepreneurship for second- and third-generation ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs in Bangkok, Thailand. Research on ethnic Chinese entrepreneurship in Southeast Asia typically investigates the dominance, attributed to specific ‘Chinese’ cultural values and strong intra-ethnic networks, of the ethnic Chinese in business and entrepreneurship. Our research among second- and third-generations shows an inclination of the interviewees to emphasize the irrelevance of their ‘ethnic’ Chinese background in entrepreneurship. To understand the meanings of the expressed irrelevance, we argue that it is constructive to incorporate a historical/generational approach of the ethnic group (migration history, nationalism) and of the business (social organization) into the study of ethnic entrepreneurship. The contribution to ethnic entrepreneurship research is threefold. Firstly, we show how a generational lens provides a more nuanced understanding of the ‘ethnic’ in ethnic entrepreneurship. Secondly, we show how incorporating the historical context helps to position business conduct in the social/societal experiences of entrepreneurs. Finally, our case study of ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs in Thailand brings an Asian perspective to ethnic entrepreneurship debates that generally concern European and North American research studies and thus hopes to inspire future comparative research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 325-348 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.729090 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.729090 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:325-348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Robson Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Robson Author-Name: Charles Akuetteh Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Akuetteh Author-Name: Ian Stone Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Author-Name: Paul Westhead Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead Author-Name: Mike Wright Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: Credit-rationing and entrepreneurial experience: Evidence from a resource deficit context Abstract: This study explores the following novel research question: Do attributes relating to the resources and signals of lead entrepreneurs, particularly prior business ownership experience quality signals, reduce the probability that entrepreneurs will be chronic credit-rationed entrepreneurs in a developing economy context with resource deficiencies? Guided by insights from signalling, resource-based view of the firm and human capital theory, profiles of credit-rationed entrepreneurs (i.e. debt finance obtained but below the amount requested) are highlighted. The length of the debt finance gap was considered with regard to temporary (over one year), major (over two years) and chronic (over three years) finance gaps. We find support for our hypotheses relating to entrepreneurs whose firms are more innovative being more likely to be chronically credit-rationed, whilst firms with partners, entrepreneurs with longer prior business ownership experience and habitual entrepreneurs are less likely to be credit-rationed. The interaction with serial or portfolio entrepreneur reduces the chronic credit-rationing problem faced by innovative firms. A case for developing linkages between inexperienced novice entrepreneurs and habitual entrepreneurs, particularly successful portfolio entrepreneurs, is made. Notably, we suggest that building upon the experienced entrepreneurs who do exist may be particularly beneficial in resource deficit contexts such as Ghana Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 349-370 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.729091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.729091 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:349-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Arbuthnott Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Arbuthnott Author-Name: Yvonne von Friedrichs Author-X-Name-First: Yvonne Author-X-Name-Last: von Friedrichs Title: Entrepreneurial renewal in a peripheral region: the case of a winter automotive-testing cluster in Sweden Abstract: This research paper generates new insights into renewal processes that may occur in peripheral regions. Key findings are presented from an explorative study on a regionally clustered automotive-testing industry, located in northern Sweden. The findings suggest that despite theoretically unfavourable conditions it is possible to progress regional industry after a peripheral setting's socio-economic relapses. Moreover, this research shows how, notwithstanding the importance of profitable service offerings, an entrepreneurial environment can be encouraged within a peripheral region and subsequent renewal achieved by advancing local networks, improving internationalization and enhancing local infrastructures related to a service-based regional industry. Consequently this research offers us a glimpse into a pioneering service-based renewal case which, in essence, differs from previously reported entrepreneurship scholarship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 371-403 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.748095 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.748095 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:371-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tony J. Watson Author-X-Name-First: Tony J. Author-X-Name-Last: Watson Title: Entrepreneurship in action: bringing together the individual, organizational and institutional dimensions of entrepreneurial action Abstract: There is increasing recognition that entrepreneurship research needs to achieve a better balance between studying to entrepreneurial activities and setting these activities in their wider context. It is important that these good intentions are realized and one way of doing this is to bring together ethnographic research with concepts from sociology and from pragmatist thinking. In this study, field research material is interwoven with a set of key concepts to ensure that balanced attention is paid to issues at the levels of the enterprising individual, the organization and societal institutions. The field research is innovative in combining depth study of several enterprises and their founders with the analysis of broader aspects of ‘entrepreneurship in society’. It achieves this through a process of ‘everyday ethnographic’ observation, reading, conversation and ongoing analysis. In the spirit of a pragmatist conception of social science, the underlying logic of entrepreneurial action is identified. This is a logic which needs to be appreciated by all of those who wish to understand and/or engage with the entrepreneurial dimension of contemporary social and economic life. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 404-422 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.754645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.754645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:404-422 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergey Anokhin Author-X-Name-First: Sergey Author-X-Name-Last: Anokhin Title: Venture migration: a quest for a low-hanging fruit? Abstract: Venture migration, in addition to firm entry and exit, affects business stock in a region. This study draws on mainstream entrepreneurship and economic geography literatures to explore the factors explaining net venture migration. Using a data-set on 88 Ohio counties during 2000--2006, it suggests that venture migration is largely a quest for a low-hanging fruit. Relocating firms are drawn to areas with higher sales tax rates that give them access to interest-free financing, higher unemployment rates and better-qualified workforce as well as ample arbitrage opportunities. At the same time, innovative opportunities do not attract migrating ventures. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 423-445 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.758316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.758316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:423-445 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Manuela Presutti Author-X-Name-First: Manuela Author-X-Name-Last: Presutti Author-Name: Cristina Boari Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Boari Author-Name: Antonio Majocchi Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Majocchi Title: Inter-organizational geographical proximity and local start-ups' knowledge acquisition: a contingency approach Abstract: Entrepreneurship studies offer conflicting answers to a key research question: What impact does geographic proximity have on the process of knowledge acquisition by start-ups? This study proposes a new, dynamic framework of three interrelated factors that may moderate this impact; it anticipates that the importance of local and distant knowledge networks depends on the life cycle stages reached by both start-ups and industrial clusters, as well as on the dyadic relationships between local start-ups and their business partners. Some additional variables help strengthen the conceptual model and the key research propositions. This study thus offers a new perspective on entrepreneurship research, namely the configuration of start-ups in both spatial and social contexts. Such a view offers two substantial benefits: a greater understanding of the role played by geographical proximity in knowledge acquisition and an impetus for further empirical research in this field. This article concludes with various implications of the proposed model for both theoretical and managerial purposes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 446-467 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.760003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.760003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:446-467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Louis Raymond Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Raymond Author-Name: Marie Marchand Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Marchand Author-Name: Josée St-Pierre Author-X-Name-First: Josée Author-X-Name-Last: St-Pierre Author-Name: Louise Cadieux Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Cadieux Author-Name: François Labelle Author-X-Name-First: François Author-X-Name-Last: Labelle Title: Dimensions of small business performance from the owner-manager's perspective: a re-conceptualization and empirical validation Abstract: Owner-managers make decisions and manage their firm as governed by the manner in which they conceptualize or ‘conceive’ performance for themselves and their firm, rather than being governed by researchers' and experts' conceptualizations of small business performance. On the basis of survey data obtained from 433 Canadian small businesses, this study aims at a deeper understanding of what owner-managers conceive performance to be, and to what extent this conception is determined by their objectives and social influences. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 468-499 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.782344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.782344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:468-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rune Dahl Fitjar Author-X-Name-First: Rune Dahl Author-X-Name-Last: Fitjar Author-Name: Martin Gjelsvik Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Gjelsvik Author-Name: Andrés Rodríguez-Pose Author-X-Name-First: Andrés Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Pose Title: The combined impact of managerial and relational capabilities on innovation in firms Abstract: In this paper, a survey of more than 1600 firms in the five largest city regions of Norway is described in order to examine how a firm's innovative capacity is affected by three types of factors: factors related to the manager, the structure of the firm and the broader geographical location. By combining perspectives from the fields of management and economic geography in a logistic regression analysis, we find that the two key drivers of firm-level innovation in Norway are the presence of open-minded managers and evidence of collaboration with international partners. Moreover, these two factors are mutually reinforcing, as firms with open-minded managers also tend to engage more with international partners and vice versa. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 500-520 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.798353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.798353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:500-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miira Niska Author-X-Name-First: Miira Author-X-Name-Last: Niska Author-Name: Kari Mikko Vesala Author-X-Name-First: Kari Mikko Author-X-Name-Last: Vesala Title: SME policy implementation as a relational challenge Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between actors, who implement the small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) policy, and entrepreneurs, who are the targets of the policy, by focusing on the question who is serving whose interests. The paper presents a case study conducted in one of the sub-regions in Finland. The data include individual interviews with 10 policy implementers and 19 small business entrepreneurs and two group discussions. The data are approached from the perspectives of discourse analysis and positioning theory. The results are further interpreted in terms of agent--principal relations. The results indicate that one relational challenge faced in the implementation of the SME policy is the proxy agency, in which both policy implementers and entrepreneurs position themselves as the principal and the other party as their agent. The proxy agency can be viewed as an interactional pitfall caused by the incompatible discourses of entrepreneurs and policy actors and the actor positions constructed with these discourses. Besides addressing the relational problems enabled by certain individual discourses, the paper also demonstrates how there is also a need to address the potential conflict that stems from the collision between discourses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 521-540 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.798354 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.798354 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:521-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alf Rehn Author-X-Name-First: Alf Author-X-Name-Last: Rehn Author-Name: Malin Brännback Author-X-Name-First: Malin Author-X-Name-Last: Brännback Author-Name: Alan Carsrud Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Carsrud Author-Name: Marcus Lindahl Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Lindahl Title: Challenging the myths of entrepreneurship? Abstract: Entrepreneurship studies started out as a young field, one where a mix of economists, psychologists, geographers and the occasional anthropologist came together to study the wonder and weirdness that is entrepreneurship, in a wide range of fashions and with few a priori assumptions to hold it back. Today, some of this eclecticism lives on in the field, but at the same time we have seen that the field has matured and its popularity has led to the field becoming increasingly institutionalized -- and thereby beset by an increasing number of assumptions, even myths. Consequently, this special issue queries some of the assumptions and potential myths that flourish in the field, inquiring critically into the constitution of entrepreneurship as a field of research -- all in order to develop the same. Without occasions where a field can question even its most deeply held beliefs, we are at risk of becoming ideologically rather than analytically constituted, which is why we in this special issue wanted to create a space for the kind of critical yet creative play that e.g. Sarasvathy (2004) has encourages the field to engage with. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 543-551 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.818846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.818846 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:543-551 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin C. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Colin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Sara J. Nadin Author-X-Name-First: Sara J. Author-X-Name-Last: Nadin Title: Beyond the entrepreneur as a heroic figurehead of capitalism: re-representing the lived practices of entrepreneurs Abstract: This paper evaluates critically the ideologically driven representation of the entrepreneur as a heroic figurehead of capitalism pursuing for-profit entrepreneurship in the formal commercial economy. To do this, two separate streams of literature are brought together, which highlight how many entrepreneurs operate in the informal economy and how many others are social entrepreneurs. Reporting a 2006 survey of the lived practices of entrepreneurship involving interviews with 120 entrepreneurs in a rural West of England locality in the UK, formal sector for-profit entrepreneurship is shown to be a minority practice. Most entrepreneurs are revealed to operate wholly or partially in the informal economy and to varying extents adopt social goals, including those engaged in a newly identified form of entrepreneurship so far missed by the entrepreneurship literature, namely social entrepreneurship in the informal economy. This reveals the need to de-link entrepreneurship from the formal commercial economy. The resultant outcome is to replace the dominant representation of the entrepreneur as a heroic figurehead of capitalism with a re-representation of the entrepreneur that recognizes the multifarious lived practices of entrepreneurship and therefore demonstrates the feasibility of imagining and enacting alternative futures beyond capitalist hegemony. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 552-568 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.814715 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.814715 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:552-568 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niklas Kiviluoto Author-X-Name-First: Niklas Author-X-Name-Last: Kiviluoto Title: Growth as evidence of firm success: myth or reality? Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to explore the widely acknowledged assumption of sales growth being evidence of firm success. Theoretically, the focus is on the existence of entrepreneurial myths, the multidimensionality of growth and the practical and theoretical implications of this. Empirically, the paper relies on both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore facts about sales growth being evidence of firm success. Quantitatively, the convergent validity of sales growth and 14 other performance measures is assessed. This is done both between industries (bio and IT) and firms of different ages (three age categories). The qualitative study explores the perceptions of 23 key stakeholders (entrepreneurs, policy-makers, public investors and venture capitalists) concerning growth, profitability, performance and firm success. Results show that relative sales growth, the most widely used measure of growth, shows no convergent validity to any other performance measure, regardless of industry and regardless of firm age. The stakeholder views complement these findings, and show that sales growth alone tells too little of a complicated phenomenon and hence cannot be considered a measure of firm success. More holistic research approaches are recommended for fully understanding the complexity of firm success. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 569-586 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.814716 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.814716 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:569-586 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanya Ojo Author-X-Name-First: Sanya Author-X-Name-Last: Ojo Author-Name: Sonny Nwankwo Author-X-Name-First: Sonny Author-X-Name-Last: Nwankwo Author-Name: Ayantunji Gbadamosi Author-X-Name-First: Ayantunji Author-X-Name-Last: Gbadamosi Title: Ethnic entrepreneurship: the myths of informal and illegal enterprises in the UK Abstract: This study, based on lived experiences of a sample of Nigerian entrepreneurs in the UK, provides an insight into why ethnic minority entrepreneurs work and feel justified in working outside the formal/legal structures regulated by government. It contributes an understanding of ethnic entrepreneurship at the periphery or grey zones of the market economy. Thirty Nigerian entrepreneurs based in London were interviewed over a period of 3 months, and their responses analysed for characterization of their entrepreneurial activities. It was found that besides their regular involvements in 'off-the-book' illicit deals, the demarcation between formal and informal entrepreneurial activities is blurred and not easily navigable. Importantly, the study explanatorily exposes the inherent myths of informal/illegal space associated with the study and power of entrepreneurship as an analytical concept. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 587-611 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.814717 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.814717 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:587-611 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karen Verduijn Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Verduijn Author-Name: Caroline Essers Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Essers Title: Questioning dominant entrepreneurship assumptions: the case of female ethnic minority entrepreneurs Abstract: The aim of this paper was to shake up the entrepreneurship ideal by problematizing what seems to have become naturalized, i.e. the ideologized tale of optimism associated with entrepreneurship. We have chosen a particular group of entrepreneurs (one usually and typically excluded in not only popular discourse but also in mainstream entrepreneurship literature), and we have chosen a typical Western society, one that firmly ascribes to neoliberal ideas. We have brought into play Dutch institutional stories with those of female ethnic entrepreneurs to see if these institutions sustain the presupposed view and to find out how these women consequently 'deal' with such presuppositions, and how and at what particular aspects they resist them. Since centre-margin positionalities are central to our investigations we have turned to deconstruction analysis as an inspirational source for our analysis. Our analysis portrays how the centred ideas about entrepreneurship and the positive powers attributed to it do not hold; it demonstrates the incoherence of this centre rather than confirming its position. We have been able to establish that the hegemonic, positive discourse on entrepreneurship in general and with women of ethnic minority origin specifically indeed resonates in these institutions' stories, mostly in its non-reflexivity and ideological prejudices. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 612-630 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.814718 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.814718 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:612-630 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Greenman Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Greenman Title: Everyday entrepreneurial action and cultural embeddedness: an institutional logics perspective Abstract: This study analyses the interrelationship between the micro-foundations of institutionalization and everyday entrepreneurial action using material gathered from ethnography of owner-founders of micro and small enterprises in the design sub-sector of the creative industries. We examine how cultural embeddedness enables and constrains entrepreneurial action using a cross-level model to highlight three levels of analysis where an institutional logics perspective might productively intersect with entrepreneurship theory development. The contribution of this study lies in the examination of how an institutional logics perspective can extend entrepreneurship theory at a micro and meso level while also suggesting a framework for integrating cultural context and the macro-level consequences of entrepreneurial actions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 631-653 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.829873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.829873 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:631-653 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pascal Beckers Author-X-Name-First: Pascal Author-X-Name-Last: Beckers Author-Name: Boris F. Blumberg Author-X-Name-First: Boris F. Author-X-Name-Last: Blumberg Title: Immigrant entrepreneurship on the move: a longitudinal analysis of first- and second-generation immigrant entrepreneurship in the Netherlands Abstract: Second-generation immigrants starting businesses in industries not traditionally associated with immigrants have inspired a new line of research on migrant entrepreneurship. New entrepreneurs are expected to profit from better economic prospects arising from the relatively high levels of human capital available to them and improved integration into society compared to their parents' generation. So far, it is unclear whether these expectations have been met owing to a lack of reliable data on immigrants in general and immigrant entrepreneurs in particular. This paper uses newly available data from Statistics Netherlands (1999--2004) to compare the differences between the business success of second- and first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs. The data enable us to compare these intergenerational differences for each of five major non-Western groups of immigrants in the Netherlands and contrast them with developments among native entrepreneurs from both inter-temporal and longitudinal perspectives. Contrary to expectations, the higher levels of socio-cultural integration of second-generation immigrants do not necessarily lead to better business prospects. The differences between the major ethnic groups of immigrants are noteworthy, as are those with non-immigrant entrepreneurs. While high levels of human capital and social integration foster entrepreneurial success, they are no guarantee of good business prospects. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 654-691 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.808270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.808270 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:654-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Title: Personal views on the future of entrepreneurship education Abstract: Entrepreneurship education is growing worldwide, but key educational and didactical issues remain. What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship education? What are we really doing when we teach or educate people in entrepreneurship, in terms of the nature and the impact of our interventions? What do we know about the appropriateness, the relevancy, the coherency, the social usefulness and the efficiency of our initiatives and practices in entrepreneurship education? Addressing these issues and challenges, this article suggests that at least two major evolutions might reinforce the future of entrepreneurship education. First, we need strong intellectual and conceptual foundations, drawing from the fields of entrepreneurship and education, to strengthen our entrepreneurship courses. And finally, we also need to deeply reflect on our practices, as researchers and educators, taking a more critical stance toward a too often adopted "taken for granted" position. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 692-701 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.821318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.821318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:692-701 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norris Krueger Author-X-Name-First: Norris Author-X-Name-Last: Krueger Author-Name: Francisco Liñán Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Liñán Author-Name: Ghulam Nabi Author-X-Name-First: Ghulam Author-X-Name-Last: Nabi Title: Cultural values and entrepreneurship Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 703-707 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862961 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:703-707 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James C. Hayton Author-X-Name-First: James C. Author-X-Name-Last: Hayton Author-Name: Gabriella Cacciotti Author-X-Name-First: Gabriella Author-X-Name-Last: Cacciotti Title: Is there an entrepreneurial culture? A review of empirical research Abstract: The literature on the association between cultural values and entrepreneurial beliefs, motives and behaviours has grown significantly over the last decade. Through its influence on beliefs, motives and behaviours, culture can magnify or mitigate the impact of institutional and economic conditions upon entrepreneurial activity. Understanding the impact of national culture, alone and in interaction with other contextual factors, is important for refining our knowledge of how entrepreneurs think and act. We present a review of the literature with the goal of distilling the major findings, points of consensus and points of disagreement, as well as identify major gaps. Research has advanced significantly with respect to examining complex interactions among cultural, economic and institutional factors. As a result, a more complex and nuanced view of culture's consequences is slowly emerging. However, work that connects culture to individual motives, beliefs and values has not built significantly upon earlier work on entrepreneurial cognition. Evidence for the mediating processes linking culture and behaviour remains sparse and inconsistent, often dogged by methodological challenges. Our review suggests that we can be less confident, rather than more, in the existence of a single entrepreneurial culture. We conclude with suggestions for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 708-731 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862962 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:708-731 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas Rauch Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Rauch Author-Name: Michael Frese Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Frese Author-Name: Zhong-Ming Wang Author-X-Name-First: Zhong-Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Jens Unger Author-X-Name-First: Jens Author-X-Name-Last: Unger Author-Name: Maria Lozada Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Lozada Author-Name: Vita Kupcha Author-X-Name-First: Vita Author-X-Name-Last: Kupcha Author-Name: Tanja Spirina Author-X-Name-First: Tanja Author-X-Name-Last: Spirina Title: National culture and cultural orientations of owners affecting the innovation--growth relationship in five countries Abstract: This study tests the cross-cultural validity of the relationship between innovation and growth in a sample of 857 business owners from five different countries: China, Germany, the Netherlands, Peru and Russia. We found that innovation is effective in each country, suggesting universal relationships. In addition, cultural variables moderated the innovation--growth relationship. Finally, our cross-level operator analysis revealed that both cultural orientations of owners and national culture explain variance in innovation--growth relationships. Thus, we found interactions across difference levels of culture, which have theoretical and practical implications for cross-cultural entrepreneurship research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 732-755 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:732-755 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karl Wennberg Author-X-Name-First: Karl Author-X-Name-Last: Wennberg Author-Name: Saurav Pathak Author-X-Name-First: Saurav Author-X-Name-Last: Pathak Author-Name: Erkko Autio Author-X-Name-First: Erkko Author-X-Name-Last: Autio Title: How culture moulds the effects of self-efficacy and fear of failure on entrepreneurship Abstract: We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness study for 42 countries to investigate how the effects of individual's self-efficacy and of fear of failure on entrepreneurial entry are contingent on national cultural practices. Using multi-level methodology, we observe that the positive effect of self-efficacy on entry is moderated by the cultural practices of institutional collectivism and performance orientation. Conversely, the negative effect of fear of failure on entry is moderated by the cultural practices of institutional collectivism and uncertainty avoidance. We discuss the implications for theory and methodological development in culture and entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 756-780 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:756-780 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rotem Shneor Author-X-Name-First: Rotem Author-X-Name-Last: Shneor Author-Name: Selin Metin Camgöz Author-X-Name-First: Selin Author-X-Name-Last: Metin Camgöz Author-Name: Pinar Bayhan Karapinar Author-X-Name-First: Pinar Author-X-Name-Last: Bayhan Karapinar Title: The interaction between culture and sex in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions Abstract: This study aims to reveal the effect of an interaction between culture and sex on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions, while building on notions of a cultural construction of gender. The study adopts the theory of planned behaviour as the setting for such exploration, as it has been proven to be robust across national contexts. The analysis is based on survey data collected from business students in Norway and Turkey. Both countries were selected as two distinct and opposite cultural constellations in accordance with the dissatisfaction approach to entrepreneurship. Turkey representing a relatively masculine, high power distance, uncertainty avoiding and collectivistic society; while Norway representing the opposite. Results show that Turkish students, regardless of sex, exhibit significantly higher levels of entrepreneurial intentions and self-efficacy. Male students, regardless of national background, exhibit higher levels of entrepreneurial intentions, self-efficacy and social norms. Finally, our study shows that the extent to which males differ from females in terms of their entrepreneurial intentions is contingent on the national cultural context from which they originate. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 781-803 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862973 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:781-803 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben Spigel Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Spigel Title: Bourdieuian approaches to the geography of entrepreneurial cultures Abstract: Culture has emerged as an important concept within the entrepreneurship literature to help explain differences in the nature of the entrepreneurship process observed between regions, industries and socio-cultural groups. Despite voluminous research on the topic, theories about how culture affects the entrepreneurship process remain underdeveloped. Without a framework to connect culture with everyday entrepreneurial practices and strategies, it is difficult to critically compare the role of culture between multiple contexts. Such a framework is necessary when examining the influence of local cultures on entrepreneurship, given the diverse ways they can influence economic activities. This paper introduces a Bourdieuian perspective on entrepreneurial culture that can be used to explain how particular entrepreneurial cultures emerge within regions, influence the local entrepreneurship process and evolve in the face of internal and external developments. Building on existing work on Bourdieu and entrepreneurship, this paper argues that entrepreneurship research must carefully consider how the concept of culture is used if it is to be a useful factor in explaining the heterogeneous geography of entrepreneurship we observe in the modern economy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 804-818 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862974 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:804-818 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rocío Aliaga-Isla (PhD) Author-X-Name-First: Rocío Author-X-Name-Last: Aliaga-Isla (PhD) Author-Name: Alex Rialp (PhD) Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Rialp (PhD) Title: Systematic review of immigrant entrepreneurship literature: previous findings and ways forward Abstract: Immigrant entrepreneurship is an important socio-economic phenomenon today. Many studies have been developed in academic arenas of different disciplines. This paper aims to present a systematic review of academic literature related to immigrant entrepreneurship. In doing so, two questions are addressed: what has been done in international immigrant entrepreneurship research? and what are the trends that marked this phenomenon in research arenas? For this purpose, 45 articles published in academic journals are examined based on their (a) objectives, (b) theoretical frameworks and (c) methodologies. This paper provides evidence that most papers on immigrant entrepreneurship have focused on the reality of the USA, followed by Europe and Oceania. Furthermore, the review has identified the individual level of analysis and the deductive perspective as a common trend. There is a shortage in theory-building and qualitative studies in this field of knowledge. On the basis of the review, several gaps in the literature are identified that need to be filled in future research in order to enlarge the scientific knowledge on immigrant entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 819-844 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.845694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.845694 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:819-844 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Mathews Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Mathews Author-Name: Peter Stokes Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Stokes Title: The creation of trust: the interplay of rationality, institutions and exchange Abstract: Relationships based on notions of trust represent a central aspect of the communitarian model of industrial districts. Examination of trust has generated a substantial literature; nevertheless, there have been relatively few studies that have empirically considered the sources of trust that operate in local ties and connections. The paper aims to redress this imbalance by investigating relationships in the Arve Valley industrial district near Geneva. It considers sources of trust by engaging the theoretical framework of Möllering's (Möllering, G. 2006a. Trust: Reason, Routine, Reflexivity. Oxford: Elsevier) model of trust which is predicated on the concepts of reason, routine and reflexivity. In conjunction with this, the field research uses in-depth semi-directive interviews with small-firm managers in the Arve industrial district. The paper's findings contribute to trust and industrial district literature by examining the complex interplay between the three antecedents of reason, routine and reflexivity in the creation of local trust in the industrial district setting. In essence, the paper proposes that the availability of information about potential partners and the existence of strong interdependencies inform trust decisions based on evaluation and calculation more than local norms and institutions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 845-866 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.845695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.845695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:845-866 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Svante Andersson Author-X-Name-First: Svante Author-X-Name-Last: Andersson Author-Name: Natasha Evers Author-X-Name-First: Natasha Author-X-Name-Last: Evers Author-Name: Clemence Griot Author-X-Name-First: Clemence Author-X-Name-Last: Griot Title: Local and international networks in small firm internationalization: cases from the Rhône-Alpes medical technology regional cluster Abstract: This study explores the internationalization processes of small firms operating in the medical technology cluster in the Rhône-Alpes region in France. The study demonstrates that both the location and the sectoral type of industry cluster influence the internationalization and network dynamics in the cluster. In addition, both local and international networks influence firm internationalization processes in different ways. First, the firm life-cycle, industry and locational cluster dynamics determine the extent of network influence on firms' internationalization processes. Second, two types of internationalizing firms emerge in this study: born global firms, led by proactive entrepreneurs and globally market-orientated firms from inception, and born-again globals, which engage in late but rapid internationalization as a result of new management or foreign acquisition. Third, local networks in the cluster are important for influencing the internationalization of the born global firm at inception. In contrast, international networks serve as the main impetus for re-launching internationalization for the born-again globals. Fourth, the local research institutions and their connections abroad help both born globals and born-again global firms develop and internationalize their innovations rapidly in the global marketplace. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 867-888 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.847975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.847975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:867-888 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Author-Name: Philippe Riot Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: Riot Author-Name: Hans Landström Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Landström Author-Name: Karin Berglund Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund Author-Name: William B. Gartner Author-X-Name-First: William B. Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner Title: The Institutionalization of Entrepreneurship Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 889-890 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 25 Year: 2013 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.875256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.875256 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:889-890 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christos Kalantaridis Author-X-Name-First: Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Kalantaridis Title: Institutional change in the Schumpeterian--Baumolian construct: power, contestability and evolving entrepreneurial interests Abstract: Baumol's hypothesis, i.e. that the allocation of entrepreneurial talent in productive, unproductive and destructive activities is determined by the rules of the game, is supported by a growing body of empirical research and underpins new avenues of research in entrepreneurial studies. However, Baumol's paper offers precious few insights, beyond policy action, regarding how change to the rules of the game can be effected, because it views institutions as endogenous. This paper sets out to address this gap through an extension of Schumpeterian--Baumolian construct. The paper argues that changing institutions is a contestable process: its outcome determined by the complex nexus of interests and power endowments of actors. Changing the outcome of this contestation is dependent on the emergence of new entrepreneurial groupings and/or the evolution of the power endowments or interests of existing ones. Two historical illustrations are used to support the hypothesis and of this study. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-22 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.840338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.840338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:1-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz Author-Name: Teresa de Noronha Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: de Noronha Vaz Author-Name: Purificacion Vicente Galindo Author-X-Name-First: Purificacion Vicente Author-X-Name-Last: Galindo Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp Title: Modelling innovation support systems for regional development -- analysis of cluster structures in innovation in Portugal Abstract: The present article offers a concise theoretical conceptualization and operational analysis of the contribution of innovation to regional development. The latter concepts are closely related to geographical proximity, knowledge diffusion and filters and clustering. Institutional innovation profiles and regional patterns of innovation are two mutually linked, novel conceptual elements in this article. Next to a theoretical framing, the article employs the regional innovation systems concept as a vehicle to analyse institutional innovation profiles. Our case study addresses three Portuguese regions and their institutions, included in a web-based inventory of innovation agencies which offered the foundation for an extensive database. This data-set was analysed by means of a recently developed principal coordinates analysis followed by a Logistic Biplot approach (leading to a Voronoi mapping) to design a systemic typology of innovation structures where each institution is individually represented. There appears to be a significant difference in the regional innovation patterns resulting from the diverse institutional innovation profiles concerned. These profiles appear to be region specific. Our conclusion highlights the main advantages in the use of the method used for policy-makers and business companies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 23-46 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.860193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.860193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:23-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre-Jean Benghozi Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Benghozi Author-Name: Elisa Salvador Author-X-Name-First: Elisa Author-X-Name-Last: Salvador Title: Are traditional industrial partnerships so strategic for research spin-off development? Some evidence from the Italian case Abstract: This paper aims to contribute to the literature on research spin-offs (SOs) and strategic alliances. The research SO phenomenon has attracted significant attention in recent years. Yet, research SOs might present a particular situation regarding their economic development. Therefore, the paper focuses on the relevance of traditional industrial partnerships and introduces a new and complementary approach for studying and analysing the role of alliances for this particular kind of firm. The results of a questionnaire investigation of Italian research SOs with and without a traditional industrial partner are investigated and supported by a linear regression model. Due to recent initiatives -- a growing interest in the research SO phenomenon -- and the increasing number of established research SOs, Italy is a suitable case study for such an investigation. Nonetheless, the results are generalizable beyond the Italian case. The findings demonstrate thought-provoking -- and somehow unexpected -- results regarding the role of traditional alliances in shaping the geographical and industrial environment as well as the performance, added value, age and production process of the company. This calls for a broader perspective regarding industrial partnerships and research SOs: it reflects new modes of relations for these particular firms in the form of business ecosystems, either they are physical or they are digital. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 47-79 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.860194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.860194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:47-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Marlow Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Marlow Author-Name: Janine Swail Author-X-Name-First: Janine Author-X-Name-Last: Swail Title: Gender, risk and finance: why can't a woman be more like a man? Abstract: Whilst acknowledging that the influence of gender upon women's business ownership is now included as a legitimate addition to the contemporary entrepreneurship research agenda, we question the assumptions which frame this inclusion. We argue that whilst the masculinity of the entrepreneurial discourse has been recognized, this has promoted an almost exclusive focus upon women as the cipher for and personification of the gendered subject. Using explorations of risk and business finance in the context of entrepreneurship, we demonstrate how this presumption ascribes women a discrete but generic theoretical and empirical status associated with weakness and lack. Drawing upon a feminist stance, we suggest that the framing of this contemporary critique, rather than addressing the gender blindness endemic within entrepreneurship, actually generates ontological biases and associated epistemological limitations which perpetuate female disadvantage. These, in turn, constrain the theoretical and empirical reach of the broader field of entrepreneurship research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 80-96 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.860484 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.860484 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:80-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gry Agnete Alsos Author-X-Name-First: Gry Agnete Author-X-Name-Last: Alsos Author-Name: Sara Carter Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Author-Name: Elisabet Ljunggren Author-X-Name-First: Elisabet Author-X-Name-Last: Ljunggren Title: Kinship and business: how entrepreneurial households facilitate business growth Abstract: Building on studies that have stressed the importance of context and the role of the family in business growth, this study explores the role of the entrepreneurial household in the process of business development and growth. We seek to understand how household strategy influences the development of new businesses, the ways in which household characteristics and dynamics influence business growth strategy decisions and how business portfolios are managed and developed by the household. To examine these questions, comparative case studies were undertaken drawing data from four entrepreneurial households located in remote rural regions of Norway and Scotland. The data reveal the role of the entrepreneurial household in the evolution of business creation and growth, examining the processual aspects of entrepreneurial growth, the interactions between business activities and entrepreneurial households and how business portfolios are developed in practice. Three analytical themes emerged from the analyses: the tightly interwoven connections between the business and the household, the use of family and kinship relations as a business resource base and how households mitigate risk and uncertainty through self-imposed growth controls. Although previous studies have viewed entrepreneurial growth largely as an outcome of personal ambition and business strategy, these results reveal the importance of the entrepreneurial household and the household strategy in determining business growth activities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 97-122 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.870235 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.870235 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:97-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas Collett Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Collett Author-Name: Naresh R. Pandit Author-X-Name-First: Naresh R. Author-X-Name-Last: Pandit Author-Name: Jukka Saarikko Author-X-Name-First: Jukka Author-X-Name-Last: Saarikko Title: Success and failure in turnaround attempts. An analysis of SMEs within the Finnish Restructuring of Enterprises Act Abstract: This study focuses on the success and failure of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) attempting turnaround within Finland's Restructuring of Enterprises Act. In doing so, it aims to shed light on (1) how successful and unsuccessful SME turnarounds differ and (2) the effectiveness of the Finnish regime in promoting SME recovery. A preliminary review of the turnaround literature revealed 23 decline and recovery variables. Data on these variables were collected via a questionnaire sent to the administrators of failing SMEs that entered restructuring. Data from the sample of 228 returns were subjected to factor and logit analysis. The factor analysis finds four decline categories: poor management, high debt in adverse macroeconomy, an adverse microeconomic environment and one-off causes of decline. It also finds three recovery action categories: management change and cash generation, market reorientation and cost-cutting and retrenchment. The logit analysis finds that one-off causes of decline, management change and cash generation and cost-cutting and retrenchment are more important in successful turnarounds and that poor management and an adverse microeconomic environment are more important in unsuccessful turnarounds. The study also finds that the Finnish Restructuring of Enterprises Act has resulted in good rates of business survival. Fifty-four per cent of SMEs in our sample turnaround and survive. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 123-141 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.870236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.870236 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:123-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raphael Suire Author-X-Name-First: Raphael Author-X-Name-Last: Suire Author-Name: Jerome Vicente Author-X-Name-First: Jerome Author-X-Name-Last: Vicente Title: Clusters for life or life cycles of clusters: in search of the critical factors of clusters' resilience Abstract: This article investigates the driving forces behind the life cycles and resilience of technological clusters. It concentrates, in particular, on the combination of critical parameters which allows clusters to succeed in disconnecting their cycle from the cycle of the technologies they produce, in order to maintain stability and growth in unstable economic environments. Three propositions on location decision externalities, the life cycle of composite technologies and the structural properties of knowledge networks are developed and introduced in an inclusive study of cluster trajectories. Discussions show that resilient clusters are those that combine network and external audience effects in location decision-making and evolve towards a specific core/periphery and disassortative structure of knowledge interactions along the knowledge and market phases. Understanding these pathways could be at the heart of the renewal of cluster and regional policy in a macro-economic context characterized by high instability and new growing consumer paradigms. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 142-164 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.877985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.877985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:142-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Louise Drakopoulou Dodd Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Louise Drakopoulou Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd Title: Roots radical -- place, power and practice in punk entrepreneurship Abstract: The significance continues to grow of scholarship that embraces critical and contextualized entrepreneurship, seeking rich explorations of diverse entrepreneurship contexts. Following these influences, this study explores the potentialized context of punk entrepreneurship. The Punk Rock band Rancid has a 20-year history of successfully creating independent musical and related creative enterprises from the margins of the music industry. The study draws on artefacts, interviews and videos created by and around Rancid to identify and analyse this example of marginal, alternative entrepreneurship. A three-part analytic frame was applied to analysing these artefacts. Place is critical to Rancid's enterprise, grounding the band socially, culturally, geographically and politically. Practice also plays an important role with Rancid's activities encompassing labour, making music, movement and human interactions. The third, and most prevalent, dimension of alterity is that of power which includes data related to dominance, subordination, exclusion, control and liberation. Rancid's entrepreneurial story is depicted as cycles, not just a linear journey, but following more complicated paths -- from periphery to centre, and back again; returning to roots, whilst trying to move forwards too; grounded in tradition but also radically focused on dramatic change. Paradox, hybridized practices, and the significance of marginal place as a rich resource also emerged from the study. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 165-205 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.877986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.877986 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:165-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sverre J. Herstad Author-X-Name-First: Sverre J. Author-X-Name-Last: Herstad Author-Name: Bernd Ebersberger Author-X-Name-First: Bernd Author-X-Name-Last: Ebersberger Title: Urban agglomerations, knowledge-intensive services and innovation: establishing the core connections Abstract: This paper investigates how resources available in urban agglomerations influence the organizational form, innovation activity and collaborative linkages of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) firms. Compared with their counterparts elsewhere, KIBS located in Norwegian large city labour market regions are more likely to be independent of multi-establishment business organizations and thus reliant on resources available externally, in their locations. This is most pronounced in the central and Western business districts of the capital, wherein independent KIBS exhibit high turnover of professionals and are less inclined to engage actively in innovation. Yet, those that do engage use the capital region economy as a platform for engaging with both domestic and international collaboration partners. Only by consecutively analysing these aspects and accounting for the selection processes involved is the empirical analysis able to uncover contrasting firm-level responses to the same urban economy resource base. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 211-233 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.888098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.888098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:211-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jean Clarke Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Author-Name: Robin Holt Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Author-Name: Richard Blundel Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Blundel Title: Re-imagining the growth process: (co)-evolving metaphorical representations of entrepreneurial growth Abstract: We investigate the role and influence of the biological metaphor 'growth' in studies of organizations, specifically in entrepreneurial settings. We argue that we need to reconsider metaphorical expressions of growth processes in entrepreneurship studies in order to better understand growth in the light of contemporary challenges, such as environmental concerns. Our argument is developed in two stages: first, we review the role of metaphor in organization and entrepreneurship studies. Second, we reflect critically on three conceptualizations of growth that have drawn on biological metaphors: the growing organism, natural selection and co-evolution. We find the metaphor of co-evolution heuristically valuable but under-used and in need of further refinement. We propose three characteristics of the co-evolutionary metaphor that might enrich our understanding of entrepreneurial growth: relational epistemology, collectivity and multidimensionality. Through this we provide a conceptual means of reconciling an economic impetus for entrepreneurial growth with an environmental imperative for sustainability. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 234-256 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.888099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.888099 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:234-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nick Williams Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Tim Vorley Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley Title: Economic resilience and entrepreneurship: lessons from the Sheffield City Region Abstract: This article examines the relationship between economic resilience and entrepreneurship in city regions. Resilience is an emerging concept which has been employed to examine economic performance and responsiveness to exogenous shocks such as financial crisis and recession. Drawing on a literature review of academic articles in this emerging field and interviews with policy-makers in the Sheffield City Region of England, the article examines how entrepreneurship is central to sustain a dynamic economy and demonstrates that it is being fore-fronted in policy debates as a key aspect in creating more resilient economies. The article finds that entrepreneurship is integral to promoting the diversification and capacity building of regional economies, traits which are characteristic of (more) resilient economies. We advance the emerging literature through the development of a conceptual framework to highlight the links between economic resilience and entrepreneurship. In doing so, the article argues that entrepreneurship is critical to the restructuring and adaptation of local (city region) economies and draws out a series of recommendations concerning the wider policy implications of the study. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 257-281 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.894129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.894129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:257-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dilani Jayawarna Author-X-Name-First: Dilani Author-X-Name-Last: Jayawarna Author-Name: Julia Rouse Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Rouse Author-Name: Allan Macpherson Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Macpherson Title: Life course pathways to business start-up Abstract: We explore how socially embedded life courses of individuals within Britain affect the resources they have available and their capacity to apply those resources to start-up. We propose that there will be common pathways to entrepreneurship from privileged resource ownership and test our propositions by modelling a specific life course framework, based on class and gender. We operationalize our model employing 18 waves of the British Household Panel Survey and event history random effect logistic regression modelling. Our hypotheses receive broad support. Business start-up in Britain is primarily made from privileged class backgrounds that enable resource acquisition and are a means of reproducing or defending prosperity. The poor avoid entrepreneurship except when low household income threatens further downward mobility and entrepreneurship is a more attractive option. We find that gendered childcare responsibilities disrupt class-based pathways to entrepreneurship. We interpret the implications of this study for understanding entrepreneurship and society and suggest research directions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 282-312 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.901420 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.901420 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:282-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nasiru Daiyabu Taura Author-X-Name-First: Nasiru Daiyabu Author-X-Name-Last: Taura Author-Name: David Watkins Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Watkins Title: Counteracting innovative constraints: insights from four case studies of African knowledge-intensive metalworking and automotive clusters - 'the Akimacs' Abstract: We respond to repeated calls over the years to further develop cluster theory specifically in an African context. Our contribution is to construct a framework which integrates theories focusing on path dependency, transaction cost economics (efficiency and systemic interdependency models) and regional development (lock in models). Our focus is on the innovativeness of African clusters and constraints on such innovation. Thus, drawing on cluster literature on constraints to innovation coupled with insights from current empirical work within African automotive clusters, we examine the challenges of counteracting the multilevel constraints which hinder innovation in African clusters. We develop a model for counteracting cluster constraints focusing on the impact of variations in innovative frequency, diffusion of innovations, innovative speed and protection of innovation. The model emphasizes the opportunities that arise when new entrant and incumbent firms interact to neutralize constraints at transactional, social, ecological and knowledge levels. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 313-336 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.904004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.904004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:313-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neil Lee Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Emma Drever Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Drever Title: Do SMEs in deprived areas find it harder to access finance? Evidence from the UK Small Business Survey Abstract: Encouraging enterprise in deprived places is an important objective of the UK government policy. Evidence on the perceptions of entrepreneurs suggests that access to finance may be harder for firms in deprived areas, who may have fewer contacts, less collateral or worse access to mainstream banks. Yet there is little empirical evidence on whether this is actually the case. This paper investigates whether firms in deprived areas are more likely to find it hard to access finance than other firms, using a sample of around 3500 UK small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). We find that firms in deprived areas are more likely to perceive access to finance is a problem. However, controlling for SME characteristics, firm growth, credit scores and selection effects, we find no evidence that they actually do find it harder to obtain. The results suggest that geographical disparities in access to finance are unimportant for the average firm. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 337-356 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.911966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.911966 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:337-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leo-Paul Dana Author-X-Name-First: Leo-Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Dana Author-Name: Calin Gurau Author-X-Name-First: Calin Author-X-Name-Last: Gurau Author-Name: Frank Lasch Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Lasch Title: Entrepreneurship, tourism and regional development: a tale of two villages Abstract: The tourism potential of rural areas represents a source of opportunities for entrepreneurship that can enhance regional development. The impact of tourism is, however, complex, representing a combination of benefits and costs. Despite the necessity to evaluate and understand in depth the relationship between tourism, community life and regional development from a local perspective, many studies adopt a descriptive approach, focusing mainly on the perception and attitudes of local residents. Adopting a qualitative methodology, this article makes a comparative analysis of two rural communities in the south of France. Although the geographic distance between the two villages is only 12 km, the communities present unlike profiles in terms of attractions, entrepreneurial activities, community and regional development. The article provides a twofold contribution to the existing literature: first, it enriches the methodological perspective using an interpretative framework based on the specific functions of rural territories; and second, it applies this framework to explain the specific evolution of the investigated villages, as well as the existing tensions and challenges for regional development and management. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 357-374 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.918182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.918182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:357-374 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Breznitz Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Breznitz Author-Name: Mollie Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Mollie Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: The communal roots of entrepreneurial-technological growth - social fragmentation and stagnation: reflection on Atlanta's technology cluster Abstract: Why do some entrepreneurial high-technology industrial clusters grow and prosper, while others stagnate? Even after several decades of research, we have yet to find a definitive answer. One of the main debates in the literature revolves around the importance of societal variables, such as the growth of a cohesive community, versus the importance of factor availability, such as the supply of highly educated labour. Employing a critical case study design to analyse the technology industry in metropolitan Atlanta, this article shows that although the availability of certain factors might be necessary, it is not sufficient without the crystallization of a cohesive social structure. More specifically, we argue that unless a local high-technology industry develops rich multiple, locally centred social networks, which embed companies in the region, cluster development will stagnate. This is true even if the region is extremely rich in all the factors identified as growth-inducing in the literature. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 375-396 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.918183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.918183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:375-396 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan James Gray Author-X-Name-First: Brendan James Author-X-Name-Last: Gray Author-Name: Suzanne Duncan Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan Author-Name: Jodyanne Kirkwood Author-X-Name-First: Jodyanne Author-X-Name-Last: Kirkwood Author-Name: Sara Walton Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Walton Title: Encouraging sustainable entrepreneurship in climate-threatened communities: a Samoan case study Abstract: South Pacific island states are at the forefront of climatic changes that have precipitated severe environmental events. These small countries also face economic and social challenges that require entrepreneurial solutions. We develop a model of how external factors and chance events impact on sustainable opportunity recognition and exploitation in this context. We assess the efficacy of this model in an in-depth study of Women in Business Development Incorporated, a non-governmental organization that helps women and families in Samoa to establish sustainable enterprises. Our findings make a significant contribution to the emerging literature on entrepreneurship, sustainability and resilience in at-risk communities by showing how key organizational capabilities are necessary for coping with exogenous shocks in this context. The findings have important implications for research, policy and practice. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 401-430 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.922622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.922622 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:5-6:p:401-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jose-Luis Hervas-Oliver Author-X-Name-First: Jose-Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Hervas-Oliver Author-Name: Jose Albors-Garrigos Author-X-Name-First: Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Albors-Garrigos Title: Are technology gatekeepers renewing clusters? Understanding gatekeepers and their dynamics across cluster life cycles Abstract: The cluster literature assumes that technology gatekeepers (TGs) shape a district's learning process and its evolution. However, analysis of the resilience of TGs, and their role across different stages of the cluster life cycle (CLC), is absent. Instead, most of the evidence that has been produced is set at a particular stage of the CLC. This article seeks to use a qualitative case study to understand the dynamics of TGs, and their knowledge creation and diffusion capabilities in the CLC renewal period. This is a stage less studied in the literature. Further, the article explores TG resilience across different stages of the CLC. Our results show that not all TGs are resilient and necessary for cluster renewal. In addition, they are not sufficient for fostering disruptions: their manifest reluctance to destroy the status quo and their network centrality makes necessary the entrance of new firms with new knowledge. TGs are necessary because they facilitate a cluster's transition across stages thanks to their powerful control of the most vital aspect of clusters: networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 431-452 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.933489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.933489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:5-6:p:431-452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward McKeever Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: McKeever Author-Name: Alistair Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alistair Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Sarah Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Title: Entrepreneurship and mutuality: social capital in processes and practices Abstract: Social capital, which offers the broader theoretical construct to which networks and networking relate, is now recognized as an important influence in entrepreneurship. Broadly understood as resources embedded in networks and accessed through social connections, research has mainly focused on measuring structural, relational and cognitive dimensions of the concept. While useful, these measurements tell us little about how social capital, as a relational artefact and connecting mechanism, actually works in practice. As a social phenomenon which exists between individuals and contextualized through social networks and groups, we draw upon established social theory to offer an enhanced practical understanding of social capital - what it does and how it operates. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Robert Putnam, we contribute to understanding entrepreneurship as a socially situated and influenced practice. From this perspective, our unit of analysis is the context within which entrepreneurs are embedded. We explored the situated narratives and practices of a group of 15 entrepreneurs from 'Inisgrianan', a small town in the northwest of Ireland. We adopted a qualitative approach, utilizing an interpretive naturalistic philosophy. Findings show how social capital can enable, and how the mutuality of shared interests allows, encourages and engages entrepreneurs in sharing entrepreneurial expertise. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 453-477 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.939536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.939536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:5-6:p:453-477 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Othmar M. Lehner Author-X-Name-First: Othmar M. Author-X-Name-Last: Lehner Title: The formation and interplay of social capital in crowdfunded social ventures Abstract: The multi-levelled processes taking place in Crowdfunding (CF), when tapping a large heterogeneous crowd for resources, and the often fundamentally different intentions of individual crowd members in the case of highly desirable social ventures with little prospect for economic gains, may lead to a different logic and approach to how entrepreneurship develops. Using this under-institutionalized sphere as both, context and subject, the author seeks evidence and a new understanding of entrepreneurial routes by using the sociological perspectives of Bourdieus' four forms of capital as a lens on 36 cases of social ventures. In the cases, opportunity recognition, formation and exploitation could not be distinguished as separate processes. CF and sourcing help form the actual opportunity and disperse information at the same time. In addition, the 'nexus' of opportunity and entrepreneur is breached in CF of social causes through the constant exchange of ideas with the crowd, leading to norm-value pairs between the funders and the entrepreneurs. Issues of identification and control are thus not based upon any formal relationship but based on perceived legitimization and offered democratic participation leading to the transformation of social capital (SC) into economic capital (EC). Success is based upon the SC of the entrepreneurial teams, yet the actual resource exchange and transformation into EC is highly moderated by cultural and symbolic capital that is being built up through the process. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 478-499 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.922623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.922623 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:5-6:p:478-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trevor Jones Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Monder Ram Author-X-Name-First: Monder Author-X-Name-Last: Ram Author-Name: Paul Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: Alex Kiselinchev Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Kiselinchev Author-Name: Lovemore Muchenje Author-X-Name-First: Lovemore Author-X-Name-Last: Muchenje Title: Mixed embeddedness and new migrant enterprise in the UK Abstract: How can the phenomenon of new migrant enterprise be explained? The arrival of new migrants to the UK in significant numbers is prompting a new wave of business activity. This expression of 'super-diversity' poses challenges for existing modes of theorizing, or so it seems. We venture outside the cosmopolitan metropolis of London to examine the experiences of 165 new migrant business owners in the East Midlands region of the UK. Mixed embeddedness theory is used to illuminate the business activities of these new arrivals. We find that new migrants are indeed 'diverse' in many respects; but importantly, the onerous nature of structural constraints limit the scope of new migrant enterprise. There is more than a faint of echo of predecessor ethnic minority communities; and racism continues to cast influence on the business activities of new migrants. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 500-520 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.950697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.950697 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:5-6:p:500-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luca Storti Author-X-Name-First: Luca Author-X-Name-Last: Storti Title: Being an entrepreneur: emergence and structuring of two immigrant entrepreneur groups Abstract: The paper aims to analyse the mechanisms whereby immigrant entrepreneurship emerges and develops. In this connection, we argue that studies of immigrant entrepreneurship can benefit from deeper dialogue with economic sociology. With the idea of mixed embeddedness as our starting point, we advocate an analytical framework of immigrant entrepreneurship that traces the interconnections between the approaches of new economic sociology, political economy and neo-institutionalism from the perspective of mechanism-based explanation. This framework is then applied to a qualitative case study conducted on two micro-immigrant entrepreneur groups: the Italian ice-cream parlour owners and pizzeria owners in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, selected inasmuch as they represent polar forms of immigrant entrepreneurship. In this perspective, empirical findings show detailed differences between the two groups. For pizzeria owners, entrepreneurial transition is the result of a short-term project; the actors are part of small networks, do business in predominantly local markets and are mainly shaped by mimetic isomorphism. By contrast, the ice-cream parlour owners script more consistent entrepreneurial paths, belong to more highly articulated networks, show specific aspects of economic transnationalism and structure themselves by a predominately normative process. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 521-545 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.959067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.959067 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:521-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Brzozowski Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Brzozowski Author-Name: Marco Cucculelli Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Cucculelli Author-Name: Aleksander Surdej Author-X-Name-First: Aleksander Author-X-Name-Last: Surdej Title: Transnational ties and performance of immigrant entrepreneurs: the role of home-country conditions Abstract: This study contributes to the recent empirical literature on the performance of transnational immigrants' firms by investigating the effect of transnational ties on the firm's growth. In addition to the effect of the ties, the paper shows that home country's institutional and socio-economic characteristics and country-specific entrepreneurial factors have a crucial role in shaping the ties-performance relationship. The evidence from a sample of immigrant-owned firms in the Italian information and communications technology (ICT) sector in the period 2000-2010 confirmed the relevance of the proposed model and helped in understanding a potential channel of improvements in immigrant firms' performance through transnational ties. Our results show the limited relevance of a direct, or linear, impact of ties on the growth of sales in immigrant-run firms in the ICT sector, but support the crucial moderating role of home-country characteristics on the ties-performance relationship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 546-573 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.959068 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.959068 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:546-573 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tam Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Tam Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Author-Name: Martie-Louise Verreynne Author-X-Name-First: Martie-Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Verreynne Author-Name: John Steen Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Steen Title: Drivers of firm formalization in Vietnam: an attention theory explanation Abstract: Informal enterprises are widely viewed as a mechanism to engage unemployed people in the economy and thereby alleviate poverty in developing economies. However, over-representation in an economy may lead to both economic growth and broader employment opportunities being sacrificed. This paper presents a process model to investigate three potential drivers for firms to formalize: the first from a desire to grow and develop the firm through innovation, the second from the wish to access government financial support and the third stimulated by the payment of unofficial payments or bribes. We use data from surveys of Vietnamese firms in 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011 to investigate these drivers of formalization. Although we find support for all three of these drivers, the results differ in significance across years and firm types. We explain these differences using attention theory to show how different situations and events can make the formalization decision more likely over time. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 574-593 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.959069 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.959069 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:574-593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Patrizia Vittoria Author-X-Name-First: M. Patrizia Author-X-Name-Last: Vittoria Author-Name: Giuseppe Lubrano Lavadera Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe Author-X-Name-Last: Lubrano Lavadera Title: Knowledge networks and dynamic capabilities as the new regional policy milieu. A social network analysis of the Campania biotechnology community in southern Italy Abstract: A new definition of regional milieu is emerging from the recent innovation policy framework inspired by the notion of a 'knowledge economy'. It is grounded in a theoretical context where the emphasis is on the interactive character of innovation, involving the sharing and exchange of different forms of knowledge among the actors. Identifying regional positioning within the global knowledge value chain is a current preoccupation of both policy and empirical research. This study tries to measure the degree of involvement of a (follower) regional community of biotechnology actors in the global knowledge value chain. It applies inductive research and exploratory case studies to analyse local relational behaviour within the knowledge network (KN) structure. Our description of a regional bio-community highlights the distinctiveness of regional knowledge in relation to the distribution of KN capabilities. The critical nodes in the KN structure are the intra-regional actors, represented by public basic research organizations. These actors bridge between local basic research groups and the international scientific community, although the ability of local actors to collaborate can affect the strength of the links among them. This aspect, which is not addressed by regional strategies, should be the focus of new regional policies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 594-618 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.964782 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.964782 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:594-618 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingebjørg Vestrum Author-X-Name-First: Ingebjørg Author-X-Name-Last: Vestrum Title: The embedding process of community ventures: creating a music festival in a rural community Abstract: Community entrepreneurship is a potentially powerful mechanism to improve the well-being of rural communities. To mobilize inhabitants for collective action, an emerging community venture must be embedded within a local community. Yet, the embedding process of community ventures is not well understood. Accordingly, this study explores how a community entrepreneur (CE) embedded an emerging community venture into a rural community and simultaneously stimulated social change in the community. Drawing on a longitudinal case study of a CE who created a jazz music festival in a rural Norwegian community, a dynamic conceptual framework was developed that highlights the roles and mechanisms that support the embedding process. The CE promoted social change by introducing external impulses to the local community and assumed a bridging role between the villagers and external actors in the embedding process. Some villagers assumed local embedding roles, while several external actors assumed external embedding roles. I identified four strategies that were used to increase the embeddedness of the community venture in the rural community and one strategy that was used by the CE to de-embed the venture in order to avoid constraints imposed by the local community. The importance of the different roles and mechanisms changed over time. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 619-644 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.971076 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.971076 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:619-644 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas Theodorakopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Theodorakopoulos Author-Name: David Bennett Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Author-Name: Deycy Janeth Sánchez Preciado Author-X-Name-First: Deycy Janeth Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez Preciado Title: Intermediation for technology diffusion and user innovation in a developing rural economy: a social learning perspective Abstract: Technology intermediaries are seen as potent vehicles for addressing perennial problems in transferring technology from university to industry in developed and developing countries. This paper examines what constitutes effective user-end intermediation in a low-technology, developing economy context, which is an under-researched topic. The social learning in technological innovation framework is extended using situated learning theory in a longitudinal instrumental case study of an exemplar technology intermediation programme. The paper documents the role that academic-related research and advisory centres can play as intermediaries in brokering, facilitating and configuring technology, against the backdrop of a group of small-scale pisciculture businesses in a rural area of Colombia. In doing so, it demonstrates how technology intermediation activities can be optimized in the domestication and innofusion of technology amongst end-users. The design components featured in this instrumental case of intermediation can inform policy making and practice relating to technology transfer from university to rural industry. Future research on this subject should consider the intermediation components put forward, as well as the impact of such interventions, in different countries and industrial sectors. Such research would allow for theoretical replication and help improve technology domestication and innofusion in different contexts, especially in less-developed countries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 645-662 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.971077 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.971077 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:645-662 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Albena Pergelova Author-X-Name-First: Albena Author-X-Name-Last: Pergelova Author-Name: Fernando Angulo-Ruiz Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Angulo-Ruiz Title: The impact of government financial support on the performance of new firms: the role of competitive advantage as an intermediate outcome Abstract: This research examines the influence of government financial support on new firms' performance. Extant empirical research on the topic has found mixed results, which warrants an exploration of the theoretical basis for the impact of support policies on new firms' performance. Grounding the theoretical model in the resource-based view and institutional theories, this study contends that performance outcomes - e.g. revenues or profits - should not be the first outcomes of public policies to be examined. Instead, competitive advantage formation is suggested as a link between support policies and new firms' performance. Using new firms from the USA, we examine the impact of government financial support measures - government loans, guarantees and government equity - on firms' overall competitive advantage and more specific types of competitive advantage based on innovation, licensing-in, marketing and human capital. Controlling for family funding, bank financing, equity of business angels and venture capitalists, industry, size as well as entrepreneur's characteristics, the results reveal that government guarantees and government equity have a direct effect on new firms' competitive advantage and only an indirect impact on performance. Our results suggest to policy-makers to focus on helping new firms build the necessary capabilities to compete successfully in the marketplace. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 663-705 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.980757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.980757 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:9-10:p:663-705 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammad Reza Farzanegan Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad Reza Author-X-Name-Last: Farzanegan Title: Can oil-rich countries encourage entrepreneurship? Abstract: This study provides the first empirical investigation to test one of transmission channels of resource curse, i.e. marginalized entrepreneurship activities. Our panel data analysis of 65 countries from 2004 to 2011 shows a negative and statistically significant association between oil rents dependency and entrepreneurship indicator. This finding is robust to control of other major drivers of entrepreneurship, unobservable country- and time-fixed effects and a different measurement of oil rents dependency. In addition, our main results show that government effectiveness among other dimensions of good governance has a statistically significant moderating effect in entrepreneurship-oil rents nexus. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 706-725 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.981869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.981869 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:9-10:p:706-725 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Huggins Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins Author-Name: Piers Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Piers Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Title: Culture, entrepreneurship and uneven development: a spatial analysis Abstract: Interest in the proposed connection between culture and entrepreneurship has grown significantly in recent years. However, less attention has been given to the nature of the overall impact of this proposed association on development outcomes, particularly at the local level. In response, this paper analyses the relationship between the nature of the culture, entrepreneurship and development experienced across localities, proposing that the link between culture and development is mediated by entrepreneurship. It focuses upon the concept of community culture, as well as embracing a notion of development incorporating both economic and social well-being outcomes. Drawing upon a multivariate spatial analysis of data from localities in Great Britain, the findings indicate that differences in rates of entrepreneurship are strongly influenced by the community culture present in these localities. Furthermore, a bidirectional relationship is found to exist between entrepreneurship and economic and social development outcomes. It is concluded that the embeddedness of local community culture presents a significant challenge for those places seeking to promote entrepreneurially driven development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 726-752 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.985740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.985740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:9-10:p:726-752 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alessandro Arrighetti Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro Author-X-Name-Last: Arrighetti Author-Name: Daniela Bolzani Author-X-Name-First: Daniela Author-X-Name-Last: Bolzani Author-Name: Andrea Lasagni Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Lasagni Title: Beyond the enclave? Break-outs into mainstream markets and multicultural hybridism in ethnic firms Abstract: The literature on immigrant entrepreneurship has richly described the characteristics and peculiarities of ethnic businesses catering to enclave markets. However, several indications suggest that immigrant-owned firms are increasingly entering mainstream markets and changing both their internal structures and their external networks with resource providers. One of the most substantial changes, which has been overlooked by researchers, consists of the appearance of what we define as 'multiculturally hybrid firms', which are firms that rely on inter-ethnic managerial or labour resources to carry out their activities. Therefore, in this paper we provide an understanding of the variables that affect the recourse to solutions of multicultural hybridism in the entrepreneurial teams and personnel of immigrant-owned firms. We conduct our empirical analyses on data collected through interviews on a sample of 130 immigrant entrepreneurs in Italy. Our results show that multicultural hybridism is mainly driven by the size of the founding team, the business's maturity, the entrepreneurs' host-country language competence and by entrepreneurs' motivation by individual goals rather than community goals. This research advances our knowledge about immigrant entrepreneurship by focusing on firm-level dimensions such as the diversity of entrepreneurial teams and employees, which are increasingly relevant in our multicultural societies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 753-777 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 26 Year: 2014 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.992374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.992374 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:9-10:p:753-777 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Víctor del-Corte-Lora Author-X-Name-First: Víctor Author-X-Name-Last: del-Corte-Lora Author-Name: Teresa Vallet-Bellmunt Author-X-Name-First: Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Vallet-Bellmunt Author-Name: F. Xavier Molina-Morales Author-X-Name-First: F. Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales Title: Be creative but not so much. Decreasing benefits of creativity in clustered firms Abstract: Several previous studies have investigated creativity as an enhancer of innovation, their results showing that there is a positive relationship between the organizational creative climate and innovation. However, no research has been conducted on whether there is a saturation point beyond which an increase in creativity makes innovation performance decrease. In this article, we question the traditional positive relationship between creativity and innovation, and suggest that such a relationship is not linear, but has instead an inverted U-shape due to a saturation effect. We have developed a conceptual model to explain innovation performance considering creativity and network centrality, and it has been tested in the ceramic industrial cluster in Spain. Empirical findings support the inverted U-shaped relationship between creativity and innovation. The implications of these results in relation to creativity and innovation theory and practices are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-27 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.995722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.995722 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:1-2:p:1-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nick Williams Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Tim Vorley Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley Title: The impact of institutional change on entrepreneurship in a crisis-hit economy: the case of Greece Abstract: This paper examines how changes to the institutional environment in a crisis-hit economy impact on entrepreneurial activity. Through a case study of Greece, the paper demonstrates how the institutional environment has changed in light of the crisis and the resultant response of entrepreneurs to these changes. Drawing on in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs, the findings suggest that changes to institutions have served to limit entrepreneurial activity rather than enhance it, and that this has worsened in the midst of the crisis. We argue that this will detrimentally impact Greece's ability to navigate out of the crisis and regain competitiveness in the longer term. The paper concludes by offering a number of theoretical and policy implications which are focused on improving institutional environments so that entrepreneurship can play an appropriate role in recovering from economic crises. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 28-49 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.995723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.995723 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:1-2:p:28-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jing Su Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Su Author-Name: Qinghua Zhai Author-X-Name-First: Qinghua Author-X-Name-Last: Zhai Author-Name: Hans Landström Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Landström Title: Entrepreneurship research in China: internationalization or contextualization? Abstract: Entrepreneurship is an emerging research field that has received much scholarly attention in recent decades. Given the global scope of this attention, this article compares entrepreneurship research in China with that in the USA and Europe. Based on publications in Social Science Citation Index and Chinese Social Science Citation Index databases over the past 10 years, we use bibliometric method to analyse entrepreneurship research in different regions. Our analysis shows that, on the one hand, entrepreneurship research in China has much in common with such research in the USA and Europe. In addition to borrowing ideas from Western researchers, Chinese entrepreneurship researchers study similar themes and use similar theoretical foundations. On the other hand, Chinese contextual environment helps preserve the uniqueness of its entrepreneurship research. Researchers deal with several context-specific topics such as guanxi, i.e. networks of interpersonal relationships, and its influence on entrepreneurship. We further discuss ways for Chinese researchers to explore the distinct context and contribute to the global literature. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 50-79 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.999718 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.999718 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:1-2:p:50-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernando Muñoz-Bullon Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz-Bullon Author-Name: Maria J. Sanchez-Bueno Author-X-Name-First: Maria J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez-Bueno Author-Name: Antonio Vos-Saz Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Vos-Saz Title: Startup team contributions and new firm creation: the role of founding team experience Abstract: The likelihood of nascent entrepreneurs making the transition from a new venture idea to a profitable business is argued to be contingent on the breadth of the resources available within the startup team. Team industry and startup experience are deemed to influence the entrepreneurs' ability to profitably establish the venture in the market via the mobilization of team resources. Using a sample of nascent entrepreneurs in the USA, we show that team resource heterogeneity has a positive impact on profitable firm creation. Moreover, this positive effect is greater as the team has more experience in the industry in which the new business will compete. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 80-105 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.999719 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.999719 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:1-2:p:80-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Misagh Tasavori Author-X-Name-First: Misagh Author-X-Name-Last: Tasavori Author-Name: Reza Zaefarian Author-X-Name-First: Reza Author-X-Name-Last: Zaefarian Author-Name: Pervez N. Ghauri Author-X-Name-First: Pervez N. Author-X-Name-Last: Ghauri Title: The creation view of opportunities at the base of the pyramid Abstract: This research aims to understand how multinational corporations (MNCs) enter the base of the pyramid (BoP) by adopting the creation view of opportunities. We employ actor-network theory and explore the key actors, the process and the opportunity development that enable MNCs to tackle the relative poverty of the BoP market. Our qualitative exploratory case study illustrates that, at the BoP, MNCs have to involve beneficiary stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations and BoP communities. In this process, they should be open to modifying their business model continuously to build awareness about the product among the poor and ensure affordability, availability and acceptability. At the BoP, opportunities do not exist in the external environment and they should be developed by identifying and addressing the real needs of the poor, enhancing their quality of life and being patient about earning a profit. This research contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by expanding the creation perspective of opportunities and provides implications for the managers of companies targeting the BoP market. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 106-126 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.1002538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.1002538 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:1-2:p:106-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke Alan Pittaway Author-X-Name-First: Luke Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Pittaway Author-Name: Jim Gazzard Author-X-Name-First: Jim Author-X-Name-Last: Gazzard Author-Name: Adam Shore Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Shore Author-Name: Tom Williamson Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Williamson Title: Student clubs: experiences in entrepreneurial learning Abstract: Student-led clubs that seek to enhance entrepreneurial learning can be found in many universities. Yet, like many areas of extra-curricular activity in entrepreneurship education, their role in supporting learning has not been researched widely. The paper introduces research that addresses this gap and investigates the nature of the learning process student's encounter when they take part in clubs. The study explores the literature on entrepreneurial learning; it examines the different concepts and considers their contribution to understanding student learning experiences. From the literature, a conceptual framework is presented, highlighting the key aspects of entrepreneurial learning relevant for the field research. The methodology is introduced, including a series of qualitative studies and a survey of students. The study focuses on two types of student-led clubs 'entrepreneurship clubs' and 'Enactus clubs' and provides a comparative analysis. The findings reported show a range of student learning benefits that simulate important aspects of entrepreneurial learning, such as learning by doing, learning through mistakes and learning from entrepreneurs. More nuanced findings are also presented showing differences in learning benefits between club forms and heighten benefits for students taking leadership roles. Ultimately, the paper contributes to research in entrepreneurship by illustrating how student clubs support entrepreneurial learning. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 127-153 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1014865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1014865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:3-4:p:127-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Quan Anh Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Quan Anh Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Author-Name: Gillian Sullivan Mort Author-X-Name-First: Gillian Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan Mort Author-Name: Clare D'Souza Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: D'Souza Title: Vietnam in transition: SMEs and the necessitating environment for entrepreneurship development Abstract: A transitional economy has been characterized as experiencing a large amount of economic and social change. SMEs can be considered as the vehicle for entrepreneurship development in such a context. The purpose of this paper is to further the investigation of the favourability of the transitional environment on SMEs and entrepreneurship in Vietnam. Using a new approach, we analyse the transitional economy discourse via examining government policies, international organization reports and academic articles on Vietnam. Our findings suggest that, in Vietnam, compared to an overall normative framework developed from a wide literature review, the settings generally support a vibrant transitional entrepreneurship development and SMEs. However, more needs to be done to build up favourable sociocultural setting and effective business support systems in the country. Implications for the relevant stakeholders and suggestions for future research in the East Asian and Central and Eastern Europe regions are also provided. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 154-180 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1015457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1015457 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:3-4:p:154-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Carree Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Carree Author-Name: Emilio Congregado Author-X-Name-First: Emilio Author-X-Name-Last: Congregado Author-Name: Antonio Golpe Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Golpe Author-Name: André van Stel Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: van Stel Title: Self-employment and job generation in metropolitan areas, 1969-2009 Abstract: Many regional development policy initiatives assume that entrepreneurial activities promote economic growth. Empirical research has presented rationale for this argument showing that small firms create proportionally more new jobs than large firms. However, little research has been performed on the issue of net job generation at the urban level, particularly when self-employment is considered as an indicator of entrepreneurial activities. This paper investigates to what extent US metropolitan areas in the 1969-2009 period characterized by relatively high rates of self-employment also have shown relatively high rates of subsequent total employment growth. The analysis corrects for the influence of sectoral composition, wage level, educational attainment, presence of research universities and size of the metropolitan area to measure the extent to which the number and quality of self-employed in a region contribute to total employment growth. It finds the relationship between self-employment rates and subsequent total employment growth to be positive on average during the 40-year period but to weaken over time. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 181-201 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1025860 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1025860 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:3-4:p:181-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Brekke Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Brekke Title: Entrepreneurship and path dependency in regional development Abstract: This paper describes a case study of path-dependent industrial development in a specialized medium-sized region characterized by a specialized high-tech industry cluster, located near Norway's capital, Oslo. The case study examines the path-dependent process of new industry arising from technology-related industries through three main branching mechanisms: entrepreneurship, mobility, and social networks. More particularly, the study explores the extent to which regional branching mechanisms relate to different path-dependent processes of path extension, path renewal, or path creation. The case study of industrial development in a medium-sized region that critically examines the concepts of path dependence, and argues that specialized medium-sized regions follow different path processes from core regions due to regional branching that does not happen automatically but instead may require policy action and external investment to avoid stagnation or negative lock-in. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 202-218 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1030457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1030457 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:3-4:p:202-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sharine Barth Author-X-Name-First: Sharine Author-X-Name-Last: Barth Author-Name: Jo Barraket Author-X-Name-First: Jo Author-X-Name-Last: Barraket Author-Name: Belinda Luke Author-X-Name-First: Belinda Author-X-Name-Last: Luke Author-Name: Juliana McLaughlin Author-X-Name-First: Juliana Author-X-Name-Last: McLaughlin Title: Acquaintance or partner? Social economy organizations, institutional logics and regional development in Australia Abstract: The social economy as a regional development actor is gaining greater attention given its purported ability to address social and environmental problems. This growth in interest is occurring within a global environment that is calling for a more holistic understanding of development compared to traditionally economic-centric conceptions. While regional development policies and practices have long considered for-profit businesses as agents for regional growth, there is a relatively limited understanding of the role of the social economy as a development actor. The institutional environment is a large determinant of all kinds of entrepreneurial activity, and therefore understanding the relationships between the social economy and broader regional development processes is warranted. This paper moves beyond suggestions of an economic-centric focus of regional development by utilizing institutional logics as a theoretical framework for understanding the role of social enterprises in regional development. A multiple case study of ten social enterprises in two regional locations in Australia suggests that social enterprises can represent competing logics to economic-centric institutional values and systems. The paper argues that dominant institutional logics can promote or constrain the inter-play between the social and the economic aspects of development, in the context of social enterprises. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 219-254 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1030458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1030458 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:3-4:p:219-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano Author-Name: Francisco Mas-Verdú Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Mas-Verdú Title: Special Issue on: Small business and entrepreneurship: their role in economic and social development Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 255-257 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1041252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1041252 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:3-4:p:255-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allan Macpherson Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Macpherson Author-Name: Brahim Herbane Author-X-Name-First: Brahim Author-X-Name-Last: Herbane Author-Name: Oswald Jones Author-X-Name-First: Oswald Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Developing dynamic capabilities through resource accretion: expanding the entrepreneurial solution space Abstract: We report our findings from the analysis of crisis episodes that resulted in the development of new capabilities in eight small firms. When dealing with resource constraints in periods of crisis, entrepreneurs engaged in a number of actions to develop their firms' capabilities. By accreting resources such as knowledge, skills and other assets, entrepreneurs were able to expand their repertoire of potential solutions and change the firm's learning trajectory. Our contribution is to describe the process of resource accretion (the gradual accumulation and integration of resources) through grafting and bonding of capabilities into the firm's ambit, which is dependent on the proximities, salience and relationships of resources. We observe three patterns within the accretion pathways of the eight firms in the study, namely the combination of coping mechanisms, the extension of networks, and the reprisal of previously successful solutions. These activities support resource accretion and the subsequent expanded solution space where entrepreneurs begin the process of embedding new capabilities. Such coping routines are necessary antecedents for the development of nascent dynamic capabilities in small firms. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 259-291 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1038598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1038598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:259-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Friederike Welter Author-X-Name-First: Friederike Author-X-Name-Last: Welter Author-Name: David Smallbone Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone Author-Name: Anna Pobol Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Pobol Title: Entrepreneurial activity in the informal economy: a missing piece of the entrepreneurship jigsaw puzzle Abstract: This paper takes stock of the current debate around the informal sector and informal entrepreneurship. Informal entrepreneurship represents a worldwide characteristic of entrepreneurial activity, the main distinguishing feature of which is that it is operating outside the law. Since what is legal can vary considerably between countries, studies of entrepreneurship which exclude informal activity must be considered partial. Moreover, it can be argued that the distinction between formal and informal is not black and white but rather shades of grey. Although informal economic activity is often more prominent in developing countries and transition economies, it is by no means confined to them. There are parts of the UK, for example, where local economies are dependent upon informal employment and for many goods and services. More generally, much of the home-based economic activities, such as cleaning, painting and decorating and other services, are typically provided, at least partially, in the informal sector. As a consequence, it is difficult to argue against including informal activity as part of the study of entrepreneurship, and particularly where the entrepreneurial potential of an economy is being assessed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 292-306 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1041259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1041259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:292-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Fritsch Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Fritsch Author-Name: Alexander S. Kritikos Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: S. Kritikos Author-Name: Alina Sorgner Author-X-Name-First: Alina Author-X-Name-Last: Sorgner Title: Why did self-employment increase so strongly in Germany? Abstract: Germany experienced a unique rise in the level of self-employment in the first two decades following unification. Applying the nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique, we find that the main factors driving these changes in the overall level of self-employment are demographic developments, the shift towards service sector employment and a larger share of population holding a tertiary degree. While these factors explain most of the development in self-employment with employees and the overall level of self-employment in West Germany, their explanatory power is much lower for the stronger increase in solo self-employment and in self-employment in former socialist East Germany. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 307-333 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1048310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1048310 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:307-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saurav Pathak Author-X-Name-First: Saurav Author-X-Name-Last: Pathak Author-Name: André Laplume Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Laplume Author-Name: Emanuel Xavier-Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Emanuel Author-X-Name-Last: Xavier-Oliveira Title: Inbound foreign direct investment and domestic entrepreneurial activity Abstract: There is an interesting and lively debate going on in the academic literature intersecting trade policy and entrepreneurship. Several studies have shown that inbound foreign direct investment (FDI) has a negative effect on rates of entrepreneurship, while others find the opposite - a higher rate of new firm creation associated with increased inbound FDI. We study the phenomenon using a cross-country analysis of data on entrepreneurs from 38 countries and from 2001 to -  2008. Results indicate that inbound FDI has negative associations with five types of entrepreneurship (nascent, new, early-stage, established, and high-growth) measured by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey. In our discussion, we argue that our study supports the contention that studies counting new limited liability company registrations do not always measure the same thing as entrepreneurial entries (self-reports), leading to different, even opposite results when subjected to empirical analysis. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 334-356 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1058424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1058424 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:334-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelley Packalen Author-X-Name-First: Kelley Author-X-Name-Last: Packalen Title: Multiple successful models: how demographic features of founding teams differ between regions and over time Abstract: In this study, I ask: (1) is industry evolution or isomorphism theory a better model for understanding the change (lack-there-of) among founding team demographics over time? (2) Does region moderate which founding team demographics are prevalent and valued? To answer these questions, I analyse the demographic features of Boston and San Francisco Bay area biotechnology founding teams formed over a period of more than 30 years. I then examine whether there is a financial benefit - in terms of the value of their first investment - for having certain demographic features. I find that there are significant differences between Boston and San Francisco in (1) who becomes founders, (2) the rate at and ways in which demographic features evolve over time, and (3) the features of the founding teams that are rewarded by venture capitalists through higher initial investments. My results demonstrate the importance of treating region and industry age as moderators rather than controls. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 357-385 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1059896 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1059896 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:357-385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David J. Storey Author-X-Name-First: David J. Author-X-Name-Last: Storey Author-Name: Indianna D. Minto-Coy Author-X-Name-First: Indianna D. Author-X-Name-Last: Minto-Coy Author-Name: Jonathan Lashley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Lashley Title: Enterprise and entrepreneurship in the Caribbean Region Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 386-387 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1088727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1088727 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:386-387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wadid Lamine Author-X-Name-First: Wadid Author-X-Name-Last: Lamine Author-Name: Sarah Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Author-Name: Didier Chabaud Author-X-Name-First: Didier Author-X-Name-Last: Chabaud Title: One step beyond? Towards a process view of social networks in entrepreneurship Abstract: A critical challenge for entrepreneurship scholars is the need to develop a greater understanding of (1) how, when and why entrepreneurial networks emerge, develop and change over time and (2) how network evolution impacts on the entrepreneurial trajectory. This special issue of Entrepreneurship & Regional Development begins to address these challenges by presenting a range of current works that further increase our understanding about social network dynamics during the entrepreneurial process. We begin by connecting this special issue to some of the main challenges of the field of entrepreneurship. From this, we propose an integrative perspective required to move thinking forward. We then summarize how the diverse papers presented in this special issue contribute to opening up the research field further and help us develop a greater understanding about the challenges entrepreneurship scholars face. We conclude this article with lessons and suggestions for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 413-429 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1070535 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070535 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:7-8:p:413-429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Einar Rasmussen Author-X-Name-First: Einar Author-X-Name-Last: Rasmussen Author-Name: Simon Mosey Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Mosey Author-Name: Mike Wright Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: The transformation of network ties to develop entrepreneurial competencies for university spin-offs Abstract: Social networks are integral to the emergence and development of new ventures, but the temporal utility of networks is poorly understood. We consider the initial development of four university spin-offs and examine the formation and development of network ties to construct valuable entrepreneurial competencies. We develop a conceptual framework that explains how strong and weak network ties are strategically transformed in terms of strength and purpose depending on the type of competency sought and the business development need. We conclude that theoretical explanations of the new venture formation process need to incorporate not only network formation but also the role of network tie transformations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 430-457 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1070536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:7-8:p:430-457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Lans Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Lans Author-Name: Vincent Blok Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Blok Author-Name: Judith Gulikers Author-X-Name-First: Judith Author-X-Name-Last: Gulikers Title: Show me your network and I'll tell you who you are: social competence and social capital of early-stage entrepreneurs Abstract: Recognizing that detailed work on social competence in the context of early entrepreneurial processes is still scarce and, at the same time, building further on existing work, we investigated how and to what extent social competence influences social capital among students with latent entrepreneurial ambitions. For this purpose, an empirical study was carried out among 131 Masters students following a university entrepreneurship education programme. Hierarchal regression analysis showed that social competence, as a composite variable, had a significant effect on the social capital of early-stage entrepreneurs. In particular, social competence directly influenced (structural) aspects of social capital, namely the number of people the early-stage entrepreneur had access to via strong and weak links, as well as the range of occupations these people represented. Thus, social competence increased not only the number of ties (either strong or weak), but also the range of occupations the entrepreneur had access to. Additional analyses - adding social competence as five separate underlying social skills - showed a more differentiated picture, suggesting that the whole (e.g. social competence) is more than the sum of its parts (e.g. the individual skills). The outcomes of this research contribute to the scientific literature concerning the role and impact of social competence on social capital in general, and entrepreneurial networking in particular. Furthermore, it provides the first stepping-stones for social competence development in entrepreneurship education programmes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 458-473 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1070537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070537 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:7-8:p:458-473 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Huggins Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins Author-Name: Hiro Izushi Author-X-Name-First: Hiro Author-X-Name-Last: Izushi Author-Name: Daniel Prokop Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Prokop Author-Name: Piers Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Piers Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Title: Network evolution and the spatiotemporal dynamics of knowledge sourcing Abstract: Knowledge accessing from external organizations is important to firms, especially entrepreneurial ones that often cannot generate internally all the knowledge necessary for innovation. There is, however, a lack of evidence concerning the association between the evolution of firms and the evolution of their networks. The aim of this paper is to begin to fill this gap by undertaking an exploratory analysis of the relationship between the vintage of firms and their knowledge sourcing networks. Drawing on an analysis of firms in the UK, the paper finds some evidence of a U-shaped relationship existing between firm age and the frequency of accessing knowledge from certain sources. Emerging entrepreneurial firms are found to be highly active with regard to accessing knowledge from a range of sources and geographic locations, with the rate of networking dropping somewhat during the following period of peak firm growth. For instance, it is found that firms tend to access knowledge from sources such as universities and research institutes in their own region less frequently when they experience peak turnover growth. Overall, the results suggest a complex relationship between the lifecycle of the firm and its networking patterns. It is concluded that network-related theory and policy needs to take greater account of the likelihood that network formation and utilization by firms will vary dependent upon their lifecycle position. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 474-499 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1070538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070538 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:7-8:p:474-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent Lefebvre Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Lefebvre Author-Name: Miruna Radu Lefebvre Author-X-Name-First: Miruna Author-X-Name-Last: Radu Lefebvre Author-Name: Eric Simon Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Simon Title: Formal entrepreneurial networks as communities of practice: a longitudinal case study Abstract: This article argues that entrepreneurial learning is genuinely connected to entrepreneurial networking activities, within a co-evolving dynamics. We take a longitudinal network approach to study the combined development of network dynamics and learning in a French formal entrepreneurial network over a period of 4 years (2005-2009). Our aim is to extend our knowledge of entrepreneurial learning emphasized both as a process and an outcome of social interaction, by focusing on the interplay between network evolution and the changing learning needs of participants over time. Building on a situated social perspective of entrepreneurial learning, we demonstrate that network learning processes and outcomes are contingent on the progressive network transformation from a social network to a community of practice. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 500-525 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1070539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070539 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:7-8:p:500-525 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steven Si Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Si Author-Name: David Ahlstrom Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Ahlstrom Author-Name: Jiang Wei Author-X-Name-First: Jiang Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Author-Name: John Cullen Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Cullen Title: Business, Entrepreneurship and Innovation Toward Poverty Reduction Abstract: Poverty reduction has become a core subject for researchers across the social sciences from economics to finance, management and entrepreneurship. In general, the faster and more widespread economic growth in recent decades has enabled large numbers of people to move out of poverty such that extreme poverty has fallen to less than ten percent of world population. However, it is increasingly clear that while some countries and regions have seen dramatic improvement of poverty, there are other places with large numbers of people still in poverty that can greatly benefit from poverty alleviation efforts. Management scholars and economists increasingly recognize that entrepreneurship may offer a significant part of the solution to poverty around the world. A related focus regarding the ways in which poverty can be reduced in through entrepreneurship and new venture creation, however, how to link the key issues above with the current platform, network/digital and sharing economies, how to find new ways and new solutions to effectively reduce poverty in now political, economic and global contexts still needs to be better understood. This Special Issue has set the goals of publishing work that builds knowledge about thenature of poverty reduction and business, entrepreneurship and innovation activities in both developed and developing economies, as well as their models, antecedents and consequences related with the current platform. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-20 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:1-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Douglas Cumming Author-X-Name-First: Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Cumming Author-Name: Sofia Johan Author-X-Name-First: Sofia Author-X-Name-Last: Johan Author-Name: Ikenna Uzuegbunam Author-X-Name-First: Ikenna Author-X-Name-Last: Uzuegbunam Title: An anatomy of entrepreneurial pursuits in relation to poverty Abstract: This study examines the causal relationships between inequality, poverty and entrepreneurship. We hypothesize that income inequality influences entrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial activity alleviates absolute poverty. Findings from longitudinal analyses of a dataset from all 50 US states over an 18-year period provide robust support for these hypotheses. Furthermore, the results suggest that antipoverty public policy aimed at encouraging work (i.e. Earned income tax credit, EITC) can be detrimental to entrepreneurial activity. These findings underscore the importance of linking public policy efforts aimed at poverty alleviation with those aimed at encouraging additional entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 21-40 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640475 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:21-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Song Lin Author-X-Name-First: Song Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Christoph Winkler Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Winkler Author-Name: Shanshan Wang Author-X-Name-First: Shanshan Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Hui Chen Author-X-Name-First: Hui Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Regional determinants of poverty alleviation through entrepreneurship in China Abstract: Based on the economic theory of dual structure, the authors of this study conducted an empirical analysis on the relationship between entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation using panel data collected in 31 provinces in China from 2000 to 2017. The study arrived at three conclusions. First, entrepreneurship in urban and rural areas can generally facilitate poverty alleviation. Second, the correlation between entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation in urban areas is significantly stronger than in rural areas. Moreover, the correlation is also significantly stronger in developed areas than in underdeveloped areas. Third, the level of financial development in an area can moderate the effect of entrepreneurship on poverty alleviation. These conclusions suggest that entrepreneurial activities in emerging economies have a stronger effect on alleviating poverty in urban regions instead of helping less developed or rural areas. The authors recommend that government agencies should institute policies aimed at vigorously improving the business environment in rural and underdeveloped areas. Particularly a strengthening of the financial system in these areas could further enhance the positive effect of entrepreneurship on poverty alleviation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 41-62 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:41-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marleen Wierenga Author-X-Name-First: Marleen Author-X-Name-Last: Wierenga Title: Uncovering the scaling of innovations developed by grassroots entrepreneurs in low-income settings Abstract: Low-income entrepreneurs operating in resource-scarce settings are typically referred to as subsistence entrepreneurs – informal, operating on a small scale, and selling products developed and produced by others. This study establishes the notion of a unique category of low-income entrepreneurs who have developed, commercialised, and scaled innovations and are self-employed by choice. Further, the paper investigates the scaling process of these innovative grassroots entrepreneurs. The sample consists of four grassroots entrepreneurs from India who founded an enterprise to sell their self-developed innovations. The study follows the grounded theory approach, which is suitable for the exploration of complex questions in unusual settings. The theoretical lens used in this study is entrepreneurial bricolage since the interest of the study lies in understanding action and the usage of existing resources. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it contributes to the literature on low-income entrepreneurship by bolstering the theoretical archetype of grassroots entrepreneurs and developing a process model for their scaling process. Second, the study contributes to the literature on bricolage by introducing the notion of grassroots bricolage as a behaviour to utilise and combine both locally available contacts and a broader network as resources in novel ways. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 63-90 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:63-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanjay Goel Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay Author-X-Name-Last: Goel Author-Name: Ranjan Karri Author-X-Name-First: Ranjan Author-X-Name-Last: Karri Title: Entrepreneurial aspirations and poverty reduction: the role of institutional context Abstract: Integrating insights from institutional theory and a subjectivist view of entrepreneurial action, we developed a conceptual model of poverty reduction in the context of institutional rigidities and institutional contradictions through their influence on aspirations. Based on the ‘subjective’ stream of entrepreneurship, our model portrays institutional rigidities and contradictions moderating the influence of aspirations on entrepreneurial action by affecting the subjective value that potential entrepreneurs place on their resources. Because the value of resources is subjective in our exposition, our model suggests specific institutional configurations where a change in aspirations among the poor may provide them with unique insights to exploit entrepreneurial opportunities visible only to them. Our ‘poor-as-owners’ model can be contrasted with interventionist approaches to poverty reduction, which are aimed at creating win-win entrepreneurial models between the poor and the non-poor. Several policy implications can be derived from our paper that may be more effective in achieving regional development and reducing regional disparities that arise from a higher incidence of poverty. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 91-111 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640484 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640484 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:91-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aiqi Wu Author-X-Name-First: Aiqi Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Di Song Author-X-Name-First: Di Author-X-Name-Last: Song Author-Name: Yang Yang Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Untangling the effects of entrepreneurial opportunity on the performance of peasant entrepreneurship: the moderating roles of entrepreneurial effort and regional poverty level Abstract: The literature suggests both that entrepreneurship is a critical means of poverty alleviation, and that entrepreneurial opportunity is at the heart of entrepreneurial activity. Yet the extant research has devoted little attention to the role of entrepreneurial opportunity in entrepreneurial activity and poverty reduction. This paper explores the relationship between the types of entrepreneurial opportunity and the entrepreneurial performance of peasant entrepreneurs. Using a sample of peasant entrepreneurs from Zhejiang, China, we find that while dependence on self-identified opportunities is positively associated with entrepreneurial performance, dependence on social network- or government-identified opportunities does not positively contribute to the performance. Furthermore, we find that both entrepreneurial effort and the regional poverty level moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial opportunity and performance. This article contributes to the study of peasant entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation by demonstrating that the role of entrepreneurial opportunity is more complex and nuanced when it comes to achieving improved entrepreneurial performance. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 112-133 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:112-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stelvia Matos Author-X-Name-First: Stelvia Author-X-Name-Last: Matos Author-Name: Jeremy Hall Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Title: An exploratory study of entrepreneurs in impoverished communities: when institutional factors and individual characteristics result in non-productive entrepreneurship Abstract: It is widely acknowledged that entrepreneurship can help the poor escape poverty. However, while many people in impoverished regions engage in entrepreneurial activities, many fail to develop successful businesses. This paper examines why impoverished people may choose to engage in entrepreneurship, the characteristics that shape their entrepreneurial behaviour and the struggles they face. We draw on the entrepreneurship literature that suggests institutional factors and individual characteristics shape new venture development. Following an inductive methodological approach utilizing a survey, interviews and focus groups collected from an impoverished community in Brazil, we explore entrepreneurial behaviour focused on perceived alertness, utilization of social networks, formal business registration and participation in training. We found that temporal myopia, misjudgement of their abilities, and counter-productive use of their social networks result in non-productive entrepreneurship. We contribute theoretically by suggesting that, in addition to productive, unproductive and destructive entrepreneurial outcomes shaped by institutions, non-productive entrepreneurship is also a prevalent problem, but is heavily shaped by the interactions between individual characteristics and the institutional environment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 134-155 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640476 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:134-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helen Haugh Author-X-Name-First: Helen Author-X-Name-Last: Haugh Title: Call the midwife! Business incubators as entrepreneurial enablers in developing economies Abstract: Enabling domestic entrepreneurship is one pathway for alleviating poverty. In developing economies, however, public policies prioritize health and education above entrepreneurship promotion. While international development funding has traditionally supported social and environmental interventions, more recent corporate philanthropic funding has been invested in business incubators to support domestic entrepreneurship. This article examines how business incubation and enterprise development impact on poverty alleviation in developing economies. From the analysis of empirical data gathered from four philanthropy-funded business incubators, their role in how sustainable new venture creation and multiple capital formation contributes to poverty alleviation is explained. The findings contribute to entrepreneurship enablement theory. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 156-175 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:156-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanjay Jain Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay Author-X-Name-Last: Jain Author-Name: James Koch Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Koch Title: Crafting markets and fostering entrepreneurship within underserved communities: social ventures and clean energy provision in Asia Abstract: In this paper, we conceptualize markets for underserved communities as being constituted by local institutions that reflect the modalities of these individual’s lives. Using data on the activities that four social ventures across India, Bangladesh and Cambodia have undertaken to craft new markets for their clean energy solutions, we highlight how these actors incorporate their technologies within native material understandings, develop transaction systems consistent with resident consumption practices and entrench their organizations into the existing infrastructure. We term these processes indigenizing, microprovisioning and codeveloping, respectively. In meshing local context as part of their market crafting efforts, these ventures seed micro-entrepreneurship activity, generate employment for locals as well as improve standards of living within the community through the provision of productivity enhancing products and services. Our findings highlight the significance of engaging with local institutions as part of market crafting efforts in these scenarios. This paper offers insights that contribute to the sociology of markets, and poverty reduction via entrepreneurship literatures as well as have important practical and policy implications. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 176-196 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:176-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Korosteleva Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Korosteleva Author-Name: Paulina Stępień-Baig Author-X-Name-First: Paulina Author-X-Name-Last: Stępień-Baig Title: Climbing the poverty ladder: the role of entrepreneurship and gender in alleviating poverty in transition economies Abstract: Poverty reduction remains a critical issue for a vast proportion of the population globally. Substantial body of literature on poverty reduction has focused on the role played by government support and charity institutions, whereas entrepreneurship as a channel for poverty reduction, and the role of gender in shaping this relationship have been under-researched, especially in the context of transition economies. Using the recent wave of the EBRD Life in Transition Survey III (2016) data, this study explores the relationship between poverty alleviation, entrepreneurship and gender. We extend the understanding of the mechanism via which entrepreneurial process is likely to contribute to poverty reduction in this region, distinguishing between self-employment and business ownership, with the latter regarded as Schumpeterian entrepreneurship. The study provides some interesting findings shedding light on the important role women play in shaping the entrepreneurship-poverty relationship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 197-220 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:197-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yiyi Su Author-X-Name-First: Yiyi Author-X-Name-Last: Su Author-Name: Shaker A. Zahra Author-X-Name-First: Shaker A. Author-X-Name-Last: Zahra Author-Name: Rui Li Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Di Fan Author-X-Name-First: Di Author-X-Name-Last: Fan Title: Trust, poverty, and subjective wellbeing among Chinese entrepreneurs Abstract: Entrepreneurs’ subjective wellbeing has become an important topic in research: entrepreneurs undertake risks and create their companies seeking personal satisfaction and fulfillment. As a result, researchers have given considerable attention to the antecedents and the conditions under which wellbeing materializes, especially in emerging economies where poverty may be acute. In this study, we propose that generalized trust serves as an informal institution that affects entrepreneurs’ subjective wellbeing. Further, we propose that this relationship is subject to boundary conditions of economic and social poverty as well as context-specific formal institutional features. We test our predictions using a multi-sourced sample of 818 Chinese entrepreneurs. We find that trust is positively associated with entrepreneurs’ subjective wellbeing. This association is moderated by both economic poverty and social poverty. When high or low institutional voids are evident across the different regions of China, the main and moderating effects are further differentiated. The study suggests that, as a mechanism to mitigate the negative effect of lacking formal institutions, the level of trust in different regions is more relevant in social poverty rather than in economic poverty. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 221-245 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640483 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:221-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial: The governance of cross-locality networks as a determinant of local economic development Abstract: Lisa De Propris and Roger Sugden Guest editors Journal: Pages: 489-492 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462058 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:489-492 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa De Propris Author-X-Name-First: Lisa De Author-X-Name-Last: Propris Author-Name: Stefano Menghinello Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: Menghinello Author-Name: Roger Sugden Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Sugden Title: The internationalisation of production systems: embeddedness, openness and governance Abstract: The paper explores the process of production internationalisation of local production systems with a special concern for the tension between embeddedness and openness, and with the governance structure of international networking. Local production systems are prompted to look beyond their local borders by the need to access knowledge, competences, as well as goods and services. Beyond a concern with territory, the possibility of multinational networks has been conceptualised as a mesh of local production systems cemented by production and socioeconomic relations. Drawing on the conceptual hypothesis of multinational networks, the paper proceeds to analyse the process of international outsourcing of Italian industrial districts as an application. The opening up of districts has taken place at the same time as a process of internal hierarchisation due to the emergence of leading groups. The paper reflects on how industrial districts have tended to generate abroad similar forms of agglomerations replicating the industrial district model, as well as presenting some preliminary considerations on the link between the governance of the local production system and the governance of its external networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Pages: 493-515 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462074 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:493-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marco Bellandi Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Bellandi Author-Name: Annalisa Caloffi Author-X-Name-First: Annalisa Author-X-Name-Last: Caloffi Title: District internationalisation and trans-local development Abstract: The fast rise of ‘made in China’ in international markets has raised concern among industrial districts in Italy and elsewhere. The challenge comes from a rich variety of factors of development, including local entrepreneurial and public resources. Building on results of fieldwork research on specialised towns and industrial clusters in Guangdong (China), and on investigations of Italian industrial districts, we consider the classification, along various axes, of both the business reactions from agents of districts facing the challenge and their systemic outcomes in terms of local developmental capacities. In particular, delocalisation and relocalisation outcomes are distinguished. The latter offer positive collective prospects, and are related to district internationalisation strategies and actions, targeting localities and clusters which could develop district-like processes. These relations have a core represented by trans-local public goods. Long-term cluster-to-cluster investments in production and trade joint projects may arise together with and around such a core. They help the growth and variation of division of labour at a trans-local scale. Some general requirements and dynamic aspects in the governance of such public goods are suggested and discussed, with illustration from an Italian-Chinese case of trans-local and cluster-to-cluster strategies. Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Pages: 517-532 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462108 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462108 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:517-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Lorentzen Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Lorentzen Title: Knowledge networks in local and global space Abstract: The objective of the paper is to discuss the space and scale of knowledge networks for innovation. The point of departure is a critical review of territorialised innovation theories according to which the source of growth and competitiveness is to be found in the innovative interplay among local actors and institutions. The region is believed to play a particular role as incubator or mediator for small firms. On this background the question raised is what globalisation and the emergence of time and space shrinking technologies imply to the spatial scale of knowledge networks. It is shown that the territorialised innovation theories rest on simplistic perceptions of embeddedness and space, and on functional notions of proximity which treat the firms as black box. The result is a considerable regional determinism. On the basis of recent network theory and empirical results, it is argued that firms do find knowledge sources on different spatial scales. Global networks or distant knowledge sources are particularly beneficial to innovation and firms are able to establish and participate in knowledge networks on all spatial scales. The political focus on local and regional innovation networks should therefore be changed and the role of the region redefined. Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Pages: 533-545 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462124 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:533-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Klaus Semlinger Author-X-Name-First: Klaus Author-X-Name-Last: Semlinger Title: Cooperation and competition in network governance: regional networks in a globalised economy Abstract: The (re-)discovery of industrial districts in Italy during the 1980s has shown that today mere co-location of entrepreneurial entities has to be supplemented by intentional cooperation: To develop and sustain competitive competence, companies have to specialise. Yet to preserve flexibility it is also necessary that they use the special knowledge of others, thus that they collaborate closely with other specialised firms. Additionally, because increased specialisation unavoidably leads to growing asymmetry of information, hampering both market mode collaboration and the hierarchy mode of control, it is argued that regional collaboration should take place in cooperative networks of trusted partners. However, in a developed Knowledge Society it is quite unlikely that the most advanced knowledge is always at hand nearby in well-established intra-regional networks. Correspondingly, regional networks have to be open for collaboration with strangers and they have to combine cooperation and competition. The paper elaborates on these necessities, investigates the generic mode of cooperative interaction and tries to solve the dilemma of the ‘antagonistic melange’ of conflicting governance structures. In doing so, the paper presents a model of cooperation which should give some guidance for the analysis of cooperative relationships and some hints for planning advanced, that is hybrid, networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Pages: 547-560 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462157 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462157 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:547-560 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Andreosso-O’Callaghan Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Andreosso-O’Callaghan Author-Name: Helena Lenihan Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Lenihan Title: Networking: a question of firm characteristics? The case of the Shannon region in Ireland Abstract: A large body of the literature on networking has brought to the fore the advantages of proximity between actors in spatially confined enclaves such as industrial districts and local systems of innovation. Through transaction cost minimisation and knowledge exchange advantages, networking in these special enclaves leads to higher firm performance. Seen therefore as a core dynamic of the regional economic process, networking is an important tool of regional and industrial policy at both the EU and Irish levels. Globalisation, which reaches its paroxysm in the case of a small and open economy such as Ireland, raises the relevance of geographical proximity as an important element in networking. This article addresses this topical issue by using a descriptive analysis drawn from a survey of 126 firms from three industries carried out in 2005 in the Shannon region of Ireland. One key finding is that networking, defined as material linkages, is more likely to involve firms in the international market than firms at lower geographical levels. Also, networking is influenced by certain firm characteristics such as ownership, size and age. Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Pages: 561-580 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:561-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José-Luis Hervás-Oliver Author-X-Name-First: José-Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Hervás-Oliver Author-Name: José Albors-Garrigós Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Albors-Garrigós Title: Local knowledge domains and the role of MNE affiliates in bridging and complementing a cluster's knowledge Abstract: Multinational enterprises (MNEs) can play the role of extracting, diffusing and bringing knowledge through external linkages. The classical literature of industrial districts has not focused on these external ties, although occasionally they have been mentioned when trying to avoid lock-in and entropic inertia. This work focuses on this gap and examines the process of knowledge exchange between clusters through MNE affiliates which operate in all of them. Empirical work is conducted with interviews to clustered indigenous firms with affiliates operating in other clusters and affiliates belonging to MNEs which are independent of other clusters, all of them in the ceramic tile industry. The results show that the knowledge created in the collective learning process is local-scaled and is created from interaction between local SMEs and indigenous and foreign MNEs. The knowledge created in other clusters is introduced through foreign MNE affiliates complementing the local one. The results, interpreted within and limited to this context, can also provide insight into policy-making. Within global industries, polycentric networks from different clusters are open entities formed by local SMEs and connected and linked with foreign and indigenous MNE affiliates which sustain the channels that allow knowledge to be transferred from a local to a global scale. Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Pages: 581-598 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462231 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:581-598 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shumaila Yousafzai Author-X-Name-First: Shumaila Author-X-Name-Last: Yousafzai Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Author-Name: Saadat Saeed Author-X-Name-First: Saadat Author-X-Name-Last: Saeed Author-Name: Colette Henry Author-X-Name-First: Colette Author-X-Name-Last: Henry Author-Name: Adam Lindgreen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgreen Title: The contextual embeddedness of women’s entrepreneurship: towards a more informed research agenda Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 167-177 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:167-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice M. Wieland Author-X-Name-First: Alice M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wieland Author-Name: Markus Kemmelmeier Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Kemmelmeier Author-Name: Vishal K. Gupta Author-X-Name-First: Vishal K. Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta Author-Name: William McKelvey Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: McKelvey Title: Gendered cognitions: a socio-cognitive model of how gender affects entrepreneurial preferences Abstract: This research explores the social-cognitive factors which lead both women and men to pursue ventures consistent with their gendered social identity, therefore, reinforcing the gender gap in entrepreneurship. We measured the self-assessments of individuals presented with experimentally manipulated entrepreneurial opportunities that were either consistent or inconsistent with their self-reported gender. A theoretical model derived from Social Role Theory is presented and tested. It posits that a gender match (mismatch) with the entrepreneurial opportunity results in higher (lower) reported self-efficacy, anticipated social resources, and venture desirability and lower (higher) venture risk perceptions. The experimental data are tested in a sequential mediation SEM model. We find evidence that self-efficacy and anticipated social resources mediate the effect of gender congruency on perceived risk and venture desirability. The results provide insight into the insidious barriers that play a role in reproducing a gender gap in entrepreneurial outcomes by ‘nudging’ women into lower-return ventures in less lucrative industries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 178-197 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:178-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Haya Al-Dajani Author-X-Name-First: Haya Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Dajani Author-Name: Hammad Akbar Author-X-Name-First: Hammad Author-X-Name-Last: Akbar Author-Name: Sara Carter Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Author-Name: Eleanor Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: Defying contextual embeddedness: evidence from displaced women entrepreneurs in Jordan Abstract: Although entrepreneurial practices and processes are evolving and changing globally, models of entrepreneurship remain masculinized, embedded in advanced economies and associated with notions of individual agency, heroism and control. Rarely is defiance considered. In this paper, we explore the defiance practices of displaced women operating in the Jordanian patriarchal economy and society and consider how this enabled their nurturing of entrepreneurship. Indeed, we argue that socially excluded women actually defy their contextual embeddedness through their entrepreneurial activities. In so doing, we respond to calls for research that explores the contextual embeddedness of women’s entrepreneurship, and contribute to shifting the focus towards the more silent feminine end of the entrepreneurial process. We consider the defiance of invisible displaced women entrepreneurs operating in the under-researched context of Jordan. Longitudinal, ethnographic investigation revealed the creation of a secret production network led by, and for, displaced women. This paper focuses on the five founders of this network, which they established to mobilize and manage the production of traditional crafts and, by so doing, to defy the stifling limitations imposed by their restrictive contractors, community and family members. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 198-212 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:198-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: María Villares-Varela Author-X-Name-First: María Author-X-Name-Last: Villares-Varela Author-Name: Caroline Essers Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Essers Title: Women in the migrant economy. A positional approach to contextualize gendered transnational trajectories Abstract: Drawing on the life histories of migrant women entrepreneurs in the Netherlands and Spain, this article explores the influence of transnational trajectories on their social positions and business strategies. A translocational positional approach enables us to research the transnational strategies of women entrepreneurs more effectively in addition to examining the changes in social positions and gendered identities between the country of origin and the country of destination. This approach contributes to scholarship on ‘context’ by offering a transnational gendered dimension in relation to the effects of social, spatial and institutional factors. Our findings demonstrate how female migrant entrepreneurs redefine their social status in different contexts by establishing a business and challenge, contest or comply with gender relations in their transnational entrepreneurial journeys. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 213-225 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551789 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:213-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hayfaa A. Tlaiss Author-X-Name-First: Hayfaa A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tlaiss Title: Contextualizing the career success of Arab women entrepreneurs Abstract: Drawing on institutional theory, this study gives voice to Arab women entrepreneurs. Through contextualization and in-depth, semi-structured interviews, I examine Lebanese women entrepreneurs’ conceptualizations of career success, the mechanisms they use to realize it and their overall awareness of it. According to the findings, the entrepreneurs experience career success as an act of disobedience against socially imposed cultural and gender mandates. Furthermore, career success evolves as a contextual, dynamic process that is culturally dependent but individually negotiated, interpreted and constructed using external and internal conceptualizations. In turn, these conceptualizations are intertwined with agency and unfold as a process at the intersection of gender, patriarchy and cultural values. Accordingly, I argue against reducing career success to static, objective and subjective criteria. Doing so undermines the complexity and processual nature of the construct and neglects the importance of cultural values in shaping the understanding and experience of career success in different societies. I also stress the importance of contextualizing women’s entrepreneurial experiences and demonstrate that Lebanese women entrepreneurs’ conceptualizations of career success reflect both Arab social-cognitive and normative institutions and their own agency. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 226-241 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551790 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:226-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maryam Cheraghi Author-X-Name-First: Maryam Author-X-Name-Last: Cheraghi Author-Name: Kent Adsbøll Wickstrøm Author-X-Name-First: Kent Author-X-Name-Last: Adsbøll Wickstrøm Author-Name: Kim Klyver Author-X-Name-First: Kim Author-X-Name-Last: Klyver Title: Life-course and entry to entrepreneurship:embedded in gender and gender-egalitarianism Abstract: Prior research has suggested that low gender egalitarianism results in a gender gap in entrepreneurship participation, as it provides men and women with different opportunities and constraints. However, this research has primarily relied on an unrealistic assumption, namely that gender-related opportunities and constraints occur evenly throughout different life stages. This paper details an institutional life-course model that explains gender-related patterns in individuals’ propensity to enter entrepreneurship and contingencies related to the level of gender-egalitarianism in society and individuals’ life stages. We test our conceptual model on a unique integrated dataset from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the World Value Survey, encompassing a total of 672,781 adults in 71 countries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 242-258 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551791 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:242-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mirela Xheneti Author-X-Name-First: Mirela Author-X-Name-Last: Xheneti Author-Name: Shova Thapa Karki Author-X-Name-First: Shova Thapa Author-X-Name-Last: Karki Author-Name: Adrian Madden Author-X-Name-First: Adrian Author-X-Name-Last: Madden Title: Negotiating business and family demands within a patriarchal society – the case of women entrepreneurs in the Nepalese context Abstract: The aim of this paper is to advance our understanding of how women negotiate their business and family demands in a developing country context. The highest cited motivation for women’s pursuit of entrepreneurship has been their need to attend to these demands. Yet, empirically we know little about the negotiating actions taken by, and the business satisfaction of women in the context of both livelihood challenges and patriarchal contexts, despite several scholarly calls for contextualized accounts of women’s entrepreneurship. We explore these issues by employing a qualitative study of 90 women engaged in primarily informal entrepreneurial activities in three Nepalese regions. Our findings highlight three main and interrelated themes – negotiating consent, family resource access and gaining status. These themes allow us to contextualize the process of negotiating business and family demands by highlighting how women legitimize their business activities, respond to family/societal expectations and mobilize support for, and find satisfaction in their business. Overall, our study contributes towards accounts of business–family interface that incorporate the everyday practices of entrepreneurial activities amongst those less privileged in terms of resource access in particular sociocultural contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 259-278 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551792 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:259-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annie Roos Author-X-Name-First: Annie Author-X-Name-Last: Roos Title: Embeddedness in context: understanding gender in a female entrepreneurship network Abstract: In this paper I argue that through a process of embeddedness in context, a female entrepreneurship network is able to challenge gender structures. I investigate how a female entrepreneurship network is constructed and how they reinforce and possibly challenge existing gender structures. From an ethnographic study, three processes in the female entrepreneurship network were identified: making proper entrepreneurs, building relationships and engaging in change. In the different processes the women involved in the network reinforced gender structures through compliance with a masculine discourse of entrepreneurship, but also challenged gender structures through questioning this discourse. Through becoming embedded in their local community, the women entrepreneurs were able to take charge of the development of the network and challenge gender structures as a result of questioning the masculine discourse of entrepreneurship. This implies an interplay between embeddedness and gender as two separate but dependent processes. Linking together gender and embeddedness elicits a new take on the way female entrepreneurship networks are constructed and how they could advance gender equality within entrepreneurship. Consequently, this paper emphasises a need for further examination of embeddedness within gender and entrepreneurship research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 279-292 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551793 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:279-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ye Liu Author-X-Name-First: Ye Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Thomas Schøtt Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Schøtt Author-Name: Chuqing Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Chuqing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Women’s experiences of legitimacy, satisfaction and commitment as entrepreneurs: embedded in gender hierarchy and networks in private and business spheres Abstract: When a woman perceives legitimacy in her job as an entrepreneur from networks that are often influenced by the gender hierarchy that grants men higher status than women, she is encouraged in her job. What are the effects of gender hierarchy and networks on the legitimacy a female entrepreneur perceives and on her satisfaction and commitment to the job? A sample of 5997 female entrepreneurs in the developing world was surveyed for Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. They were found to experience legitimacy as entrepreneurs in their networks in the private sphere and the business sphere. Gender hierarchy constrains legitimacy more in the private sphere than it does in the business sphere. Legitimacy in the business sphere can fulfil the need to feel competent and enhance job satisfaction, while legitimacy in the private sphere can fulfil the need to feel related and enhance job commitment. The account contributes to a two-level contextualization of experiences: micro-level embedding in networks that are nested in macro-level embedding in gender hierarchy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 293-307 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:293-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mandy Wheadon Author-X-Name-First: Mandy Author-X-Name-Last: Wheadon Author-Name: Nathalie Duval-Couetil Author-X-Name-First: Nathalie Author-X-Name-Last: Duval-Couetil Title: Token entrepreneurs: a review of gender, capital, and context in technology entrepreneurship Abstract: This article reviews the literature on gender and entrepreneurship in technology to explore individual and contextual factors maintaining the token status of women in this field. It examines how the intersection of gender and context influences participation rates in entrepreneurship, and suggests that the deeply embedded cultural and cognitive associations that frame both technology and entrepreneurship as masculine concepts create barriers for women when these contexts overlap. It offers a framework for research and practice that aids in the analysis of complex multi-level barriers that control access to the forms of capital necessary for initial and continued participation in technology entrepreneurship. Given calls for women to participate more fully in high-growth technology ventures, it highlights the need for research to incorporate broader analytical perspectives that simultaneously examine both the barriers faced by women in these contexts and the factors that systemically sustain them. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 308-336 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:308-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heidi Wiig Aslesen Author-X-Name-First: Heidi Wiig Author-X-Name-Last: Aslesen Author-Name: Gouya Harirchi Author-X-Name-First: Gouya Author-X-Name-Last: Harirchi Title: The effect of local and global linkages on the innovativeness in ICT SMEs: does location-specific context matter? Abstract: Countries differ significantly with regard to the location-specific contexts in which they are embedded. The aim of this paper is to extend the discussion on the effects of local and global innovation collaborations on the degree of novelty of innovation by considering this context. Our main question is: Does embeddedness in the developed or emerging country context affect the likelihood of benefiting from local or global linkages for innovations with higher novelty?The paper is based on data gathered through a survey of firms in the ICT sector in an emerging economy (India) context and from two Scandinavian countries (Sweden and Norway). The findings of this study show that global linkages do indeed impact the degree of novelty of innovation. However, country context does have a moderating effect. While the effect of global linkages is highly positive on the innovativeness of Scandinavian firms, for the Indian SMEs, the linkages that give novel innovations are the regional ones. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 644-669 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1059897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1059897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:644-669 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard T. Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Richard T. Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Author-Name: Colin Mason Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Author-Name: Donald Smith Author-X-Name-First: Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Heuristics, learning and the business angel investment decision-making process Abstract: This paper extends the literature on the investment decision-making of business angels.Using insights from the emerging body of research on entrepreneurial learning processes, particularly the use of heuristics and the nature of learning from meagre experience, we explore whether angels learn from experience, how they learn and what they learn. These issues are addressed using verbal protocol analysis, a methodology for examining decision-making in real time, with three groups of business angels with differing levels of investment experience, and with follow-up debriefing interviews with these angels. This reveals some differences in the speed of decision making and the emphasis given to various investment criteria. There is some evidence for the use of heuristics in the decision making process, and for the critical role played by vicarious learning from the experience of others. Learning in the individual angel decision making process is a social as well as an individual phenomenon. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 527-554 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1066875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1066875 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:527-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José L. González-Pernía Author-X-Name-First: José L. Author-X-Name-Last: González-Pernía Author-Name: Andrés Jung Author-X-Name-First: Andrés Author-X-Name-Last: Jung Author-Name: Iñaki Peña Author-X-Name-First: Iñaki Author-X-Name-Last: Peña Title: Innovation-driven entrepreneurship in developing economies Abstract: The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE) has recently emerged as an influential research stream that examines the origin, development and economic impact of innovation-driven entrepreneurship. While empirical evidence has shown that the main premise of the KSTE generally holds in most advanced economies, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the extent to which the ideas advocated by the KSTE are generalizable to different contexts in developing countries. On applying a logistic multilevel analysis to a sample of almost 250,000 individuals across 45 developing countries, the results show that the different context found in developing economies produces a limited connection between knowledge spillovers, innovation and entrepreneurship in comparison with the conventional linkage studied in the KSTE literature. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 555-573 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1075602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1075602 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:555-573 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard Author-Name: Richard Ferguson Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Ferguson Author-Name: Johan Gaddefors Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Gaddefors Title: The best of both worlds: how rural entrepreneurs use placial embeddedness and strategic networks to create opportunities Abstract: Entrepreneurial activities are strongly influenced by the context in which they occur. It is therefore imperative to understand how different contexts enable entrepreneurs to create opportunities. In this paper, we focus on the spatial context of rural entrepreneurs and explore how the rural context impacts on their opportunity creation. Based on a multiple case study, we find that rural entrepreneurs mix what we refer to as placial embeddedness – an intimate knowledge of and concern for the place – with strategically built non-local networks, i.e. the best of two worlds. Notably, the entrepreneurs seek to exhaust the localized resource base before seeking out non-local resources. Our findings thus contribute to our understanding of entrepreneurship in context and challenge future research to explore how different forms of contexts are bridged in different settings to create varieties of entrepreneurial activities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 574-598 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1085100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1085100 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:574-598 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paula Kyrö Author-X-Name-First: Paula Author-X-Name-Last: Kyrö Title: The conceptual contribution of education to research on entrepreneurship education Abstract: By building a bridge between the conceptual discussion of education science and entrepreneurship, this article demarcates the role of entrepreneurship education as a form of pedagogy and its connection to a progressive movement. As a form of pedagogy, entrepreneurship education changes the idea of the human being, brings action-orientation, autonomy and interplay between risk and responsibility to the centre of the learning process and challenges the previous ontological, epistemological and to some respect axiological bases of earlier learning paradigms and also presents new ideas for pedagogy and didactics. Thus, seen from an educational perspective, entrepreneurship can now be perceived as a form of pedagogy that renews the previous learning paradigms and furthers educational institutional practices. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 599-618 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1085726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1085726 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:599-618 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helge Svare Author-X-Name-First: Helge Author-X-Name-Last: Svare Author-Name: Anne Haugen Gausdal Author-X-Name-First: Anne Haugen Author-X-Name-Last: Gausdal Title: Strengthening regional innovation through network-based innovation brokering Abstract: The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how regional innovation system theory may be translated into manageable micro-level methods with the potential for strengthening the productive dynamics of a regional innovation system. The paper meets this objective by presenting network-based innovation brokering (NBIB), a practical method designed using insights from regional innovation system theory and trust theory. Five cases from two Norwegian regional innovation networks show that in addition to knowledge development and diffusion, NBIB strengthened collaborative attitude and trust between members of the regional innovation system. Moreover, it served as an arena for entrepreneurial experimentation, resulting in projects combining two modes of innovation; the Science, Technology and Innovation mode and the Doing, Using and Interaction mode. The method, thus, may be viewed as a useful addition to the inventory of methods used to stimulate innovation in regional innovation systems (RISs). On a more general level, the paper represents a call to the community of innovation researchers and practitioners to give a higher priority to the question of how to better realize the pragmatic potential of RIS-theory. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 619-643 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1095945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1095945 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:619-643 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Author-Name: Shumaila Yousafzai Author-X-Name-First: Shumaila Author-X-Name-Last: Yousafzai Author-Name: Saadat Saeed Author-X-Name-First: Saadat Author-X-Name-Last: Saeed Author-Name: Colette Henry Author-X-Name-First: Colette Author-X-Name-Last: Henry Author-Name: Adam Lindgreen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgreen Title: Special Issue on: Contextual embeddedness of women’s entrepreneurship: taking stock and looking ahead Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 670-674 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1099788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1099788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:670-674 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 9-10 Volume: 27 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1131375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1131375 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carine Farias Author-X-Name-First: Carine Author-X-Name-Last: Farias Author-Name: Pablo Fernandez Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth Author-Name: Robin Holt Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Title: Organizational entrepreneurship, politics and the political Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 555-566 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1599186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1599186 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:555-566 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Louise Muhr Author-X-Name-First: Sara Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Muhr Author-Name: Christian De Cock Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: De Cock Author-Name: Magdalena Twardowska Author-X-Name-First: Magdalena Author-X-Name-Last: Twardowska Author-Name: Christina Volkmann Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Volkmann Title: Constructing an entrepreneurial life: liminality and emotional reflexivity in identity work Abstract: This paper examines the identity work of a budding entrepreneur through a longitudinal case study based on his ongoing personal reflections as he tries to construct an entrepreneurial life. In particular, we investigate the role of emotional reflexivity and liminality, concepts that give us analytical purchase in exploring the complex dynamics of this identity work. The liminal condition of multiple identity positions enables our informant to experiment with and integrate several parallel identity narratives as he tries on socio-political constructions of ‘the entrepreneur’ for size; and it is the permanence of the liminal condition that makes emotional reflexivity necessary so he can handle the constant lack he experiences. The contribution of our work lies in exploring how the operation of the discourse of enterprise never closes on the centre of subjectivity that is imputed in that discourse, and how our subject, through emotional reflexivity, deals with this fundamental lack. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 567-582 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1596348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1596348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:567-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Halima Jarrodi Author-X-Name-First: Halima Author-X-Name-Last: Jarrodi Author-Name: Janice Byrne Author-X-Name-First: Janice Author-X-Name-Last: Byrne Author-Name: Sylvain Bureau Author-X-Name-First: Sylvain Author-X-Name-Last: Bureau Title: A political ideology lens on social entrepreneurship motivations Abstract: The traditional literature regarding social entrepreneurship does not question the political dimension. On the contrary, it tends to de-politicize societal issues. A growing number of researchers underline how this perspective cannot address the complexity and the dialogical nature of social entrepreneurship. However, while there may be a case for incorporating a political perspective, there is currently no conceptual framework to systematically inform an empirical exploration of the role played by the political vision of entrepreneurs. In this paper, we use the concept of political ideology to offer a solid framework to show how politics can shape social entrepreneurs’ motivations. More precisely we identify three political profiles – anti-statist, reformist and neoliberal – which shape the motives to engage in social entrepreneurship. We take an embedded case study approach of 17 social entrepreneurs involved in a social innovation boot camp and reveal the existence of both, left and right-wing approaches in social entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 583-604 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1596353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1596353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:583-604 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raffi Duymedjian Author-X-Name-First: Raffi Author-X-Name-Last: Duymedjian Author-Name: Olivier Germain Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Germain Author-Name: Guillaume Ferrante Author-X-Name-First: Guillaume Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrante Author-Name: Mary Catherine Lavissière Author-X-Name-First: Mary Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Lavissière Title: The role of the entrepreneurial encounter in the emergence of opportunities: Vallée’s Dallas Buyers Club Abstract: This paper aims to explore the conceptual potential of the Deleuzian notion of the encounter in order to better understand the genealogy of opportunities. We adopt a processual perspective of opportunities. In order to translate this notion to the domain of entrepreneurship, we analysed and interpreted Jean-Marc Vallée’s Dallas Buyers Club. This film follows the creation of the first club in the United States that illegally allowed HIV-positive people to supply themselves with foreign antiretroviral drugs from Mexico or Japan. The article highlights encounters in this process that disturb the entrepreneur’s belief systems and allow him or her to be open to potential opportunity. It finally explores how the encounter may improve our understanding of the political becoming of opportunities within the entrepreneurial process. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 605-622 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1596358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1596358 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:605-622 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elen Riot Author-X-Name-First: Elen Author-X-Name-Last: Riot Title: Patterns of intention: Oberkampf and Knoll as Schumpeterian entrepreneurs Abstract: Presented here is an analysis of Schumpeter’s interest in political economy, as it relates to his use of history to investigate economic change and capitalism. This aspect of Schumpeter’s work – referring to style and involving a range of moral and aesthetic considerations – is largely neglected in entrepreneurship studies despite his influence on the discipline. This paper argues these considerations are essential to understand Schumpeter’s entrepreneur and the role of creative destruction in rejuvenating capitalism. However, his theory also involves political inclinations and choices, such as elitism and a fear of declinism, both of which are more typical to conservative not destructive worldviews. To illustrate my argument I examine and describe two cases, those of Oberkampf and Knoll, the latter a rough contemporary of Schumpeter. The findings point to the central role of political economy in past and present debates about the political role of entrepreneurship in society, suggesting a need for further attention to the zeitgeist (spirit of the time) in future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 623-651 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1596359 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1596359 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:623-651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Lüthy Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Lüthy Author-Name: Chris Steyaert Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert Title: The onto-politics of entrepreneurial experimentation: re-reading Hans-Jörg Rheinberger’s understanding of ‘experimental systems’ Abstract: In this article, we argue that there is a need to theorize the relationship between entrepreneurship and the political beyond the currently dominant neo-liberal and emancipatory narrative by turning to an onto-political conception of entrepreneurship based on the processes of entrepreneurial experimentation. In entrepreneurship studies, the relevance and the potential of experimentation for shaping new organizational realities has only been explored marginally. Through re-reading the thinking on ‘experimental systems’ by the science historian Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and connecting it to Annemarie Mol’s notion of ‘ontological politics’, we develop a conceptual framework for entrepreneurial experimentation which we document with the illustration of an art enterprise. The framework that we propose focuses on the interwoven embodied, material and processual dynamics of entrepreneurial experimentation and reframes entrepreneurial world-making as a speculative process driven by material reconfigurations and bodily connections. As a consequence, we argue that this model is able to emphasize the intricate political dimension inscribed in processes of entrepreneurial experimentation through their onto-political force of reconfiguring systems of ‘self-others-things’. Furthermore, the model highlights that this capacity of ‘world-making’ cannot be realized without articulating the tensions and resistances that entrepreneurial endeavours often need to navigate and negotiate while reconfiguring and challenging dominant socio-material orders. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 652-668 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1596360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1596360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:652-668 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heidi Wiig Aslesen Author-X-Name-First: Heidi Wiig Author-X-Name-Last: Aslesen Author-Name: Roman Martin Author-X-Name-First: Roman Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Stefania Sardo Author-X-Name-First: Stefania Author-X-Name-Last: Sardo Title: The virtual is reality! On physical and virtual space in software firms’ knowledge formation Abstract: To understand how knowledge is created and exchanged, it is necessary to unwrap the role played by the physical and virtual spaces. The extant research offers interesting findings when it comes to the relationships among regional, institutional and organizational characteristics, innovation and firms’ abilities to link up to global knowledge sources. A focus on the role of informal and low-cost mechanisms, both regional and global, has extended our understanding of their role in knowledge formation. However, the physical space has dominated this literature to the detriment of the virtual space. The inclusion of the virtual space, both as an interaction space and as a different and complementary dimension, makes it possible to gain new insights into knowledge formation in a digitalizing world. Based on in-depth interviews with small- and medium-sized software companies in two urban agglomerations in Norway and Sweden, this paper explores the use of physical and virtual spaces. The findings show that these spaces interact and mutually influence each other. The world is not ‘flattening’ due to ongoing digitalization; moreover, urban agglomerations are still important places in which these spaces are optimized and unified. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 669-682 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1552314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1552314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:669-682 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heidi Forsstrom-Tuominen Author-X-Name-First: Heidi Author-X-Name-Last: Forsstrom-Tuominen Author-Name: Iiro Jussila Author-X-Name-First: Iiro Author-X-Name-Last: Jussila Author-Name: Sanjay Goel Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay Author-X-Name-Last: Goel Title: Reinforcing collectiveness in entrepreneurial interactions within start-up teams: a multiple-case study Abstract: Using a qualitative multiple-case study approach and data from four high-technology team startups, we elaborate a theory on organizing entrepreneurial actions as team efforts and the kinds of interactions that reinforce collectiveness amongst entrepreneurial teams. Through systematic thematic analysis, we find that entrepreneurial action reinforces collectiveness through and during (a) the joint analysis and planning of entrepreneurial opportunities and strategies, (b) the joint decision-making and realization of opportunities and (c) the evaluation, feedback and sanction of entrepreneurial action. We analyse the dimensions through Giddens’s ideas on the duality of structures and agencies. We identify interactions that reflect a joint elaboration of opportunities, open and continuous sharing of knowledge and feelings, equality and democracy, joint effort and credit, informality and lack of bureaucracy, and feedback and helping. Our insights could be applied to create collectively entrepreneurial teams and to design education and training activities at a macro level to enable regional development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 683-709 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1554709 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1554709 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:683-709 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicole Siebold Author-X-Name-First: Nicole Author-X-Name-Last: Siebold Author-Name: Franziska Günzel-Jensen Author-X-Name-First: Franziska Author-X-Name-Last: Günzel-Jensen Author-Name: Sabine Müller Author-X-Name-First: Sabine Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Title: Balancing dual missions for social venture growth: a comparative case study Abstract: Balancing social and economic missions in the pursuit of growth is one of the greatest challenges faced by social ventures. Although social ventures strive for growth to scale their social impact, pursuing growth often results in mission drift and the sacrifice of social objectives, which in turn eventually undermine the ventures’ raison d’être. In this study, we investigate how and with what outcomes social ventures that pursue growth can manage the balance of social and economic missions. Through a comparative case study of six for-profit social ventures, we find significant differences in how dual missions are selected, connected, and intertwined, leading to varying degrees of mission spillover effects between social and economic missions. Our findings show that two-sided mission spillover effects are a central mechanism in dual mission management, enabling social ventures to pursue balanced growth, avoid mission drift, and achieve social impact. With these findings, this study adds to the emergent literature on social entrepreneurship, dual mission management, and social venture growth. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 710-734 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1554710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1554710 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:710-734 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rikard Eriksson Author-X-Name-First: Rikard Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson Author-Name: Marcin Rataj Author-X-Name-First: Marcin Author-X-Name-Last: Rataj Title: The geography of starts-ups in Sweden. The role of human capital, social capital and agglomeration Abstract: In academia as well as in policy circles, entrepreneurial activities are placed at the focal point for regional development. However, geographical factors such as urbanization and peripherality are often neglected in this strand of research despite the increasing need for place-specific policies. The aim of this paper is therefore to analyse how start-up rates vary across municipalities in Sweden 2002–2012 by focussing on spatial differences of human capital, social capital, entrepreneurial culture and industrial specialization. Our multilevel models show how the degree of rurality and peripherality, respectively, moderates the role of different regional resources. The paper concludes by suggesting the formulation of separate policies considering urban, rural and more peripheral regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 735-754 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1565420 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1565420 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:735-754 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia Espinoza Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Espinoza Author-Name: Cristian Mardones Author-X-Name-First: Cristian Author-X-Name-Last: Mardones Author-Name: Katia Sáez Author-X-Name-First: Katia Author-X-Name-Last: Sáez Author-Name: Pablo Catalán Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Catalán Title: Entrepreneurship and regional dynamics: the case of Chile Abstract: During the last 20 years, social and political consensus has afforded the successful gradual implementation of entrepreneurship policy in Chile, transforming the country into one of the world’s most productive entrepreneurship ecosystems. However, the excessive political and economic centralization that has characterized Chile raises the question of whether spatial dependence influences entrepreneurship and what factors have led to this condition. By applying spatial econometric tools to data from 320 districts in Chile during the period 2013–2014, we conclude that there is spatial dependence among districts in Chile in relation to the creation of new businesses and that the immigrant population, the presence of different categories of universities and local patenting capacity are the variables with the greatest positive effect on this dependence. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 755-767 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1565421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1565421 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:755-767 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giulio Cainelli Author-X-Name-First: Giulio Author-X-Name-Last: Cainelli Author-Name: Roberto Ganau Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Ganau Title: Related variety and firm heterogeneity. What really matters for short-run firm growth? Abstract: In recent years, two concepts have become key elements in economic geography: related variety and firm heterogeneity. The first one predicts that knowledge spillovers within a region/local system occur among firms operating in ‘different but related’ sectors. The second one assumes that knowledge spillovers can occur among ‘different’ firms belonging to the same localised sector/industrial cluster. Using a sample of 27,817 Italian manufacturing firms observed during the period 2010–2013, this paper analyses the role played by related variety and within-sector firm heterogeneity on short-run employment growth. The results suggest that both related variety and within-sector firm heterogeneity have a positive effect, although the latter has a higher impact than the former. These results confirm the role played by related variety, but identify firm heterogeneity as a potential additional source of local knowledge spillovers. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 768-784 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1571636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1571636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:768-784 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thilde Langevang Author-X-Name-First: Thilde Author-X-Name-Last: Langevang Author-Name: Rebecca Namatovu Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Namatovu Title: Social bricolage in the aftermath of war Abstract: While social bricolage has emerged as a key theoretical frame for understanding how social entrepreneurs mobilize and deploy resources to create social value under situations of resource scarcity, there is scant knowledge about social bricolage in post-conflict settings characterised by extreme resource paucity and adversity. Drawing on field research in post-conflict northern Uganda, we show how groups of disenfranchised young people use social bricolage to create social change in a volatile situation marked by extreme resource deprivation and a plethora of challenges arising in the aftermath of war. Based on empirical data, we outline three key practices of social bricolage employed to cope with resource scarcity, extended crisis and volatility. First, we unravel the practice of securing resources and creating social value by mobilizing peers. Second, we show how pluriactivity is used to stretch and make the most of scarce resources in a shifting environment. Third, we illuminate the practice of rekindling pre-war cultural resources to reunite fragmented communities. By illuminating these practices and showing how the context of the post-conflict developing country setting influences the dynamics of ‘making do with resources at hand’, we seek to extend social bricolage theory. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 785-805 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1595743 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1595743 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:785-805 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob Salder Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Salder Author-Name: John R. Bryson Author-X-Name-First: John R. Author-X-Name-Last: Bryson Title: Placing entrepreneurship and firming small town economies: manufacturing firms, adaptive embeddedness, survival and linked enterprise structures Abstract: SMEs make a major contribution to the economy of cities and places. The relationship between firms and place is increasingly explained through the application of city-based externality models. Such explanations have limited validity in a number of contexts. One of these is in the economies of small- and medium-sized towns and communities (SMST). Whilst convention has sought to apply core-periphery explanations to the functioning of firms within SMSTs, the economies of SMSTs and entrepreneurial processes of SME embedding, adaptation and survival in such places are more complex. This paper explores these entrepreneurial processes in the context of manufacturing firms in five SMSTs in the West Midlands, UK. The paper uses interview data to understand the relationships between SMEs and place through the development of successive and evolving linked enterprise structures. Through these linked enterprise structures, SMEs engage in a process of adaptive embeddedness, resulting in new resource configurations through fluid iterations of structural, emotional, and circumstantial embeddedness. This paper is the first to identify and explore these different forms of embeddedness. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 806-825 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1600238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1600238 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:806-825 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rahel Meili Author-X-Name-First: Rahel Author-X-Name-Last: Meili Title: The influence of small town context on access to external knowledge Abstract: The relative lack of variety and density of people, companies and knowledge institutions in small towns compel companies to seek new knowledge beyond their location. However, there is only scant research explaining the local characteristics that influence companies’ ability to access external knowledge. In this article, the focus lies on the obstacles and opportunities that arise due to companies’ location in small towns and that emerge when they seek to access external knowledge sources. A multiple case study design with qualitative interview data from five multinational high-tech companies in small towns in the eastern part of Switzerland is used. Also, a theoretical replication of the case study by investigating two single domestic high-tech companies was conducted. The results show that a thin labour market, a lack of urban amenities and the availability of transportation connections to bigger cities are most important for accessing the knowledge of new employees, collaborating with universities and for attending workshops or conferences. On the whole, multinational companies in small towns face the same obstacles and opportunities as single domestic companies in small towns. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 826-841 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1606288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1606288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:826-841 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pablo Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz Author-Name: Jonathan Kimmitt Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Kimmitt Title: Rural entrepreneurship in place: an integrated framework Abstract: Agglomeration-oriented theories have grown significantly in the past decade in the explanation and promotion of entrepreneurship. Theoretical frameworks and normative models such as entrepreneurial ecosystems are insufficient to observe, explain, and inform policies at the communal level in rural contexts. In this paper, we propose a socio-spatial lens as a more fruitful way of understanding the holistic picture of rural entrepreneurship. By means of abductive research, we explore the distinct elements of entrepreneurial places in rural contexts and derive an integrated meso-level framework, comprising place-sensitive determinations and dimensions, to observe and further analyse the enabling conditions of such places. The findings obtained and the framework developed will be of great use for the evaluation and decision-making, regarding entrepreneurship in rural communities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 842-873 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1609593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1609593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:842-873 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre-André Julien Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-André Author-X-Name-Last: Julien Title: The regional variations of entrepreneurial dynamism: a mixed methods study Abstract: Given that added knowledge and deeper understanding are needed with regard to regional variations in the creation of new firms, this study seeks to answer the following two research questions: What are the variables that explain entrepreneurial dynamism and how may they be apprehended under the four necessary and complementary dimensions of this phenomenon, namely the demand, supply, institutional and spatial dimensions? And how should the nature and interrelatedness of these dimensions and their associated variables influence regional policymakers and other regional stakeholders in their efforts to stimulate entrepreneurship in their region? In order to do so, we used mixed methods to collect and analyze regional data, first doing a regression analysis of quantitative data on 97 small regions in Canada’s province of Québec, followed by a qualitative survey of regional stakeholders on eight matched pairs of regions. A phenomenological qualitative analysis was then effectuated in order to gain a deeper understanding of the research variables’ effects and thus grasp the complex socio-economic reality of entrepreneurial dynamism in a region. The results of the study confirm the importance and interrelatedness of the four dimensions of entrepreneurial dynamism in providing new insights into these questions. Moreover, the findings that results from these quantitative, qualitative and holistic analyses have implications for the policies of regional authorities and for the actions of other regional stakeholders. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 874-907 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1620346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1620346 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:874-907 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomasz Brodzicki Author-X-Name-First: Tomasz Author-X-Name-Last: Brodzicki Author-Name: Anna Golejewska Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Golejewska Title: Firms’ innovation performance and the role of the metropolitan location. Evidence from the European periphery Abstract: This paper assesses the role of metropolitan location in explaining firms’ innovation performance while accounting for other internal and external determinants of innovation. Using micro-level dataset and controlling for firm-specific, sector-specific and region-specific features, we identify a nuanced effect of location within metropolitan areas on the innovative performance of companies The results prove to vary for the different measures of innovation output of firms and in particular there is no metropolitan advantage detected for binary self-declared measures of innovations. The advantage is detected for the count-based quantity of innovation measures which is shown to critically depend on the higher performance of metropolitan-based firms in patenting and licencing. The interlinkages between location and firm-size matter and the results are asymmetric with particular benefits arising for micro-firms in their patenting and licencing. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 908-929 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1620347 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1620347 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:908-929 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian E. Whitacre Author-X-Name-First: Brian E. Author-X-Name-Last: Whitacre Author-Name: Devon Meadowcroft Author-X-Name-First: Devon Author-X-Name-Last: Meadowcroft Author-Name: Roberto Gallardo Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Gallardo Title: Firm and regional economic outcomes associated with a new, broad measure of business innovation Abstract: Most innovation-oriented studies use measures such as patent activity or research expenditures, likely ignoring the role of more home-grown upgrades or opportunity-recognizing activity common in businesses across the U.S. This study develops a broader ‘innovation index’ using a new survey of businesses that provides a wide lens for capturing innovative practices. The index is used in a series of regressions testing the relationship between innovation and both firm and regional-level economic outcomes. Results from the firm-level regressions show that the innovation index has a positive and significant relationship with wages paid to employees and product market growth. The regional analysis demonstrates that innovation is correlated with several regional economic variables, including median household income, and that spatial spillovers from innovation exist in some instances. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 930-952 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1630486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1630486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:930-952 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raquel Puente Author-X-Name-First: Raquel Author-X-Name-Last: Puente Author-Name: Carlos Giovanni González Espitia Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Giovanni Author-X-Name-Last: González Espitia Author-Name: María Antonia Cervilla Author-X-Name-First: María Antonia Author-X-Name-Last: Cervilla Title: Necessity entrepreneurship in Latin America: it´s not that simple Abstract: Entrepreneurship literature takes for granted the motivation dichotomy; however, this simplistic view have been criticised for several studies because it likely does an injustice to entrepreneurs, particularly Latin America (LA) entrepreneurs. This study seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge on entrepreneurs to better explain the process of entrepreneurs being motivated by necessity. We use the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database for LA countries and develop an econometric model based on a set of variables, including contextual variables. First, we identify three types of entrepreneurial motivation: necessity, opportunity and transition. We then demonstrate that the motivation dichotomy does not represent LA entrepreneurship. Second, we find that necessity-driven entrepreneurship does not necessarily indicate the absence of high growth aspirations because some entrepreneurs in this category have such aspirations. Third, we observe that significant differences exist among entrepreneurs based on context, specifically among necessity-driven entrepreneurs. These findings have practical implications for research on entrepreneurship and for regional development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 953-983 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1650294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1650294 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:953-983 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paulo Vanderlei Cassanego Júnior Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Vanderlei Author-X-Name-Last: Cassanego Júnior Author-Name: João Maurício Gama Boaventura Author-X-Name-First: João Maurício Gama Author-X-Name-Last: Boaventura Author-Name: Ana Cláudia Azevedo Author-X-Name-First: Ana Cláudia Author-X-Name-Last: Azevedo Author-Name: Renato Telles Author-X-Name-First: Renato Author-X-Name-Last: Telles Title: Governance in business clusters: proposal for an application of an analytical model Abstract: A wide body of literature on business cluster governance has been accumulated, presenting several models of this phenomenon. Yet each of these models focuses on particular aspects of cluster governance and there is no model with an effectively broad and integrative perspective that offers description, evaluation and management features. Thus, the aim of this paper is to propose a comprehensive model for business cluster governance. The model was developed based on the business cluster and business networks literature, from which five constitutive and characteristic elements inherent to governance in business clusters were inferred and are referred to here as dimensions: structure, function, mechanisms, objectives and agents. A multi-case study was employed to evaluate the model’s internal validity and analytically address the clusters studied. The multi-case study results showed adherence of the proposed model to the empirical findings, thus revealing its internal and operational validity. Three relevant contributions can be pointed out: for researchers, an operational model is indicated that can be used for empirical studies; for managers, a tool is provided for a comprehensive clusters governance analysis; and for literature the paper advances the knowledge on cluster governance. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 984-1010 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1652351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1652351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:984-1010 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Wigren-Kristofersen Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Wigren-Kristofersen Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard Author-Name: Ethel Brundin Author-X-Name-First: Ethel Author-X-Name-Last: Brundin Author-Name: Karin Hellerstedt Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Hellerstedt Author-Name: Gry Agnete Alsos Author-X-Name-First: Gry Author-X-Name-Last: Agnete Alsos Author-Name: Jorunn Grande Author-X-Name-First: Jorunn Author-X-Name-Last: Grande Title: Entrepreneurship and embeddedness: dynamic, processual and multi-layered perspectives Abstract: Contemporary research has demonstrated that entrepreneurship is a fundamentally contextualized phenomenon and unfolds differently in different contexts. Despite the extensive coverage of the importance of embeddedness for entrepreneurial activities, the research predominantly relies on somewhat static, single layered, and binary notions of embeddedness. We argue that there is a strong need for studies that problematize embeddedness and the relationship between entrepreneur and context. This call for papers, thus invites contributions that explore embeddedness as dynamic, processual and multi-layered, as well as elaborate on the paradoxes of embeddedness? Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1011-1015 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1656868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1656868 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:1011-1015 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ida Lindh Author-X-Name-First: Ida Author-X-Name-Last: Lindh Author-Name: Sara Thorgren Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Thorgren Title: Entrepreneurship education: the role of local business Abstract: Entrepreneurship education is high on political agendas for its contributions to cultural change and economic growth. Scholars have suggested that the local context may influence the results of entrepreneurship education, and have recommended that educators strengthen their relationships with local businesses and help students learn from actual business settings. By combining policy analysis with empirical data, the present qualitative study explores two issues. First, we look at how the role of local business is expressed in entrepreneurship education policy documents. Second, we explore how local entrepreneurial activity and culture may influence how policies are understood and translated into practice at the local level. The findings indicate that collaboration between schools and business life may strengthen, rather than change, existing local development paths. The present paper contributes to the literature and understanding of the interplay between entrepreneurship education policy and the local context and proposes several policy recommendations emerging from the empirical study. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 313-336 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1134678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1134678 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:313-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Shearmur Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Shearmur Author-Name: David Doloreux Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Doloreux Title: How open innovation processes vary between urban and remote environments: slow innovators, market-sourced information and frequency of interaction Abstract: Geographic research on firm-level innovation is generally premised on the idea of open innovation, suggesting that innovation occurs more readily in urban settings or clusters, which generate local buzz and allow access to external actors. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that firms also introduce first-to-market innovations in remote locations. In this exploratory paper, building upon work by Philip McCann, we outline a conceptual framework that connects innovators (differentiated by information source and frequency of interaction with interlocutors) and location (distance from a metropolitan area): slow innovators, relying on non-market-sourced information and infrequent contacts, will be overrepresented in isolated locations. Fast innovators, relying on market-sourced information and frequent interactions, will locate closer to cities. Our results confirm this. Our interpretation of these results – slow innovators are more reliant on technological information which loses value more slowly than faster decaying market-oriented information – requires further investigation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 337-357 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1154984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1154984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:337-357 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey J. McNally Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey J. Author-X-Name-Last: McNally Author-Name: Bruce C. Martin Author-X-Name-First: Bruce C. Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Benson Honig Author-X-Name-First: Benson Author-X-Name-Last: Honig Author-Name: Heiko Bergmann Author-X-Name-First: Heiko Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann Author-Name: Panagiotis Piperopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis Author-X-Name-Last: Piperopoulos Title: Toward rigor and parsimony: a primary validation of Kolvereid’s (1996) entrepreneurial attitudes scales Abstract: Questioning the validity of scholarly work is not a typical path to publication in the management field. However, although considerable scholarship assesses entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions models of behaviour, methodological weaknesses in scale development have hampered scholars’ ability to rigorously interpret and build upon their research findings. We review 20 years of research and discover that the pioneer measure of entrepreneurial attitudes as a predictor of self-employment intentions, has yet to be empirically validated. We show that construct and measurement differences, one-off modifications to existing scales and a lack of adequate justification may partially explain why studies in the entrepreneurship education domain have produced inconsistent results. We address this limitation by performing factor analytic techniques on data from two sets of English-speaking university students from two North American countries. The result is a more parsimonious and streamlined ‘mini-Kolvereid’ scale. We further demonstrate that this scale is an effective predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 358-379 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1154985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1154985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:358-379 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreu Turro Author-X-Name-First: Andreu Author-X-Name-Last: Turro Author-Name: Claudia Alvarez Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Alvarez Author-Name: David Urbano Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Urbano Title: Intrapreneurship in the Spanish context: a regional analysis Abstract: The objective of this article is to examine the influence of internal and external (environmental) factors on intrapreneurship in the Spanish context, considering differences among regions. Methodologically, the study applies logistic regression and uses data from the Spanish Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for the year 2011. The main findings of the research show through a double conceptual framework (resource-based theory and institutional economics) the direct effect of both internal factors – opportunity recognition and social capital – and environmental factors – fear of failure and education – on intrapreneurship. In addition, the role of fear of failure is reinforced as it has the indirect (moderating) effect; this effect is particularly relevant in lower income regions. The study contributes both theoretically (developing literature and provoking discussion in the field of intrapreneurship) and empirically (providing useful insights for the design of governmental policies for fostering entrepreneurial activities within firms). Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 380-402 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1162850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1162850 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:380-402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson Author-X-Name-First: Bengt Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson Title: Limits to and prospects of entrepreneurship education in the academic context Abstract: Process philosophy has drawn attention to the world as ambiguous and ever changing, however also enactable. This makes entrepreneurship a processual phenomenon, rightly addressed as ‘entrepreneuring’. Recognizing not only their cognitive, yet also affective and conative capabilities, makes it possible for human actors to mobilize forces that bring the world to a standstill long enough to create a venture for value creation. This, however, calls for the insight that is different to universal scientific knowledge – episteme and techne – namely, the situated insights that Aristotle addressed as mētis and phronesis. Mētis then concerns alertness and shrewdness and phronesis is about prudence in the context of action. Academic education can only provide these competencies needed to train for entrepreneuring by letting the students travelling across the boundaries of the university. In addition, the dominance of management as an ideology must be proactively dealt with. Three cases in academic training for entrepreneuring, all in the Swedish context, which show radically different ways of dealing with these challenges, are presented in a comparative analysis. The lessons are summarized in general conditions for providing training that advances entrepreneurship students’ situated and actionable insights. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 403-423 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1177982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1177982 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:403-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisabeth F. Mueller Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth F. Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller Author-Name: Carola Jungwirth Author-X-Name-First: Carola Author-X-Name-Last: Jungwirth Title: What drives the effectiveness of industrial clusters? Exploring the impact of contextual, structural and functioning determinants Abstract: This study examines how contextual, structural and functioning characteristics of industrial clusters influence their effectiveness. We develop a conceptual framework that identifies potential influencing factors, validate the factors statistically, and estimate the factors’ impact on cluster effectiveness. Our results show that among the important determinants of cluster effectiveness are long-term planning security and procedural trust among the cooperating firms (contextual conditions), formalized rules and sustainable structures (structural elements), and clear goals and tasks (functioning characteristics). However, the results also reveal that some determinants assessed as important in the literature do not seem to have a positive impact on effectiveness. Our results not only modify general assumptions in cluster research concerning the drivers of cluster effectiveness, but also assist firms and policy-makers in conceptualizing successful new clusters. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 424-447 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1186748 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1186748 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:424-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuyuki Motoyama Author-X-Name-First: Yasuyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Motoyama Author-Name: Karren Knowlton Author-X-Name-First: Karren Author-X-Name-Last: Knowlton Title: From resource munificence to ecosystem integration: the case of government sponsorship in St. Louis Abstract: Government sponsorship of entrepreneurship has become a popular policy tool in the last 15 years. Despite this popularity, past academic studies have largely focused on firm-level survival rates and treated the effects of government sponsorship in isolation, which fails to capture the full effect of the sponsorship. That is, the objectives of the public sector include enhancing the macro-level entrepreneurial environment of the region as well as the success of individual firms. We expand research in this area through a case study in St. Louis, Missouri. We focus on the Arch Grants, a public–private coalition that provides $50,000 to 20 winners through their annual competition. Based on interviews of 46 recipient firms and 15 support organizations, we first demonstrate how government sponsorship can create a cohort of entrepreneurs who are able to learn from each other about business strategy, local mentors and other resources. Second, we uncover the process through which sponsorship can facilitate coordination among local entrepreneurship support organizations. Thus, we conclude that the evaluation of government sponsorship should go beyond the traditional firm-level performance measurement and consider the integration and enhancement of the local entrepreneurship ecosystem. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 448-470 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1186749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1186749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:448-470 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Doern Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Doern Author-Name: Nick Williams Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Tim Vorley Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley Title: Entrepreneurship and crises: business as usual? Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 471-475 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1198091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1198091 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:471-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Punita Bhatt Author-X-Name-First: Punita Author-X-Name-Last: Bhatt Author-Name: Ali J. Ahmad Author-X-Name-First: Ali J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmad Title: Financial social innovation to engage the economically marginalized: insights from an Indian case study Abstract: New sources of finance within the label of ‘impact investing’ have emerged as mechanisms to promote entrepreneurship within marginalized communities. Different vehicles for impact investment have emerged over the years; however, our understanding around their emergence, configuration and adoption is limited. Hence, the main purpose in this research is to study the role of the contextual drivers and conditions that gave rise to a unique form of impact investment in India, a financial social innovation – developmental venture capital (DVC). Through the lens of capital theories, insights from the case of India’s largest and oldest DVC firm along with three of its most prominent investees are presented. Findings highlight that the social entrepreneurs behind the case DVC wholly re-conceptualized silicon valley-style venture capital financing to suit small brick and mortar investments in rural India, developed mechanisms for deploying funding frugally, and created partnerships of equals between themselves and their investees. Investee founders leveraged human and social capital throughout the social innovation process via deep immersion in the socio-cultural milieu of India. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 391-413 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1287961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1287961 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:391-413 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ross Brown Author-X-Name-First: Ross Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Suzanne Mawson Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Mawson Author-Name: Colin Mason Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Title: Myth-busting and entrepreneurship policy: the case of high growth firms Abstract: Promoting high growth firms (HGFs) has become a strong fixation within enterprise policy. This is a debate article seeking to examine and challenge the mythology perpetuated by policy makers and embedded within high growth entrepreneurship policy frameworks. Within the article we argue that a number of distinctive ‘myths’ have become deeply embedded within these policy frameworks. Such myths have been built on misconceived preconceptions of HGFs, which has resulted in policy-makers taking a myopic view of these firms. A key aim of the paper is to highlight how false perceptions of HGFs translate into inappropriate policy interventions. The paper challenges some of the most commonly held myths about these firms (that they are predominantly young, small, high-tech, VC-backed, university spin-outs, who grow in an orderly organic fashion, operating similarly irrespective of location) and identifies a clear mismatch between how policy makers perceive HGFs and what they actually look like in reality. Suggestions for the design of future policy approaches are forwarded. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 414-443 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1291762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1291762 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:414-443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nick Williams Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Tim Vorley Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley Title: Fostering productive entrepreneurship in post-conflict economies: the importance of institutional alignment Abstract: The aim of this article is to examine the impact of institutional development on entrepreneurship in post-conflict environments. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Kosovar entrepreneurs the article highlights how the experience of fostering entrepreneurship in a post-conflict, new born state is distinct from transition economies. The article finds that Kosovo has not encountered the same institutional challenges which have stymied entrepreneurship in transition economies which have been hampered by ‘path extension’ of institutions. Instead there has been a ‘path break’ resulting in a reshaping of formal and informal institutions as supportive of entrepreneurship. However, while positive, the prevailing nature of much entrepreneurial activity is localized with only a limited impact on economic growth. The article concludes by making a number of contributions to institutional theory and policy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 444-466 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1297853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1297853 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:444-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oswald Jones Author-X-Name-First: Oswald Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Hongqin Li Author-X-Name-First: Hongqin Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Effectual entrepreneuring: sensemaking in a family-based start-up Abstract: In this paper we examine the microprocesses associated with a successful business established by two young brothers (16 and 18). The study is informed by recent processual approaches to entrepreneurship associated with effectuation theory and sensemaking. We also draw on literature related to personal dispositions, which are the basis of habitual behaviours. The empirical data are drawn from a longitudinal study of an unconventional family business which was created by the two brothers while still at school. Opportunities were created, rather than discovered, by optimizing limited familial resources during the early stages of start-up. We expand effectuation theory by demonstrating the role of sensemaking (enactment, selection and retention), familial influences on dispositions (habits, heuristics and routines) and experiential learning during the first three years of operation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 467-499 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1297854 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1297854 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:467-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mads Bruun Ingstrup Author-X-Name-First: Mads Bruun Author-X-Name-Last: Ingstrup Author-Name: Poul Rind Christensen Author-X-Name-First: Poul Rind Author-X-Name-Last: Christensen Title: Transformation of cluster specialization in the wake of globalization Abstract: In the light of increasing globalization and the rising spatial distribution of production activities, different scenarios for geographical agglomerations, such as clusters, are discussed. Nonetheless, the literature provides only scant knowledge about how cluster specialization transforms due to the globalization of production activities. The paper addresses this research gap based on a comparative case study of two Danish clusters, and by applying the literature on the global division of labour, global value chains and clusters. The main conclusion is that the specialization of clusters either changes or deepens in response to the globalization of production activities. However, which of these two outcomes it will be depends on the prioritization and localization of specific production activities in relation to the current cluster specialization, and on the governance executed by cluster lead firms. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 500-516 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1298679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1298679 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:500-516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Hopp Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Hopp Author-Name: Johannes Martin Author-X-Name-First: Johannes Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: Does entrepreneurship pay for women and immigrants? A 30 year assessment of the socio-economic impact of entrepreneurial activity in Germany Abstract: Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984 to 2012, we explore income effects of self-employment for females and migrants. Controlling for the selection into self-employment, we differentiate the overall earnings differential between the self-employed and the wage-employed into an endowment effect (they are equipped with characteristics that positively affect earnings in either occupation) and a treatment effect (the income effect solely due to the decision for self-employment). We find that women exhibit both a lower treatment effect and a lower endowment effect than men. Migrants benefit much more from entrepreneurial activities than Germans, having a significantly higher treatment effect. Among the countries of origin, Turkish migrants benefit the most from their self-employment decision, while southern Europeans exhibit the lowest income relevant skills. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 517-543 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1299224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1299224 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:517-543 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Päivi Karhunen Author-X-Name-First: Päivi Author-X-Name-Last: Karhunen Author-Name: Irina Olimpieva Author-X-Name-First: Irina Author-X-Name-Last: Olimpieva Author-Name: Ulla Hytti Author-X-Name-First: Ulla Author-X-Name-Last: Hytti Title: Identity work of science-based entrepreneurs in Finland and in Russia Abstract: This paper investigates the identity work of science-based entrepreneurs in two very different country contexts: Finland and Russia. Building on the literature investigating role identities, we first analyse the identification of individuals with the roles of a scientist and an entrepreneur; and second, how individuals manage the boundary between these two roles. Methodologically, we take a narrative approach, which regards life stories as identity constructions. Our empirical data consist of 23 biographical interviews with science-based entrepreneurs that are inductively analysed. Our findings show that the Russian informants considered being a scientist a salient part of their self-identification, distanced themselves from the role of an entrepreneur, and set discursive boundaries to segment the two roles. For the Finnish informants, identification with the professional roles as a scientist or as an entrepreneur was less salient for the personal identity as they make a clear distinction between ‘what one does’ and ‘who one is’. They also view the two roles as integrated rather than segmented, and have no significant need to justify the border-crossing between them. Our contribution is in demonstrating how science-based entrepreneurs’ identity work is influenced by importance and meanings attached to different work roles, and how these are contextualised. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 544-566 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1313318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1313318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:544-566 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Smallbone Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone Author-Name: Marina Dabic Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Dabic Author-Name: Christos Kalantaridis Author-X-Name-First: Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Kalantaridis Title: Migration, entrepreneurship and economic development Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 567-569 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1315485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1315485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:567-569 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Massimo Baù Author-X-Name-First: Massimo Author-X-Name-Last: Baù Author-Name: Joern H. Block Author-X-Name-First: Joern H. Author-X-Name-Last: Block Author-Name: Allan Discua Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Discua Cruz Author-Name: Lucia Naldi Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Naldi Title: Locality and internationalization of family firms Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 570-574 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1315501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1315501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:570-574 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco Mas Verdú Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Mas Author-X-Name-Last: Verdú Author-Name: Norat Roig Tierno Author-X-Name-First: Norat Roig Author-X-Name-Last: Tierno Title: Special issue: clustering and innovation: firm-level strategizing and policy Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-6 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:1-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Liguori Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Liguori Author-Name: Josh Bendickson Author-X-Name-First: Josh Author-X-Name-Last: Bendickson Author-Name: Shelby Solomon Author-X-Name-First: Shelby Author-X-Name-Last: Solomon Author-Name: William C. McDowell Author-X-Name-First: William C. Author-X-Name-Last: McDowell Title: Development of a multi-dimensional measure for assessing entrepreneurial ecosystems Abstract: Researchers and theorist have put great effort into defining and examining entrepreneurial ecosystems and how business clusters develop in certain regions. Favourable entrepreneurship ecosystems are thought to drive business and innovation. However, a commonly accepted measure of entrepreneurial ecosystem favourableness has yet to be developed. The purpose of the present research is to contribute to ecosystems research by taking a two-study approach to developing and validating a perceptual measure of entrepreneurial ecosystems. The perceptual measure is based upon prior conceptual frameworks that outline ecosystems. In developing this measure, we are able to further unpack and illuminate the factor structure of ecosystems, the results of which have direct scholarly and practitioner uses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 7-21 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:7-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephanie Scott Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Author-Name: Mathew Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Mathew Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Sascha Kraus Author-X-Name-First: Sascha Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus Title: Developing relationships in innovation clusters Abstract: This study assesses the composition of micro-level behaviours embedded within innovation clusters. Drawing on network theory of innovation, we examine the relational complexities of a specific university-business form of clustered exchange to characterise the actor level behaviours that influence the breadth and spread of network involvement. Whilst some current research posits behavioural attributes of clustered networks, there have been few studies that have focused on the extent of influence that individuals have on the development of value creating relationships, the roles individuals play and the various factors that have the potential to impact their effectiveness. This conceptual development study provides insights into the actor-level behavioural features that play a central role in promoting the innovation effectiveness of these regions. The findings of this three year long ethnographic study suggest that in the face of resource constraints individuals act as agents in creating and sourcing external input for the benefit of their projects. This has implications for policy-makers as well, as our findings suggests that policies should be shaped to provide enabling factors for boundary-spanning, thus allowing relationships to be equipped with the ability to manage complex partner contexts to access the benefits of diversity. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 22-45 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537145 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:22-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bing Xu Author-X-Name-First: Bing Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Yuan Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Yuan Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Author-Name: Mohib Ur Rahman Author-X-Name-First: Mohib Ur Author-X-Name-Last: Rahman Title: Enterprise level cluster innovation with policy design Abstract: An industrial cluster is an important link in the process of industrialization. The existing research is mainly based on the market economy. Our paper considers external policy design for cluster innovation based on the transition from planned economy to market economy in China. This paper finds some enterprises in the cluster are transferred from micro-enterprises to small ones, but does not find clustering from the small enterprise to middle or larger enterprise. Furthermore, our paper explained why such a cluster occurs by applying a semi-parametric counterfactual approach. The results indicate that building cluster zones as upgrading the enterprise structure policy and implementing VAT tax systems as the tax benefit policy has the most proponent role in industrial clustering, whereas increasing the loan/financing as the credit policy has a minor impact, which is not negligible either. Overall, this study explains why clusters shift to high output valued with a high interpretation of up to 97%. The contribution of this paper is not only to describe the time process of micro-to-small enterprise clustering but also to give the policy design how to achieve rapid micro-to-small enterprise clustering. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 46-61 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537146 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:46-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesc Xavier Molina-Morales Author-X-Name-First: Francesc Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales Author-Name: Luis Martínez-Cháfer Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Cháfer Author-Name: David Valiente-Bordanova Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Valiente-Bordanova Title: Disruptive technology adoption, particularities of clustered firms Abstract: This article explores to what extent the internal attributes of a clustered firm influence its capacity to adopt disruptive innovations. A multidimensional approach to the absorptive capacity (ACAP) model is used to distinguish between potential (acquisition and assimilation domains) and realized (transformation and exploitation domains) internal firm capabilities. Our evidence comes from an empirical analysis of the population of firms belonging to the Spanish ceramic tile cluster which have adopted a disruptive innovation – the so-called digital printing technology – on a massive scale. The econometric estimations suggest the relevance of the Exploitation dimension of ACAP for early adoption of a new technology. In contrast, the other dimensions do not seem to play a decisive role when it comes to adopting one novelty earlier than others. In conclusion, and contrary to what was expected for non-clustered firms, the results revealed an uneven effect of the potential and realized domains of ACAP of clustered firms regarding the rate of adoption of distant technologies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 62-81 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537147 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:62-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Pickernell Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Pickernell Author-Name: Paul Jones Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Malcolm J. Beynon Author-X-Name-First: Malcolm J. Author-X-Name-Last: Beynon Title: Innovation performance and the role of clustering at the local enterprise level: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis approach Abstract: This study, utilizes an innovative methodological approach, fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), investigating the drivers of heterogeneous geographies characterizing English Local Economic Partnerships (LEPs). The fsQCA technique offers a novel configurational alternative to regression-based approaches investigating the effects of clustering in conjunction with firm-level innovation, university third-sector activity (TSA) and entrepreneurship, on LEPs innovation performance. The findings, offer contributions to the theories of industrial clusters and innovation, regional innovation systems, knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurial university innovation within LEPs. First, supporting fsQCAs, no individual variable generates either a positive/negative innovation outcome. Second, while all positive innovation recipes include presence of the cluster variable, for negative innovation recipes, only one does not identify absence of clustering as relevant. Given that the cluster variable does not appear in any recipes without at least one of the other variables suggests activity concentration does not exist in isolation to generate innovation outcomes without other localized conditions existing, e.g. firm-level innovation. Third, there is evidence for the non-cluster-based aspects of knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship with respect to university activity and the entrepreneurial university concept. Instead, roles of entrepreneurship and university TSA, while important, appear to be more peripheral and geographically context specific. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 82-103 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537149 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:82-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergey Anokhin Author-X-Name-First: Sergey Author-X-Name-Last: Anokhin Author-Name: Joakim Wincent Author-X-Name-First: Joakim Author-X-Name-Last: Wincent Author-Name: Vinit Parida Author-X-Name-First: Vinit Author-X-Name-Last: Parida Author-Name: Natalya Chistyakova Author-X-Name-First: Natalya Author-X-Name-Last: Chistyakova Author-Name: Pejvak Oghazi Author-X-Name-First: Pejvak Author-X-Name-Last: Oghazi Title: Industrial clusters, flagship enterprises and regional innovation Abstract: For a sample of all 88 counties in the State of Ohio over a 5-year period, this study documents the effect of flagship enterprises and concentrated industrial clusters on regional innovation. Consistent with the agglomeration arguments and the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship, both appear to affect regional innovation positively. Additionally, regional educational attainment positively moderates the effect of industrial clusters on innovation. At the same time, flagship enterprises primarily affect regional innovation in regions with low education levels. Results are obtained with the help of conservative econometric techniques and are robust to the choice of alternative dependent variables and estimators. The findings have major policy implications and provide insights into alternative routes to encouraging regional innovation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 104-118 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537150 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:104-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rafał Kusa Author-X-Name-First: Rafał Author-X-Name-Last: Kusa Author-Name: Daniel Palacios Marques Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Palacios Author-X-Name-Last: Marques Author-Name: Belén Ribeiro Navarrete Author-X-Name-First: Belén Ribeiro Author-X-Name-Last: Navarrete Title: External cooperation and entrepreneurial orientation in industrial clusters Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between external cooperation and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). This relationship is explored in cluster environment, wherein entrepreneurial organizations compete and cooperate simultaneously to pursue opportunities. The following hypothesis is tested: External cooperation is positively correlated with entrepreneurial orientation. The hypothesis is tested with a correlation analysis on a sample of 77 small-sized enterprises operating in the Malopolska region in Poland, wherein several clusters are active. Additionally, the regression analysis is conducted to examine the associations between inter-organizational cooperation and EO dimensions. The findings confirm that external cooperation is positively correlated with EO. This observation is confronted with a pro-competitive approach that is a constitutional element of the entrepreneurship concept. Moreover, the findings show that the correlation between external cooperation and a firm’s performance is stronger than between some other EO dimensions and performance. Additionally, the findings show the important role of relationships between organizations and their clients. In the paper, several remarks for development of the theory are discussed, including the need for incorporating inter-organizational cooperation into a set of entrepreneurial traits and reflecting it in entrepreneurial orientation scales. The findings confirm the importance of that direction of theory development that focuses on inter-organizational collaboration in the context of entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 119-132 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537151 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:119-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Bliemel Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bliemel Author-Name: Ricardo Flores Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Flores Author-Name: Saskia De Klerk Author-X-Name-First: Saskia Author-X-Name-Last: De Klerk Author-Name: Morgan P. Miles Author-X-Name-First: Morgan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Miles Title: Accelerators as start-up infrastructure for entrepreneurial clusters Abstract: Infrastructure is commonly conceptualized as a set of facilities that play a critical role in facilitating activities by individuals and organizations. Conventionally, infrastructure is tightly linked to publicly funded projects that facilitate access to key resources and enable diverse activities. Within entrepreneurial clusters research, infrastructure includes universities, research institutions and telecommunication technologies that facilitate entrepreneurial activities. These capital-intensive investments seek to facilitate start-ups emergence by aiding access to markets and development of ideas. Accelerators facilitate the same activities and have only recently been conceptualized as start-up infrastructure. This study builds upon this research stream by elaborating on how accelerators can play this meaningful role at the cluster level. Specifically, and by relying on the analysis of empirical evidence from three distinct studies, we uncover how accelerators provide tangible and intangible dimensions of start-up infrastructure to form a positively reinforcing cycle of entrepreneurial activities. Additionally, our findings allow us to push further the idea that start-up infrastructure development can be an endogenous process involving multiple actors within the cluster. Our empirical findings and the theoretical insights derived from them have meaningful implications for the aforementioned literature, as well as start-up practitioners and policymakers linked to the funding of entrepreneurial clusters. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 133-149 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:133-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David B. Audretsch Author-X-Name-First: David B. Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch Author-Name: Erik E. Lehmann Author-X-Name-First: Erik E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lehmann Author-Name: Matthias Menter Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Menter Author-Name: Nikolaus Seitz Author-X-Name-First: Nikolaus Author-X-Name-Last: Seitz Title: Public cluster policy and firm performance: evaluating spillover effects across industries Abstract: While the direct positive effects of public cluster policy on subsidized industries are beyond controversy, the impact of such policy interventions on non-subsidized industries within the same region, that is, the indirect effect of public cluster policy, remains vague and unexplored. This study examines the impact of a prominent public cluster policy in Germany, the so-called Leading-Edge Cluster Competition. Based on a unique dataset, we analyse the spillover effects of this cluster policy initiative on those firms and industries, which have not been the primary target of the cluster policy. Our results suggest that public cluster policy seems to have an indirect negative effect on firms that have not primarily been related to the targeted industries; therefore, the concept of ‘agglomeration shadows’ might also apply to industries and related firms. Despite the existence of knowledge flows induced by additional governmental funding within a region, non-subsidized industries, that is, non-targeted firms, seem to be unable to compete against targeted industries and, therefore, suffer from a lack of human, financial and social capital. Based on our findings, we propose policy recommendations on how to best identify policy instruments aimed at augmenting innovation-driven growth across a broad spectrum of industries and regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 150-165 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537153 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:150-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. M. Bojica Author-X-Name-First: A. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Bojica Author-Name: J. M. Ruiz Jiménez Author-X-Name-First: J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz Jiménez Author-Name: J. A. Ruiz Nava Author-X-Name-First: J. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz Nava Author-Name: M. M. Fuentes-Fuentes Author-X-Name-First: M. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Fuentes-Fuentes Title: Bricolage and growth in social entrepreneurship organisations Abstract: This paper explores the role of bricolage in the growth of social entrepreneurship organisations (SEOs). Building on the premises that (1) bricolage is based on the resources at hand and the subjective perspectives that individuals have of these resources, and (2) the characteristics of the top management team (TMT) are an indicator of the resources they make available to the organisation and their ability to put different perspectives into play to interpret resource environments, we seek to determine which configurations of resource endowment, autonomy in the use of resources, TMT diversity and bricolage promote organisational growth. Using a fuzzy-set theoretical technique (fsQCA), we show that the effect of bricolage on organisational growth is contingent on the availability of resources, the degree of autonomy in using these resources and TMT diversity in organisational tenure. Our findings also indicate that TMT gender diversity is not a relevant condition to the growth of SEOs that use bricolage and that TMTs incorporating members with differing levels of previous experience in for-profit organisations exert a negative impact on organisational growth. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 362-389 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413768 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413768 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:362-389 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frank Janssen Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Janssen Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Author-Name: Amélie Wuilaume Author-X-Name-First: Amélie Author-X-Name-Last: Wuilaume Title: Researching bricolage in social entrepreneurship Abstract: This paper introduces the special issue of Entrepreneurship and Regional Development on bricolage in social entrepreneurship. We anchor this special issue at the heart of an emerging body of research indicating that bricolage is the most appropriate approach to consider social firms operating in an environment characterized by institutional constraints or weak regulatory or political support (Di Domenico, Haugh, and Tracey 2010; Gundry et al. 2011). We describe both social entrepreneurship and bricolage. We then identify what closely links these notions. We conduct a literature review of the articles written on the nascent and growing research area at the intersection of social entrepreneurship and bricolage. We finally provide a brief overview of the contributions of each of the papers of this special issue and conclude by outlining a research agenda for future activities in this area of inquiry. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 450-470 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:450-470 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson Author-X-Name-First: Bengt Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson Title: Disclosing everyday practices constituting social entrepreneuring – a case of necessity effectuation Abstract: Entrepreneurship scholars have become increasingly aware of the need to recognize situated and temporary practices as the core of organizing in general, and of entrepreneuring as a processual phenomenon in particular. Close-up and longitudinal empirical inquiry into a Swedish work-integrating social enterprise, and its everyday procedures, uncovered several core process practices. The transformation of this enterprise into a national franchisor constructed further processual practices. These practices are comparable with the principles constituting the logic of effectuation. The findings tell that a different kind of effectuation logic rules in social enterprises, as much as the task is not profit-making but supporting people with social needs. The notion of ‘necessity effectuation’ is thus introduced to denote this logic. The empirical research in the social enterprise also reveals structural practices, here interpreted as dualities, that frame the processual practices. In social entrepreneuring a weaving metaphor, with the structural practices as the warp and the processual ones as the weft elements, thus appears as appropriate. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 390-406 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413770 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:390-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jill Kickul Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Kickul Author-Name: Mark Griffiths Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Griffiths Author-Name: Sophie Bacq Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Bacq Author-Name: Niharika Garud Author-X-Name-First: Niharika Author-X-Name-Last: Garud Title: Catalyzing social innovation: is entrepreneurial bricolage always good? Abstract: Social entrepreneurs face unique challenges in their concurrent pursuit of social and financial value creation to address intractable societal problems. Although social entrepreneurs’ actions have been highlighted as an important source of novelty and innovations, this issue has largely been under-researched so far in the field of entrepreneurship. In this paper, we explore the role of social entrepreneurs’ bricolage behavior in enabling the creation of innovations within resource-constrained environments, called ‘catalytic innovations’. In addition, we investigate situations in which an over-reliance on bricolage may hamper social entrepreneurs’ ability to look for new resources crucial to bring about social change. We tested our hypotheses on 113 social entrepreneurs using an online questionnaire survey. We find that the positive relationship between bricolage and catalytic innovations and scale/growth changes beyond a point, suggesting a curvilinear (quadratic) effect of bricolage. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 407-420 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413771 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:407-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Florian Ladstaetter Author-X-Name-First: Florian Author-X-Name-Last: Ladstaetter Author-Name: Andreas Plank Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Plank Author-Name: Andrea Hemetsberger Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Hemetsberger Title: The merits and limits of making do: bricolage and breakdowns in a social enterprise Abstract: Despite growing literature on social entrepreneurship there is scarce research on how potentially conflicting social and economic objectives manifest on a micro-level and affect everyday management of social enterprises. Applying a strategy as practice perspective we identify sources of, and responses to, temporary and complete breakdowns in Die Bäckerei, a social enterprise that epitomizes bricolage behaviour. We find that diverging interpretations of the organization’s identity eventually result in diverging standards for evaluating performance and lead to breakdowns. We discuss why bricolage is both a source of and a solution to temporary breakdowns and show how practitioners mobilize the hybrid organizational identity as an additional and equally important practice to respond to temporary breakdowns. Furthermore, in the circumstance of complete breakdown the social enterprise has to engage in identity work finding a new situational balance between its social and economic objectives and competing logics. Finally, we show how breakdowns lead to an extension of the social enterprise’s repertoire and discuss how the combination of the social mission and bricolage behaviour enables the organization to eschew path dependency, mobilize alternative resources, and build improvisational strategy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 283-309 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413772 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:283-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Soumodip Sarkar Author-X-Name-First: Soumodip Author-X-Name-Last: Sarkar Title: Grassroots entrepreneurs and social change at the bottom of the pyramid: the role of bricolage Abstract: This study explores how entrepreneurs living and working at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’ overcome acute resource constraints to create something from nothing. In a departure from most previous studies that consider those at the bottom either as potential consumers or as recipients of aid, we look at grassroots entrepreneurs. Despite extremely challenging conditions, they are able to assemble resources and to combine and align principles of business strategy and social value creation to effect important economic and social change. Using a resource based view lens, we redirect the spotlight onto the individual entrepreneur in social entrepreneurship and extend the study of bricolage to that field. We rely on inductive methodology applied to eight cases to unpack the resource assembly process of such entrepreneurs, revealing distinctive features of bricolage such as the setting aside of cultural norms, the rejigging of domain-specific skills, and the use of spare time. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 421-449 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413773 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:421-449 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vinciane Servantie Author-X-Name-First: Vinciane Author-X-Name-Last: Servantie Author-Name: Martine Hlady Rispal Author-X-Name-First: Martine Hlady Author-X-Name-Last: Rispal Title: Bricolage, effectuation, and causation shifts over time in the context of social entrepreneurship Abstract: In response to recent calls for contributions on the singular processes of social entrepreneurship, this paper examines how the combination of causation, effectuation, and bricolage changes over a particular venture’s life cycle. It also analyses the factors responsible for such shifts in the approach. Using a longitudinal case study of a Colombian foundation, the behaviours underlying the three theories and their alternations are analysed at three different periods in the case’s entrepreneurial process: its emergence, growth and replication. The analysis provides insight into the activities that require a causation approach and those that need bricolage or effectuation. We also highlight the implications for practice. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 310-335 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413774 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413774 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:310-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Misagh Tasavori Author-X-Name-First: Misagh Author-X-Name-Last: Tasavori Author-Name: Caleb Kwong Author-X-Name-First: Caleb Author-X-Name-Last: Kwong Author-Name: Sarika Pruthi Author-X-Name-First: Sarika Author-X-Name-Last: Pruthi Title: Resource bricolage and growth of product and market scope in social enterprises Abstract: This research aims to understand how resource bricolage strategy plays a role in the growth of social enterprises in terms of their product and market. Based on interviews with nine social enterprises, our exploratory finding suggests that social enterprises often employ both internal and network resources in the process of making do. We further explore the relationship between the form of resource utilisation and the nature and scope of activities that the social enterprises embark upon, and find that only those relying on both internal and network bricolage are able to expand into new markets utilising newly developed products. We also find that social enterprises relying on only internal resources can reach the same point through incremental improvisation, by first moving towards either product extension or market expansion, before then embarking on the other. This research contributes to the social entrepreneurship literature by enhancing our understanding of the relationship between resource bricolage strategy and growth of social enterprises through product/ market scope in a penurious environment. The findings of this research also have implications for social enterprise managers and policy makers in utilising their resources and responding to environmental opportunities and challenges. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 336-361 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413775 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413775 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:336-361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Audretsch Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch Author-Name: Colin Mason Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Author-Name: Morgan P. Miles Author-X-Name-First: Morgan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Miles Author-Name: Allan O’Connor Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor Title: The dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 471-474 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1436035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1436035 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:471-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steven Si Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Si Author-Name: John Cullen Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Cullen Author-Name: David Ahlstrom Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Ahlstrom Author-Name: Jiang Wei Author-X-Name-First: Jiang Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Title: Special Issue: Business, Entrepreneurship and Innovation Toward Poverty Reduction Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 475-477 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1447241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1447241 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:475-477 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahoudou W. Yessoufou Author-X-Name-First: Ahoudou W. Author-X-Name-Last: Yessoufou Author-Name: Vincent Blok Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Blok Author-Name: S. W. F. Omta Author-X-Name-First: S. W. F. Author-X-Name-Last: Omta Title: The process of entrepreneurial action at the base of the pyramid in developing countries: a case of vegetable farmers in Benin Abstract: The assumption that entrepreneurship is a critical factor in expanding employment, creating wealth and contributing to poverty alleviation at the base of the pyramid (BoP) in developing countries has led to the development of many initiatives to strengthen the entrepreneurial activities of poor people. Despite the fact that entrepreneurship is seen as a strategy in combatting poverty, the process that leads to entrepreneurial action in a BoP context is still unclear. In this paper, we illustrate the possibilities a multi-layered perspective offers to understand the complexity of entrepreneurship in poverty settings. Based on five focus group discussions and 36 in-depth interviews with vegetable farmers in Benin, we examined the entrepreneurship of poor people. We learned that entrepreneurial action is the nexus of individual and exogenous factors in complex relationships. Based on this, we elaborate on the characteristics of the process model of entrepreneurial action. We provide a process-based view of entrepreneurship at the BoP, suggesting a need for consistency between individual, behavioural strategies and contextual elements. We discuss the implications of our findings for BoP practice and provide a framing perspective that we hope will encourage a greater focus on the complexity of entrepreneurship phenomenon. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-28 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1364788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1364788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:1-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Li Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Author-Name: David North Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: North Title: The role of Technological Business Incubators in supporting business innovation in China: a case of regional adaptability? Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which both the support services of Technological Business Incubators (TBIs) and exogenous local factors facilitate the innovation activity of incubated new ventures. Using data on all 215 surviving Chinese incubators and their incubated firms from government surveys conducted over five consecutive years from 2009 until 2013, combined with information from nine case studies, we examine the effects of four incubator services on three levels of innovation in incubated firms, whilst also taking account of key exogenous factors. Technical service support from an incubator was found to have had a positive influence on all levels of innovation activity across all regions whilst incubator financial support had a positive effect on the making of more advanced innovations. The availability of venture capital had a significant impact on making lower order innovations whereas the availability of scientific knowledge resources influenced more advanced innovation activity. Whereas TBI support services in the more developed Eastern region are mainly concerned with leveraging external resources, those in the less developed Central and Western regions are more concerned with compensating for the lack of external resources to support innovation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 29-57 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1364789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1364789 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:29-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carys Egan-Wyer Author-X-Name-First: Carys Author-X-Name-Last: Egan-Wyer Author-Name: Sara L. Muhr Author-X-Name-First: Sara L. Author-X-Name-Last: Muhr Author-Name: Alf Rehn Author-X-Name-First: Alf Author-X-Name-Last: Rehn Title: On startups and doublethink – resistance and conformity in negotiating the meaning of entrepreneurship Abstract: Startup entrepreneurship is – in the literature, in the discourse of those engaging in it, and in cultural representations of the same – presented both as resistance against prevailing corporate logics and as a path towards becoming a corporate entity. Resistance, claimed or otherwise, is not just a reaction to a perceived outrage or a power imbalance, but is in itself a constitutive part of contemporary entrepreneurship, particularly as this is culturally constructed. We study this paradox, where a discourse of resistance becomes a productive part of entrepreneurial culture, by way of a case study of a successful startup. We analyze the manner in which people working in the startup utilize ‘doublethink’ to portray the organization both as resistance to an assumed, more corporate, ‘Other’ and also as a budding corporation unto itself. By doing so, we highlight how a discourse of resistance works as a value in entrepreneurship culture as well as a productive element of the same. In our case, resistance and corporate conformity come together in a way that defies easy classification; one where notions of resistance exist as easy-to-adopt identity positions and where doublethink becomes a productive way of dealing with corporate success. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 58-80 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1384959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1384959 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:58-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabio La Rosa Author-X-Name-First: Fabio Author-X-Name-Last: La Rosa Author-Name: Sergio Paternostro Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Paternostro Author-Name: Loredana Picciotto Author-X-Name-First: Loredana Author-X-Name-Last: Picciotto Title: Exploring the determinants of anti-mafia entrepreneurial behaviour: an empirical study on southern Italian SMEs Abstract: This study analyses organized crime from an economic perspective and highlights the crucial role of extortion in mafia activities. From an economic viewpoint, we debate the conditions that lead companies to resist mafia extortion. To study the reactions of firms to extortion, we adopt an institutional perspective and consider the contribution of different theories in the socially responsible behaviour and organized crime literature, in an attempt to understand this complex entrepreneurial behaviour better. A sample of 116 southern Italian SMEs, whose entrepreneurs have publicly opposed mafia extortion, was selected. By adopting a matched-pair design, anti-mafia firms were subsequently matched against a control sample. Determinants of anti-mafia behaviour were investigated by using both unconditional and conditional logistic regression models, in order to regress the anti-mafia choice on a set of economic, demographic, governance, and control variables. The results show that both financial and governance variables are significant determinants of anti-mafia entrepreneurial behaviour (AEB), whereas demographic variables are not relevant. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 81-117 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1386235 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1386235 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:81-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ella Y. Henry Author-X-Name-First: Ella Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Henry Author-Name: Leo-Paul Dana Author-X-Name-First: Leo-Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Dana Author-Name: Patrick J. Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Patrick J. Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Title: Telling their own stories: Māori entrepreneurship in the mainstream screen industry Abstract: We examined how factors from Indigenous entrepreneurship research (social capital, cultural capital, self-efficacy) help explain the high level of Māori entrepreneurial performance in the mainstream screen industry. Results, based on ten case studies and a one-year series of structured interviews, extend prior research by showing that these Indigenous entrepreneurs benefit jointly from two forms of capital: cultural and social. We found high levels of both forms to increase the desire for emancipation of cultural and community identity – not just individual identity – through entrepreneurship. Self-efficacy and storytelling helped ameliorate discontinuities across Indigenous and mainstream contexts. Our research sheds new light on how Indigenous ventures can pursue mainstream entrepreneurship while maintaining cultural identity. It also makes several distinct contributions to the Indigenous entrepreneurship literature. First, it provides an integrative theoretic review. Second, it illustrates a culturally appropriate methodology for researching Māori entrepreneurs with implications for other Indigenous communities. Third, it proposes cultural capital and social capital as a two-part framework for explaining Indigenous entrepreneurial action. Fourth, it shows how entrepreneurship can be empowering for Indigenous communities. Finally, our paper demonstrates that entrepreneurship is a promising mechanism for preserving and promoting the cultures of Māori and other Indigenous peoples. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 118-145 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1388445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1388445 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:118-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Moro Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Moro Author-Name: Matthias Fink Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Fink Author-Name: Daniela Maresch Author-X-Name-First: Daniela Author-X-Name-Last: Maresch Author-Name: Antti Fredriksson Author-X-Name-First: Antti Author-X-Name-Last: Fredriksson Title: Loan managers’ decisions and trust in entrepreneurs in different institutional contexts Abstract: Loan managers’ trust in entrepreneurs can be a useful tool for overcoming entrepreneurial firms’ opaqueness. Nevertheless, the possibility for loan managers to leverage trust can be affected by differences in the regulative institutions within the banks (type of bank) and by place-bound normative institutions (social context). By relying on semi-structured interviews and a survey of 450 bank-entrepreneur relationships, this study finds that a positive impact of trust in lending relationships is sensitive to different place-bound normative institutions and to the regulative institutions within the banks. The results are robust with respect to potential endogeneity issues. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 146-172 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1400115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1400115 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:146-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gerard McElwee Author-X-Name-First: Gerard Author-X-Name-Last: McElwee Author-Name: Rob Smith Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Peter Somerville Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Somerville Title: Conceptualising animation in rural communities: the Village SOS case Abstract: This paper introduces and discusses the concept of animatorship in relation to rural enterprise and development. At its simplest level, animatorship is the art of animating others to achieve their objectives. We develop and apply this concept to understanding community development and community enterprise, with a specific emphasis on rural communities. We present a descriptive, conceptual study of a new concept i.e. animation in the context of entrepreneurship. The fieldwork for this paper took the form of structured face-to-face interviews with community development workers in November-January 2015/2016. These workers actively stimulate, motivate and inspire others and orchestrate situations and people to bring about change through others, not merely doing things for them. They build environments and relationships in which people grow, directing and focusing energies to develop and empower people’s emotional and social lives and relationships through patient, open listening and group conversation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 173-198 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1401122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1401122 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:173-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rupert Hasenzagl Author-X-Name-First: Rupert Author-X-Name-Last: Hasenzagl Author-Name: Isabella Hatak Author-X-Name-First: Isabella Author-X-Name-Last: Hatak Author-Name: Hermann Frank Author-X-Name-First: Hermann Author-X-Name-Last: Frank Title: Problematizing socioemotional wealth in family firms: a systems-theoretical reframing Abstract: The concept of socioemotional wealth (SEW) seeks to present an independent paradigmatic basis for family-firm research, and in doing so aims to establish a sound basis for the scientific legitimacy of family-firm research. Establishing that legitimacy requires scholars to demonstrate that SEW is based on coherent assumptions on several theoretical levels. This paper uses the problematization methodology to challenge the coherence of the theoretical assumptions underpinning SEW and to advance theory development. The results of this problematization show that SEW is built on a theoretical level close to the object of research (in-house assumptions), but that more deeply-rooted theoretical levels (e.g. paradigmatic assumptions) are not sufficiently elaborated. Moreover, the original conceptualization is based on a positivist-mechanistic view, which hinders SEW reflecting the complex reality of family firms. Based on the results of this problematization, new systems theory is applied to reframe SEW’s theoretical grounding. Thereby the main contribution of the paper is a critical reflection on the theoretical underpinnings of SEW (in particular root-metaphor and paradigmatic assumptions), serving as the basis for advancing a coherent theoretical understanding of this important concept in family business research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 199-223 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1401123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1401123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:199-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sabine Müller Author-X-Name-First: Sabine Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard Title: Resources and bridging: the role of spatial context in rural entrepreneurship Abstract: This article contributes to the emerging discussion on the role of context in entrepreneurship as well as the development of theorizing on rural entrepreneurship. It does so by exploring the role of spatial context for rural entrepreneurs. Through a case study of 28 ventures, two modes of spatializing rural entrepreneurial activities are identified in the form of resource endowments and spatial bridging. Additionally, we develop a typology of rural entrepreneurs, which captures hitherto unexplored heterogeneity within this group of entrepreneurs. Spatial context is found to be of considerable significance to the rural entrepreneurial process and hence this study contributes to a micro-level understanding of place-specific entrepreneurial practices and the non-local circulation of value that can enrich local economies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 224-255 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1402092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1402092 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:224-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Janine Swail Author-X-Name-First: Janine Author-X-Name-Last: Swail Author-Name: Susan Marlow Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Marlow Title: ‘Embrace the masculine; attenuate the feminine’ – gender, identity work and entrepreneurial legitimation in the nascent context Abstract: This article critically analyses how gender bias impacts upon women’s efforts to legitimate nascent ventures. Given the importance of founder identity as a proxy for entrepreneurial legitimacy at nascency, we explore the identity work women undertake when seeking to claim legitimacy for their emerging ventures in a prevailing context of masculinity. In so doing, we challenge taken for granted norms pertaining to legitimacy and question the basis upon which that knowledge is claimed. In effect, debates regarding entrepreneurial legitimacy are presented as gender neutral yet, entrepreneurship is a gender biased activity. Thus, we argue it is essential to recognize how gendered assumptions impinge upon the quest for legitimacy. To illustrate our analysis, we use retrospective and real time empirical evidence evaluating legitimating strategies as they unfold, our findings reveal tensions between feminine identities such as ‘wife’ and ‘mother’ and those of the prototypical entrepreneur. This dissonance prompted women to undertake specific forms of identity work to bridge the gap between femininity, legitimacy and entrepreneurship. We conclude by arguing that the pursuit of entrepreneurial legitimacy during nascency is a gendered process which disadvantages women and has the potential to negatively impact upon the future prospects of their fledgling ventures. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 256-282 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1406539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1406539 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:256-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Guimón Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Guimón Author-Name: Evita Paraskevopoulou Author-X-Name-First: Evita Author-X-Name-Last: Paraskevopoulou Title: Factors shaping the international knowledge connectivity of industrial clusters: a comparative study of two Latin American cases Abstract: Recent research has emphasized that success of industrial clusters is not only driven by intra-cluster knowledge sharing (‘local buzz’) but also by externally sourced knowledge (‘global knowledge pipelines’). This article examines the factors that determine the channels through which clusters connect with global knowledge pipelines depending on the structure of the global value chain within which they are inserted, their knowledge base and their stage of evolution. Building on a comparative case study of the salmon farming cluster in Chile and the software cluster in Costa Rica, we adopt an evolutionary perspective based on historical analysis to better understand how the configuration of clusters’ international knowledge linkages shifts over time. Our findings suggest that (i) the more hierarchical the global value chain structure, the less room for knowledge co-creation between local and foreign actors; (ii) clusters relying on analytical knowledge bases opt for more formal and coordinated links with high involvement of public actors, whereas in clusters relying on synthetic knowledge bases, international knowledge interaction is based on less formal links mainly between business actors; and (iii) as clusters evolve the channels through which they connect with foreign knowledge increase in number and new ‘hybrid’ varieties develop. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 817-846 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1354400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1354400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:817-846 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rima M. Bizri Author-X-Name-First: Rima M. Author-X-Name-Last: Bizri Title: Refugee-entrepreneurship: a social capital perspective Abstract: This paper seeks to identify the characteristics of refugee-entrepreneurial startups, which distinguish them from other immigrant entrepreneurial ventures. The author employed a single case analysis as a means of qualitative research into the phenomenon under study, from the perspective of social capital theory. A typical case of a refugee entrepreneur was selected based on his propensity to tell his story in a way that transparently reveals the various peculiarities of his entrepreneurial behavior. The case study involved the use of interviews with key individuals, the review of printed materials, and member checking. The findings revealed five distinctive attributes that characterized that startup and which corresponded to the three dimensions of social capital. Those attributes were: a ‘one-way-ahead’ attitude, a pseudo family business perception, collective bootstrapping, a distinct network structure, and opportunity-seizing proliferation, thereby depicting how social capital is used by refugee-entrepreneurs to maximize the pool of opportunities in their host nations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 847-868 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1364787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1364787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:847-868 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Verzat Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Verzat Author-Name: Noreen O’Shea Author-X-Name-First: Noreen Author-X-Name-Last: O’Shea Author-Name: Maxime Jore Author-X-Name-First: Maxime Author-X-Name-Last: Jore Title: Teaching proactivity in the entrepreneurial classroom Abstract: This article examines the extent to which a proactive attitude can be considered a component of the entrepreneurial mindset and can be learned in the entrepreneurial classroom. We test the impact on students’ proactive attitude of two different teaching methods: a teacher-directed approach and a self-directed learning approach. We include group potency and emotions as variables that may moderate proactivity learning outcomes. Our sample is composed of 281 Master students in a French business school. Using a mixed methodological approach, the results demonstrate that the proactive attitude can be learned and that collaborative teamwork, a creative team spirit and positive emotions contribute to its development. We offer guidelines for the pedagogical design of EM education, an alternative tool to assess its impact, and a better understanding of emotional factors associated with group potency in student entrepreneurial teams. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 975-1013 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1376515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1376515 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:975-1013 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Galina Shirokova Author-X-Name-First: Galina Author-X-Name-Last: Shirokova Author-Name: Oleksiy Osiyevskyy Author-X-Name-First: Oleksiy Author-X-Name-Last: Osiyevskyy Author-Name: Michael H. Morris Author-X-Name-First: Michael H. Author-X-Name-Last: Morris Author-Name: Karina Bogatyreva Author-X-Name-First: Karina Author-X-Name-Last: Bogatyreva Title: Expertise, university infrastructure and approaches to new venture creation: assessing students who start businesses Abstract: Within the broader literature on contextual determinants of effectual and causal cognitive logics, the paper explores the drivers of causal and effectual reasoning in student-founders of new ventures, particularly focusing on the role of university entrepreneurship-related offerings and student prior business experience. Using the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey (GUESSS), the study involves a sample of 2179 student entrepreneurs from 26 countries. Our findings indicate that university entrepreneurship-related offerings such as curricular programming, co-curricular activities, and financial support play a differentiating role in the proclivity towards causal or effectual approaches across the groups of experienced and inexperienced student entrepreneurs. We also provide evidence that effectuation and causation are not mutually exclusive constructs: they are intertwined and can unfold simultaneously. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 912-944 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1376516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1376516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:912-944 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olivier Toutain Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Toutain Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Author-Name: Luke Pittaway Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Pittaway Author-Name: Diamanto Politis Author-X-Name-First: Diamanto Author-X-Name-Last: Politis Title: Role and impact of the environment on entrepreneurial learning Abstract: This article is presenting an overview of the literature devoted to entrepreneurial learning and, more specifically, those research bringing environmental elements into the study of the entrepreneurial learning process. Then, it shows how each of the four Special Issue selected research papers contribute to enhancing our knowledge of the complexity of the learning process vis-à-vis entrepreneurial processes placed in context. By doing this, it makes an attempt to explain the specific context behind each contribution as well as presenting the wider context. Finally, the article is suggesting a set of key challenges and research pathways that might be explored in the future. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 869-888 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1376517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1376517 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:869-888 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ricardo Zozimo Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Zozimo Author-Name: Sarah Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Title: Entrepreneurial learning from observing role models Abstract: This study examines entrepreneurial learning through the observation of role models. Adopting an interpretive and inductive approach, and using biographical interviews and life course techniques, the article examines how sixteen entrepreneurs articulate their entrepreneurial learning from role models. The overarching research question ‘How do entrepreneurs learn from observing role models?’ enables illustrating who the role models are (parents, teachers, colleagues, other entrepreneurs), the relevant social contexts (home, education, workplace) and what is learned in relation to entrepreneurial learning tasks (learning about oneself, managing relationships, the business and small business management). The study contributes to developing the social perspectives of entrepreneurial learning by demonstrating the significance of learning from role models in different social contexts and at distinct entrepreneurial stages pre- and post-start-up. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 889-911 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1376518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1376518 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:889-911 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Davide Hahn Author-X-Name-First: Davide Author-X-Name-Last: Hahn Author-Name: Tommaso Minola Author-X-Name-First: Tommaso Author-X-Name-Last: Minola Author-Name: Anita Van Gils Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Van Gils Author-Name: Jolien Huybrechts Author-X-Name-First: Jolien Author-X-Name-Last: Huybrechts Title: Entrepreneurial education and learning at universities: exploring multilevel contingencies Abstract: Despite the worldwide increase in entrepreneurship education offered at universities, there is an ongoing debate whether and under which conditions this type of education contributes to students’ entrepreneurial learning. Building on human capital theory, we hypothesize that the exposure to various entrepreneurship education initiatives has an inverted U-shaped relationship with entrepreneurial learning outcomes. We also argue that this relationship is moderated by the entrepreneurial experience of the students, the teaching pedagogy applied in entrepreneurial initiatives offered at the university and the prevalence of opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in the country. A multi-level analysis on a cross-country sample of 87,918 students resulting from GUESSS (‘Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey’) strongly confirms our hypotheses, and allows us to discuss implications for researchers, educators and policy makers with respect to the nature of entrepreneurial learning, the design of entrepreneurial education programs, as well as the contextual conditions that impact entrepreneurial learning outcomes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 945-974 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1376542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1376542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:945-974 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heike Mayer Author-X-Name-First: Heike Author-X-Name-Last: Mayer Author-Name: Yas Motoyama Author-X-Name-First: Yas Author-X-Name-Last: Motoyama Title: Entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized towns/communities Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1015-1016 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1386445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1386445 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:1015-1016 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Panel of Referees Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1017-1018 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1396059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1396059 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:1017-1018 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 9-10 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1396070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1396070 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Journal: Pages: 451-452 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701671742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701671742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:451-452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Steyaert Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert Title: ‘Entrepreneuring’ as a conceptual attractor? A review of process theories in 20 years of entrepreneurship studies Abstract: Entrepreneuring has never achieved a breakthrough as the key concept that could elucidate the inherently process-oriented character of entrepreneurship, but it may be able to serve as the conceptual attractor to accommodate the increasing interest in process theories within a creative process view. This paper considers whether this is possible. In addition to equilibrium-based understandings of the entrepreneurial process, this paper tentatively reconstructs the creative process view by distinguishing between a range of relevant perspectives: from those on complexity and chaos theory, to the interpretive and phenomenological, social constructionist, pragmatic and practice-based, to the relational materialist. Taking entrepreneuring as an open-ended concept to use in theoretical experimentation, the review documents the potential for the concept to develop new meanings and to attach itself to a series of concepts such as recursivity, enactment, disclosure, narration, discourse, dramatization, dialogicality, effectuation, social practice, translation and assemblage. It is argued that the very act of theorizing about the concept of ‘entrepreneuring’ indicates a move from methodological individualism to a relational turn in entrepreneurship studies, one that inscribes entrepreneurship into a social ontology of becoming. Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Pages: 453-477 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701671759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701671759 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:453-477 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karin Berglund Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund Author-Name: Anders W. Johansson Author-X-Name-First: Anders W. Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson Title: Entrepreneurship, discourses and conscientization in processes of regional development Abstract: This paper is based upon a regional development project in a ‘vulnerable’ Swedish region consisting of three municipalities. At a first glance, this is a region in decline that is lacking in entrepreneurial initiatives. During a crucial time period the project ‘Diversity in Entrepreneurship’ (DiE) was launched to help the region to become more entrepreneurial and inclusive. An underlying logic was built into the project, which is associated with the critical pedagogy of Paolo Freire. From a Freirean perspective regions lacking in entrepreneurship could be reconsidered emphasizing that the entrepreneurial initiatives are always there–latent–however restrained by certain discourses; in this case a dominant enterprise discourse. Above all the enterprise discourse suppresses the ability for particular groups in society to view themselves as entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is to introduce Freire's critical pedagogical perspective to entrepreneurship and regional development. An episode illustrating how the enterprise discourse suppresses an equality discourse, introduced by way of the DiE-project, makes the point of departure for discussing the process of ‘conscientization’, which refers to a type of learning that is focused on perceiving and exposing contradictions and to take action against the oppressive elements of reality (Freire 1970). Some key Freirean ideas or concepts are explained, first as they were expressed by Freire and then applied to entrepreneurship and regional development. It is then discussed how these concepts found their expressions in the project. The critical pedagogic perspective not only emphasizes an entrepreneurial potential in every individual, but it also gives an idea of what kind of processes could release entrepreneurial initiatives among those who do not view themselves as entrepreneurs. Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Pages: 499-525 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701671833 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701671833 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:499-525 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson Author-X-Name-First: Bengt Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson Author-Name: Leonardo Centeno Caffarena Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo Centeno Author-X-Name-Last: Caffarena Author-Name: Allan Fernando Discua Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Allan Fernando Discua Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz Author-Name: Mircea Epure Author-X-Name-First: Mircea Author-X-Name-Last: Epure Author-Name: Esther Hormiga Pérez Author-X-Name-First: Esther Hormiga Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez Author-Name: Magdalena Kapelko Author-X-Name-First: Magdalena Author-X-Name-Last: Kapelko Author-Name: Karen Murdock Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Murdock Author-Name: Douglas Nanka-Bruce Author-X-Name-First: Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Nanka-Bruce Author-Name: Martina Olejárová Author-X-Name-First: Martina Author-X-Name-Last: Olejárová Author-Name: Alizabeth Sanchez Lopez Author-X-Name-First: Alizabeth Sanchez Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez Author-Name: Antti Sekki Author-X-Name-First: Antti Author-X-Name-Last: Sekki Author-Name: Maria-Cristina Stoian Author-X-Name-First: Maria-Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Stoian Author-Name: Henrik Tötterman Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Tötterman Author-Name: Angelo Bisignano Author-X-Name-First: Angelo Author-X-Name-Last: Bisignano Title: Interstanding the industrial district: contrasting conceptual images as a road to insight Abstract: In this paper we offer an approach to learning about the unique features of industrial districts as a socio-economic phenomenon that is based on differences. Instead of searching for one generic theory that may explain the unique construction of an industrial district or one universal way of getting under the skin of its subjects we propose ‘interstanding’ as a road to insight. The title alludes to different relationships: between theoretical frameworks and empirical approaches, between writing and reflecting on the one hand, creating conversations, talking and listening on the other, between teacher and student, between the academic and business communities. In the paper this ‘interstanding’ perspective of knowledging is demonstrated in the context of an annual international doctoral course on SMEs in economic and regional development. The participating doctoral students are organized into research teams, each furnished with a specific theoretical perspective on localized economic development, and subsequently jointly brought to the industrial district of Gnosjö in Sweden in order to meet with owner-managers and further local stakeholders. The student groups report on their field experiences, thereby creating maps as diverse as the different theoretical frameworks being used. These contrasting images of the district's generic features and sustainability are used as an input to a conclusive polylogue seminar that offers an ‘interstanding’ that, on the one hand, reminds the participants that any, including scientifically investigated, reality is socially constructed, and, on the other, communicates that tensions between alternative conceptual constructs, especially if substantiated in empirical research, offer an inspiring road to knowledge. Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Pages: 527-554 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701671882 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701671882 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:527-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Robert Smith Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: The moral space in entrepreneurship: an exploration of ethical imperatives and the moral legitimacy of being enterprising Abstract: This paper explores the morality associated with entrepreneurship. It has been argued that there is no moral space in entrepreneurship, but such instrumental views may miss out much of the nature of enterprise and how it is understood. Consequently we propose that a socially-constructed perspective, based upon the meanings of entrepreneurship, may help to understand the morality of entrepreneurship. By applying such a lens, we find that the narratives and discourses of the meanings of entrepreneurship are ideological and clearly present a moral space. This space lies between the individual and society and is normatively articulated in entrepreneurial discourses. We develop a tentative framework which links values and outcomes that shows how ‘authenticated’ entrepreneurship, that is to say that which resonates with a socially approved moral dimension, is legitimized by comparisons with the socially constructed view. The empirical part of the paper comprises of two case stories. The first is a local garage owner who has a reputation as a decent man; the second is a notorious, but entrepreneurial London gangster. Our analysis shows that to be judged ‘entrepreneurial’, it is not enough to act entrepreneurially; the social constructs of public perceptions entail examining both moral means and moral ends. We conclude that there is a moral imperative in entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Pages: 479-497 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701672377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701672377 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:479-497 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Announcement and Call for Papers Journal: Pages: 555-556 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701773225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701773225 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:555-556 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Fernández-Serrano Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Serrano Author-Name: Juan A. Martínez-Román Author-X-Name-First: Juan A. Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Román Author-Name: Isidoro Romero Author-X-Name-First: Isidoro Author-X-Name-Last: Romero Title: The entrepreneur in the regional innovation system. A comparative study for high- and low-income regions Abstract: This paper investigates the influence of entrepreneurs’ characteristics on innovation in regions with different levels of development. By doing so, this work seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the role of entrepreneurs in the functioning and performance of regional innovation systems. The influence of entrepreneurs’ personal characteristics and their perceptions of the business environment on firm innovation are investigated via a survey of companies carried out in six Spanish regions. The results allow the identifying of significant differences in the main determinants of innovation in the high-income regions and low-income regions studied. Entrepreneurs’ generalized trust stimulates innovation only in high-income regions, where necessity motivation has also a negative effect on innovation. Growth ambition seems to play a highly positive role only in the case of low-income regions. Human capital and infrastructure are perceived by the entrepreneurs as the main bottlenecks for innovation in low-income regions, whereas in the case of high-income regions the legal, fiscal and financial systems are considered the key institutional barriers. These differences in the entrepreneurial factor should be taken into account in order to design and implement policies to stimulate and foster innovation in different regional contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 337-356 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1513079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1513079 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:337-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Evans Korang Adjei Author-X-Name-First: Evans Korang Author-X-Name-Last: Adjei Author-Name: Rikard H. Eriksson Author-X-Name-First: Rikard H. Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson Author-Name: Urban Lindgren Author-X-Name-First: Urban Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgren Author-Name: Einar Holm Author-X-Name-First: Einar Author-X-Name-Last: Holm Title: Familial relationships and firm performance: the impact of entrepreneurial family relationships Abstract: While the family may serve as a resource for entrepreneurs, it has been studied separately in different disciplines. In this paper, we combine the arguments on familial relationships (family firm literature) and skill variety (regional learning literature) to analyse how different forms of entrepreneurial family relationships (co-occurrences) facilitate firm performance, and how familial relationships moderate the effects of skill variety on firm performance. Using longitudinal data (2002–2012) on a sample of privately owned firms with up to 50 employees with matched information on all employees, our results show that entrepreneur–children relationship is the dominant dyad familial relationship in family firms. The fixed effects estimates demonstrate that entrepreneurial family relationships do affect firm performance but that this is dependent on the type of familial relationship. Children and spouses show a positive relationship with firm performance while siblings of the entrepreneur show no significant relationship with performance. The estimates further indicate that familial relationships involving spouses abate the negative effects of having too similar or too different types of skills. The paper thus contributes to new knowledge regarding not only whether family relationships matter for performance, but also in what way they matter. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 357-377 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1514074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1514074 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:357-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Natalia Bobadilla Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Bobadilla Author-Name: Marie Goransson Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Goransson Author-Name: François Pichault Author-X-Name-First: François Author-X-Name-Last: Pichault Title: Urban entrepreneurship through art-based interventions:unveiling a translation process Abstract: This paper explores the conditions under which urban entrepreneurship can develop through art-based interventions. Drawing on two contrasting case studies (Civic City in France, Fieris Fééries in Belgium) and taking actor-network theory (ANT) as a starting analytical point, we outline the tensions involved in the implementation process of such interventions. We focus on the capacity of urban entrepreneurs to engage different relevant stakeholders (artists, local government and citizens), establish connections between disconnected worlds that are likely to challenge existing institutional structures and eventually create novelty. We identify these actors as ‘translators’. The paper shows that when urban entrepreneurs play an active translation role consistently over time, art-based interventions can have a substantial impact on urban regeneration. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 378-399 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1539125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1539125 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:378-399 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Doern Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Doern Author-Name: Nick Williams Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Tim Vorley Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley Title: Special issue on entrepreneurship and crises: business as usual? An introduction and review of the literature Abstract: This article reviews the literature on entrepreneurship and crises, capturing where we have been and where we are now, and begins to discuss where we might go next. It centres around how we have come to understand the relationship between entrepreneurship and crises through the application of certain crisis definitions, concepts, typologies, the crisis event sequence, methodologies and empirical settings. It also examines how crises affect entrepreneurship and how entrepreneurship affects crises. The article then introduces in some detail the five manuscripts selected for the special issue and the contributions they make towards developing our understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurship and crises. It notes the advances, gaps and opportunities that emerge from the literature review and special issue papers, and concludes with a way forward for developing further our understanding in this area. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 400-412 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541590 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541590 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:400-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pablo Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz Author-Name: Jonathan Kimmitt Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Kimmitt Author-Name: Ewald Kibler Author-X-Name-First: Ewald Author-X-Name-Last: Kibler Author-Name: Steffen Farny Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Farny Title: Living on the slopes: entrepreneurial preparedness in a context under continuous threat Abstract: In this paper, we examine how entrepreneurs living in communities under continuous threat prepare themselves to continue with their enterprising activities or engage in new ones after the expected crisis occurs. Most of the crisis literature on disasters and entrepreneurship focuses on aftermath responses, but the antecedents of such entrepreneurial behaviour and its connection to past and future crises remains largely unexplored. Based on a two-stage exploratory study pre and post the Calbuco Volcano eruptions in 2015 and 2016 in Chile, we introduce the notion of entrepreneurial preparedness in a context of continuous threat and elaborate on its four central attributes: anchored reflectiveness, situated experience, breaking through, and reaching out. Subsequently, our work develops a refined understanding of pre and post-disaster entrepreneurship and offers a novel base for theorizing on the relationship between entrepreneurial preparedness in contexts of continuous threat. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 413-434 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541591 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:413-434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caleb CY Kwong Author-X-Name-First: Caleb CY Author-X-Name-Last: Kwong Author-Name: Cherry WM Cheung Author-X-Name-First: Cherry WM Author-X-Name-Last: Cheung Author-Name: Humera Manzoor Author-X-Name-First: Humera Author-X-Name-Last: Manzoor Author-Name: Mehboob Ur Rashid Author-X-Name-First: Mehboob Ur Author-X-Name-Last: Rashid Title: Entrepreneurship through Bricolage: a study of displaced entrepreneurs at times of war and conflict Abstract: War and conflict brings about adverse changes for those who are displaced. How do entrepreneurial individuals respond to such adversity to either set-up, or continue with their existing entrepreneurial endeavours that would improve their own livelihood or that of others who have been affected? Whilst previous studies have found local knowledge, networks and resources to be crucial in the development of ventures in the war and conflict context, alienation from mainstream society within the host location often means that to succeed, those who are displaced require alternative strategies and approaches. Through examining the entrepreneurial ventures of six internally displaced entrepreneurs in Pakistan, our study identifies that entrepreneurial individuals find different ways to adapt to the new order, with both internal and external bricolage becoming the key strategies deployed to either re-establish their previous businesses or to develop new endeavours in the host location. To compensate for lack of local knowledge, networks and resources, we found that entrepreneurs followed closely their previous paths in their bricolage attempts, relying on reconfigurations of their pre-existing competencies, as well as utilizing pre-established and clandestine networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 435-455 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:435-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anastasiia Laskovaia Author-X-Name-First: Anastasiia Author-X-Name-Last: Laskovaia Author-Name: Louis Marino Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Marino Author-Name: Galina Shirokova Author-X-Name-First: Galina Author-X-Name-Last: Shirokova Author-Name: William Wales Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Wales Title: Expect the unexpected: examining the shaping role of entrepreneurial orientation on causal and effectual decision-making logic during economic crisis Abstract: While many firms operate in dynamic environments, the competitive conditions faced by firms during an economic crisis are especially unstable and turbulent. We examine firm strategic decision-making in this distinctive context and investigate the question of whether causal and effectual logic provide similar paths to performance during such challenging economic times. Further, we examine the potential impact that a firm’s level of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has upon the relationship between managers’ predominant decision-making logic and their firm’s overall performance in this crisis. To test these relationships, we employ a robust national random sample of 447 Russian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) collected from 2015 to 2016 during a period of economic crisis. Our results indicate that EO plays an important moderating role, shaping the nature of the relationships between managers’ decision-making logic and financial performance. Moreover, additional analysis identifies the presence of a non-linear relationship between both logics and the performance of SMEs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 456-475 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:456-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brahim Herbane Author-X-Name-First: Brahim Author-X-Name-Last: Herbane Title: Rethinking organizational resilience and strategic renewal in SMEs Abstract: Building on work that associates organizational resilience with crisis recovery and strategic renewal, I examine how small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) vary in the formalisation of activities intended to achieve strategic growth and activities to enhance resilience against acute operational interruptions. Drawing on data from 265 SMEs in the United Kingdom, the main argument of this paper is that variations in formalisation activities reflect differences in firm location, personal networks, the influence of external crisis events, and entrepreneurs’ attitudes towards the prevention of crises. The resulting typology identifies four clusters: Attentive Interventionists, Light Planners, Rooted Strategists and Reliant Neighbours. These findings contrast with prior theorizations of firms as either resilient or vulnerable and further illuminate our understanding of SME resilience and how this is shaped by historical, developmental and strategic factors. The study further develops associations between resilience and social capital, examines how locational choices generate a proximity premium, and develops a growth-survival-maturity perspective on SME resilience. Data reveals an interplay between an ensemble of entrepreneurial activities and decisions about planning, networks, learning, and location. Thus, the study offers a rethinking of prior theorizations about organizational resilience and strategic renewal. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 476-495 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541594 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:476-495 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Bishop Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Bishop Title: Knowledge diversity and entrepreneurship following an economic crisis: an empirical study of regional resilience in Great Britain Abstract: This article argues that the ability of entrepreneurs to facilitate regional adaptation to economic crises is mediated by the size and diversity of local knowledge stocks. The specific research question addressed is the hypothesis that, in the aftermath of a crisis, the birth rate of new firms will recover more rapidly in regions with a strong and diverse knowledge stock. It is theorised that unrelated knowledge diversity is of particular importance in stimulating new entrepreneurial opportunities and structural change, whilst the incentive to exploit opportunities differs according to region-specific factors. In addition to this theoretical contribution, the article develops spatial econometric models to test these research hypotheses using data on sub-regions of Great Britain for 2004–2014. The results support the central theoretical hypotheses and emphasise the positive significance of unrelated knowledge diversity and employment in knowledge intensive services to regional recovery from an economic shock. A key implication for policy-makers wishing to facilitate regional adaptation to crises is that it is important to focus on fostering entrepreneurship by developing a region’s stock of knowledge intensive services and the diversity of the knowledge creating sector, rather than relying on specialised clusters of firms. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 496-515 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:496-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Teirlinck Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Teirlinck Author-Name: André Spithoven Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Spithoven Title: The R&D knowledge base in city-agglomerations and knowledge searching in product innovative SMEs Abstract: This paper looks at the relation between the R&D knowledge base of city-agglomerations and knowledge sourcing in product innovative small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The small open Belgian economy is used as a test case. The characteristics of the city-agglomeration’s R&D knowledge are posited to be instrumental for SMEs’ reliance on particular sources of information for innovation. The R&D knowledge base is studied as a multidimensional concept consisting of R&D capacity, R&D specialization and R&D diversification. A representative sample of product innovative SMEs drawn from two waves of the Community Innovation Survey between 2008 and 2012 reveals that a strong R&D capacity at city-agglomeration level favours private external information sources for innovation, but has no influence on the likelihood to rely on public sources for innovation. Accordance between specialization of the private R&D knowledge base and the SME’s activities positively influences the use of clients as information sources for innovation, whereas under these circumstances supplier responsiveness turns out to be less frequently solicited for. A more diversified private R&D environment reduces the reliance on universities and public research organizations as information sources for innovation. A public R&D knowledge base specialized in natural sciences or engineering favours information sources from universities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 516-533 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1545053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1545053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:516-533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Lee Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Heinz Tuselmann Author-X-Name-First: Heinz Author-X-Name-Last: Tuselmann Author-Name: Dilani Jayawarna Author-X-Name-First: Dilani Author-X-Name-Last: Jayawarna Author-Name: Julia Rouse Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Rouse Title: Effects of structural, relational and cognitive social capital on resource acquisition: a study of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas Abstract: Emerging research demonstrates that structural social capital facilitates the resource acquisition of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas. However, their usage of relational and cognitive social capital that translates to accessible resources is not well understood. We contribute to knowledge and comprehensively examine effects of structural, relational and cognitive social capital taken together on the resource acquisition of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas. Results from a national survey of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas across England show that large networks, bonding ties, trust, reciprocity, obligations and expectations, and shared language and codes facilitate their resource acquisition. Also, we demonstrate that they are reluctant or unable to bridge social distance and adopt narrative storytelling. Furthermore, the results indicate that entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas in the most deprived regions suffer from less resource acquisition. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 534-554 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 31 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1545873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1545873 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:534-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Endrit Kromidha Author-X-Name-First: Endrit Author-X-Name-Last: Kromidha Author-Name: Paul Robson Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Robson Title: Social identity and signalling success factors in online crowdfunding Abstract: Online crowdfunding means relying on the Internet to seek financial support from the general public. In this paper, we examine success factors in the social capital networks of the top 5000 most funded projects in Kickstarter.com at the time of this study. We first look at how fundraisers and backers identify themselves with the projects they support in their own social networks. This is modelled using Facebook friends and Facebook shares, respectively, guided by social identity theory. Secondly, we use signalling theory to investigate crowdfunding success based on backers’ and fundraisers’ ability to engage in a forum, modelled using the number of comments between them, or with unilateral signals using the number of updates from the fundraiser. This study suggests that funders and backers who identify themselves with the projects in their own social networks are associated with greater pledge/backer ratio. We also find that projects where the fundraiser and its backers exchange more signals in a joint forum, but not signals delivered unilaterally by the fundraiser, have a greater pledge/backer ratio. These findings, based on a scalable quantitative study, highlight the importance of a multi-theory approach, advance social identity theory and signalling theory in the context of crowdfunding, and could be applied to online and normal entrepreneurship environments alike. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 605-629 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1198425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1198425 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:605-629 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fara Azmat Author-X-Name-First: Fara Author-X-Name-Last: Azmat Author-Name: Yuka Fujimoto Author-X-Name-First: Yuka Author-X-Name-Last: Fujimoto Title: Family embeddedness and entrepreneurship experience: a study of Indian migrant women entrepreneurs in Australia Abstract: India has emerged as a major source of migrants for developed countries including Australia; yet, there is a dearth of research on Indian migrant entrepreneurs, particularly women. Using qualitative methods of enquiry, we explore the perceptions of Indian migrant women entrepreneurs (MWEs) and their partners in Melbourne, Australia, about their entrepreneurship experiences from a family embeddedness perspective. More specifically, we explore how family embeddedness of Indian MWEs is influenced by certain factors which in turn influence their entrepreneurship experience. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurship among Indian MWEs is a complex phenomenon influenced by their being an Indian, a woman and a new Australian, all of which interact and influence their family dynamics and entrepreneurial experience. Our findings shed light on the duality of Indian culture which exerts both an enabling and a constraining influence on the family dynamics of MWEs, the constraining role of gender and the positive impact of their integration into the host country’s sociocultural context which all influence their family embeddedness and entrepreneurship. Contributing to the discussion on ‘ethnic’ and ‘women entrepreneurship’ from a family embeddedness perspective, we offer policy implications for facilitating entrepreneurship in the growing but under-researched cohort of Indian MWEs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 630-656 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1208279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1208279 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:630-656 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wensong Bai Author-X-Name-First: Wensong Author-X-Name-Last: Bai Author-Name: Christine Holmström Lind Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Holmström Lind Author-Name: Martin Johanson Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Johanson Title: The performance of international returnee ventures: the role of networking capability and the usefulness of international business knowledge Abstract: This paper sheds light on the international new ventures led by returnee entrepreneurs and investigates the influence of networking capability and the usefulness of international knowledge for the overall performance of so-called international returnee ventures (IRVs). By integrating network theory with a capability view of firm performance, it advances six hypotheses that form a structural model, which is tested with LISREL on a sample of 194 IRVs from China. The findings show that international networking capability has a positive influence on the provision of international business knowledge, which in turn is positively related to the innovation performance, but they have a negative impact on the financial performance. Hence, this study presents a discussion of the usefulness of knowledge gained from the international network relationships of emerging market returnee entrepreneurs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 657-680 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1234003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1234003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:657-680 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Kasabov Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Kasabov Title: When an initiative promises more than it delivers: a multi-actor perspective of rural entrepreneurship difficulties and failure in Thailand Abstract: National governments invest in initiatives aimed at encouraging rural entrepreneurship on the assumption that it contributes to competitiveness and employment. Empirical findings about one such initiative in Thailand reveal the nature of entrepreneurship difficulties and the diverse expressions of entrepreneurship failure, not only in the sense of termination of activities and exit but also entrepreneurs’ inability to meet the objectives and aims of the initiative. Significant attitudinal inadequacies such as risk aversion, passivity and over-reliance on the public sector complement entrepreneurship resource weaknesses in explaining rural entrepreneurship difficulties and failure. Findings demonstrate inadequacies of one-size-fits-all policies seeking to encourage rural entrepreneurship by failing to address the needs and capabilities of the involved entrepreneurs. The discussion also extends current research, first, by studying rural entrepreneurship within an institutional framework in an emerging market context; second, by conceptualizing rural entrepreneurship failure and attitudinal drivers of such failure; third, by documenting and analysing the nature, sources and consequences of the distinct constructs of ‘rural entrepreneurship difficulties’ and ‘rural entrepreneurship failure’; and finally, by presenting a revised theorization of ‘failure’ in entrepreneurship research which recognizes the diverse forms that failure may assume. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 681-703 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1234650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1234650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:681-703 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arne Isaksen Author-X-Name-First: Arne Author-X-Name-Last: Isaksen Title: Cluster emergence: combining pre-existing conditions and triggering factors Abstract: This article argues that the emergence of regional clusters relies on both necessary pre-existing conditions for cluster appearance in general and triggering factors that cause clusters to emerge in particular places. This approach is used to analyse two ‘critical cases’; the emergence of the synthetic-knowledge boat building industry in the Arendal area in Norway from the mid-1950s and the analytical-knowledge cancer medicine industry in Oslo around the year 2000. Although the industries and the contexts are otherwise very different, the framework turns out to be useful in interpreting the emergence of the two clusters. However, the specific pre-existing conditions and the triggering factors differ between the two cases. The Arendal boat building industry emerged through the combination of traditional boat building skills and exogenous knowledge of the use of new plastic material, while the Oslo cancer medicine industry built on indigenously-developed scientific knowledge. The framework is useful in putting anecdotal evidence of cluster emergence due to the efforts of entrepreneurs into a wider analytical framework of the preconditions necessary for entrepreneurs to succeed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 704-723 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1239762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1239762 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:704-723 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Véronique Schaeffer Author-X-Name-First: Véronique Author-X-Name-Last: Schaeffer Author-Name: Mireille Matt Author-X-Name-First: Mireille Author-X-Name-Last: Matt Title: Development of academic entrepreneurship in a non-mature context: the role of the university as a hub-organisation Abstract: This paper focuses on how the evolving roles of a university and its Technology Transfer Office (TTO) are stimulating academic entrepreneurship in a non-mature entrepreneurial ecosystem. A more mature entrepreneurial ecosystem was built gradually by these actors through their progressive creation of innovation intermediaries and coordination among the local players involved in the creation of start-ups. We analyse how the university became a hub organisation. We use the case of the University of Strasbourg to show that the university contributed to the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem by acting as a boundary spanner and by building and orchestrating the network of the stakeholders in the local system of innovation. This ‘hub’ university became a leading regional organisation at the political level. The TTO played a central role in supporting academic entrepreneurship at the operational level based on its evolution from a revenue maximising model to a model that takes account of social and economic regional development. The progressive adoption of a more selective model of start-up creation requires good coordination among the local actors. Over time, the TTO’s boundary spanning function increased to encompass the development of operational network building and orchestrating functions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 724-745 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1247915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1247915 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:724-745 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sam Tavassoli Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Tavassoli Author-Name: Viroj Jienwatcharamongkhol Author-X-Name-First: Viroj Author-X-Name-Last: Jienwatcharamongkhol Title: Survival of entrepreneurial firms: the role of agglomeration externalities Abstract: This paper analyzes the role of various types of agglomeration externalities on the survival rate of entrepreneurial firms. In particular, we trace the population cohort of newly-established and self-employed Swedish firms in the Knowledge-Intensive Business Service sector in 1997 up to 2012 and investigate the role of Marshallian and Jacobian externalities on the survival of these firms. We find that only Jacobian externalities (diversity) is positively associated with the survival of entrepreneurial firms. Not all Jacobian externalities matter though. Only the higher the ‘related variety’ of the region in which an entrepreneurial firm is founded, the higher will be the survival chance of the firm, while ‘unrelated variety’ barely has any significant correlation. The result is robust after controlling for extensive firm characteristics and individual characteristics of the founders. The main message here is: for a newly-established entrepreneurial firm, not only it matters who you are, but also where you are. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 746-767 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1247916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1247916 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:746-767 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alessandra Tognazzo Author-X-Name-First: Alessandra Author-X-Name-Last: Tognazzo Author-Name: Paolo Gubitta Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Gubitta Author-Name: Saverio Dave Favaron Author-X-Name-First: Saverio Dave Author-X-Name-Last: Favaron Title: Does slack always affect resilience? A study of quasi-medium-sized Italian firms Abstract: Research on organizational slack, which has focused mainly on its effect in large, publicly traded firms and on transitional economies, has found that slack functions as a buffer in periods of crisis. However, little work has been done on the value of slack resources for smaller firms in mature industries. This study contributes to the resource-based literature with a quantitative analysis of a broad sample of Italian SMEs that operate in the traditional ‘Made in Italy’ industries. The purpose of the paper is to use longitudinal data from before and after the 2008 world financial crisis to determine whether slack resources drive growth and profitability in organizations with limited resources that operate in mature industries in periods of recession. The results of two-stage least squares regression indicate that, similar to their larger counterparts, small firms must secure high levels of profitability in order to achieve sound growth during recessions. Potential financial slack is equally important in driving profitability in these periods, although it is not related to higher growth. Investing in R&D does not affect small firms’ ability to be profitable and grow during recessions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 768-790 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1250820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1250820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:768-790 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antoine Habersetzer Author-X-Name-First: Antoine Author-X-Name-Last: Habersetzer Title: Spinoff dynamics beyond clusters: pre-entry experience and firm survival in peripheral regions Abstract: This paper investigates local spinoff dynamics in manufacturing industries in peripheral areas. It focuses on the question whether local inheritance of competences and routines from parent firm to spinoff is also relevant for firm survival in peripheral areas. The analysis is based on a unique data-set, tracking all manufacturing firms at five observation points during the time span of 1980–2004 in two case study regions in Switzerland. The results show that the local inheritance of capabilities gives spinoffs a competitive advantage in peripheral regions as well. Further, the findings suggest that spinoff dynamics differ between different types of peripheral regions, depending on their varying local economic conditions. Finally, spinoff dynamics in the periphery might be characterized by a stronger hostility of larger parent firms towards spinoffs. This research adds a distinct peripheral perspective to the entrepreneurial heritage literature and advocates for a more nuanced discussion on spinoff dynamics in varying geographical settings. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 791-812 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1250821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1250821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:791-812 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qihai Huang Author-X-Name-First: Qihai Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Xueyuan (Adrian) Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xueyuan (Adrian) Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Jun Li Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Entrepreneurship in China Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 817-819 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1251140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1251140 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:817-819 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William B. Gartner Author-X-Name-First: William B. Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner Author-Name: Eveline Stam Author-X-Name-First: Eveline Author-X-Name-Last: Stam Author-Name: Neil Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Karen Verduyn Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Verduyn Title: Entrepreneurship as practice: grounding contemporary practice theory into entrepreneurship studies Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 813-816 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1251736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1251736 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:813-816 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Online Editorial Board for Volume 28 2016 Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: (ebi)-(ebi) Issue: 9-10 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1256603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1256603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:(ebi)-(ebi) Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tobias Schölin Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Schölin Author-Name: Henrik Ohlsson Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Ohlsson Author-Name: Per Broomé Author-X-Name-First: Per Author-X-Name-Last: Broomé Title: The role of regions for different forms of business organizations Abstract: The evidence for associations between area characteristics and entrepreneurship is fairly consistent in most studies. These studies, however, have disregarded the fact that the areas might be constructs that have no effect on the individual differences in entrepreneurship and, furthermore, have conflated entrepreneurship and sole proprietorship, disregarding the impact of area constructs on different forms of business organizations. Therefore, we investigate and quantify, within a multi-level framework, the importance of municipalities and regions for understanding individual differences in entrepreneurship and self employment (defined as sole proprietorship). By using register data comprising the entire Swedish population for 2000–2010, we decompose the variation for the respective form of business organization into three levels: the individual, the municipality and the region. Our results show that about 10% of the total variation in entrepreneurship can be attributed to the municipality and region level. The corresponding numbers for self employment are 3–4%. Our results indicate that regions and municipalities differ markedly in area impact for entrepreneurs compared to self employed. The results from the present study show the importance of taking into account the form of business organization in economic analysis, and they can be used when considering whether it is appropriate to focus on specific municipalities and regions for policy interventions on self-employment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 197-214 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1257072 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1257072 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:197-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Bishop Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Bishop Author-Name: Daniel Shilcof Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Shilcof Title: The spatial dynamics of new firm births during an economic crisis: the case of Great Britain, 2004–2012 Abstract: Spatial variations in entrepreneurial activity have been shown to be a time persistent phenomenon in many countries. This paper analyses how these spatial variations have been affected by the recent financial crisis within the context of theories of regional resilience and adaptability. The analysis applies Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis techniques to data on firm births across Local Authority Districts of Great Britain during the period 2004–2012. The results demonstrate that, whilst the overall shape of the spatial distribution of firm births remained persistent, there is evidence of an increase in regional inequality. This is primarily associated with a divergence between London and the rest of the distribution. London, together with part of its surrounding area, appears to constitute a resilient entrepreneurial regime that has generated a dynamic, adaptive response to the crisis with high rates of new firm formation in contrast to other regions which have remained locked into lower rates of entrepreneurship. This supports the view that regional entrepreneurship is a path dependent process: entrepreneurial regions are more adaptable to the effects of an exogenous shock than less entrepreneurial regions. Accordingly, entrepreneurship is a critical factor influencing the resilience of regions in responding to an economic crisis. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 215-237 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1257073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1257073 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:215-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jukka Partanen Author-X-Name-First: Jukka Author-X-Name-Last: Partanen Author-Name: Sanjay Goel Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay Author-X-Name-Last: Goel Title: Interplay between reputation and growth: the source, role and audience of reputation of rapid growth technology-based SMEs Abstract: Drawing on resource-based view and signalling theory, this paper presents a comparative case of four (young vs. old; small vs. medium-sized) business-to-business firms to examine how (i.e. through which sources), why (i.e. for which managerial purposes) and for whom (i.e. for which audiences) do technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises build their reputation along the process of rapid growth? The results indicate that in the pre-growth stage product awards as well as technological and financial partners are important sources of reputation for demonstrating technological capabilities and firm sustainability to potential customers especially for young firms. Older firms, in turn, rely on technology partners and acquisitions in the rapid growth stage to convince existing customers that the firms’ can keep up with their customer’s changing needs. Moreover, the reputation gained from the first well-known customer and a focused clientele appear to be two critical antecedents of rapid growth whereas patents do not seem to have a significant reputational role in rapid growth. Our study informs the theory of reputation development of growing technology-based firms by abstracting a more nuanced understanding of stakeholder- and stage-contingent reputation that fosters rapid growth, and provides new insight into the literature on small firm growth. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 238-270 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1262908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1262908 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:238-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mercedes Gumbau Albert Author-X-Name-First: Mercedes Author-X-Name-Last: Gumbau Albert Title: Entrepreneurship, innovation and regional performance: application for the Spanish regions Abstract: The aim of this study is to test the importance of entrepreneurship or new business formation for explaining differences in economic performance in the Spanish regions, together with the role played by the endowments of innovation capital and the socio-economic capabilities of every region. The results show that the effect of new business formation on economic performance varies considerably between regions, and the type of start-up is highly important for the results obtained: entrepreneur endowments of high technology intensive sectors and medium technology intensive sectors, but not those of low technology intensive sectors, have a positive effect on regional performance. Also, the size of the start-ups is important for explaining regional development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 271-291 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1267805 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1267805 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:271-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James W. Saunoris Author-X-Name-First: James W. Author-X-Name-Last: Saunoris Author-Name: Aishath Sajny Author-X-Name-First: Aishath Author-X-Name-Last: Sajny Title: Entrepreneurship and economic freedom: cross-country evidence from formal and informal sectors Abstract: The paper empirically examines the effect of economic freedom on the average prevalence of formal and informal entrepreneurship. Whereas the formal entrepreneurship and economic freedom nexus has been studied, the influence of economic freedom on informal entrepreneurship is less forthcoming. The results, based on cross-country data and after accounting for possible reverse causality, show that economic freedom promotes formal entrepreneurship and inhibits informal entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the return from economic freedom is greatest in countries with a relatively higher prevalence of formal and informal entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 292-316 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1267806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1267806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:292-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mirela Xheneti Author-X-Name-First: Mirela Author-X-Name-Last: Xheneti Title: Contexts of enterprise policy-making – an institutional perspective Abstract: This paper advances our understanding of policy formulation, exploring how the particular institutional dynamics between the transnational and national levels of enterprise policy-making affect policy choices made by governments and consequently their outcomes. The paper argues that policy development occurs within a framework of dominating assumptions on enterprise, influential academic/policy communities and lesson-drawing from other countries’ experiences, which have led to a privileging of the transnational when making policy choices. Empirically, the paper draws on a post-socialist country case – Albania, and uses interviews with policy actors and documentary data from national governments and international organizations. The paper explores the dynamics involved, and the actors that shape, policy formulation and makes two contributions to the literature. First, it provides a conceptual framework on how to analyse policy formulation, extending recent work on the link between policy formulation and the intended outcomes of policies. Second, it offers a more nuanced conceptualization of enterprise policy formulation, arguing that policy formulation reflects the changing configurations of ideas, policy tools and resources, and actors involved in the process. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 317-339 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1271021 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1271021 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:317-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tingyu Kang Author-X-Name-First: Tingyu Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Title: Bricolage in the urban cultural sector: the case of Bradford city of film Abstract: This article discusses bricolage in the context of a social enterprise for urban development. It focuses on the case of BDK Limited, and discusses how this organisation contributes to the economic and social development of the British city of Bradford by promoting city-wide film-based cultural consumption and cultural pride. This research used semi-structured interviews, participant observation and documentary analysis to examine this organisation’s different modes of material and ideational bricolage. The entrepreneurs serve as material bricoleurs as they transform the residuals of the city’s industrial past from materials of no use and reminders of backwardness to sites for cultural consumption. This paper also identifies patterns of ideational bricolage. In Bradford, ethnic diversity has long been discursively associated with conflicts and backwardness by local businesses, potential investors, the media and even urban social entrepreneurs themselves. However, in this case study, diversity is re-perceived as a cultural asset for urban tourism and related industries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 340-356 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1271461 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1271461 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:340-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Huggins Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins Author-Name: Daniel Prokop Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Prokop Author-Name: Piers Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Piers Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Title: Entrepreneurship and the determinants of firm survival within regions: human capital, growth motivation and locational conditions Abstract: Despite a growing body of research on firm survival, little is known about the factors impacting upon survival rates at a micro-spatial level. This study, therefore, analyses firm survival across local environments in the context of a peripheral region; namely, the case of Wales in the UK. It examines how theories relating to human capital, growth motivation and locational conditions may explain survival within a region. Drawing on data of survival patterns for a cohort of firms, it is found that each of the three theories at least partly explain firm survival, with it being clear that human capital relating to the experience of entrepreneurs, as well as the growth motivation of their firms resulting from the strategic choices they make, impact upon rates of survival. It is also found that the local environment contributes to the likelihood of survival. In particular, it is found that locational factors have a potential influence on the human capital allocated to enterprises, as well as how this capital is utilised via growth motivation. This suggests that not only do locational factors contribute to differing rates of entrepreneurship, but that such factors also impact on the durability of firms over time. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 357-389 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1271830 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1271830 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:357-389 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pascal Dey Author-X-Name-First: Pascal Author-X-Name-Last: Dey Title: Destituent entrepreneurship: disobeying sovereign rule, prefiguring post-capitalist reality Abstract: This article introduces ‘destituent entrepreneurship’ as a way of imagining the political thrust of entrepreneurship under conditions of crisis. Taking its cues from Giorgio Agamben’s work on destituent power, and from theories of prefigurative praxis by other thinkers, this analysis uses the occupied-enterprise movement in Argentina as an illustrative case to cultivate sensitivity for the more radical possibilities of entrepreneurship as they emanate from the free-floating conflictual energy at the heart of society. Specifically, refracting destituent entrepreneurship into its essential components, we highlight, first, how laid-off workers redefined themselves as resistant entrepreneurs who counter-acted the fraudulent close-down of their enterprises by reclaiming their right to work. Second, we point out how the reclaimed enterprises created new opportunities not only for creating income, but for prefiguring post-capitalist realities rooted in self-organized and dignified work, democratic decision-making and the creation of a common people. The key contribution this article makes is to alert us to how entrepreneurship under conditions of crisis is less a matter of necessity alone, i.e. making a living in hard times, but an opportunity to redefine the realm of economic practice by one’s own rules. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 563-579 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221225 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:563-579 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. Duncan M. Pelly Author-X-Name-First: R. Duncan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Pelly Title: A bureaucrat’s journey from technocrat to entrepreneur through the creation of adhocracies Abstract: How we understand entrepreneurship is a function of the stories we tell. This article uses insights from process theory to explore the ways in which an entrepreneur can employ a story to mobilize others to shed conflicting viewpoints to converge with the abstract. In this story, regulation as a reification of past procedures did not fully account for organizational realities of mailroom inspections conducted by the military post office, so an appeal to foundational values was adopted to alter the shared vision of future potentiality and overcome bureaucratic barriers through the creation of adhocracies. As a result of overcoming interorganizational boundaries, a technocrat became an entrepreneur by changing the view of stakeholders from a fixed audience to active co-authors during the spawning of adhocracies. The creation of adhocracies in this story is explored through an autoethnographic layered account, which is a storytelling approach that mirrors the co-construction of the narratives found within this paper’s vignettes. The understanding of entrepreneurship provided in this paper challenges commonly held assumptions of entrepreneurship, in addition to corporate, organizational and public service entrepreneurship, as well as the methods and writing styles to explore these concepts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 487-513 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221226 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:487-513 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Author-Name: Hans Landstrom Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Landstrom Author-Name: William B. Gartner Author-X-Name-First: William B. Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner Author-Name: Karin Berglund Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund Title: The institutionalization of entrepreneurship Abstract: In this article, we briefly identify three main challenges/issues that should be taken into consideration in the institutionalization of entrepreneurship research: (1) recognizing the complexity of the phenomenon under study; (2) producing interesting, relevant and useful research results for all stakeholders; and (3) developing a critical posture in research. Following the discussion of these challenges/issues we introduce the five contributions to the Special Issue that, in different ways, problematize and challenge mainstream research and approaches. These articles use ‘dissensus discourses’, apply critical, ideological and paradigmatic stances and in some cases underline the importance of contextual factors. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 477-486 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:477-486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Farny Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Farny Author-Name: Signe Hedeboe Frederiksen Author-X-Name-First: Signe Hedeboe Author-X-Name-Last: Frederiksen Author-Name: Martin Hannibal Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Hannibal Author-Name: Sally Jones Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: A CULTure of entrepreneurship education Abstract: High hopes are invested in a rapid institutionalization of an enterprise culture in Higher Education (HE). This has heightened the importance of entrepreneurship education (EE) in most Western societies; however, how values and beliefs about entrepreneurship are institutionalized in EE remains relatively unchallenged. This study applies the lens of the cult, in particular three elements Rituals, Deities and the Promise of Salvation, to reflect on the production and reproduction of entrepreneurship in EE. In doing so, the paper addresses uncontested values and beliefs that form a hidden curriculum prevalent in EE. We argue for greater appreciation of reflexive practices to challenge normative promotions of beliefs and values that compare with forms of evangelizing, detrimental to objectives of HE. Consequently, we call for a more critical pedagogy to counteract a ‘cultification’ of entrepreneurship in EE. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 514-535 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221228 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221228 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:514-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolina Montesano Montessori Author-X-Name-First: Nicolina Author-X-Name-Last: Montesano Montessori Title: A theoretical and methodological approach to social entrepreneurship as world-making and emancipation: social change as a projection in space and time Abstract: This article presents and analyses three cases, which integrate features of both social movements and social entrepreneurship (SE). It is the result of a longitudinal study (January 2012 to September 2015). The study contributes new insights to the theoretical and methodological discussions on SE, focusing on ‘the social’ in SE literature. The three selected movements, active in the Netherlands, are: ‘The Dutch Chapter of Zeitgeist’ henceforth Zeitgeist (TZM), (2010–present), ‘Giving is All we Have’ (henceforth GIAWH, (2011–2014) and ‘MasterPeace’ (MP) (2010–present). Each movement shows a strong inclination towards social transformation, while being rooted in organizational structures, therefore considered ‘social entrepreneurial movements’. Specific contributions entail: the presentation of these innovative cases, the design of a methodology based on critical discourse analysis, state theory, narrative analysis, political theory and discourse theory and a thorough analysis and interpretation of these cases in the national and global contexts in which they emerged. More specifically, it contributes to SE literature on emancipation, defined as ‘breaking free’ when further developing the method in the direction of world-making, defined as ‘creating new worlds’. This study suggests that transition theory can be useful for the study of the impact of social entrepreneurial movements. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 536-562 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221229 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221229 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:536-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen Randerson Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: Randerson Title: Entrepreneurial Orientation: do we actually know as much as we think we do? Abstract: The focus of this paper is on firm-level entrepreneurial behaviours and the processes that lead to them, known as Entrepreneurial Orientation. Despite the popularity of this construct, we argue that extant EO research suffers from major limitations linked to definitional inconsistencies and measurement issues. We present five distinct conceptualizations of EO in order to frame further research in the positivist mode. Moreover, we show that to gain a holistic and robust understanding of firm-level entrepreneurship, works from other research traditions and philosophies of science are needed. In this respect, the European research tradition and its wide variety of fields of research and research methods can offer a contextualized view of firm-level entrepreneurial behaviours and processes. Works embedded in the social constructionist philosophy of science might also offer an understanding of how, when, and why actors of different levels act do so and the likely outcomes of these actions as well as the interplay and divergence among these actors and levels. Works embedded in the pragmatic approach, illustrated by effectuation, could also contribute to a holistic understanding of the phenomenon. Finally, we call for researchers to be attentive to the need to align their conceptualizations, research methods and philosophies of science. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 580-600 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221230 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:580-600 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth Author-Name: Robin Holt Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Author-Name: Pablo Fernandez Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez Author-Name: Carine Farias Author-X-Name-First: Carine Author-X-Name-Last: Farias Title: Organizational entrepreneurship and the political Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 601-604 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1235876 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1235876 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:601-604 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Antonio Belso-Martínez Author-X-Name-First: José Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Belso-Martínez Author-Name: Alicia Mas-Tur Author-X-Name-First: Alicia Author-X-Name-Last: Mas-Tur Author-Name: Norat Roig-Tierno Author-X-Name-First: Norat Author-X-Name-Last: Roig-Tierno Title: Synergistic effects and the co-existence of networks in clusters Abstract: Network systems like clusters are characterized by the coexistence of relational architectures with ties and nodes of different nature. While recent research has analysed how a set of structural features shape the dynamics and effects of one cluster network, the outstanding question is to what extent such features and outcomes are influenced by the concomitance of distinct content-related linkages. This paper integrates both network and evolutionary economic geography perspectives to develop and test a model that links innovation performance with the benefits that stem from technical and business relations. Data collected in a biotech cluster in the Valencia region (Spain) demonstrate the changing effect of brokerage and overlapping ties on innovation as a function of knowledge shared. Findings extend the theoretical understanding of how knowledge diffuses in clusters and provide valuable insights for both practitioners and policy makers. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 137-154 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:137-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathaniel Boso Author-X-Name-First: Nathaniel Author-X-Name-Last: Boso Author-Name: Pejvak Oghazi Author-X-Name-First: Pejvak Author-X-Name-Last: Oghazi Author-Name: Magnus Hultman Author-X-Name-First: Magnus Author-X-Name-Last: Hultman Title: International entrepreneurial orientation and regional expansion Abstract: This study examines how behavioral elements of international entrepreneurial orientation (i.e. product innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy) increase variability in scope of regional market expansion, and the international marketing channel management conditions under which this occurs. Results from an empirical study in a developing market show that not all behavioral elements of international entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) increase scope of regional expansion. The study specifically finds that scope of regional expansion is fostered when high levels of product innovation intensity, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomous behaviors are aligned with a stronger channel management capability. Conversely, the regional expansion values of product innovation novelty and proactiveness are cancelled out when channel management capability levels are high. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 4-26 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:4-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: João J. Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: João J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Author-Name: Cristina Fernandes Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes Author-Name: Mário Raposo Author-X-Name-First: Mário Author-X-Name-Last: Raposo Title: Effects of Schumpeterian and Kirznerian entrepreneurship on economic growth: panel data evidence Abstract: The relevant literature recognises Schumpeterian and Kirznerian entrepreneurship as mechanisms that can impact economic growth. This article seeks to explore the effects of these two types of entrepreneurship on economic growth across the three GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) economic ecosystems (factor-driven economy, efficiency-driven economy, innovation-driven economy). Using different databases, we applied unbalanced panel data for 43 countries (2009–2013). By estimating the econometric models, we were able to calculate the effects of these two types of entrepreneurship on economic growth in the three different types of economy. In terms of the overall model for GEM economies, neither Schumpeterian nor Kirznerian entrepreneurship return any statistically significant effects on the Global Competitiveness Index or on GDP growth. However, the Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity variable generates a positive effect on the Global Competitiveness Index. The results presented in this paper provide insights into entrepreneurship and the GEM entrepreneurial economic ecosystems. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 27-50 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255431 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255431 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:27-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert J. Breitenecker Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Breitenecker Author-Name: Rainer Harms Author-X-Name-First: Rainer Author-X-Name-Last: Harms Author-Name: Antje Weyh Author-X-Name-First: Antje Author-X-Name-Last: Weyh Author-Name: Daniela Maresch Author-X-Name-First: Daniela Author-X-Name-Last: Maresch Author-Name: Sascha Kraus Author-X-Name-First: Sascha Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus Title: When the difference makes a difference – the regional embeddedness of entrepreneurship Abstract: Regional determinants of new firm formation are of interest to researchers and policymakers. In the analysis of new firm formation, most studies use econometric approaches that mask intra-unit variations, not recognizing counterbalancing and dilution effects as a result. Recent advances in spatial statistics such as Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) take local variations into account. However, these approaches operate only on a bivariate level, making it impossible to detect the homogenous parts of the area under examination with regard to a number of relationships between new firm formation and its determinants. Based on a sample of 412 German regions, we apply GWR and subsequent graph-partitioning clustering to identify multi-relationally homogeneous sub-areas. Being that the results suggest a four-cluster solution, ‘one size fits all’ policies and premature unit zoning can be called into question. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 71-93 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:71-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason Lortie Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Lortie Author-Name: Gary J. Castrogiovanni Author-X-Name-First: Gary J. Author-X-Name-Last: Castrogiovanni Author-Name: Kevin C. Cox Author-X-Name-First: Kevin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Cox Title: Gender, social salience, and social performance: how women pursue and perform in social ventures Abstract: We investigate how women that start organizations contribute to the creation of social value in communities and society. We draw on theory from gender self-schemas and social identity theory to explain how women with a female gender-self schema have a natural inclination to create organizations with social goals and intentions in mind. We label these social goals and intentions as social salience and draw on goal theory and existing understandings on intentions to explain how the presence of a social salience in an organization is related to the social performance of their organization. Utilizing structural equation modeling, we show that gender positively influences social salience that subsequently has a positive relationship with the social performance of the organization. We also show that social salience fully mediates the relationship between gender and social performance implying that gender alone is not enough to explain the social performance of an organization. We conclude by highlighting the implications, contributions, and future research that result from our findings. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 155-173 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:155-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vinit Parida Author-X-Name-First: Vinit Author-X-Name-Last: Parida Author-Name: Ossi Pesämaa Author-X-Name-First: Ossi Author-X-Name-Last: Pesämaa Author-Name: Joakim Wincent Author-X-Name-First: Joakim Author-X-Name-Last: Wincent Author-Name: Mats Westerberg Author-X-Name-First: Mats Author-X-Name-Last: Westerberg Title: Network capability, innovativeness, and performance: a multidimensional extension for entrepreneurship Abstract: Small- and start-up firms in the high-tech industry usually engage in networking to overcome resource, knowledge, and competence constraints in creative, innovation-based competition. Quite often, however, network relationships fail due to lack of network capability (NC), defined as the ability to manage and gain benefits from external relationships. In the present study, we propose and examine an updated five-dimension NC construct and test its effect on innovativeness and performance. Two independent high-tech samples of small firms and start-ups support measurement properties of the proposed NC construct and suggest that the often-overlooked dimension in NC research of network relationship building is important to include in a complete NC construct. Doing so can help explain organizational innovativeness and effects on the customer, sales, and innovation performance more effectively. As a result, we find support for the proposed NC scale and the importance of network capabilities for small companies and start-ups to remain competitive. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 94-115 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255434 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:94-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Léopold Djoutsa Wamba Author-X-Name-First: Léopold Djoutsa Author-X-Name-Last: Wamba Author-Name: Lubica Hikkerova Author-X-Name-First: Lubica Author-X-Name-Last: Hikkerova Author-Name: Jean-Michel Sahut Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Sahut Author-Name: Eric Braune Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Braune Title: Indebtedness for young companies: effects on survival Abstract: Based on data from 7,350 Cameroonian companies created between 1990 and 2008, we study the link between the characteristics of indebtedness for young companies during their creation and survival period of up to three years, from three to five years, and beyond five years. We complement our quantitative analysis with semi-directive interviews of Cameroonian entrepreneurs to deepen our study. Our results are manifold. We show that access to bank loans during the creation phase, as well as the volume of loans or, to some extent, the debt ratio improve the probability of survival during the early years, but this effect fades away rapidly. The interviews shed light on the motivations of entrepreneurs, particularly of those with very small businesses. Finally, our work reveals the antecedent role of their social capital that facilitates their access to bank loans, and, therefore, the probability of company survival. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 174-196 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255435 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:174-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eloy Sentana Author-X-Name-First: Eloy Author-X-Name-Last: Sentana Author-Name: Reyes González Author-X-Name-First: Reyes Author-X-Name-Last: González Author-Name: José Gascó Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Gascó Author-Name: Juan LLopis Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: LLopis Title: The social profitability of business incubators: a measurement proposal Abstract: Public business incubators are services placed at the disposal of original, generally newly-created projects, to which physical accompaniment, supervision and location are offered at prices below market value. They have as their aim to help set in motion and consolidate these firms during the stages in which they are weaker. The ultimate goal consists in favouring the generation of innovative firms, inducers of high-quality jobs, which can diversify the local business fabric, thus becoming a key tool in local development. The present paper provides a methodology to study the economic – but above all social – impact of business incubators, based on the examination of 40 from the 42 incubators existing in the Valencian Community (a Spanish autonomous region with five million inhabitants). Data analysis allows us to state that, although business incubators are not economically profitable since they need financial aids and public investment to start operating, they do have social profitability, insofar as the activity developed by entrepreneurs permits to provide public administrations – via taxes – with returns exceeding what was invested in these incubators. It has been determined that 2.8 euros (which can be applied to a variety of social areas) are collected via taxes for each euro spent to start them up. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 116-136 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255436 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:116-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernando J. Garrigós Simón Author-X-Name-First: Fernando J. Author-X-Name-Last: Garrigós Simón Author-Name: Tomás González-Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Tomás Author-X-Name-Last: González-Cruz Author-Name: Orlando Contreras-Pacheco Author-X-Name-First: Orlando Author-X-Name-Last: Contreras-Pacheco Title: Policies to enhance social development through the promotion of SME and social entrepreneurship: a study in the Colombian construction industry Abstract: The intent of this research is to propose and analyse a set of policies in the construction industry to enhance social development. First, the paper shows the connections between the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and social entrepreneurship (SE), the reduction of the leakage, and then the generation of social value (SV) for sustainable regional development. For that, the article analyses briefly the literatures on SE and leakage, and focuses on the relevance of SME and social entrepreneurs as promoters of SV creation and development. Second, the paper proposes a framework and proposes a set of 20 policies aimed to reduce leakage, reinforce SMEs and entrepreneurship and also to promote SE behaviour by the diverse economic agents in the construction industry, in order to increase the generation of SV and sustainable development. Then, the paper analyses the acceptability, feasibility and viability of these proposed polices, which can be useful for academics and practitioners. For that, the study uses the Delphi methodology, applied to an expert-group of 23 professionals (representatives of the private and public sector) belonging to the Colombian construction industry. The results emphasize the relevance of the development of local incumbents and the social focus of firms to increase the generation of SV. Oppositely, policies interfering economic freedom and free trade receive the lowest rates in the three criteria considered. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 51-70 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255437 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255437 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:51-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano Title: Small business and entrepreneurship: their role in economic and social development Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne de Bruin Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: de Bruin Author-Name: Kate V. Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Kate V. Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Author-Name: Eleanor Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: The collaborative dynamic in social entrepreneurship Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 310-311 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1140429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1140429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:310-311 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claire M. Leitch Author-X-Name-First: Claire M. Author-X-Name-Last: Leitch Author-Name: Richard T. Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Richard T. Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Title: Identity, identity formation and identity work in entrepreneurship: conceptual developments and empirical applications Abstract: This paper reviews the current status of research into entrepreneurial identity. Identities – individual and organizational – can potentially serve as powerful elements that both drive and are shaped by entrepreneurial actions. Identity is, of course, a complex construct with multidisciplinary roots and consequentially a range of conceptual meanings and theoretical roles associated with it. Building on a framework for identifying schools of thought in the social sciences, we highlight the need for more critical studies of entrepreneurial identity that recognize, first, that entrepreneurial identity is a dynamic and fluid rather than (relatively) fixed and unchanging feature, and second, that research attention should shift from the analysis of identity per se (the identity-as-entity position) to the identity work processes through which entrepreneurial identities are shaped and formed (the identity-as-process position). Following a summary of the key contributions of the five papers included in this Special Issue, we conclude with some pointers for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 177-190 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:177-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate V. Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Kate V. Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Title: Identity capital: an exploration in the context of youth social entrepreneurship Abstract: Côté’s model of ‘identity capital’ is said to comprise a set of strengths and psycho-social skills that are deployed by individuals to both define themselves and represent how others define them. Identity capital is multi-dimensional by nature, both tangible and intangible in character and acquired through the application of resources in identity exchanges. The identity capital framework is built around the youth experience and is, therefore, germane to an exploration of the meaning, motivation and value of youth engagement with socially entrepreneurial endeavours. The young are described as an increasingly important cohort in terms of the creation of socially innovative solutions to the world’s ‘wicked problems’ – and as leaders, not merely followers. In this paper, the model is applied to a single case study of a young New Zealand social entrepreneur using multiple sources of both primary and secondary data (with a longitudinal orientation). Particular emphasis is given to probing how identity capital in this example is accumulated, deployed and exchanged in relation to the lived experience of being a young social entrepreneur, and through a socially entrepreneurial cultural frame of reference. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 191-205 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155741 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:191-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gry Agnete Alsos Author-X-Name-First: Gry Agnete Author-X-Name-Last: Alsos Author-Name: Tommy Høyvarde Clausen Author-X-Name-First: Tommy Høyvarde Author-X-Name-Last: Clausen Author-Name: Ulla Hytti Author-X-Name-First: Ulla Author-X-Name-Last: Hytti Author-Name: Sølvi Solvoll Author-X-Name-First: Sølvi Author-X-Name-Last: Solvoll Title: Entrepreneurs’ social identity and the preference of causal and effectual behaviours in start-up processes Abstract: This paper examines how the social identity of an entrepreneur influences his or her behaviour when engaged in new venture formation. Building on the typology of entrepreneurial identities developed by Fauchart and Gruber, this study examines the relationship between the social identity of the entrepreneur and subsequent entrepreneurial behaviour using a mixed-method approach. Based on interviews with entrepreneurs in six start-ups within the tourism sector and on previous literature, three hypotheses were developed regarding the relationship between entrepreneurial identity and entrepreneurial behaviour (causation, effectuation). Subsequently, the hypotheses were tested using a survey among a sample of entrepreneurs who registered a new firm in 2013. The study finds that the entrepreneurial identity influences whether the individual predominantly engages in effectual or causal behaviour. Hence, the study contributes by focusing on entrepreneurial identity as an important factor shaping the behaviours of entrepreneurs. In addition, we add to the understanding of entrepreneurs as a heterogeneous group. Entrepreneurs vary in terms of their identity, and this variation has consequences for their entrepreneurial behaviour. Finally, by adopting a mixed-method approach, this study benefits from and contributes to the interaction of qualitative and quantitative data in entrepreneurship research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 234-258 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:234-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ronit Yitshaki Author-X-Name-First: Ronit Author-X-Name-Last: Yitshaki Author-Name: Fredric Kropp Author-X-Name-First: Fredric Author-X-Name-Last: Kropp Title: Entrepreneurial passions and identities in different contexts: a comparison between high-tech and social entrepreneurs Abstract: This study examines entrepreneurial passion and components of entrepreneurial identity – sameness, otherness, and identity centrality and salience – in two different contexts, high-tech and social entrepreneurship. Based on life story interviews of 45 high-tech entrepreneurs (HTE) and social entrepreneurs (SEs), passion and identities are linked for each group but evolve differently. For HTEs, passion is composed of a strong challenge to lead a meaningful activity and to leave a ‘fingerprint’. SE passion is characterized more in terms of enthusiasm and excitement and a desire to make a mark. HTEs’ identities are central to their self-concept while SEs’ identities can be more salient than central. SE identities are more synchronized than those of HTEs. For HTEs, otherness is dominant in their self-concept; however, they also maintain a concept of sameness. The findings of this study expand the literature by showing that passion is a dynamic motivational construct that is associated with entrepreneurs’ self-concept of their role identities. The interrelations between entrepreneurial passion and self-concepts of role identities are perceived differently among entrepreneurs who operate in different contexts. In addition, this study also expands the literature on entrepreneurial identities and affect. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 206-233 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155743 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155743 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:206-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Teresa Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Dylan Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Dylan Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Benjamin Huybrechts Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Huybrechts Author-Name: Frédéric Dufays Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric Author-X-Name-Last: Dufays Author-Name: Noreen O’Shea Author-X-Name-First: Noreen Author-X-Name-Last: O’Shea Author-Name: Giorgia Trasciani Author-X-Name-First: Giorgia Author-X-Name-Last: Trasciani Title: Emergent identity formation and the co-operative: theory building in relation to alternative organizational forms Abstract: How are identities of alternative forms of organization constructed and how does this process differ relative to normative forms socially expected? In this research, we consider identity formation in co-operatives, a population of organizations allied globally through values and practices such as democratic participation, voluntary and open membership, and limited return to capital investment. As an extension of current thinking on identity formation in entrepreneurship and organizational theory, we use co-operatives to explore social expectations and institutional arrangements around form at the societal, population and organizational levels using a population ecology framework. We develop a research agenda based on propositions that address specific features of identity formation in less typical forms of organization, including tensions with normative business expectations, engagement with identity audiences, embeddedness in networks and alliances, structural factors influencing identity, and identity ambiguity. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 286-309 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:286-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuliya Snihur Author-X-Name-First: Yuliya Author-X-Name-Last: Snihur Title: Developing optimal distinctiveness: organizational identity processes in new ventures engaged in business model innovation Abstract: There is increasing interest in the actions entrepreneurs undertake to shape the organizational identity of new ventures. While studies emphasize the need to focus on the distinctiveness of organizational identity to acquire resources for new ventures, less is known about specific identity-shaping actions or their consequences in the context of new ventures engaged in innovation. Based on a study of four new ventures involved in business model innovation, we theorize about the types of action innovating new ventures undertake to build their organizational identities and the consequences of these actions in terms of identity evaluation by external audiences. Four identity-building actions are identified and discussed: storytelling, use of analogies, procuring social evaluations and establishing alliances. This paper’s main contribution is to show how innovating ventures attempt to reach optimal distinctiveness by developing unique organizational identities embedded in existing market categories, with insights for the literatures on organizational identity and entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 259-285 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:259-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan Galbraith Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Galbraith Author-Name: Rodney McAdam Author-X-Name-First: Rodney Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam Author-Name: Judith Woods Author-X-Name-First: Judith Author-X-Name-Last: Woods Author-Name: Theresa McGowan Author-X-Name-First: Theresa Author-X-Name-Last: McGowan Title: Putting policy into practice: an exploratory study of SME innovation support in a peripheral UK region Abstract: Focussing on a regional Government sponsored support programme for technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the aim of this paper is to conduct a multi-level exploration of the relationships between policy interpretation and support programme design and the development of innovation capability among participant SMEs within a U.K peripheral region. The Innovplus programme was designed and implemented in Northern Ireland to help nascent high technology companies become more competitive and to contribute to the goals of the Regional Innovation Strategy. A knowledge-based absorptive capacity framework is used as the theoretical lens to explore the relationships between policy interpretation and programme design and the development of innovation capability within participant SMEs. The findings show that the design of the Innovplus programme, while linked to a coherent Regional Innovation Strategy, lacks consistency in relation to the policy and practical interpretation of knowledge and innovation. This inconsistency is reflected in the practical design of the programme, limiting its effectiveness as a result. In terms of the development of innovation capability, it was found that recognition and development of nascent absorptive capacity drivers in potential form was essential before participant SMEs could transition to realised absorptive capacity. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 668-691 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1325939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1325939 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:668-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne de Bruin Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: de Bruin Author-Name: Eleanor Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Kate V. Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Kate V. Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Title: The collaborative dynamic in social entrepreneurship Abstract: Collaborative arrangements and partnerships are increasingly perceived as the lifeblood of social entrepreneurship. How, why and when collaboration occurs across the social entrepreneurial ecosystem is an emergent area of research emphasis with potential to contribute to and develop new theories as well as provide practical insights. This introductory article, for the special issue on ‘The Collaborative Dynamic in Social Entrepreneurship’, draws on extant literature and three original contributions to explore the nature and challenges of the collaborative imperative in social entrepreneurship and to present possible avenues for future research. It also comments on theoretical underpinnings and provides methodological insights for the future study of collaborative social entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 575-585 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1328902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1328902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:575-585 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tobias Pret Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Pret Author-Name: Sara Carter Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Title: The importance of ‘fitting in’: collaboration and social value creation in response to community norms and expectations Abstract: This article explores the effects of embeddedness in communities upon entrepreneurial practices. Based on the lived experiences of 10 craft entrepreneurs, this study reveals that within certain contexts, such as craft communities, entrepreneurs are expected to exhibit high levels of camaraderie and generosity, which leads them to create social value by supporting their peers and freely sharing their resources. Entrepreneurs achieve ‘fitting in’ not only by learning accepted norms, but also by performing strategic actions which allow them to temporarily adapt their conduct to meet the expectations of community members. Thus, this study exposes a largely concealed element of social entrepreneurial practice. This article also reveals that embeddedness in communities can lead entrepreneurs to collaborate with potential competitors. Craft entrepreneurs share their economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital in order to support and help revitalise their communities, to perpetuate their respective industries and to sustain a genuine interest in hand-crafted products. They consider such supportive behaviour a social responsibility that is shared among community members and a task that is passed from one generation to the next. Thus, this article reveals that collaboration and social value creation can be embraced in response to community norms and expectations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 639-667 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1328903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1328903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:639-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caleb Kwong Author-X-Name-First: Caleb Author-X-Name-Last: Kwong Author-Name: Misagh Tasavori Author-X-Name-First: Misagh Author-X-Name-Last: Tasavori Author-Name: Cherry Wun-mei Cheung Author-X-Name-First: Cherry Author-X-Name-Last: Wun-mei Cheung Title: Bricolage, collaboration and mission drift in social enterprises Abstract: Increasingly, social enterprises are relying on collaboration with partners to tackle the resource constraints that they face. In this research we focus on the strategy of bricolage to explore whether and how the different types of partner becoming involved may impact on the mission of social enterprises. Grounded in resource dependency and transaction cost theories, we explore how power asymmetry and the nature of involvement may impact on the outcomes of bricolage. Our findings demonstrate that in the more integrated relationships with high power asymmetry, more instances of mission drift might be observed compared to when social enterprises develop the more collaborative or complementary nature of partnerships with symmetrical power dependency, or when the partners’ involvements are mainly transaction-based. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 609-638 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1328904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1328904 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:609-638 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Huybrechts Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Huybrechts Author-Name: Alex Nicholls Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholls Author-Name: Katharina Edinger Author-X-Name-First: Katharina Author-X-Name-Last: Edinger Title: Sacred alliance or pact with the devil? How and why social enterprises collaborate with mainstream businesses in the fair trade sector Abstract: This paper uses institutional theory to highlight different patterns of cross-sector collaboration from the perspective of social enterprises. Specifically, it explores how and why social enterprises interact with mainstream businesses and to what extent their collaboration patterns reflect a vision of how their social mission should be implemented and institutionalized. The empirical analysis is derived from a qualitative study of ‘fair trade’ – a hybrid model created by social enterprises and using market mechanisms to support small-scale producers in developing countries and to advocate for changes in international trading practices. The findings highlight three strategies used by fair trade social enterprises to manage their interactions with mainstream businesses: sector solidarity, selective engagement, and active appropriation. This paper suggests that each strategy is motivated by a different vision of how best to articulate the social mission of fair trade via specific types of collaborations. It also notes how each vision has a distinct pattern of institutionalization at the field level. This paper adds to the emergent literatures on social enterprise and social entrepreneurship, fair trade, cross-sector collaboration and hybrid organizing. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 586-608 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1328905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1328905 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:586-608 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra Bürcher Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Bürcher Title: Regional engagement of locally anchored firms and its influence on socio-economic development in two peripheral regions over time Abstract: This article sets out to explore the ways locally anchored firms in peripheral regions influence regional social capital through regional engagement and how this contributes to socio-economic development. Through regional engagement firms shape regional contexts by generating concrete outcomes, such as setting up schools (structural aspect) and by possibly influencing regional bonding and bridging social capital (social aspect). To examine the effects of regional engagement and its possible influence on bonding and bridging social capital of regional firms, an analytical framework is developed distinguishing between inclusive/exclusive agency for inclusive/exclusive benefit. This article focuses on regional engagement in two Swiss peripheral regions, which have followed different development paths in spite of their common institutional framework and geographical proximity. This study aims to gain insight into the ‘how’ of regional engagement and its influence on regional social capital and to examine the assumption of higher levels of regional social capital in a dynamic region from a long-term perspective (ca. 1850–2015). The findings of the qualitative research show that the dynamic Rhine Valley indeed disposes of higher levels of regional social capital than the less dynamic Toggenburg, which is related to the willingness of firms and other actors to collaborate for regional interests. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 692-714 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1330903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1330903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:692-714 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norat Roig-Tierno Author-X-Name-First: Norat Author-X-Name-Last: Roig-Tierno Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano Author-Name: Francisco Mas-Verdú Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Mas-Verdú Title: Clustering and innovation: firm-level strategising and policy Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 814-816 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1335958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1335958 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:814-816 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Melén Hånell Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Melén Hånell Author-Name: Emilia Rovira Nordman Author-X-Name-First: Emilia Author-X-Name-Last: Rovira Nordman Author-Name: Daniel Tolstoy Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Tolstoy Title: New product development in foreign customer relationships: a study of international SMEs Abstract: This study identifies a gap in research concerning how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can benefit from pursuing locally (rather than globally) oriented internationalization strategies. Becoming overly dependent on one single foreign market could potentially reduce the inflow and diversity of new knowledge that can serve as input for new product development. This study discusses how this risk can be minimized. In this endeavour we create a theoretical model that investigates how the local sales concentration and relationship-specific commitment of SMEs relates to new product development. To do this we draw on the behavioural internationalization process framework. The theoretical model is tested on an effective sample of 188 Swedish SMEs. The results show that relationship-specific commitment mediates the effect of local sales concentration on new product development. The implication is that investments which enable collaboration in important business relationships are crucial requisites for keeping firms innovative and in pace with market fluctuations. The findings thus contribute to international business literature by showing that a local market scope of operations combined with a relationship orientation are beneficial for new product development in international SMEs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 715-734 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1336257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1336257 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:715-734 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valmir Emil Hoffmann Author-X-Name-First: Valmir Emil Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann Author-Name: Fiorenza Belussi Author-X-Name-First: Fiorenza Author-X-Name-Last: Belussi Author-Name: M. Teresa Martínez-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: M. Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Fernández Author-Name: Edgar Reyes Author-X-Name-First: Edgar Author-X-Name-Last: Reyes Title: United we stand, divided we fall? Clustered firms’ relationships after the 2008 crisis Abstract: Research on clusters or industrial districts within various schools of thought focuses on the relationships between clustered firms. We observed that the territory can produce sources of advantage, but also disadvantages, for firms. Using an exploratory and qualitative approach, the aim of this work is to determine what happened in the Spanish ceramic tile industrial district firms’ relationships after the 2008 crisis. The analysis has been performed in three of the dimensions in which these connections can take place: cooperation – horizontal and vertical cooperation, knowledge transfer and supporting institutions, along with innovation as a measure of performance. In order to examine these shifts, members of the firms and institutions in the cluster were interviewed, resulting in eight propositions for changes that may take place when the competition is intensified within a cluster, suggesting an analytical framework that could be tested in future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 735-758 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1343869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1343869 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:735-758 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marta Lindvert Author-X-Name-First: Marta Author-X-Name-Last: Lindvert Author-Name: Pankaj C. Patel Author-X-Name-First: Pankaj C. Author-X-Name-Last: Patel Author-Name: Joakim Wincent Author-X-Name-First: Joakim Author-X-Name-Last: Wincent Title: Struggling with social capital: Pakistani women micro entrepreneurs’ challenges in acquiring resources Abstract: A crucial aspect of successful venturing is social capital. In contrast to traditional Western-oriented research where social capital is construed positively, we found that in the traditional, patriarchal society of Pakistan, social capital puts high restrictions on women micro entrepreneurs – where social capital prevents or slows venturing efforts. Results also show that although women do get some selective access to resources from family members, they are restricted by limited access to social capital outside of family members. As women entrepreneurs have the potential to play an important role in the development of any society, and especially so in developing countries, based on the insights derived from this qualitative study, we propose suggestions for further research on women micro entrepreneurs in non-Western contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 759-790 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1349190 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1349190 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:759-790 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacopo Canello Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo Author-X-Name-Last: Canello Author-Name: Paolo Pavone Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Pavone Author-Name: Saverio Testa Author-X-Name-First: Saverio Author-X-Name-Last: Testa Title: Same same, but different: the heterogeneous nature of subcontractors inside Italian industrial districts Abstract: This paper investigates the structural features and performances of small firms interacting inside regional production networks, with particular regard to Italian industrial districts specialized in footwear production. A typological classification of the various participants in the supply chains is introduced and used to interpret the performances of the main groups identified, focusing on a five-year period following the 2008 financial crisis. The empirical investigation is conducted using an innovative archive containing detailed information on a large share of Italian micro and small firms that are generally excluded from most firm-level databases. The results show that, inside industrial districts, subcontractors are best described as a set of heterogeneous agents with distinct identities and idiosyncratic approaches to the market. The most widely diffused type of supplier still retains most of the structural characteristics traditionally described by the literature. However, industrial districts are also characterized by the presence of advanced forms of subcontractors whose organizational structure differs from that of a traditional supplier: in fact, such producers share more commonalities with end product firms. The analysis of the performances indicates that advanced subcontractors displayed better results during the period 2008–2012, while traditional suppliers tend to occupy a peripheral position in most subcontracting networks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 791-813 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 29 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1350886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1350886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:791-813 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Igone Porto Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Igone Author-X-Name-Last: Porto Gómez Author-Name: José Ramón Otegi Olaso Author-X-Name-First: José Ramón Author-X-Name-Last: Otegi Olaso Author-Name: Jon Mikel Zabala-Iturriagagoitia Author-X-Name-First: Jon Mikel Author-X-Name-Last: Zabala-Iturriagagoitia Title: ROSA, ROSAE, ROSIS: modelling a regional open sectoral innovation system Abstract: The literature on territorial innovation modes has identified the development of a diverse set of innovation systems at multiple levels of analysis. However, there are certain gaps that do not allow their adaptation to the particularities of certain territories. Despite the multiple concepts related to innovation systems approach, the state of the art does not yet provide a useful analytical approach for a deep and comprehensive characterization of territories with a high sectoral and technological specialization. This paper introduces an analytical framework based on a regional open and sectoral innovation system, which is qualitatively tested in the Durango County (Spain). The aim of this paper is to introduce a subtype of innovation system that meets the requirements and needs of a located micro-territory with a high level of sectoral specialization. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 26-50 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1095946 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1095946 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:26-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hermann Frank Author-X-Name-First: Hermann Author-X-Name-Last: Frank Author-Name: Hans Landström Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Landström Title: What makes entrepreneurship research interesting? Reflections on strategies to overcome the rigour–relevance gap Abstract: As entrepreneurship researchers compete to have their work published and universities strive to attract the best entrepreneurship scholars, it is appropriate to examine what makes entrepreneurship research interesting. Interesting studies are usually defined as well-crafted and well-written studies that challenge established knowledge, and produce new theories and findings. This paper examines entrepreneurship scholars’ views on the characteristics of interesting entrepreneurship research by means of a qualitative approach. Eight focus group interviews comprising junior and senior entrepreneurship scholars were conducted. A core finding is that interesting studies must be relevant to practice. However, the institutionalization of entrepreneurship as an academic field has favoured rigour at the cost of relevance, leading to scholars’ frustration with the rigour–relevance gap. In this paper, we analyse various dimensions of interestingness and reflect on strategies for overcoming the rigour–relevance gap, with particular focus on the creation of applicative knowledge. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 51-75 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1100687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1100687 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:51-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karin Berglund Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund Author-Name: Johan Gaddefors Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Gaddefors Author-Name: Monica Lindgren Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgren Title: Provoking identities: entrepreneurship and emerging identity positions in rural development Abstract: This article discusses entrepreneurship in a depleted community in transition. The purpose is to develop knowledge about how discourses are used in the positioning of identity in regional development. The concept positioning illustrates how identities are provoked, challenged, negotiated and moved into identity positions that break away from the idea of imitating successful and wealthy regions; instead, locality, place and history emerge as important resources from where local actors obtain agency and recognize new opportunities. Ethnographic data of a single case were collected over a six-year period between 2005 and 2010. The longitudinal nature of the study made it possible to incorporate how local stakeholders took on new identity positions, while handling their inspiration as well as their frustration. Results show how rural change was conditioned by discourses and how entrepreneurship challenged and reframed dominating structures through interaction between entrepreneurship and community. Four discourses, expressed as dichotomies available to people in this depleted community, illustrate the interactive process of positioning: change vs. traditions, rational vs. irrational, spectacular vs. mundane and individual vs. collective. The results support research emphasizing perspectives that acknowledge interaction between entrepreneurship and context as well as discursive aspects of regional development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 76-96 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1109002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1109002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:76-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Minghao Li Author-X-Name-First: Minghao Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Stephan J. Goetz Author-X-Name-First: Stephan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz Author-Name: Mark Partridge Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Partridge Author-Name: David A. Fleming Author-X-Name-First: David A. Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming Title: Location determinants of high-growth firms Abstract: County-level location patterns of INC5000 companies provide one map of American entrepreneurship and innovativeness, and understanding the local factors associated with these firms’ emergence is important for stimulating regional economic growth and innovation. We draw on the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship to motivate our regression model, and augment this theory with additional regional features that have been found to be important in the firm location literature. Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions indicate that these firms exist in counties with larger average establishment size, higher educational attainment and more natural amenities. Income growth, a mix of higher paying industries, and more banks per capita are associated with a smaller presence of these types of firms, all else equal. We conclude that the local conditions favouring high-growth firms are likely to be different from those favouring new firms in general, and that these conditions differ significantly in urban and rural areas and by industrial sectors. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 97-125 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1109003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1109003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:97-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia Doblinger Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Doblinger Author-Name: Michael Dowling Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Dowling Author-Name: Roland Helm Author-X-Name-First: Roland Author-X-Name-Last: Helm Title: An institutional perspective of public policy and network effects in the renewable energy industry: enablers or disablers of entrepreneurial behaviour and innovation? Abstract: This study extends theory on the effects of public policies stimulating technology demand and of industry network ties on firm-level entrepreneurial behaviour. We take an institutional perspective to develop a theoretical model examining the mechanisms through which public policies, regulatory uncertainty, and industry network ties affect firm-level entrepreneurial decision-making processes and the ability to introduce highly innovative products and to sustain superior performance. We focus on firm-level effects, which enables the study of the tension between institutional pressures of homogeneity and competitive pressures of heterogeneity for entrepreneurial decision-making processes in environments characterized by policy-induced market demands. To test our hypotheses, we draw on data from a large-scale survey among German renewable energy firms. Our results show that public policies can constrain firm innovativeness and risk-taking behaviour because they steer firms towards a more conservative attitude and discourage the pursuit of high-risk innovation projects. However, firms can counteract these influences and enhance their innovativeness by maintaining close network ties with research associations as we find that innovativeness and a highly innovative product portfolio are key success factors. In summary, these findings provide important implications for the study of public policy effects, industry network ties and entrepreneurial behaviour. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 126-156 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1109004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1109004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:126-156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Virginia Simón-Moya Author-X-Name-First: Virginia Author-X-Name-Last: Simón-Moya Author-Name: Lorenzo Revuelto-Taboada Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Revuelto-Taboada Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano Title: Influence of economic crisis on new SME survival: reality or fiction? Abstract: The aim of this research was to analyse the survival of new ventures during periods of economic crisis. The article compares survival probability during growth and crisis periods. An empirical study was used to analyse new venture survival probability. Results show that new firms have a greater likelihood of surviving during crisis periods than they do during growth periods. An additional aim of the study was to analyse the survival probability of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs during crisis periods. Results show that gaps in survival likelihood between opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship are bigger during times of crisis than they are during growth periods. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 157-176 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1118560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1118560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:157-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin C. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Colin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Muhammad S. Shahid Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad S. Author-X-Name-Last: Shahid Title: Informal entrepreneurship and institutional theory: explaining the varying degrees of (in)formalization of entrepreneurs in Pakistan Abstract: In recent years, scholars adopting institutional theory have explained the tendency of entrepreneurs to operate in the informal sector to be a result of the asymmetry between formal institutions (the codified laws and regulations) and informal institutions (norms, values and codes of conduct). The aim of this article is to further advance this institutional approach by evaluating the varying degrees of informalization of entrepreneurs and then analysing whether lower levels of formalization are associated with higher levels of institutional asymmetry. To do this, a 2012 survey of the varying degrees of informalization of 300 entrepreneurs in Pakistan is reported. The finding is that 62% of entrepreneurs operate wholly informal enterprises, 31% largely informal and 7% largely formal enterprises. None operate wholly formal enterprises. Those displaying lower levels of formalization are shown to be significantly more likely to display higher levels of institutional asymmetry, exhibiting greater concerns about public sector corruption, possessing lower tax morality and being more concerned about high tax rates and the procedural and distributive injustice and unfairness of the authorities. These entrepreneurs tend to be lower-income, younger and less-educated entrepreneurs. The article concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications of these findings. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-25 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 28 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.963889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.963889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:1-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jun Li Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Jingjing Qu Author-X-Name-First: Jingjing Author-X-Name-Last: Qu Author-Name: Qihai Huang Author-X-Name-First: Qihai Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: Why are some graduate entrepreneurs more innovative than others? The effect of human capital, psychological factor and entrepreneurial rewards on entrepreneurial innovativeness Abstract: This study investigates the innovation behaviour of graduate start-ups at the individual level. It bridges the graduate enterprise literature and innovative entrepreneurship literature to put forward three arguments that ascertain why highly educated graduate entrepreneurs are not always innovative in starting new businesses. First, anchoring on the individual opportunity costs–entrepreneurial rewards nexus, it argues that graduate entrepreneurs will exploit opportunities innovatively if they expect the levels of entrepreneurial rewards that match their high human capital and high opportunity costs. Second, it is argued that entrepreneurial innovativeness is conditional on psychological factors such as students’ managerial self-efficacy and overconfidence. Third, it is also argued that the nonlinear relationship between entrepreneurial innovativeness and entrepreneurial rewards will drive graduate entrepreneurs to exploit even riskier opportunities in search for high rewards. This study operationalizes the theoretical framework with an empirical model and estimates it using a graduate entrepreneur sample from a questionnaire survey in China. Our results suggest that innovation behaviour of graduate start-ups is influenced by the quantity of human capital, psychological make-up and expectations of entrepreneurial rewards. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 479-501 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1406540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1406540 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:479-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tanja Leppäaho Author-X-Name-First: Tanja Author-X-Name-Last: Leppäaho Author-Name: Kalle Pajunen Author-X-Name-First: Kalle Author-X-Name-Last: Pajunen Title: Institutional distance and international networking Abstract: We focus on how small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) adapt to differences in institutional logics (values, beliefs, and rules) in their networking when they enter an institutionally distant market. We address gaps in the literature, relating to the role of institutional logics in SME internationalization, and how institutional distance affects the formation of network ties. We show how the social interaction involved in internationalization is embedded in the institutional logics followed by partnering actors. Specifically, we demonstrate how institutional distance may constrain the networking activities of SMEs and identify practices that may support successful internationalization. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 502-529 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1407365 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1407365 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:502-529 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pedro M. García-Villaverde Author-X-Name-First: Pedro M. Author-X-Name-Last: García-Villaverde Author-Name: Gloria Parra-Requena Author-X-Name-First: Gloria Author-X-Name-Last: Parra-Requena Author-Name: F. Xavier Molina-Morales Author-X-Name-First: F. Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales Title: Structural social capital and knowledge acquisition: implications of cluster membership Abstract: This paper analyzes the implications of belonging to a cluster through the relationship between structural social capital and knowledge acquisition. The findings suggest structural social capital only indirectly affects knowledge acquisition through the relational and cognitive dimensions of firms’ membership of a cluster. However, the structural dimension also has a direct impact on knowledge for external firms outside a cluster. This paper contributes to the cluster literature with a better contextualization and understanding of the relationship between structural social capital and knowledge acquisition. In addition, the paper also consolidates the inter-organizational approach to social capital theory by helping to understand how and in what context social capital dimensions are interrelated. The study analyzes how firms can acquire valuable knowledge from their networks, filling the gap in the literature on how this process occurs inside and outside clusters. This works also proposes recommendations for companies and institutions, and new complementary lines of research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 530-561 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1407366 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1407366 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:530-561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tanja Leppäaho Author-X-Name-First: Tanja Author-X-Name-Last: Leppäaho Author-Name: Sylvie Chetty Author-X-Name-First: Sylvie Author-X-Name-Last: Chetty Author-Name: Pavlos Dimitratos Author-X-Name-First: Pavlos Author-X-Name-Last: Dimitratos Title: Network embeddedness in the internationalization of biotechnology entrepreneurs Abstract: This study investigates how entrepreneurs of biotech enterprises embed in domestic and international networks so as to internationalize. We advance a contextual framework of embeddedness of internationalizing entrepreneurs, providing a contribution (i) by synthesizing and applying existing conceptual insights from the networking literature to provide a more culturally sensitive view of getting embedded for international entrepreneurship in the biotech industry and (ii) by adding insights into the practices and (micro)processes of how and in what ways embeddedness integrates with the internationalization of biotech entrepreneurs. Our study involves six entrepreneurs from Canada, Finland, and New Zealand. Context-specific embeddedness was studied by exploring the (i) type, (ii) strength, (iii) locality, and (iv) importance of the international and national network ties among internationalizing entrepreneurs. We found differences in relation to the locality of universities and research institutes, role and type of financiers, and customer focus in internationalization. For instance, while customers were central to the embeddedness of Canadian and New Zealand entrepreneurs, Finnish entrepreneurs had no focus on their customers, but acted solely through sales channels and partners. The customer focus of New Zealand entrepreneurs was mainly international, whereas it was domestic in the case of Canadian entrepreneurs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 562-584 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1408697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1408697 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:562-584 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Betina Szkudlarek Author-X-Name-First: Betina Author-X-Name-Last: Szkudlarek Author-Name: Shou Xin Wu Author-X-Name-First: Shou Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: The culturally contingent meaning of entrepreneurship: mixed embeddedness and co-ethnic ties Abstract: This study employs phenomenography to investigate the role of embeddedness in business venturing of migrant and ethnic entrepreneurs. By focusing on two culturally distinct groups, operating in the same micro-economic context, we show the ways in which embeddedness impacts the perceptions and subsequent enactment of business venturing. Our findings demonstrate that, despite physical proximity and similar socio-economic context, the investigated communities predominantly employ their co-ethnic norms, assumptions and frames of reference to makes sense of and act upon entrepreneurial opportunities. These findings expand the mixed embeddedness literature by exploring how co-ethnic sensemaking frames persist within culturally distinct communities, despite years of co-existence within the same socio-economic context. Moreover, our study reveals how co-ethnic structures can successfully substitute institutional arrangements traditionally provided by the host-country environment. By reflecting upon the practice of entrepreneuring and entrepreneurial sensemaking, our findings point towards the importance of language and interpretative methods for theory development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 585-611 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1432701 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1432701 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:585-611 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruno Brandão Fischer Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Brandão Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer Author-Name: Sérgio Queiroz Author-X-Name-First: Sérgio Author-X-Name-Last: Queiroz Author-Name: Nicholas S. Vonortas Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas S. Author-X-Name-Last: Vonortas Title: On the location of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship in developing countries: lessons from São Paulo, Brazil Abstract: This article empirically appraises the geographical distribution of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship (KIE) in the settings of an emerging economy. We start from the typical agglomeration approach and then introduce a set of variables related to local market conditions, distance from the economic hub, and knowledge & innovation system to explain KIE location and density on the basis of city-level data in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Findings indicate KIE concentration in and around a few urban areas, providing support to agglomeration economies concepts. There is strong evidence that the local presence of research-oriented universities, access to capital, and business concentration are correlated to KIE emergence and density. Results also indicate the moderating effect of agglomeration diseconomies mainly related to factors of rapid and anarchic expansion of urban centers and the consequences of extreme inequalities in income distribution. This challenges the usability of concepts of entrepreneurial ecosystems from advanced economies if not adapted to the realities of developing countries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 612-638 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1438523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1438523 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:612-638 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Ole Rypestøl Author-X-Name-First: Jan Ole Author-X-Name-Last: Rypestøl Author-Name: Jarle Aarstad Author-X-Name-First: Jarle Author-X-Name-Last: Aarstad Title: Entrepreneurial innovativeness and growth ambitions in thick vs. thin regional innovation systems Abstract: Research in economic geography has paid increasing attention to regional innovation systems (RISs) as a potential vehicle for growth and development. Yet despite an increasing amount of research studying RISs in particular and economic regions in general, we have limited knowledge about their influence on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. We respond to this knowledge gap and study if entrepreneurs’ localization in thick vs. thin RISs affects their innovativeness and growth ambitions. Thick RISs are predominately urbanized spaces that include organizations of higher-level education, R&D intensive milieus, and an ample industry sector, while thin RISs to a lesser degree encompass these features. Empirically, we analyse 870–917 entrepreneurial firms in Agder of Southern Norway. Based on trade and labour markets, as defined by the EU’s classification of local administrative units (LAU1), we identify two thick and six thin RISs in Agder. Econometric analyses show that entrepreneurs located in thick RISs are more innovative than entrepreneurs located in thin RISs, but there are no significant differences concerning entrepreneurs’ growth ambitions. In light of our findings, we discuss the potential agency role played by entrepreneurial firms at a micro level on path dependent features of RISs at a macro level. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 639-661 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1444104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1444104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:639-661 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Inge Hill Author-X-Name-First: Inge Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Title: How did you get up and running? Taking a Bourdieuan perspective towards a framework for negotiating strategic fit Abstract: This article suggests a theoretical framework for illustrating significant iterative processes that need to be strategically managed when entering a new field or changing a social position within a field. Applying a process-relational perspective, the framework theoretically underpins what propels individuals to change their behaviour conceptualized as constructing a strategic fit between personal structure and fields. Using Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, field and capitals as a lens the analysis reveals how capital transformations eventually can lead to a social construction of this temporary strategic fit. The article argues that the performance of habitus expresses temporary field specific social positioning as a social materialization of macrostructures (gender, age, class, etc.). This suggested framework is applied to conceptualizing how nascent entrepreneurs successfully negotiate entrepreneurial processes. It is concerned with a small aspect: how to physically start a business (its registration and the start of trading). In this context, the article unpacks how the transformation of capitals mediates nascent entrepreneurs’ social positioning. This article contributes to the growing ‘social turn’ research situating entrepreneurial processes within social relations and context and the emerging Entrepreneurship as Practice field. It offers practical implications for business support and research directions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 662-696 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1449015 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1449015 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:662-696 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Indianna D Minto-Coy Author-X-Name-First: Indianna D Author-X-Name-Last: Minto-Coy Author-Name: Jonathan G Lashley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan G Author-X-Name-Last: Lashley Author-Name: David J Storey Author-X-Name-First: David J Author-X-Name-Last: Storey Title: Enterprise and entrepreneurship in the Caribbean region: introduction to the special issue Abstract: Entrepreneurship as a pseudo-discipline has matured to the point where it has begun to question the myths which have developed around it.  As a panacea for the development ills of capitalism, studies have spanned various ideological and methodological viewpoints.  Spatially, entrepreneurship studies have grown to include countries of the Global South and emerging economies, particularly those of Eastern Europe.  This special issue extends this reach to the small developing states of the Caribbean and particularly those with a British colonial legacy rooted in the remnants of the plantation economy.  The commencement of political independence in the 1960s has not resulted in any significant economic independence for the region as it remains dependent on foreign investment, whilst its key sectors remain subject to the volatility of the economies of the global north.  The papers in this special issue identify domestic and enterprise level constraints to the development of entrepreneurship in the region.  This Introduction places these, mostly micro-level studies, in a wider context, concluding that policy-makers need to better understand the concept of entrepreneurship and its role in achieving developmental goals. Our challenging recommendation is that those formulating and delivering these policies and practices should do so with an entrepreneurial mind-set. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 921-941 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515823 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:921-941 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Drinkwater Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Drinkwater Author-Name: Jonathan Lashley Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Lashley Author-Name: Catherine Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: Barriers to enterprise development in the Caribbean Abstract: Caribbean economies have suffered from stagnant growth since the 1990s. This can be a feature of small developing economies and is a major concern for policymakers. In this article, we examine establishment-level data to gain a better understanding of the factors that constrain the growth of businesses in the region. In addition to documenting broad differences in obstacles to business within and across the region, we particularly focus on the main obstacles affecting small and medium-sized firms. The econometric analysis highlights three main barriers at a regional level: an inadequately educated workforce; access to finance; and crime, theft and disorder. However, there are variations at the country level and the analysis indicates clusters of countries that experience obstacles to similar degrees. The article concludes with recommendations for alleviating the constraints to enterprise development and in stimulating economic growth. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 942-963 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:942-963 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tracey Broome Author-X-Name-First: Tracey Author-X-Name-Last: Broome Author-Name: Winston Moore Author-X-Name-First: Winston Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Philmore Alleyne Author-X-Name-First: Philmore Author-X-Name-Last: Alleyne Title: Financing constraints and the R&D decision in the Caribbean Abstract: The Caribbean has one the lowest rates of Research and Development (R&D) investment intensity by firms. This characteristic can limit the growth and sustainability of Caribbean businesses given the role that this type of investment plays in firm growth and competitiveness. Using the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey database, which provides firm-level data on 13 Caribbean nations, this paper evaluates the decision to engage in R&D amongst Caribbean firms. Using cross-sectional regression analysis to estimate R&D models, the results suggest firms that participate in trade, are technologically-inclined and have access to bank financing, are more likely to make the decision to invest in R&D. Small firms, especially those facing financing obstacles, however, are less likely to engage in R&D. Our findings also provide insights into the financing of R&D investment and could be used by policymakers to encourage greater innovation in the region. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 964-986 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:964-986 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Preeya Mohan Author-X-Name-First: Preeya Author-X-Name-Last: Mohan Author-Name: Eric Strobl Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Strobl Author-Name: Patrick Watson Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Watson Title: In-firm training, innovation and productivity: the case of Caribbean Small Island Developing States Abstract: In-firm training is a crucial innovative activity in modern knowledge-based economies, which face increasing global competition and rapidly changing technology. Nevertheless, there are few studies that look at in-firm training in the Caribbean. This study uses the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) 2010 and Compete Caribbean’s Productivity Technology Innovation Survey (PROTEqIN) 2014 to provide empirical evidence on in-firm training in the region. The results suggest that there is a relatively low incidence of training in the region, although there are significant differences across countries and this may be because of heterogeneities in public support and barriers to in-firm training. Also, various firm characteristics affect in-firm training including size, ownership, whether the firm exports, whether the firm is part of a larger organization, innovative activity and workforce structure and educational level. Lastly, the findings suggest that in-firm training in the region may play a relatively small role and may even not matter for innovation and productivity, although this finding may be because of low levels of formal training and the metrics used in defining and measuring in-firm training, innovation and productivity given the data available and limitations of the sample. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 987-1011 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515824 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515824 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:987-1011 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Densil A. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Densil A. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Boumediene Ramdani Author-X-Name-First: Boumediene Author-X-Name-Last: Ramdani Title: Exploring the characteristics of prosperous SMEs in the Caribbean Abstract: Despite the extensive literature on small business growth and performance, relatively little is known on the features of firms that have been prosperous for a long period of time. Adopting Storey’s determinants of growth framework, this study explores the characteristics of the entrepreneur, the firm, and the firm’s strategy contributing to the prosperity of small firms in the Caribbean. Using multiple case studies from across the region, this study reveals that SME prosperity in the Caribbean seems to depend on combining certain characteristics namely, the entrepreneur’s strategic leadership, networks, and intimate knowledge of products and business operations, and the firm’s strategy of branding and market diversification. The findings show that unlike the results from previous studies in large and developed countries, it is a mix of these characteristics that determines SME prosperity. Research and policy implications of these findings are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1012-1026 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:1012-1026 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clint O. Hurley Author-X-Name-First: Clint O. Author-X-Name-Last: Hurley Title: MSME competitiveness in small island economies: a comparative systematic review of the literature from the past 24 years Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to consolidate the extant literature on firm competitiveness in general and compare it to the literature related to micro, small and medium enterprise (MSME) competitiveness generally and then specifically to literature on MSME competitiveness in small island economies (SIEs). The paper contrasts these three research threads to develop a research framework to guide the future MSME research agenda in small island economies. This systematic literature review uses the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) database for citation analysis to identify the most influential research, and the Ex Libris’ Primo Central Index (PCI) and EBSCO Caribbean Search database for small island-specific literature. The review identifies the research themes of most relevance to MSMEs in small island economies. The paper found that research on MSMEs competitiveness in small island economies should focus on the moderating role of country-level characteristics on the relationships between the sources of competitiveness such as, intellectual capital, human capital management, social capital, innovation, internationalization as well as strategy implementation; and firm competitiveness outcomes. The value of the paper is that it shows the differences in the competitiveness priorities of large firms versus MSMEs and small island MSMEs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1027-1068 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515822 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515822 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:1027-1068 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Schøtt Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Schøtt Title: Entrepreneurial pursuits in the Caribbean diaspora: networks and their mixed effects Abstract: Domestic Caribbean entrepreneurs are embedded in their home-society. Diasporic entrepreneurs have a dual embeddedness in home-society and in host-society, with networks spanning both societies, which may give them comparative advantages in innovation, exporting and growth. Enterprising is traditionally a livelihood in the Caribbean, which is carried into the diaspora and sustained by dense ties between host- and home-societies. The empirical contribution is a three-way comparison between the Caribbean diaspora, the domestic Caribbeans and diasporans from other world regions. It uses a representative sample of adults living in, or originating from, the Caribbean. Diasporans are found to often become entrepreneurs by a pull of opportunity, whereas domestics are more likely to experience a push of necessity. Diasporans, more than domestics, are networking in the transnational sphere and in the sphere of business operations. This networking promotes outcomes such as innovation, exporting and growth expectations, in contrast to negative effects from networking in the private sphere. Policies may enhance benefits of diasporic entrepreneurship for Caribbean society. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1069-1090 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:1069-1090 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neil A. Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Neil A. Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Karen Verduijn Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Verduijn Author-Name: William B. Gartner Author-X-Name-First: William B. Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner Title: Entrepreneurship-as-practice: grounding contemporary theories of practice into entrepreneurship studies Abstract: In this article, we contend that entrepreneurship studies would greatly benefit from engagement with contemporary theorizations of practice. The practice tradition conceives of the process of entrepreneuring as the enactment and entanglement of multiple practices. Appreciating entrepreneurial phenomena as the enactment and entanglement of practices orients researchers to an ontological understanding of entrepreneuring as relational, material and processual. Therefore, practice theories direct scholars towards observing and explaining the real-time practices of entrepreneuring practitioners. Articles in this special issue on ‘entrepreneurship-as-practice’ are discussed and suggestions for future research and scholarship that utilize contemporary theorizations of practice are offered. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 247-256 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641978 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:3-4:p:247-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elena P. Antonacopoulou Author-X-Name-First: Elena P. Author-X-Name-Last: Antonacopoulou Author-Name: Ted Fuller Author-X-Name-First: Ted Author-X-Name-Last: Fuller Title: Practising entrepreneuring as emplacement: the impact of sensation and anticipation in entrepreneurial action Abstract: We extend the Entrepreneurship as Practice debate by making the case for the lived experience of entrepreneuring, i.e. when entrepreneurship is practised as part of the everyday, seizing moments that define action as entrepreneurial. We focus not only on the enactment and embodiment of entrepreneurial practices but also their emplacement. Emplacement goes beyond context, process and practice in entrepreneuring, to account for ways entrepreneurial practices are formed, performed and transformed when grounded in the sensations. Such sensuousness gives in turn practical support to entrepreneurial action in the anticipation that defines what is deemed a suitable response given the eco-system being co-created. This focus on emplacement extends our analysis and treatment of social practices as recursive and presents more clearly the impact of practising as a leap of faith integral to the emerging novelty that characterizes entrepreneuring moment by moment. This perspective offers new theoretical and methodological avenues for advancing future entrepreneurship research and demonstrates how entrepreneuring is integral to other practices such as strategizing, project managing and leading. A new emplacement framework and illustrative case examples of entrepreneuring plant the seeds for a new chapter in the Entrepreneurship as Practice debate. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 257-280 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641974 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:3-4:p:257-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claire Champenois Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Champenois Author-Name: Vincent Lefebvre Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Lefebvre Author-Name: Sébastien Ronteau Author-X-Name-First: Sébastien Author-X-Name-Last: Ronteau Title: Entrepreneurship as practice: systematic literature review of a nascent field Abstract: This paper provides a Systematic Literature Review (‘SLR’) of the emerging ‘entrepreneurship-as-practice’ (EaP) research field. It advances EaP as a ‘platform of expression’ that enriches entrepreneurship research. Following the ‘practice turn’ in social sciences, entrepreneurship is also interested in this new approach. The goal of this article is to map and critically review the literature within the EaP field. The Systematic Literature Review returned 76 articles contributing closely to EaP. Beyond descriptive analytics, results highlight the main research topics of EaP stream as well as multiple methodologies that connect researchers and participants through various research practices. The paper identifies a spectrum of seven theoretical frameworks underlying EaP studies and puts forward examples of research and empirical contexts to provoke the entrepreneurship research community to study actual practices in their diversity. Lastly, the authors detail in five propositions the promising avenues for future research opened by EaP. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 281-312 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:3-4:p:281-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chrysavgi Sklaveniti Author-X-Name-First: Chrysavgi Author-X-Name-Last: Sklaveniti Author-Name: Chris Steyaert Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert Title: Reflecting with Pierre Bourdieu: towards a reflexive outlook for practice-based studies of entrepreneurship Abstract: In recent times, practice-based approaches have gained momentum as theoretical tools to understand entrepreneurship. Even if this project is far from finished, in this paper we argue that it needs its own critical assessment by zooming in on one of the major implications which comes with taking the practice turn, namely the question of reflexivity. Drawing on Bourdieu’s rich and refined conception of reflexivity, which forms an inherent part of his practice theory, we delineate the importance of incorporating this notion in how we further apply Bourdieu in practice-based entrepreneurship studies, while also opening up for a reflexive outlook of the practice turn in entrepreneurship studies. In particular, we argue that reflexivity is not so much a self-involved scholarly issue but rather a matter of attending to the social and intellectual unconscious embedded in our research and analytical tools, which can bring both epistemic and civic renewal in the ways practice-based approaches are developed in entrepreneurship studies. In the conclusion, we underline that the practice turn, without a reflexive outlook, will rather maintain the status quo of the field of entrepreneurship studies instead of realizing the promise it holds for the study of entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 313-333 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641976 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:3-4:p:313-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruce Teague Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Teague Author-Name: M. David Gorton Author-X-Name-First: M. David Author-X-Name-Last: Gorton Author-Name: Yanxin Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yanxin Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Different pitches for different stages of entrepreneurial development: the practice of pitching to business angels Abstract: In this paper, we draw upon social practice theory as a lens through which to challenge commonly held assumptions about the practice of pitching. This study presents evidence suggesting that the commonly studied investment pitch, may in fact be part of a larger relational practice that plays out across time as entrepreneurs and their new businesses develop. We present findings from twenty-seven months of participant observation in an active angel investment organization located in the United States. Based on our observations, we discuss four types of pitch: developmental, pre-investment, investment, and update. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 334-352 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641977 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:3-4:p:334-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qihai Huang Author-X-Name-First: Qihai Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Xueyuan Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xueyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Jun Li Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Contextualization of Chinese entrepreneurship research: an overview and some future research directions Abstract: In this article, we briefly identify seven evolving characteristics of Chinese entrepreneurship that capture either the essential contextual elements or the outcomes of the contextual influences in China and provide a fertile ground for entrepreneurship research in China. We then present three approaches to contextualization in Chinese entrepreneurship research and map extant research with these approaches to assess the current state of contextualization in Chinese entrepreneurship research. Following the discussion we introduce the five contributions to the Special Issue that advance a more nuanced understanding of entrepreneurship in China from five diverse perspectives. We finally argue that the next stage of entrepreneurship research in China needs to explore four contextual parameters. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 353-369 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640437 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640437 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:353-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juanyi Chen Author-X-Name-First: Juanyi Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Li Cai Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Cai Author-Name: Garry D. Bruton Author-X-Name-First: Garry D. Author-X-Name-Last: Bruton Author-Name: Naiheng Sheng Author-X-Name-First: Naiheng Author-X-Name-Last: Sheng Title: Entrepreneurial ecosystems: what we know and where we move as we build an understanding of China Abstract: Scholars recognize entrepreneurial ecosystems of interconnected entrepreneurial actors, organizations, institutions, context, and entrepreneurial processes are critical to new venture success. Here we examine the burgeoning academic literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems in both the West and China to build a platform for the greater understanding of ecosystems, particularly as scholars expand its understanding in China. To build this understanding, we initially examine and classify the existing research in both leading international journals and Chinese journals on entrepreneurial ecosystems into four broad themes of nature, networks, institutions, and dynamics. We then build on this review of this literature to discuss how such findings inform scholars about the future research of ecosystems in China. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 370-388 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:370-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dong Chen Author-X-Name-First: Dong Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Donghong Li Author-X-Name-First: Donghong Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yongsun Paik Author-X-Name-First: Yongsun Author-X-Name-Last: Paik Title: The impact of sub-national institutions on SMEs’ diversification into new businesses: evidence from China Abstract: This study explores how sub-national institutions affect the diversification of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) into new businesses. Using a sample of 3240 SMEs in China, we found that the dominance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the development of market systems in a province were related to local SMEs’ diversification. Specifically, in provinces dominated by SOEs, SMEs were less likely to diversify into new businesses. The development of market systems tended to reduce the odds of diversification for SMEs that primarily served local markets, and lower the likelihood of unrelated diversification. As a rare attempt to examine the impact of sub-national institutions on SMEs’ diversification, this study contributes to the research on diversification, institutions, and SME management. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 389-407 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640444 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:389-407 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Weiqi Dai Author-X-Name-First: Weiqi Author-X-Name-Last: Dai Author-Name: Felix Arndt Author-X-Name-First: Felix Author-X-Name-Last: Arndt Author-Name: Mingqing Liao Author-X-Name-First: Mingqing Author-X-Name-Last: Liao Title: Hear it straight from the horse’s mouth: recognizing policy-induced opportunities Abstract: What types of entrepreneurs are more likely to ‘stay tuned’ to government policies and does it pay? Integrating work on opportunity recognition and the institution-based view, this study examines the link between the pursuit of policy-induced opportunities and firm performance. Based on data analysis of 3284 Chinese privately owned firms in 31 regions/provinces in China, we find that entrepreneurs who have past working experience within the government are more likely to stay alert to government policies involving entrepreneurial opportunities, which leads to entrepreneurial activities and ultimately firm performance. This study enriches our understanding of opportunity recognition and development by expanding it to political markets. We assess the role of institutional variation as an important factor in emerging economies. We unravel the pivotal role of entrepreneurial alertness to government policies on enhancing firm performance by strengthening entrepreneurial activities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 408-428 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640452 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:408-428 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jinyun Duan Author-X-Name-First: Jinyun Author-X-Name-Last: Duan Author-Name: Juelin Yin Author-X-Name-First: Juelin Author-X-Name-Last: Yin Author-Name: Yue Xu Author-X-Name-First: Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Daoyou Wu Author-X-Name-First: Daoyou Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: Should I stay or should I go? Job demands’ push and entrepreneurial resources’ pull in Chinese migrant workers’ return-home entrepreneurial intention Abstract: This study explores how the push factor of job demands and the pull factor of entrepreneurial resources influence the intention of Chinese migrant workers to return to their hometown and engage in entrepreneurial activities. Data were collected from 302 Chinese migrant workers. The main findings are as follows: a) job demands can increase the return-home entrepreneurial intention of migrant workers through the mediation of job burnout; b) entrepreneurial resources can positively influence the return-home entrepreneurial intention of migrant workers through the mediation of entrepreneurial conviction; c) generation positively moderates the job demands – job burnout – entrepreneurial intention relationship and negatively moderates the entrepreneurial resources – entrepreneurial conviction – entrepreneurial intention relationship. This study reveals the importance of examining push and pull factors concurrently, and emphasizes the intergenerational differences in explaining the return-home entrepreneurial intention of Chinese migrant workers. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 429-448 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640455 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:429-448 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhibin Lin Author-X-Name-First: Zhibin Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Xuebing Cao Author-X-Name-First: Xuebing Author-X-Name-Last: Cao Author-Name: Ed Cottam Author-X-Name-First: Ed Author-X-Name-Last: Cottam Title: International networking and knowledge acquisition of Chinese SMEs: the role of global mind-set and international entrepreneurial orientation Abstract: Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasing their international networking and knowledge acquisition activities. This paper attempts to explain this phenomenon by examining the joint influence of leader global mind-set and firms’ international entrepreneurial orientation on those two internationalisation activities. A conceptual model was developed and tested with data from a sample of 208 SMEs in China. The results indicate that both leader global mind-set and firm’s international entrepreneurial orientation have a direct impact on Chinese SMEs’ international networking and knowledge acquisition activities; in addition, leader global mind-set has an indirect effect through the mediation of firms’ international entrepreneurial orientation. The findings of this study provide important theoretical and practical implications. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 449-465 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:449-465 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura E. Grube Author-X-Name-First: Laura E. Author-X-Name-Last: Grube Author-Name: Virgil Henry Storr Author-X-Name-First: Virgil Henry Author-X-Name-Last: Storr Title: Embedded entrepreneurs and post-disaster community recovery Abstract: Entrepreneurs can and do play an important role in promoting community recovery after disasters. Research, however, has not adequately explored the behavior and practices of post-disaster entrepreneurs or acknowledged the role of entrepreneurs in overall disaster recovery. We attempt to fill this gap by highlighting the behavior and practices of entrepreneurs who contribute to recovery, specifically, we argue that post-disaster entrepreneurs: (a) supply needed resources to disaster victims, (b) leverage social capital to navigate extreme uncertainty, (c) are motivated by high place attachment, and (d) exhibit both commercial and social goals. They are able to successfully perform these functions because of the embedded nature of entrepreneurship. We offer evidence based on fieldwork conducted in New Orleans, Louisiana, following Hurricane Katrina and following the tornadoes in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and Joplin, Missouri. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 800-821 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1457084 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1457084 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:800-821 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhen Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Zhen Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Trish Reay Author-X-Name-First: Trish Author-X-Name-Last: Reay Title: Managing the Yin and Yang of family capital: a study of Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs Abstract: Family capital can provide positive resources for entrepreneurship; however, it can also bring negative consequences that hinder the growth of a new venture. We investigated how entrepreneurs experienced and managed the positives and negatives of family capital through in-depth semi-structured interviews with Chinese immigrants who landed in Canada between 2000 and 2014. We contribute to the entrepreneurship literature by highlighting the paradoxical nature of family capital, and by identifying five strategies that entrepreneurs employed to manage the paradox. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 722-748 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1457085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1457085 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:722-748 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ekaterina Islankina Author-X-Name-First: Ekaterina Author-X-Name-Last: Islankina Author-Name: Thomas Wolfgang Thurner Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Wolfgang Author-X-Name-Last: Thurner Title: Internationalization of cluster initiatives in Russia: empirical evidence Abstract: In the last few years, Russia has supported the establishment of cluster initiatives to strengthen economic development, open channels for knowledge transfer, raise the national technology base, and integrate domestic manufacturing more prominently into global value chains. This paper studies 25 pilot cluster initiatives which received financial support within the national programme. The analysis shows that privately funded initiatives tend to use the cluster format as an efficient way to organize economic activities. Publicly funded cluster initiatives, in contrast, are more likely to engage in R&D partnerships with institutes in technologically advanced regions, such as Western Europe or South-East Asia, and thereby act as transfer channels to strengthen the region’s technology base. Also, industries that build on analytical knowledge are more likely to engage in partnerships than industries that use local and tacit knowledge. Still, the cluster management organizations struggle greatly to appoint adequately skilled staff and to cope with limited financial resources, as these are the biggest barriers for cluster internationalization, while cultural differences and geographical distance were of much less importance. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 776-799 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1457086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1457086 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:776-799 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia Capozza Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Capozza Author-Name: Sergio Salomone Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Salomone Author-Name: Ernesto Somma Author-X-Name-First: Ernesto Author-X-Name-Last: Somma Title: Local industrial structure, agglomeration economies and the creation of innovative start-ups: evidence from the Italian case Abstract: We explore the local factors associated with the emergence of innovative start-ups fostered by a targeted industrial policy intervention in Italy. We focus on the local industrial fabric and the agglomeration mechanisms, namely localization (specialization) economies, diversification economies and the proximity to large firms. Results show that both localization economies and diversification economies are at play. Notably, a greater presence of large firms at local level seems to support the creation of innovative start-ups. Other factors, such us the presence of technical and scientific universities and the urbanization, are found to encourage their formation. The contribution of local factors to the innovative start-up creation is found to be different depending on the regional development conditions. Our analysis outlines the features of a local ecosystem favourable to the emergence of these firms, providing policy makers with suggestions for moulding industrial policies to regional specific needs and to better exploit the local opportunities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 749-775 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1457087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1457087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:749-775 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pengfei Li Author-X-Name-First: Pengfei Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: A tale of two clusters: knowledge and emergence Abstract: Cluster emergence is an important topic but weakly conceptualized in the literature. Focusing on the interaction of the local knowledge pool and firm growth, the paper develops a comprehensive framework to understand cluster emergence. In the framework, the cluster formation process starts with the collision of local and external knowledge which generates an innovation and stimulates the creation of local pioneering firms in a new field. To support the growth of follow-up entrants in the new industry, the local knowledge pool needs to be expanded and deepened through local knowledge sharing and external knowledge inflows. The enlarged local knowledge pool enables local firms to grow and explore other fields further. To promote cluster emergence, public policies need to facilitate the interaction of the local knowledge pool and firm growth. The paper illustrates the interactive framework with two aluminum extrusion clusters in China that emerged in different ways over different time periods. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 822-847 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1462857 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1462857 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:822-847 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul D. Hannon Author-X-Name-First: Paul D. Author-X-Name-Last: Hannon Title: On becoming and being an entrepreneurship educator: a personal reflection Abstract: Entrepreneurship education has been studied intensively since 1990, yet little attention is given in the literature to the critical role and impact of the individuals that design and deliver it; the entrepreneurship educators. Who are they and what do we understand about them? Professor Alain Fayolle in 2013 challenged us to address this gap. In this article I aim to take on board Fayolle’s challenge and provide a single case of my own experience on the journey to becoming and being an entrepreneurship educator. After exploring the purpose and value of autobiographical methods, I then present the reader with my life story as an emerging entrepreneurship educator in the UK. This provides the basis for self-reflection and self-discovery to highlight key patterns of development that have shaped me as an entrepreneurship educator. Finally I provide personal thoughts on the important role of entrepreneurship educators as entrepreneurial leaders within their institutions. This paper has been produced in the hope that it will encourage other educators to share their journeys so that as a community we can better understand the ‘who’ of entrepreneurship educators. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 698-721 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1464259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1464259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:698-721 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hans Landström Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Landström Title: PAUL HANNON – recipient of the European Entrepreneurship Education Award 2016 Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 697-697 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1464404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1464404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:697-697 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lea Mergemeier Author-X-Name-First: Lea Author-X-Name-Last: Mergemeier Author-Name: Jessica Moser Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Moser Author-Name: Tessa Christina Flatten Author-X-Name-First: Tessa Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Flatten Title: The influence of multiple constraints along the venture creation process and on start-up intention in nascent entrepreneurship Abstract: This study examines the influence of multiple constraints encountered by nascent entrepreneurs (NEs) in their current phase of the venture creation process – disengaged, still trying or started – and on their start-up intention after disengagement. Drawing on a sample of 1872 German NEs collated in 2014, we extend the literature in the field of nascent entrepreneurship and encountered constraints. By applying the theories of planned behaviour and appraisal as an overarching theoretical foundation, we develop our hypotheses. We find that individuals who have recently abandoned their venture have faced significantly more constraints than other NEs. A deeper analysis reveals that financing difficulties and especially certain personal characteristics impede venture creation. Furthermore, our results show that constraints beyond an NE’s own control are lethal for the continuance of the intention to create a new business. We derive important implications for NEs, entrepreneurship education and policymakers. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 848-876 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1471163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1471163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:848-876 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Erratum Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: i-i Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1475043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1475043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Corrigendum Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 920-920 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1477250 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1477250 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:920-920 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sophie Alkhaled Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Alkhaled Author-Name: Karin Berglund Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund Title: ‘And now I’m free’: Women’s empowerment and emancipation through entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia and Sweden Abstract: Critical perspectives have called for the study of women’s entrepreneurship as a route to social change. This ‘social turn’ claims women are empowered and/or emancipated through entrepreneurship with limited problematisation of how these interchangeably used concepts operate. Using an institutional perspective in combination with a narrative approach, we investigate women entrepreneurs’ life stories on their ‘road to freedom’ where entrepreneurial activity enables them to ‘break free’ from particular gendered constraints. Through juxtaposing women’s narratives in the contexts of Saudi Arabia and Sweden, the relationship between empowerment and emancipation is disentangled and (re)conceptualised. The findings distinguish between empowerment narrated as individual practices to achieve freedom for the self within institutional structures and emancipation as narrated as a wish to challenge and change structures of power and reach collative freedom. The yearning for collective emancipation propels women’s stories of entrepreneurship by raising expectations for entrepreneurship as a vehicle for institutional change. Such stories may fascinate and inspire others to engage in entrepreneurial endeavours to become empowered, but whether they reach emancipation remains an empirical question to be answered. The performative dimension of entrepreneurial narratives is, however, their ability to turn emancipation into an (un)reachable object of desire, with a quest for even more individual empowerment and entrepreneurial activity, at the same time excluding other forms of human conduct as conducive for change. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 877-900 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1500645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1500645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:877-900 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne-Lorène Vernay Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Lorène Author-X-Name-Last: Vernay Author-Name: Beatrice D’Ippolito Author-X-Name-First: Beatrice Author-X-Name-Last: D’Ippolito Author-Name: Jonatan Pinkse Author-X-Name-First: Jonatan Author-X-Name-Last: Pinkse Title: Can the government create a vibrant cluster? Understanding the impact of cluster policy on the development of a cluster Abstract: Research has debated to what extent policy measures can facilitate or contribute to the development of clusters. This article contributes to this debate by questioning how the government can create a cluster that is self-organizing and vibrant but also maintain sufficient influence to continue using the cluster as a policy instrument. Taking the perspective of cluster members, the article investigates how members perceive the ambiguous role of the government in a government-supported cluster. It analyses to what extent cluster members value a government-supported cluster and whether they perceive the government as one that facilitates or hinders them in self-organizing the cluster. Empirical evidence is derived from a case study of a French cluster established as a result of a cluster policy initiative and which has recently been required to fulfil a new set of objectives by the same government. The findings suggest that government-supported clusters can self-organize if members are given the opportunity, but with the consequence that it becomes difficult for the government to fully control such clusters. To continue steering the cluster’s development, the government would have to leverage the technology gatekeepers’ power by designing policies that allow gatekeepers to translate government objectives into meaningful objectives for themselves. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 901-919 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 30 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1501611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1501611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:901-919 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heike Mayer Author-X-Name-First: Heike Author-X-Name-Last: Mayer Author-Name: Yasuyuki Motoyama Author-X-Name-First: Yasuyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Motoyama Title: Entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized towns Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 467-472 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1798556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1798556 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:467-472 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucia Naldi Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Naldi Author-Name: Johan P. Larsson Author-X-Name-First: Johan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Larsson Author-Name: Hans Westlund Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Westlund Title: Policy entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation in vulnerable Swedish municipalities Abstract: Small- and medium-sized towns (SMSTs) not integrated into expanding metropolitan regions often face industrial decline and depopulation. As a result, many of them lack resilience to change and may be classified as vulnerable. While research holds that a local government’s efforts to act in an entrepreneurial way are important for the development of vulnerable SMSTs, entrepreneurship behaviours in the local public sector remain under-investigated. In this paper, we address this gap in the literature by investigating whether and how vulnerable SMSTs differ in their entrepreneurial behaviours. Based on the concepts of policy entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, we performed a survey of Swedish local communities about their work on strengthening and renewing local business life and improving their own administrations. We analyse factors associated with these activities and examine differences between the policy entrepreneurship of vulnerable and nonvulnerable places, as well as differences within the vulnerable group. Vulnerable places rank low in entrepreneurial orientation, which may contribute to regional lock-in. Cluster analysis reveals that the vulnerable municipalities are a heterogeneous group, which we classify into “entrepreneurs’ ‘local innovators’, and ‘disengaged risktakers’. Regression analysis indicates that local social capital may increase entrepreneurial orientation in vulnerable places by strengthening the focus on innovation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 473-491 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1798557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1798557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:473-491 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David R. Williams Author-X-Name-First: David R. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Richard W. Pouder Author-X-Name-First: Richard W. Author-X-Name-Last: Pouder Title: Are explicit knowledge transfers clustered or diffused in the U.S. biopharmaceutical market sector? Abstract: The goal of this paper is to understand better the dynamics of explicit knowledge transfers in the U.S. biopharmaceutical market sector. We draw upon the entrepreneurship and economic geography literature to help explain activity in this sector. We specifically are interested in how location and other factors affect the means, geographic distance, and knowledge base distance of these transfers. We examine explicit knowledge transfers in the form of technologies and products. We examine transfers by private and publicly traded biopharmaceutical firms using a series of binary logistic regression analyses. We find that firms located in bio-clusters are more likely to transfer explicit knowledge locally compared to non-locally. We also find that private firms compared with publicly traded firms and biotechnology firms compared to pharmaceutical firms are more likely to transfer knowledge locally. Pharmaceutical firms are more likely to transfer knowledge via licensing than product acquisitions compared with biotechnology firms. Our study should be of interest to researchers, biopharmaceutical firms, entrepreneurs, and policy makers. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 492-507 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:492-507 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meifang Li Author-X-Name-First: Meifang Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Lerong He Author-X-Name-First: Lerong Author-X-Name-Last: He Author-Name: Yongxiang Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Yongxiang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Title: The triple helix system and regional entrepreneurship in China Abstract: The paper examines the influence of the Triple Helix system of university-industry-government collaboration on regional entrepreneurship in China. Utilizing proprietary survey data collected from industrial firms, academic institutions, and government agencies in five representative Chinese regions, the paper finds that interactions within the three spheres of the Triple Helix system in terms of trilateral collaboration, network relationship, and complementary synergies all have positive influences on regional entrepreneurship in China by shaping local entrepreneurial environment and fostering entrepreneurship activities. The paper also reveals significant regional differences in the functioning of the Triple Helix system. Specifically, the roles of trilateral collaboration and network relationship are more salient in developing regions, while complementary synergies are more effective in developed regions. This study contributes to the burgeoning literature on national and regional innovation systems by emphasizing the multifaceted effect of university-industry-government collaboration on promoting regional entrepreneurship. It also highlights the role of regional institutional context in affecting innovation and entrepreneurship processes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 508-530 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1666168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1666168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:508-530 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alona Martiarena Author-X-Name-First: Alona Author-X-Name-Last: Martiarena Title: Re-examining the opportunity pull and necessity push debate: contexts and abilities Abstract: This study explores how different groups of workers, according to their ability level, respond to ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors as local labour market conditions change. Arguments based on the opportunity cost of a transition to entrepreneurship serve to link individual-level motivations, which relate to ‘pull’ or ‘push’ factors, with contextual variations, which capture the scenarios in which individuals evaluate their occupational choice. Micro-level panel data on career histories reveal that overall entries into self-employment tend to be pro-cyclical, though the relationship is moderated by individual ability levels. The negative effect of the local unemployment level is attenuated and even reverses for the least able workers; self-employment entry probability instead is highest among the ablest workers across most stages of the business cycle. The results also reveal that large urban settings provide refuge for low ability individuals, who are less likely to resort to self-employment during economic downturns. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 531-554 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1675776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1675776 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:531-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laivi Laidroo Author-X-Name-First: Laivi Author-X-Name-Last: Laidroo Author-Name: Mari Avarmaa Author-X-Name-First: Mari Author-X-Name-Last: Avarmaa Title: The role of location in FinTech formation Abstract: Given the rapid emergence of FinTechs, the objective of this paper is to determine location-specific factors associated with FinTech establishment intensity using Porter’s diamond framework. The analysis is based on a country-level dataset covering the period of 2007–2017 and 107 countries. The results reveal that greater FinTech establishment intensity characterizes smaller countries, countries with stronger information and communications technology (ICT) services clusters, and countries that have experienced a crisis during the recent decade. Greater FinTech establishment intensity is also observed in countries with greater tertiary education enrolment rates, stronger university-industry cooperation, greater fixed line availability, and overall ICT readiness. The macroeconomic situation and indicators of financial development prove to be important determinants of FinTech formation. Given the importance of several dimensions of location’s diamond in FinTech formation, FinTech entrepreneurs could benefit from a careful analysis of the diamond of locations that they are considering as potential places of doing business. Countries hoping to become more attractive FinTech establishment sites, in turn, should focus on the elimination of weaknesses in the location’s diamond in close co-operation with FinTechs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 555-572 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1675777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1675777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:555-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Huggins Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins Author-Name: Piers Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Piers Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Title: Human agency, entrepreneurship and regional development: a behavioural perspective on economic evolution and innovative transformation Abstract: An emerging position within theories of entrepreneurship and regional development concerns the role of human behaviour. This paper argues that the type and nature of human agency related to entrepreneurship is a significant factor in explaining the capacity of regions  to achieve economic evolution through renewal and innovative transformation. It is argued that regional economic ecosystems are a primary result of the agency of a particular cadre of individuals; with the nature of these ecosystems being contingent on the underlying culture and institutional environment within a specific region. Furthermore, it is proposed that the confluence of group-level culture within a city or region and the personality psychology of individuals within these places results in a psychocultural environment that creates certain forms of human agency determining the nature of entrepreneurship. Similarly, the propensity towards entrepreneurial agency will be at least partly determined by the nature of the underlying regional economic ecosystems, especially with regards to apparent opportunity and economic returns. Drawing on these insights, the study outlines the implications for policies that seek to support entrepreneurship at the regional level, while also identifying future research required to further effective policy intervention. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 573-589 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1687758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1687758 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:573-589 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Natalia Vershinina Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Vershinina Author-Name: Peter Rodgers Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Rodgers Title: Symbolic capital within the lived experiences of Eastern European migrants: a gendered perspective Abstract: Despite recent large flows of migrants to the UK, the gendered nature of how men and women experience migrant entrepreneurial journeys remains under-researched. This article contributes to debates within the field of entrepreneurship by exploring the lived experiences of transnational migrant entrepreneurs setting up enterprises in the UK. Reporting the findings of interviews with forty-seven Eastern European transnational migrant entrepreneurs, this article focuses on the rarely discussed form of symbolic capital understood as the prestige, status and positive reputation individuals possess in the eyes of others. Our findings demonstrate the multifaceted and often gendered nature of forms of cultivated symbolic capital. Men use traditional conceptions of ‘status’ and ‘prestige’ to accrue forms of symbolic capital, which consequently facilitate and legitimate the transfer of economic capital into their UK businesses. In contrast, women, by setting up successful businesses in the UK, gain legitimacy in the eyes of family and friends in their home countries. This in turn enables them to overcome traditional gendered ascribed roles in which their visibility is centred solely around looking after children and the family. The article concludes by reflecting on the contributions and implications for theory and practice before identifying directions for further research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 590-605 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1703045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1703045 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:590-605 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magdalena Markowska Author-X-Name-First: Magdalena Author-X-Name-Last: Markowska Author-Name: Johan Wiklund Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Wiklund Title: Entrepreneurial learning under uncertainty: exploring the role of self-efficacy and perceived complexity Abstract: The entrepreneurial learning literature remains underdeveloped and lacks a clear understanding of the learning process. Building on an in-depth case study of four Scandinavian gourmet restauranteurs, we argue that learning to act on entrepreneurial tasks involves opening-up and focusing processes. We propose a process model that specifies how changing perceptions of complexity and self-efficacy influence an individual’s preference for experimentation (opening up) and modelling (focusing) when acquiring new experience. Specifically, in situations perceived as complex, individuals will likely opt for modelling; however, individuals who feel highly self-efficacious will likely rely more on experimentation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 606-628 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1713222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1713222 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:606-628 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Kraus Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus Author-Name: Peter Stokes Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Stokes Author-Name: Sir Cary Cooper Author-X-Name-First: Sir Cary Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Name: Yipeng Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yipeng Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Neil Moore Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Bernd Britzelmaier Author-X-Name-First: Bernd Author-X-Name-Last: Britzelmaier Author-Name: Shlomo Tarba Author-X-Name-First: Shlomo Author-X-Name-Last: Tarba Title: Cultural Antecedents of Sustainability and Regional Economic Development - A Study of SME ‘Mittelstand’ Firms in Baden-Württemberg (Germany) Abstract: This paper examines behavioural and regional/geographic cultural antecedents of sustainability in SME contexts. The study identifies prevailing macro-representations of sustainability in the literature and highlights an over-focus on large firms constituting the predominant unit of analysis. Moreover, there is a propensity in the literature to view sustainability primarily in terms of ‘environmental’ – closely linked to a corporate strategic imperative narrative of economic competitiveness and profitability. Overall, this perspective tends to generate accounts which are acultural, apolitical and ahistorical in terms of innovative actions and sustainability practices. In response, using a conceptual framework of moral identity, the paper develops a more micro-foundational insight to sustainability (developing notions of ‘tangible’ and ‘intangible’) and examines regional economic development attitudes at individual owner-manager/managing director level in small-to-medium-sized firms.Methodologically, an inductively framed interview schedule was employed with owner-managers and managing directors (n = 30) of manufacturing SMEs in the Baden-Württemberg region (Germany). The study identified a range of micro-foundational behavioural antecedents operating in the sample companies. In particular, it underlined that many of the SME owner-managers/managing directors expressed views informed by a particular moral identity connected with a perspective rooted in regionally bound, longstanding and ‘expected’ behaviours of trust, fairness, honesty and community responsibility. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 629-653 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1713223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1713223 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:629-653 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Domingo Enrique Ribeiro-Soriano Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano Author-Name: William McDowell Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: McDowell Author-Name: Sascha Kraus Author-X-Name-First: Sascha Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus Title: Special issue on: innovation and knowledge-based economy for entrepreneurship and regional development Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 654-656 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1597423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1597423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:654-656 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colette Henry Author-X-Name-First: Colette Author-X-Name-Last: Henry Title: Reconceptualizing the role of the future entrepreneurship educator: an exploration of the content challenge Abstract: This paper critically explores a key challenge facing future entrepreneurship educators, that of content, i.e., deciding what to teach. Understanding the factors that influence the content decision could enhance the quality and effectiveness of future entrepreneurship education programmes. The paper argues that as a result of entrepreneurship education’s increased popularity, its expanding scholarship base, its growth in non-business disciplines, and increased attention from policy makers and employers, entrepreneurship educators are in danger of trying to do too much to please too many. The paper asks: What are the categories of influence that impact on the content decision? And, how should future entrepreneurship educators deal with the content challenge? The paper contributes to entrepreneurship education theory and practice by enhancing understanding of the myriad elements entrepreneurship education comprises, highlighting the dangers of trying to do too much, and theorizing towards a reconceptualization of the role of the future entrepreneurship educator as a ‘unique aggregator of content.’ Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 657-676 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1737416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1737416 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:657-676 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mauricio Oyarzo Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio Author-X-Name-Last: Oyarzo Author-Name: Gianni Romaní Author-X-Name-First: Gianni Author-X-Name-Last: Romaní Author-Name: Miguel Atienza Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Atienza Author-Name: Marcelo Lufín Author-X-Name-First: Marcelo Author-X-Name-Last: Lufín Title: Spatio-temporal dynamics in municipal rates of business start-ups in Chile Abstract: While there is a growing body of studies on persistence and change in municipal start-up rates in more developed countries, this type of study for developing countries is still scarce. This work analyzes the spatio-temporal dynamics of municipal business start-up rates in Chile between 2005 and 2015 using spatial panel data for 342 Chilean municipalities from the Internal Revenue Service (SII) database and the National Municipal Information System (SINIM). We employ descriptive statistics, spatial analysis, Markov chains and econometric models to identify persistence and change in the start-ups rates and identify the determinants of the spatio-temporal dynamics in entrepreneurship rates. Results confirm a high level of persistence in the most and least entrepreneurial areas of the county but, at the same time, show mobility in the intermediate municipalities. Econometric models confirm that past rates of entrepreneurship can explain current business start-up rates, and also validate the influence of spatially sticky characteristics, in many cases related to extreme differences in economic development among Chilean municipalities. Increasing diversity and urbanization favour persistence and change, while density, poverty, mining activity and the percentage of large firms and mining have a negative impact. The results suggest place-based policies according to entrepreneurial dynamism. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 677-705 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1743769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1743769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:677-705 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Ivy Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Ivy Author-Name: Áron Perényi Author-X-Name-First: Áron Author-X-Name-Last: Perényi Title: Entrepreneurial networks as informal institutions in transitional economies Abstract: This mixed-method study examines entrepreneurial networks as informal institutions established by local entrepreneurs in order to navigate the voids of formal institutions in the context of transitional economies. We first hypothesize the model developed in the qualitative study based on the voice of local practitioners and supported with literature. Then, we quantitatively test the model in two different contexts of institutional void – in the rent-seeking Ukraine and state-controlled Belarus in 2000s. It reveals that entrepreneurs who embrace norms of ‘right ties,’ ‘right identity,’ ‘right interests’ and ‘right actions’ rease their chances to join local entrepreneurial networks as perceived reliable personally and professionally, which results in network support. In a rent-seeking economy, entrepreneurs refer to ‘right identity’ and ‘right interests’ as priorities for their networks as informal institutions, while in the state-controlled economy, entrepreneurs prioritize ‘right identity’ and ‘right actions’. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 706-736 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1743770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1743770 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:706-736 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mette Søgaard Nielsen Author-X-Name-First: Mette Søgaard Author-X-Name-Last: Nielsen Author-Name: Kim Klyver Author-X-Name-First: Kim Author-X-Name-Last: Klyver Title: Meeting entrepreneurs’ expectations: the importance of social skills in strong relationships Abstract: In this study, we are interested in whether and when individuals’ ability to interact with others influences their tendency to provide social support to nascent entrepreneurs. We argue that social skills are not only necessary for entrepreneurs to obtain resources but also important for those people (alters) providing entrepreneurs with support, and especially so in strong relationships. We argue that in strong relationships, expectations of social support exchange pressure potential support providers to provide support in order to meet those expectations. Empirically, we found an association between social skills and exchange of social support, dependent on the strength of the relationship between the resource provider and the nascent entrepreneur. The hypotheses were tested on a dataset containing 458 individuals who know a nascent entrepreneur in Denmark. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 737-756 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1757159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1757159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:737-756 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michiel Verver Author-X-Name-First: Michiel Author-X-Name-Last: Verver Author-Name: Carel Roessingh Author-X-Name-First: Carel Author-X-Name-Last: Roessingh Author-Name: David Passenier Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Passenier Title: Ethnic boundary dynamics in immigrant entrepreneurship: a Barthian perspective Abstract: This paper sets out to better understand the role of ethnic boundary dynamics in immigrant entrepreneurship, in particular in terms of intersections at the boundaries between ‘ethnic’ and ‘mainstream’ economies, internal differentiation within ethnic community boundaries, and the socially constructed nature of ethnic boundaries more broadly. To better account for these dynamics, we develop a Barthian perspective on immigrant entrepreneurship, building on and integrating Fredrik Barth’s work on entrepreneurship, ethnic boundaries, and spheres of value. A Barthian perspective shifts the analytic focus from the ethnic group to entrepreneurial activities and, by implication, to the ethnic boundary dynamics that these activities generate. We draw on ethnographic research conducted among immigrant Mennonite entrepreneurs in Belize, and identify three boundary dynamics among the Mennonites: bridging the boundary between Mennonite ethnicity and the wider Belizean society, stretching the boundaries of individual Mennonite communities, and allying across the boundaries between Mennonite communities. In developing a Barthian perspective, the contribution of our paper lies in developing a comprehensive framework for understanding the role of ethnic boundary dynamics in immigrant entrepreneurship, thereby also responding to calls for more micro-processual approaches to understanding the ‘mixed embeddedness’ of immigrant entrepreneurs in their ethnic community and the wider society contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 757-782 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1757160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1757160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:757-782 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Onnolee Nordstrom Author-X-Name-First: Onnolee Author-X-Name-Last: Nordstrom Author-Name: Edward McKeever Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: McKeever Author-Name: Alistair Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alistair Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Piety and profit; the moral embeddedness of an enterprising community Abstract: We are interested in how morality can be sustained in entrepreneurial practice. We examine the interesting case of the Hutterites, a communal society who practice community entrepreneurship – entrepreneuring by the community and for the community. Arguing that culture provides values and that morals are cultural artefacts – we show how ethics determine the entrepreneurial practices of this remarkably successful entrepreneurial society. Our analysis explains how in this close-knit society, cultural morals and ethics of practice are perfectly aligned, embodied in practice and determine how entrepreneurship is practiced. The result is an economically viable society that preserves its ancient way of life and combines piety and profit. We demonstrate how cultural values shape entrepreneurial practice and how enterprising in this community is a change mechanism, yet also maintains social stability. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 783-804 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1781935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1781935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:783-804 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maja Savic Author-X-Name-First: Maja Author-X-Name-Last: Savic Author-Name: Helen Lawton Smith Author-X-Name-First: Helen Author-X-Name-Last: Lawton Smith Author-Name: Ioannis Bournakis Author-X-Name-First: Ioannis Author-X-Name-Last: Bournakis Title: Innovation and external knowledge sources in knowledge intensive business services (KIBS): evidence from de-industrialized UK regions Abstract: This paper explores the effect of external knowledge sources and the uneven geography on innovation activity in small Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS). It draws on results from a survey of 342 small and medium (SME) KIBS located in the UK’s North East and West Midlands, both de-industrialized regions. It is shown that innovation is supported by knowledge gained from frequent interaction with customers both regional and UK based as well as international. More frequent interaction with local business networks, informal contacts and national licencing arrangements also enhances innovativeness. Various industry-specific business networks and regional government agencies act as important sources of knowledge and networking and these are more important for KIBS located in the North East. The results indicate that more frequent collaboration with regional universities and regional public sector organizations does not benefit KIBS from either region. Also, while we acknowledge a positive effect of R&D on KIBS innovativeness we argue that its effect is less important compared to regional and extra regional knowledge sources. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 805-826 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1789751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1789751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:805-826 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marlen de la Chaux Author-X-Name-First: Marlen Author-X-Name-Last: de la Chaux Author-Name: Helen Haugh Author-X-Name-First: Helen Author-X-Name-Last: Haugh Title: When formal institutions impede entrepreneurship: how and why refugees establish new ventures in the Dadaab refugee camps Abstract: For this paper we investigated refugee entrepreneurship in the Dadaab refugee camps, Kenya, a place where humanitarian aid practices and domestic legislation impede entrepreneurship, yet hundreds of new ventures have been established by refugees. The analysis finds that refugee camp entrepreneurs erode formal institutions, recombine conducive aspects of both formal and informal institutions, and exploit the advantages of institutional misalignment. We explain how entrepreneurs strategically maintain rather than overcome institutional misalignment for venture creation. Second, we show how self-determination, rather than mere subsistence or necessity, is an important yet often overlooked motivator for entrepreneurship in low and lower middle-income contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 827-851 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1789752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1789752 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:827-851 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annie Tubadji Author-X-Name-First: Annie Author-X-Name-Last: Tubadji Author-Name: Elvira Fetahu Author-X-Name-First: Elvira Author-X-Name-Last: Fetahu Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp Author-Name: Timothy Hinks Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Hinks Title: Network Survival Strategies of Migrant Entrepreneurs in Large Cities: Analysis of Albanian Firms in Milan Abstract: This paper addresses the role of cultural bias (preference for what is culturally more akin) in the entrepreneurial choice regarding different types of social networks in the context of urban mixed embeddedness. We test empirically the presence and aftermaths of this cultural bias, drawing on evidence from a natural experiment with regard to Albanian ethnic entrepreneurs in the city of Milan, Italy. Namely, these entrepreneurs are exposed to the same mixed urban embeddedness and, when we control for firm characteristics, the only discriminating component explaining their success is their choice of social network. We focus on the choice over three types of social networks, classified according to varying degrees of cultural distance between the network and the entrepreneur: (a) the indigenous population, (b) the local Albanian diaspora, and (c) fellow citizens residing in the country of origin, Albania (i.e., transnational networking). We employ a novel method for reverse engineering of preferences for networking by using a Kaplan-Meier estimator and a propensity-score matching technique. We find that strategic network liaisons with locals is actually the most beneficial social network for ethnic firm performance. However, it is social networking within the culturally closer local Albanian diaspora that is the most common behaviour. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 852-878 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1842912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1842912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:852-878 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eline Jammaers Author-X-Name-First: Eline Author-X-Name-Last: Jammaers Author-Name: Patrizia Zanoni Author-X-Name-First: Patrizia Author-X-Name-Last: Zanoni Title: Unexpected entrepreneurs: the identity work of entrepreneurs with disabilities Abstract: Drawing on in-depth interviews, this study investigates how entrepreneurs with disabilities (EWDs) position themselves, in their identity work, vis-à-vis dominant, normative representations of the entrepreneur that tend to exclude them. Addressing the current neglect in how EWDs deal with such discursive barriers, we document four identity positions which they deploy, in various combinations, to construct an identity as an entrepreneur. Our findings show that outward positions, by which EWDs compare their own self with (non)-entrepreneurial (able-bodied) others and emphasize similarity and uniqueness, reproduce normative representations of the entrepreneur. Inward positions, by which EWDs engage in inner conversations contrasting their current self with older, aspirational or impossible selves, on the contrary lead to the destabilization of normative representations. This study speaks back to wider debates in entrepreneurship studies, including the plea to consider ‘ordinary’ entrepreneurs, the difference between ‘being’ an entrepreneur and ‘doing’ entrepreneurship, and the value in difference. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 879-898 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1842913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1842913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:879-898 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cristian Gherhes Author-X-Name-First: Cristian Author-X-Name-Last: Gherhes Author-Name: Tim Vorley Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley Author-Name: Chay Brooks Author-X-Name-First: Chay Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks Title: Making Sense of Industrial Decline: how Legacies of the Past Influence the Development of Entrepreneurship Cultures in Formerly Industrialized Places Abstract: This paper explores how local communities in formerly industrialized places make sense of industrial decline and how the historical experience of industrialism has influenced the subsequent development of local entrepreneurship cultures. Based on a study with entrepreneurs and policymakers in Doncaster, a post-industrial English town in South Yorkshire, the paper demonstrates how legacies of the past persist through local informal institutions and permeate local perceptions of place and opportunity, stymieing the development of an entrepreneurship culture in the locality. Drawing on Cresswell’s three-dimensional framework of place, the paper shows how place meanings can lag significantly behind material transformation and slow the adoption of new practices. The study reflects on these challenges and discusses the policy implications. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 899-921 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1842914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1842914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:899-921 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucia Garcia-Lorenzo Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia-Lorenzo Author-Name: Lucia Sell-Trujillo Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Sell-Trujillo Author-Name: Paul Donnelly Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Donnelly Title: Entrepreneuring after 50: the liminal identity transitions of older emergent entrepreneurs Abstract: Entrepreneurship has been proposed as a solution to extending working lives. However, little is known about how older (50+) entrepreneurs manage their personal transitions into entrepreneurship. In this paper, we propose to use a liminal identity work perspective to explore the identity paradoxes that older entrepreneurs experience during their transition into entrepreneurship and how they manage it. We use a qualitative study conducted over 14 months in the United Kingdom. Our analysis shows how older entrepreneurs confront identity paradoxes, interruptions and identity polarization in their attempts to shift from older identities and activity patterns into new ones. The entrepreneurs who manage to overcome the identity interruptions and polarization that the transition brings move away from an initial sense of isolation and bring creative understandings to older entrepreneuring processes. Our results expand current understanding of entrepreneurial identity work in liminal conditions, especially among older entrepreneurs, by looking at the tensions emerging between potentially new and customary identities and behaviours as an important aspect of entrepreneuring transitions rather than as negative frictions to be avoided. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 922-942 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 32 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1849408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1849408 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:922-942 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Audretsch Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch Author-Name: Colin Mason Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Author-Name: Morgan P. Miles Author-X-Name-First: Morgan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Miles Author-Name: Allan O’Connor Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor Title: Time and the dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems Abstract: In this article, we are primarily concerned with the influence and role of time on an entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE). Hence, the dynamics incorporated into the conception of the EE comes into focus. The recent work on this aspect has generally observed time as an evolutionary element for shaping and forming the context for entrepreneurial outcomes or that time is related to the change in entrepreneur and network profiles within a region. Other scholars have also noted how certain aspects of an EE will be affected by dimensions of size over time or that the profile of resources will alter the EE attractiveness for entrepreneurs. Time itself as a dynamic influence has not been explicitly examined and here we seek to draw out the multiple perceptions of time that influence the different rates of start-up, firm growth, change and evolution. We conclude by drawing attention to the simultaneous interaction of the different perceptions of time and outline the contributions to this Special Issue on the dynamics of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-14 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734257 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:1-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen B. Adams Author-X-Name-First: Stephen B. Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Title: From orchards to chips: Silicon Valley’s evolving entrepreneurial ecosystem Abstract: The initial development of Silicon Valley and its indigenous start-ups relied on various endowments, including abundant resources and a set of institutions and know-how inherited from previous industrial activity. This article identifies the entrepreneurial ecosystem that supported key tech start-ups on the San Francisco Peninsula prior to the 1960s, shows how the ecosystem developed and how it evolved. By 1940, a far-flung ecosystem—from Santa Clara County to San Francisco to Washington, DC – was in place, well before the arrival of the Valley’s first venture capitalists in 1959 and the establishment of the region’s first high-tech law firm in 1961. Federal agencies and laws provided revenue and risk reduction. Local universities provided brainpower. San Francisco-based banks and their Peninsula branches provided financing. San Francisco law firms drafted organizational agreements and protected intellectual property. Without such institutional support, there would be no Silicon Valley as we know it. Silicon Valley’s early high-tech start-ups were supported by an ecosystem that was developed for the agriculture, extractive, and transportation industries. That ecosystem was repurposed for defence-based electronics and telecommunications, and then transformed for the consumer world of calculators, video games and personal computers. The “master cluster” benefitted from being in the right place at the right time, and by inheriting the right ecosystem. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 15-35 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:15-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Ryan Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan Author-Name: Majella Giblin Author-X-Name-First: Majella Author-X-Name-Last: Giblin Author-Name: Giulio Buciuni Author-X-Name-First: Giulio Author-X-Name-Last: Buciuni Author-Name: Dieter F. Kogler Author-X-Name-First: Dieter F. Author-X-Name-Last: Kogler Title: The role of MNEs in the genesis and growth of a resilient entrepreneurial ecosystem Abstract: This article reports on a longitudinal process study of the critical role of anchor MNEs in the metamorphosis of a high-tech industrial cluster into a local entrepreneurial ecosystem. It draws on entrepreneurial ecosystem and international business literatures to frame the study of the genesis and evolutionary processes of an entrepreneurial ecosystem that emerged from two MNE subsidiaries, both of which had evolved into advanced R&D centres of excellence around a technology specialism. It shows how multiple new venture spinouts by former MNE employees introduced technological heterogeneity that catalysed into a resilient entrepreneurial ecosystem. The theoretical and policy implications that can be drawn from this case study emphasize the existence of both technology specialism and heterogeneity for resilience in an entrepreneurial ecosystem, and that reaching such a position is evolutionary in nature. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 36-53 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:36-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katharina Scheidgen Author-X-Name-First: Katharina Author-X-Name-Last: Scheidgen Title: Degrees of integration: how a fragmented entrepreneurial ecosystem promotes different types of entrepreneurs Abstract: Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EEs) are expected to support high growth entrepreneurship. Yet, little is known about how they actually promote entrepreneurial activities. Based on Giddens’ structuration theory, this paper takes the entrepreneurs’ perspective to understand how they actually use the resources provided by an EE. Based on semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs and other relevant actors in the Berlin EE along with participant observation at entrepreneurship events, this case study focuses on the resourcing practices of different types of entrepreneurs. It shows that the Berlin EE comprises two distinct subsystems. On the basis of this evidence it is proposed that EEs can have different degrees of integration and that this characteristic strongly impacts how entrepreneurs can actually acquire resources from the EE and thus how specific EEs promote different types of entrepreneurs. Heterogeneous structures therefore do not only exist between EEs but also within EEs. This heterogeneity needs to be recognized in order to understand how EEs function, enhance the comparability of research results, and design suitable political instruments to promote entrepreneurship effectively. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 54-79 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734263 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734263 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:54-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aki Harima Author-X-Name-First: Aki Author-X-Name-Last: Harima Author-Name: Jan Harima Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Harima Author-Name: Jörg Freiling Author-X-Name-First: Jörg Author-X-Name-Last: Freiling Title: The injection of resources by transnational entrepreneurs: towards a model of the early evolution of an entrepreneurial ecosystem Abstract: Despite its rapid proliferation, the extant literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems has not paid sufficient attention to the evolutionary nature of entrepreneurial ecosystems, mainly on account of the prevailing structuralist approaches in previous research. Particularly unclear is the early evolutionary context in which a region without rich entrepreneurial resources gains momentum and transforms into a nascent entrepreneurial ecosystem. The literature overlooks ecosystem dynamics in regions with limited entrepreneurial resources, as most studies have investigated more developed entrepreneurial ecosystems. This study illuminates one means to overcome resource scarcity on a regional level: resource injection by attracting transnational entrepreneurs, who transfer unique resources from one location to another. Based on an explorative qualitative study in the Santiago entrepreneurial ecosystem in Chile, where governmental actors incentivized transnational entrepreneurs to temporarily relocate to Santiago, this article proposes a three-step model of resource injection by transnational entrepreneurs with the following components: (i) stimulation of early ecosystem evolutionary momentum, (ii) evocation of institutional changes, and (iii) establishment of a resilient ecosystem. The findings offer practical implications for policymakers in emerging countries to utilize transnational entrepreneurs’ resources for developing an ecosystem in their region. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 80-107 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734265 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:80-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ashenafi Biru Author-X-Name-First: Ashenafi Author-X-Name-Last: Biru Author-Name: David Gilbert Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Gilbert Author-Name: Pia Arenius Author-X-Name-First: Pia Author-X-Name-Last: Arenius Title: Unhelpful help: The state of support programmes and the dynamics of entrepreneurship ecosystems in Ethiopia Abstract: Entrepreneurship support programmes are a major component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem. Through these programmes, stakeholders, often government-affiliated, aim to facilitate and enhance productive entrepreneurship practices within start-ups. However, the effectiveness of these support programmes is often considered in isolation from other entrepreneurship ecosystem domains, ignoring how the programmes impact the dynamics of the entrepreneurship ecosystem as a whole. This paper investigates how the structure and implementation of entrepreneurship support programmes in Ethiopia influence the entrepreneurial behaviours of firms within the ecosystem, thus extending previous research that has questioned the effectiveness of entrepreneurship support programmes in producing productive entrepreneurial ecosystems. Through a qualitative research methodology, consisting of 36 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with firm founders in the manufacturing sector in Ethiopia, we show that entrepreneurship support programmes that do not prioritize innovative and competitive firms when distributing resources, can dissuade firms from being entrepreneurial and pushing forward in the market. In the absence of competition-based resource distribution, firms focus on their survival rather than taking risks to expand their operations and this may impede the effort to create successful entrepreneurial ecosystems. Based on our findings, we offer a more pragmatic role for support programmes in creating entrepreneurial ecosystems within developing economies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 108-130 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:108-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Chaminade Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Chaminade Author-Name: Roman Martin Author-X-Name-First: Roman Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: James McKeever Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: McKeever Title: When regional meets global: exploring the nature of global innovation networks in the video game industry in Southern Sweden Abstract: For firms in symbolic (creative) industries, the region is usually seen as the main arena for knowledge sourcing and exchange. Why and how these firms use global innovation networks remains however poorly understood. This paper draws on in-depth interviews with firm representatives and network data collected through a survey of video game developers in southern Sweden. Video game development is a typical example of a symbolic industry, encompassing the development of non-tangible and symbol-intensive products and services. In recent years, this industry has advanced from a niche sector into a global mass market. Understanding how the hybrid character of the industry – with strong symbolic cultural roots but also a significant global engagement – affects the geography of innovation networks is the focus of this paper. The analysis reveals that knowledge sourcing and exchange take place likewise on the regional and global scale, but for different purposes and through different mechanisms. It also shows that not all variance in network engagement can be explained by differences in industrial knowledge bases or regional innovation systems. In contrast, the target market and the nature and geography of demand are important explanatory factors. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 131-146 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1736184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1736184 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:131-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard Author-Name: Sabine Müller Author-X-Name-First: Sabine Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Author-Name: Friederike Welter Author-X-Name-First: Friederike Author-X-Name-Last: Welter Title: It’s right nearby: how entrepreneurs use spatial bricolage to overcome resource constraints Abstract: The mobilization of resources is an essential challenge for entrepreneurs. Existing research suggests that access to standard and high-quality resources is an important condition for entrepreneurial success, yet such resources are often out of reach for entrepreneurs. In this study, we explore entrepreneurial resource mobilization in resource-constrained peripheral locations. We identify three activities together constituting an underlying logic of spatial bricolage, defined as making do with the resources at hand in the immediate spatial context. Further, we suggest that the likelihood and prevalence of this logic of action is both situational and dispositional, as individual and contextual factors combine to generate important differences in the resource mobilization activities of the entrepreneurs. Our study contributes to a contextualized understanding of entrepreneurship by showing how spatial bricolage as a distinct logic can help entrepreneurs overcome resource constraints, and how the spatial context incorporates an important dimension of what constitutes ‘at hand’ in entrepreneurial bricolage. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 147-173 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1855479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1855479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:147-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Malcolm Beynon Author-X-Name-First: Malcolm Author-X-Name-Last: Beynon Author-Name: Paul Jones Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: David Pickernell Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Pickernell Title: Innovation and the knowledge-base for entrepreneurship: investigating SME innovation across European regions using fsQCA Abstract: Using a 2019 data set, 236 regions across 26 European countries are investigated, focusing on four, interlinked, conditions of potential relevance to SME innovation, specifically measures focused on levels of human capital, internal firm innovation, innovation collaborations and broader knowledge collaborations between public and private sectors. The methodology applied uses a configurational approach to elucidate relationships, specifically fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to evaluate how these conditions affect sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations as a percentage of total turnover for SMEs in each region against the EU 2019 average (NMFS). In addition to existence of the classic ‘core’ region ‘innovation ecosystem’ recipe, having presence of three of the four conditions (in-house innovation being non-relevant), analysis reveals innovation policy may require specific tailoring in certain types of regions. This suggests greater collaboration is required to overcome more extensive absence of other parts of the Regional Innovation System, in-house innovation required to overcome lack of education alone. The main contributions of the research are to generate a more comprehensive evaluation of the complexity of innovation at the regional level, graphical ‘map’ based elucidation of findings also contributing to establishing a baseline for future analysis for European regions’ SME-innovation performance. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 227-248 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:227-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesús Nieto Author-X-Name-First: Jesús Author-X-Name-Last: Nieto Author-Name: Fernando Crecente Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Crecente Author-Name: María Sarabia Author-X-Name-First: María Author-X-Name-Last: Sarabia Author-Name: María Teresa Del Val Author-X-Name-First: María Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Del Val Title: The habitat of university and non-university startups Abstract: The habitat concept is been demonstrated as a crucial environment surrounding startups. The aim of this paper is to examine the differences between startups born in the university and startups born in science parks. Using a multilevel analysis, we compile a unique dataset of 242 Spanish-based technology startups and distinguish between university startups (122) and non-university startups (120). Likewise, demographic profiles and business characteristics are used in the analysis. Consistent with other research, our results indicate that university startups have more opportunities to obtain financial resources and to develop innovations. By contrast, non-university startups involve entrepreneurs with more experience. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 273-286 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872938 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:273-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergey Anokhin Author-X-Name-First: Sergey Author-X-Name-Last: Anokhin Author-Name: Natalia Chistyakova Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Chistyakova Author-Name: Irina Antonova Author-X-Name-First: Irina Author-X-Name-Last: Antonova Author-Name: Lyubov Spitsina Author-X-Name-First: Lyubov Author-X-Name-Last: Spitsina Author-Name: Joakim Wincent Author-X-Name-First: Joakim Author-X-Name-Last: Wincent Author-Name: Vinit Parida Author-X-Name-First: Vinit Author-X-Name-Last: Parida Title: Flagship enterprises, entrepreneurial clusters, and business entry rates: insights from the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship Abstract: Employing a panel setting of 88 counties in the State of Ohio over the five-year period ending in 2006, this study aims to investigate the applicability of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship in explaining the relationships between flagship enterprises, entrepreneurial clusters, and business entry rates. The study confirms the overall positive relationship between flagship enterprises and startup rates, and the negative relationship between entrepreneurial clusters and startup rates. It further demonstrates that the effect of clusters is moderated by local unemployment rates so that higher rates of unemployment weaken the negative impact of entrepreneurial clusters on startup rates. Based on the evidence collected, policy makers should increase support for flagship enterprises in their regions, and would-be business owners should consider locating their ventures in proximity to flagship companies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 353-367 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872942 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872942 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:353-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dianne H.B. Welsh Author-X-Name-First: Dianne H.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Welsh Author-Name: Orlando Llanos-Contreras Author-X-Name-First: Orlando Author-X-Name-Last: Llanos-Contreras Author-Name: Manuel Alonso-Dos-Santos Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Alonso-Dos-Santos Author-Name: Eugene Kaciak Author-X-Name-First: Eugene Author-X-Name-Last: Kaciak Title: How much do network support and managerial skills affect women’s entrepreneurial success? The overlooked role of country economic development Abstract: The success of women-owned businesses with regard to the stages of economic development of countries is under-examined on a global basis. This study explores the relationship between country economic and political contexts and assesses the importance of entrepreneurs’ networks and managerial skills on women’s entrepreneurial success. The research uses data from 22 countries chosen from multi-dimensional country context constructs (i.e., select economic and political factors) and measures both family and external moral and financial support and managerial skills. The results show that stock (managerial skill) and flow (family and non-family support) differentially influence women’s entrepreneurial success in countries at varying levels of competitive development. In particular, the results confirm the positive influence of managerial skills and family moral and financial support on women’s entrepreneurial success (based on annual income) in countries at a higher level of competitive development and confirm their negative influence in countries at a lower level of competitive growth. Moreover, the results reveal influences of non-family financial support (positive for highly competitive countries) on income but not non-family moral support. Public policy implications are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 287-308 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872939 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:287-308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sascha Kraus Author-X-Name-First: Sascha Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus Author-Name: William McDowell Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: McDowell Author-Name: Domingo Enrique Ribeiro-Soriano Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano Author-Name: María Rodríguez-García Author-X-Name-First: María Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-García Title: The role of innovation and knowledge for entrepreneurship and regional development Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 175-184 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/22797254.2021.1872929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/22797254.2021.1872929 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:175-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hao Jiao Author-X-Name-First: Hao Author-X-Name-Last: Jiao Author-Name: Tang Wang Author-X-Name-First: Tang Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Ilan Alon Author-X-Name-First: Ilan Author-X-Name-Last: Alon Title: Financial wealth, socioemotional wealth, and founder exits: an empirical examination of Chinese IPOs Abstract: Initial public offerings (IPOs) are typically viewed as the peak of entrepreneurial success, providing founder-CEOs a chance to profitably exit. Founder-CEOs, however, are often motivated by non-financial considerations in addition to the desire to amass wealth. According to the behavioral agency model, the founder-CEOs’ framing of gains vs. losses of their wealth creation at IPO determines their risk aversion vs. risk taking behaviors. In addition, the behavioral agency model argues that founder-CEOs with a great deal of socioemotional wealth fear losing that wealth. This fear will attenuate their aversion to losing financial wealth. To test our model, we collected a sample of 130 entrepreneurial IPOs from 2004 to 2009 in China whose founder-CEOs left the firm after it went public. The results confirm a U-shaped relationship between the founder-CEOs’ financial wealth and their exit speed after the IPO. A high level of socioemotional wealth, exemplified by the CEOs’ tenure, a higher ratio of insiders on the board, and the age of the stock market, negatively moderates the effect of financial wealth. We contribute to the literature by providing empirical support for the behavioral agency model and founder-CEO exits in China by examining both financial and socioemotional wealth. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 208-226 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:208-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Kalisz Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Kalisz Author-Name: Francesco Schiavone Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Schiavone Author-Name: Giorgia Rivieccio Author-X-Name-First: Giorgia Author-X-Name-Last: Rivieccio Author-Name: Céline Viala Author-X-Name-First: Céline Author-X-Name-Last: Viala Author-Name: Junsong Chen Author-X-Name-First: Junsong Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Analyzing the macro-level determinants of user entrepreneurship. The moderating role of the national culture. Abstract: Scholars have extensively analysed country-based determinants of entrepreneurship over the last few decades. One of these is national culture. To date such a body of knowledge was underestimated in one of the rising streams of literature observed over the last decade: user entrepreneurship. To fill this research gap, the research questions of the present paper are: What is the impact of country-level factors on user entrepreneurship? What is the role of culture in such a relationship? The study analyzes new business units’ activities created by user innovators in the healthcare industry, exploring the effects of the four dimensions of the entrepreneurship model by Thai and Turkina. The adopted methodology uses statistical methods based on principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and polynomial regression models. Findings indicate a clustering behaviour among countries with similar user entrepreneurial activities. Such behaviour highlights the macro-level determinants of health user entrepreneurship, defining a curvilinear relationship among these. In particular, an inverted U-shaped curve emerges when user entrepreneurship is combined with a country’s health culture. We detect a moderation effect of national culture on such a nonlinear relationship at the cross-country level. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 185-207 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:185-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lydia Canovas-Saiz Author-X-Name-First: Lydia Author-X-Name-Last: Canovas-Saiz Author-Name: Isidre March-Chordà Author-X-Name-First: Isidre Author-X-Name-Last: March-Chordà Author-Name: Rosa Maria Yagüe-Perales Author-X-Name-First: Rosa Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Yagüe-Perales Title: A quantitative-based model to assess seed accelerators’ performance Abstract: Seed accelerators are a new generation of business incubators. While the number of seed accelerators worldwide has grown exponentially, there is as yet no consensus on how to measure and analyse their performance. Therefore, the present study, using two pioneering surveys, aims to cast new light on this field by empirically assessing the performance of accelerators and the prospects of their accelerated firms. A model is built on two perspectives that are used to assess the prospects of the accelerated firms: (1) the accelerator´s perspective, and (2) the accelerated start-ups’ perspective. The results confirmed, at statistically significant levels, that the portfolio size of accelerators, their start-ups´ survival rates, and the number of employees in the accelerated firms, have a positive effect on the median value of the funding received by the accelerated start-ups from the accelerators’ funds. Furthermore, accelerators located in the U.S., and those with the greatest longevity, are shown to have a higher impact on start-ups´ survival rates. The study is not free of limitations, but its findings contribute to the still scarce quantitative literature on the performance of accelerators, and provide important managerial implications for their managers, investors, and entrepreneurs. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 332-352 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872941 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:332-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Piñeiro-Chousa Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Piñeiro-Chousa Author-Name: M.Á. López-Cabarcos Author-X-Name-First: M.Á. Author-X-Name-Last: López-Cabarcos Author-Name: N. Romero-Castro Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Romero-Castro Author-Name: P. Vázquez-Rodríguez Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Vázquez-Rodríguez Title: Sustainable tourism entrepreneurship in protected areas. A real options assessment of alternative management options Abstract: Tourism entrepreneurship has not received sufficient attention in the context of protected areas (PAs). It needs careful management to avoid conflicts with conservation objectives and positively contribute to regional development. Traditional management approaches based on the strict application of the carrying capacity principle are suboptimal. An adaptive management framework has been demanded, but it has been scarcely adopted in practice or explored in previous research. Moreover, appropriate decision-making tools are lacking. This study proposes a combination of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and real options analysis (ROA) to support the sustainable tourism entrepreneurship development in PAs under an adaptive management framework. Costs are related to the conservation and restoration activities, and benefits to the use and non-use value placed by visitors on it, measured through visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) for sustainable tourism. The proposed model also embraces uncertainty and flexibility, considering visitors’ WTP and tourism demand as the primary sources of uncertainty. Through the analysis of the sustainable tourism management of Ons Island, part of the Marine-Terrestrial National Park of the Atlantic Islands of Galicia, we exemplify the power of a combined CBA-ROA approach and derive implications for policymakers, PA managers, tourism entrepreneurs, and researchers. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 249-272 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:249-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bing Xu Author-X-Name-First: Bing Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Haijing Yu Author-X-Name-First: Haijing Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Lili Li Author-X-Name-First: Lili Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: The impact of entrepreneurship on regional economic growth: a perspective of spatial heterogeneity Abstract: The relationship between entrepreneurship and regional economic growth has always been a hot topic for scholars. However, the conclusions of existing studies mostly believe that the spatial variable relationship between the two is a fixed positive relationship and does not change with the change of spatial position, which is obviously contrary to the law of heterogeneity or non-stationarity in the spatial relationship of the real geographic world. This paper proposes a new spatial variable coefficient model, called Mixed Geographically Weighted Panel Regression with Spatial Autoregression (MGWPR-SAR), to study the spatial heterogeneity of the impact of entrepreneurship on the economic growth of 31 provinces and cities in China. Unlike the conclusions of mainstream research, the results of this paper show that the role of entrepreneurship in China’s regional economic growth is not necessarily positive, and it has significant spatial heterogeneity. Entrepreneurship has a positive role in promoting economic growth in the relatively developed regions of the eastern coastal and central regions, while it has a negative effect on economic growth in the relatively backward regions of the west. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 309-331 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872940 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:309-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Junsheng Dou Author-X-Name-First: Junsheng Author-X-Name-Last: Dou Author-Name: Emma Su Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Su Author-Name: Shengxiao Li Author-X-Name-First: Shengxiao Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Daniel T. Holt Author-X-Name-First: Daniel T. Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Title: Transgenerational entrepreneurship in entrepreneurial families: what is explicitly learned and what is successfully transferred? Abstract: Research has suggested that the interaction between older and younger generation family members plays a pivotal role in the development of the younger generation’s entrepreneurial practices. Little is known, however, what the older generation transfers to younger generation family members and what is explicitly applied by the younger generation in new entrepreneurial settings. Drawing on multiple case studies with Chinese business families, we identify the elements of knowledge that are passed between the two generations to include moral values, competence values, and cognitive heuristics. Moreover, we show that values rather than heuristics are further transferred in new entrepreneurial settings. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 427-441 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727090 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727090 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:427-441 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen Randerson Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: Randerson Author-Name: Hermann Frank Author-X-Name-First: Hermann Author-X-Name-Last: Frank Author-Name: Clay Dibrell Author-X-Name-First: Clay Author-X-Name-Last: Dibrell Author-Name: Esra Memili Author-X-Name-First: Esra Author-X-Name-Last: Memili Title: From family to families: pushing family entrepreneurship forward Abstract: The present guest editorial offers a review of the different conceptualizations of families in business used in research to date, shedding light on the unique characteristics of each type. Understanding the family through the lens of social systems theory offers a means for researchers to study contextually embedded family systems, offering a foundation for studying differences among families. We demonstrate that the family business system (ownership, business, family) is incomplete without a fourth component, that of the family in business. We then present the papers included in this special issue and highlight the collective contribution to research in the fields of family business and family entrepreneurship and provide directions for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 369-382 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727091 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:369-382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 475-475 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1930732 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1930732 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:475-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allan Discua Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Discua Cruz Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Author-Name: Sarah L. Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah L. Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Title: Understanding entrepreneurial opportunities through metaphors: a narrative approach to theorizing family entrepreneurship Abstract: The concept of opportunity is central to entrepreneurship theory. This article contributes to theorizing family entrepreneurship across generations by examining how entrepreneurial opportunities are constructed, communicated, and acted upon at the intersection between family and business. Drawing on the experiences of four families in different business sectors in Honduras, the study adopts a narrative perspective and argues that metaphors of entrepreneurial opportunity can enrich our understanding of family entrepreneurship. Findings also suggest that metaphors play a role in developing entrepreneurial legacy. This study of metaphors of opportunity, and how they might entail entrepreneurial legacy, opens up new avenues for theorizing intergenerational family entrepreneurship. In examining the metaphors referring to entrepreneurial practices developed and repeated in the family, this study contributes to understanding family entrepreneurship as a social and discursive process where meanings and values are communicated and maintained in everyday interactions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 405-426 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727089 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:405-426 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mariana Estrada-Robles Author-X-Name-First: Mariana Author-X-Name-Last: Estrada-Robles Author-Name: Nick Williams Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Tim Vorley Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley Title: Structural coupling in entrepreneurial families: how business-related resources contribute to enterpriseness Abstract: This paper examines how family members support each other’s entrepreneurial activities through sharing resources created at the business-level. Drawing on the concept of ‘enterpriseness’ the study examines the flows between a family and the business and how it influences the impacts of the businesses on the family (enterpriseness). We capture the enterpriseness by focusing on entrepreneurial families where more than one member is an owner-entrepreneur. Through in-depth interviews with entrepreneurial families in Mexico, we show how different forms of capital resources emerging from multiple businesses flow back into the family and contribute to enterpriseness. The entrepreneurial family enables access to human, social and financial capital resources that are easily mobilized and combined by other members for their multiple firms, showing a subsequent effect to the business-level. Consequently, enterpriseness influences entrepreneurial behaviours which have a variety of consequences for the entrepreneurial family and their businesses. The paper concludes with a number of contributions to theory. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 457-474 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727093 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:457-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheila K. Hanson Author-X-Name-First: Sheila K. Author-X-Name-Last: Hanson Author-Name: Ksenia Keplinger Author-X-Name-First: Ksenia Author-X-Name-Last: Keplinger Title: The balance that sustains benedictines: family entrepreneurship across generations Abstract: The heart of family business and family entrepreneurship is the family. Challenging our current understanding of what constitutes a family is important to advance the emerging field of family entrepreneurship. In this conceptual paper, we expand previous research focus with a transactional approach to family and explore family entrepreneurship across generations using the context of Benedictine organizations. The monastic family, defined from the transactional point of view, represents approximately 1,500 years of family history and entrepreneurial activities. Considering an extraordinary example of Benedictines and integrating literature from organizational behaviour, psychology, family science, family business and family entrepreneurship, we investigate the transactional family influence on development and maintenance of resilience capacity (i.e. resiliency) at organizational, family and individual levels. In particular, we develop a theoretical model conceptualizing how values and behavioural guidelines communicated through a code of ethics influences resiliency of (1) family firms through development of a long-term orientation, (2) families through maintenance of a balanced family type, and (3) individuals through enhancement of an individual work-nonwork balance. Finally, we discuss theoretical and practical implications. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 442-456 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727092 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:442-456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Clinton Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Clinton Author-Name: Maura McAdam Author-X-Name-First: Maura Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam Author-Name: Jordan Robert Gamble Author-X-Name-First: Jordan Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Gamble Author-Name: Martina Brophy Author-X-Name-First: Martina Author-X-Name-Last: Brophy Title: Entrepreneurial learning: the transmitting and embedding of entrepreneurial behaviours within the transgenerational entrepreneurial family Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore how entrepreneurial behaviours are transmitted and embedded across generations within a Transgenerational Entrepreneurial Family (TEF). Although extant family business research has acknowledged the importance of learning in facilitating the transference of values, norms and attitudes, we know little about how learning embeds entrepreneurial behaviours at the family level. In order to address this, we adopted a longitudinal perspective of four TEF cases, drawing on numerous interviews, archival sources and observational instances. An iterative procedure for data analysis, which involved open coding, within-case analyses, second-order coding and cross-case analysis, was undertaken. Our findings illustrate how the implementation of entrepreneurial behaviours within TEFs was a process of negotiation and reification, informed by differences among families in response to critical incidents. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the presence of entrepreneurial behaviour enablers in each TEF has facilitated the perpetuation of entrepreneurial behaviours. Finally, we illuminate the importance of unlearning, the disregarding of prior learning to accommodate new information and behaviours, in the TEF context, where such entities are faced with unlearning paradoxes that subsequently influence their entrepreneurial behaviours. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 383-404 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727088 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:383-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heléne Lundberg Author-X-Name-First: Heléne Author-X-Name-Last: Lundberg Author-Name: Christina Öberg Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Öberg Title: The matter of locality: family firms in sparsely populated regions Abstract: This paper explores the interaction and interdependence between family firms and sparsely populated regions. Interactivity underlines the dynamics of the setting and how it changes based on activities between the firm and the context, whereas interdependence refers to how the family firm and the region become mutually reliant on one another. Five case studies show that while the firms act under similar conditions in terms of disparity, their interplay with and dependence on the region differ. The study points to how the citizenship of the family firms is fundamental and how employment is at the heart of the interdependence, while those firms interacting most strongly with the region are those expanding beyond what would be expected by a family firm in terms of traditions and risk aversion. This again indicates a complex pattern of interactivities and interdependencies between family firms and sparsely populated regions. The paper provides important dimensions to theories on family firms’ local contexts specifically related to under-researched settings of sparsely populated regions and important implications for managers, public actors and policy makers, not the least related to support to such contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 493-513 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:493-513 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia Pongelli Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Pongelli Author-Name: Alfredo Valentino Author-X-Name-First: Alfredo Author-X-Name-Last: Valentino Author-Name: Andrea Calabrò Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Calabrò Author-Name: Matteo Caroli Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Caroli Title: Family-centered goals, geographic focus and family firms’ internationalization: a study on export performance Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate whether family-centred goals impact on family firms’ export performance and to determine the extent to which the geographic focus (regional versus global) of the firm’s strategy changes this relationship. Our hypotheses are tested on a sample of 195 medium to large family firms. The main findings show that, while family-centred non-economic (FCNE) goals negatively impact on export performance, family-centred economic (FCE) goals have a positive influence. Moreover, empirical evidence suggests that both effects are stronger when firms adopt an international strategy with a global, rather than regional, focus. We therefore suggest that a global strategy is detrimental for those family firms strongly prioritizing FCNE goals yet beneficial for those strongly prioritizing FCE goals. Overall, our study theoretically and empirically shows that the actual emphasis that family firm owners place on family-centred goals may either facilitate or inhibit their international sales and that this influence is moderated by the geographic focus of their international activities. In so doing, our study improves our knowledge of why some family firms are more successful than others in their international endeavours. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 580-598 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925851 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:580-598 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clare Rigg Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Rigg Author-Name: Paul Coughlan Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Coughlan Author-Name: Denise O’Leary Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: O’Leary Author-Name: David Coghlan Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Coghlan Title: A practice perspective on knowledge, learning and innovation – insights from an EU network of small food producers Abstract: Drawing on insider research with a three-year EU network created to support innovation in geographically marginalized traditional food companies, this paper makes three contributions to discussions of innovation in small and micro-firms. First, we shift focus away from conceiving of knowledge as a discrete entity, and of knowledge sharing, transfer and exchange as the passing of objects. Applying a practice perspective that conceptualizes innovation as situated in the everyday activities of organizing, learning and working, we extend open innovation ideas and identify three distinct sets of knowledge-creating practices that small and micro-firm actors in this network context engage in as they interact: seek-and-take, peer exploration and critical reflection. Second, we integrate these practices into a model that suggests how different kinds of knowledge boundary (entitative, epistemic, pragmatic and existential) are differently traversed by these practices, with more complex boundaries benefitting from a practice approach. Third, we refine a practical approach for policy interventions designed to stimulate small and micro-firm innovation. The relevance of our contribution lies in the significance of small firms within peripheral economies, and the particular challenges they face in accessing new knowledge for innovation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 621-640 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1877832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1877832 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:621-640 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Panagiotis Piperopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis Author-X-Name-Last: Piperopoulos Author-Name: Mario Kafouros Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Kafouros Author-Name: Murod Aliyev Author-X-Name-First: Murod Author-X-Name-Last: Aliyev Author-Name: Emma Yan Liu Author-X-Name-First: Emma Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Alan Au Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Au Title: How does informal entrepreneurship influence the performance of small formal firms? A cross-country institutional perspective Abstract: We advance understanding of how competition from informal entrepreneurial firms influences the performance of small formal (registered) firms. We also investigate the role of tax and law related institutions in shaping differently the performance outcomes of the competition between informal and formal firms. Empirical evidence from the analysis of 11,988 observations in 110 emerging countries indicates that, on average, informal firms affect adversely the performance of small formal firms. These negative effects however are stronger in institutional environments with burdensome courts of law but tend to be weaker in environments with burdensome tax regulations. Our analysis extends the rational exit perspective of informality and shows how competition from informal firms affects the performance of small formal firms. It also specifies how contingencies associated with law- and tax-specific institutions across emerging countries influence this relationship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 668-687 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1887371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1887371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:668-687 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Massimo Baù Author-X-Name-First: Massimo Author-X-Name-Last: Baù Author-Name: Joern Block Author-X-Name-First: Joern Author-X-Name-Last: Block Author-Name: Allan Discua Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Discua Cruz Author-Name: Lucia Naldi Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Naldi Title: Bridging locality and internationalization – A research agenda on the sustainable development of family firms Abstract: Globalization, digital technologies, societal and environmental concerns influence the way family firms operate locally and internationally. Family firms are often torn between their local and global environments, simultaneously visible and embedded in their local environment while marketing their products and services abroad. Unlike large multinationals that have often lost their roots, family firms manifest an active interest in maintaining their local roots and traditions. Moreover, increasing concerns with sustainable development call for continuity through sustainability aimed at improving local and global socioeconomic conditions. This editorial of the special issue on ‘Locality and Internationalization of Family Firms’ discusses this tension that family firms face and how they can build bridges between communities increasingly drifting apart. By bridging local and global environments, family firms can contribute to the sustainable development of society. We present a research agenda addressing this particular bridging function of family firms and propose several avenues for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 477-492 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925846 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:477-492 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernanda Ricotta Author-X-Name-First: Fernanda Author-X-Name-Last: Ricotta Author-Name: Rodrigo Basco Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Basco Title: Family firms in European regions: the role of regional institutions Abstract: Our study investigates whether the quality of regional institutions influences firms’ likelihood of being a family firm. We explore our conjecture using the EU-EFIGE/Bruegel-UniCredit dataset, which provides comparable cross-country data on manufacturing firms in seven European countries. We use a multilevel framework to analyse how firm- and regional-level variables influence firms’ likelihood of being a family firm. We find evidence that location matters in explaining firms’ probability of being a family firm but that differences between countries are more relevant than are differences between regions. Our results show that the lower the quality of regional institutions, the higher the likelihood of a firm being a family firm. Our results are robust to alternative regional-level control variables and persist after several robustness checks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 532-554 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925849 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925849 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:532-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Pittino Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Pittino Author-Name: Francesca Visintin Author-X-Name-First: Francesca Author-X-Name-Last: Visintin Author-Name: Alessandro Minichilli Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro Author-X-Name-Last: Minichilli Author-Name: Cristiana Compagno Author-X-Name-First: Cristiana Author-X-Name-Last: Compagno Title: Family involvement in governance and firm performance in industrial districts. The moderating role of the industry’s technological paradigm Abstract: Studies on industrial districts tend to highlight the advantages for companies arising from the network of relationships among actors based on the sharing of a common history, culture and norms of behaviour. It has been recently shown that family businesses succeed in leveraging on the district effect only under certain size conditions. In this work, we further advance the study of the ‘district’ effect on family businesses with the analysis of further key contingencies in addition to size, namely the actual level of family involvement and the technological sector. It has been recently shown that family businesses succeed in leveraging on the district effect only under certain size conditions: for example, according to Cucculelli and Storai’s (2015) results, medium-sized family businesses companies enjoy the advantages of operating in a district more than larger and smaller companies and than non-family businesses of similar size. In this work, we further advance the study of the ‘district’ effect on family businesses with the analysis of further key contingencies in addition to size, namely the actual level of family involvement and the technological sector. We argue that an intense involvement of family members in the governance of companies operating within districts, negatively impacts on companies’ performance due to the emergence of a phenomenon of overembeddedness. Further, we also show an industry technological paradigm, characterized by radical breakthroughs, combines with family involvement and location in a district to negatively influence a company’s performance. The study is conducted on the Bocconi Italian Observatory of Family Business and includes a final usable panel of 55,489 company/year observations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 514-531 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925848 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:514-531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben Spigel Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Spigel Author-Name: Tara Vinodrai Author-X-Name-First: Tara Author-X-Name-Last: Vinodrai Title: Meeting its Waterloo? Recycling in entrepreneurial ecosystems after anchor firm collapse Abstract: The ‘recycling’ of people, capital, and ideas within an entrepreneurial ecosystem is a key process driving high-growth entrepreneurship. Skilled workers who leave firms after successful exits or firm collapse bring knowledge and insights that they can use to start new ventures or work at existing scale-up firms. This makes large anchor firms important actors in attracting workers who may subsequently recycle into the local ecosystem. However, there is limited empirical research on recycling into an ecosystem after the loss of an anchor firm. This paper develops a novel methodology using career history data to track recycling into ecosystems. The paper develops a study of Waterloo, Ontario, home to the smartphone manufacturer Blackberry, whose decline in 2008 represented a significant shock to the local entrepreneurial ecosystem. We find that alumni of this firm engaged in very little high-growth entrepreneurship, instead entering the ecosystem as technology employees at high-growth scale-up firms. This was aided by the region's increased institutional capacity to match skilled workers with new ventures, ensuring the continued success of the ecosystem over time. These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of the role of anchor firms in entrepreneurial ecosystems and how recycling affects the dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 599-620 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734262 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:599-620 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Silvia Ranfagni Author-X-Name-First: Silvia Author-X-Name-Last: Ranfagni Author-Name: Andrea Runfola Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Runfola Author-Name: Daria Sarti Author-X-Name-First: Daria Author-X-Name-Last: Sarti Title: Family firms between territory and internationalization: an authenticity based perspective Abstract: Being authentic implies maintaining a character of genuineness and honesty, while remaining coherent with oneself and one’s surrounding context over time. It can represent a critical asset to be preserved and exploited, especially in the case of family firms. This paper explores the role of authenticity as a driving force for foreign sales expansion in those family firms that are rooted in a territory. While previous studies emphasize the emergence of a trade-off between maintaining linkages with local traditions and foreign sales expansion, this paper proposes an original perspective. We aim to answer the following question: How does a family business maintain a territorial-based identity by going international? Methodologically, this study presents the cross-case analysis of six Italian family firms whose products are expressions of the cultural legacy, history, and traditions of a territory. The results of the study find their synthesis in a model for family business internationalization driven by a territorial-based authenticity. We identify four building blocks that allow for pursuing the maintaining of the links with local traditions as well as helping family firms to grow on foreign markets, namely, integration, retention, evangelization, and reinforcement. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 555-579 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925850 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:555-579 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Fath Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Fath Author-Name: Hugh Whittaker Author-X-Name-First: Hugh Author-X-Name-Last: Whittaker Author-Name: Antje Fiedler Author-X-Name-First: Antje Author-X-Name-Last: Fiedler Title: Developing venture opportunities amidst rivalry: entrepreneurs’ backgrounds and the governing role of maintaining confidence Abstract: This qualitative, longitudinal study of 12 innovative young New Zealand ventures investigates how individual entrepreneurs develop their venture opportunity amidst emerging rivalry. Two phases are identified: the pursuit of the initial opportunity, and developing it under rivalry. Adopting a sensemaking perspective and a social understanding of rivalry, we explain how entrepreneurs’ backgrounds impact opportunity confidence and the construction of rivalry, and reveal three main pathways whereby entrepreneurs develop their venture. First, entrepreneurs with neither start-up experience nor industry knowledge construct rivalry as threatening and narrow their network as opportunity confidence declines. Second, entrepreneurs with industry knowledge construct emerging rivalry as a challenge and strengthen within-industry ties to meet it. Third, entrepreneurs with serial start-up experience remain unfazed by rivalry and may abandon existing networks in favour for new networks. Comparing pathways, the paper makes two main contributions. First, it illustrates a link between entrepreneurs’ backgrounds and the construction of rivalry. This construction impacts opportunity confidence. Second, the paper suggests that such changes in opportunity confidence guide decisions about how to embed the venture into social context. Overall, the paper contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms whereby entrepreneurial backgrounds influence developing venture opportunities in competitive settings. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 641-667 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1886332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1886332 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:641-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elena Dowin Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Dowin Kennedy Title: Creating community: the process of entrepreneurial community building for civic wealth creation Abstract: This article examines the development of an entrepreneurial community focused on civic wealth creation. This case study identifies how a team of community entrepreneurs successfully leveraged their relationships to develop a shared vision and invest complementary assets to re-build a defunct cotton mill and form an entrepreneurial community around it to create civic wealth through the creation of opportunities of others and curation of the space. Building on the case, the paper explicates the process through which the entrepreneurial community is formed with the intent to create civic wealth, elaborates on the challenges of maintaining dual roles of animator and entrepreneur and highlights the importance of the maintenance of relationships in entrepreneurial communities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 816-836 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1964612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1964612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:816-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandrine Stervinou Author-X-Name-First: Sandrine Author-X-Name-Last: Stervinou Author-Name: Julie Bayle-Cordier Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Bayle-Cordier Author-Name: Lorea Narvaiza Author-X-Name-First: Lorea Author-X-Name-Last: Narvaiza Author-Name: Cristina Aragón Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Aragón Author-Name: Cristina Iturrioz Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Iturrioz Title: Exploring the interplay between context and enterprise purpose in participative social entrepreneurship: the perceptions of worker cooperative entrepreneurs Abstract: Entrepreneurship research views context as central to understanding entrepreneurship as a fluid social construction. Our study answers recent call to focus on a diversity of organizational forms to deepen theorizing and to broaden the domain of what is considered entrepreneurship. Worker cooperatives are a type of social enterprise under exposed in the entrepreneurship literature. Thus, we investigate how context impacts collective social entrepreneurial processes over time by exploring how worker cooperative entrepreneurs view their contexts and their own entrepreneurial initiatives’ purposes. We introduce the term ‘participative social entrepreneurship’, which we define as ‘democratic and collaborative action, amongst both similar and diverse actors to foster positive societal change’. Findings based on a longitudinal study of worker cooperative entrepreneurs from two European territories over 2011-2020 highlight the relevance of context and purpose interplay in shaping worker cooperative entrepreneurs’ perceptions and so, the construction of participative social entrepreneurship. The study reveals that while, in theory, the worker cooperative form has a prosocial purpose naturally embedded in its democratic governance structure, social entrepreneurship in action does not always translate into voices that contest the status quo and highlights the necessity of paying attention to the factors that make participative social entrepreneurship dynamic and real. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 758-788 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1914740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1914740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:758-788 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gagan Deep Sharma Author-X-Name-First: Gagan Deep Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma Author-Name: Justin Paul Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Paul Author-Name: Mrinalini Srivastava Author-X-Name-First: Mrinalini Author-X-Name-Last: Srivastava Author-Name: Anshita Yadav Author-X-Name-First: Anshita Author-X-Name-Last: Yadav Author-Name: John Mendy Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Mendy Author-Name: Tapan Sarker Author-X-Name-First: Tapan Author-X-Name-Last: Sarker Author-Name: Sanchita Bansal Author-X-Name-First: Sanchita Author-X-Name-Last: Bansal Title: Neuroentrepreneurship: an integrative review and research agenda Abstract: There is emergent literature that converges from neuroscience and entrepreneurship research, but the definitions and interlinkages are still inconsistent. We conduct a systematic literature review of 167 papers on the interface between neuroscience and entrepreneurship to address this. We observe the literature trends examining the interlinkages between neuroscience and entrepreneurial intention through six antecedents, namely - molecular neuroscience, systems neuroscience, behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, social neuroscience, and computational neuroscience. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurial intention impacts entrepreneurial activity through five factors, including (1) opportunity recognition, (2) evaluation and risk-taking, (3) entrepreneurial cognition, (4) entrepreneurial behavior, and (5) entrepreneurial decision-making. From our discussions, the links among the neural factors affecting entrepreneurship are identified, and a research agenda highlighting a pathway for future studies is proposed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 863-893 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1966106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1966106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:863-893 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donato Iacobucci Author-X-Name-First: Donato Author-X-Name-Last: Iacobucci Author-Name: Francesco Perugini Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Perugini Title: Entrepreneurial ecosystems and economic resilience at local level Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to investigate if and to what extent entrepreneurial ecosystems (EE) have an impact on economic resilience at local level. The paper is based on a quantitative analysis for the Italian provinces (NUT-3 level) and presents two novelties: first, it provides a composite index of EE at local level by capturing the different aspects encompassing political, social, cultural and economic dimensions of an EE; second, it analyzes the role of EE in terms of resistance to and recovery from external shocks. The empirical results show that EE has a relevant role in explaining the resilience of local systems to economic shocks. The positive effect also remains when controlling for the direct impact of new firm formation, thus highlighting that the EE concept has a greater significance for characterizing resilience and entrepreneurial activity at local level than entrepreneurial rates. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 689-716 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1888318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1888318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:689-716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Knox Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Knox Author-Name: Lucrezia Casulli Author-X-Name-First: Lucrezia Author-X-Name-Last: Casulli Author-Name: Andrew MacLaren Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: MacLaren Title: Identity work in different entrepreneurial settings: dominant interpretive repertoires and divergent striving agendas Abstract: This paper examines how entrepreneurs within different settings reflect on social interactions to work on their identity. Using life story narratives, we explore a business membership network and a creative hub in the central belt of Scotland. Our subsequent model shows how individuals in these settings use different dominant interpretive repertoires, as represented by structural-instrumental work in the business network and relational work in the creative hub. We also show how the interpretive repertoires both shape and are shaped by what individuals strive for in their identity work: striving for esteem and striving for closeness. We discuss how our findings offer insight into the dynamics of social identities and how they are reproduced and maintained through situated exchange using specific interpretive repertoires and striving agendas. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 717-740 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1890231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1890231 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:717-740 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sue Kilpatrick Author-X-Name-First: Sue Author-X-Name-Last: Kilpatrick Author-Name: Jane Farmer Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Farmer Author-Name: Sherridan Emery Author-X-Name-First: Sherridan Author-X-Name-Last: Emery Author-Name: Tracy DeCotta Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: DeCotta Title: Social enterprises and regional cities: working together for mutual benefit Abstract: Social enterprises respond to local needs through an integrated economic and social model. It is known that social enterprises facilitate outcomes for their participants; less is known about how social enterprises contribute to outcomes for others in their locale. Activity within social enterprises was observed and interviews conducted with participants, staff, customers and leaders in Australian regional cities. Data were analysed using a conceptual framework informed by social capital and social enterprise literature that uncovered actions involving social enterprises that realise place-based outcomes, motivations for these actions, and social capital networks that facilitate them. Linking networks among high level actors in regional cities supported development of bridging networks between social enterprises and other organisations. These were activated by social enterprises or others to generate opportunities for social enterprise participants. Local organisation motivations for interacting with social enterprises complemented social enterprises’ dual social and economic mission. Local production and ‘consumption’ of products realised benefits including wellbeing and social inclusion. Findings extend knowledge by showing that social enterprises’ dual social and economic missions place them in multiple networks with overlapping membership. Network overlap generates a space for work on place-based social and economic problems and opportunities that benefit social enterprises and cities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 741-757 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1899293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1899293 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:741-757 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Dodd Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd Author-Name: Juliette Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Juliette Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Maria Karampela Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Karampela Author-Name: Mike Danson Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Danson Title: Crafting growth together Abstract: There is a re-positioning of entrepreneurship towards the sustaining, the frugal, the local, and the everyday. This poses challenges for peripheral policy work, especially around growth, at sectoral and regional levels. Through collaborative workshops with engaged craft brewing stakeholders, this study generated deep new insights into how diverse forms of value can come to be created, shared, stewarded, invested in, grown, given away, and held as a collective resource, in order to both sustain community, and build sectoral growth. As such, we highlight novel entrepreneurial practices and capitals which, taken together, can respond both to critical chorus demands for an urgent repositioning towards frugal sustaining folk enterprise, and yet also retain a strong sense of peripheral socio-economic progress implied by the growth agenda, and its policies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 789-815 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1914741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1914741 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:789-815 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eva Kašperová Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Kašperová Title: Impairment (in)visibility and stigma: how disabled entrepreneurs gain legitimacy in mainstream and disability markets Abstract: Entrepreneurs’ use of linguistic practices, such as storytelling, in building legitimacy with customers and others is well documented. Yet, not all entrepreneurs may equally use or benefit from such practices in their legitimacy-building efforts. For those with stigmatized social identities, like disability, embodied properties and practices of non-linguistic, more visual kind, may be salient despite being under-explored in the entrepreneurial legitimacy studies. To address this knowledge gap, this article examines how disabled entrepreneurs gain legitimacy with customers and, more specifically, how impairment visibility shapes their capacity to do so. Drawing primarily on in-depth interviews with UK-based entrepreneurs, the article extends Suchman’s work by reconceptualizing his legitimacy-building strategies considering impairment visibility. It is argued that impairment visibility can both enable and constrain legitimacy depending on the product offering and the target market. Disabled entrepreneurs are found to adopt four embodied legitimacy-building strategies in the marketplace, each with specific implications for their micro-level interactions with customers. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 894-919 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1974101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1974101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:894-919 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Irina Papazu Author-X-Name-First: Irina Author-X-Name-Last: Papazu Title: Entrepreneurial resource construction through collective bricolage on Denmark’s renewable energy Island: an ethnographic study Abstract: Entrepreneurial resource construction through bricolage is an underappreciated element in a growing body of entrepreneurship and organization studies examining bricolage as an organizational strategy under conditions of resource scarcity. Drawing on in-depth ethnographic data, this study of the Danish island Samsø’s successful transition to renewable energy argues for a richer understanding and a more positive appraisal of entrepreneurial bricolage as a multifaceted strategy for change on the community level. By demonstrating the constructed nature of the resource environments identified on Samsø, the article argues that bricolage, rather than revolving around the combination of already available resources to create new entrepreneurial ventures, is a process involving the construction of resources to achieve change. An in-depth understanding of this process of resource construction is especially relevant in the context of local sustainable energy transitions, as bricolage, in this context, can enable the community to work towards a shared goal without accepting the constraints of the resource-scarce local environment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 837-862 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 33 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1964613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1964613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:837-862 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susana. C. Santos Author-X-Name-First: Susana. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Author-Name: Sílvia Costa Author-X-Name-First: Sílvia Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Michael H. Morris Author-X-Name-First: Michael H. Author-X-Name-Last: Morris Title: Entrepreneurship as a pathway into and out of poverty: a configuration perspective Abstract: Entrepreneurship is widely argued to be an important solution to poverty. While there is a growing volume of work on poverty and entrepreneurial action in developing nations, empirical work in developed countries is more scarce. Drawing on the entrepreneurial intentions and motivations literature together with personal values theory, we explore changes in the economic status and job status of 83 individuals from low-income contexts in Spain. Based on a series of multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analyses of data collected in two periods in time, three profiles of entrepreneurial intentions, motivations, and personal values associated with pathways into and out of poverty through entrepreneurship are identified. Implications are drawn for theory, practice and public policy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 82-109 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2030413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2030413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:82-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefan Korber Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Korber Author-Name: Janine Swail Author-X-Name-First: Janine Author-X-Name-Last: Swail Author-Name: Rishi Krishanasamy Author-X-Name-First: Rishi Author-X-Name-Last: Krishanasamy Title: Endure, escape or engage: how and when misaligned institutional logics and entrepreneurial agency contribute to the maturing of entrepreneurial ecosystems Abstract: This study explores how entrepreneurs respond when their expectations misalign with the capabilities, behaviours and priorities of angel and venture capital investors in a maturing entrepreneurial ecosystem. Based on 38 interviews with New Zealand founders, we theorize three qualitatively different behavioural strategies – endure, escape or engage – that entrepreneurs enact in the face of such misalignment. We also consider the ramifications of these strategies for the broader context in which entrepreneurial activity occurs. Some strategies reproduce the suboptimal ecosystem conditions that entrepreneurs encounter, whereas others contribute to the sustainable growth and maturity of the ecosystem. Grounded in an institutional logics perspective, our findings offer a nuanced view of entrepreneurial agency in the face of an entrepreneurial ecosystem’s institutional constraints. We challenge the deterministic notion of contextual forces that prevails in the literature and reveal how and when resource-sourcing decisions and actions stimulate endogenous change in entrepreneurial ecosystems. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 158-178 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2045633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2045633 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:158-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miruna Radu-Lefebvre Author-X-Name-First: Miruna Author-X-Name-Last: Radu-Lefebvre Author-Name: Ulla Hytti Author-X-Name-First: Ulla Author-X-Name-Last: Hytti Title: The joys and pitfalls of writing interesting research Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-5 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2033852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2033852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Daou Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Daou Author-Name: David Talbot Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Talbot Author-Name: Zouhour Jomaa Author-X-Name-First: Zouhour Author-X-Name-Last: Jomaa Title: Redefining boundaries: the case of women angel investors in a patriarchal context Abstract: While angel investment is a vital source of seed capital, evidence suggests that gendered ascriptions leave women at a disadvantage in terms of both the supply and demand for angel finance. With the bulk of research being skewed towards advanced economies, this paper investigates the motivations and implications behind a woman-to-woman angel fund in an Arab patriarchal context and argues for how it is extending the institutional space. Semi-structured interviews conducted with Lebanese women angel investors show that they are driven by the responsibility to empower women economically and legitimize females’ entrepreneurial roles at seed level. In turn, the initiative broadens the ecosystem’s boundaries on the one hand, while also legitimizing women-led start-ups by giving them a voice and visibility, allowing them to secure additional onboard seed investments. Accordingly, while acknowledging that rebalancing the gender disparity in the entrepreneurial market is not exclusively a women’s issue, our findings show that such initiatives could be an entry point for a gradual transformative change in similar patriarchal societies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 137-157 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2037164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2037164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:137-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jalleh Sharafizad Author-X-Name-First: Jalleh Author-X-Name-Last: Sharafizad Author-Name: Janice Redmond Author-X-Name-First: Janice Author-X-Name-Last: Redmond Author-Name: Craig Parker Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Parker Title: The influence of local embeddedness on the economic, social, and environmental sustainability practices of regional small firms Abstract: Despite growing research on economic, social, and environmental sustainability, few studies explore all three sustainability pillars and implemented practices, in the context of regional small firms. This study uses a novel integration of two theoretical concepts, local embeddedness, and sustainability embeddedness orientation, to fill this knowledge gap. Using 26 interviews, the study highlights the nuanced interconnectedness of three new theoretical concepts that link local embeddedness and sustainability embeddedness – locally embedded sustainability values, spatially-driven sustainability and locally adapted sustainability. An integrated theoretical framework is provided that uses the three new concepts to explain how and why small firm local embeddedness in regional communities influences their sustainability embeddedness orientations and implementation of sustainability practices. Small firms were found to have an embedded orientation of economic sustainability, as it was core to the firms’ values, strategies, and the practices, and was influenced by the region’s locally embedded sustainability values. The region’s values afforded locally adapted sustainability for all three pillars, where owners decide whether to pursue an embedded or emergent orientation when picking social and environmental sustainability practices to implement. The practical implications of the study are that regional small firms need additional support to encourage further embedding of these sustainability practices. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 57-81 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.2024889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.2024889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:57-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tao Wang Author-X-Name-First: Tao Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Yue Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Wenlong Mu Author-X-Name-First: Wenlong Author-X-Name-Last: Mu Title: The effect of birth order on entrepreneurship: evidence from China Abstract: Recent studies on the determinants of entrepreneurship have shown that later-born children are more likely to become entrepreneurs. However, research has not addressed the questions of how birth order influences entrepreneurship. Based on the Chinese context, we propose two competing hypotheses to explore the potential mechanisms (risk taking vs. educational attainment) that explain the effect of birth order on entrepreneurship. We further argue that the effect of birth order on entrepreneurship is moderated by birth spacing and family financial status. Using data from the 2008 and 2013 Chinese Household Income Project, we find that in the case of China the impacts of birth order on two types of entrepreneurship (i.e. solo entrepreneurship and employer entrepreneurship) are overall positive, which implies that the risk-taking mechanism is more dominant than the educational attainment mechanism. Birth order shows a more pronounced impact for solo entrepreneurship but a weak impact for employer entrepreneurship. We also find that the positive birth-order effect on entrepreneurship is more evident in families with low financial status. Overall, this paper casts light on how birth order shapes the propensity for entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 179-208 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2047796 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2047796 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:179-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K.V. Gopakumar Author-X-Name-First: K.V. Author-X-Name-Last: Gopakumar Title: Retaining the nonprofit mission: The case of social enterprise emergence in India from a traditional nonprofit Abstract: Literature examining the emergence of social enterprises from traditional non-profits has noted a shift in organizational mission, from a predominantly social mission towards a dual focus on both social and commercial goals. Less is known about how such social enterprises, which transition from traditional non-profits, retain the original non-profit social mission. The present study, employing an institutional logics perspective, identifies how a social enterprise, emerging from a traditional non-profit in India, re-conceptualized its means in diverse ways towards a common social end, preserved its core guiding principles and processes, and maintained a broad organizational vision, to seamlessly retain and continue with the original social mission. The study concludes with implications for social enterprise and institutional logics research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 110-136 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2037163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2037163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:110-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio Padilla-Meléndez Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Padilla-Meléndez Author-Name: Juan Jose Plaza-Angulo Author-X-Name-First: Juan Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Plaza-Angulo Author-Name: Ana Rosa Del-Aguila-Obra Author-X-Name-First: Ana Rosa Author-X-Name-Last: Del-Aguila-Obra Author-Name: Antonio Manuel Ciruela-Lorenzo Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Ciruela-Lorenzo Title: Indigenous Entrepreneurship. Current issues and future lines Abstract: This paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the research field of Indigenous Entrepreneurship (IE), by analysing previous literature and proposing relevant future research lines. IE has been considered in the literature as key for the development of indigenous communities and a promising emergent area of research, and it is time to make efforts to integrate existing knowledge and approaches in order to advance the field. By analysing 264 papers related to IE published up to December 2020, we found some relevant results. In conclusion, we mention the heterogeneity and fragmentation of the field, the specificity of sociocultural issues and context, the concentration of studies in some geographical areas, the relevance of the individual level of study, and the combination of economic and social objectives. In addition, future integration efforts that contribute to a better generalizability of the empirical results and to theory building are proposed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 6-31 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.2011962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.2011962 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:6-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Wigren-Kristoferson Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Wigren-Kristoferson Author-Name: Ethel Brundin Author-X-Name-First: Ethel Author-X-Name-Last: Brundin Author-Name: Karin Hellerstedt Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Hellerstedt Author-Name: Anna Stevenson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Stevenson Author-Name: Maria Aggestam Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Aggestam Title: Rethinking embeddedness: a review and research agenda Abstract: We conduct a comprehensive review of embeddedness in entrepreneurship research. Although the term “embeddedness” is frequently used in this field of study, less is known about the ways in which it is operationalized and applied. Using criterion sampling, we analyse 198 articles in order to investigate how embeddedness is conceptualized and what role it plays in the extant entrepreneurship literature. We categorize our findings based on different phases of the entrepreneurial process (early, mature and exit) and outline the dominant focus and the main conceptualization of embeddedness for each phase. We highlight important learnings for each of the three phases and identify potential areas for conceptual development. Across the phases, we find that embeddedness and context are often used interchangeably. We thus call for construct clarity in the field. In the existing literature, entrepreneurs are generally portrayed as reactive to embeddedness, resulting in a loss of entrepreneurial agency. To remedy this, we introduce the term agencement, which takes into account the relationship between the entrepreneurship and embeddedness. Further, entrepreneurs are found to be embedded in multiple contexts at the same time, and embeddedness can be understood at different levels and to different degrees. To address this complexity, it is relevant to focus on the embedding process itself, acknowledging that it takes place in social interactions including cultural, cognitive, and emotional aspects between contexts and across levels. While the extant literature supports the notion that embeddedness is important for understanding entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs, it does not necessarily support our understanding of how embeddedness takes form or why it takes certain forms. We therefore include a call for future research to turn to process and practice theories. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 32-56 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.2021298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.2021298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:32-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Redhead Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Redhead Author-Name: Zografia Bika Author-X-Name-First: Zografia Author-X-Name-Last: Bika Title: ‘Adopting place’: how an entrepreneurial sense of belonging can help revitalise communities Abstract: This study considers the differentiated ways in which entrepreneurs may embed themselves within place to better understand the nature of embeddedness and the processes behind both intended and unintended entrepreneurial outcomes. Whilst research has long shown that embeddedness can enable and/or constrain entrepreneurial activities, the microlevel processes behind such activities are often unacknowledged, lacking details of how, why and when embedded social values relate and integrate with enterprise in various places, thus advancing a somewhat static, one-dimensional conceptual understanding. This study attempts to broaden the understanding of embeddedness by engaging in context-sensitive theorizing from the findings of a qualitative case study in Great Yarmouth, a depleted town on the coast of East Anglia, England. Through introducing the notion of ‘adopting place’, we delve deeper into what it means to be spatially (dis)embedded, how this reflects a much more complex and dynamic understanding of embeddedness, and how such embeddedness can instigate change and regional development (or lack thereof), progressing a reconceptualization of place itself Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 222-246 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2049375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2049375 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:222-246 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard Author-Name: Caroline Wigren-Kristoferson Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Wigren-Kristoferson Author-Name: Ethel Brundin Author-X-Name-First: Ethel Author-X-Name-Last: Brundin Author-Name: Karin Hellerstedt Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Hellerstedt Author-Name: Gry Agnete Alsos Author-X-Name-First: Gry Agnete Author-X-Name-Last: Alsos Author-Name: Jorunn Grande Author-X-Name-First: Jorunn Author-X-Name-Last: Grande Title: Entrepreneurship and embeddedness: process, context and theoretical foundations Abstract: In this article, we introduce the special issue on entrepreneurship and embeddedness. We do so by providing a brief overview of existing research on the topic focused on three important conversations related to process, context and theoretical foundations. The overview highlights essential contributions from extant research and suggests that expansion and advancement in the research conversation can be accomplished by focusing on dynamic and multilayered conceptualizations of embeddedness and by broadening the theoretical foundations of our research. We also present and position the papers in the special issue within the conversations on process, context and theoretical foundations in entrepreneurship research on embeddedness. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 210-221 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2055152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2055152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:210-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Alshareef Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Alshareef Title: Does location matter? Unpacking the dynamic relationship between the spatial context and embeddedness in women’s entrepreneurship Abstract: Responding to calls for research that stresses the importance of embeddedness in entrepreneurship research, this paper examines the relationship between the spatial context and the social embeddedness in shaping and influencing women’s entrepreneurial behaviour. A particular focus is placed on gender norms, through exploring how embeddedness is gendered and that the gender norms of the context in which women entrepreneurs are and were located can constrain and/or enable their entrepreneurial actions. Furthermore, knowledge about different spatial contexts means that women can orient themselves to different gender norms and entrepreneurial behaviours. This study draws on 27 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with Saudi women entrepreneurs operating businesses within or beyond conservative, patriarchal contexts which feature different gender norms (enforced or relaxed). The findings show that when remaining within or moving between contexts, individuals have the potential to embed themselves to very different extents – through processes of over-embedding, reduce-embedding and re-mbedding – reflecting the options available for entrepreneurial action-taking and access to resources. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 294-318 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2047798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2047798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:294-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vicky Nowak Author-X-Name-First: Vicky Author-X-Name-Last: Nowak Author-Name: Paola Raffaelli Author-X-Name-First: Paola Author-X-Name-Last: Raffaelli Title: The interconnected influences of institutional and social embeddedness on processes of social innovation: A Polanyian perspective Abstract: Theorizing embeddedness requires sensitivity to the dynamic and multi-layered contexts of entrepreneurship. Social or network embeddedness influences how social and for-profit entrepreneurs leverage resources within their local environment, and institutional embeddedness explains how the (social) entrepreneurial environment is shaped by societal structures.. To understand social innovation (SI) processes – meeting social needs, transforming social relations, and reconfiguring institutional structures – we need to account for social and institutional embeddedness. This paper explores how institutional structures shape the environment for SI, influencing social networks and how actors within organizations are able to respond to contextual changes. Ethnographic case studies of two UK social enterprises uncover different levels and types of embeddedness influencing social organizations. We connect macro and micro interactions using a Polanyian view of embeddedness, placing SI within institutional structures and examining how reciprocal social relationships are critical to SI’s transformative potential. Findings reveal the interconnectedness of embeddedness, whereby embeddedness in institutional structures led to a breakdown of the social embeddedness necessary for collectivism critical to SI. Our multi-layered analytical approach has potential beyond understanding SI, making theorizing sensitive to processes of embeddedness of entrepreneurship in other contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 319-342 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2049376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2049376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:319-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aki Harima Author-X-Name-First: Aki Author-X-Name-Last: Harima Title: Theorizing Disembedding and Re-Embedding: Resource Mobilization in Refugee Entrepreneurship Abstract: Forced displacement drastically changes the nature of refugees’ connection to their home countries and requires them to build new ties to their host countries. While refugees undergo the dynamic transformation of their embeddedness after arriving in host countries, previous studies on refugee entrepreneurship have not sufficiently examined the dynamic and procedural nature of refugees’ embeddedness and its influence on their entrepreneurial activities. This study seeks to understand how the process of embedding influences refugees’ resource mobilization in their entrepreneurial activities. Based on 20 interviews with refugee entrepreneurs in Germany, this study revealed that forced detachment from home-country contexts led to a loss of certain resources while simultaneously creating opportunities for refugees to develop resources by building new connections. This study challenges the conventional structural deterministic approach of mixed embeddedness and theorizes disembedding and re-embedding processes of refugee entrepreneurs. The findings suggest that these processes require a cognitive process on the part of entrepreneurial agents to become aware of a loss of resources and to reinterpret the value of their resources. Furthermore, this paper discusses how these processes constrain and enable refugees’ access to resources. The findings offer implications for policymakers of refugee-hosting countries and refugee support organizations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 269-293 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2047799 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2047799 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:269-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jenny Sofie Kjemphei Larsen Author-X-Name-First: Jenny Sofie Kjemphei Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen Author-Name: Thomas Lauvås Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Lauvås Author-Name: Roger Sørheim Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Sørheim Title: In the same boat? The dynamics of embedded firms in peripheral regions Abstract: Peripheral regions are often negatively characterized as having structural weaknesses that hinder the development of thriving firms. This study explores embeddedness, a concept considered important to overcome such liabilities, because it may enable or constrain actors’ access to additional resources. However, there is limited understanding of the underlying dynamics of this concept. Based on a qualitative case study of the development of salmon-farming firms in peripheral areas of Norway, this study shows that the industry’s pioneering phase was characterized by embedding processes among the farmers through sharing and openness. Over time, greater industry consolidation created a division between listed firms and locally owned small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs). The listed firms disembedded from the social and institutional contexts of the periphery, which led the SMEs to reinforce their embeddedness and continue their collaborations. Thus, our findings extend prior studies treating embeddedness as a static concept, showing how embeddedness consistently develops in response to actors’ actions. We further show that the SMEs’ embeddedness in multiple contexts (social, institutional, and spatial) enabled them to solve mutual challenges through interfirm collaborations, thereby securing competitive advantages. Hence, we contribute to a holistic, evolutionary, and dynamic understanding of embeddedness processes in peripheral regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 247-268 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2055151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2055151 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:247-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gesine Tuitjer Author-X-Name-First: Gesine Author-X-Name-Last: Tuitjer Title: Growing beyond the niche? How machines link production and networking practices of small rural food businesses Abstract: This paper employs a practice perspective to understand the hanging-together of networking and production practices in small craft-food businesses. Based on a case study from a rural region of Germany, we explore how practices are held together by teleoaffective structures and socio-material arrangements, pointing to the role of machines as nodes in networking and production practices. We furthermore demonstrate how the niche-specific mode of these practices facilitates cooperation within the niche but hampers cooperation beyond the niche. Last, the hanging-together of producing and networking practices eventually leads to a niche-specific path for business growth. We add to the blossoming entrepreneurship-as-practice (EaP) literature by delineating how the bundle of entrepreneurial practices of producing, selling, and networking works to constitute a niche business realm, highlighting the agency of matter. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 471-485 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2062619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2062619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:471-485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Subhanjan Sengupta Author-X-Name-First: Subhanjan Author-X-Name-Last: Sengupta Author-Name: Hanna Lehtimäki Author-X-Name-First: Hanna Author-X-Name-Last: Lehtimäki Title: Contextual understanding of care ethics in social entrepreneurship Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to add a contextual understanding of care ethics to the nascent literature on ethics in social entrepreneurship. To this end, an interpretive study of social bricoleur entrepreneurs in rural India is presented and the constitutive effects of the enactment of care ethics are articulated. First, this enactment is examined as a relational practice between social entrepreneurs and local communities. Then, the notion of formative context is used to analyse how this enactment has expressions of human agency that constitute the societal context. Further, it is shown that context is not something that exists on its own but is instead enacted in the caring practices of social entrepreneurs. The micro-level practices of relating and the macro-level societal structures become malleable in the enactment of care ethics. This study has two major contributions. First, by departing from the notion of ethics as a characteristic of an individual, it shows how social entrepreneurs give and receive care through mutuality and human interaction. Second, by adding the analysis of sensemaking and formative context to care ethics, it deepens the understanding of context as conditions that facilitate the enactment of care ethics and is constituted by that enactment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 402-433 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2055150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2055150 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:402-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mario Biggeri Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Biggeri Author-Name: Lisa Braito Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Braito Author-Name: Huanhuai Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Huanhuai Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: Chinese migrant microenterprises and social capital: a multiple case study analysis in industrial clusters in Italy Abstract: Migrant entrepreneurship has been acknowledged in the literature to be a dynamic and diffused phenomenon that characterizes local systems within European countries in the form of ethnic economies. The aim of the paper is to investigate the phenomenon of ethnic quasi-enclave industrial sub-clusters within industrial districts and to analyse social capital within the economic and social dynamics. The interpretative framework adapts the mixed-embeddedness approach to a case study of Wenzhounese migrant socioeconomic quasi-enclave leather industrial sub-clusters located adjacent to the industrial district area of Florence (Italy). Given the complexity of the phenomenon, the research study adopted a mixed-method approach. The qualitative methods included a one-year observational analysis, in-depth interviews conducted with key stakeholders and life-course interviews conducted with migrant Wenzhounese entrepreneurs. Structured interviews were conducted with multiple micro-entrepreneurs and their households to conduct a multiple-case study analysis and social network analysis. Both were based on data collected via a survey administered to a random sample of enterprises. This analysis contributes to the existing literature on migrant enterprises and communities within industrial clusters in Italy, adding new evidence related to ethnic entrepreneurship and the importance of social capital in the social and economic dynamics that influence micro entrepreneurs and their community. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 486-505 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2062620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2062620 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:486-505 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicoletta Buratti Author-X-Name-First: Nicoletta Author-X-Name-Last: Buratti Author-Name: Cécile Sillig Author-X-Name-First: Cécile Author-X-Name-Last: Sillig Author-Name: Massimo Albanese Author-X-Name-First: Massimo Author-X-Name-Last: Albanese Title: Community enterprise, community entrepreneurship and local development: a literature review on three decades of empirical studies and theorizations Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on community enterprises (CEs), i.e. organizations that engage in commercial activity and operate for the development of a local community by bringing economic, social, and environmental benefits. In the face of widespread recognition of the positive role they play in impoverished territories, there is no general agreement on their very nature and the type of underlying entrepreneurship. Through a systematic review of CE literature, referred to the period 1990–2020, our paper aims to provide an extensive background of issues related to CEs, their specificities, the kind of entrepreneurship they rely on, their role in local development. In addition, we try to outline their liabilities and the main challenges they face, intending to delineate implications for future research on the issue. Beyond descriptive analytics, results highlight the main research topics of CEs, as well as multiple challenges that connect researchers and practitioners interested in the topic. Given the role of CEs in the regeneration of places and communities, our study also highlights the need for research to incorporate broader analytical perspectives that simultaneously examine both the barriers faced by CEs in these contexts and the factors that may sustain them. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 376-401 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2047797 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2047797 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:376-401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Di Guo Author-X-Name-First: Di Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Author-Name: Kun Jiang Author-X-Name-First: Kun Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang Title: Venture capital investment, intellectual property rights protection and firm innovation: evidence from China Abstract: We examine the heterogeneous effects of venture capital (VC) investment on firm innovation. Using a panel dataset of Chinese manufacturing firms, we find that VC-backed firms outperform non-VC-backed ones in patenting activities, new product sales, and exports because of the ex-ante selection and ex-post value-added effects of VC investment. Firms with better performance in innovation are more likely to get VC support, and such outperformance is magnified after the VC investment is made. Moreover, the impact of VC investment on firm innovation is greater when the protection of IPR is stronger. In addition, firms backed by more experienced VC firms (VCFs) generate more commercialized innovation but are less productive in patenting activities than firms backed by less experienced VCFs. Finally, firms backed by state-owned VCFs outperform in patenting activities but underperform in commercialized innovation those backed by other types of VCFs. Identification and selection issues are addressed by the propensity score matching approach and two-stage estimations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 434-470 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2062618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2062618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:434-470 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: João Candeias Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Candeias Author-Name: Soumodip Sarkar Author-X-Name-First: Soumodip Author-X-Name-Last: Sarkar Title: Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and distinguishing features of effective policies – an evidence-based approach Abstract: A generalized belief in entrepreneurship as a source of economic growth ensures sustained interest in the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) concept, capturing the attention of governments and regional authorities. This has generated a plethora of public policies aimed at creating and developing EEs, frequently without solid theoretical and empirical foundations for its design, with consequent policies risking being ineffective. To address this, we develop theory through a systematic synthesis of qualitative studies, exploring a set of EEs, from different countries, dimensions, and characteristics. Our evidence-based approach diverges from extant studies that frequently examine a single ecosystem. The results of the systematic synthesis led us to propose a typology of ideal-types of intervention, the ecologist, the creator, the promoter and the landscaper. These provide a path towards the development of a better understanding of the type of dominant policy intervention in EE, also enabling the study of policy evolution and its alternative trajectories regarding future development. By using an evidence-based analysis, we enhance coherence through incorporating diverse perspectives not as conflicting or contradictory, but as part of a structured set of policymaking options. This sets a basis for future research, especially related to the evolution process, and provide evidence-based advice for practitioners. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 343-375 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2045634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2045634 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:343-375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2071997_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: James Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Simon S. Fraser Author-X-Name-First: Simon S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fraser Title: Images of entrepreneurship: divergent national constructions of what it is to ‘do’ entrepreneurship Abstract: In this research note, we further Alistair R. Anderson’s argument that an atomized view of entrepreneurship as an economic function provides limited understanding of what it is to actually do entrepreneurship. We take the stance that entrepreneurship, as a process, is born of social context. What it is to be and what it is to do entrepreneurship is informed directly by the images of entrepreneurship accepted in society. To better understand the implications of this, we access the ways in which entrepreneurship is imagined in three ostensibly similar country settings: UK, Italy and Finland. We analyse the social discourses surrounding the concept from a sample of enterprise students across the three areas. Importantly, these participants are not entrepreneurs in their own right, but are considered interested stakeholders, in that the meaning they ascribe to entrepreneurship will partly inform their future approaches to it. We contrast data from 15 semi-structured interviews with policy commentary and measurable outcomes and find nuanced differences in how entrepreneurship is perceived and enacted. The implications of our findings encourage a more holistic approach to the study of entrepreneurship, avoiding the self-affirming dogma of the purely economic or purely constructionist. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 567-581 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2071997 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2071997 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:567-581 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2071998_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Helen M. Haugh Author-X-Name-First: Helen M. Author-X-Name-Last: Haugh Title: Changing places: the generative effects of community embeddedness in place Abstract: How social structures and relations influence entrepreneurship is an enduring puzzle. The history of land ownership in Scotland is marked by tensions between the institutional legacy of private landlordism and community embeddedness in place. In this paper, I examine the development of a community venture that was established to buy and commit land that was formerly privately owned into community ownership, and then manage the land in perpetuity for community benefit. The methodology employs archival, interview and observation data to investigate how institutional legacy social structures and relations motivated and shaped community entrepreneurship. The Scottish historical context elaborates the influence of institutional legacy on the embeddedness in place perspective, and the effects of transcending institutional legacy on entrepreneurial flourishing and institutional change. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 542-566 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2071998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2071998 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:542-566 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2071999_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Sarah Dodd Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd Author-Name: Serxia Lage-Arias Author-X-Name-First: Serxia Author-X-Name-Last: Lage-Arias Author-Name: Karin Berglund Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund Author-Name: Sarah Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Author-Name: Ulla Hytti Author-X-Name-First: Ulla Author-X-Name-Last: Hytti Author-Name: Karen Verduijn Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Verduijn Title: Transforming enterprise education: sustainable pedagogies of hope and social justice Abstract: Building on Alistair Anderson’s work, this paper proposes transforming enterprise education to deeply address questions of sustainability, social justice and hope in our time of multiple and complex crises. New pedagogies, practices, vocabularies and connections help us to enact crises in entrepreneurial, ethical and creative ways, enabling us to remain hopeful in the face of unknown horizons. Drawing from critical pedagogies, from Epistemologies of the South, and from the wisdoms of Alistair Anderson, the paper outlines how transforming to a more, hopeful, socially just and sustainable enterprise education could move us beyond present alternatives. We suggest that transforming enterprise education (TrEE) would better facilitate students as ethical change-makers when they engage with their worlds, and its unseen future horizons. TrEE emphasizes the time needed for questioning dominant meanings and space for experimenting with new ones. It invites re-placing us in the margins and with the excluded. It takes an expansive view of the ecosystem, and places enterprise within its wider context. It focuses students, teachers, entrepreneurs and various other stakeholders in learning together with the non-human and relies on sustainable stewardship, social justice and hope at the core of transforming enterprise education. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 686-700 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2071999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2071999 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:686-700 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2072001_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Michela Loi Author-X-Name-First: Michela Author-X-Name-Last: Loi Author-Name: Alain Fayolle Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle Title: Rethinking and reconceptualising entrepreneurship education a legacy from Alistair Anderson Abstract: This paper aims to extend the theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship education by integrating several of the most relevant lessons from Anderson’s contribution into current conceptualizations. We identify three main dimensions of Anderson’s work useful for our purpose: conceptualization of entrepreneurship; network and social capital as mechanisms to explain entrepreneurship as a socially embedded phenomenon; and epistemological and methodological reflection. These dimensions enrich the debate on the strategic dimensions targeting, connecting and reflecting suggested to advance the field of entrepreneurship education. We highlight important implications that help us reflect on the value of entrepreneurship education by emphasizing the role of the social dimension in teaching entrepreneurship, the importance of understanding entrepreneurship as a complex phenomenon to identify goals and more specifically tailor pedagogy, and the need to question methods of inquiry as the field evolves and expands its area of investigation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 701-721 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2072001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2072001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:701-721 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2097436_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Sarah Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Author-Name: Johan Gaddefors Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Gaddefors Title: Special issue in memory of professor Alistair Anderson ‘Social Perspectives of Entrepreneuring’ Abstract: This Special Issue of Entrepreneurship and Regional Development honours Distinguished Professor of Entrepreneurship Alistair Anderson’s memory. This Special Issue offers a range of papers that engage with Alistair Anderson’s work and extend it by taking a social science view to understanding entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 507-514 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2097436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2097436 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:507-514 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2072000_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Claire Champenois Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Champenois Author-Name: Sarah L. Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah L. Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Title: A non-workshop on a socialized view of entrepreneurship: building and extending a community of practice for work on embeddedness Abstract: This article, in an act of transmutation or world-making, replaces a workshop that was envisioned between one of the authors and Alistair Anderson. It takes the form of a dialog with one of his main co-authors to retrospectively and analytically explore the collective work of Alistair on ‘embeddedness’. We find that Alistair initiated a scholarly community of practice on a socialized view of entrepreneurship (‘entrepreneuring’), the essence of which can be captured through the notion of embeddedness. We describe the emergence of this community, its key production phases, and highlight the main features and insights of its approach, which was never theorized as such. The article also presents possible theoretical extensions of this research by opening several research doors for future work. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 515-541 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2072000 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2072000 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:515-541 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2075472_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Miruna Radu-Lefebvre Author-X-Name-First: Miruna Author-X-Name-Last: Radu-Lefebvre Author-Name: Sébastien Ronteau Author-X-Name-First: Sébastien Author-X-Name-Last: Ronteau Author-Name: Vincent Lefebvre Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Lefebvre Author-Name: Maura McAdam Author-X-Name-First: Maura Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam Title: Entrepreneuring as emancipation in family business succession: a story of agony and ecstasy Abstract: Following Alistair Anderson’s legacy of entrepreneuring as a process of becoming, this paper engages with entrepreneuring as emancipation in a family business context. Over a period of seven years, we witnessed the journey of a family business successor engaged in a challenging process of power transfer, ultimately leading him to leave the succession process to engage with entrepreneuring outside the family business, due to power struggles. We theoretically elaborate on this real-time, multi-informant, multi-generational and longitudinal single-case study to offer a novel understanding of entrepreneuring as emancipation from and through power by revealing the intimate connections of entrepreneuring with power, liberation and liberty encompassing as much agony as ecstasy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 582-602 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2075472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2075472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:582-602 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2087746_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Monica C. Lent Author-X-Name-First: Monica C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lent Title: Entrepreneuring in necessity contexts: effecting change among widow entrepreneurs in Northern Ghana Abstract: This article explores if and how the entrepreneuring efforts of an endogenous NGO can entrepreneurially empower widow necessity entrepreneurs living in extreme poverty in a rural area of Northern Ghana. In reconceptualizing necessity entrepreneurship as engagement in necessity contexts, three main context specific actions and processes were foregrounded: values-based action focus, upskilling by boundaried choice; and forming, organizing and maintaining symbiotic relationships. Subsequently, the extent to which these actions and processes contributed to empowerment were assessed and explained. Upon outlining how the research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurship in necessity contexts and broadens our understanding of entrepreneurship, the article ends by discussing the research’s implications and limitations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 630-649 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2087746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2087746 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:630-649 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2077990_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: James Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Lin Xiong Author-X-Name-First: Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Xiong Author-Name: Hina Hashim Author-X-Name-First: Hina Author-X-Name-Last: Hashim Author-Name: Mohammad Sohail Yunis Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad Sohail Author-X-Name-Last: Yunis Title: Narrating the ‘social’: the evolving stories of Pakistan’s social entrepreneurs Abstract: Social enterprises are often characterized by the vision and drive of an individual founder. We challenge this by taking inspiration from Alistair R. Anderson’s arguments that social entrepreneurship is better understood as enacted within a social context. We move beyond linear conceptualizations to consider a more nuanced, contextually informed picture, where understandings of what it is to be ‘social’ in one’s entrepreneuring are created at the interaction of the individual and their situation. A narrative approach is used to analyse 25 life stories used by social entrepreneurs in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan, an area of social transition. We access how these entrepreneurs give meaning to the ‘social’ aspects of what they do. Our findings present a multifaceted character, defined by their responses to changing social contexts. This is manifest in entrepreneurial practice, where we have a vacillation between acts of social rebellion and an enterprising organization of benevolence, evolving in a social context which changes with and, in part, because of our social entrepreneurs. We move beyond definitional characteristics and closer to a theory of practice, by considering how social entrepreneurs interact with changing social demands and adapt their activities accordingly. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 668-685 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2077990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2077990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:668-685 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2087747_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Irene Ukanwa Author-X-Name-First: Irene Author-X-Name-Last: Ukanwa Author-Name: Lin Xiong Author-X-Name-First: Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Xiong Author-Name: Jahangir Wasim Author-X-Name-First: Jahangir Author-X-Name-Last: Wasim Author-Name: Laura Galloway Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Galloway Title: Microfinance and micropreneurship in rural South-East Nigeria: an exploration of the effects of institutions Abstract: Informed by the work of Alistair Anderson on entrepreneurship as embedded in institutional contexts, this paper explores the experiences of 30 women micropreneurs in rural South-East Nigeria. These women are amongst the poorest people in the world and live in an environment marginalized from formal institutions, where informal ones are prioritized, and where culture and tradition reflect patriarchal limitations on their activities and experiences. We find that while microfinance is often cited as one of the key mitigators of institutional voids and an important support for entrepreneuring in deprived contexts, in fact there are critical barriers to uptake and socio-cultural conditions are found to limit the extent to which women trust and engage with microfinance. To that end, new methodologies that might mitigate perceived risks, including deepening poverty, are called for. Implications for those who would support enterprise in poverty circumstances in developing nations include that to be effective they must engage with the socio-cultural institutions and lived realities amongst the people they seek to serve. Alongside this, further application and development of the approaches to studying entrepreneurship in marginalized environments that Alistair was such as central contributor to are advocated. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 650-667 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2087747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2087747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:650-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2067902_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Allan Discua Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Discua Cruz Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Title: Death and entrepreneuring in family businesses: a complexity and stewardship perspective Abstract: Based on the works of Alistair Anderson, this article explores entrepreneuring in the context of entrepreneurial families prior to, and following, the death of a leading family member in business. Until now, literature has suggested that the loss of a leading family member may bring complexity and chaos to ongoing entrepreneurial efforts. Drawing on a complex adaptive system and stewardship perspective, this study examines the role of death in entrepreneuring in four entrepreneurial families. With the loss of a leading family member in business, social processes of adaptation in entrepreneurial trajectories are revealed. Our analysis shows that these processes allow members to reorganize, recalibrate, and reconnect aspects of family and business. Our study contributes to understanding social processes in entrepreneuring by capturing how death can influence entrepreneurial choices and progression over time, focusing on what family entrepreneurs do. Conceptualizing the family as a complex adaptive system contributes to a theoretical perspective of stewardship as fluid and collective. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 603-629 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2067902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2067902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:603-629 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2075038_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: María José Ibáñez Author-X-Name-First: María José Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez Author-Name: Maribel Guerrero Author-X-Name-First: Maribel Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrero Title: Women’s empowerment and emancipation through entrepreneurship: extending Professor Alistair Anderson’s contributions Abstract: This study represents a tribute to Professor Alistair Anderson’s contributions to female entrepreneurship research. Although female entrepreneurship was only one research line in Professor Anderson’s extensive academic career, his contributions are embedded in the most contemporary discussion about the most vulnerable female entrepreneurs. Inspired by Professor Anderson’s research on the influence of entrepreneurship on the empowerment and emancipation of female entrepreneurs in the Global South countries, our study provides empirical evidence about how entrepreneurship affects women’s empowerment and emancipation compared with other occupational choices (e.g. full-time employees and homemakers). Our study includes provocative implications/discussion about gender dynamics, and the most vulnerable women enrolled in entrepreneurial activities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 722-741 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2075038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2075038 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:722-741 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2083692_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Natalia Vershinina Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Vershinina Author-Name: Nichola Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Nichola Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Author-Name: Maura McAdam Author-X-Name-First: Maura Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam Title: Online communities and entrepreneuring mothers: practices of building, being and belonging Abstract: Informed by contributions of Professor Alistair Anderson to the social perspective of entrepreneurship, rooted in social relationships and social capital, this article examines how members of an online community collectively interpret and negotiate the challenges of pursuing entrepreneurship alongside parenthood. This article adopts a multi-staged research design, incorporating netnography, participant observation, and qualitative semi-structured interviews. The analysis reveals the critical role of networking in how entrepreneuring women construct and maintain community connections and distinguishes between three dimensions of community engagement: Building, Being and Belonging. Drawing on communities of practice as an analytical lens, we offer new insights into the form and function of communal entrepreneurial practices facilitated by the digital environment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 742-764 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2083692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2083692 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:742-764 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2117417_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Kars Mennens Author-X-Name-First: Kars Author-X-Name-Last: Mennens Author-Name: Wilko Letterie Author-X-Name-First: Wilko Author-X-Name-Last: Letterie Author-Name: Anita Van Gils Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Van Gils Author-Name: Gaby Odekerken-Schröder Author-X-Name-First: Gaby Author-X-Name-Last: Odekerken-Schröder Title: Exploring SME’s behavioural changes resulting from innovation policy: the effect of receiving a subsidy on intrapreneurship Abstract: Intrapreneurship is critical for small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in that it enhances innovation and organizational performance. This study details how intrapreneurship develops in subsidized relative to unsubsidized SMEs. We build on behavioural additionality research, as these studies examine changes in firm behaviour that occur after the firm receives public support. Prior studies focus on the effect on external collaboration, but subsidies also can lead to organizational learning and upgraded competencies, implying the potential for changes to organizational routines. Our test of the behavioural additionality effect relies on an original longitudinal data set involving manufacturing SMEs in the Dutch province of Limburg. The data analysis combines propensity score matching with a difference-in-difference approach, which reveals a significantly higher increase in one aspect of intrapreneurship, namely strategic renewal behaviour, among SMEs that receive an innovation subsidy. The findings advance understanding of intrapreneurship and behavioural additionality effects and provide policy makers with new evidence of the added value of subsidy programmes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 935-954 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2117417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2117417 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:935-954 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2120086_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: S. Yamamura Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamura Author-Name: P. Lassalle Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Lassalle Author-Name: E. Shaw Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: Intersecting where? The multi-scalar contextual embeddedness of intersectional entrepreneurs Abstract: We explore the experiences of LGBT* ethnic minority entrepreneurs, their changing locations and their entrepreneurial activities. Using a unique mixed-method approach which collected empirical data from Germany and the Netherlands, the paper combines an ethnographic fieldwork of intersectional entrepreneurs, community activists and policy-makers with an original survey with LGBT* customers. Our findings contribute to understanding of intersectionality by revealing the role played by the contextualized embeddedness of intersectional entrepreneurs at the different geographic scales of supranational, national, regional and inter and intra-urban. While such embeddedness frames the challenges they face, it also provides opportunities for intersectional entrepreneurs. Using a multi-scalar perspective, this paper delivers a spatially contextual perspective of entrepreneurial diversity and provides a framework to analyse the complex issues and contexts with which intersectional entrepreneurs are both confronted and embedded within. This paper contributes to refining the spatial context of entrepreneurship which has gained attention in recent studies of entrepreneurship and regional development. The paper responds to a call for gender entrepreneurship scholars to contribute to understanding of intersectional entrepreneurship. Finally, this study goes beyond the binary view of female migrant entrepreneurship by adopting a more gender diverse lens which considers the experiences of LGBT* entrepreneurs from ethnic minorities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 828-851 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2120086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2120086 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:828-851 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2112761_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Simon Stephens Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Stephens Author-Name: Kristel Miller Author-X-Name-First: Kristel Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: Business incubation as a community of practice: an emergent cultural web Abstract: Research on business incubation has been dominated by studies exploring university-industry technology transfer and high technology accelerators. Less is known about Business Incubation Centres (BICs), specifically, how their formal and informal structures may impact upon client development. Drawing on concepts from the community of practice (CoP) literature and organizational culture, we explore if BICs can be considered to be CoPs. We also seek to unravel the key elements which underpin the culture of a BIC and how these elements may provide enabling or constraining conditions for a CoP to emerge. Through a qualitative methodology of regional-based BICs in Ireland, we illustrate how the amount of time spent on campus; the nature of the working week; the scalability of the enterprise; and the capacity of the enterprise to meet the criteria associated with high potential start-ups influences clients’ perceptions of the value of BICs. We provide new theoretical insights which suggest that BICs are a CoP with a culture that can be studied, captured, and illustrated. Practical and policy implications are suggested to enhance the effectiveness of BICs for both clients and regions. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 890-910 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2112761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2112761 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:890-910 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2103744_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Antonio Padilla-Meléndez Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Padilla-Meléndez Author-Name: Antonio Manuel Ciruela-Lorenzo Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Ciruela-Lorenzo Author-Name: Ana Rosa Del-Aguila-Obra Author-X-Name-First: Ana Rosa Author-X-Name-Last: Del-Aguila-Obra Author-Name: Juan Jose Plaza-Angulo Author-X-Name-First: Juan Jose Author-X-Name-Last: Plaza-Angulo Title: Understanding the entrepreneurial resilience of indigenous women entrepreneurs as a dynamic process. The case of Quechuas in Bolivia Abstract: Little literature exists regarding the study of entrepreneurial resilience of indigenous women entrepreneurs (IWEs) in environments challenged with isolation, marginalization, or poverty. New insights that explain the role of resilience in the creation, survival, and development of entrepreneurial activities by indigenous people are needed. In this research, we defined, in the context of IWEs, the individual traits embedded in entrepreneurial resilience. Then, we applied a qualitative approach to analyse the cases of 32 IWEs, these being current entrepreneurs located in street or organized markets in Cochabamba (Bolivia). Interviews and self-identified critical life incidents were used to illustrate how these IWEs developed their entrepreneurial activities and how resilience influenced the emergence and improvement of those activities over time. This work contributes to the entrepreneurship literature: first, by showing how IWEs’ individual entrepreneurial resilience traits help to explain the development of entrepreneurial activities, as a way of survival and personal improvement and, second, by proposing the dynamic entrepreneurial resilience spiral as a process of increasing individual resilience and building community resilience, where the IWEs empowerment plays a key role overcoming environmental circumstances, with education and training developing a leverage effect. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 852-867 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2103744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2103744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:852-867 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2115559_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Giulio Cainelli Author-X-Name-First: Giulio Author-X-Name-Last: Cainelli Author-Name: Valentina Giannini Author-X-Name-First: Valentina Author-X-Name-Last: Giannini Author-Name: Donato Iacobucci Author-X-Name-First: Donato Author-X-Name-Last: Iacobucci Title: How local geography shapes firm geography Abstract: This paper investigates how the characteristics of the local system in which a firm is situated affect its geography – that is, the location of its business units. Using econometric techniques on a novel dataset of Italian business groups, we find that the geographic dispersion of multi-unit firms is influenced by a number of local factors, such as industry variety, production specialization, spatial density and infrastructure accessibility. In contrast, the geography of manufacturing groups seems to be affected only by production specialization. This paper contributes to the economic geography and entrepreneurship literature by showing that local factors affect the behaviour and organization of firms – in our case, the geographic dispersion of business units. We find that the geographic dispersion of firms decreases when the headquarters are situated in a local system that has a high level of industry variety and spatial density. At the same time, we observe geographic dispersion to be positively related to infrastructure accessibility. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 955-976 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2115559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2115559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:955-976 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2080867_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Birgit Helene Jevnaker Author-X-Name-First: Birgit Helene Author-X-Name-Last: Jevnaker Author-Name: Bisrat Agegnehu Misganaw Author-X-Name-First: Bisrat Agegnehu Author-X-Name-Last: Misganaw Title: Technology transfer offices and the formation of academic spin-off entrepreneurial teams Abstract: A significant proportion of academic spin-offs (ASOs) are founded by entrepreneurial teams (ETs). Yet little is known about how these ETs are formed or the role of technology transfer offices (TTOs) in this formation process. This article examines whether and how TTOs affect the formation of academic spin-off entrepreneurial teams (ASO-ETs). To this end, we study in detail the formation of seven ETs behind life-science ASOs developed in one region in Norway. Our findings show that ASO-ETs followed different paths of formation, partly mirroring the organization of the TTOs. We further identify four different roles played by TTOs, two direct and two indirect, that shape the formation of these ETs. Based on organization imprinting theory, we contribute to the team entrepreneurship literature by developing a new framework showing how TTOs imprint the formation of ETs in ASO settings. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 977-1000 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2080867 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2080867 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:977-1000 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2100488_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Alicia Prochotta Author-X-Name-First: Alicia Author-X-Name-Last: Prochotta Author-Name: Elisabeth S. C. Berger Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth S. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Berger Author-Name: Andreas Kuckertz Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Kuckertz Title: Aiming for legitimacy but perpetuating clichés – Social evaluations of the entrepreneurial identity Abstract: The positive evaluation by society of entrepreneurs as a social group is hugely important because it determines that group’s legitimacy. However, researchers have tended to neglect the role of society in social evaluations and also that constructing them is a multilevel process. This knowledge gap has prompted us to investigate how entrepreneurs are perceived and evaluated (1) from the societal perspective, (2) from the entrepreneurs’ own perspective on entrepreneurial identity, and (3) from the entrepreneurs’ perspective on society’s views on them. We contribute to the literature by proposing a model that connects entrepreneur identities and the social evaluations of entrepreneurs. The multilevel and cross-level analysis of the evaluations of entrepreneurs linked to the individual and social entrepreneur identities reveal inconsistencies and potential trade-offs. We base this analysis primarily on a sorting study of visual representations of entrepreneurs published in the media. Although the entrepreneurs perceive the entrepreneurial identity more positively and seriously than society in general, they do not construct visual representations to convey this positive identity to the public. Finally, the results underscore the usefulness of visual analyses in revealing stereotypes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 807-827 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2100488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2100488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:807-827 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2083690_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Erik Melin Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Melin Author-Name: Johan Gaddefors Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Gaddefors Author-Name: Richard Ferguson Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Ferguson Title: The moral of the story: ‘populism’ and ‘activism’ in entrepreneurship Abstract: This paper engages with the concepts of ‘populism’ and ‘activism’ in entrepreneurial storytelling in order to explain how entrepreneurship may be both an individual and a collective endeavour. Through a case study of a moose park, we show how entrepreneurs move back and forth between individualism and collectivism with what seems to be little forethought. Our findings suggest that populism and activism function as a duality that essentially serves two purposes: populism reinforces the entrepreneur stereotype, highlighting the individual entrepreneur’s business venture; whilst activism challenges stereotypes, initiating new meaning, and social and ecological value change. Embeddedness appears a necessary condition for both these processes – the social connections in context affect the possibilities to initiate change, whether individualist or collectivist. Thus, we contribute to entrepreneurship as practice by showing how storytelling both strengthens and changes social context; and how storytelling alters depending on the social context, and the different forms of embeddedness in it. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 765-787 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2083690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2083690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:765-787 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2083691_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Lisa J. Daniel Author-X-Name-First: Lisa J. Author-X-Name-Last: Daniel Author-Name: Margarietha J. de Villiers Scheepers Author-X-Name-First: Margarietha J. Author-X-Name-Last: de Villiers Scheepers Author-Name: Morgan P. Miles Author-X-Name-First: Morgan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Miles Author-Name: Saskia de Klerk Author-X-Name-First: Saskia Author-X-Name-Last: de Klerk Title: Understanding entrepreneurial ecosystems using complex adaptive systems theory: getting the big picture for economic development, practice, and policy Abstract: This paper demonstrates how the theory of complex adaptive systems (CAS) and entrepreneurial ecosystems (EE) can be synthesized to create a comprehensive framework for understanding EEs as comprising dynamic and diverse actors, factors, and interdependencies. We adapt four elements common to CAS and propose a context-specific framework for explaining EEs through people, place, purpose, and process to provide insights for policy, development, and regulatory interventions. Motivated by the challenge to develop a practical and parsimonious framework for comprehensive EE analysis, we present a case study using a CAS approach to illustrate the nature of EEs as dynamic, interconnected social systems and identify opportunities for economic development interventions. The study offers a novel framework for system-level EE analysis, and in doing so, it contributes to entrepreneurial economic development, research, policy, and practice. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 911-934 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2083691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2083691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:911-934 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2108904_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Paulami Mitra Author-X-Name-First: Paulami Author-X-Name-Last: Mitra Author-Name: Frank Janssen Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Janssen Author-Name: Julie Hermans Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Hermans Author-Name: Jill Kickul Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Kickul Title: Social entrepreneurial crowdfunding: Influence of the type of rewards and of prosocial motivation on the crowds’ willingness to contribute Abstract: Drawing on self-leadership theory, this study investigates the influence of rewards, – classified as natural rewards and material rewards, – and of prosocial motivation on the crowds’ willingness to contribute to social entrepreneurial crowdfunding. Data was collected from a tailor-made crowdfunding campaign. Survey results from 208 respondents confirmed that the expectation of natural rewards is positively related to the crowds’ willingness to contribute to social entrepreneurial crowdfunding and that prosocial motivation mediated this relationship. Likewise, we found a strong negative relationship between material rewards and prosocial motivation. Surprisingly, this negative relationship weakly affected the willingness to contribute. In other words, material rewards can crowd-out the prosocial motivation, but with limited impact on the willingness to contribute. These findings extend current understanding of the motivational drivers of social entrepreneurial crowdfunding in a prosocial-giving context. It contributes to theory-driven knowledge of crowdfunding by applying self-leadership theory to social entrepreneurial crowdfunding. The study implies that social entrepreneurs must strategically design their crowdfunding campaign to enhance the crowds’ prosocial motivation and expectation of natural rewards in order to attract funders that are most likely to contribute. The study calls for future investigation on the design of crowdfunding campaigns with or without material rewards. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1001-1024 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2108904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2108904 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:1001-1024 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2071995_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: WenZhi Zheng Author-X-Name-First: WenZhi Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng Author-Name: Yichao Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yichao Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yufang Dai Author-X-Name-First: Yufang Author-X-Name-Last: Dai Author-Name: Yenchun Jim Wu Author-X-Name-First: Yenchun Jim Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Mengting Hu Author-X-Name-First: Mengting Author-X-Name-Last: Hu Title: Why do good deeds go unnoticed? A perspective on the legitimacy Judgment of social entrepreneurship in China Abstract: The support of entrepreneurial partners is key to social entrepreneurship and the continuous creation of social value. However, social entrepreneurship in China does not receive sufficient support from venture partners, contrary to the moral spirit of benevolence advocated by traditional Chinese Confucianism. From the perspective of the legitimacy judgement of entrepreneurial partners and using information processing theory, we construct a theoretical model of the interaction between uncertainty and entrepreneurial passion in entrepreneurial engagement and test hypotheses with data from 325 questionnaires completed in China. The results show that uncertainty negatively affects social entrepreneurial engagement, entrepreneurial passion positively affects social entrepreneurial engagement, and legitimacy judgement plays a mediating role in the relationship among uncertainty, entrepreneurial passion, and entrepreneurial engagement. The interaction between uncertainty and entrepreneurial passion affects entrepreneurial engagement through pragmatic legitimacy judgements and moral legitimacy judgements but not through relational legitimacy judgements. We examine why it is difficult for meritorious Chinese social entrepreneurial activities to obtain sufficient support from the perspective of entrepreneurial partners’ judgements, extending the legitimacy judgement theory of social entrepreneurship from the perspective of interaction between individuals and the context. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 788-806 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2071995 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2071995 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:788-806 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2121858_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Charlene L. Nicholls-Nixon Author-X-Name-First: Charlene L. Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholls-Nixon Author-Name: Dave Valliere Author-X-Name-First: Dave Author-X-Name-Last: Valliere Author-Name: Ranjita M. Singh Author-X-Name-First: Ranjita M. Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Author-Name: Zohreh Hassannezhad Chavoushi Author-X-Name-First: Zohreh Author-X-Name-Last: Hassannezhad Chavoushi Title: How incubation creates value for early-stage entrepreneurs: the People-Place nexus Abstract: Entrepreneurial support organizations (ESOs), such as university business incubators, offer tangible and intangible resources to start-ups. Prior research has theorized how these resources create value for entrepreneurs. However, resources are generally studied objectively and as independent dimensions of the incubation process. This qualitative study seeks deeper understanding of how incubation creates value by exploring the subjective lived experience of incubated entrepreneurs. Taking a grounded theorizing approach, we interviewed 44 entrepreneurs involved in ten university incubation programmes in Toronto, Canada. The emergent conceptual model suggests that value is created by the interconnection between tangible and intangible resources. The physical environment (Place) serves as a space for engaging in meaningful interactions among peers, coaches, volunteers and interns (People). Together, they provide an organizational context that fosters embeddedness. The People-Place nexus creates value in three ways: it supports venture development through entrepreneurial learning, which helps the entrepreneur refine the opportunity and start-up the business; it creates community, which fosters collaboration and mutual support for entrepreneurs as they address start-up challenges; and it signals legitimacy to external stakeholders, which facilitates access to resources. Opportunities for future research examining the interrelationship between incubating and embeddedness are suggested. Policy and managerial implications for ESOs are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 868-889 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 34 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2121858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2121858 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:9-10:p:868-889 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2117418_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Daniel Mahn Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Mahn Author-Name: Carlos Poblete Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Poblete Title: Contextualizing the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship: the Chilean paradox Abstract: This research uses hierarchical linear modelling to test the KSTE in a developing-country context. By trying this theory on a different setting as is usually studied, we attempt to identify boundary conditions, expanding this theory’s understanding. Results show the low effectiveness of this theory in a developing economy, suggesting that additional dimensions are needed to understand it completely. In reviewing the high-tech sector (the only sector in which we found evidence that the KSTE mechanisms apply), our data shows the importance of diversity for technological innovation and thus for firms born out of spillovers. Finally, we find that easiness to start a business interacts with human capital into forming high-tech new firms. Under a more bureaucratic system, high-knowledge human capital will have fewer incentives to switch from employment to self-employment and start a venture. By dealing with the specificities of developing economies when dealing with the KSTE, policymakers can avoid applying police recipes coming from findings related only to developed economies that cannot fit with the characteristics of these countries. In this context, this phenomenon is not particularly relevant for fostering new ventures, joining on the call of avoiding standardized strategies to build efficient entrepreneurial ecosystems. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 209-239 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2117418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2117418 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:209-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2072002_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Carmelita Euline Ginting-Carlström Author-X-Name-First: Carmelita Euline Author-X-Name-Last: Ginting-Carlström Author-Name: Myrto Chliova Author-X-Name-First: Myrto Author-X-Name-Last: Chliova Title: A discourse of virtue: how poor women entrepreneurs justify their activities in the context of moderate Islam Abstract: Entrepreneurship has been both celebrated and critiqued in terms of its ability to assist women in developing countries to overcome the constraints of patriarchy, with recent views acknowledging its potential for incremental, dialectical change. This is particularly true for women entrepreneurs in contexts where Islamic gender relations are practiced, which can pose certain limits to women’s entrepreneurship. We contribute to an emerging stream of research that highlights how women entrepreneurs in such contexts leverage diverse interpretative repertoires to describe and justify their work. In particular, we shed light on the understudied but populous group of women entrepreneurs of lower social class in contexts of moderate Islam. We identify virtuous repertoires as a key discursive element that assists women in these contexts to present their entrepreneurial activities and discuss implications for theory and practice. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 78-102 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2072002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2072002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:78-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2158491_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Gitte Ohrt Rosenbaum Author-X-Name-First: Gitte Ohrt Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbaum Title: The ego-networks of female international entrepreneurs: a mixed-methods study Abstract: Recent studies have attested to both the gradual rise in the numbers of female entrepreneurs operating in foreign markets and an important enabling role of networks in the internationalization process. However, despite these developments, the actual characteristics of female international entrepreneurial networks and how these different constituent properties have been leveraged as part of the internationalization process is less well understood. This article contributes to this gap in knowledge by decomposing the networks of female international entrepreneurs into structural and relational components using ego-network analysis, prior to examining how these different components were instrumental in facilitating international expansion. Our study involves eight female international entrepreneurs in the fashion industry from Denmark. Findings from this mixed-methods study show that female international entrepreneurs typically have small, dense, and homogeneous network structures, with strong ties, reciprocity, and trust. Furthermore, intra-industry contacts were mobilized considerably more that affective networks, while many network ties were not leveraged to expand internationally. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 103-128 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2158491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2158491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:103-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2143905_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Kautsar Ramli Author-X-Name-First: Kautsar Author-X-Name-Last: Ramli Author-Name: Ben Spigel Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Spigel Author-Name: Nick Williams Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Suzanne Mawson Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Mawson Author-Name: Sarah Jack Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Jack Title: Managing through a crisis: emotional leadership strategies of high-growth entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic Abstract: This study explores how high-growth entrepreneurs use well-being and emotional labour as tools to respond to crises. Drawing on 173 longitudinal interviews with 57 high-growth entrepreneurs during the Covid-19 crisis, we explore internal crisis response strategies. The data show that entrepreneurs employ a variety of emotional labour practices which produce organizational resilience. However, these practices are in tension with the strategic practices required for economic resilience. We show how the emotional of entrepreneurs serves as part of their crisis leadership strategy. This adds a new perspective to the literature on entrepreneurial crisis and resilience by showing the complexity of internal reactions to sudden and prolonged shocks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 24-48 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2143905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2143905 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:24-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2121859_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Duygu Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Duygu Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Author-Name: Per L. Bylund Author-X-Name-First: Per L. Author-X-Name-Last: Bylund Author-Name: Matthew W. Rutherford Author-X-Name-First: Matthew W. Author-X-Name-Last: Rutherford Author-Name: Curt B. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Curt B. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Title: Cryptocurrency legitimation through rhetorical strategies: an institutional entrepreneurship approach Abstract: How can cryptocurrency gain legitimacy in the eyes of users? Drawing upon the theories of institutional uncertainty and legitimacy, we propose a process model in which legitimacy for cryptocurrencies acquired at the market level via rhetorical strategies (i.e. evasive action) will reduce uncertainty in the formal institutional environment. This reduction in institutional uncertainty will beget additional legitimacy, and thus higher performance for individual crypto firms, on average. This study (1) advances institutional entrepreneurship research by investigating the legitimation process of cryptocurrency; (2) extends our understanding of the evolution of an innovation and its diffusion under institutional uncertainty; (3) contributes to the development of institutional theory by elucidating how cryptocurrencies can change existing institutions, and even create new ones, through evasive entrepreneurship; and (4) provides an overall theoretical rationale for how cryptocurrency can become more widely accepted. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 187-208 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2121859 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2121859 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:187-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2158492_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Marieshka Barton Author-X-Name-First: Marieshka Author-X-Name-Last: Barton Author-Name: Pablo Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz Title: The magical language of un-realistic venture ideas in social entrepreneurship Abstract: As social entrepreneurship gains maturity, research has begun to explore the less alluring aspects of the field, including the heroic stance of social entrepreneurs, the assumed moral superiority of their intentions, and the misleading emphasis on solutionism. In this paper, we explore a central component of this criticism, which is the construction of un-realistic venture ideas in social entrepreneurs’ pitches for social change. We analysed social venture business plans and the written feedback provided by judges during a social venture competition, and we used speech act theory to analyse the claims and promises triggering judges’ disbelief. We discovered three linguistic artefacts that underlie the construction of un-realistic venture ideas in social entrepreneurship, which we label holism, devotion, and enlightenment. While these artefacts trigger disbelief, they also play an expressive role as they channel both contestation and dreams. We leverage magical realism to forward an alternative explanation of how venture ideas in social entrepreneurship can act as a cultural form of social protest, which can be seen as a historically contingent, modern revolution. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-23 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2158492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2158492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:1-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2143573_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Ziad El-Awad Author-X-Name-First: Ziad Author-X-Name-Last: El-Awad Title: Explore or exploit? Unpacking the situational conditions and cognitive mechanisms underlying entrepreneurial learning in the new venture development process Abstract: This study explores when and why entrepreneurs choose entrepreneurial learning strategies that emphasize exploration or exploitation. Most studies have focused on explaining the different characteristics of exploration and exploitation, their performance implications, whether they are complementarities or substitutes and how particular organizational structures can support their coexistence. We apply a process design building on four research-based spinoffs observing how changes in entrepreneurs’ choices of exploration and exploitation occur as they identify and adopt a viable configuration for their ventures. In this study, we develop a theoretical model that reveals the situational conditions and mechanisms underlying entrepreneurs’ learning choices and highlights different knowledge typologies and competence gaps that new venture teams need to fill when dealing with uncertainties and performance errors. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 162-186 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2143573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2143573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:162-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2128897_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Roser Manzanera-Ruiz Author-X-Name-First: Roser Author-X-Name-Last: Manzanera-Ruiz Author-Name: Olga Margret M. M Namasembe Author-X-Name-First: Olga Margret M. M Author-X-Name-Last: Namasembe Author-Name: Vanesa Barrales Molina Author-X-Name-First: Vanesa Author-X-Name-Last: Barrales Molina Title: Female gender interests and education in women entrepreneurs’ definition of success in Uganda Abstract: Studies on the intersection between women’s education, motivations for entrepreneurship, and the structural constraints women face in Sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. In this study, we analyse the influence of education level on how women entrepreneurs in Uganda define business success. To this end, a total of 109 female agribusiness entrepreneurs were interviewed. The results firstly show that women’s definition of business success and their level of education are intertwined. Secondly, that the main definitions of success are business performance, economic independence, and family welfare, which can be categorized in terms of women’s practical interest, strategic interest, or a continuum of both, and where the education level of women is an influencing factor. The study has practical implications for policies aimed at women’s economic empowerment and education. To transform the structure of gender relations, more opportunities for women’s entrepreneurial training and child education are also needed, as well gender-sensitive indicators of business success that account for the particular interests of women in specific contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 129-145 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2128897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2128897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:129-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2145616_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Maud van Merriënboer Author-X-Name-First: Maud Author-X-Name-Last: van Merriënboer Author-Name: Michiel Verver Author-X-Name-First: Michiel Author-X-Name-Last: Verver Author-Name: Wouter Stam Author-X-Name-First: Wouter Author-X-Name-Last: Stam Title: Escaping the shadow of the past: historical context and generational identity work among young entrepreneurs in Phnom Penh’s nascent start-up scene Abstract: Identity work, the process through which entrepreneurs create a coherent and distinctive identity for themselves and their businesses, constitutes an important source of legitimacy. Yet while the ongoing social and spatial contexts in which entrepreneurs operate are increasingly viewed as critical contingencies for understanding their identity work, historical context is largely neglected. We focus on how entrepreneurs in the nascent start-up scene in Phnom Penh, Cambodia employ history in their identity work as they navigate a rapidly changing societal context. Based on three months of qualitative field research, our findings indicate that research participants distance themselves from the older generation by describing them as risk-averse, conventional and distrusting, while they embrace their own generation as innovative, globally oriented, and socially engaged. Through the articulation of these generational identity markers, young entrepreneurs construct and position themselves within a historical narrative of Cambodian development and, in turn, seek legitimacy for themselves, their business ventures, and the broader start-up scene. Our contribution lies in providing a more historically-sensitive understanding of entrepreneurial identity work, proposing generational identity work as a mechanism for entrepreneurs to gain legitimacy, and illuminating the importance of conceptualizing generations as social forces in entrepreneurship studies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 49-77 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2145616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2145616 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:49-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2126014_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson Author-X-Name-First: Bengt Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson Title: Academic entrepreneuring as a long-term commitment to regional development Abstract: The practice of ‘academic entrepreneuring’ here signifies a scholar’s innovative, integrative and persistent mode of pursuing and integrating a university’s three tasks, those of doing research, teaching students and performing outreach activities. The success of academic entrepreneuring is conditioned by the individual’s and the university’s ability to become recognized as a legitimate and trusted knowledge-creator in the regional context. Building such confidence in turn requires continuous, hands-on and whole-hearted engagement with relevant stakeholders. This calls for the mobilization of embodied practical knowledge that draws upon cognitive, affective as well as connative capabilities. Four consecutive autobiographic projects, each covering two decades or more, are reported and reviewed as instances of academic entrepreneuring. These projects and their different qualitative methodologies and varying researcher identities jointly constitute a scholar’s life-long learning and achievements as an academic entrepreneur, beginning with mainly listening to the field and ending with invasive enactive research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 146-161 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2126014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2126014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:146-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2165170_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Emily C. Blalock Author-X-Name-First: Emily C. Author-X-Name-Last: Blalock Author-Name: Xiaojun Lyu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaojun Author-X-Name-Last: Lyu Title: The patriot-preneur – China’s strategic narrative of women entrepreneurs in Chinese media Abstract: China declared women’s equality since the formation of the Communist Party of China in 1949. However a gender gap in entrepreneurship persists. Scholars have examined the modalities of women’s entrepreneurship, but the government’s framing of women’s entrepreneurship remains a mystery. Therefore, we analysed China’s strategic narrative of women entrepreneurs by asking, How does Chinese media portray women’s entrepreneurship? and Who is the ideal female entrepreneur? To answer these questions, we conducted an inductive qualitative analysis of Chinese media and selected speeches of Xi Jinping. Results revealed the patriot-preneur is the ideal female entrepreneur who engages in her Chinese Dream of entrepreneurship to promote her family, Chinese citizens, and the nation to economic greatness. This narrative is constructed from four discursive themes, fulfilment of destiny, persevere through hardship, gratitude to the Motherland, and collective feminist action. Using feminist theorizing, findings indicate filial piety and Marxism are essential to the patriot-preneur strategic narrative, whereby women must operate successful businesses while sustaining the ‘triple role’ of mother, daughter, and loyal citizen. By utilizing strategic narrative theory we introduced a novel process model to the field of entrepreneurship and public policy. The results underscore practical implications for Chinese policymakers and women entrepreneurs in general. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 264-296 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2165170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2165170 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:264-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2161014_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Dillon Berjani Author-X-Name-First: Dillon Author-X-Name-Last: Berjani Author-Name: Elco van Burg Author-X-Name-First: Elco Author-X-Name-Last: van Burg Author-Name: Karen Verduijn Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Verduijn Title: Discursive threads in entrepreneurship policy texts: A comparative analysis between The Netherlands and Kosovo Abstract: Because entrepreneurship is socially embedded and influenced by societal discourses, this study combines content and discourse analysis to analyse entrepreneurship policy texts in The Netherlands and Kosovo. These discursive threads, as portrayed and produced by policy texts, reveal discursive nuances across these two contexts that each accommodate entrepreneurship in their own ways. Discursive threads within entrepreneurship policy texts, pertaining to (economic) power, protectorates, and enterprises, reveal constraints on entrepreneurial agency by enforcing a limited view of entrepreneurship. In a transitioning economy (Kosovo), discursive threads seem more rigid than in an advanced economy (The Netherlands). Policy texts in the former setting attribute entrepreneurial achievements to government intervention; in the latter, the role of government appears diminished and complemented by other explanatory factors. Policy texts in the advanced economy also exhibit a broader understanding of entrepreneurship, such that they link it with societal issues, instead of reducing the phenomenon to an economic logic, as is the case in the transitioning economy. These findings advance a more nuanced understanding of the relations among discourses, ideology, entrepreneurship, and policymaking, by bringing differences across social contexts to the surface, as well as linking policymaking to a contextual view on entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 297-316 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2161014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2161014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:297-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2170472_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sanita Rugina Author-X-Name-First: Sanita Author-X-Name-Last: Rugina Author-Name: Helene Ahl Author-X-Name-First: Helene Author-X-Name-Last: Ahl Title: How research positions Central and Eastern European women entrepreneurs: A 30-year discourse analysis Abstract: This paper analyses how research on women’s entrepreneurship conducted in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) constructs and positions women entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship was illegal under the socialist regimes that governed this area and only began to develop after independence was obtained in the early 1990s. Consequently, research on entrepreneurship, including women’s entrepreneurship, is somewhat new to the region. Our discourse analysis of existing research in this area reveals that, despite different historical pathways towards entrepreneurship, normative premises that exist in Western studies on women’s entrepreneurship also prevail in scholarship produced in CEE. These normative premises impose dominant constructs and methodologies on entrepreneurship policy and the scholarly community. The discourse analysis identified five positioning constructs of women entrepreneurs, all of which stem from the assumption that women are (essentially) inadequately equipped for entrepreneurship. We discuss the discursive practices that produce these results and suggest ways forward for research on women’s entrepreneurship in CEE. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 241-263 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2170472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2170472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:241-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2152107_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Patrick Valéau Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Valéau Title: Commitment-based persistence in the face of venture decline: towards a renewed approach to small business orientation Abstract: The development of a nation or a region depends on saving existing businesses as much as on creating new ones. Small business orientation theories suggest that small business owners’ long-term commitment may contribute to the robustness of their venture. Our study further investigates the relationship between small business owners’ affective, continuance and normative commitment and intention to persist with an underperforming venture. Based on a sample of 298 small business owners from Reunion Island, our results first confirm a negative effect of venture decline on small business owners’ intention to persist with their venture. Second, they show a positive effect of affective and continuance commitment on venture persistence. Finally, our main finding is that venture performance positively moderates the effect of normative commitment, with the latter only becoming significant when venture performance declines. This research renews small business orientation theory by suggesting that robustness is not always straightforward and sometimes means persisting in the face of decline, and by arguing that these adverse circumstances put small business owners to the test and fully reveal the strength of their commitment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 366-381 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2152107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2152107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:366-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2169358_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Valmir Emil Hoffmann Author-X-Name-First: Valmir Emil Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann Author-Name: Fiorenza Belussi Author-X-Name-First: Fiorenza Author-X-Name-Last: Belussi Author-Name: F. Xavier Molina-Morales Author-X-Name-First: F. Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales Author-Name: Daniel Vieira Pires Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Vieira Pires Title: Clusters under pressure: the impact of a crisis in Italian industrial districts Abstract: This paper analyses the relationship between increased competition and cluster resources – that is, horizontal cooperation, supporting organizations, and knowledge transfer – during the 2008–2010s economic crisis, and we discuss the impact of the crisis on small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The empirical study is based on a survey with entrepreneurs within two Italian clusters: Arzignano (tannery) and Riviera del Brenta (high-quality footwear and accessories). Our results show that competition impacts the clusters’ competitive resources. We consider that support institutions act as a local resource but also as a local actor, which means that having a positive impact on them depends on the actions they develop to overcome a crisis. Thus, for local SMEs, territory is a source of competitive advantage, even when the cluster is under pressure. This paper provides two major contributions. First, we show that when cluster resources are affected by an external shock, a positive result might emerge. Second, from a managerial point of view, we show that institutions are important in supporting the cluster in times of crisis, and these institutions may be able to implement concrete actions to help local SMEs promote their products. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 424-443 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2169358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2169358 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:424-443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2103745_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ying Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Ying Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Exploring interfirm collaboration processes of small- and medium-sized enterprises: an institutional logics perspective Abstract: This research examines the formation and development processes of interfirm collaboration among SMEs in the context of institutional logics change in an emerging economy. Building on the microfoundations lens and the institutional logics perspective, the empirical investigation focuses on the qualitative study of the interfirm collaborative relationships among SMEs in China. The research findings underscore the significant role played by government-supported broker firms in fostering the formation and development of interfirm collaboration among SMEs. In particular, these broker firms first reproduce the institutional logics by means of championing government-promoted projects and events and diffusing government policies through their sensemaking and sensegiving. The reproduction of institutional logics by broker firms facilitates the formation and development processes of interfirm collaboration among SMEs which, over time, may lead to collaboration success occurrences that are predominantly manifested by success events, artefacts and stories. In the case of new meanings emergent from the collaboration success occurrences, broker firms tend to engage in legitimating these new meanings to transform the institutional logics. Thereby, this research contributes to the theoretical advancement in the fields of inter-organizational collaborations among SMEs and institutional logics. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 402-423 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2103745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2103745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:402-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2146758_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Richmond Odartey Lamptey Author-X-Name-First: Richmond Odartey Author-X-Name-Last: Lamptey Author-Name: Michael Zisuh Ngoasong Author-X-Name-First: Michael Zisuh Author-X-Name-Last: Ngoasong Title: The role of governance in enabling the pursuit of dual mission in bank-based impact investing Abstract: Impact investing, defined as direct investments into small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with intentionality to realize social impact and financial returns, simultaneously, has emerged as an attractive, alternative source of entrepreneurial finance in marginalized communities. In this paper, we focus on bank-based impact funds (BBFs), where impact investors and commercial bank partner to create different vehicles of impact investments (managed funds, grants/guarantees or co-financing BBFs) for financing SMEs. Through the theoretical lens of governance, as applied to bank-SME financing and the pursuit of dual mission in social entrepreneurship studies, we develop qualitative case studies in Ghana, uncovering how BBFs enable the pursuit of dual mission by SMEs. The findings are drawn upon to develop a theoretical framework that depicts a unique form of governance as constituting the (i) alignment of the incentives of impact investors and banks to resolve structural and dual-mission tensions in bank-SME financing; and (ii) pre-approval, control and monitoring mechanism necessary for the pursue of the dual mission of financial returns and social impacts in bank-based impact investing. The findings have implications for fund managers, SMEs and policymakers seeking to attract impact investments for private sector-driven development. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 382-401 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2146758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2146758 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:382-401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2165712_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Josh Wei-Jun Hsueh Author-X-Name-First: Josh Wei-Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Hsueh Author-Name: Nadine Hietschold Author-X-Name-First: Nadine Author-X-Name-Last: Hietschold Author-Name: Philipp Sieger Author-X-Name-First: Philipp Author-X-Name-Last: Sieger Author-Name: Christian Voegtlin Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Voegtlin Title: Strangers in my home: the 2015 refugee event in Europe and founder social identities of nascent entrepreneurs Abstract: How does the grand challenge of refugees influence nascent entrepreneurs in host countries? To explore this question, we build on social identity theory and analyse how the 2015 European refugee event is related to the strength of different founder social identities (i.e. Darwinian, Communitarian, and Missionary founder social identities) of nascent entrepreneurs in the countries accommodating the refugees. Using a dataset of 6,096 nascent entrepreneurs from 24 European countries, we reveal a positive relationship between the refugee event and the strength of the Communitarian founder social identity. This relationship is even stronger when the previous percentage of foreign migrants in a country is lower and is mediated by the human health and social work industry. Interestingly, we do not find significant relationships between the refugee event and the strengths of the Darwinian or Missionary founder social identity, respectively. Hence, refugees as a grand challenge are likely to have divergent influences on different types of entrepreneurship in society. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 337-365 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2165712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2165712 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:337-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2176549_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bo T. Christensen Author-X-Name-First: Bo T. Author-X-Name-Last: Christensen Author-Name: Kasper M. Arendt Author-X-Name-First: Kasper M. Author-X-Name-Last: Arendt Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth Title: How learning spaces matter in entrepreneurship education: introducing the concept of topopraxis Abstract: Research into entrepreneurship education has explored content, audience and pedagogy but much is still to be studied when it comes to the spatial dimensions of learning – that is, where entrepreneurship is taught, how this matters for pedagogies used, and the implications for learning. We seek to strengthen a theoretical foundation for understanding learning spaces and the spatial dimensions in entrepreneurship education (EE). We extend the teaching model framework by Fayolle and Gailly, to develop a conceptual model that relates place and pedagogy into learning spaces in EE, informed by recent pedagogical trends in experiential learning and design pedagogy. The model concerns the where-how, the topopraxis, of two types of learning spaces in team-based EE that are grounded in theory on the spatial dimensions of social interaction pertaining to team ‘territory’, and stakeholder proximity. The model proposes that topopraxis in EE programmes will impact learning processes and outcomes in the form of team relationship building, conceptual development , and student identity formation. To illustrate the applicability of the model, we analyse two cases of EE programmes, both conducted in studio environments, but differing in topopraxes and learning outcomes. Finally, we offer implications for EE research, and for the design of entrepreneurship programmes. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 317-336 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2176549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2176549 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:317-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2177353_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Signe Hedeboe Frederiksen Author-X-Name-First: Signe Hedeboe Author-X-Name-Last: Frederiksen Author-Name: Lene Tanggaard Author-X-Name-First: Lene Author-X-Name-Last: Tanggaard Title: Learning to navigate the landscape of participation. On the initiation of students into practices of entrepreneurship (and) education Abstract: Practicing entrepreneurship is important for entrepreneurial learning in institutionalized education. However, research is attentive to how this challenges conventional learning arrangements and requires teachers and students to change familiar ways of relating and participating. In this study, we investigate the landscape of participation in a case of experiential entrepreneurship education for non-business postgraduate students. Employing the notion of legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice, we show how students are initiated into entrepreneurship education practice through three modes of participation: compliance, autonomy and authenticity. Even though these participatory modes make sense one by one, their accumulation created tension. Hereby, we illustrate the complex organization of entrepreneurship education as situated social practices. We theorize by employing a practice theory perspective to explore why tensions may be inherent to widely recognized ideals of best practice in experiential entrepreneurship education. This is in contrast to individual learner oriented explanations. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 553-577 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2177353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2177353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:5-6:p:553-577 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2191341_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Yu-Hui Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yu-Hui Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Board composition and corporate governance performance: investigating the effects of diversity Abstract: This study investigated the diversity of the BOD and explored its impact on corporate governance through quantitative empirical analysis. This study uniquely adopted Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporate Governance 100 Index (TWSE CG 100 Index) as the measurement of corporate governance performance. Five highly related indicators, i.e. gender, independence, education, legal, finance or accounting profession, and seniority to measure board diversity, which could be efficient variables on predicting the firms’ likelihood being listed in the TWSE CG 100 Index, were used as independent variables. The results showed that board independence and the seniority of directors have a positive impact on corporate governance. This study made several important contributions. First, this study shed light on the conflicting evidence on the relationship between board diversity and firm corporate governance performance for the Taiwan economy. Second, this paper uniquely adopted TWSE CG 100 Index, and the findings can contribute to giving investors predictions about the quality of corporate governance and can serve as an incentive for corporates to enhance superior corporate governance. Furthermore, this study can contribute to practice by providing optimization suggestions for BOD composition and nomination. At last, this paper demonstrated policy justifications and implications for Taiwan government. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 578-591 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2191341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2191341 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:5-6:p:578-591 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2185687_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Giulia Tagliazucchi Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Tagliazucchi Author-Name: Francesca De Canio Author-X-Name-First: Francesca Author-X-Name-Last: De Canio Author-Name: Elisa Martinelli Author-X-Name-First: Elisa Author-X-Name-Last: Martinelli Title: Exploring perceived post-disaster performance in micro-businesses: how does entrepreneur psychological resilience matter? Abstract: The paper investigates the resilience of micro-businesses (MBs) to natural disasters by exploring the impact of two levels of resilience, namely organizational resilience and entrepreneur psychological resilience, on perceived post-disaster business performance (PPDBP). As MBs tend to be entrepreneur-centric, entrepreneur psychological resilience (EPR) can play an important role, interconnected with that of organizational resilience (OR). However, in the extant literature the debate is still open on how OR and EPR relate. We verified a structural model with the aid of Upper Echelons and Imprinting theories, applying a covariance-based technique on data collected through a survey administered to a sample of 213 MBs hit by the 2012 Earthquake in Emilia (Italy). Results revealed that perceived post-disaster business performance is driven by entrepreneur psychological resilience with a mediating role for organizational resilience, in three main areas: robustness, agility and integrity. The study contributes to the literature on resilience and MBs by providing empirical evidence and practical implications. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 445-459 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2185687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2185687 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:5-6:p:445-459 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2197875_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Miaomiao Yin Author-X-Name-First: Miaomiao Author-X-Name-Last: Yin Author-Name: Bingyu Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Bingyu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: ‘Put heads together’: How engaging communities of inquiry propels innovation-driven entrepreneurship in emerging economies Abstract: Recent studies have indicated that innovation-driven entrepreneurship is far more beneficial than traditional entrepreneurship in emerging economies. However, how to propel this type of entrepreneurship remains somewhat unclear. Thus, this study applied social cognitive theory to reveal how engaging communities of inquiry stimulate innovation-driven entrepreneurship in emerging economies. A hierarchical regression analysis on a sample of 207 Chinese entrepreneurs revealed that open community engagement predicts active innovation-driven entrepreneurship, whereas more focused community engagement hinders it. Both relationships are weakened when the entrepreneurial environment is seen as more munificent. The findings advance the entrepreneurship literature by adding understanding of the two kinds of community engagement and explicating their effects on innovation-driven entrepreneurship from the social interaction point of view. That constitutes practical guidance for entrepreneurs, and a basis for governments seeking to encourage innovation-driven entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 511-531 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2197875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2197875 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:5-6:p:511-531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2189314_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sibel Ozasir Kacar Author-X-Name-First: Sibel Author-X-Name-Last: Ozasir Kacar Author-Name: Caroline Essers Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Essers Author-Name: Yvonne Benschop Author-X-Name-First: Yvonne Author-X-Name-Last: Benschop Title: A contextual analysis of entrepreneurial identity and experience: women entrepreneurs in Turkey Abstract: This study aims to understand the complex mechanisms of entrepreneurship in context and explores the entrepreneurial identities and experiences of women entrepreneurs in relation to opportunity structures in Turkey. Turkey’s position at the boundary of Western and Middle Eastern geographies and cultures presents a compelling context for the study of women’s entrepreneurship. Drawing on life-story interviews with 11 women entrepreneurs, this study analyses social, political, and institutional opportunity structures in Turkey. The findings illustrate that women entrepreneurs engage in exaggerated perfectionism, strategic political distancing, and closed social positioning in relation to the opportunity structures in Turkey. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by providing a more in-depth and nuanced understanding on the relationship between different opportunity structures and women entrepreneurs and herewith responding to the dominance of Western thinking and context on entrepreneurial experiences and identities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 460-481 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2189314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2189314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:5-6:p:460-481 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2184873_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Emily C. Blalock Author-X-Name-First: Emily C. Author-X-Name-Last: Blalock Author-Name: Yangyang Fan Author-X-Name-First: Yangyang Author-X-Name-Last: Fan Author-Name: Xiaojun Lyu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaojun Author-X-Name-Last: Lyu Title: A systematic literature review of Chinese entrepreneurship: utilizing feminist theory with implications for public policy Abstract: Entrepreneurship in China is a recent phenomenon, whereby self-employment was formally legalized in the 1980s. Despite the growing significance of Chinese entrepreneurship, literature is without consistent contextual analysis. Our study is the first to systematically review Chinese entrepreneurship by using a mixed-methods analysis through combining quantitative Leximancer data-mining software with a traditional qualitative content analysis. We analysed 2,572 relevant publications and provide 11 key themes within Chinese entrepreneurship coinciding with the introduction of China’s Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation policy campaign. Next, we extracted 126 publications specific to women and analysed the thematic results using post-structural feminist theorizing, we challenge the hegemonic normalization of gender order created within Chinese entrepreneurship literature and the othering of women entrepreneurs. Our results indicated several limitations and new opportunities to refine the focus of future studies utilizing feminist theory with implications for public policy and entrepreneurship. We believe by understanding a longitudinal view of Chinese entrepreneurship through a post-structural feminist lens, scholars can adopt research strategies to reduce potential marginalization in Chinese entrepreneurship theory and practice. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 482-510 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2184873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2184873 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:5-6:p:482-510 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2192564_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 592-592 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2192564 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2192564 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:5-6:p:592-592 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2178676_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Giulia Giunti Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Giunti Author-Name: Jo Duberley Author-X-Name-First: Jo Author-X-Name-Last: Duberley Title: Academic entrepreneurship: work identity in contexts Abstract: Through the qualitative analysis of 81 semi-structured interviews of academics from the STEM fields, working in UK, Australia, and Italy, we support and challenge the previous literature on academic entrepreneurship. On the one hand, our research supports previous studies which suggest that some academics find compatibility between their academic roles and forms of science commercialization and knowledge transfer. The findings suggest that such an alignment of roles takes place in contexts (disciplinary, proximal) which stimulate and support academic entrepreneurship. At the same time, we argue against of the idea of fusion of academic-entrepreneur role identity and we suggest whilst the two roles may coexist, they are separate, as the academic identity remains the central salient identity. Continuity of core academic values is linked to ‘supranational’ factors such as norms and values of the academic profession and of disciplinary fields, which influence perceptions of alignment or misalignment with various activities, including the entrepreneurial one. We offer a redefinition of academic entrepreneurship through the lens of social entrepreneurship which could constitute the bridge between two worlds which are typically considered difficult to connect. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 532-552 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2178676 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2178676 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:5-6:p:532-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2216181_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Stefano Amato Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: Amato Author-Name: Rodrigo Basco Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Basco Author-Name: Fernanda Ricotta Author-X-Name-First: Fernanda Author-X-Name-Last: Ricotta Title: Family firms, Regional Competitiveness and Productivity: A Multilevel Approach Abstract: As not all firms benefit to the same extent from regional competitiveness, this article investigates the influence of the regional context on the productivity of a sample of family and non-family manufacturing firms in Spain. Using a multilevel approach to account for the nested structure of the data, and a composite indicator of regional competitiveness, to capture the spatial endowment of tangible and intangible resources, we found family firms to be more sensitive to the regional context than non-family businesses. Cross-level interactions show that family firms achieve higher productivity gains from their location in more competitive regions than their non-family counterparts. This result is in line with our theoretical arguments postulating the unique social capital of family firms which allows them to benefit most from location advantages. Implications for regional and family business studies, as well as policymakers, are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 666-694 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2216181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2216181 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:7-8:p:666-694 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2211978_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Indu Khurana Author-X-Name-First: Indu Author-X-Name-Last: Khurana Author-Name: Alexis Habiyaremye Author-X-Name-First: Alexis Author-X-Name-Last: Habiyaremye Author-Name: Veysel Avsar Author-X-Name-First: Veysel Author-X-Name-Last: Avsar Author-Name: Siri Terjesen Author-X-Name-First: Siri Author-X-Name-Last: Terjesen Title: The impact of policy uncertainty on entrepreneurial activity: a cross-country analysis Abstract: This study examines the impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU), capturing the extent to which a national economy is characterized by uncertainty about future tax codes, monetary policy, and government spending on the rate of entrepreneurial activity, including necessity entrepreneurship and opportunity entrepreneurship. Applying the system Generalized Method of Moments methodology on panel data covering 26 countries over 19 years, we show that higher EPU is associated with increased rates of necessity entrepreneurship. The results are significant even after controlling for other macro-level indicators and alternate EPU specifications. The results also suggest a lower rate of necessity entrepreneurship in developed economies, which reflects the role of safety nets as a shield against sudden loss of livelihood. We find no significant relationship between EPU and opportunity entrepreneurship, suggesting that opportunity entrepreneurship is governed by a more complex combination of factors. Our study contributes to the literature on determinants of entrepreneurship and offers important recommendations for entrepreneurs and policymakers. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 593-616 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2211978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2211978 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:7-8:p:593-616 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2214534_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Björn Vollan Author-X-Name-First: Björn Author-X-Name-Last: Vollan Author-Name: Myriam Hadnes Author-X-Name-First: Myriam Author-X-Name-Last: Hadnes Author-Name: Marco Nilgen Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Nilgen Author-Name: Michael Kosfeld Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Kosfeld Title: The ‘Fetters of the Sib’ in an uncertain business environment - an experimental study in Burkina Faso Abstract: We conducted a field experiment in Burkina Faso to investigate the impact of informal sharing obligations within kin networks on entrepreneurial effort. Tailors were incentivized to produce bags and our treatment intervention was to subtly inform tailors’ families about this income opportunity. We expected that informing the family should lead to an average decrease in entrepreneurial effort. However, the overall treatment effect we find is insignificant and the observed effect even points in the opposite direction than expected. Ex-post explorative analysis motivated by previous research findings, reveals that average effects mask differences regarding how tailors adjusted their production processes. Heterogeneity in working longer hours vs. asking additional people for help between the two treatment groups highlights the importance of reciprocity norms and income hiding. Additionally, we show how some tailors in the treatment group were able to utilize their kin network to their joint advantage, underlining the positive potential of kin networks in an uncertain business environment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 617-643 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2214534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2214534 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:7-8:p:617-643 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2216174_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Natalia Vershinina Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Vershinina Author-Name: Peter Rodgers Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Rodgers Title: Self-regulation, micro-foundations and migrant entrepreneurs’ capacities for resilience Abstract: In this article, using regulatory focus theory (RFT), we adopt a micro-foundational approach to illuminate how migrant entrepreneurs develop forms of resilience within a small firm context. Conceptually we showcase how the fusing of individual and organizational interactions enables the enactment of generative resilience capacities. Our empirical study involves a qualitative, interpretative approach encompassing sixty-one interviews with migrant entrepreneurs across three urban centres in the UK. The enactment of resilience capacities is activated through legitimacy building, network building and resource and capability development. Theoretically we underscore the role of accumulated agency, which aids migrant entrepreneurs to overcome existing structural challenges and in doing so, build resilience capacities. Our findings also reveal the temporal nature of resilience capacity building, involving real-time, retrospective and prospective actions. We offer theoretical contributions, practical implications and signpost directions for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 644-665 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2216174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2216174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:7-8:p:644-665 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2233010_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Claire Doussard Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Doussard Author-Name: Julien Billion Author-X-Name-First: Julien Author-X-Name-Last: Billion Author-Name: Jérémie Renouf Author-X-Name-First: Jérémie Author-X-Name-Last: Renouf Author-Name: Sylvain Bureau Author-X-Name-First: Sylvain Author-X-Name-Last: Bureau Title: Barefoot entrepreneurs trapped in liminal spaces: the case of homeless youths in New York City Abstract: The barefoot entrepreneurship literature rarely acknowledges the role of space in the development of informal economic activities. However, the concept of liminal space, defined as a place of transition and largely discussed in geography, can provide a new conceptual lens through which the trajectories of barefoot entrepreneurs can be viewed. This interdisciplinary research leverages this perspective to raise the following question: How do barefoot entrepreneurs experience liminal spaces to engage in informal economic activities? To answer this question, this article explores how 10 homeless youths in New York City panhandle, steal, deal and prostitute themselves to survive. Drawing on a four-year ethnography and the use of geographic methods, we explain how these barefoot entrepreneurs experience liminal spaces. More precisely, we underline how these spaces are ambivalent places of becoming: on the one hand, they support the development of barefoot entrepreneurship; but on the other hand, they lead to ‘entrepreneurial traps’ in the sense that these activities tend to increase the entrepreneurs’ marginality. Based on these results, we contribute to the literature on barefoot entrepreneurship, and to a better understanding of the implication of liminal spaces in entrepreneurial dynamics. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 938-955 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2233010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2233010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:938-955 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2232757_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jiaju Yan Author-X-Name-First: Jiaju Author-X-Name-Last: Yan Author-Name: Nick Mmbaga Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Mmbaga Author-Name: Michael Lerman Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Lerman Author-Name: Tim Munyon Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Munyon Title: Driven to influence: how entrepreneurial drive and political skill influence new venture performance Abstract: Dispositional research evaluates how individual differences, such as traits and abilities, impact entrepreneur behaviour and performance. Drawing on social influence capitalization theory, this paper explores how two dispositional influences – entrepreneurial drive and political skill – interact and predict new venture performance. Based on a sample of 286 entrepreneurs, our study suggests that entrepreneurs’ inner ‘drive’ amplifies the positive effects of entrepreneur political skill on new venture performance. Our study contributes to entrepreneurship and psychology literatures by unpacking two important entrepreneurial dispositional determinants of new venture performance. It also helps extend prior findings by showing how political skill is activated by entrepreneurial drive to impact new venture performance. We propose that entrepreneurial drive helps to further explain the key role of entrepreneurial political skill in new venture performance. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 885-904 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2232757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2232757 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:885-904 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2243465_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Theodor Vladasel Author-X-Name-First: Theodor Author-X-Name-Last: Vladasel Title: Family structure and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Swedish siblings Abstract: Family background matters for entrepreneurship, but why do siblings differ in their propensity to become entrepreneurs and the type of ventures they pursue? I draw on family socialization and resource allocation theories to develop hypotheses about the differential effects of family structure – comprising birth order, family size, and sibling gender – on (growth-oriented) entrepreneurship. Using firm incorporation as a marker of growth orientation, I test these hypotheses in a sample of Swedish siblings. Relative to older siblings, later born children are more likely to become unincorporated entrepreneurs, partly because they occupy family niches corresponding to lower educational attainment and higher labour market frictions. Moreover, children in very large families are less likely to pursue incorporation, with stronger effects for men and earlier born children, in line with their limited ability to develop self-efficacy due to resource dilution. Growing up with an opposite-gender sibling does not influence entrepreneurship, indicating that sibling sex composition may not foster stronger gender norms or sex-typing in this domain in Sweden. This study integrates existing findings and offers novel insights, broadening our understanding of family background in entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 979-1005 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2243465 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2243465 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:979-1005 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2223610_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ana Maria Bojica Author-X-Name-First: Ana Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Bojica Author-Name: Javier Martínez-Del-Río Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Del-Río Title: Framing conflicting demands and strategies for managing hybridity in social enterprises Abstract: Research has shown that social enterprises must constantly balance conflicting demands between their social and economic goals. However, little is known about the factors that shape managers’ strategic choices in response to the tensions associated with social enterprises’ hybrid nature. To address this issue, we conducted a case study analysis of six work integration social enterprises that draws on insights from previous literature on organizational hybrids and managerial frames. This study identifies two distinct cognitive frames that managers adopt to interpret the hybrid condition of their organization, balancing and integrative, each of which is associated with different types of strategies for managing hybridity, defensive and exploratory, respectively. Additionally, we unveil the mechanisms through which these frames shape hybrid strategies, namely, through the representation of the environment, representation of agency, and capability to integrate conflicting prescriptions. These results underscore the individual agency of managers and their idiosyncratic cognitive processes as important explanatory factors for the wide array of strategic responses observed in the management of social enterprises. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 715-745 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2223610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2223610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:715-745 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2225044_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ayoob Sadeghiani Author-X-Name-First: Ayoob Author-X-Name-Last: Sadeghiani Author-Name: Alistair Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alistair Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Sadra Ahmadi Author-X-Name-First: Sadra Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmadi Author-Name: Sajjad Shokouhyar Author-X-Name-First: Sajjad Author-X-Name-Last: Shokouhyar Author-Name: Bahman Hajipour Author-X-Name-First: Bahman Author-X-Name-Last: Hajipour Title: Sayings and doings become ‘practice’ through ‘practice thirdness’: pivot in recipes for practice Abstract: The abductive logic behind the practice lens allows practice researchers to contextualize theorizing and emphasize non-generalizability of their findings. However, scholars are critical of this non-generalizability flaw. In this conceptual paper, we aim to go beyond such criticisms and constructively discuss how this flaw might be resolved. In doing so, we theorize ‘practice thirdness’ as the shared understanding of knowing how to do practice, at local and universal levels, and provide a framework for discussing the generalizability of practice. We take ‘pivot’, at the heart of the Lean Startup as our case, and based on different interpretations of this practice, we argue what entrepreneurs have said and what scholars have interpreted of what entrepreneurs have said do not show what they have actually done. Therefore, despite the formation of practice local thirdness, i.e. practice thirdness in a particular context, in the case of pivot, still, we need academic conversation to reach practice universal thirdness, i.e. practice thirdness across different contexts. We suggest that practice researchers take a neopragmatic lens for studying practice patterns across different contexts. Also, we argue why practice researchers should be open to other methods besides the commonly recommended (non)participant observation. Moreover, we propose a model for communicating and generalizing practice based on Peirce’s triadic model of semiosis and Nonaka and Takeuchi’s model of knowledge management. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 788-811 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2225044 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2225044 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:788-811 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2225035_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Paula Kupiainen Author-X-Name-First: Paula Author-X-Name-Last: Kupiainen Author-Name: Katri Komulainen Author-X-Name-First: Katri Author-X-Name-Last: Komulainen Author-Name: Päivi Eriksson Author-X-Name-First: Päivi Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson Author-Name: Hannu Räty Author-X-Name-First: Hannu Author-X-Name-Last: Räty Title: Is older entrepreneurship being silenced? A policy analysis of Finnish government programmes Abstract: This post-structural policy analysis examines Finnish government programmes through the lens of neoliberal governmentality and the concepts of the entrepreneurial self and active ageing. In the context of Finland, as a Nordic welfare state in transition to a competition-state model, this study examines how government programmes construct an ageing workforce, especially regarding older entrepreneurship. The results suggest that older people are not only constructed as a difficult-to-employ workforce but also as passive and vulnerable care recipients. Furthermore, as a construction, older entrepreneurship is absent from the studied documents, suggesting that the older entrepreneurship is a marginalized group that has been silenced. This article increases knowledge about this silencing in terms of governmentality and provides perspectives via which to develop a more inclusive entrepreneurship policy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 746-761 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2225035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2225035 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:746-761 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2232760_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Carlos Poblete Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Poblete Author-Name: Vesna Mandakovic Author-X-Name-First: Vesna Author-X-Name-Last: Mandakovic Author-Name: Mauricio Apablaza Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio Author-X-Name-Last: Apablaza Title: “As if it were home”: an exploratory study of the role of homesickness among migrant entrepreneurs Abstract: A common pattern observed in the psychological literature on migrants is homesickness, yet there is a lack of research examining if this phenomenon has any effect in the entrepreneurship sphere. This study begins to fill this gap with an inductive approach examining the Venezuelan migratory wave in Chile. Methodologically, we conduct an oral history analysis of 18 Venezuelan entrepreneurs’ narratives to explore the reasons they built their entrepreneurial ventures and the mechanisms underlying this process. Based on our findings, we show that homesickness can become an enabler that links entrepreneurs with a (latent unsatisfied) demand by facilitating the entrepreneurial ideation process. This phenomenon occurs because the engagement between individuals is heightened when they experience homesickness. On the one hand, we notice that homesick entrepreneurs enhance three resources that contribute to the entrepreneurial ideation process: (1) rhetorical skills, (2) affective empathy, and (3) adaptive attitude. On the other hand, two features also facilitate interaction from the demand side: (1) customer persona and (2) cohesive community identity. Thus, our results suggest that migrant entrepreneurs gain trusted partners based on shared homesickness. Consequently, a more efficient and effective entrepreneurial ideation process is generated. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 905-937 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2232760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2232760 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:905-937 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2246045_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Helene Mueller Author-X-Name-First: Helene Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller Author-Name: Martina Pieperhoff Author-X-Name-First: Martina Author-X-Name-Last: Pieperhoff Title: Necessity entrepreneurship: an integrative review and research agenda Abstract: Research on necessity entrepreneurship has increased in the last decade, with studies investigating the phenomenon in different contexts and applying numerous theories. Such diverse research activity has affected the use of the term necessity entrepreneurship and its applicability and, in turn, limited the overall understanding of the concept. Moreover, because little effort has been made to synthesize the body of literature on necessity entrepreneurship, no organized framework exists that allows researchers to theorize and contextualize the complexity of the concept. To fill that gap, we conducted an integrative, systematic literature review of 252 articles published on the topic between 1986 and 2022. In inductive qualitative analysis, we identified applied theories, antecedents, and manifestations exhibited in the field, along with outcomes and critical voices in the literature. We aggregated our findings into a framework and here provide a comprehensive, organized overview of the literature on necessity entrepreneurship. In doing so, we contribute to a multilevel perspective on necessity entrepreneurship and indicate numerous paths for future research. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 762-787 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2246045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2246045 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:762-787 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2225487_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Simony R. Marins Author-X-Name-First: Simony R. Author-X-Name-Last: Marins Author-Name: Eduardo P. B. Davel Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo P. B. Author-X-Name-Last: Davel Author-Name: Samantha Parsley Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Parsley Title: Aesthetic Embeddedness: Towards an Aesthetic Understanding of Cultural and Artistic Entrepreneurship Abstract: Aesthetics is quintessential for entrepreneurial practice and theory. Specifically, we argue that aesthetics provides a more sophisticated understanding of the embeddedness of cultural and artistic entrepreneurship (CAE). This paper is based on an aesthetic ethnography of entrepreneurial organizations in the music sector in Brazil. Our findings generate a conceptualization of aesthetic embeddedness, explaining how CAE is embedded in culture through three practices (crossing, syncretic and valuing). Crossing practices are aesthetic contagions that generate exchange. Syncretic practices are harmonizations between different elements that create coexistences during aesthetic product creation. Valuing practices are aesthetic negotiations that occur between entrepreneurs and stakeholders. As an outcome of the three practices, we discuss how aesthetic knowledge deriving from aesthetic embeddedness can be mobilized as aesthetic capital, value and innovation in entrepreneurial practice. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 695-714 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2225487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2225487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:695-714 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2241412_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Doaa Althalathini Author-X-Name-First: Doaa Author-X-Name-Last: Althalathini Author-Name: Hayfaa A. Tlaiss Author-X-Name-First: Hayfaa A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tlaiss Title: Of resistance to patriarchy and occupation through a virtual bazaar: an institutional theory critique of the emancipatory potential of Palestinian women’s digital entrepreneurship Abstract: This study explores how institutional contexts and digital technologies influence women’s digital entrepreneurship and emancipation potential in the conflict-laden, Arab country-specific context of Palestine. Drawing on insights from Institutional Theory and emancipation literature, we capitalize on in-depth, semi-structured online interviews with Palestinian women entrepreneurs. Accordingly, we present empirical evidence demonstrating that while digital technologies enabled Palestinian women to launch their enterprises, the unsupportive institutional contexts confined them to home-based, feminine enterprises and subjected them to a toll of additional challenges, health issues and hostility. Our findings challenge the claim that digital entrepreneurship emancipates women by showcasing the context-specific nature of emancipation. This paper advances entrepreneurship research by demonstrating how Arab women’s digital entrepreneurship unfolds at the intersection between emancipatory enablers and unique, conflict-laden regulatory, normative, and cultural-cognitive institutional pillars. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 956-978 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2241412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2241412 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:956-978 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2232756_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ilija Braun Author-X-Name-First: Ilija Author-X-Name-Last: Braun Author-Name: Philipp Sieger Author-X-Name-First: Philipp Author-X-Name-Last: Sieger Author-Name: Heiko Bergmann Author-X-Name-First: Heiko Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann Title: Going the whole nine yards: founder social identities and the nascent-active transition Abstract: What makes nascent entrepreneurs more or less likely to complete the founding process and to actually start their business? To address this fundamental question, we introduce founder social identity and economic prosperity as potential explanatory factors that are still insufficiently understood. Specifically, we theorize that having a Darwinian, Communitarian, or Missionary founder social identity affects the transition from nascent to active entrepreneurship in distinct ways. Furthermore, we expect economic prosperity to act as a relevant contingency factor. We test our hypotheses in a two-wave dataset of nascent entrepreneurs from the GUESSS project and conduct a supportive post-hoc analysis in a sample of nascent entrepreneurs from a longitudinal PSED-type study (SwissPEB). We find support for most of our expectations, namely that having a Communitarian or Missionary founder social identity makes the nascent-active transition more likely and that economic prosperity moderates the Darwinian- and Communitarian-related main effects. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 812-840 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2232756 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2232756 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:812-840 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2227977_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sumaya Hashim Author-X-Name-First: Sumaya Author-X-Name-Last: Hashim Title: Women entrepreneurs in the Gulf States: Taking stock and moving forward Abstract: The Gulf States have dedicated much attention and many resources to entrepreneurship, particularly in supporting women entrepreneurship. These efforts are reflected in the increase in research focused on women entrepreneurs in the Gulf States. The vast majority of relevant studies have explored the reasons for the low engagement of women in the economic sphere. Recent works have shifted attention to the agency of women entrepreneurs. However, most of the literature has applied Western epistemology without challenging and unpacking the unique contextual dimensions that influence women’s entrepreneurial activities in the Gulf States. This study thus systematically reviews the literature on women entrepreneurship in the Gulf States, increases the understanding of how these women are ‘doing context’ by discussing three different conceptualizations of how they enact and do context in the Gulf States, and proposes future research avenues for developing context-specific epistemologies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 841-884 Issue: 9-10 Volume: 35 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2227977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2227977 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:841-884 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2218314_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Randolph Luca Bruno Author-X-Name-First: Randolph Luca Author-X-Name-Last: Bruno Author-Name: Julia Korosteleva Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Korosteleva Author-Name: Kirill Osaulenko Author-X-Name-First: Kirill Author-X-Name-Last: Osaulenko Author-Name: Slavo Radosevic Author-X-Name-First: Slavo Author-X-Name-Last: Radosevic Title: Sectoral digital capabilities and complementarities in shaping young firms’ growth: evidence from Europe Abstract: We explore how digitalization impacts young firms’ growth. A longitudinal panel analysis of the EU’s new ventures during 2010–2018 reveals that digital sectoral capabilities affect young firms’ growth autonomously and via interaction with other sectoral capabilities. Digital sectoral capabilities play an important complementary role in facilitating the upscaling of young firms operating in R&D-intensive contexts as they mature and within environments rich in tangible capital investments. In business contexts characterized by high digital but low human capabilities, young firms struggle to grow, flagging a mismatch of skills’ composition. The effects of digitalization vary depending on the level of competition within each sector. The results on complementarities of sectoral capabilities suggest that horizontal policy solutions favouring specific capabilities in isolation may have limited or counterproductive effects. Instead, policy should target a portfolio of capabilities and consider their complementarities under competitive market structures. Our analysis shows that effective innovation policy should be broadly defined and closely integrated with competition policy. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 115-135 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2218314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2218314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:1-2:p:115-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2179669_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Simone Schmid Author-X-Name-First: Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Schmid Author-Name: Friederike Welter Author-X-Name-First: Friederike Author-X-Name-Last: Welter Title: In danger of being left behind? – Media narratives of the digital transformation in the German Mittelstand Abstract: Has the Mittelstand lost its charisma? Based on a corpus of newspaper articles, we use a multi-dimensional approach combining content, framing, and metaphor analysis to expose how media report about the digital transformation in the German Mittelstand. In terms of contents, media focus on technical issues, narrowing down the scope of digital transformation. Articles with a main focus on digital transformation show a more positive tonality compared to those with a minor focus. We identified four distinct media narratives. The negative narrative portrays the Mittelstand as in need of help to master the digital transformation, with sickness and military metaphors underlining the negative assessment. The positive narrative reinforces narrow stereotypes of who is successful with digital transformation. The future-oriented narrative evokes a desirable but vague imagined future of digital transformation. The chance-challenge narrative is the only one portraying the Mittelstand both openly and implicitly as being capable of mastering the digital transformation, not least because this narrative also relies on external experts who provide a more varied picture. We contribute to the growing body of narrative entrepreneurship research by illustrating the various mechanisms media use to create a predominantly negative and sceptical assessment of the Mittelstand and its digital transformation. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 98-114 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2179669 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2179669 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:1-2:p:98-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2208555_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: David Urbano Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Urbano Author-Name: Sebastian Aparicio Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Aparicio Author-Name: Stephanie Scott Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Author-Name: Diego Martinez-Moya Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Martinez-Moya Title: Inside out: The interplay between institutions and digital technologies for SMEs performance Abstract: An effective digital strategy provides multifaceted benefits for firms of all sizes, including operational oversight, learning, and effective market interactions. Yet, despite the burgeoning evidence that digitalization provides essential resources for firms, disparate observations on the link between SME performance and digitalization across regions are noted in the literature. There remain concerns about whether SMEs enact effective digital strategies to reap the rewards, especially given that some SMEs have reported entirely forgoing digital activities due to resource constraints and exogenous forces in the market. In light of the varying global observations, it is crucial to understand how regional and multi-layered institutional settings influence SMEs to adopt, implement, and utilize digital resources to form solid policies and appropriate facilitative mechanisms. Therefore, this study compiled 11,485 observations of SME digital activities and performance from 88 distinctive institutional regions within Latin America and the Caribbean from 2006 to 2018. The study used data from the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey (WBES) and World Development Indicators (WDI) to reveal various institutional factors influencing SMEs’ adoption of technologies and subsequent performance via multilevel regressions. The findings suggest institutional barriers become insignificant when firms use digital technologies and suggest that it may insulate SMEs from exogenous shocks. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 162-181 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2208555 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2208555 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:1-2:p:162-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2159544_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: João J. Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: João J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Author-Name: Bárbara Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Bárbara Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz Author-Name: Pedro M. Veiga Author-X-Name-First: Pedro M. Author-X-Name-Last: Veiga Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano Title: Knowledge strategies and digital technologies maturity: effects on small business performance Abstract: Digital technologies are transforming entrepreneurial activities and increasingly impacting the strategies of small businesses, which, given their size, may find it more difficult to withstand such digital challenges. Our study aims to investigate the influence of knowledge strategies and the maturity of digital affordances on the performance of small businesses. Based on a sample of small businesses, a quantitative analysis was performed. From the knowledge-based perspective, types and origin of knowledge strategies were identified – external codification, internal codification, external personalization, and internal personalization. Our results reveal that two knowledge strategies, based on the levels of knowledge intensity and digital systems maturity, impacted performance. In addition, this study attempts to help entrepreneurs, managers, and other policymakers formulate a more appropriate knowledge strategy based on the existing contingencies between combinations of external and internal digital technologies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 36-54 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2159544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2159544 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:1-2:p:36-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2165713_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Roy Thurik Author-X-Name-First: Roy Author-X-Name-Last: Thurik Author-Name: Alexandre Benzari Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre Author-X-Name-Last: Benzari Author-Name: Christian Fisch Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Fisch Author-Name: Jinia Mukerjee Author-X-Name-First: Jinia Author-X-Name-Last: Mukerjee Author-Name: Olivier Torrès Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Torrès Title: Techno-overload and well-being of French small business owners: identifying the flipside of digital technologies Abstract: Technostress is an important by-product of information and communication technologies (ICT). The technostress literature suggests focusing on specific dimensions of technostress, such as techno-overload, which describes when ICT usage demands to work faster and longer. However, only a few studies have dealt with the technostress of small business owners, let alone techno-overload. This is surprising since work overload in general has been identified as an important dimension of job stress for small business owners, and technostress has been identified as an important impediment for workers in general. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of techno-overload on well-being outcomes (as a composite measure consisting of physical well-being, mental well-being, sleep quality, burnout, and loneliness) using three data sets of French small business owners. Our results indicate a strong negative correlation between techno-overload and our composite measure of well-being for all three data sets. We interpret our findings for several different disciplines: information systems, small business owners and entrepreneurship, health and well-being, psychology and organization studies. Our data also allow for the identification of contextual effects – the COVID-19 pandemic – since one survey was conducted before, one at the start of, and one during the pandemic. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 136-161 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2165713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2165713 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:1-2:p:136-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2233473_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Maribel Guerrero Author-X-Name-First: Maribel Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrero Author-Name: Tomasz Mickiewicz Author-X-Name-First: Tomasz Author-X-Name-Last: Mickiewicz Author-Name: Fei Qin Author-X-Name-First: Fei Author-X-Name-Last: Qin Title: Entrepreneurial growth aspirations during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of ICT infrastructure quality versus policy response Abstract: We posit that the quality of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and the effectiveness of crisis-specific policy response are essential for entrepreneurial growth aspirations during major external shocks. Enhancing the quality of ICT infrastructure is a relevant strategy for building ecosystems that are resilient to multiple types of crises. It enhances entrepreneurs’ growth ambitions during the crisis, and makes them less reliant on crisis-specific response policies adopted by governments. We provide empirical support for this, utilizing Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data from the pandemic period in Chile. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 55-75 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2233473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2233473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:1-2:p:55-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2275193_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: David B. Audretsch Author-X-Name-First: David B. Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch Author-Name: Maksim Belitski Author-X-Name-First: Maksim Author-X-Name-Last: Belitski Author-Name: Rosa Caiazza Author-X-Name-First: Rosa Author-X-Name-Last: Caiazza Author-Name: Mark D. Drapeau Author-X-Name-First: Mark D. Author-X-Name-Last: Drapeau Author-Name: Matthias Menter Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Menter Author-Name: William J. Wales Author-X-Name-First: William J. Author-X-Name-Last: Wales Title: Resilience and digitally-advanced entrepreneurship Abstract: As digitalization continues to reshape industries and markets, digital transformation and creation of a ‘digital safety net’ has emerged as a prominent mechanism for entrepreneurial resilience. Digitally advanced entrepreneurs harness technology and innovative business models and adopt agile strategies to grow, while digitally-uncertain entrepreneurs struggle to maintain their business models and customers. Digital transformation has been pivotal during the COVID-19 pandemic and enabled greater diversification, enhanced adaptability, improved access to global markets, and novel forms of knowledge collaboration, altogether increasing firms’ ability to survive and grow. Understanding the mechanisms and implications of the relationship between digital technologies and entrepreneurial resilience is essential for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners to develop rapid policy responses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 1-9 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2275193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2275193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:1-2:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2265327_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sanjay Chaudhary Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay Author-X-Name-Last: Chaudhary Author-Name: Amandeep Dhir Author-X-Name-First: Amandeep Author-X-Name-Last: Dhir Author-Name: N. Meenakshi Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Meenakshi Author-Name: Michael Christofi Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Christofi Title: How small firms build resilience to ward off crises: a paradox perspective Abstract: Despite crises being a dominant theme in organizational research, little inquiry has been conducted into how small firms built resilience and coped with uncertainties created by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we explore the challenges faced by small firms during this crisis and how they handled it and built resilience. We collected qualitative data using the open-ended essay method to answer our research questions. Findings reveal that small firms encountered challenges that were predominantly related to employees, technology, and liquidity. Three key paradoxes also emerged during the crisis: short-term and long-term performance, efficiency and adaptability, and safety and profit. The findings further revealed that small firms employed digitalization, prior and new knowledge, and leadership to cope with these challenges. By elucidating these challenges and coping strategies, the research contributes to the existing literature on resilience in small firms. Our findings emphasize that the survival prospects of small firms during the COVID-19 crisis depended on understanding potential paradoxes that needed to be resolved and utilizing the coping mechanisms developed to build resilience. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 182-207 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2265327 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2265327 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:1-2:p:182-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2196267_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Irene Bertschek Author-X-Name-First: Irene Author-X-Name-Last: Bertschek Author-Name: Joern Block Author-X-Name-First: Joern Author-X-Name-Last: Block Author-Name: Alexander S. Kritikos Author-X-Name-First: Alexander S. Author-X-Name-Last: Kritikos Author-Name: Caroline Stiel Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Stiel Title: German financial state aid during Covid-19 pandemic: Higher impact among digitalized self-employed Abstract: In response to strong revenue and income losses facing a large share of self-employed individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, the German federal government introduced a €50bn emergency-aid program. Based on real-time online-survey data comprising more than 20,000 observations, we analyze the impact of this program on the confidence to survive the crisis. We investigate how the digitalization level of self-employed individuals influences the program’s effectiveness. Employing propensity score matching, we find that the emergency-aid program had only moderately positive effects on the confidence of self-employed to survive the crisis. However, self-employed whose businesses were highly digitalized, benefitted much more from the state aid than those whose businesses were less digitalized. This only holds true for those self-employed, who started the digitalization processes already before the crisis. Taking a regional perspective, we find suggestive evidence that the quality of the regional broadband infrastructure matters in the sense that it increases the effectiveness of the emergency-aid program. Our findings show the interplay between governmental support programs, the digitalization levels of entrepreneurs, and the regional digital infrastructure. The study helps public policy to improve the impact of crisis-related policy instruments, ultimately increasing the resilience of small firms in times of crises. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 76-97 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2196267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2196267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:1-2:p:76-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2162979_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Hans Rawhouser Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Rawhouser Author-Name: Silvio Vismara Author-X-Name-First: Silvio Author-X-Name-Last: Vismara Author-Name: Nir Kshetri Author-X-Name-First: Nir Author-X-Name-Last: Kshetri Title: Blockchain and vulnerable entrepreneurial ecosystems Abstract: Blockchain technology is expected to have many far-reaching effects on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activity. In this paper, we explore blockchain technology from the perspective of vulnerable entrepreneurial ecosystems. Specifically, we look into how blockchain technology is affecting six domains of entrepreneurial ecosystems identified by prior researchers: policy, finance, culture, supports, human capital and markets. We highlight major opportunities that blockchain technology can create for vulnerable populations by its effect on these domains. The analysis of this paper is expected to help researchers understand the implications of blockchain technology to vulnerable entrepreneurial ecosystems and generate research insights that can benefit vulnerable communities. Various research avenues have been outlined. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 10-35 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2162979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2162979 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:1-2:p:10-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2297388_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Deema Refai Author-X-Name-First: Deema Author-X-Name-Last: Refai Author-Name: John Lever Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Lever Author-Name: Radi Haloub Author-X-Name-First: Radi Author-X-Name-Last: Haloub Title: Entrepreneurship in constrained immigration contexts – the liminal integration of Syrian refugees Abstract: Drawing on a qualitative study of Syrian refugees in constrained immigration contexts in the North of England, this article explores refugees’ perceptions of integration and social exclusion through entrepreneurship. By exploring refugee experiences as they engage in entrepreneurship programmes or business start-ups, our findings highlight a divide among refugees with the means to start-up businesses successfully and those without. The article contributes to understanding entrepreneurship as a tool for refugees that indicates dyadic outcomes of idiosyncratic integration among equipped refugees and liminal integration among vulnerable refugees. The article extends our appreciation of the nuance in entrepreneurship, and develops liminality debates by stressing the transformative nature of refugee journeys that involve cross-domain transitions characterized by multiple separations. We call for the acknowledgement of refugee heterogeneity in neoliberal economies in ways that encompass holistic views of integration beyond the current focus on economic contributions at the expense of all else. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 416-435 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2297388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2297388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:416-435 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2265324_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Bingbing Ge Author-X-Name-First: Bingbing Author-X-Name-Last: Ge Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Author-Name: Kajsa Haag Author-X-Name-First: Kajsa Author-X-Name-Last: Haag Title: An Entrepreneurship-as-practice perspective of next-generation becoming family businesses successors: the role of discursive artefacts Abstract: Family is the most important, yet under researched, dimension in family business research. Following recent calls in Entrepreneurship-as-Practice, we bring a practice-based approach to family business research to understand next generation engagement over extended periods in family life. Drawing on a culinary family business’s three published cookbooks, theorized as ‘discursive artefacts’, we examine how mundane family business practices can enable next generations to become successors. This study contributes to family business research with its re-focus on the family and offers new insights into practice theory-building in the emergent Entrepreneurship-as-Practice. Our findings illustrate how everyday practices in family lives – for example, cooking – can enable next generations’ becoming family business successors, through socializing, bridging, and leading. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 489-515 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2265324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2265324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:489-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2289571_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Bruce Hearn Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Hearn Author-Name: Venancio Tauringana Author-X-Name-First: Venancio Author-X-Name-Last: Tauringana Author-Name: Collins Ntim Author-X-Name-First: Collins Author-X-Name-Last: Ntim Title: Private equity and entrepreneurial investments: understanding the determinants of founder-CEO succession in the Caribbean Abstract: Our study develops a contextually embedded institution-theoretic model of the major influences precipitating entrepreneurial founders’ leadership succession. Drawing on a unique sample of 184 listed firms from 10 national securities markets across the Caribbean region, we find that both business group (BG) and private equity (PE) ownership are associated with an increased likelihood of founder retention. The results also show that firms’ adoption of shareholder value corporate governance negatively moderates the BG main effect, while positively moderating its PE counterpart. We argue that this is reflective of a simpler lifecycle in emerging economies centred on one major transition, namely the transition from internal to external resource provision. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 386-415 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2289571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2289571 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:386-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2233460_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Roisin Lyons Author-X-Name-First: Roisin Author-X-Name-Last: Lyons Author-Name: Farhad Uddin Ahmed Author-X-Name-First: Farhad Uddin Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmed Author-Name: Eric Clinton Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Clinton Author-Name: Colm O’Gorman Author-X-Name-First: Colm Author-X-Name-Last: O’Gorman Author-Name: Robert Gillanders Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Gillanders Title: The impact of parental emotional support on the succession intentions of next-generation family business members Abstract: Drawing on social cognitive theory, this study investigates the influence of family business owners as parents on the succession intentions of their children. Measures of parental emotional support, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and affective commitment are applied to predict succession intentions. We test our research model on an international sample of 21,525 sons and daughters of family business owners. The results suggest that parental emotional support positively influences succession intentions and is mediated by two cognitive factors: entrepreneurial self-efficacy and affective commitment to the family business. The results also suggest interaction effects of gender and birth order on succession intentions. This study offers important theoretical and practical insights into the aspirations of next-generation members of family businesses. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 516-534 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2233460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2233460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:516-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2298997_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Andrea M. Herrmann Author-X-Name-First: Andrea M. Author-X-Name-Last: Herrmann Author-Name: Friedemann Polzin Author-X-Name-First: Friedemann Author-X-Name-Last: Polzin Author-Name: Lukas Held Author-X-Name-First: Lukas Author-X-Name-Last: Held Author-Name: Dimo Dimov Author-X-Name-First: Dimo Author-X-Name-Last: Dimov Title: Follow the money: funding acquisition processes of nascent ventures Abstract: Answering the call for more process-oriented research into the inception and development of companies, this paper analyses the funding acquisition process of nascent ventures. Based on optimal matching techniques combined with multinomial logistic regression, we identify how the most typical funding acquisition processes of nascent ventures evolve and identify in which circumstances ventures pursue the respective processes. First, and in line with pecking-order theory (POT), we find a standard pattern of founder self-funding. Second, we theorize under which initial conditions, and how, ventures deviate from the path that is set out by POT. The degree of innovativeness and complexity of the venture’s offering determine which funding sequence is chosen. With this study we, first, show the importance of initial venture characteristics and strategy for the further resource acquisition and corresponding venture development process and, second, introduce the optimal matching technique to the realm of the entrepreneurship literature. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 341-365 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2298997 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2298997 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:341-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2277788_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Alexandra Gaidos Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Gaidos Author-Name: C. Gurău Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Gurău Author-Name: F. Palpacuer Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Palpacuer Title: Exploring the impact of regional characteristics on social incubators’ mission, structure and activity: a contingency perspective Abstract: Studies of social incubators illustrate the importance of these organizations in promoting social innovations and entrepreneurship at regional level. However, little is known about the main categories of contingency factors that influence the organizational design and fit of social incubators. We apply a comparative case study methodology to analyse the mission, structure and activity of four pioneer social incubators, located in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Romania. Our findings reveal four categories of regional contingency factors – social needs, institutional framework, entrepreneurial ecosystem and socio-economic characteristics – that influence the design of the incubators’ mission, structure and activity and determine the achievement of organizational fit. By employing a contingency lens, we propose a dynamic model that explains the interdependence between the social incubators’ profiles and specific regional contingencies. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 436-459 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2277788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2277788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:436-459 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2275065_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Sophia Jungk Author-X-Name-First: Sophia Author-X-Name-Last: Jungk Author-Name: Matthias Waldkirch Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Waldkirch Title: When crises meet grand environmental challenges: Navigating intertemporal tensions in European manufacturing family firms Abstract: The grand environmental challenge of climate change represents one of the key ongoing, long-term obstacles for organizations. When interrupted by short-term exogenous crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and the shock of the Ukrainian war, the urgency of addressing this grand challenge becomes more pressing, albeit more challenging. While family firms as long-term oriented organizations might generally be well equipped to tackle climate change, we know surprisingly little on how they simultaneously experience and navigate the long-term horizon of grand environmental challenges and the short-term pressures of exogenous crises. Drawing on research around long-term orientation (LTO) and a growing stream investigating intertemporal tensions, we investigate this question building on 41 interviews with nine family firms in the context of the European manufacturing industry. Applying an abductive approach, our findings unveil three intertemporal tensions that unfold when short-term and long-term objectives collide. Besides, we show that family firms, due to their LTO, perceive these tensions with a greater intensity. Navigating the perceived tensions, we identify two mechanisms employed by family firms that mitigate the negative implications of LTO. Doing so, we contribute to extant research on grand challenges and cast light on the downsides of LTO in family firms. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 535-559 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2275065 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2275065 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:535-559 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2298981_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Richard T Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Richard T Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Author-Name: Claire M Leitch Author-X-Name-First: Claire M Author-X-Name-Last: Leitch Author-Name: Maura McAdam Author-X-Name-First: Maura Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam Title: Margins of intervention? Gender, Bourdieu and women’s regional entrepreneurial networks Abstract: In this paper, we apply a feminist interpretation and an extension of Bourdieu’s theory of practice to explore the gap in our understanding between gender gap issues – the institutionalized and structural inequalities that underpin the differential access to resources by women and men – and women business owners. Drawing on an interpretivist analysis of the lived experience of women entrepreneurs who were members of women-only or open-to-all formal entrepreneurship networks, we examine their enculturation and the strategies they employ to be deemed credible players in the field. We conclude that women-only formal entrepreneurship networks have had a limited impact on helping these women overcome the isolating and individualizing effects of a gendered entrepreneurial field. Despite the promise of familiarization with and sensitization to the field, women-only formal entrepreneurship networks only serve to perpetuate and reproduce the embedded masculinity of the entrepreneurship domain in the absence of appropriate activating mechanisms or ‘margins of intervention’. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 209-242 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2298981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2298981 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:209-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2264803_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Claudia Gomez Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez Author-Name: B. Yasanthi Perera Author-X-Name-First: B. Yasanthi Author-X-Name-Last: Perera Author-Name: Lucas M. Engelhardt Author-X-Name-First: Lucas M. Author-X-Name-Last: Engelhardt Title: The distinct nature of U.S. based female immigrant entrepreneurs Abstract: Despite contributing to host country economies, there is limited examination of self-employed female immigrants in the literature. While human, social, and financial capital are important for entrepreneurship in general, given immigrant women’s intersectional identities, the potential exists for these factors to affect them differently. This study uses US data obtained from Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) to empirically test the relationship of human, social, and financial capital on female immigrants’ self-employment and compares these relationships with US-born women and male immigrants. While the results are mixed, overall, the findings suggest that female immigrants’ odds of being self-employed, in relation to their levels of human, social, and financial capital, are influenced to a greater extent by their immigrant identity than their gender identity. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 312-340 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2264803 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2264803 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:312-340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2298985_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Bryan Malki Author-X-Name-First: Bryan Author-X-Name-Last: Malki Title: Responding to financing uncertainty in complex settings: the case of immigrant entrepreneurs from the Arab world in Sweden Abstract: This paper investigates the financing decisions of immigrant entrepreneurs (IEs) in complex settings in host countries, where uncertainties surrounding access to finance persist. While previous studies have acknowledged the presence of financing barriers, they have not sufficiently explained how IEs manage to sustain their entrepreneurial activities. To address this gap, this study presents a dynamic analysis of the financing decision-making process of IEs based on qualitative data gathered from 30 interviews with IEs from the Arab world residing and operating in Sweden. Findings reveal a three-phase decision-making process influenced by situational and dispositional factors. Additionally, the study captures distinct patterns of financing choices made by IEs when confronting uncertainty in complex settings. Specifically, it captures a behavioural aspect of being financially ‘ambidextrous’ or ‘non-ambidextrous’ across multiple contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 366-385 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2298985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2298985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:366-385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2261393_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Heidi Wiig Author-X-Name-First: Heidi Author-X-Name-Last: Wiig Author-Name: Peter Kalum Schou Author-X-Name-First: Peter Kalum Author-X-Name-Last: Schou Author-Name: Birte Hansen Author-X-Name-First: Birte Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen Title: Scaling the great wall: how women entrepreneurs in China overcome cultural barriers through digital affordances Abstract: Women in patriarchal societies face cultural barriers hindering them in pursuing entrepreneurship. For example, women are hindered by gender roles, male dominated networks and expectations that they take of the family. Recently, scholars have argued that digital technologies may provide women with avenues to bypass these barriers. Yet, there is little knowledge about how female entrepreneurs engage with digital tools, and how this may help them bypass gendered, cultural barriers. Using 18 interviews with female entrepreneurs in Beijing and Shanghai, we identify four affordances (virtual networking, online learning, opportunity creation and scaling-up) that women use to overcome the cultural barriers to entrepreneurship. We find that through engaging these affordances, the women feel empowered and able to challenge traditional structures. Our paper contributes to recent work in digital and women entrepreneurship as we unpack how women actively create affordances, such as female friendly communities, and how they skilfully use new digital technologies to try to disrupt traditional industries. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 294-311 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2261393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2261393 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:294-311 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2295266_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Francisco Liñán Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Liñán Author-Name: Inmaculada Jaén Author-X-Name-First: Inmaculada Author-X-Name-Last: Jaén Author-Name: Maria J. Rodríguez Author-X-Name-First: Maria J. Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez Title: Gender and sex in starting up: a social stereotype approach Abstract: This article analyses the influence of gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship by jointly studying the effect of gender-role orientation (GRO) and sex (women vs. men) on the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and actions of individuals. Entrepreneurship is associated with the typical male stereotype in most societies, leading to a lower rate of women entrepreneurs. Our model builds on social role theory (SRT) to identify how descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotypes exert this influence. It integrates SRT and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to analyse the differential effect of sex and GRO on entrepreneurial motivations, intentions, and new venture creation behaviours. We test our model on a sample of highly educated adults in Spain using a longitudinal research design. Our results indicate that descriptive gender stereotypes influence individuals’ entrepreneurial motivations and intentions depending on their GRO. Androgynous people (women and men alike) exhibit the most favourable perceptions regarding entrepreneurship, and, through them, a higher EI (compared to masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated GRO individuals). In turn, prescriptive gender stereotypes affect individuals’ actual venture creation depending on their biological sex. Men are significantly more likely to act on their EIs and launch their venture than are women. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 243-265 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2295266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2295266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:243-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2298974_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Peter W. Moroz Author-X-Name-First: Peter W. Author-X-Name-Last: Moroz Author-Name: Oscar Sierra Author-X-Name-First: Oscar Author-X-Name-Last: Sierra Author-Name: Robert Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: A structured review of start-up accelerator performance measurement: an integrated entrepreneurial program evaluation approach Abstract: As a distinct type of early-stage entrepreneurial support organization, start-up accelerators are theoretically well positioned as a new and burgeoning phenomenon for fostering the process of new venture creation. The rapid expansion and notoriety of these intermediaries combined with a growing list of well-known high growth companies emerging from their programs hints at their potential impact. Yet, the question of whether accelerators work (or not) and to what effect is still at a formative stage. The objective of this paper is to conduct a structured review of what accelerators ‘do’ and how scholars have chosen to measure performance across various research designs, change variables and multiple levels of analysis. Drawing from program evaluation theory, an integrated entrepreneurial logic model is used to capture and sort variables associated with measuring start up accelerator performance between 2011 and 2021. We make several contributions through our analysis of research designs, linked change variables and thematic areas to provide insight into the advances, gaps, limitations and tensions arising from extant scholarly attempts at SA performance measurement. The developmental impact of SA programs is discussed with methodological, theoretical, and practical implications for documenting progress and future research pathways charted. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 460-488 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2298974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2298974 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:460-488 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2288637_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Sanita Rugina Author-X-Name-First: Sanita Author-X-Name-Last: Rugina Author-Name: Helene Ahl Author-X-Name-First: Helene Author-X-Name-Last: Ahl Title: Patriarchy repackaged: how a neoliberal economy and conservative gender norms shape entrepreneurial identities in Eastern Europe Abstract: Using positioning analysis we examine how women entrepreneurs construct their entrepreneurial identities in conversations with journalists. The data consists of every interview with women entrepreneurs in every Latvian monthly women’s magazine over a 30-year period. Eleven countries in Eastern Europe, including Latvia, broke away from the communist regime in the 1990s and embraced neoliberal and entrepreneurial values that rely on the use of agency in a free market and where individuals were considered autonomous agents, no longer constrained by gender inequalities and power imbalances. However, an analysis shows that identity constructions by women entrepreneurs have been built on neo-conservative assumptions regarding gender. The default option expressed in the magazines reveals that entrepreneurship is normatively masculine, and the entrepreneurial identity that is on offer for women is either as a ‘secondary entrepreneur’ or a ‘failed woman’. The post-feminist conception of a woman who can have it all, i.e. both a successful business career and a traditional feminine identity with a happy family life, is absent in the interviews. When neoliberalism entered Latvia and merged with neo-conservative gender roles, a specific Eastern European postfeminist regime emerged where neither entrepreneurship nor structural change can be seen as challenging the prevailing patriarchal gender order. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 266-293 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2288637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2288637 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:266-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2313560_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Andreas Giazitzoglu Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Giazitzoglu Author-Name: Thierry Volery Author-X-Name-First: Thierry Author-X-Name-Last: Volery Author-Name: James Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Antoine Musu Author-X-Name-First: Antoine Author-X-Name-Last: Musu Author-Name: Carmine Bianchi Author-X-Name-First: Carmine Author-X-Name-Last: Bianchi Title: Business in the backwaters: how ‘distance from the core’ impacts entrepreneurs’ lived experiences Abstract: Using a phenomenological approach, we analyse the voices of entrepreneurs living in the peripheral ecosystems of Newcastle Upon Tyne (UK), Palermo (Italy) and Perth (Australia). These ecosystems are defined by the considerable physical distance between their geographical location and the location of a larger, more established ‘core’ ecosystem in their nation. The purpose of our paper is to examine how distance from the core is perceived to both enable and constrain entrepreneurship in peripheral contexts. We introduce ‘distance from the core’ as a significant hitherto unexplored theme to consider when exploring the lived experiences of entrepreneurs in peripheral contexts. Empirically, we present data that affirms and expands extant findings revealing how entrepreneurs rooted in peripheral contexts react to the structural conditions around them. Methodologically, we demonstrate the value of phenomenological research in revealing the subjective ways entrepreneurial agency, structure and distance intersect. We highlight that policymakers must take the voices of entrepreneurs in a peripheral ecosystem into account when designing and implementing enterprise policies that aim to develop entrepreneurship in peripheral contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 607-631 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2313560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2024.2313560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:607-631 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2279171_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Catherine Brentnall Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Brentnall Author-Name: Martin Lackéus Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Lackéus Author-Name: Per Blenker Author-X-Name-First: Per Author-X-Name-Last: Blenker Title: Homogenization processes in entrepreneurship education: the case of Junior Achievement Abstract: Entrepreneurship Education (EE) programmes world-wide serve a highly standardized menu of activities for student consumption, such as pitching exercises, competitions and mini-companies. This situation has been called the McDonaldization of EE, where standard activities are adopted globally. In this paper we study the influence of Junior Achievement (JA) – the ‘original burger’ - to draw attention to the institutionalizing pressure it exerts on EE. We use data from JA organizational websites in England, Sweden and Denmark to describe JA as a global institution exerting homogenizing pressures on the field of EE. Five common dynamics are identified to explain in more detail how JA contributes to the homogenization of EE through: neutralizing ideology; propagating the mini-company template; evidencing strategically; facilitating communion and mythologizing success. New research avenues studying the influence of JA as a powerful institution and potential counter-actions to de-institutionalize EE are proposed. Junior Achievement has been studied before, but most investigations consider the impact of JA on individuals, in terms of effects on students’ knowledge and skills. The contribution of this study is in how it focuses on the homogenizing influence of JA as an institution on the system of EE. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 775-797 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2279171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2279171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:775-797 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2277791_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Anna Jenkins Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins Author-Name: Leona Achtenhagen Author-X-Name-First: Leona Author-X-Name-Last: Achtenhagen Author-Name: Karin Hellerstedt Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Hellerstedt Title: Back to work? How employers perceive applicants’ experience of entrepreneurial failure Abstract: Recent research on entrepreneurial failure has started to investigate the impact of failure on entrepreneurs and how this influences their motivation and willingness to engage in subsequent entrepreneurial ventures. We approach this topic from an alternative perspective, focusing on former entrepreneurs seeking to return to paid work and exploring how their experience of venture failure is perceived and appraised by employers in the recruitment process. Such perceptions matter because employers are gatekeepers to the employment market and thus their appraisals influence how easily former entrepreneurs can re-integrate themselves in the paid workforce. We conducted 30 interviews with employers in growing human-capital intensive companies in Sweden, asking these recruiters about their perceptions of former entrepreneurs and how their evaluations affected their hiring decisions. Conceptually, we frame our study using a process model of stigmatization by nuancing this model with fine-grained analyses of employers’ perceptions and appraisals of applicants’ entrepreneurial failure experiences in the recruitment process. This analysis identifies some of the key conditions that lead employers either to value or devalue an applicant’s experience of entrepreneurial failure, further indicating the implications of this finding for entrepreneurs’ careers and prospects of gaining paid employment. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 659-680 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2277791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2277791 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:659-680 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2223158_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Yihan Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yihan Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Ekaterina Turkina Author-X-Name-First: Ekaterina Author-X-Name-Last: Turkina Author-Name: Samantha Khoury Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Khoury Author-Name: Normand Lemay Author-X-Name-First: Normand Author-X-Name-Last: Lemay Title: Causal Configurations of SME Strategic Renewal in Crisis: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of Quebec Entrepreneurs amid COVID-19 Abstract: In times of crisis, SME entrepreneurs refresh and replace corporate resources and capabilities in the strategic renewal processes to sustain organizational resilience. Appearing in the form of internal development and external sourcing, the strategic renewal outcomes are explained by the synergy of individual, organizational and environmental-level factors that build up SMEs’ dynamic capabilities. This research presents a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of the conjunctural causality between multi-level dynamic capabilities configurations and SME strategic renewal outcomes. Based on the survey data of SMEs in Laval, Quebec amid COVID-19 pandemic, we find that entrepreneurs’ constraint awareness and partnership willingness are not the necessary conditions of strategic renewal. Complementarily, the individual-level microfoundation of dynamic capabilities must be combined with the organizational and environmental context to explain the strategic renewal outcomes. Specifically, we identify complex organizational processes, global connectivity, and government partnership as supplementary core conditions to explain SME strategic renewal in crisis. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 745-774 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2223158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2223158 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:745-774 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2241851_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Valentina Rotondi Author-X-Name-First: Valentina Author-X-Name-Last: Rotondi Title: Overconfidence, misjudgment, and entry in experimental entrepreneurial markets: evidence from Panama Abstract: This paper investigates the influence of overconfidence and misjudgement of merit on the decision to enter a winner-take-all market. Through a lab-in-the-field experiment conducted in Panama’s dynamic and diverse entrepreneurial ecosystem, the study addresses a research gap by exploring the interplay between overconfidence, institutional factors, and entrepreneurial activities. The findings confirm the role of overconfidence as a determinant of market entry and reveal that overconfidence primarily empowers individuals already embedded in entrepreneurial net- works, regardless of their destructiveness. These results suggest that in the presence of weak institutions, overconfidence does not promote entrepreneurship but rather motivates those with pre-existing entrepreneurial networks to open new ventures. However, this situation has the potential to exacerbate inequalities, especially if these ventures make only marginal contributions to overall social output. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 816-832 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2241851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2241851 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:816-832 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2315156_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Johan Gaddefors Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Gaddefors Author-Name: James Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: Anatomy of a qualitative methods section: embracing the researcher as an engaged author Abstract: In this editorial, we explore the content of qualitative methods sections in one year of publications from Entrepreneurship & Regional Development (E&RD). We build a common anatomy of qualitative method work, exposing this to critique as we establish best practice and consider opportunities to enhance qualitative method writing. Our findings identify six common areas of focus in qualitative methods sections: arguing for qualitative and inductive ‘fit’; defending the sample; data collection procedures; analysis work; substantiation of what is seen; and the use of tables. We problematize the observed tendency of viewing these areas through a post-positivist lens and propose complementary framings to encourage more engaged and reflexive authorship. The pursuit of interesting and thought-provoking qualitative work, which is at the same time methodologically rigorous, presents a challenging paradox for authors. We see this editorial as a navigational guide for authors and reviewers on what we should consider in methodological contributions. At its most powerful, qualitative research exposes tension, uncovers knowledge ambiguities, and offers potential for future perspectives. We argue that engaged authorship in qualitative work allows us to embrace a co-constructed approach to the knowledge of entrepreneurship, creating the opportunity for epistemological contributions which are both robust and courageous. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 561-576 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2315156 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2024.2315156 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:561-576 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2309160_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Massimo Baù Author-X-Name-First: Massimo Author-X-Name-Last: Baù Author-Name: Johan Karlsson Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsson Author-Name: Kajsa Haag Author-X-Name-First: Kajsa Author-X-Name-Last: Haag Author-Name: Daniel Pittino Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Pittino Author-Name: Francesco Chirico Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Chirico Title: Employee layoffs in times of crisis: do family firms differ? Abstract: In this study, we seek to understand firm behaviour during times of crisis, with a particular focus on family firms in different contexts. We theorize that family control mitigates (i.e. negatively moderates) the relationship between economic crisis and the layoff of employees, resulting in a higher propensity of family firms to retain their employees during a crisis compared to their nonfamily counterparts. Furthermore, taking a closer look at family firms, based on their location, we argue that family firms in rural regions are more likely to adopt measures leading to involuntary job turnover than family firms in urban areas due to a higher sensitivity to the loss of socioemotional wealth following a business closure. Relying on a panel dataset of Swedish private firms active in the period 2004–2012, our study contributes to a better understanding of family firms as employers in different contexts. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 722-744 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2309160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2024.2309160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:722-744 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2305193_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Steven F. Pittz Author-X-Name-First: Steven F. Author-X-Name-Last: Pittz Author-Name: Thomas G. Pittz Author-X-Name-First: Thomas G. Author-X-Name-Last: Pittz Title: Towards an ethical awareness of entrepreneurs: a Nietzschean perspective on creative destruction Abstract: As entrepreneurs engage in a Schumpeterian process of ‘creative destruction’, existing market norms and values are substantially altered, which places entrepreneurship in a central role for considering society’s new ethical demands. This essay attempts to fill a lacuna in the scholarship of entrepreneurial ethics that stops short of considering the ethical awareness of entrepreneurs regarding the reconstitution of values following disruption. The work of Friedrich Nietzsche informs our understanding of entrepreneurial ethics and provides guidance for ‘new philosopher’ entrepreneurs who become ethically aware of their task and endeavour to replace old values with new. Employing the lessons of Nietzsche can, therefore, provide valuable ethical insights for entrepreneurial ethicists as they consider what it might mean to engage in the disruption of industries, markets, and value chains. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 707-721 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2305193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2024.2305193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:707-721 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2285818_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Farsan Madjdi Author-X-Name-First: Farsan Author-X-Name-Last: Madjdi Author-Name: Mark Packard Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Packard Author-Name: Badri Zolfaghari Author-X-Name-First: Badri Author-X-Name-Last: Zolfaghari Title: Entrepreneurial opportunities as expressions of personal identities: interpretative engagement through personal value structures Abstract: Entrepreneurial identities have a significant influence on new venture emergence. Yet, an entrepreneur’s (meaning-constructing) interpretive engagement with situations such as entrepreneurial opportunities remain relatively unexplained. This paper explores how entrepreneurs’ personal identities influence their interpretive engagement with entrepreneurial opportunities. We presented 34 entrepreneurs with three business scenarios and, using verbal protocols and content analysis techniques, inductively identified seven individual value types. We find that these value types vary among individual founders, revealing distinct personal identities (as personal value structures). These types are reflections of exogenously and endogenously oriented personal identities that depict how individuals perceive scenarios as situations that represent the environment as exogenous (scenarios as what is) or as endogenously constructed (scenarios as what could be). Therefore, we contribute to the entrepreneurship literature by highlighting the significance of personal identities as representations of entrepreneurial goals that give rise to different framings of situations as entrepreneurial opportunities as these become expressions of their personal identities. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 681-706 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2285818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2285818 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:681-706 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2295959_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Sara Baroncelli Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Baroncelli Author-Name: Andrea Caputo Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Caputo Author-Name: Erica Santini Author-X-Name-First: Erica Author-X-Name-Last: Santini Author-Name: Christina Theodoraki Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Theodoraki Title: Resilience and entrepreneurial decision-making: the heterogeneity among Italian innovative start-ups Abstract: Despite the increasing attention of researchers to decision-making processes, little is known about start-ups’ reactions to shocks. How entrepreneurs of new ventures face uncertain environments and build a resilient business is an open question. Contextual, personal, and heuristics biases influence decision-making processes, making resilience and entrepreneurial decision-making a complex topic to analyse. This is particularly salient for start-ups and ventures in their infancy having limited historical information for developing their strategies. This study paves the way for a comprehensive analysis on how resilience relates to contextual, personal, and heuristics biases in entrepreneurial decision-making processes in innovative start-ups. Based on a sample of 158 entrepreneurs of the innovative start-up scene of Emilia-Romagna, this research analyses through a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), their crisis responses, and their contextual, personal, and heuristics characteristics. Results show four types of decision-making profiles related to resilience, i.e. prudent, organized, flexible and balanced, underlining the heterogeneity of profiles embedding resilient capabilities and supporting innovative start-ups to face shocks and challenges. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 798-815 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2295959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2295959 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:798-815 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2305648_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Pablo Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz Author-Name: Mauricio Hernandez Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio Author-X-Name-Last: Hernandez Title: Human-animal mutualism in regenerative entrepreneurship Abstract: In this paper, we explore the micro-interactions through which a regenerative enterprise engages with proximate natural ecosystems in its attempt to repair and protect them. Through an ethnographic study of a regenerative farming enterprise in rural Southern Patagonia - Fundo Panguilemu - we discover a reciprocal relationship between the enterprise and animals, central to their regenerative efforts. This relationship is formed and actively maintained by the founders through three practices – joint rewilding, ambivalent relationality, and task interdependence. We leverage nature relatedness to conceptualize the relationship between these practices as human-animal mutualism in regenerative work. We advance regenerative entrepreneurship research by revealing novel human-nature interactions formed and fostered by a rural enterprise in the pursuit of local regeneration and expand our understanding of micro-level phenomena in rural entrepreneurship. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 577-606 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2305648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2024.2305648 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:577-606 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: TEPN_A_2262430_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Alexander Engelmann Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Engelmann Title: A performative perspective on sensing, seizing, and transforming in small- and medium-sized enterprises Abstract: This study investigates organizational sensing, seizing, and transforming, which are critical activities in developing and exercising dynamic capabilities (DCs)––an organization’s capacity to reconfigure its resources in response to a changing environment. Previous research on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has predominantly focused on well-established business processes that are considered functional DCs, including product development, portfolio planning, and customer management, highlighting their role in facilitating resource reconfiguration. However, these studies implicitly assume the existence of functional DCs, without explaining what contributes to their development. We build on recent theoretical arguments emphasizing the performative dimensions of the DC construct and examine how SME practitioners sense and seize opportunities and threats, and subsequently transform their resources and operations. Our findings highlight a series of practices employed in ongoing social interactions to develop functional DCs or reconfigure established routines. These practices are situated in social interaction contexts characterized by distinct modes of communication, including resonance, generativity, and call for action. By offering a communicative explanation of the performance and dynamization of sensing, seizing, and transforming, this study underscores the pivotal role of interpersonal dynamics in facilitating resource reconfiguration. Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development Pages: 632-658 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 36 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2262430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2262430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:632-658