Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Galeotti
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti
Title: Introduction: Global Crime Today
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-7
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297936
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297936
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jay S. Albanese
Author-X-Name-First: Jay S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Albanese
Title: North American Organised Crime
Abstract:
The Italian-American mafia is one of
the most enduring images of organised crime, but separating fictional
images of organised crime from the real thing has not been easy. Overall,
organised crime is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works
to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand.
Its continuing existence is maintained through the use of force, threats,
monopoly control, and/or the corruption of public officials. The past 20
years have seen a decline in the influence of Italian-American organised
crime in the US, but this has been offset by the rise of other forms of
organised crime, not least groups from the former USSR. Meanwhile, the
Canadian underworld is dominated by Asian groups, East European groups,
Italian groups, and outlaw motorcycle gangs. The major organised crime
groups in Mexico are extended networks composed of Mexican nationals
living in Mexico, Mexican-Americans, and Mexican immigrants living in the
United States, operating as competing networks in the illicit drug
business from supply, to transit, to destination and buyers.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 8-18
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297945
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297945
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Letizia Paoli
Author-X-Name-First: Letizia
Author-X-Name-Last: Paoli
Title: Italian Organised Crime: Mafia Associations and Criminal Enterprises
Abstract:
The article reviews the different forms of organised crime in
Italy. To begin with, it focuses on the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the
Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, Italy's two largest and most powerful mafia
associations. With their centuries-old histories, articulated structures,
sophisticated ritual and symbolic apparatuses and claim to exercise a
political dominion, these associations have few parallels in the world of
organised crime. In its second section, the article considers other groups
and networks that are--with varying degrees of justification--also
routinely described as organised crime: these range from the Neapolitan
camorra to Apulian organised crime and the so-called new 'foreign mafie'
and other criminal entrepreneurs. Whereas the new Italian and foreign
players are likely to expand their activities on Italy's illegal markets,
the future of Cosa Nostra and the 'Ndrangheta is more uncertain and
largely depends on the decisions made by the public administrations.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 19-31
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297954
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297954
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:19-31
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruce Bagley
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce
Author-X-Name-Last: Bagley
Title: Globalisation and Latin American and Caribbean Organised Crime
Abstract:
The longstanding institutional weaknesses of most states in
Latin America and the Caribbean, in combination with the existence of a
highly lucrative underground drug trade in the Western hemisphere, make
the countries in that corner of the world system not only especially prone
to indigenous organised crime, but also attractive targets for
transnational criminal enterprises. In most of the region, the dynamics of
globalisation over the last two decades have resulted in almost ideal
conditions for the rapid penetration and spread of transnational organised
crime. Thus, as well as considering the overall situation in Latin America
and the Caribbean, this article will particularly consider the scope and
impact of the post-Cold War wave of Russian transnational organised crime
to illustrate this phenomenon.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 32-53
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297963
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297963
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Galeotti
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti
Title: The Russian 'Mafiya': Consolidation and Globalisation
Abstract:
Organised crime emerged from the
collapse of the Soviet Union unexpectedly quickly and forcefully, rapidly
'colonising' the new economic and political structures. Hyperbole
notwithstanding, the 'mafiya' does not 'own' the new Russia, but it is
undoubtedly a powerful force, and one which has eagerly exploited new
opportunities to cultivate strategic alliances in the global underworld
and also to spread across the world. It is presently at an important
crossroads at home. It is maturing, as larger, more professional networks
eliminate or incorporate the myriad gangs that emerged in the freewheeling
days of the early Russian state, and under President Putin it faces a
regime embarked upon a state-building programme intolerant of the kind of
open anarchy that characterised the early 1990s. However, Russian
organised crime remains strikingly disorganised, characterised by loose
and highly entrepreneurial networks rather than disciplined hierarchies,
and there are still pressures, including the impact of foreign criminal
penetration and the growing profits from drug smuggling, which threaten
the present status quo.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 54-69
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297972
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297972
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:54-69
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kelly Hignett
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly
Author-X-Name-Last: Hignett
Title: Organised Crime in East Central Europe: The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland
Abstract:
Recent developments in East Central Europe have made
countries in the region increasingly attractive to organised crime. The
development of organised crime in ECE is seen as a significant problem
with global implications. The roots of organised crime in ECE date back to
the 1970s, but conditions after the revolutions of 1989 led to an influx
of foreign-based gangs into the region. This has resulted in the emergence
of organised crime that is predominantly international in character. Gangs
have established strategic alliances to organise operations spanning three
continents. The countries of ECE have been fighting back against organised
crime and significant advances have been made. Continued criminal
operations through the region, however, are perceived as a threat on a
global scale. The accession of the Czech republic, Hungary and Poland into
the EU in May 2004 will provide a clear litmus test for how successful
these attempts have been to date.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 70-83
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297981
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297981
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bertil Lintner
Author-X-Name-First: Bertil
Author-X-Name-Last: Lintner
Title: Chinese Organised Crime
Abstract:
Secret societies have always been endemic to Chinese overseas
communities, surviving on fear and corruption and prospering through their
involvement in a wide range of legal and illegal businesses. For many
years, Hong Kong was seen as the 'capital' of this worldwide Chinese
criminal fraternity and, in the 1980s, many outside observers and analysts
thought the gangs that were based in the then British colony would leave
once it reverted to Chinese rule in 1997. In the end, the reverse turned
out to be the case. Not only did the Hong Kong Triads make arrangements
with the territory's new overlords, but in Chinatowns all over the world,
close links were also forged with mainland Chinese interests. In China
itself, where cutthroat capitalism has replaced the old, austere socialist
system, new secret societies, both Triad-linked criminal groups and
various syncretic sects, are also expanding at a breathtaking pace. An
entirely new breed of entrepreneurs is emerging on the fringes of China.
The businesslike and well-connected, pinstriped suit-wearing managers of
the Sun Yee On Triad have shown where the future lies, while gangsters are
breaking new ground in such new frontiers as the Russian Far East, which
could have far-reaching consequences for the stability of the entire
region.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 84-96
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297990
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297990
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:84-96
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Hill
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Hill
Title: The Changing Face of the Yakuza
Abstract:
Over the last half century, Japan has undergone considerable
political, economic and social change. In response to these changes,
Japan's criminal organisations, collectively known as yakuza, have
themselves rapidly adapted. This chapter explores these developments. The
two main factors driving the yakuza's historical development are first,
changing market opportunities and secondly, vagaries in the legal and
law-enforcement environment in which these groups operate. During the last
decade these two factors have had a serious impact on the yakuza fortunes;
the 1992 bōryokudan (yakuza) countermeasures law and Japan's
protracted economic woes following the collapse of the bubble economy in
1990 have made their lives considerably harder. Since then, legal and
social developments have further undermined these groups. While the yakuza
have attempted to reduce the impact of these developments by adopting a
lower profile and strengthening the mechanisms by which inter-syndicate
disputes are resolved peacefully, there is inevitably a tension here with
their members' needs to make money. The continued existence of illegal
markets, and the lack of political will to seriously tackle these groups,
makes the survival of these groups a certainty. However, the space within
which they can operate has diminished and is diminishing.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 97-116
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297007
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297007
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raphael F. Perl
Author-X-Name-First: Raphael F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Perl
Title: State Crime: The North Korean Drug Trade
Abstract:
At least 50 documented incidents in more than 20 countries
around the world, many involving arrest or detention of North Korean
diplomats, link North Korea to drug trafficking. Such events, in the
context of ongoing, credible, but unproven, allegations of large-scale
state sponsorship of drug production and trafficking (especially heroin
and methamphetamines), raise important issues for the global community in
combating international drug trafficking. Rather than simply the
activities of mercenary and corrupt individuals within the North Korean
elite, the trafficking appears to be the result of a strategy initiated at
the highest levels, directed through the shadowy organisation known as
Bureau 39. As the DPRK's drug trade becomes increasingly entrenched, and
arguably decentralised, analysts question whether the Pyongyang regime (or
any subsequent government) would have the ability to restrain such
activity, should it so desire.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 117-128
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297016
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297016
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:117-128
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tamara Makarenko
Author-X-Name-First: Tamara
Author-X-Name-Last: Makarenko
Title: The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism
Abstract:
Increasingly since the end of the Cold War and the subsequent
decline of state sponsorship for terrorism, organised criminal activities
have become a major revenue source for terrorist groups worldwide.
Building on the precedent set by narco-terrorism, as it emerged in Latin
America in the 1980s, the use of crime has become an important factor in
the evolution of terrorism. As such, the 1990s can be described as the
decade in which the crime-terror nexus was consolidated: the rise of
transnational organised crime and the changing nature of terrorism mean
that two traditionally separate phenomena have begun to reveal many
operational and organisational similarities. Indeed, criminal and
terrorist groups appear to be learning from one another, and adapting to
each other's successes and failures, meaning that it is necessary to
acknowledge, and to understand the crime-terror continuum to formulate
effective state responses to these evolving, and periodically converging,
threats.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 129-145
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297025
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297025
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:129-145
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Grabosky
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Grabosky
Title: The Global Dimension of Cybercrime
Abstract:
Cyberspace and thus cybercrime know no boundaries. This
chapter reviews some of the basic forms of cybercrime, draws specific
attention to the issues that arise when offences occur across borders and
in relation to organised criminal groupings, and provides illustrations
based on some of the more celebrated cases of the past few years. The
borderless nature of cyberspace and the exponential take-up of digital
technology throughout the world guarantee that transnational cybercrime
will remain a challenge. Fortunately, many nations are rising to this
challenge, individually and collectively, but the web of international
cooperation does have its holes and those nations that lag behind the
leaders risk becoming havens for cybercriminals of the future.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 146-157
Issue: 1
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297034
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297034
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Klaus von Lampe
Author-X-Name-First: Klaus
Author-X-Name-Last: von Lampe
Author-Name: Per Ole Johansen
Author-X-Name-First: Per
Author-X-Name-Last: Ole Johansen
Title: Organized Crime and Trust: On the conceptualization and empirical relevance of trust in the context of criminal networks
Abstract:
Organised crime networks are often characterised as being
held together by bonds of trust, but the conventional wisdom regarding the
relation between trust and organised crime lacks a comprehensive
theoretical and empirical underpinning. The purpose of this paper is to
explore where deeper research on this issue may lead and how it can
potentially contribute to a better understanding of organised crime in
general. Drawing on the general sociological literature, it provides a
preliminary conceptualisation of trust in the context of organised crime
centred around a fourfold typology along the micro-macro dimension. The
authors use anecdotal evidence from their research on illegal markets for
highly taxed goods in Norway and Germany to illustrate that there are
different types of trust, that there are different consequences of the
violation of trust, and, finally, that there are criminal relations not
based on trust at all.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 159-184
Issue: 2
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096734
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096734
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:159-184
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hugh Griffiths
Author-X-Name-First: Hugh
Author-X-Name-Last: Griffiths
Title: Smoking Guns: European Cigarette Smuggling in the 1990’s
Abstract:
This article concerns European cigarette smuggling over the
past decade and examines the actors, structures and relationships which
facilitated the illicit trade. It discusses the central role played by
actors not traditionally associated with organised crime, such as
multi-national tobacco companies, Swiss banks and the state security
agencies of various Balkan states. It demonstrates how domestic
legislation in Switzerland and instability in the Balkans prevented
national law enforcement agencies from effectively dealing with this
international network at an earlier stage. The article also focuses on the
history of local and national law enforcement investigations as well as
the integrated multi-national investigation project later initiated by the
EU and member states. The article's conclusions suggest that while
smuggling actors have successfully adapted to the process of globalisation
-- financial and state deregulation -- law enforcement agencies remain at
a disadvantage as they are hampered by the domestic legislation in nation
states such as Switzerland and the United States. While cigarette
smuggling was and is a major illicit industry, it has not been the subject
of much academic scrutiny. This article, based on field research in the
Balkans and EU member states aims to contribute to a broader understanding
of a problem involving a multiplicity of criminal actors, states and law
enforcement agencies.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 185-200
Issue: 2
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096759
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096759
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:185-200
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aurelijus Gutauskas
Author-X-Name-First: Aurelijus
Author-X-Name-Last: Gutauskas
Author-Name: Arunas Juska
Author-X-Name-First: Arunas
Author-X-Name-Last: Juska
Author-Name: Peter Johnstone
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnstone
Author-Name: Richard Pozzuto
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Pozzuto
Title: Changing Typology of Organised Crime in a Post-Socialist Lithuania (the Late 1980s--Early 2000s)
Abstract:
This paper analyzes the dynamics of organised crime in
post-socialist Lithuania. Three overlapping periods in evolution of
organised crime are discerned. During the mid 1980s organised crime
emerged with the attempts to liberalise the state socialism by legalizing
cooperative and individual property as a basis for economic activities. By
the early 1990s organised crime in Lithuania began to metamorphose from
illegal manufacturing to opportunistic criminality associated with the
privatisation of state property. Since the mid 1990s organised crime has
again undergone change. It has entered what could be termed a maturation
phase. This maturation was influenced by a number of factors including;
the end of the privatization process, resumed growth of the economy,
development of the legal and fiscal infrastructure to regulate a market
economy, and increasing effectiveness and successes of policing in
Lithuania [1]. In this article the political, socio-economic,
organisational and cultural factors that influenced the dynamics of change
in organised crime are analyzed.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 201-221
Issue: 2
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096775
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096775
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:201-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Austin Francis Muldoon
Author-X-Name-First: Austin Francis
Author-X-Name-Last: Muldoon
Title: Washington Heights, New York City
Abstract:
Austin Francis Muldoon III joined the NYPD in 1979 and after
working uniform and plain-clothes street level enforcement was assigned to
Narcotics as an investigator in 1985. From January 1988 until his
retirement from Homicide in 1999 he worked as a detective in Upper
Manhattan which included a time when the crack epidemic resulted in record
homicide rates. Since 1999 M. Muldoon has been with the Special
Commissioner of Investigation in NYC where he is working with the FBI and
the US Attorney's Office investigating corruption and bid rigging in the
Department of Education.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 222-229
Issue: 2
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096809
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096809
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:222-229
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Woodiwiss
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Woodiwiss
Title: Review Article: The World of Organized Crime
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 230-240
Issue: 2
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096817
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096817
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:230-240
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Tucker
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Tucker
Title: Review Article: How not to Explain Murder: A Sociological Critique of Bowling for Columbine[1]
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 241-249
Issue: 2
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096825
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096825
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:241-249
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert M Lombardo
Author-X-Name-First: Robert M
Author-X-Name-Last: Lombardo
Title: The Black Hand: A Study in Moral Panic
Abstract:
This analysis reviews the history of Black Hand extortion in
the City of Chicago and argues that the societal response to Black Hand
activity constituted a moral panic. In addition, special emphasis is given
to the institutional legacy of society's response to Black Hand crime. It
is argued that the moral panic created by the Black Hand contributed to
the social construction of the alien conspiracy theory, which has
dominated beliefs about the Mafia and organised crime for almost a century
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 267-284
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500273366
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500273366
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:267-284
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Monica Massari
Author-X-Name-First: Monica
Author-X-Name-Last: Massari
Author-Name: Paola Monzini
Author-X-Name-First: Paola
Author-X-Name-Last: Monzini
Title: Dirty Businesses in Italy: A Case-study of Illegal Trafficking in Hazardous Waste
Abstract:
This article focuses on trafficking in hazardous and special
waste in Italy during the past decade with particular attention to the
role played by mafia groups and other legal and illegal actors. A number
of examples of illegal management and trafficking of waste are analysed to
show the techniques used and the kind of actors involved (traditional
mafia-type organisations, corporate entities, legitimate enterprises and
businessmen, local authorities and other official actors). It concludes
that a number of factors have facilitated and/or enhanced the development
and growth of the illegal waste trafficking business (such as the growing
demand for clandestine and cheaper services in the sector, the low
business ethic of some segments of Italian industry, the delay in
implementing proper waste-management policies and legislation, and the low
public awareness regarding the threat posed by eco-crimes).
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 285-304
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500273416
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500273416
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:285-304
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emma Björnehed
Author-X-Name-First: Emma
Author-X-Name-Last: Björnehed
Title: Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror
Abstract:
The aim of this article is to analyse the phenomena of
narco-terrorism and the practical measures utilised to counter this
threat. By adopting the model of the crime-terror continuum developed by
Tamara Makarenko, the article will outline the similarities and
dissimilarities of narcotics trafficking and terrorism in order to provide
a more nuanced perspective on the concept of narco-terrorism. By doing so,
the article will evaluate the kind of approach taken in combating the
threat of narco-terrorism.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 305-324
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500273440
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500273440
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:305-324
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Romain Bertrand
Author-X-Name-First: Romain
Author-X-Name-Last: Bertrand
Title: “Behave Like Enraged Lions”: Civil Militias, the Army and the Criminalisation of Politics in Indonesia
Abstract:
Since the end of the authoritarian New Order regime in May
1998, Indonesia has embarked upon a difficult journey towards democracy.
One of the key questions raised by the rise of social and political
violence in both Java and the Outer Islands since President Suharto's
resignation from power is that of the wearing away of the state's monopoly
of the means of violence and of its legitimate uses. But the process of
the criminalisation of both state agencies and political parties is much
older than one would have it. It begun during the late colonial period and
gained momentum during the war of independence, in the late 1940s, when
army units had to engage in extortion and smuggling to cater for soldiers'
needs. Under the New Order, this beam of relationships between the police,
the army and criminal gangs was given an official recognition of some
sort, hence quasi-legal protection, through the creation of the
“System for the Protection of the Environment” (Siskamling).
This “system” enabled many petty criminals from the red
light districts to join civil and para-military militias and even, at
times, to enter public administration. Post-Suharto Indonesia inherited
these criminalised “grey areas” between state agencies and
the underworld, where one would find numerous masters of violence --
people for whom violence is both a way of life and a way of making a
living.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 325-344
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500274174
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500274174
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:325-344
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sappho Xenakis
Author-X-Name-First: Sappho
Author-X-Name-Last: Xenakis
Title: International Norm Diffusion and Organised Crime Policy: The Case of Greece
Abstract:
The premise of this paper is that a section of the Greek
policy-making elite responsible for formulating policy against organised
crime has taken advantage of an internationally-developed programme of
action on this issue to strengthen perceptions of the Greek state's
legitimacy amongst both domestic and foreign audiences. Although positive
reaction to foreign pressure for policy change has tended to be made at
the risk of losing further legitimacy in the eyes of domestic public
opinion, in this case the issue of organised crime has presented an
opportunity to the policy-making elite to develop policy that also aims to
bolster the domestic legitimacy of the state by dealing with criminality
and presenting the state as a clean and neutral body acting for the common
public good.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 345-373
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500274224
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500274224
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:345-373
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Menno Vellinga
Author-X-Name-First: Menno
Author-X-Name-Last: Vellinga
Title: Some Observations on Changing Business Practices in Drug Trafficking: The Andean experience
Abstract:
The field of cocaine production and trafficking has become
more differentiated and the enterprises have become more heterogeneous. A
new generation of traffickers has entered the business. They are low
profile, cautious and they organize the trade in an informal way. They
have a different style of operation than the druglords in the epoch of the
big ‘cartels’. The use of individual couriers smuggling
small amounts of cocaine while using normally scheduled flights has
increased spectacularly presenting new challenges to law enforcement.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 374-386
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500274273
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500274273
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:374-386
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dr János Sallai
Author-X-Name-First: Dr János
Author-X-Name-Last: Sallai
Author-Name: Csaba Jónás
Author-X-Name-First: Csaba
Author-X-Name-Last: Jónás
Title: The Ukrainian-Hungarian Border: Security and Cross-border relations
Abstract:
Lt. Colonel Dr János Sallai is head of the Research
Management Department of the Management Training & Further Training
Institute of the High School for Hungarian Police Officers. Captain Csaba
Jónás is an assistant professor at the Criminalistics Department
of the High School for Hungarian Police Officers.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 387-390
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500277284
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500277284
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:387-390
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marcello Saija
Author-X-Name-First: Marcello
Author-X-Name-Last: Saija
Author-Name: Daniela Irrera
Author-X-Name-First: Daniela
Author-X-Name-Last: Irrera
Title: Institutions and Mafia in Italy: The case of Messina
Abstract:
Professor Marcello Saija is the director of the Department of
European and International Studies at the University of Messina; Dr
Daniela Irrera is a researcher at the Department of European and
International Studies of the University of Messina.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 391-397
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500277326
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500277326
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:391-397
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Galeotti
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti
Title: The Transdnistrian Connection: Big Problems from a Small Pseudo-state
Abstract:
Dr Mark Galeotti is Director of the Organised Russian &
Eurasian Crime Research Unit at Keele University, UK, and presently
Visiting Professor of Security Studies at the School of Criminal Justice,
Rutgers -- Newark
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 398-405
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500277359
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500277359
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:398-405
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Alcorn
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Alcorn
Title: Book Reviews
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 406-430
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 6
Year: 2004
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500277557
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500277557
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:406-430
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John T. Picarelli
Author-X-Name-First: John T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Picarelli
Title: The Turbulent Nexus Of Transnational Organised Crime And Terrorism: A Theory of Malevolent International Relations
Abstract:
International relations scholars and practitioners alike have
paid increasing attention to how malevolent non-state actors like terror
groups and transnational criminal organisations challenge the state and
otherwise threaten secure and stable human relations. Scholars and experts
have yet to agree on the existence, nature and scope of enduring alliances
(or a nexus) between crime and terror groups. In this article, the author
wades into the debate and offers a new perspective using an analytical
framework rooted in James Rosenau's postinternationalist paradigm. Drawing
on research gathered through a recently-completed comparative study of the
crime-terror nexus, the article notes that two forms of the crime-terror
nexus exist. Such bifurcation eclipses the more parsimonious view that
criminals and terrorists only engage in marriages of convenience to
further their methods but their motives maintain long-term separation. The
articles concludes with suggestions on how to develop state policies that
address all forms of the crime-terror nexus.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-24
Issue: 1
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650125
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650125
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:1-24
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rosaleen Duffy
Author-X-Name-First: Rosaleen
Author-X-Name-Last: Duffy
Title: Global Governance, Criminalisation and Environmental Change
Abstract:
This article examines the environmental impact of
criminalisation. It argues that developing societies are increasingly
drawn into globalised networks that inextricably link the global and
local, the legal and illegal. This means that in order to understand the
causes of environmental degradation it is no longer useful to focus on the
formal institutions and practices of government and business. Instead,
this article uses the concept of the shadow state to examine and
understand the causes of environmental change in two illustrative cases of
Madagascar and Belize.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 25-42
Issue: 1
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650133
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650133
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:25-42
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Critchley
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Critchley
Title: Buster, Maranzano and the Castellammare War, 1930--1931
Abstract:
More than most issues surrounding the American Mafia, the
history of the Castellammare War is contestable at both theoretical and
empirical levels. As the alleged pivotal event in the creation of the
contemporary structure of the US Mafia or Cosa Nostra, it is of obvious
importance as a topic of historical investigation. But a survey of
published works on the War and its consequences reveals confusion,
inaccuracies, erroneous assumptions and missing information. This is the
first major systematic attempt to explore the War and its consequences
made since the 1970s. Aside from adding substantially to the stock of
knowledge of the War and its participants, debates on the War are
critically evaluated, using original source materials where possible. The
Castellammare War did not have the ramifications assumed, when placed
either in a broader context or from the vantage point of internal American
Mafia dynamics.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 43-78
Issue: 1
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650141
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650141
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:43-78
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Olga Matich
Author-X-Name-First: Olga
Author-X-Name-Last: Matich
Title: Mobster gravestones in 1990s Russia
Abstract:
The luxurious cult of memory at Russian mobster gravesites
represents both a break with past tradition and also a valuable insight
into the country's criminal cultures -- both Christian and Moslem. Drawing
primarily from first-hand exploration of mobster gravesites in Moscow and
Ekaterinburg, this article considers the way the cemetery is now used as a
medium through which to glorify those who have prospered in the cutthroat
economy of Russia of the 1990s and then became its victims, as well as the
new iconography at work, and its wider implications.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 79-104
Issue: 1
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650158
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650158
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:79-104
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Federico Varese
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Varese
Title: The Secret History of Japanese Cinema: The Yakuza movies
Abstract:
This article explores the interplay among economic
imperatives within the entertainment business, the mafia's role in the
creation of its own media image, and the production of gangster films.
Taking Japan as a case study, the paper shows that, when given the chance
to influence the content of gangster movies, crime bosses have portrayed
themselves as benevolent patriarchs and a positive force in society,
rather the anti-heroes of classic American gangster movies. In Japan, such
a choice had, however, the unintended consequence of a decline in audience
interest and eventually led to the demise of studio yakuza movies.
Ultimately, the paper shows that the mafia control over art can lead to
the death of art—something that is bad for the mafia as well.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 105-124
Issue: 1
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650166
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650166
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:105-124
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jane Schneider
Author-X-Name-First: Jane
Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider
Title: Women In The Mob
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 125-131
Issue: 1
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650174
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650174
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:125-131
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lizzie Seal
Author-X-Name-First: Lizzie
Author-X-Name-Last: Seal
Title: Book Reviews
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 132-149
Issue: 1
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650182
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650182
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:132-149
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ming Xia
Author-X-Name-First: Ming
Author-X-Name-Last: Xia
Title: Assessing and Explaining the Resurgence of China's Criminal Underworld
Abstract:
Based upon collected crime statistics, this paper provides a
sketch of China's criminal underworld during the past two decades and a
quantitative assessment of its current state. Through examining the
organised criminal groups, it also assesses the hardcore of China's
criminal underworld — the mafia-style criminal syndicates and their
greater base — the underworld society. It argues that a challenge
from the criminal underworld has increasingly posed a serious threat to
Chinese society. It also provides explanations for the recent resurgence
of the criminal underworld in China through a perspective of political
science — placing emphasis on the state-failure factors.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 151-175
Issue: 2
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014420
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014420
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:151-175
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elvira Maria Restrepo
Author-X-Name-First: Elvira Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Restrepo
Author-Name: Fabio Sánchez
Author-X-Name-First: Fabio
Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez
Author-Name: Mariana Martínez Cuéllar
Author-X-Name-First: Mariana Martínez
Author-X-Name-Last: Cuéllar
Title: Impunity or Punishment? An Analysis of Criminal Investigation into Kidnapping, Terrorism and Embezzlement in Colombia
Abstract:
This paper aims to identify the variables that contribute to
explain the current ability of the Colombian criminal system to resolve
cases of kidnapping, terrorism and embezzlement. In order to achieve this
goal a sample of cold cases and sentenced files were analysed in three
main cities of the country. The success of a criminal investigation was
divided into three stages: a) the identification of at least one suspect
per case; b) the accusation and putting on trial of the suspect; and c)
his/her conviction. Econometric techniques were used to identify the
criminal investigation variables associated to each of the three
successes. Variables such as the evidence and investigative practices used
by the judicial police, the attorneys and the courts were taken into
account. The results of this study have important implications for
criminal investigation and crime policy in Colombia and in the region.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 176-199
Issue: 2
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014446
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014446
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:176-199
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martín Meráz García
Author-X-Name-First: Martín Meráz
Author-X-Name-Last: García
Title: ‘Narcoballads’: The Psychology and Recruitment Process of the ‘Narco’
Abstract:
There have been several studies conducted about racist
groups, gangs, cults, terrorist and other criminal organisations, but very
little has been written about the psychology and recruitment process of
the ‘narcotrafficker’. This is because like most criminal
organisations, they tend to be secretive and difficult to penetrate by law
enforcement, academics and others who wish to study them. Using an
audio‐recorded content analysis of ‘narcocorridos’
— ballads glorifying the activities of the ‘narcos’
and describing their successes' — as well as Social Identity and
Group theories, the author describes some of the techniques used to
recruit individuals into drug cartels; the labels, stereotypes and images
of the in-group versus the out-group and the similarities in the
socialisation and recruitment process of other criminal organisations.
This study shows the recruitment of individuals into drug cartels follow
similar patterns to other criminal organisations including the need for
power, belonging, respect, security and pride.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 200-213
Issue: 2
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014461
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014461
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:200-213
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jana Arsovska
Author-X-Name-First: Jana
Author-X-Name-Last: Arsovska
Author-Name: Mark Craig
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Craig
Title: ‘Honourable’ Behaviour and the Conceptualisation of Violence in Ethnic-Based Organised Crime Groups: An Examination of the Albanian Kanun and the Code of the Chinese Triads
Abstract:
Within Albania and China and their respective diasporas, a
history of extreme violence, both official and unofficial, is widely
accepted but not easily understood from a Western perspective. Over the
course of centuries both societies have experienced turmoil and in the
20-super-th century spent decades under the disastrous communist
dictatorships of Enver Hohxa (1944--1985) and Mao Zedong (1949--1976).
Acts of organised/collective violence should be interpreted in their
historical and cultural contexts. As both Albania and China underwent
considerable internecine feuding, and all manners of deprivations and
oppressions under the governance and proclamations of their various
rulers, it may not be surprising that their subjects became inured to
violence. Violence is neither meaningless nor peculiar to China/Albania.
One explanation arises from the continuing purchase of ancient codes of
‘extreme violence’. This paper describes two ancient
instruments justifying ‘excessive violence’ that have
continued to exist even today and directly link them to the violent
behaviour of contemporary Albanian and Chinese organised crime groups. The
paper will explore the historico-cultural origins of Albanian and Chinese
organised crime and their recent reputation as
‘ultra-violent’ actors. Specifically we examine the
15-super-th century Albanian legal code known as the Kanun of Lek
Dukagjini, and the 17-super-th century code of the Chinese Hung Mun (Triad
Society).
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 214-246
Issue: 2
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014479
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014479
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:214-246
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hank Prunckun
Author-X-Name-First: Hank
Author-X-Name-Last: Prunckun
Title: A Rush to Judgment?: The Origin of the 2001 Australian “Heroin Drought” and its Implications for the Future of Drug Law Enforcement
Abstract:
This paper reassesses the origins of what has been referred
to as the Australian “heroin drought.” It looks at the
theories that circulated in drug policy circles immediately after the
supply shortage was discovered in 2001. It concludes that there may have
been a ”rush to judgment” as these inferences were based on
unsatisfactory data. As such, none of the theories that were advanced at
the time hold true — the shortage was almost certain to have been
the result of a Taliban- enforced reduction of Afghanistan grown opium. As
interdiction strategies were one of the main theories for the shortage,
this might seem disappointing, especially as supply reduction strategies
struggle to maintain relevancy against a growing shift to demand reduction
and harm reduction strategies. But this situation should not be the case
— drug seizures should not be hailed as law enforcement's central
strength in this or any other situation. Instead, the strong point of
policing should be seen as the broad approach it takes to reduce crime
through its attack on all criminal enterprises, not just its assault on a
particular criminal sector — like the drug trade.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 247-255
Issue: 2
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014487
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014487
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:247-255
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arne Bialuschewski
Author-X-Name-First: Arne
Author-X-Name-Last: Bialuschewski
Title: Pirate Voyages in History and Fantasy
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 256-259
Issue: 2
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014495
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014495
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:256-259
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sander Huisman
Author-X-Name-First: Sander
Author-X-Name-Last: Huisman
Title: Chasing Dirty Money
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 260-267
Issue: 2
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014503
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014503
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:260-267
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Federico Varese
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Varese
Title: The Economics of the Camorra
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 268-273
Issue: 2
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014529
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014529
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:268-273
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sappho Xenakis
Author-X-Name-First: Sappho
Author-X-Name-Last: Xenakis
Title: Book Reviews
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 274-287
Issue: 2
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014537
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014537
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:274-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dr.Robert J. Bunker
Author-X-Name-First: Dr.Robert J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker
Title: Editor's Note
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 289-289
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601093226
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601093226
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:289-289
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dave Grossman
Author-X-Name-First: Dave
Author-X-Name-Last: Grossman
Title: Preface: Hunting Wolves
Abstract:
Honor never grows old, and honor rejoices the heart of age.
It does so because honor is, finally, about defending those noble and
worthy things that deserve defending, even if it comes at a high cost. In
our time, that may mean social disapproval, public scorn, hardship,
persecution, or as always, even death itself. The question
remains: What is worth defending? What is worth dying for? What is worth
living for?1
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 291-298
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601063666
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601063666
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:291-298
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Klitgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Klitgaard
Title: Introduction: Subverting Corruption
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 299-307
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601063724
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601063724
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:299-307
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert J. Bunker
Author-X-Name-First: Robert J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker
Author-Name: Matt Begert
Author-X-Name-First: Matt
Author-X-Name-Last: Begert
Title: Overview: Defending Against Enemies of the State
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 308-328
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601101755
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601101755
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:308-328
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin van Creveld
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: van Creveld
Title: The Fate of the State Revisited
Abstract:
The State, which during the three and a half centuries since
the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) has been the most important and the most
characteristic of all modern institutions, appears to be declining or
dying. In many places, existing states are either combining into larger
communities or falling apart; in many places, organizations that are not
states are challenging them by means fair or foul. On the international
level, we seem to be moving away form a system of separate, sovereign,
legally equal, states towards less distinct, more hierarchical, and in
many ways more complex political structures. Inside their borders, it
seems that many states will soon no longer be able to protect the
political, military, economic, social and cultural life of their citizens.
These developments are likely to lead to upheavals as profound as those
that took humanity out of the middle ages and into the modern world.
Whether the direction of change is desirable, as some hope, or
undesirable, as others fear, remains to be seen.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 329-350
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601063757
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601063757
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:329-350
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Robb
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Robb
Title: Nation-states, Market-states, and Virtual-states
Abstract:
The advent of a global economic and physical
superinfrastructure is in the process of transforming terrorism, guerrilla
warfare, and the nation-state. A useful model for understanding this
process of transformation is Philip Bobbitt's work, “The Shield of
Achilles.” Bobbitt's work demonstrates that the nation-state is in
a difficult and dangerous process of transition to a new form of
governance, called the market-state, that is built to withstand and
prosper despite the pressures of globalization. This process is
complicated by the emergence of a vicious asymmetric competitor, in the
form of a virtual state that leverages the huge flows of the global
criminal economy, combined with the weakness of the nation-state during
its phase transition to the market-state. This essay details the structure
of this conflict and provides a scenario for its potential outcome.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 351-364
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601063864
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601063864
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:351-364
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert J. Bunker
Author-X-Name-First: Robert J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker
Author-Name: Pamela L. Bunker
Author-X-Name-First: Pamela L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker
Title: Defining Criminal-states
Abstract:
Governmental views on belligerent and near-belligerent states
are discussed along with evolving US terms for these dangerous states. The
post 9/11 security environment requires the recognition of a new form of
dangerous state — the ‘Criminal-state’ a by-product
of belligerent non-state entities and their networks at war with the
nation-state form. Four criminal-state forms originating from Jihadi
insurgency, state failure-lawless zones, external criminal takeover, and
oligarchic regimes are then highlighted. Until the new security
environment is openly recognized as merging with global criminality, and
the fact that it contains highly adaptive ‘small, fast, and
ruthless’ challengers to the nation-state form accepted, our
ability to fully define the new threat of ‘Criminal-states’,
highlighted in this essay, will be impeded.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 365-378
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601101714
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601101714
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:365-378
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian Levin
Author-X-Name-First: Brian
Author-X-Name-Last: Levin
Title: Military Tribunals or Civilian Prosecution: The Dilemma of Unlawful Enemy Combatants
Abstract:
As twenty first century America grapples with an increasingly
amorphous yet sophisticated terrorist threat, it is illuminating to
examine the evolving role of military and civilian courts and laws in our
history and their relationship to due process and civil liberties during
times of conflict. Caught in the gray area are those individuals who came
to be designated as unlawful enemy combatants. Not quite soldier, spy,
saboteur, or common criminal these new stateless terrorists have been held
by some to be at the complete mercy of the Commander-in-Chief. As history
has shown, in the wake of armed conflict, executive authority is often
enhanced and tolerated in the name of national security. However, when
these broadened powers cease to be regarded as an immediate necessity, the
levers of politics, the Courts, and diplomacy invariably act to define
both the limits on governmental authority as well as the extent of
individual protections.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 379-406
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601093192
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601093192
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:379-406
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark T. Clark
Author-X-Name-First: Mark T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Clark
Title: Does Clausewitz Apply to Criminal-States and Gangs?
Abstract:
Criminal-States and Criminal-Soldiers present unique problems
for contemporary international political theory. This essay examines the
applicability of the theory of war developed by Carl von Clausewitz to
Criminal-States and Criminal-Soldiers. As modified by Aristotle's idea of
justice as the basis for the political community, this essay proposes that
Clausewitz's famous connection between politics and war holds where such
states and soldiers evince political behavior. Some contrasting
implications for states and state leaders are examined when such entities
evince — and do not evince — political behavior.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 407-427
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601087707
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601087707
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:407-427
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hakim Hazim
Author-X-Name-First: Hakim
Author-X-Name-Last: Hazim
Author-Name: Robert J. Bunker
Author-X-Name-First: Robert J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker
Title: Perpetual Jihad: Striving for a Caliphate
Abstract:
Many Sunni and Shiite groups have embraced a more radical
version of Islam spawned by Al Qaeda. Those who adhere to this version
view the struggle within Islam and against the West as a perpetual jihad
ordained by God until a just caliphate emerges. Their jihad must be viewed
through the lenses of eschatology. This view focuses on the five prophetic
stages of Islam. Four of these stages have come to pass with a future
stage to result in the rise of the caliphate and the return of the Mahdi.
In order to fulfill this fifth stage, Al Qaeda and other Sunni and Shiite
networks are actively promoting jihad activity.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 428-445
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073053
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073053
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:428-445
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Youssef Aboul-Enein
Author-X-Name-First: Youssef
Author-X-Name-Last: Aboul-Enein
Title: The 2006 Usama Bin Laden Tape: Interpreting an Adversary
Abstract:
Editor's Note: This essay is an excellent example of why we
should be reading and analyzing the public messages of our opponents. Too
often we dismiss the statements of Bin Laden and other criminal-soldiers
as pure rhetoric and propaganda. In our struggle against Al-Qaeda and
other criminal-state entities it is imperative that we know and understand
the leadership of ‘thine enemy’ in order to disrupt,
dismantle, and ultimately defeat them. This essay discusses
the rationale behind Usama Bin Laden's January 2006 tape, released by the
Al-Qaeda leader after a 13 month hiatus. The essay puts forward theories
behind the timing of the release of the tape and highlights Bin Laden's
changes in strategic thought in response to changes in the political
landscape of the Middle East. Bin Laden has also been carefully monitoring
the anti-war movement and, for the first time, urges Americans to read an
American author as a means of understanding his geo-political desires for
the Muslim world. Readers will also be able to place Bin Laden's January
2006 tape in the context of recent statements by Ayman Al-Zawhairi and Abu
Musab Al-Zarqawi.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 446-453
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073103
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073103
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:446-453
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael P. Arena
Author-X-Name-First: Michael P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Arena
Title: Hizballah's Global Criminal Operations
Abstract:
The Lebanese Hizballah first emerged in the early 1980s as a
loosely affiliated group of Shia militants but has since evolved into a
sophisticated organization with several thousand supporters and members,
and a multi-dimensional infrastructure. The group receives a significant
portion of its funding from Iran, although, several highly publicized
media reports released over the last several years revealed Hizballah also
receives substantial monetary support from a worldwide network of criminal
operations. This endeavor explores four criminal enterprises believed to
be used to provide funding to the organization: Intellectual Property
Crime, drug smuggling, cigarette smuggling, and the exploitation of the
African diamond trade. A brief description of each enterprise is provided
along with instances in which Hizballah's members and supporters have been
found to be involved in such crimes and some indication of how much money
has been funneled to the larger organization. The future of Hizballah's
reliance upon this criminal network for financial sustenance is
tentatively examined in light of increasing law enforcement attention and
recent fighting with Israel.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 454-470
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073186
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073186
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:454-470
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Galeotti
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti
Title: The Criminalisation of Russian State Security
Abstract:
While the Russian authorities may seek to talk up the role
their security apparatus plays in combating organised crime, in fact, they
are to a large extent falling prey to criminalisation. A culture of
corruption and a decade of neglect have combined to create a situation in
which not only do police, army, and security officers provide services to
‘civilian’ criminals but organised crime groupings have
actually formed within them. These gangs tend to be defined by their
location and legal powers, both of which can be abused for criminal ends,
and they include police and military officers at the very apex of their
respective command structures. There are grounds for hope now that
President Putin is beginning to become aware of the practical dangers this
poses for Russian national security, not least given the haemorrhage of
weapons to criminal and insurgent hands, but, for the immediate future,
the security apparatus will remain corrupted and criminalised.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 471-486
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073947
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073947
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:471-486
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John P. Sullivan
Author-X-Name-First: John P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan
Title: Maras Morphing: Revisiting Third Generation Gangs
Abstract:
Third generation street gangs are a crime and security
problem in many global cities, internationally linked ethnic Diasporas,
and cross-border regions where insecurity and criminal non-state actors
reign. Widely known as third generation gangs (3 GEN Gangs), complex gangs
operate with broad reach—often across borders—and can
develop mercenary and at times political and potentially terrorist
objectives. The typology of the three generations of gang evolution (based
on the interaction of politicization, internationalization, and
sophistication) is recounted, recent trends in transnational street and
prison gangs are explored and future potentials are suggested.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 487-504
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601101623
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601101623
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Max G. Manwaring
Author-X-Name-First: Max G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Manwaring
Title: Gangs and Coups D' Streets in the New World Disorder: Protean Insurgents in Post-modern War
Abstract:
The mutation of protean “street gangs” to
insurgents illustrates that insurgents need not be ideologically oriented,
and need not be traditional revolutionary fighters emerging from the
mountains and jungles to take down or control a government. Rather, they
may have their own specific commercial money-making motives, and can
emerge out of the favelas, callampas, villas miserias, and pueblas jovenes
(city slums) not so much to replace governments as to gain very lucrative
freedom of movement and action within a supposedly sovereign
national-state. Also, mature second and third generation gangs have been
known to act as proxies and mercenaries for traditional nation-states that
want to maintain “plausible deniability,” and to act as
mercenaries for warlords, organized criminal organizations, and/or
drug-trafficking cartels that—on certain occasions—need
additional “fire-power”. The instability and lack of
individual and state security generated by gangs phenomenon and their
nefarious allies are also known to lead to the radical change of failed
state status. In these terms, gangs are no longer a singular law
enforcement issue. As crime and war become more and more
indistinguishable, gangs must be considered a larger national security
issue—that, paradoxically, must be viewed as a local concept.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 505-543
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073251
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073251
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Louise I. Shelley
Author-X-Name-First: Louise I.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shelley
Title: Trafficking in Nuclear Materials: Criminals and Terrorists
Abstract:
The essay examines the networks that facilitate the transport
of nuclear materials from the source to their possible purchasers.
Analyzing the role of prisons in criminal operations, the interaction of
criminals and terrorists, and the character of new organized crime groups,
the author concludes that some of the most serious nuclear smuggling is
not random or opportunistic. Rather, the most serious trafficking is
rarely detected because it is run by professionals whose well established
smuggling networks, facilitated by corruption, have the capacity to move
significant quantities of diverse contraband without apprehension.
Technical solutions to address this problem are not sufficient because
detectors cannot identify well guarded HEU. Rather, much more attention
needs to be paid to the crime and terror networks that can facilitate this
trade.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 544-560
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073335
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073335
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:544-560
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Graham Hall Turbiville, Jr.
Author-X-Name-First: Graham
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Turbiville, Jr.
Title: Outlaw Private Security Firms: Criminal and Terrorist Agendas Undermine Private Security Alternatives
Abstract:
The thousands of large and small private security
establishments operating around the world today continue to expand in
number, diversity, and capability. Government oversight is often lacking,
and the impact on local, national and regional security and stability may
be substantial. In the most troubled areas, the pockets of security
provided by private security regimens provide may mean the difference
between a failed state and one that is at least faltering. However, the
advantages of “private security firm cover” quickly became
evident to criminals and groups with terrorist agendas as well. This
assessment addresses numerous cases from around the world of private
security establishments that were either formed for—or otherwise
turned to—the pursuit of criminal or terrorist purposes. The stated
jihadist intent to infiltrate such companies underscores the need for law
enforcement and intelligence attention to the recruiting, affiliations and
activities of these security enterprises.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 561-582
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073301
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073301
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:561-582
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa J. Campbell
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell
Title: The Use of Beheadings by Fundamentalist Islam
Abstract:
Beheadings have made a dramatic resurgence in the past four
years especially with the introduction of videotaped executions broadcast
in the mass media. The use of beheadings has a longstanding history.
Beheadings have been used in a state and non-state capacity, for
punishment or intimidation, against leaders, civilians and warring
combatants, during times of peace and that of upheaval. Beheadings today
reproduce the characteristics of past beheadings as well as deviate from
them. Contemporary beheadings have taken on a more criminal nature while
beheadings of the past had more legitimacy and some even were considered
honorable. Current beheading tactics include unexpected and illegal
targets, unorthodox and barbaric techniques, and irregular display to an
unprepared public. Although Islamic militants are the predominant
beheaders, there is evidence that beheadings are being conducted by
non-Islamic entities and in unexpected locations. If the current trend in
the use of beheadings continues, it will be necessary to develop
countermeasures, which will be facilitated with an understanding of the
political, cultural, and criminal motives of the beheading offenders along
with their tactics.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 583-614
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073384
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073384
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John P. Sullivan
Author-X-Name-First: John P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan
Author-Name: Keith Weston
Author-X-Name-First: Keith
Author-X-Name-Last: Weston
Title: Afterward: Law Enforcement Response Strategies for Criminal-states and Criminal-soldiers
Abstract:
Criminal-states and Criminal-soldiers are two interrelated
threats that challenge order and stability at local, national, and
potentially global levels. Policing and law enforcement are essential to
securing the conditions necessary for stable governance and preserving the
rule of law. Law enforcement and police services play key roles in
ensuring community stability. They also control and contain criminal
threats, protect individual liberties, and enable other political and
diplomatic processes to function. This afterward examines the role of
police and enforcement agencies in countering the threats posed by
criminal-soldiers in order to prevent the establishment or spread of
criminal-states.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 615-628
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 7
Year: 2006
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073897
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073897
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:615-628
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Niklas Swanstrom
Author-X-Name-First: Niklas
Author-X-Name-Last: Swanstrom
Title: The Narcotics Trade: A Threat to Security? National and Transnational Implications
Abstract:
Traditional definitions of security have tended to
concentrate on the state and military threats to its sovereignty. However,
in the post-Cold War world, it is clear that a much more nuanced
perspective is required, also considering a variety of so-called
‘soft’ security issues such as social, human and
environmental threats. Furthermore, this must appreciate the extent to
which these varied threats are integrated. The expanding narcotics trade
provides an excellent example of the way global crime creates and
facilitates this kind of integrated threat. In both production and transit
regions, it generates a variety of interconnected threats to political,
economic, human and military security. It thus requires solutions which
integrate responses to these various threats and also operate at the
local, national, regional and global level.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-25
Issue: 1
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121829
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121829
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:1-25
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomaz G. Costa
Author-X-Name-First: Thomaz G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Costa
Author-Name: Gastón H. Schulmeister
Author-X-Name-First: Gastón H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Schulmeister
Title: The Puzzle of the Iguazu Tri-Border Area: Many Questions and Few Answers Regarding Organised Crime and Terrorism Links
Abstract:
It is widely accepted that the Tri-Border Area between
Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay is a nexus in global terrorist support, and
perhaps even operations. However, it is rather more difficult actually to
provide evidence of this connection. The region is certainly a smuggling
haven, and has substantial populations from the Middle East. Beyond
remittances sent to the Middle East -- some of which flows to such
organisations as Hezbollah -- there is little hard evidence available to
the academic researcher. Thus the study of this purported crime-terror
nexus provides a valuable opportunity for academic researchers to question
the assumptions and assertions of policy-makers and pundits, push for
transparency of information on the reality of the region and even help
understand the problem better.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 26-39
Issue: 1
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121845
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121845
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:26-39
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexander Kupatadze
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander
Author-X-Name-Last: Kupatadze
Title: Radiological Smuggling and Uncontrolled Territories: The Case Of Georgia
Abstract:
The article focuses on radiological smuggling and its
connection with uncontrolled territories, the “grey zones”
that have emerged as important conduits for illicit contraband, including
the trafficking of radioactive materials. The presence of “grey
zones,” together with poor border security, weak law enforcement
and corruption in government structures, are the most important regional
factors that facilitate radiological smuggling. The paper documents the
collaboration between criminals, politicians, military and security
officers and entrepreneurs in this kind of illicit activity and argues
that the fight against radiological smuggling has to shift its focus from
technical issues to intelligence gathering and analysis.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 40-57
Issue: 1
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121852
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121852
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:40-57
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christopher Ward
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Ward
Title: Building Socialism?: Crime and Corruption During the Construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline Railway
Abstract:
Beginning in 1974, the construction of the Baikal-Amur
Mainline Railway (BAM) dominated public life in the Soviet Union for the
next decade. Declared complete in 1984, BAM was arguably the greatest and
most costly construction feat in post-war Soviet history. Officially, the
mainline was to serve as the “path toward communism” that
would unite all Soviet citizens. This article explores the crime and
corruption that surrounded the propaganda-driven world of the BAM.
Although the railway led to few concrete accomplishments in either the
industrial or social development of the USSR, the sociological and
criminological consequences of BAM were profound. The highly visible
presence of both petty and hard-core criminals on the railway revealed
that life on the rails was not as progressive or futuristic as the state
claimed. Instead, the dynamics of crime and control that intersected
during the BAM's ten years of prominence revealed that the peculiarities
of human nature, not what the state termed “communist
morality,” defined those who worked on the project.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 58-79
Issue: 1
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121860
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121860
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:58-79
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valeria Pizzini-Gambetta
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria
Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzini-Gambetta
Title: Mafia Women In Brooklyn
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 80-93
Issue: 1
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121878
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121878
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:80-93
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Walker
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Walker
Title: Book Reviews
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 94-104
Issue: 1
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121886
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121886
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:94-104
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Morselli
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli
Author-Name: Federico Varese
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Varese
Title: Introduction
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 107-108
Issue: 2
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701371266
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701371266
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:107-108
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Morselli
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli
Author-Name: Katia Petit
Author-X-Name-First: Katia
Author-X-Name-Last: Petit
Title: Law-Enforcement Disruption of a Drug Importation Network
Abstract:
This study focuses on the structure and evolution of a drug
importation network that operated from Montreal, Canada, and that was the
target of an extensive 2-year criminal investigation. The investigation
was atypical in that it followed a seize-but-do-not-arrest
strategy—while 11 drug shipments were seized by police throughout
this period, arrests were never made until the final phase of the
investigation. Such a case offers a rare opportunity to study the dynamics
of a criminal network under intense surveillance and disruption. The
reconstruction of the importation network is based on electronic
communication transcripts that were intercepted and compiled during the
investigation. Findings from analyses of the principal changes that took
place within the communication network reveal how network centralization
and critical node status are variable, and not static, properties of a
criminal network under considerable constraint. The study demonstrates how
a criminal network decentralizes and is re-ordered in response to intense
law-enforcement targeting. Contributions are made to research on
disruption in criminal networks. We conclude with a discussion on how a
criminal network's flexibility, a feature generally presented as a sign of
resilience, may contribute to a more significant demise within a context
of intensive control.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 109-130
Issue: 2
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701362208
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701362208
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:109-130
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sony Pellissery
Author-X-Name-First: Sony
Author-X-Name-Last: Pellissery
Title: Local Processes of National Corruption: Elite Linkages and Their Effects on Poor People in India
Abstract:
This paper provides a bottom--up view of national corruption
in India and presents a framework of corruption involving three actors:
bureaucrat, politician and legitimate claimant. The paper then focuses on
the public service provision of social security in an Indian village and
the role of elites in perpetuating the corrupt practices to access this
public provision. This study is based on an extensive fieldwork and uses
network data. First, I show that the political elite bridges the
‘structural hole’ between the institutions of state and
society, have the advantage of information, referrals and are the main
beneficiary of local corrupt practices. Second, factional politics is
carried out through the use of corruption and it results in exclusion of
the poor persons from the welfare rights to which they are entitled. The
paper also explores how the local processes of corruption interact with
state-level processes and shows how protest against corruption is
silenced.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 131-151
Issue: 2
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701362216
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701362216
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:131-151
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Samuel Tanner
Author-X-Name-First: Samuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Tanner
Title: Political Opportunities and Local Contingencies in Mass Crime Participation: Personal Experiences by Former Serbian Militiamen
Abstract:
Participation in mass crime is often approached from a
top-down perspective that centralizes the actions of the masses under the
order of elites and leaders. While there is some evidence to support this
approach, a more complete assessment of participation in mass crime must
also consider the grassroots contingencies that unite the collective
motivation and capacity that induce such actions. Such a bottoms-up
approach is developed in this article with a particular focus on the
personal experiences of former Serbian militiamen who took part in scenes
of mass violence in Croatia and Bosnia--Herzegovina. Interviews with
former militiamen illustrate how political opportunities, diverging
nationalistic attitudes, proximity to growing violence in increasingly
localized killing fields, incentives to participate in parallel criminal
activities, and an influence within community networks that were submerged
in mass crimes united to legitimize and facilitate their personal
commitment to the events that took place in this region during the 1990s.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 152-171
Issue: 2
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701362273
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701362273
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:152-171
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gavin Slade
Author-X-Name-First: Gavin
Author-X-Name-Last: Slade
Title: The Threat of the Thief: Who Has Normative Influence in Georgian Society?
Abstract:
This piece gives an account of the Georgian government's
recent attempts to crackdown on the institution of thieves-in-law
[vory-v-zakone] within Georgian society. The events
surrounding the problematisation of the thieves-in-law are examined and
different answers are offered to the underlying question of the article:
what threat does this subversive group pose to the government? It is
argued that the vory do not represent a potential
criminal revolution but are victims of a resurgent state producing a
politics of law that seeks to stamp out subverting influences within
society. The thieves' world represents an alternative moral order which is
attractive in a country which suffers from acute alienated statehood. Thus
the fight against the vory should be understood as a
battle to win back the hearts of the Georgian people for the state and for
the law.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 172-179
Issue: 2
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701362398
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701362398
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:172-179
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Galeotti
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti
Title: Book Reviews
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 180-192
Issue: 2
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701362414
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701362414
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:180-192
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kwesi Aning
Author-X-Name-First: Kwesi
Author-X-Name-Last: Aning
Title: Are there Emerging West African Criminal Networks? The Case of Ghana
Abstract:
This paper situates discussions about emerging African
Criminal Networks (ACN) within Ghana specifically, and West Africa
generally, and seeks to present the initial results of an empirically
based study on the activities of transnational organised criminal (TOCs)
groups in Ghana. The paper argues that the nature of state and statehood
in Africa and its inability to establish effective regulatory mechanisms
contributes to the rise of these particular types of criminal groups. It
begins by conceptualising the place of Ghanaian and West African criminal
groups within the framework of international crime. Furthermore, it
undertakes an in-depth analysis of three types of crimes; namely computer
and internet crime, drug trafficking and (artisanal) small arms
manufacture and smuggling in Ghana. By applying a set of standard
variables and criteria, the paper evaluates the growth of TNCs in these
three issue-areas and how such activities potentially undermine public
institutions like the Ghana Police Service (GPS), customs, excise and
preventive services (CEPS), judiciary, banking and political parties and
political institutions in Ghana. Finally, it seeks to offer an explanatory
framework for the growth and acceptance by local communities of the
activities of organised crime in Ghana by situating this within a cultural
ethos and the social welfare roles played by those involved in such
crimes.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 193-212
Issue: 3
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507729
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507729
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:193-212
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian Nussbaum
Author-X-Name-First: Brian
Author-X-Name-Last: Nussbaum
Title: Protecting Global Cities: New York, London and the Internationalization of Municipal Policing for Counter Terrorism
Abstract:
Policing counter terrorism is increasingly seen as key task
for police forces spanning the entire spectrum of size and capability.
However, in the case of many police forces, resource limitations, low
threat levels and coordination with national level law enforcement have
combined to limit the expansion of their counter terrorism efforts to
things like minor increases in training and heightened awareness. There
are however, at the other end of the spectrum, some city police forces
that have drastically reorganized and reoriented their day-to-day
operations in response to heightened threats. Relying on their unique
access to resources, political autonomy and unique threat levels, New York
City and London have internationalized their policing efforts in an
unprecedented way. This article explores the similarities, differences and
dynamics of this phenomenon.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 213-232
Issue: 3
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507745
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507745
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:213-232
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Kenney
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Kenney
Title: The Architecture of Drug Trafficking: Network Forms of Organisation in the Colombian Cocaine Trade
Abstract:
For much of the past twenty-five years, the US-led war on
drugs has been premised on a fundamental misunderstanding of Colombian
drug trade. Instead of being run by a handful of massive, price-fixing
‘cartels’, the Colombian drug trade, then and now, was
characterized by a fluid social system where flexible exchange networks
expanded and retracted according to market opportunities and regulatory
constraints. To support this interpretation, I draw on primary and
secondary source data I collected in Colombia and the US, including
interviews with several dozen hard-to-reach informants. I analyze these
data to analyze the organisational form and functioning of
‘Colombian’ trafficking networks, focusing on how these
illicit enterprises communicate, coordinate their activities, and make
decisions, with an eye towards deflating some of the more persistent myths
that have grown up around these transnational enterprises.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 233-259
Issue: 3
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507794
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507794
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:233-259
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alain Deneault
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Deneault
Title: Tax Havens and Criminology
Abstract:
For more then thirty years, "tax havens" have allowed major
players form the political and financial spheres, as well as from the
criminal one, to act in a "sovereign" way, that is to say, in a
determinant way, so that their decisions become decisive in the historical
course. "Offshore sovereignty" designates the opportunities that actors
off all stripes have in the offshore centres, legal havens, free zones and
free ports of the world, to conduct their activities unhampered by state
structures, which they do by investing their money in recognized economic
entities, or financing political parties.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 260-270
Issue: 3
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507802
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507802
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:260-270
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gavin Slade
Author-X-Name-First: Gavin
Author-X-Name-Last: Slade
Title: Georgia and Thieves-in-Law
Abstract:
Georgi Glonti and Givi Lobjanidze (2004),
Professional'naya Prestupnost' v Gruzii. Vory-V-Zakone (Thieves-in-law.
Professional Criminality in Georgia) Tbilisi: TraCCC,
212 pp, Price Not Available, ISBN 99928-0-826-8 paperback
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 271-276
Issue: 3
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507836
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507836
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:271-276
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesca Longo
Author-X-Name-First: Francesca
Author-X-Name-Last: Longo
Title: Book Reviews
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 277-285
Issue: 3
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507844
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507844
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:277-285
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mauricio Olavarria-Gambi
Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio
Author-X-Name-Last: Olavarria-Gambi
Title: The Economic Cost of Crime in Chile
Abstract:
This study estimates that the economic cost of crime in
Chile, using the accountancy method, is $1.35 billion as at 2002; that is,
this cost is equivalent to 2.06% of Chile's GDP. Crimes included in the
estimation are murder, robbery, larceny--theft, burglary, wounding, rape
and sexual assaults, domestic violence and economic felonies such as
fraud, forgery and so on. Consequential costs are the most important,
representing 68% of the total cost of crime. Government spending
represents 23% of the total and anticipatory cost account for the
remaining 9%. Chile presents higher level of crime than most developed
countries—though less than most developing nations—but
government's spending on citizen's security is considerably lower than
that of the US and several other European countries.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 287-310
Issue: 4
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739686
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739686
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:287-310
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chor Foon Tang
Author-X-Name-First: Chor Foon
Author-X-Name-Last: Tang
Author-Name: Hooi Hooi Lean
Author-X-Name-First: Hooi Hooi
Author-X-Name-Last: Lean
Title: Will Inflation Increase Crime Rate? New Evidence from Bounds and Modified Wald Tests
Abstract:
This paper employs the modified Wald (MWALD) causality test
to re-examine the relationship between crime and its determinants
(inflation and unemployment) in the United States from 1960 to 2005.
Bounds test approach is employed to investigate the existence of a
long-run relationship. The empirical evidence suggests that inflation and
crime rates are cointegrated with a positive relationship. Moreover, the
causal link is from inflation and unemployment to crime.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 311-323
Issue: 4
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739694
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739694
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:311-323
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Bouchard
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard
Title: On the Resilience of Illegal Drug Markets
Abstract:
This paper argues that the concept of resilience is a
fruitful way of understanding the impact of repressive policies on illegal
drug markets. For the purpose of this article, resilience is defined as
the ability of market participants to preserve the existing levels of
exchanges between buyers and sellers, despite external pressure aimed at
disrupting the trade. The first part of the paper highlights how some of
the core features of illegal drug markets, a decentralized structure and
high prices, contribute to increasing their resilience to attacks. The
second part develops a framework that can be used to compare markets on
the basis of their resilient properties. Some of the empirical and policy
implications of the framework are discussed in the conclusion.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 325-344
Issue: 4
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739702
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739702
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:325-344
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chad Serena
Author-X-Name-First: Chad
Author-X-Name-Last: Serena
Title: Dynamic Attenuation: Terrorism, Transnational Crime and the Role of the US Army Special Forces
Abstract:
This article analyses the ability of the US Army Special
Forces to combat illicit networks (criminal and terrorist) through
‘dynamic attenuation’. It is argued that a process of
dynamic attenuation, where network ties and not the actors in the network
are targeted, should replace the current US strategy of ‘killing or
capturing’ criminal agents threatening US interests. By dynamically
attenuating (not destroying) the ties between and among criminal actors
and criminal organisations, the US can effectively reduce the capability
of criminal organisations to operate and achieve their missions (profit
and/or terror). This argument is substantiated by assessing the
environments where criminal networks thrive, the characteristics of
criminal networks, the utility of targeting networks instead of individual
actors, and through a comparison of criminal organisations' and US Army
Special Forces' strengths and weaknesses. This article concludes with
implications and recommendations for US policy in the fight against
criminal organisations.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 345-365
Issue: 4
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739710
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739710
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:345-365
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hank Prunckun
Author-X-Name-First: Hank
Author-X-Name-Last: Prunckun
Title: Does Price Really Matter? The Relationship between Heroin Price and Purity in Australia and the Ramifications for International Drug Enforcement
Abstract:
This study determines the relationship between the black
market price for heroin and its corresponding purity in Australia for the
period from July 1996 to June 2003 (seven years). The study used
regression and correlation analyses to test the relationship between the
two variables. If a negative relationship was found, then it would suggest
that law enforcement operations were effective. However, the study
determined that there was a near-zero correlation
(r = 0.02) at commercial level (i.e. weights of
one ounce) but a moderate relationship
(r = 0.37) at user level (i.e. weights of
1 g). From this it was concluded that Australian law enforcement
operations targeting commercial quantities were neither effective nor
ineffective; but operations targeting street-level users were noticeably
ineffective. To improve success at both levels, the study put forward the
proposition that more aggressive enforcement operations in front of the
international Customs barrier may be needed.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 367-380
Issue: 4
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739736
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739736
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:367-380
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paolo Campana
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Campana
Title: Beyond 9/11: Terrorism and Media in a Mid-term Period View (1998--2005)
Abstract:
By drawing upon the first results of an analysis carried out
on the 1998--2005 period, this work tries to reconstruct the trends in
terrorist attacks and their media coverage in seven international daily
newspapers. Also the dynamics of media over/under-representation are
investigated, as well as the existence of differentiated coverage related
to the geopolitical distance/proximity of the country object of attack.
Special attention is paid to an empirical analysis of the Iraqi case. The
work opens with a short methodological discussion on the issue of
terrorism measurement, from its operational definition to the choice of
the database on which to carry out the analyses.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 381-392
Issue: 4
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739744
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739744
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:381-392
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Georgios A. Antonopoulos
Author-X-Name-First: Georgios A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos
Title: Cigarette Smugglers: A Note on Four ‘Unusual Suspects’
Abstract:
The smuggling of contraband cigarettes is discussed in
relation to numerous financial and social issues. Cigarette smugglers are
often portrayed as ruthless and dangerous individuals, and according to
official and media accounts a clear link has been established between
cigarette smuggling and ‘criminal and terrorist
organisations’. The aim of this article is to challenge this
stereotypical image of the cigarette smugglers based on the presentation
of the stories of four smugglers interviewed in Greece and the UK.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 393-398
Issue: 4
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739769
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739769
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:393-398
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vincent G. Fitzsimons
Author-X-Name-First: Vincent G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzsimons
Title: Book Reviews
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 399-409
Issue: 4
Volume: 8
Year: 2007
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701741161
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701741161
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:399-409
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Galeotti
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti
Title: Criminal histories: an introduction
Abstract:
Organised crime is not a creation of the twentieth century
but instead has a history dating back to the ancient world, as a shadowy
underside to modernisation and order.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-7
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862645
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862645
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:1-7
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wisam Mansour
Author-X-Name-First: Wisam
Author-X-Name-Last: Mansour
Title: ‘Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves’: an allusion to Abbasid organised crime
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 8-19
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862694
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862694
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:8-19
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frances Berdan
Author-X-Name-First: Frances
Author-X-Name-Last: Berdan
Title: Living on the edge in an ancient imperial world: Aztec crime and deviance
Abstract:
The ancient Aztecs created the largest empire in the
prehistory of Mesoamerica. During this brief period (1428--1521 AD), Aztec
life was complex and volatile. This article treats the place of crime and
deviance within this dynamic setting, exploring (1) the Aztec historical
and institutional context for living a proper (and improper) life, (2)
recorded and expected realms of criminal and deviant behaviour, (3)
opportunities for malfeasance and those who took advantage of them and (4)
the manner in which Aztec institutions and powerful individuals dealt with
crime and deviance. These dimensions provide the basis for an explanatory
discussion of the presence or absence of organised crime in Aztec life.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 20-34
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862710
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862710
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:20-34
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kelly Hignett
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly
Author-X-Name-Last: Hignett
Title: Co-option or criminalisation? The state, border communities and crime in early modern Europe
Abstract:
From the eighteenth century onwards, the state took
increasing responsibility for controlling activities within its borders.
Prior to this, however, the role of the state was less clearly defined. In
the early modern period, with Europe dominated by expansionist Empires
comprised of loose collaborations of national groupings, state borders
were often not clearly defined, and inadequately policed or protected by
the central state. Thus, as well as the persistent threat of large-scale
military invasion, frontier or borderland regions also became hotspots for
cross-border banditry, smuggling and piracy, often on a well-established
and semi-professional scale. As a result, border communities were often
co-opted by the state to act as ‘border guards’, by policing
and defending the state frontiers, in return for certain
‘privileges’, despite the fact that, in some instances,
these border communities were known to participate in large-scale criminal
activities themselves. By considering and comparing three separate border
communities: the Cossacks of Southern Russia (fifteenth to eighteenth
centuries), the Uskoks of Dalmatia (sixteenth and seventeenth centuries)
and the Chods of Bohemia (twelfth to seventeenth centuries), and their
involvement with large-scale cross-border criminal activities, this
article will draw a number of general conclusions about the nature of
crime in state border regions and the complicity of the state in many
aspects of organised crime during the early modern period.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 35-51
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862736
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862736
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:35-51
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arne Bialuschewski
Author-X-Name-First: Arne
Author-X-Name-Last: Bialuschewski
Title: Pirates, markets and imperial authority: economic aspects of maritime depredations in the Atlantic World, 1716--1726
Abstract:
This article argues that during the years 1716--1726 diverse
groups of maritime predators operated opportunistically across the
spectrum from state-sanctioned privateering to outright piracy. All of
these freebooters relied on access to markets if they were to survive in
an increasingly hostile political environment. Merchants as well as
colonists in various parts of the Atlantic World profited from their
connections to marauders. It was only possible to successfully suppress
piracy in the 1720s when the colonial authorities managed to close their
ports to pirates.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 52-65
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862769
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862769
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:52-65
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jane Dickson-Gilmore
Author-X-Name-First: Jane
Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson-Gilmore
Author-Name: Michael Woodiwiss
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Woodiwiss
Title: The history of native Americans and the misdirected study of organised crime
Abstract:
Conventional chronologies of the history of organised crime
in America tend to focus on the arrival of large numbers of Italian
immigrants in the 1890s as the catalyst for organised crime. However,
analysis of the history of interactions between colonists and aboriginal
peoples in North America suggests a much earlier incipience of organised
criminal activity marked by the arrival of different groups of immigrants,
namely, Dutch, French and British colonists to the American north-east.
Drawing upon primary documents describing the practices of early trading
companies and their representatives, as well as of later land
transactions, the authors will present evidence and argument asserting not
only a longer history of organised crime in North America but also an
explanation for the inadequacy of the paradigm that governs much current
organised crime and transnational organised crime research.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 66-83
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862793
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862793
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:66-83
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Galeotti
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti
Title: The world of the lower depths: crime and punishment in Russian history
Abstract:
Organised crime in Russia draws upon a rich, anarchic and
dangerous tradition rooted equally in the problems in policing this
sprawling, impoverished and authoritarian empire and the folkways of the
town and the village. Historically, two distinct criminal traditions
emerged. In the countryside, the problems of overcoming peasant resistance
(especially evident through their samosud lynch law) and
trafficking in identifiable loot meant that gangs of horse thieves became
increasingly organised in the nineteenth century. This proved an
evolutionary dead end, though, and the real ancestors of the modern
Russian ‘mafiya’ are to be found in the vorovskoi
mir, the ‘thieves' world’, which formed in the
slums of the cities as a result of the urbanisation and industrialisation
of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This became an
increasingly homogeneous and organised underworld culture, with its own
hierarchies, values and spoken and tattoo languages. By the beginning of
the twentieth century, the hard core members of the vorovskoi
mir were deliberately embracing their status as outsiders and
beginning to assert their dominance of the prison system, something which
would later bring them into contact with the Soviet state. This led to an
internal revolution which left them willing and able to operate within the
confines of an increasingly corrupt USSR, ready to capitalise on the
collapse of the Soviet system.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 84-107
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862819
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862819
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:84-107
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arthur Hartmann
Author-X-Name-First: Arthur
Author-X-Name-Last: Hartmann
Author-Name: Klaus von Lampe
Author-X-Name-First: Klaus
Author-X-Name-Last: von Lampe
Title: The German underworld and the Ringvereine from the 1890s through the 1950s
Abstract:
Ringvereine were officially
chartered associations of ex-convicts which, on paper, provided mutual aid
and promoted the cultural activities of their members. In reality, they
promoted their members' criminal activities in various ways and acted as
professional associations of criminals, which set and enforced rules and
provided members with contacts, assistance and status. At least in certain
areas, namely prostitution and racketeering, the
Ringvereine may also have functioned as criminal
organisations with direct involvement in criminal activities. Using data
obtained from a systematic analysis of various contemporary newspapers and
periodicals, and from a review of secondary sources, primarily comprising
journalistic and law enforcement accounts, this study examines their
structure, function, geographical scope, membership characteristics and
ties to legitimate institutions and highlights major phases and turning
points in their history which spans an era from the late nineteenth to the
mid-twentieth century. It is argued that the Ringvereine
constitute a deviant case in the history of German organised crime, which
otherwise has been characterised more by informal and fragmented offender
structures embedded in deviant subcultures.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 108-135
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862835
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862835
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:108-135
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Sanders
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanders
Title: Economic draining -- German black market operations in France, 1940--1944
Abstract:
Study of the black market is vital to understanding the
social, economic and political stakes of the occupation in the Second
World War. It allows a re-examination of German occupation policy, but
also highlights civilian survival strategies, wealth distribution and the
changing occupier -- occupied relationship. In France, the German
occupiers spent at least 15% of all financial resources made available to
them through the Vichy occupation levy on the illegal market. This
purchasing started from the onset of occupation and until the December
1941 resource crisis; German economic agencies bought ‘anything, at
any price’. This uncoordinated bidding led to a black market
bubble, the effects of which spilled over into the official markets where
they caused havoc. Spring 1942 brought the centralisation of purchasing.
During the ensuing second phase (until spring 1943), the occupier still
bought ‘anything’, but no longer at ‘any
price’. Although this stabilised prices, it also encouraged illegal
production, with raw materials diverted from official industry
allocations. During this period 50--60% of all Vichy occupation payments
were spent on the black market, at a strategic juncture of the war when
such extravagance was no longer justifiable. This undermined German
finances in France and became a liability to exploitation and
collaboration. The third phase of black market exploitation, from summer
1943 to the end of the occupation, was the most rational. The Germans
restricted purchasing to genuinely indispensable strategic raw materials.
This built on the effective implementation of a German black market
purchasing ban in spring 1943, the support of the Vichy government and
French industrial leaders for economic collaboration, business
concentrations and closures, market monitoring and resource management
methods. As a result, the illegal market in the industrial economy was
largely controlled. Arguably the same degree of economic mobilisation
could have been achieved one or even two years earlier, had the Germans
abstained from unilateral black market purchasing and instead heeded Vichy
calls for closer cooperation. German failure in this area was due to lack
of coordination, institutional chaos, economic dilettantism, endemic
corruption and reckless resource competition; all have their origin in the
structure of the Nazi system. Illegal food markets, on the other hand,
demonstrated the limits of coercion. As the nutritional value of official
civilian rations remained below subsistence level, the French continued to
depend on the illegal market for sustenance. Evading food restrictions
became something of a national pastime. This further compounded Vichy's
lack of willingness (and authority) in enforcing economic regulation in
the countryside.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 136-168
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862876
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862876
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:136-168
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nadia Gerspacher
Author-X-Name-First: Nadia
Author-X-Name-Last: Gerspacher
Title: The history of international police cooperation: a 150-year evolution in trends and approaches
Abstract:
This paper traces the history of international police
cooperation through the development of collaborative initiatives that
various police actors have introduced since the mid-nineteenth century to
address transnational crime on a multilateral basis. The beginnings of
international police cooperation efforts were largely rooted in
anti-anarchist policies pursued by European governments in order to
protect the status quo. Police collaboration largely halted during the
world wars, but the second half of the twentieth century witnessed an
explosion of international cooperation mechanisms in policing as most
states came to recognise the importance of multilateral action against
transnational crime. International policing now encompasses sophisticated,
official and far-reaching channels of information exchange and joint
policing strategies and operations. Police cooperation has gone through
cycles, however: the political motivation that originally encouraged
foreign police agencies to share information on alleged perpetrators and
their activities in due course took second place to specifically criminal
investigations, but in today's security-driven policy environment the
political dimension is once again on the rise, as police strategies are
aimed at terrorist groups.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 169-184
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862892
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862892
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:169-184
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward R. Kleemans
Author-X-Name-First: Edward R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kleemans
Author-Name: Henk G. Van de Bunt
Author-X-Name-First: Henk G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Van de Bunt
Title: Organised crime, occupations and opportunity
Abstract:
This paper elaborates upon occupations, work relations, work
settings, and their connection with organised crime activities. The
analysis is based upon data from 120 case studies from the Dutch Organised
Crime Monitor, involving 1623 suspects. The paper describes the different
kinds of occupations encountered in cases of organised crime and the main
characteristics of these occupations. Furthermore, the paper describes in
more detail four cases of organised crime that illustrate the embeddedness
of certain organised crime activities in work relations and work settings.
Following Mars,1 the paper analyses both the grid dimension and the group
dimension of certain occupations and work settings. The paper concludes
that social relations as well as settings and opportunity structures
provide structure to the organisation of many forms of crime, including
organised crime.
-super- 1. Gerald Mars, Cheats at Work: An Anthropology of
Workplace Crime (London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1982).
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 185-197
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254254
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254254
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:185-197
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Mario Lavezzi
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Lavezzi
Title: Economic structure and vulnerability to organised crime: Evidence from Sicily
Abstract:
The economic analysis of organised crime suggests that some
economic activities are particularly vulnerable to penetration by criminal
organisations. This paper provides an analysis of the structure of the
Sicilian economy and shows that, when compared with other Italian regions,
it is characterised by a disproportionate presence of such activities. In
particular, the economy of Sicily appears characterised by: (i) a large
dimension of traditional sectors, such as the Construction sector, which
also has a strong territorial specificity; (ii) a large presence of small
firms; (iii) a low level of technology; (iii) a large public sector. The
joint presence of these features creates fertile soil for the typical
activities of organised crime, such as extortion and cartel enforcement.
Hence, we propose an alternative explanation of the persistence of
organised crime with respect to explanations based on cultural and social
factors.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 198-220
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254312
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254312
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:198-220
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Asmundo
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Asmundo
Author-Name:
Author-X-Name-First:
Author-X-Name-Last:
Author-Name: Maurizio Lisciandra
Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio
Author-X-Name-Last: Lisciandra
Title: The cost of protection racket in Sicily
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the current cost of
protection rackets in Sicily. By means of a database constructed on
judicial evidence, it has been possible to come up with an estimate of the
average and total costs of the protection-money system, as well as finding
out in which sectors of economic activity and in which provinces is most
pervasive. The average monthly payment is approximately 600 euros per
business, with stronger effects in those areas with a relatively more
traditional economic structure. As a whole, in monetary terms, the
protection racket in Sicily accounts for over 1.4% of gross regional
product. Finally, the paper supports the hypothesis that in most cases,
the pervasive presence of the mafia represents a considerable constraint
on business growth.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 221-240
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254338
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254338
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:221-240
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stijn Van Daele
Author-X-Name-First: Stijn
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Daele
Title: Organised property crimes in Belgium: the case of the ‘itinerant crime groups’
Abstract:
The phenomenon of the so-called ‘itinerant crime
groups’ is receiving increasing attention within Belgian and
Western European law enforcement agencies. This interest stems from a
variety of perceptions about these groups, and has led to a number of
definitions about who and what they are, and policy measures in response
to them. In this paper, the phenomenon and the characteristics ascribed to
it in Belgium are empirically tested. This research finds that the
features of mobility and nationality emerge as useful characteristics by
which to study these crime groups. There are no indications that the
special character of these groups is the consequence of policy-related
attention, but rather it functions as a catalyst for this interest.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 241-247
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254346
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254346
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:241-247
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephanie Brophy
Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie
Author-X-Name-Last: Brophy
Title: Mexico: Cartels, corruption and cocaine: A profile of the Gulf cartel
Abstract:
This text constructs a profile of one of Mexico's most
powerful organised crime groups, the Gulf cartel. The text analyses the
power of the cartel in the international system, the effects globalisation
has had on its operations, the threats it poses to the state, and the
obstacles the state faces in countering transnational organised crime
groups.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 248-261
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254353
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254353
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:248-261
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hank Prunckun
Author-X-Name-First: Hank
Author-X-Name-Last: Prunckun
Title: ‘Bogies in the wire’: Is there a need for legislative control of cyber weapons?
Abstract:
An article that discusses how information and communications
technology (computer systems and data transmission) are used as
‘cyber weapons’ for criminal purposes. It canvasses a number
of legislative policy options for controlling their misuse. The paper
concludes with the view that implementing some form of cyber weapons laws
-- in the same vein as firearms legislation -- would not only help ensure
society's domestic well-being, but would also aid national security.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 262-272
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254379
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254379
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:262-272
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rolando Ochoa
Author-X-Name-First: Rolando
Author-X-Name-Last: Ochoa
Title: Brazil: Democracy, inequalities, citizenship and crime
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 273-277
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254395
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254395
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:273-277
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mary Gibson
Author-X-Name-First: Mary
Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson
Title: Book Reviews
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 278-289
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254411
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254411
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:278-289
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mathilde Turcotte
Author-X-Name-First: Mathilde
Author-X-Name-Last: Turcotte
Title: Shifts in police--informant negotiations
Abstract:
This paper examines the impact of increasing criminal
cooperation programmes for police handler--informant relationships. Over
the last two decades, many countries have introduced policies to regulate
the use of criminal informants and defendants who agree to provide
information or testimony in exchange for financial incentives, protection,
and leniency. Many researchers assume this trend has no bearing on the
relationship between the handler and the informant. Following this
assumption, they maintain that agreements made with criminal trade
participants are still informally negotiated and unsupervised. I
investigate this oversight, drawing on data obtained from in-depth
interviews with handlers and informants. Findings from this fieldwork
illustrate that, in order to compensate for weakening of their
discretionary power, police officers are developing new deceptive tactics
in dealing with informants. Furthermore, the increasingly
institutionalised use of informants has given handlers a false sense of
security. Informants gain skills and knowledge from their relationship
with handlers, which they can use to undermine the handler's authority.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 291-305
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543508
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543508
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:291-305
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alex Chung
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Chung
Title: The big circle boys: Revisiting the case of the flaming eagles
Abstract:
Asian criminals known as the ‘Big Circle Boys’
(BCB) are a growing concern to law enforcement agencies in Canada and the
United States. However, no academic study has been undertaken to
investigate them. This paper examines whether there is any basis for
identifying the BCB as a criminal group. The background of the BCB is
briefly discussed, and a case study from the
‘first-generation’ BCB is presented, using a criminal memoir
and testimonial evidence. The ‘Flaming Eagles’ is shown to
be an organisation comprising several BCB subgroups, unified by leader
Johnny Kon. This criminal group had membership procedures and rules, and
was primarily involved in the heroin trade. Within the organisation, there
was no clear division of labour except for the specialised role of the
courier. Three distinct levels of hierarchy were apparent during most of
its existence, except for the period when a five-person committee was in
place. Internecine wars accounted for some of the fatalities among members
and associates, while the rest were mostly attributed to assassination
orders resulting from business disputes or betrayal. Analytical
definitions are also surveyed for the criminal organisation models of
organised criminal group (OCG), mafia and criminal firm. The Flaming
Eagles is found to best fit the criminal firm model, since it lacked the
territoriality characteristic of an OCG and did not provide protection as
mafias do.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 306-331
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543540
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543540
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:306-331
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rensselaer Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Rensselaer
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Title: The Triborder--terrorism nexus
Abstract:
The Triborder region of South America, where the borders of
Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay intersect, comprises a population of
approximately 700,000 inhabitants, among them 15,000--20,000 are Arabs,
mostly of Lebanese descent. The region has gained a reputation as a hub of
illegal activities, ranging from sales of pirated electronic goods and
software to trafficking in drugs, weapons and illegal migrants. Also, the
Triborder's relatively unregulated financial sector launders tens of
billions of dollars of criminal funds and causes flight of capital
annually. Reports that the region is a terrorist haven and staging area
seem exaggerated; yet Arabs' extensive participation in the Triborder
underground economy is believed to generate funds on behalf of Islamic
extremists in the Middle East, especially Hezbollah and Hamas. Efforts to
crack down on pirate businesses and alleged terrorist financiers have been
constrained by government apathy, widespread police and judicial
corruption and a lack of effective anti-terrorist legislation. Also, the
dependence of many of the Triborder's inhabitants on the underground
economy represents an effective constraint on enforcement action.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 332-347
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543557
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543557
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:332-347
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valeria Pizzini-Gambetta
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria
Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzini-Gambetta
Title: Women and the mafia: A methodology minefield
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 348-353
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543649
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543649
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:348-353
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Enrico Basile
Author-X-Name-First: Enrico
Author-X-Name-Last: Basile
Title: Is cheating a universal moral concept?
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 354-367
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802557011
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802557011
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:354-367
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Galeotti
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti
Author-Name: Gavin Slade
Author-X-Name-First: Gavin
Author-X-Name-Last: Slade
Author-Name: Robert Lambert
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert
Author-Name: Paola Monzini
Author-X-Name-First: Paola
Author-X-Name-Last: Monzini
Author-Name: Ben Power
Author-X-Name-First: Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Power
Author-Name: Jane Schneider
Author-X-Name-First: Jane
Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider
Author-Name: Percy Allum
Author-X-Name-First: Percy
Author-X-Name-Last: Allum
Title: Book Reviews
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 368-385
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 2008
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543664
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543664
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:368-385
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Bouchard
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard
Author-Name: Chris Wilkins
Author-X-Name-First: Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkins
Title: Introduction
Abstract:
We highlight how the different studies included in this
special issue contribute to our understanding of illegal markets and the
economics of organized crime. A focus on the ‘economics’ of
organized crime brings attention to the outcomes (costs and benefits), but
also to the process leading to these outcomes, including analyses of the
markets where criminal organizations are active.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-5
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902782394
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902782394
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:1-5
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip A. Curry
Author-X-Name-First: Philip A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Curry
Author-Name: Steeve Mongrain
Author-X-Name-First: Steeve
Author-X-Name-Last: Mongrain
Title: What is a criminal organization and why does the law care?
Abstract:
The Criminal Codes in both Canada and the United States allow
for criminals to be penalized to a greater degree if they are a member of
an organization. We draw on the economic theory of punishment, which
states that expected penalty should be proportional to the social harm
caused, to put a different perspective on such regulations. According to
the economic theory, additional punishments are desirable if either: (1)
the social harm from a criminal act is greater for a member of an
organization than for an independent criminal; or (2) the probability of
conviction is lower. We examine the extent to which both of these
possibilities are true and use the findings to revisit the definition of a
criminal organization.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 6-23
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902782402
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902782402
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:6-23
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre Tremblay
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre
Author-X-Name-Last: Tremblay
Author-Name: Martin Bouchard
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard
Author-Name: Sévrine Petit
Author-X-Name-First: Sévrine
Author-X-Name-Last: Petit
Title: The size and influence of a criminal organization: a criminal achievement perspective
Abstract:
It is difficult to measure the size, influence and growth
patterns of criminal organizations embedded in illegal markets. In this
paper, we argue that measuring the influence of a criminal organization by
its size (in number of employees, or ‘members’) may under-
or overestimate its sphere of influence in illegal markets. Self-report
survey and size of population methodologies are combined to assess the
regional economic influence of a criminal organization (Hells Angels) in
three illegal drug markets (the cocaine trade, the cannabis trade and the
cannabis cultivation industry) in the province of Québec. Findings suggest
that a relatively small organization by conventional standards can
nonetheless achieve a large influence on criminal markets. We then analyse
how factors other than violence play a role in explaining differences in
achieving economic influence across criminal organizations. Finally, we
suggest that turning our attention to measuring economic influence
provides some insights into the duration and intensity of the violent
conflicts occurring in these markets.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 24-40
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902782428
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902782428
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:24-40
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen T. Easton
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Easton
Author-Name: Alexander K. Karaivanov
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Karaivanov
Title: Understanding optimal criminal networks
Abstract:
We develop a theory of optimal networks in the context of
criminal organizations. In this framework the criminals choose their
network links with others according to a set of specified costs and
benefits to participation. The optimal number and configuration of links
within each network is solved for a set of 10,000 parameter simulations
specifying the direct cost of links between agents, the benefit to
connections, and the cost of being in the network with others. In
addition, agents determine the size of the optimal network. This framework
allows consideration of a variety of crime policy scenarios. In
particular, removing the ‘key player’, the best strategy
when the network is exogenous, may not be the optimal strategy in an
environment in which the agents can change the size and structure of the
network endogenously. More generally, optimal crime policy may be
different if the criminals are aware of the policing strategy and can
alter their network.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 41-65
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902782444
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902782444
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:41-65
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan P. Caulkins
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Caulkins
Author-Name: Honora Burnett
Author-X-Name-First: Honora
Author-X-Name-Last: Burnett
Author-Name: Edward Leslie
Author-X-Name-First: Edward
Author-X-Name-Last: Leslie
Title: How illegal drugs enter an island country: insights from interviews with incarcerated smugglers
Abstract:
A typology of drug smuggling ‘technologies’ is
developed based on interviews with 110 inmates incarcerated in UK prisons
for importing illegal drugs. Approximately three-quarters were involved in
courier-based operations. The other 30 collectively accounted for
substantially greater smuggling throughput capacity and fell into five
groups: operations employing ‘bent’ lorry drivers; shipping
drugs intermingled with legitimate commerce; transporting drugs on
commercial airlines with assistance from corrupt officials; mailing drugs
into the UK; and smuggling via boats landing between ports of entry. A
Pareto Law seems to apply, with a minority of respondents being
responsible for the majority of the smuggling. Most participated in
smuggling to make money, but more than a few couriers reported being
coerced and/or tricked into carrying drugs. Perhaps not coincidentally,
rough calculations suggest that, when balancing profits against prison
risk, crime does not pay for couriers but can for organizations employing
bent lorry drivers.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 66-93
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902782477
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902782477
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:66-93
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan P. Caulkins
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Caulkins
Author-Name: Benjamin Gurga
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Gurga
Author-Name: Christopher Little
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Little
Title: Economic analysis of drug transaction ‘cycles’ described by incarcerated UK drug dealers
Abstract:
The fundamental activity of most drug dealers is buying drugs
from a supplier and selling them on, usually in smaller lot sizes to
multiple customers at a lower market level. Data on such
‘cycles’ of purchase and resale are derived from interviews
with 65 dealers incarcerated in UK prisons. A power function relationship
between price and transaction size is confirmed. Analyses reveal great
consistency in proportional price markups across drugs and time, high
cycle frequencies (typically weekly or more often) and importers who
vertically integrate into the highest level of domestic distribution, so
that an important share of their net revenues effectively derives from
domestic distribution inside the UK, as opposed to importation per
se.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 94-112
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902783889
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902783889
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:94-112
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rebecca McKetin
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: McKetin
Author-Name: Jennifer McLaren
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: McLaren
Author-Name: Erin Kelly
Author-X-Name-First: Erin
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly
Author-Name: Jenny Chalmers
Author-X-Name-First: Jenny
Author-X-Name-Last: Chalmers
Title: The market for crystalline methamphetamine in Sydney, Australia
Abstract:
The market for domestically produced methamphetamine in
Australia (sold as ‘speed’ and ‘base’) has
been recently supplemented with imported crystalline methamphetamine
(‘ice’ or ‘crystal’), the supply of which is
thought to involve different organized crime groups than those involved
with domestic supply. The existence, or otherwise, of distinct retail
markets for these different forms of methamphetamine has important
implications for police and public health strategies. The aim of this
study was to examine whether there was evidence of distinct retail markets
for crystalline methamphetamine and domestically produced forms of the
drug. A cross-sectional survey of regular methamphetamine users
(n = 309) was undertaken in Sydney, Australia
to assess the characteristics of the retail market (consumption, price,
perceived purity, availability, purchase location and sale from dealers)
for crystalline methamphetamine compared with domestically produced forms
of the drug (i.e. speed and base). We did not find any clear evidence of a
segregated retail market for crystalline methamphetamine. Only 3% of
participants were exclusive crystalline methamphetamine users, and both
crystalline methamphetamine and other domestically produced forms of the
drug were readily available to consumers, being typically purchased from
the same dealers, in the same location and at the same price.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 113-123
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902783905
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902783905
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:113-123
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brendan Moyle
Author-X-Name-First: Brendan
Author-X-Name-Last: Moyle
Title: The black market in China for tiger products
Abstract:
Poaching of tigers is a major threat to the survival of the
species. China is responsible for much of the demand for tiger parts.
Poaching occurs because it is profitable and organizations able to procure
transport and sell tiger products over thousands of miles and
international borders also exist. Unfortunately there is little
corresponding data on these organizations. It appears as if these
organizations operate to minimize the most significant transaction cost
along the supply chain. Tigers are a minority element in a portfolio of
wildlife products assembled by smugglers in range states. Within China
smugglers specialize in the skins and bones of tigers, and are most likely
to operate in small, discrete groups. This is a function of the high
coordination and evasion costs of operating in China. The demand for tiger
parts has strong cultural and medicinal influences.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 124-143
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902783921
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902783921
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:124-143
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tanya Wyatt
Author-X-Name-First: Tanya
Author-X-Name-Last: Wyatt
Title: Exploring the organization of Russia Far East's illegal wildlife trade: two case studies of the illegal fur and illegal falcon trades
Abstract:
The Russian Federation is a source of wildlife and wildlife
products that fuel the vast, and often overlooked, illegal wildlife trade
that takes place around the globe. Out of the many illicit animal and
plant trades, two of these black markets -- the illegal fur trade and the
illegal falcon trade -- are used in this article to explore the
organization of this illicit activity in Russia Far East. Using interviews
from Russian and other wildlife trade experts, structural frameworks are
established for each of these illegal wildlife markets.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 144-154
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902783947
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902783947
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:144-154
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Declan Hill
Author-X-Name-First: Declan
Author-X-Name-Last: Hill
Title: To fix or not to fix? How corruptors decide to fix football matches
Abstract:
This paper examines the decisions of the internal corruptors
in fixing football games. The methodology is a mixture of interviews,
database analysis and examination of a specific series of taped phone
calls of a corrupt Russian football official. It finds that generally,
this type of match-fixing occurs only after a specific point in the
season. There are five implicit questions that corruptors must answer: is
the game important enough to fix? Is it morally ethical? Can my team win
honestly? Can I afford to fix the game? If I am caught is there a high
risk of sanctions? The second section of the paper examines the question
of who to bribe? The data indicate that out of the three possible options
-- referees, players and team officials -- the best chance of delivering a
successful fix are the team officials. The final section is an examination
of the use trust, favour banks and guarantors among the team officials who
are willing to sell matches.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 157-177
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543524
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543524
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:157-177
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sheldon X. Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Sheldon X.
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Title: Beyond the ‘Natasha’ story -- a review and critique of current research on sex trafficking
Abstract:
A review of literature on sex trafficking since 2000 reveals
that numerous articles have been published in scholarly journals but few
are based on systematic primary data collection. Much of our current
knowledge, including statistical estimates and characteristics of the
trafficking business, derives from a handful reports issued by government
and non-government agencies. With few empirical studies available,
imagination seems to have filled the gaps of our knowledge. The problem
was further complicated by a manifest (sometimes subtle) moral crusading
agenda aimed at a deep-rooted and hotly debated social practice.
Also noticeable in the literature is an increasing number of authors who
have begun to challenge the empirical premises claimed by these published
reports. These sceptical authors find that many articles of questionable
quality have been published in peer-reviewed journals, and claim that the
current discourse on human trafficking is driven by mythology rather than
empirical research. Rather than dwelling on gaps in our
knowledge or concerns over the moral overtone in academic research, this
paper seeks to raise specific research questions and explore possible
field strategies that can advance our knowledge on this topic. Regardless
of one's moral compass, the future of research on sex trafficking cannot
become credible without a solid empirical foundation.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 178-195
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079899
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079899
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:178-195
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shahid M. Shahidullah
Author-X-Name-First: Shahid M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shahidullah
Author-Name: C. Nana Derby
Author-X-Name-First: C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nana Derby
Title: Criminalisation, modernisation, and globalisation: the US and international perspectives on domestic violence
Abstract:
The growth of modernisation in a society is intimately
connected to the growth of legal evolutions related to criminalisation.
While modernisation expands the boundaries of tolerance in an open
society, it also expands the boundaries of crime and criminalisation. As
modernisation expands on a global scale, the process of redefining crime,
criminalisation, and victimisation also occurs on a global scale. In the
modern societies of the West, the advance of modern law and justice and
the progress of the notions of human rights have expanded the boundaries
of freedom. They have also expanded the boundaries of criminalisation in a
number of social, cultural, political, and economic domains. One of the
major areas of criminalisation that has rapidly expanded with
modernisation and globalisation, particularly in the West, is domestic
violence. During the last 30 years, a series of laws have evolved in these
societies that criminalise a wide variety of behaviours related to
domestic violence. A comparative study of legislative developments on
domestic violence in the United States, Brazil, India, Japan, Bangladesh,
and Ghana suggests that, in each, a relatively homogenous set of laws
against domestic violence has evolved.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 196-223
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079923
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079923
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:196-223
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andreas Schloenhardt
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas
Author-X-Name-Last: Schloenhardt
Author-Name: Genevieve Beirne
Author-X-Name-First: Genevieve
Author-X-Name-Last: Beirne
Author-Name: Toby Corsbie
Author-X-Name-First: Toby
Author-X-Name-Last: Corsbie
Title: Trafficking in persons in Australia: myths and realities
Abstract:
In Australia, despite greater public awareness and
acknowledgement of the problem by government agencies, trafficking in
persons remains a phenomenon poorly understood and researched. The true
extent of Australia's human trafficking problem is not fully known,
largely due to the clandestine nature of this phenomenon. Anecdotal
evidence, media reports, and statistical estimates without proper
evidentiary bases are the only sources of information currently available
about trafficking in persons in Australia. This article produces a more
accurate assessment of the scale of trafficking in persons in the light of
the open source evidence, thus contributing to the understanding of the
immediate problem, and paving the way for further research on the many
facets and aspects associated with trafficking in persons in Australia and
elsewhere. The article calls for further research into trafficking and
greater openness from relevant stakeholders, in order to clarify the facts
about trafficking in Australia, and to help to dispel the myths and
misconceptions that abound in discussing this issue.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 224-247
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079931
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079931
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:224-247
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Timothy S. Wittig
Author-X-Name-First: Timothy S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wittig
Title: Financing terrorism along the Chechnya--Georgia border, 1999--2002
Abstract:
This paper presents the first systematic evaluation of the
complex of economic, financial, and value exchange activity of Chechen
separatist and ‘al-Qaeda’ actors along the Chechnya--Georgia
border between 1999 and 2002. Based on a combination of fieldwork and
documentary analysis, and encompassing data from interviews, personal
observation, and documents from both open and closed sources, this study
provides empirical perspectives of the financing of Chechen separatists
and foreign ‘al-Qaeda’ fighters from global and national
levels to its everyday realities at the level of the individual.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 248-260
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079949
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079949
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:248-260
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Federico Varese
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Varese
Title: Introduction
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 261-261
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079964
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079964
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:261-261
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Federico Varese
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Varese
Title: The Camorra closely observed
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 262-266
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079972
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079972
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:262-266
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valeria Pizzini-Gambetta
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria
Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzini-Gambetta
Title: Women in Gomorrah
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 267-271
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079980
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079980
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:267-271
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Lloyd
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Lloyd
Title: Investigative journalism, Saviano style
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 272-275
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080020
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080020
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:272-275
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roberto Saviano
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Saviano
Title: Reply
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 276-279
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080053
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080053
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:276-279
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arne Bialuschewski
Author-X-Name-First: Arne
Author-X-Name-Last: Bialuschewski
Title: British piracy in the golden age: history and interpretation, 1660--1730
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 280-281
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080061
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080061
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:280-281
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Schneider
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider
Title: Cultural warfare and trust: fighting the Mafia in Palermo
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 282-284
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080079
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080079
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Author-Name: Kelly Hignett
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly
Author-X-Name-Last: Hignett
Title: Russia's battle with crime, corruption and terrorism
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 284-286
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080095
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080095
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:284-286
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Author-Name: Apostolos Maspero
Author-X-Name-First: Apostolos
Author-X-Name-Last: Maspero
Title: Drug smugglers on drug smuggling
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 286-288
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080129
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080129
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:286-288
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francisco E. Thoumi
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Thoumi
Title: Drug lords. The rise and fall of the Cali cartel. The richest, most powerful crime syndicate in history
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 288-290
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080152
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080152
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:288-290
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Author-Name: Joseph Wheatley
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph
Author-X-Name-Last: Wheatley
Title: Community policing in America
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 290-292
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080160
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080160
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:290-292
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vittorio Bufacchi
Author-X-Name-First: Vittorio
Author-X-Name-Last: Bufacchi
Title: Rethinking violence
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 293-297
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248056
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248056
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:293-297
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Author-Name: John P. McCormick
Author-X-Name-First: John P.
Author-X-Name-Last: McCormick
Title: Machiavelli and the Gracchi: prudence, violence and redistribution
Abstract:
In this article, I highlight a rhetorical strategy in
Machiavelli's Discourses through which: (1) the
Florentine endorses, despite appearances to the contrary, the
redistributive agenda of the Brothers Gracchi, Roman tribunes frequently
blamed for causing the collapse of the Republic; and (2) subtly intimates
the violent means that other prospective reformers of republics must
employ to succeed where the Gracchi had failed. Machiavelli invokes
‘prudence’ in his passages devoted to the Gracchi; following
this lead, I accentuate the form of prudential rhetoric that he practices
in such passages, and I point to the prudential form of violence he
thought necessary if republics were to, in his words, ‘keep the
public rich, and the citizens poor’.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 298-305
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248155
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248155
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:298-305
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Author-Name: John Baker
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Baker
Title: Violence for equality: lessons from Machiavelli
Abstract:
Should radical egalitarians operating in contemporary
capitalist democracies use political violence to achieve their aims?
Purely consequentialist arguments provide too simple an answer.
Machiavelli's perspective is more complex because it contains both
consequentialist and non-consequentialist elements and because of its
emphasis on the strictly political costs and benefits of violence. The
radically egalitarian ideal of equality of condition is similarly complex
but involves very different values and objectives. These generate both
moral and political arguments against violence. However, the threat of
counter-revolutionary violence creates a dilemma for radical egalitarians
that it is difficult to resolve.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 306-319
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248197
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248197
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:306-319
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Author-Name: Michael L. Gross
Author-X-Name-First: Michael L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gross
Title: Asymmetric war, symmetrical intentions: killing civilians in modern armed conflict
Abstract:
During asymmetric war, a state actor often faces charges of
disproportionate harm while the weaker, nonstate side must defend itself
against charges of terrorism. Because the state actor faces an adversary
embedded among civilians, and the nonstate actor confronts an opponent
whose military targets are often so well protected that only its
nonmilitary targets are vulnerable, it is difficult for either side to
fight without harming civilians. While humanitarian law tries to protect
noncombatants to the greatest extent possible, too strict an
interpretation of terrorism and proportionality may unduly restrict either
side's ability to pursue political claims by force of arms. To
successfully walk the line between protecting civilians during asymmetric
war and allowing each side a ‘fighting chance’, it is
necessary to take another look at the idea of intentionality and the
definition of combatants. While intentional harm is the hallmark of
terrorism, state armies also bring intentional harm if they expect to
glean military benefits from causing collateral damage to civilians. A
tighter understanding of intentionality can further protect innocent,
noncombatant civilians. At the same time, however, the international
community must recognise that not all civilians are noncombatants. Many
civilians take a direct or indirect role in the fighting. As such, some
civilians are vulnerable to lethal harm while others remain subject to
nonlethal harm. Asymmetric war expands the range of permissible civilian
targets that each side may attack without incurring charges of terrorism
or disproportionate harm.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 320-336
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248262
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248262
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:320-336
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Author-Name: Keith Krause
Author-X-Name-First: Keith
Author-X-Name-Last: Krause
Title: Beyond definition: violence in a global perspective
Abstract:
While conceptualising violence -- in either minimalist or
comprehensive understandings -- has posed significant problems for
scholars, the problem of measuring or quantifying it has been equally
challenging for both researchers and policy makers. This article examines
the best available current evidence on the ‘global burden of armed
violence’ and highlights what we know and do not know about the
scope, scale, and distribution of different forms of violence worldwide,
especially what policy makers have called ‘armed violence’
(the minimalist conception). It also examines the definitional and
conceptual constraints that challenge any attempt to develop
cross-national and cross-cultural comparisons, and the limitations of
existing data, and brings the empirical evidence to bear on the conceptual
debates that animate this volume. Finally, it raises some questions
concerning the way in which the different forms that violence takes may
(or may not) be linked, and the issues this raises for future
‘global’ comparisons.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 337-355
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248270
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248270
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:337-355
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Author-Name: Joy Gordon
Author-X-Name-First: Joy
Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon
Title: Economic sanctions and global governance: the case of Iraq
Abstract:
This article looks at the history of economic sanctions as a
tool of global governance. For much of the twentieth century, sanctions
were seen as a non-violent alternative to military intervention. As a form
of international governance, sanctions have always been characterised by
conflicting claims: that sanctions are effective enough to punish or block
wrongful acts by states; but they are at the same time measures that will
not cause damage to the population as a whole, in the way that warfare
does. The sanctions imposed on Iraq by the United Nations Security Council
illustrate how sanctions at their most extreme can in fact be fully as
damaging as warfare.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 356-367
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248338
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248338
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:356-367
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Author-Name: Ivan Perry
Author-X-Name-First: Ivan
Author-X-Name-Last: Perry
Title: Violence: a public health perspective
Abstract:
Violence is one of the most important causes of suffering and
death on the planet. The incidence of different forms of violence varies
markedly within and between populations with high rates of violence driven
largely by poverty and social injustice and sustained by inept policy
responses rooted in legal and moral frameworks. Violence therefore poses a
major challenge for public health which is the discipline concerned with
assuring the conditions for a healthy society. Over the past five decades
it has become increasingly clear that public health has important
contributions to make to the challenge of understanding and preventing
violence, contributions which extend and complement conventional legal and
moral approaches to violence. This work was led initially by the US Centre
for Disease Control (CDC) and more recently by the World Health
Organisation (WHO) which in 2002 published the first World Report
on Violence and Health. Public health is a relatively
atheoretical discipline. While a number of useful theoretical frameworks
have emerged to better understand and prevent violence, there is no agreed
or dominant public health theory of violence. James Gilligan has proposed
a detailed and potentially useful public health theory of violence based
on the notion that shame/humiliation, which violates an individual's
self-respect and dignity, is the pathogen that causes violence; a pathogen
intimately linked with cruelty and neglect in childhood, spread by the
vector of inequalities in power, wealth and status in society and
sustained by punishment and humiliation within the criminal justice
system. This notion of violence resonates with Vittorio Bufacchi's concept
of violence as a violation of integrity.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 368-395
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248395
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248395
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:368-395
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Author-Name: Jamil Salmi
Author-X-Name-First: Jamil
Author-X-Name-Last: Salmi
Title: Violence, integrity and education
Abstract:
In many parts of the world, schools, which are supposedly the
main social venue for intellectual enrichment and value formation, are
often places of suffering and distress, raising important questions about
the relationship between violence and education. What are the different
forms of violence that can be encountered in a schooling setting? How
prevalent are these manifestations of violence? Do they occur in a random
fashion or are they associated with specific factors and patterns? What
can be done to reduce or eliminate their occurrence? To begin to address
these questions, this article is divided into three parts. First, it
proposes an analytical framework to identify, in a systematic way, the
various forms of violence that can take place within the ambit of school
systems. Second, it shows how this typology can be applied along the
various analytical dimensions developed. Finally, it reviews ways in which
education can be used as a positive force to address violence issues in
the school context and beyond.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 396-415
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248445
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248445
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:396-415
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Author-Name: Richard Mizen
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Mizen
Title: The so-called mindlessness of violence: violence as a pathological variant of aggression
Abstract:
This article proposes that violence may be most usefully
thought about as a psychological rather than a behavioural phenomenon.
Violence, it is contended, is a pathological variant of aggression, where
‘aggression’ is used to describe a particular part of the
range of affective endowments possessed by human beings. We might think
about aggression as a ‘set’ of which violence is a subset.
As an affective endowment, aggression requires integration during
development and this is supplied initially by an infant's primary carers
and later by other important objects and institutions in the environment
and culture in which the growing child lives. In the absence of the
required conditions for enabling psychological integration to take place,
rather than integration, disintegration holds sway with the aggressive
affects denied or dissociated from. In this instance the affects do not
become part of the affective repertoire upon which the individual can draw
in order to orientate him or herself to their environment and in
particular objects in the environment. Instead the affect is experienced
as exterior and other and in some circumstances as violating. In this
circumstances violence is resorted to as a way of escaping from the
experience of overwhelming affects, for example by evoking in another
affective experiences that cannot be tolerated within the self. Clinical
case material is used to illustrate this.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 416-431
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 2009
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248494
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248494
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:416-431
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Author-Name: Tilman Brück
Author-X-Name-First: Tilman
Author-X-Name-Last: Brück
Author-Name: Cathérine Müller
Author-X-Name-First: Cathérine
Author-X-Name-Last: Müller
Title: Comparing the determinants of concern about terrorism and crime
Abstract:
Both crime and terrorism impose costs onto society through
the channels of fear and worry. Identifying and targeting groups that are
especially affected by worries might be one way to reduce the total costs
of these two types of insecurity. However, compared with the drivers of
the fear of crime, the determinants of concerns regarding global terrorism
are less well known. Using nationally representative survey data, we
analyse and compare the individual determinants of concern about global
terrorism and crime. We show that worries about terrorism are driven by
similar determinants as those about crime, which could have important
policy implications. We, furthermore, provide an insight into the
structure of the determinants of concerns regarding other public and
private goods.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-15
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475634
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475634
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Author-Name: Daniel Silverstone
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Silverstone
Author-Name: Stephen Savage
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Savage
Title: Farmers, factories and funds: organised crime and illicit drugs cultivation within the British Vietnamese community
Abstract:
This article explores the growth of organised crime within
the Vietnamese community with particular reference to the cultivation of
cannabis, money laundering and the smuggling or trafficking of children.
The article begins by exploring the history and diversity of the
‘Vietnamese community’ in the United Kingdom and the role of
Vietnamese culture in shaping their criminal enterprises. It then draws on
research involving two sets of qualitative data: one set is based on 45
interviews with law enforcement personnel based in Vietnam and the United
Kingdom as well as with key stakeholders in the Vietnamese community; the
other set is based on structured questionnaires issued to 34 Vietnamese
residents in Britain, 24 of whom are here illegally. It examines the
relationship between illegal immigration of Vietnamese citizens to Britain
and the urban cultivation of cannabis, in what has become known as
‘cannabis factories’, and the laundering of the profits
abroad to Vietnam. After exposing the logistics of Vietnamese illegal
immigration into Britain, the article concludes that those involved in
cannabis cultivation, money laundering and people smuggling are primarily
motivated by profit rather than ‘lifestyle’ concerns, and
operate within what theorists of organised crime refer to as the
‘mono-ethnic criminal network’.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 16-33
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475683
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475683
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Author-Name: Panos A. Kostakos
Author-X-Name-First: Panos A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kostakos
Author-Name: Georgios A. Antonopoulos
Author-X-Name-First: Georgios A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos
Title: The ‘good’, the ‘bad’ and the ‘Charlie’: the business of cocaine smuggling in Greece
Abstract:
This article examines the social organisation of cocaine
smuggling in Greece. Emphasis is placed on the involvement of
professionals from the shipping industry and actors from the ‘upper
society echelons’ who play a pivotal role in the transportation and
importation of cocaine to Western Europe and Greece. After considering
empirical evidence from a variety of sources, our findings indicate that
the cocaine market in Greece is ‘organised’ by a system of
collaborative relationships between state, business and civil society
actors. It is suggested that to better understand the nature of this
illegal market, further research is required to take a closer look into
the economic, socio-cultural and political incentives of these actors.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 34-57
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475717
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475717
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert J. Kelly
Author-X-Name-First: Robert J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly
Title: A new horizon on organised crime: re-locating organised crime in America
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 58-66
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475741
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475741
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:58-66
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Author-Name: Christopher J. Coyne
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Coyne
Title: The invisible hook: the hidden economics pirates
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 67-71
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475782
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475782
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:67-71
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David R. Ambaras
Author-X-Name-First: David R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ambaras
Title: Ruffians, Yakuza, nationalists: the violent politics of modern Japan, 1860--1960
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 71-73
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475816
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475816
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:71-73
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Author-Name: David Critchley
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Critchley
Title: The first family: terror, extortion and the birth of the American mafia
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 73-75
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475865
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475865
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:73-75
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Author-Name: Bertil Lintner
Author-X-Name-First: Bertil
Author-X-Name-Last: Lintner
Title: The golden triangle: inside Southeast Asia's drug trade
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 75-78
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475915
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475915
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:75-78
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vincent G. Fitzsimons
Author-X-Name-First: Vincent G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzsimons
Title: Economic gangsters: corruption, violence, and the poverty of nations
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 78-82
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475923
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475923
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:78-82
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Button
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Button
Title: Security
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 83-84
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903478042
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903478042
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:83-84
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sappho Xenakis
Author-X-Name-First: Sappho
Author-X-Name-Last: Xenakis
Title: EU criminal law
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 84-86
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903478067
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903478067
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:84-86
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Holger Moroff
Author-X-Name-First: Holger
Author-X-Name-Last: Moroff
Author-Name: Diana Schmidt-Pfister
Author-X-Name-First: Diana
Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt-Pfister
Title: Anti-corruption movements, mechanisms, and machines -- an introduction
Abstract:
Anticorruption programmes, projects and campaigns have come
to constitute an essential aspect of furthering good governance over the
last two decades. This article provides a conceptual framework for
studying anticorruption efforts and it assesses their nature and impacts
across Eastern Europe by focusing on the interplay between the
international and domestic domains. More precisely, it differentiates
between domestic social movements, governmental political machines and
international legal mechanisms. These three levels of analysis -- domestic
civil society, national governments and international society -- provide a
meaningful general basis for comparing a variety of anticorruption
efforts. On all three levels, political and material interests of relevant
actors are complemented by normative arguments. In assessing the case
studies in this volume, this article concludes that, at the interfaces of
the three levels, coincidental and spontaneous breakthroughs have largely
outweighed systematic implementation of appropriate anticorruption
strategies. It further stresses that broad societal support for
anticorruption remains essential for the success of any international or
governmental initiatives.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 89-98
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669118
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669118
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:89-98
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sebastian Wolf
Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian
Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf
Title: Assessing Eastern Europe's anti-corruption performance: views from the Council of Europe, OECD, and Transparency International
Abstract:
This article compares the results of Council of Europe and
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
anti-corruption monitoring reports to two Transparency International
instruments, the Corruption Perceptions Index and the OECD Anti-Bribery
Convention Progress Report. It constructs and applies a simple typology
(four-cell matrix) consisting of the combinations of good/deficient
implementation of international anti-corruption provisions and high/low
level of perceived corruption. As the sources and the comparative method
used cannot prove causality, the article introduces three ideal types of
interpretation to discuss the relevance of the anti-corruption regulatory
framework in both domestic and cross-border anti-corruption policies. In
the conclusion it is argued that there is a specific Eastern European
pattern of anti-corruption performance that implies a need for new
strategies.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 99-121
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669134
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669134
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:99-121
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tanja A. Börzel
Author-X-Name-First: Tanja A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Börzel
Author-Name: Andreas Stahn
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas
Author-X-Name-Last: Stahn
Author-Name: Yasemin Pamuk
Author-X-Name-First: Yasemin
Author-X-Name-Last: Pamuk
Title: The European Union and the fight against corruption in its near abroad: can it make a difference?
Abstract:
This article sheds light on the European Union's (EU) efforts
to facilitate the fight against corruption and promote good governance
through the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). Our analysis shows that
the level of corruption in the Eastern Neighbourhood is strongly connected
to the success of democratic and economic reforms. The ENP theoretically
corresponds to the complex nature of the phenomenon by placing equal
emphasis on strengthening state institutions, restructuring the economy,
and pushing for democratic reforms. As the EU, however, by and large seeks
cooperation with state actors and pursues a
‘one-size-fits-all’ approach mostly based on
‘soft’ mechanisms such as socialisation and
capacity-building, the implementation of politically sensitive reforms
seems to be unlikely. Moreover, the EU potentially allows its partner
governments to ‘pick and chose’ from the overall reform
agenda and evade real political and economic change towards better
governance.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 122-144
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669142
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669142
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:122-144
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Rose
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Rose
Author-Name: William Mishler
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Mishler
Title: Experience versus perception of corruption: Russia as a test case
Abstract:
Corruption is important because it undermines bureaucratic
predictability and is a potential threat to support for a political
regime. The perception of corruption is the most commonly used measure of
the actual incidence of corruption. This article marshals the New Russia
Barometer survey data to challenge this assumption. Even though most
Russians perceive a variety of everyday public services as corrupt, this
assessment is not based on first-hand experience. Only a minority pays
bribes. We test four hypotheses about differences in individual perception
and experience of paying bribes: the ability to pay, contact with public
services, normative acceptability and political awareness. Contact is most
important for paying bribes whereas political awareness is most important
for the perception of corruption. We also test how much the perception and
experience of corruption, as against other forms of political and economic
performance, affect support for the regime. Support is driven by the
substantive performance of government, especially its management of the
economy, rather than by the perception or experience of corruption.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 145-163
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669175
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669175
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:145-163
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Agnes Batory
Author-X-Name-First: Agnes
Author-X-Name-Last: Batory
Title: Post-accession malaise? EU conditionality, domestic politics and anti-corruption policy in Hungary
Abstract:
Corruption in the then candidate countries of Central and
Eastern Europe was a major concern for the European Union (EU) before its
2004 enlargement. This concern and its expression in the conditionality of
membership constituted strong incentives for the candidate countries'
governments to control corruption -- or more precisely to take control
measures that could be communicated to the European Union. A common
assumption in the literature is that with the removal by accession of
these incentives anti-corruption efforts would not be maintained at their
pre-accession level. But is this really the case? Or have other influences
from international organisations, domestic politics or civil society taken
over to provide impetus for further corruption control interventions? This
article considers these questions with respect to Hungary and finds that
while some of the post-2004 measures have been a response to the country's
international commitments, there have also been important domestic sources
of reform. The results are, however, limited: despite the country's
relatively smooth path to the European Union, membership of all the major
international legal instruments and three major reform packages since
2000, corruption seems no less prevalent than it was a decade before.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 164-177
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669183
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669183
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:164-177
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kaja Gadowska
Author-X-Name-First: Kaja
Author-X-Name-Last: Gadowska
Title: National and international anti-corruption efforts: the case of Poland
Abstract:
This article's objective is to analyse the influence of
international anti-corruption pressure on national measures aimed at
combating corruption in Poland. First, the change in perception of
corruption in Poland will be addressed, along with a short discussion on
attempts to reduce its scope. Second, the anti-corruption measures of
international organisations, such as the United Nations, the organisation
for economic co-operation and development (OECD), the Council of Europe,
Group of States against Corruption and the European Union, as well as
international Conventions adopted and ratified by Poland will be examined.
Third, the role of state and non-governmental institutions involved in the
fight against corruption in Poland will be reviewed. Finally, the process
of implementing governmental anti-corruption strategies will be analysed,
with a particular focus on the introduction of legislative changes that
are aimed at limiting corruption through the processes of legal
modernisation and harmonisation. This article argues that from among the
many initiatives undertaken by various international institutions
combating corruption in Poland, the most effective was found to be
pressure exerted by the European Union. Poland's eagerness to enter the
European Union, and to make use of structural funds after accession,
forced the country's elected governments to implement certain
recommendations of the European Commission regarding anti-corruption
policy. However, these activities had, to a certain degree, a facade-like
character and were addressed to fulfil the formal requirements of the
European Commission instead of serving as a genuine effort to curb
corruption. Even though corruption has been officially considered a
serious social problem, which needs to be combated and many
anti-corruption measures have been implemented, the effects of the actions
undertaken by consecutive Polish governments are not fully satisfactory.
Also, anti-corruption slogans have been instrumentally used to fight
against political opponents. From another perspective, the activities of
Polish non-governmental organisations have contributed to a visible
reduction in social tolerance for corruption. Although public opinion
research shows that the level of corruption is slowly decreasing in Poland
and the country's position in the Corruption Perception Index is
systematically improving, it is uncertain how strongly rooted this
positive tendency will find itself in the long term.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 178-209
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669191
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669191
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:178-209
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kalin Ivanov
Author-X-Name-First: Kalin
Author-X-Name-Last: Ivanov
Title: The 2007 accession of Bulgaria and Romania: ritual and reality
Abstract:
For both objective and subjective reasons, the European Union
devoted unprecedented attention to the problem of corruption in Bulgaria
and Romania. The European Union (EU) faced a complex challenge in wielding
its arsenal of carrots and sticks to encourage reform in the two
countries. Conditionality was further complicated by rivalries between
Sofia and Bucharest. Despite its limits, EU pressure presented a rare
opportunity to depoliticise anti-corruption policy. After accession,
Romania regressed from its previous achievements against corruption, and
Bulgaria remained reluctant to prosecute senior officials or confront
organised crime. Nevertheless, the European Commission continued its
monitoring activities, and its ability to freeze funds maintained a
modicum of pressure for reform. More effective anti-corruption efforts are
possible if a domestic constituency for reform gains sufficient momentum
to replace the EU's waning influence.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 210-219
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669217
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669217
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:210-219
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lili Di Puppo
Author-X-Name-First: Lili
Author-X-Name-Last: Di Puppo
Title: Anti-corruption interventions in Georgia
Abstract:
The article aims at analysing the transfer of anti-corruption
norms and standards as well as the instrumental use of anti-corruption
efforts in Georgia. Drawing on the literature on anthropology and
development, I use Georgia as a case study to analyse how an
anti-corruption discourse is translated into local agendas. In the first
part, I analyse three different perspectives on the fight against
corruption in Georgia. In the second part, I examine three different types
of anti-corruption interventions to illustrate the various agendas pursued
by actors in the anti-corruption field. First, I study the implementation
of the national anti-corruption strategy as an example of a conflict
between two actors (government and international organisation) to assert
the pre-eminence of a particular anti-corruption expertise. Second, I
examine the reform of the Chamber of Control of Georgia (CCG), in
particular the confrontation between the CCG and the Ministry of Education
(MoE) in 2007, as an example of how an external anti-corruption agenda is
adapted to local political struggles. Third, I analyse civil society
anti-corruption projects as examples of the attempt to maintain a
particular donor discourse.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 220-236
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669233
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669233
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:220-236
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Åse Berit Grødeland
Author-X-Name-First: Åse Berit
Author-X-Name-Last: Grødeland
Title: Elite perceptions of anti-corruption efforts in Ukraine
Abstract:
Anti-corruption efforts introduced in Ukraine in recent years
have predominantly been imposed from the outside. They have been vague,
all-inclusive and lacking in political and public support. What is more,
they have been fairly insensitive to the cultural context into which they
have been introduced. While targeting corrupt behaviour, they have largely
ignored its root causes. The impact of Ukrainian anti-corruption reform
has therefore been limited. Drawing on extensive qualitative data from
Ukraine, this article explores elite (i) perceptions of Ukrainian
anti-corruption reform, (ii) familiarity with specific anti-corruption
initiatives, and (iii) views on how best to combat corruption. Not
surprisingly, Ukrainian elites are familiar with, and fairly negative in
their assessment of, national anti-corruption reform. They advocate a
number of measures targeting corrupt behaviour as well as its root causes
with a view to reducing corruption in Ukraine”.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 237-260
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669241
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669241
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:237-260
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steven Sampson
Author-X-Name-First: Steven
Author-X-Name-Last: Sampson
Title: The anti-corruption industry: from movement to institution
Abstract:
This article describes the concept of
‘industry’, often used pejoratively in critiques of
international development, and applies it to the field of anti-corruption.
The characteristics of the anti-corruption industry, including
anti-corruptionist discourse, resemble that which has taken place in
development aid, human rights, civil society and gender equality. The
anti-corruption industry thus includes key global actors, secondary actors
who look for ‘signals’ and an apparatus of understandings,
knowledge, statistics and measures, all of which tend to prioritise
anti-corruption institutions over anti-corruption activism. It is argued
that the questionable impact of anti-corruption programmes enables the
anti-corruption industry to coexist along with the corruption it
ostensibly is combating. Instead of viewing anti-corruption as hegemonic,
we need to critically examine the consequences of the global
institutionalisation of anti-corruptionist discourse and anti-corruption
practice.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 261-278
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669258
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669258
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:261-278
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter T. Leeson
Author-X-Name-First: Peter T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Leeson
Author-Name: David B. Skarbek
Author-X-Name-First: David B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Skarbek
Title: Criminal constitutions
Abstract:
Why do criminals use constitutions? This article argues that
constitutions perform three functions in criminal organisations. First,
criminal constitutions promote consensus by creating common knowledge
among criminals about what the organisation expects of them and what they
can expect of the organisation's other members. Second, criminal
constitutions regulate behaviours that are privately beneficially to
individual criminals but costly to their organisation as a whole. Third,
criminal constitutions generate information about member misconduct and
coordinate the enforcement of rules that prohibit such behaviour. By
performing these functions, constitutions facilitate criminal cooperation
and enhance criminals' profit. To examine our hypothesis we examine the
constitutions of two criminal organisations: eighteenth-century Caribbean
pirates and the contemporary Californian prison gang, La Nuestra Familia.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 279-297
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490632
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490632
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:279-297
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos J. Vilalta
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vilalta
Title: Correlates of distance to crime in Mexico City
Abstract:
This study examined the correlates of distance to crime in a
sample of 412 prison inmates in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. The
study focused on crimes of theft and included a spatial analysis of the
crime scene and the place of residence of the prison inmates. The data
show a high clustering of criminals in a few neighbourhoods surrounding
the old downtown area. Also, 38.8% of the sampled criminals committed
their crimes in the same neighbourhood where they lived. Regression
analysis revealed two independent and positive correlations of distance to
crime: the monetary gain of the crime and if the prison inmates' intimate
partner was also in jail. These findings suggest that, aside from the
monetary rationale in the distance to crime function, the neighbourhood
and family contexts deserve further research for a better understanding of
criminal behaviour in Mexico.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 298-313
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490634
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490634
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:298-313
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Oguzhan Omer Demir
Author-X-Name-First: Oguzhan
Author-X-Name-Last: Omer Demir
Title: Methods of sex trafficking: findings of a case study in Turkey
Abstract:
The underground sex industry in Turkey has increasingly
become dependent on the foreign women, predominantly coming from the
former Soviet Union. Some of these women became victims of sex
trafficking. However, little is known about how they are recruited,
transferred to, and exploited in Turkey. This article attempts to
enlighten this process and makes use of police-recorded victim interviews
(N = 430), as well as key personnel
interviews (N= 18) as primary data. Various
methods and tactics are found to be used in sex trafficking operations in
Turkey. Most victims are recruited by persons known to them proposing
attractive job possibilities, especially in the entertainment business.
The majority of victims enter Turkey with legal documents and with various
transportation means. Traffickers obtain girls and sell them to customers
in public and private settings using methods to control the victims, such
as debt bondage, violence, confinement, confiscation of travel documents,
and threats.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 314-335
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490636
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490636
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:314-335
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susanne Karstedt
Author-X-Name-First: Susanne
Author-X-Name-Last: Karstedt
Title: The Phantom Capitalists: a classic
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 336-339
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490639
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490639
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:336-339
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hazel Croall
Author-X-Name-First: Hazel
Author-X-Name-Last: Croall
Title: Phantom fraudsters still: re-viewing long-firm fraud
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 340-345
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490641
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490641
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:340-345
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Neal Shover
Author-X-Name-First: Neal
Author-X-Name-Last: Shover
Title: Torrential intellect
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 346-349
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490643
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490643
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:346-349
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Levi
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Levi
Title: The phantom capitalists ride again: a response to my critics
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 350-354
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490644
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490644
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:350-354
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jana Arsovska
Author-X-Name-First: Jana
Author-X-Name-Last: Arsovska
Title: Power, conflict and criminalisation, by Phil Scraton
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 355-357
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490648
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490648
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:355-357
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt
Author-X-Name-First: Alfredo
Author-X-Name-Last: Schulte-Bockholt
Title: Government of the shadows: parapolitics and criminal sovereignty, edited by Eric Wilson
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 357-360
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490649
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490649
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:357-360
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rashmee Singh
Author-X-Name-First: Rashmee
Author-X-Name-Last: Singh
Title: Legal accents, legal borrowing: the international problem solving court movement, by James L. Nolan Jr.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 360-363
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490650
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490650
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:360-363
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Georgios Papanicolaou
Author-X-Name-First: Georgios
Author-X-Name-Last: Papanicolaou
Author-Name: Georgios A. Antonopoulos
Author-X-Name-First: Georgios A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos
Title: Crime, war and global trafficking: designing international cooperation, by C. Jojarth
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 363-366
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490652
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490652
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:363-366
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexander J. Blenkinsopp
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Blenkinsopp
Title: Transnational organized crime, by Frank G. Madsen
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 366-368
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490704
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490704
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:366-368
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stan Gilmour
Author-X-Name-First: Stan
Author-X-Name-Last: Gilmour
Title: G8 against transnational organized crime, by Amandine Scherrer
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 369-370
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490706
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490706
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:369-370
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sonny Lo
Author-X-Name-First: Sonny
Author-X-Name-Last: Lo
Title: Support for victims of crime in Asia, edited by Wing-Cheong Chan
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 370-371
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490708
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490708
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:370-371
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kelly Verbist
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly
Author-X-Name-Last: Verbist
Title: New crime in China. Public order and human rights, by Ronald C. Keith and Zhiqui Lin
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 372-374
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490710
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490710
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:372-374
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Felia Allum
Author-X-Name-First: Felia
Author-X-Name-Last: Allum
Title: Fuori dal Comune, Lo scioglimento delle amministrazioni locali per infiltrazioni mafiose, by V. Mete
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 374-377
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490713
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490713
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:374-377
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José Miguel Cruz
Author-X-Name-First: José
Author-X-Name-Last: Miguel Cruz
Title: Central American maras: from youth street gangs to transnational protection rackets
Abstract:
Most of the empirical research on Central American street
gangs, called maras, has been published only in Spanish.
Reviewing that literature, the American scholarship on gangs, and my own
research on Central American gangs from the mid-1990s, this article
depicts the processes through which the maras (Mara
Salvatrucha and the Eighteenth Street Gang) evolved from youth street
gangs in the late 1980s to protection rackets with features of
transnational organisations. Intense migratory flows between El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, and the United States, and the hard-line suppression
policies against youth gangs in institutionally weak Central American
countries created the conditions that prompted networking and organisation
among Central American street gangs. This article highlights the changes
in the dynamics of violence and the transformations in the gangs' social
spaces to illustrate the evolution of the maras.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 379-398
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519518
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519518
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:379-398
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Author-Name: Syed Manzar Abbas Zaidi
Author-X-Name-First: Syed Manzar Abbas
Author-X-Name-Last: Zaidi
Title: The poverty--radicalisation nexus in Pakistan
Abstract:
This article traces a possible link between radicalisation
and poverty in Pakistan by surveying 1147 respondents, consisting of a
poor sample universe compared with more affluent control groups. All the
provinces of Pakistan were included in the sample universe, with the
findings centred on an analytical discourse of poverty in North-West
Frontier Province (NWFP) and Balochistan province, which have given rise
to escalating militancy. The analysis engages with relevant literature to
argue for the development of sub-nationally researched, fresh perspectives
on linkages between poverty and radicalisation in Pakistan.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 399-420
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519521
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519521
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:399-420
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claudio Detotto
Author-X-Name-First: Claudio
Author-X-Name-Last: Detotto
Author-Name: Marco Vannini
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Vannini
Title: Counting the cost of crime in Italy
Abstract:
We gauge the cost of crime in Italy by concentrating on a
subset of offences covering about 64% of total recorded crimes in the year
2006. Following the breakdown of costs put forward by Brand and Price, we
focus on the costs in anticipation, as a consequence, and in response to a
specific offence. The estimated total social cost is more than €38
billion, which amounts to about 2.6% of Italy's GDP. To show the
usefulness of these measures, we borrow the elasticity estimates from
recent studies concerning the determinants of crime in Italy and calculate
the cost associated with the surge in crime fuelled by unemployment and
pardons. Indeed, in both cases such costs are substantial, implying that
they should no longer be skipped when assessing the relative desirability
of public policies towards crime.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 421-435
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519523
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519523
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:421-435
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dina Siegel
Author-X-Name-First: Dina
Author-X-Name-Last: Siegel
Author-Name: Sylvia de Blank
Author-X-Name-First: Sylvia
Author-X-Name-Last: de Blank
Title: Women who traffic women: the role of women in human trafficking networks -- Dutch cases
Abstract:
In the context of human trafficking, women are frequently
portrayed as victims, whereas men are usually seen as offenders. In this
article, we will demonstrate that women can also fulfil active, even
leading, roles in human trafficking networks. Based on data collected from
89 court files in various Dutch courts in 2006--2007, we have analysed the
role, tasks, and activities of these women. Assessing their independence,
their tasks, and the extent of their equality in relationships with male
traffickers, we have divided them into three categories: supporters,
partners-in-crime, and madams. We have found that there is a wide variety
of possible roles within the framework of human trafficking activities,
and that African madams hold key positions in international human
trafficking networks.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 436-447
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519528
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519528
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:436-447
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Author-Name: David Critchley
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Critchley
Title: The Black Hand: terror by letter in Chicago, by Robert M. Lombardo
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 448-451
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.520443
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.520443
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:448-451
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Apostolos Maspero
Author-X-Name-First: Apostolos
Author-X-Name-Last: Maspero
Title: Cop in the hood: my year policing in Baltimore's eastern district, by Peter Moskos
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 451-454
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519532
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519532
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:451-454
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Effi Lambropoulou
Author-X-Name-First: Effi
Author-X-Name-Last: Lambropoulou
Title: Crime: local and global, edited by John Muncie, Deborah Talbot and Reece Walters
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 454-457
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519537
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519537
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:454-457
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joseph Wheatley
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph
Author-X-Name-Last: Wheatley
Title: Environmental crime: a reader, edited by Rob White
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 458-459
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519541
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519541
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:458-459
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefano Becucci
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano
Author-X-Name-Last: Becucci
Title: Criminal infiltration and social mobilisation against the Mafia. Gela: a city between tradition and modernity
Abstract:
Based on judicial files, data on local criminal associations,
and interviews with different categories of privileged witnesses, this
article focuses on the city of Gela, in southeastern Sicily, an area
apparently immune since the late 1970s to the presence of Mafia
organisations. Referring to major literature on organised crime, the first
part underlies factors contributing to the creation and establishment of
Mafia criminal groups in the city. The second specifically considers the
characteristics of local organised crime and its system of infiltrating
the social and economic fabric, through violence and intimidation. The
last section deals with recent positive signs of opposition to the Mafia
by local institutions and civil society, which could also lead to more
than merely judicial methods for fighting criminal associations.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-18
Issue: 1
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548961
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548961
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Toine Spapens
Author-X-Name-First: Toine
Author-X-Name-Last: Spapens
Title: Interaction between criminal groups and law enforcement: the case of ecstasy in the Netherlands
Abstract:
The police and the policymakers in the field of organised
crime generally assume that criminal groups are very flexible in their
responses to law enforcement intervention. They use this flexibility to
explain why some forms of organised crime are very difficult to curb.
Criminal groups may also develop more effective protection methods over
time. Another explanation may be that others are quick to replace
apprehended members of criminal groups, or even an entire criminal group
that has been dismantled by law enforcement officials. This article
addresses these questions empirically by examining the behaviour of
criminal groups producing and trafficking ecstasy in the Netherlands
between 1997 and 2006. It concludes that such groups were able to adapt to
the methods and tactics used by the Dutch police to some extent. The main
explanation for the continued production of ecstasy, however, is that
criminal groups are replaced by new ones.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 19-40
Issue: 1
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548955
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548955
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:19-40
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Calderoni
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Calderoni
Title: Where is the mafia in Italy? Measuring the presence of the mafia across Italian provinces
Abstract:
This article presents the Mafia Index (MI), an index
measuring the presence of mafias at the provincial level. In the abundant
literature on Italian mafias, relatively few studies have attempted to
measure the presence of mafias across the country. A review of previous
attempts points out the limitations and methodological shortcomings of
existing measurements. The study provides an operational definition of
‘mafia’ and selects the most appropriate indicators and
variables according to multiple criteria. The MI combines data on
mafia-type associations, mafia murders, city councils dissolved for
infiltration by organised crime, and assets confiscated from organised
crime and covers the period between 1983 and 2009. The MI highlights not
only the strong concentration of the mafias in their original territories
but also their significant presence in the central and northern provinces.
This confirms that mafias should not be regarded as typically Southern
Italian phenomena, but rather as a national problem.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 41-69
Issue: 1
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548962
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548962
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:41-69
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Bouchard
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard
Author-Name: Frédéric Ouellet
Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric
Author-X-Name-Last: Ouellet
Title: Is small beautiful? The link between risks and size in illegal drug markets
Abstract:
A well-known finding of research on illegal markets is that
drug-dealing organisations operate in risky and uncertain market and
intra-organisational conditions that considerably limit their size and
their survival time. Yet, little is known about the organisations or
individual dealers who are more successful than others at avoiding arrest
and incarceration, especially in regard to dealers operating in groups of
various sizes. This article proposes to fill this gap in the literature by
fitting a Cox proportional hazard model to ‘time to failure’
data in a sample of 112 incarcerated male inmates who were active as drug
dealers in the 3 years preceding their incarceration. The results show
that organisational size is unrelated to survival. Instead, the size of
dealers' core criminal networks emerged as a key factor in increasing
survival in the drug trade. Other results indicate that involvement in
markets for certain drugs (cocaine) is more risky than others (cannabis)
and that hard drug users are arrested faster than others.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 70-86
Issue: 1
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548956
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548956
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:70-86
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kevin Stenson
Author-X-Name-First: Kevin
Author-X-Name-Last: Stenson
Title: Race, crime and criminal justice: international perspectives, edited by Anita Kalunta-Crumpton
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 87-89
Issue: 1
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548958
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548958
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:87-89
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexander J. Blenkinsopp
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Blenkinsopp
Title: Fighting terrorism and drugs: Europe and international police cooperation, by Jörg Friedrichs
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 89-92
Issue: 1
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548960
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548960
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:89-92
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Silverstone
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Silverstone
Title: From Triads to snakeheads: organised crime and illegal migration within Britain's Chinese community
Abstract:
This article revisits the continued existence of organised
crime within the Chinese community, with particular reference to
snakeheads and the trafficking or smuggling of illegal migrants. This
article begins by exploring the history of Chinese organised crime within
the United Kingdom and situates its continued existence within an ever
more diverse ‘Chinese community’. It then draws on research
involving three sets of qualitative data: one set is based on 60
interviews with law enforcement personnel based in China and the United
Kingdom as well as key stakeholders within the Chinese community; the
other set is based on structured questionnaires issued to 25 Chinese
residents currently illegally residing in the United Kingdom; the final
set is a review of the five free Chinese newspapers analysed over a 2-week
period for relevant advertisements relating to migration. It then explores
the mechanisms which enable illegal migrants to obtain criminal employment
and discusses the motivations of those involved.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 93-111
Issue: 2
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.567831
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.567831
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:93-111
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aili Malm
Author-X-Name-First: Aili
Author-X-Name-Last: Malm
Author-Name: Gisela Bichler
Author-X-Name-First: Gisela
Author-X-Name-Last: Bichler
Author-Name: Rebecca Nash
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Nash
Title: Co-offending between criminal enterprise groups
Abstract:
Rather than examining networks of individuals as prior
research has done, this study systematically examines the structure and
composition of co-offending among types of criminal enterprise groups.
Using social network analysis, the authors show that different types of
crime groups tend to have unique co-offending patterns as measured by
network composition and structure. The results also support the
countercurrent of criminologists who suggest that ethnically derived
categories may be misleading when trying to classify criminal enterprise
groups.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 112-128
Issue: 2
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.567832
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.567832
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:112-128
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: W.G. Runciman
Author-X-Name-First: W.G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Runciman
Title: Credible crooks as a topic in sociological theory
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 129-133
Issue: 2
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.567834
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.567834
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:129-133
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Avinash Dixit
Author-X-Name-First: Avinash
Author-X-Name-Last: Dixit
Title: A game-theoretic perspective on Diego Gambetta's Codes of the Underworld
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 134-145
Issue: 2
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.567835
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.567835
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:134-145
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Reuter
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Reuter
Title: Gambetta's insight: a review of Codes of the Underworld
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 146-149
Issue: 2
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.569227
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.569227
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:146-149
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diego Gambetta
Author-X-Name-First: Diego
Author-X-Name-Last: Gambetta
Title: Response
Abstract:
This article reports, rewritten in hopefully a presentable
prose, the comments I made at the symposium on Codes of the
Underworld, in the order in which they were made. The only new
section is the last one, which discusses Peter Reuter's comments. Reuter
was not present at the symposium and wrote his review later.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 150-159
Issue: 2
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.572358
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.572358
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:150-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cameron N. McIntosh
Author-X-Name-First: Cameron N.
Author-X-Name-Last: McIntosh
Author-Name: Austin Lawrence
Author-X-Name-First: Austin
Author-X-Name-Last: Lawrence
Title: Spatial mobility and organised crime
Abstract:
This special issue focuses on a phenomenon studied by only a
handful of organised crime scholars to date -- criminal group mobility.
The contributions in this issue evolved out of discussion papers
commissioned by the Department of Public Safety Canada in 2010 for the
12th National and 15th International Metropolis conferences, and cover a
wide variety of economic, social, and law enforcement issues related to
the mobility of criminal groups. In this introductory article, we provide
the general background and context for the collection, as well as a brief
overview of each of the four papers. It is our hope that this special
issue will inspire further rigorous research on this important topic, as
well as help contribute toward the development of effective strategies for
preventing the spread of organised crime.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 161-164
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589250
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589250
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:161-164
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Morselli
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli
Author-Name: Mathilde Turcotte
Author-X-Name-First: Mathilde
Author-X-Name-Last: Turcotte
Author-Name: Valentina Tenti
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina
Author-X-Name-Last: Tenti
Title: The mobility of criminal groups
Abstract:
This article reviews evidence from past research that
addresses diverse themes and theories regarding shifts and patterns in the
mobility of criminal groups. Our main objective is to identify push and
pull factors that will help us understand how and why criminal groups,
organisations or general organised crime patterns are present across a
variety of settings (i.e. geographical locations, criminal markets and
legitimate industries). Push factors refer to forces which drive criminal
groups from a setting. Pull factors refer to forces which draw criminal
groups to a setting. A distinction is also made between contexts in which
offenders organise around available opportunities (the strategic context)
and contexts in which opportunities induce greater organisational levels
amongst offenders (the emergent context). The most general statement that
can be formulated from the present exercise is that opportunities matter
more than the group itself. What we demonstrate is that the problems
concerning geographical locations, criminal markets and legitimate
industries that are vulnerable to organised crime are persistent and
stable over time. Groups that seize such opportunities, on the other hand,
are transient and more than often short-lived. Aside from reviewing past
research in search of such factors, we also apply the general
understanding that emerges from our analysis to critically assess case
studies that reflect popular images of organised crime threats in Canada
during recent years. The concluding section identifies the key issues that
must be addressed within this area.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 165-188
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589593
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589593
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:165-188
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Silverstone
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Silverstone
Title: A response to: Morselli, C., Turcotte, M. and Tenti, V. (2010) The Mobility of Criminal Groups
Abstract:
The degree to which organised crime groups extend their
activities and influence into new geographic areas is a major concern for
law enforcement officials and policymakers worldwide. Over the past
decade, a number of researchers have conducted specialised studies and
reviews of this phenomenon, and have offered a number of explanations of
its underlying drivers. Recently, Morselli, Turcotte, and Tenti were
commissioned by Public Safety Canada to prepare a report on this topic,
The Mobility of Criminal Groups, which reviewed several
case studies and prior commentaries and, based on an inductive
(evidence-based) process, offered a conceptual framework for understanding
how organised crime groups come to establish themselves (successfully or
unsuccessfully) in places outside their area of origin.
The current discussion article consists of a written response to Morselli
et al.’s report, reflecting on their position in light of recent
research on Vietnamese organised crime in the United Kingdom.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 189-206
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589595
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589595
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:189-206
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paolo Campana
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Campana
Title: Assessing the movement of criminal groups: some analytical remarks
Abstract:
The article offers a commentary on the push and pull
framework outlined by Morselli, Turcotte and Tenti in the current issue of
this journal. It argues that, when assessing the mobility of criminal
groups, two key aspects deserve better recognition: first, the nature of
the movement, namely whether the common fund and the
‘headquarters’ (including the boss) have been shifted from
the old to the new locale; second, whether the group provides some kind of
goods and services or is purely predatory. It maintains that both push and
pull factors may vary according to those characteristics. Finally, the
article empirically examines the movement of a Camorra crime group from
Campania (Italy) to Scotland and the Netherlands, and reconstructs the
underlying push and pull factors.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 207-217
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589596
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589596
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:207-217
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Federico Varese
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Varese
Title: Mafia movements: a framework for understanding the mobility of mafia groups
Abstract:
This article starts by offering comments on the framework
proposed by Carlo Morselli, Mathilde Turcotte and Valentina Tenti for
understanding the factors underlying the mobility of organised crime
groups. It then presents a modified framework, consisting of three
elements: ‘supply’, ‘local conditions’ and
‘demand for mafia protection’. The article continues by
applying the new framework to several cases and concludes with
recommendation for future research and for policy makers.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 218-231
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589597
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589597
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:218-231
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Felia S. Allum
Author-X-Name-First: Felia S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Allum
Title: La Voce del padrino. Mafia, cultura, politica, by Marco Santoro
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 232-233
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589598
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589598
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:232-233
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Helena Carrapico
Author-X-Name-First: Helena
Author-X-Name-Last: Carrapico
Title: Organized crime legislation in the European Union. Harmonization and approximation of criminal law, national legislations and the EU framework decision on the fight against organised crime, by Francesco Calderoni
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 233-235
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589600
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589600
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:233-235
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joseph Wheatley
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph
Author-X-Name-Last: Wheatley
Title: Transnational organised crime in international law, by Tom Obokata
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 235-236
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589601
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589601
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:235-236
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ararat L. Osipian
Author-X-Name-First: Ararat L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Osipian
Title: The KGB campaign against corruption in Moscow, 1982--1987, by Luc Duhamel
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 236-238
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589603
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589603
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:236-238
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Bobick
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Bobick
Title: Profits of disorder: images of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic
Abstract:
This article looks at the multiple constructions that
constitute the image of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (PMR), a
separatist region located in eastern Moldova. The European Union (EU) and
the international community construct the area as a ‘black
hole’, a security and terrorist concern. The PMR has constructed
the state's image on the basis of the memory of collective suffering at
the hands of Moldovan oppression, in a fashion that resembles state
building in nineteenth-century Europe. The best-selling author Nicolai
Lilin invests a criminal Ruritania in his fake memoir of criminal tales
and exploits. The article shows that a degree of order and legitimate
means to make money exist in the PMR while it highlights a key and largely
ignored element of the political economy of the PMR, namely the economic
role and monopolistic practices of Sheriff and the strong interconnection
between politics and economic activities.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 239-265
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616048
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616048
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:239-265
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Samuel Tanner
Author-X-Name-First: Samuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Tanner
Title: Towards a pattern in mass violence participation? An analysis of Rwandan perpetrators' accounts from the 1994 genocide
Abstract:
In this article, I focus on the logic whereby a group of
eight Hutu became involved in mass violence during the 1994 Rwandan
genocide. This process is considered as a sequence of meaningful events
that progressively shaped the actors' frame of analysis. As such, each
sequence brings a new qualitative reality which, in turn, constitutes the
platform upon which the involvement in, and the perpetration of, mass
violence become acceptable and legitimate in the eyes of the perpetrators.
Based on both Howard S. Becker's notion of career and Roger Petersen's
analysis of resistance and rebellion, I disaggregate the entire process of
participation in mass violence into a sequence of six mechanisms,
generating two main phases. The first one, mobilisation,
refers to the movement from a neutral state to a mobilised
state. The second phase, collective action,
covers the drift from mobilisation to action, namely, killings.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 266-289
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616054
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616054
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:266-289
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peng Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Peng
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Title: The Chinese mafia: private protection in a socialist market economy
Abstract:
Gambetta's theoretical framework focuses on two important
aspects directly relating to the birth and development of mafias, namely a
demand for private protection and a supply of the same. In the Post-Mao
era, China started its transition from a centrally controlled economy to a
market-directed economy by adopting reform and opening-up policies. The
widespread creation of property rights has exponentially enlarged the
demand for protection. However, property rights are ambiguously defined in
the Chinese legal system, and the state is unable and unwilling to provide
efficient and sufficient law enforcement mechanisms for needy people
because of the rampant corruption of government officials and the weak
judicial system. In this case, the mafia that is interested in the private
provision of protection developed into an alternative enforcement
mechanism for ‘securing’ property rights in China's economic
transition. The most important service offered by the mafia in China is
not only to assist business enterprises in monopolising the market, but
also to assist local government in China's economic reform.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 290-311
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616055
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616055
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:290-311
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Siti Nur Zahara Hamzah
Author-X-Name-First: Siti Nur Zahara
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamzah
Author-Name: Evan Lau
Author-X-Name-First: Evan
Author-X-Name-Last: Lau
Title: Is peniaphobia an incentive to crime?
Abstract:
This article analysed the relationship between crime
categories and unemployment rates using a set of panel data for 14 states
in Malaysia with data spanning from 1982 to 2008. It is well documented
that crime and unemployment are negatively related in Malaysia; the same
is the case for both violent and property crime. Increases in unemployment
rates cause the consumption expenditure to decrease, especially among
households, hence, causing potential earnings from illegitimate activities
to drop and discouraging a person from committing a crime. However, the
significant properties of the t-statistics indicate that
it is important to consider the labour market conditions in employing
appropriate policies in fighting crime. That being said, unemployment can
indirectly explain hunger, poverty, decreasing standards of life and
economic downturn.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 312-326
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616058
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616058
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:312-326
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Reza Barmaki
Author-X-Name-First: Reza
Author-X-Name-Last: Barmaki
Title: Hate crimes: uses, controls and controversies, by Phyllis S. Gerstenfeld
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 327-328
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616071
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616071
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:327-328
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maggy Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Maggy
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Title: Human security, transnational crime and human trafficking -- Asian and western perspectives, edited by Shiro Okubo and Louise Shelley
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 328-330
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616073
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616073
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:328-330
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Woodiwiss
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Woodiwiss
Title: Who are the criminals? The politics of crime policy from the age of Roosevelt to the age of Reagan, by John Hagan
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 330-332
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2011
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616076
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616076
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:330-332
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: R. Ochoa
Author-X-Name-First: R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ochoa
Title: Not just the rich: new tendencies in kidnapping in Mexico City
Abstract:
This article explores the development of kidnapping in Mexico
City. New evidence suggests that this crime has evolved from a crime that
until recently targeted mostly the wealthy to one that now targets mainly
middle- and working-class individuals. This is counterintuitive since,
arguably, kidnapping is a costly crime to plan and execute and is thus
better suited for a once-off large payoff. Typical explanations of high
crime rates and other criminal phenomena in Latin America argue that
either a weak state or very powerful criminals explain high levels of
crime and violence. I argue for a middle-ground approach that looks at the
interactions between state, criminals and society to explain the changes
mentioned. Using qualitative evidence, I explain this shift in kidnapping
along three lines: (1) the successful destruction by the state of older,
sophisticated kidnapping gangs; (2) the formal and informal strategies
that wealthy individuals designed and implemented to protect themselves
from crime; and (3) the failure of the state to impose a strong rule of
law. The article concludes by reflecting on the importance of deep
structural reform as a way to assure long-lasting drops in crime.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-21
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.632499
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.632499
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:1-21
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sheldon X. Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Sheldon X.
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Author-Name: Rodrigo Pacheco-McEvoy
Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo
Author-X-Name-Last: Pacheco-McEvoy
Author-Name: Roxanna Campos
Author-X-Name-First: Roxanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Campos
Title: Sex trafficking in Latin America: dominant discourse, empirical paucity, and promising research
Abstract:
Much has been written in the English-speaking world on the
topic of sex trafficking, but little is known about what researchers
elsewhere have produced on this topic. An exhaustive literature search was
conducted to locate publications on this topic from Latin America. A total
of 74 publications were located and put through a systematic content
analysis. Four main discernible patterns were noticed: (1) the vast
majority of the publications were produced by individuals affiliated with
international or non-government organisations; (2) the production of
trafficking-related literature sharply declined after 2007; (3) of the
small number of studies involving empirical data, most were qualitative in
nature; and (4) the literature was primarily focused on the sexual
exploitation of children. The discourse on sex trafficking in Latin
America appeared to be dominated by advocacy groups. There were few
scholarly articles, suggesting limited attention from the academic
community. Despite limited empirical data, many Spanish-speaking authors
made claims on the nature and extent of sex trafficking, with articles
citing one another as source of evidence. This review finds a great need
for the involvement of the academic community and for dispassionate and
empirically grounded research on sex trafficking.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 22-41
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.632504
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.632504
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:22-41
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J.A. Densley
Author-X-Name-First: J.A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Densley
Title: The organisation of London's street gangs
Abstract:
This article examines a grossly neglected area of the street
gang literature: the nature and extent of gang organisation. Based upon
fieldwork with gangs in London, UK, this article illustrates how
recreation, crime, and enterprise are not specific gang
‘types’, but rather represent sequential stages in the
evolutionary cycle of gangs. This article demonstrates not only how gangs
typically begin life as neighbourhood-based peer groups, but also how, in
response to external threats and financial commitments, gangs grow to
incorporate street-level drug distribution businesses that very much
resemble the multi-level marketing structure of direct-selling companies.
Gang organisation, in turn, becomes a function of gang business. Gang
organisation is conceptualised here on three levels: internal, external,
and symbolic. This article examines, respectively, the presence of
subgroups, hierarchy and leadership, incentives, rules, responsibilities,
and punishments within gangs; how gangs interact with the local and larger
community; and how gangs associate with symbolic elements of popular
culture in order to convey reputation and achieve intimidation.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 42-64
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.632497
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.632497
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:42-64
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kelly Hignett
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly
Author-X-Name-Last: Hignett
Title: Policing economic crime in Russia: from Soviet planned economy to privatisation, by Gilles Favarel-Garrigues
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 65-66
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.645286
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.645286
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:65-66
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Silverstone
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Silverstone
Title: World wide weed: global trends in cannabis cultivation and its control, edited by Tom Decorte, Gary Potter and Martin Bouchard
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 67-69
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.645287
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.645287
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:67-69
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Felia Allum
Author-X-Name-First: Felia
Author-X-Name-Last: Allum
Title: Organized crime, policing illegal business entrepreneurialism, by Geoff Dean, Ivar Fahsing and Petter Gottschalk
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 69-70
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.645288
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.645288
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:69-70
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan Lusthaus
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Lusthaus
Title: Trust in the world of cybercrime
Abstract:
For cybercriminals, the anonymity of the Internet offers not
only opportunities but also challenges. Where one does not truly know whom
one is doing business with, it makes it difficult to assess
trustworthiness or to retaliate should dealings go sour and agreements
need to be enforced. This creates a large deficit of trust, beyond even
that common among conventional criminals, and makes cybercriminal
transactions very unstable. As a result, it might be expected that
cybercriminals would often act alone. But, in reality, cybercriminals
collaborate quite widely. This is the puzzle that this article addresses.
In order to overcome the major challenges of online anonymity, and to
capitalise on its benefits, cybercriminals have developed a range of
mechanisms that buttress trust. These include mechanisms relating to (1)
establishing cybercriminal identities; (2) assessing cybercriminal
attributes; and (3) extra-legal governance.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 71-94
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674183
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674183
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:71-94
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yuliya Zabyelina
Author-X-Name-First: Yuliya
Author-X-Name-Last: Zabyelina
Title: Costs and benefits of informal economy: shuttle trade and crime at Cherkizovsky market
Abstract:
According to IMF and OSCE reports, informal economic
transactions in Russia and other states of the former Communist Bloc have
cushioned the shocks of economic and political transition of the 1990s by
quickly satisfying the consumer demand and providing unofficial jobs to
the population faced with transition recession. As these analyses
extensively emphasise the advantages of informal entrepreneurship and its
positive contribution to stimulating economic growth, this article
explores the phenomenon of shuttle trade -- a system/form of informal
trade outside state control that does not comply with state regulations --
as an issue of concern for criminologists. This article investigates the
convergence of shuttle trade and criminal activities and the relationship
of shuttle trade to the formal regulatory environment. It offers insights
into selected criminal activities at Cherkizovsky market in Moscow before
its shutdown in 2009 and an evaluation of the policymaking decisions the
shutdown triggered.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 95-108
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674185
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674185
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:95-108
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Lauchs
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Lauchs
Author-Name: Zoe Staines
Author-X-Name-First: Zoe
Author-X-Name-Last: Staines
Title: Career path of a corruption entrepreneur
Abstract:
The study of criminal career paths is necessary to understand
the methods of success employed by high-performing criminals. The aim of
this article is to focus on the career path of Jack Herbert who set up and
maintained extensive corruption networks between organised crime groups
and police in the Australian state of Queensland. This study builds on
Morselli's work on the career paths of Sammy Gravano and Howard Marks that
demonstrate how understanding social networks is an essential part of
comprehending how organised criminals succeed. The data for this study
were taken from the transcripts of the Fitzgerald Commission of Inquiry,
which uncovered the extensive and resilient corruption network operated by
Herbert. Herbert's relationships have been plotted to establish the nature
of his operations. The findings indicate that communication of trust both
allows for success and sets the boundaries of a network. Most importantly,
this case study identifies Herbert's reliance on holding a monopoly as the
cornerstone of his network power and position. This article adds to the
literature on criminal career paths by moving away from a classic
organised criminal grouping into the area of police corruption and
uncovers the distinctive opportunities that this position offers the
career criminal.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 109-129
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.678620
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.678620
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:109-129
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paolo Campana
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Campana
Title: Il coltello e il mercato. La Camorra prima e dopo l'Unità d'Italia, by Marcella Marmo
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 130-134
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674378
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674378
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:130-134
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jana Arsovska
Author-X-Name-First: Jana
Author-X-Name-Last: Arsovska
Title: Transnational crime and the 21st century, criminal enterprise, corruption, and opportunity, by Jay Albanese
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 134-136
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674403
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674403
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:134-136
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sue Penna
Author-X-Name-First: Sue
Author-X-Name-Last: Penna
Title: Drugs, crime and public health: the political economy of drug policy, by Alex Stevens
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 136-139
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674404
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674404
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:136-139
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fotini Rizava
Author-X-Name-First: Fotini
Author-X-Name-Last: Rizava
Title: Cross-border crime inroads on integrity in Europe, edited by Petrus C. van Duyne, Georgios A. Antonopoulos, Jackie Harvey, Almir Maljevic, Tom Vander Beken and Klaus von Lampe
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 139-140
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674405
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674405
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:139-140
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Kostelnik
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Kostelnik
Title: Sentencing white-collar criminals: when is shaming viable?
Abstract:
When does shaming work as an alternative to incarceration and
fines in sentencing white-collar criminals? In the light of recent
economic downturn and highly publicised instances of white-collar crime,
public opinion has demanded harsher sentences for white-collar criminals.
In order to appease this demand, as well as consider the pressing problem
of prison overpopulation, alternative sanctions, such as formal shaming,
have been increasingly studied. Through examination of the costs and
consequences of incarceration and shaming, this article will explain that
since the costs of shaming sanctions are largely fixed, shaming sanctions
are most viable when used in conjunction with alternative sanctions so
that courts can impose sanction bundles of costs commensurate with the
level of offense committed by an offender.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 141-159
Issue: 3
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.705431
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.705431
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:3:p:141-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu
Author-Name: Benoit Dupont
Author-X-Name-First: Benoit
Author-X-Name-Last: Dupont
Title: The social network of hackers
Abstract:
Social researchers are facing more and more challenges as
criminal networks are expanding in size and moving to the Internet. Many
efforts are currently under way to enhance the technical capabilities of
researchers working in the field of cybercrimes. Rather than focusing on
the technical tools that could enhance research performance, this article
focuses on a specific field that has demonstrated its use in the study of
criminal networks: social network analysis (SNA). This article evaluates
the effectiveness of SNA to enhance the value of information on
cybercriminals. This includes both the identification of possible targets
for follow-up research as well as the removal of subjects who may be
wasting the researchers' time. This article shows that SNA can be useful
on two levels. First, SNA provides scientific and objective measures of
the structure of networks as well as the position of their key players.
Second, fragmentation metrics, which measure the impact of the removal of
n nodes in a network, help to determine the amount of
resources needed to deal with specific organisations. In this case study,
a tactical strike against the network could have had the same
destabilising impact as a broader approach. The resources saved by
limiting the investigation targets could then be used to monitor the
criminal network's reaction to the arrests and to limit its ability to
adapt to the post-arrest environment.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 160-175
Issue: 3
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.702523
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.702523
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:3:p:160-175
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen F. Pires
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pires
Title: The illegal parrot trade: a literature review
Abstract:
Parrots are amongst the most beautiful and intelligent bird
species in the world. They have been coveted as pets for centuries,
particularly in the neo-tropics where they are heavily populated.
Unfortunately, this has led to dramatic increases in parrot poaching over
the last few decades, making parrots the most threatened bird species in
the world. Despite laws against parrot poaching throughout the
neo-tropics, the illegal trade continues while parrot populations further
decline. This article reviews the literature on the players in the illegal
parrot trade (i.e. poachers, itinerant fences, and market sellers), how
poaching is largely committed, and which species are more at risk of
becoming poached.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 176-190
Issue: 3
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.700180
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:3:p:176-190
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lieselot Bisschop
Author-X-Name-First: Lieselot
Author-X-Name-Last: Bisschop
Title: Out of the woods: the illegal trade in tropical timber and a European trade hub
Abstract:
This article responds to the call for more empirical
knowledge about transnational environmental crime by analysing the illegal
trade in tropical timber. It aims to provide insights into the social
organisation of the illegal transports of tropical timber within the local
research setting of the port of Antwerp (Belgium) but meanwhile pays
attention to elements throughout the flows from locations of origin over
transit to destination. It is often difficult to determine which legal and
illegal actors are involved in transnational environmental crime. This
research sheds light on the legal--illegal interfaces in tropical timber
flows connected to this European setting. The results show that the social
organisation of transnational environmental crime is shaped by the global
context of the places of origin, transit and destination, where it is
continuously on a thin line between legal and illegal.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 191-212
Issue: 3
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.701836
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.701836
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:3:p:191-212
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ian Loader
Author-X-Name-First: Ian
Author-X-Name-Last: Loader
Author-Name: Sarah Percy
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Percy
Title: Bringing the ‘outside’ in and the ‘inside’ out: crossing the criminology/IR divide
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 213-218
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715402
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715402
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:213-218
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Holmqvist
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Holmqvist
Title: War/space: shifting spatialities and the absence of politics in contemporary accounts of war
Abstract:
Understandings of war -- its shape, form, character and
content -- are conditioned by conceptualisations and narratives of social
and political space. As such, the history of writing on war is also a
history of spatiality, expressed through a particular circumstance and
practice. Through analysis of early modern conceptualisations of space,
politics and war, this article considers the shift in political spatiality
associated with the demise of modern linear spatiality that firmly
established the territorial state as site of politics and war. The central
argument of this article is that contemporary accounts of war reveal a
political spatiality in flux coupled with an
insistence on the global, such that many accounts of war
neglect its political content. Three key accounts of contemporary war are
engaged: liberal discourses of war as ‘policing’; accounts
of war as ‘biopolitical empire’; and discourses of war as
‘risk management’ -- all found, in different ways and
collectively, to disregard the political confrontation that war
necessarily entails.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 219-234
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715401
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715401
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:219-234
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katja Franko Aas
Author-X-Name-First: Katja Franko
Author-X-Name-Last: Aas
Title: (In)security-at-a-distance: rescaling justice, risk and warfare in a transnational age
Abstract:
The article examines the progressive de-bounding of social
risks and the blurring boundaries between internal and external notions of
security. Contemporary forms of cross-border connectivity bring to our
attention the renewed importance of analysing distance
(physical, social and other) in criminology. Globalising processes
significantly expand the scale and scope of social interaction, including
violent conflict and crime control and security strategies, by offering
social agents a possibility of acting from the point of ‘strategic
globality’. The article outlines an emerging landscape of
‘security at a distance’, where previously local and
national phenomena are transformed by new forms of transnational
connectivity, risk and movement. It suggests that, through the emerging
forms of globalism, criminal justice is plugging into trans-border
circuits of circulation of people, forms of knowledge and social and
political action, where, ultimately, crime control can become an export
and war can be, metaphorically, seen as an import.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 235-253
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715391
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715391
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:235-253
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Author-Name: Deborah Avant
Author-X-Name-First: Deborah
Author-X-Name-Last: Avant
Author-Name: Virginia Haufler
Author-X-Name-First: Virginia
Author-X-Name-Last: Haufler
Title: Transnational organisations and security
Abstract:
The fields of international relations and criminology analyse
security from different directions, but both have had a dominant focus on
states and state agencies until recently. Even as they looked at a wider
range of actors as security providers, an important category of security
actors has not been analysed so far -- ‘non-violent’
transnational organisations. Transnational non-governmental organisations
(NGOs) and transnational corporations (TNCs) are not security
organisations per se, but the strategies these transnational non-state
actors pursue in response to violence affect security for both themselves
and the societies in which they operate. We argue here that security at
the local level is an outcome of interactions among diverse actors
including transnational organisations and call for a research agenda
focused on how transnational actors choose their response to insecurity
and how those choices affect security governance.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 254-275
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715392
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715392
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:254-275
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruce Baker
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce
Author-X-Name-Last: Baker
Title: State and substate policing in Africa and the boundaries between them
Abstract:
Following an overview of the diverse substate policing sector
in Africa and the main changes taking place within it, there follows an
examination of the complex and dynamic boundaries between state and
substate. The boundaries are at times imagined. States are constantly
engaged in constructing an image of policing and its boundaries that does
not correspond with reality. The boundaries are also permeable: authority,
activities and agents pass across the boundary. State and substate are not
clearly separated. Such is the geographical overlapping of policing
agencies that Africans commonly move into and out of spheres of policing
providers. The boundaries are also shifting. Boundaries between public and
private, between legal and illegal and between state and substate are
subject to ongoing power struggles and negotiation that result in change
and reconstruction. The article concludes with some remarks about the
potential and risks of utilising substate policing agencies.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 276-292
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715395
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715395
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:276-292
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexandra Gheciu
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Gheciu
Title: Securing distant places? Practices of protection in contemporary peace-support operations
Abstract:
This article explores the dynamics and implications of
practices of protection enacted within the framework of the UN-sponsored
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. It examines
the ways in which those practices challenge established categories in the
field of security, and discusses the problems and dilemmas they generate.
The article demonstrates that the role played by North Atlantic Treaty
Organization -- as the lead actor in ISAF -- reflects the Alliance's
reconceptualisation of the relevant space of security. An analysis of
security practices employed by ISAF in Afghanistan reveals that, in spite
of statements that stress the unique situation of stabilisation and
reconstruction in Afghanistan, ISAF's dual emphasis on inclusion/exclusion
(i.e. defeating radical Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters while also winning
the hearts and minds of the other Afghans) echoes in interesting ways of
colonial practices of counter-insurgency. Conceptually, one of the most
interesting features of ISAF's security practices has been a blurring of
multiple boundaries that have long been at the heart of thinking about
international politics: domestic/international, military/policing and
public/private actors. By shedding light on that process of blurring
boundaries, this article provides further evidence in support of the claim
made in this special issue: that we are now living in a world in which
many of the distinctions that once appeared to be clearly defined and
fairly rigid are fast breaking down.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 293-311
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715399
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715399
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:293-311
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael C. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Michael C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Title: The new economy of security
Abstract:
New security dynamics present significant theoretical and
empirical challenges. This article suggests that Pierre Bourdieu's ideas
about an ‘economics of practice’ provides a fruitful means
for exploring and explaining many of these transformations.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 312-319
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2012
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715403
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715403
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:312-319
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frederike Ambagtsheer
Author-X-Name-First: Frederike
Author-X-Name-Last: Ambagtsheer
Author-Name: Damián Zaitch
Author-X-Name-First: Damián
Author-X-Name-Last: Zaitch
Author-Name: Willem Weimar
Author-X-Name-First: Willem
Author-X-Name-Last: Weimar
Title: The battle for human organs: organ trafficking and transplant tourism in a global context
Abstract:
While the trade in human organs remains largely in the
darkness as it is hardly reported, detected or scientifically researched,
a range of key institutional stakeholders, professionals, policy-makers
and scholars involved in this field show remarkable high levels of moral
condemnation and share a rather unanimous prohibitionist line. Some have
equated this phenomenon to genocide or talk about
‘neo-cannibalism’, others present it as dominated by mafias
and rogue traders. However, organ trafficking takes very different shapes,
each one with their own ethical dilemmas. Simplistic formulaic responses
purely based in more criminalisation should be critically evaluated. Based
on a qualitative study conducted on the demand for kidneys (transplant
tourism) in and from the Netherlands, we present in this article some of
the main empirical results and discuss their implications. But before
doing that, this contribution briefly describes the global patterns of
contemporary organ trade and the way the problem has been framed and
constructed by international policy bodies, professional (transplant)
organisations and some scholars.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-26
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.753323
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.753323
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dick Hobbs
Author-X-Name-First: Dick
Author-X-Name-Last: Hobbs
Author-Name: Georgios A. Antonopoulos
Author-X-Name-First: Georgios A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos
Title: ‘Endemic to the species’: ordering the ‘other’ via organised crime
Abstract:
The United States has been the prime mover in the
establishment of both the concept of organised crime and the use of the
concept in its attempt to establish global hegemony, in which law
enforcement became a little more than a front for a government-backed
central casting agency, stereotyping both heroes and villains. This
article offers an account of how the ‘Other’ has been used
as prism for the construction of organised crime primarily in the United
States and how this construction, as a franchise, has been exported on the
international level and on heterogeneous criminal landscapes.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 27-51
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.753324
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.753324
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan Lusthaus
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Lusthaus
Title: How organised is organised cybercrime?
Abstract:
To some writers and commentators, fully fledged organised
cybercrime is currently emerging. Law enforcement spokesmen and Internet
security firms have even made comparisons between the structure of
cybercriminal enterprises and organisations like La Cosa Nostra. But, in
reality, conventional criminal labels applied to cybercrime are themselves
often poorly understood by those who employ them. The purpose of this
research note is to apply scholarly rigor to the question of whether
profit-driven cybercrime can fit underneath formal definitions of
organised crime and mafias. It proceeds in three sections: the first
section outlines academic definitions of organised crime, mafias and
cybercrime; the second section assesses whether online cybercriminal
trading forums, perhaps the most visible and documented examples of
cybercriminal organisation, might constitute mafias as some contend; the
third section briefly discusses some other less documented examples of
‘organised’ cybercrime and assesses the broader possibility
of online groups being classified as organised crime groups.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 52-60
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.759508
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.759508
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giulia Berlusconi
Author-X-Name-First: Giulia
Author-X-Name-Last: Berlusconi
Title: Do all the pieces matter? Assessing the reliability of law enforcement data sources for the network analysis of wire taps
Abstract:
Law enforcement agencies rely on data collected from wire
taps to construct the organisational chart of criminal enterprises.
Recently, a number of academics have also begun to utilise social network
analysis to describe relations among criminals and understand the internal
organisation of criminal groups. However, before drawing conclusions about
the structure or the organisation of criminal groups, it is important to
understand the limitations that selective samples such as wire taps may
have on network analysis measures. Electronic surveillance data can be
found in different kinds of court records and the selection of the data
source is likely to influence the amount of missing information and,
consequently, the results. This article discusses the impact that the
selection of a specific data source for the social network analysis of
criminal groups may have on centrality measures usually adopted in
organised crime research to identify key players.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 61-81
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.746940
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.746940
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:61-81
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pär Gustafsson
Author-X-Name-First: Pär
Author-X-Name-Last: Gustafsson
Title: The emergence of the rule of law in Russia
Abstract:
This paper challenges an empirical claim about the commercial
courts (arbitrazhnye sudy) made by Kathryn Hendley and her co-authors in
their paper “Law, Relationships and Private Enforcement:
Transactional Strategies of Russian Enterprise” in Vol. 52, No. 4,
Europe-Asia Studies in 2000. Basing their case on a
quantitative survey of Russian firms, they conclude that economic actors
in the 1990s relied on ‘the law and legal institutions’
because the commercial courts were relatively effective. In order to test
this claim about the link between individual behaviour and the judiciary,
I ask: What type of belief about corruption was held by Russian
economic actors who trusted the commercial courts for conflict resolution
at the end of the 1990s? The data set is drawn from a survey of
227 Russian firms made in 1997. I use self-reported data on economic
actors’ preference for using or not using the commercial court (in
case of a hypothetical conflict about a considerable amount of money) as a
proxy for trust. A binary logistic regression model shows
that economic actors who accepted corruption as a fact of life at the time
of market entry were three times more likely to trust the commercial
courts for conflict resolution than economic actors who rejected
corruption. This finding contradicts any reasonable definition of the rule
of law and suggests that the neo-liberal reformers should have paid more
attention to the content -- rather than merely to the speed -- of reform.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 82-109
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.759747
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.759747
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:82-109
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ararat L. Osipian
Author-X-Name-First: Ararat L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Osipian
Title: Organized crime, political transitions and state formation in post-Soviet Eurasia, by Alexander Kupatadze
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 110-113
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.755123
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.755123
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:110-113
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yuliya G. Zabyelina
Author-X-Name-First: Yuliya G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Zabyelina
Title: Human trafficking, human misery: the global trade in human beings, 1st ed., by Alexis A. Aronowitz
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 113-115
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.754350
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.754350
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:113-115
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amy Nivette
Author-X-Name-First: Amy
Author-X-Name-Last: Nivette
Title: Global burden of armed violence 2011: lethal encounters, by the Geneva Declaration Secretariat
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 115-117
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.755124
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.755124
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:115-117
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Bouchard
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard
Author-Name: Joanna Amirault
Author-X-Name-First: Joanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Amirault
Title: Advances in research on illicit networks
Abstract:
This paper introduces the contributions included in the
special issue of ‘Advances in Research on Illicit
Networks’. It situates the collection of papers in the
growing trend of studies applying network methods to illicit networks.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 119-122
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.801316
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.801316
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:119-122
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter J. Carrington
Author-X-Name-First: Peter J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Carrington
Author-Name: Sarah B. van Mastrigt
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah B.
Author-X-Name-Last: van Mastrigt
Title: Co-offending in Canada, England and the United States: a cross-national comparison
Abstract:
This article compares the characteristics of police-reported
co-offending groups and solo offenders in Canada, England and the United
States. Comparative analysis of crime in these three countries is fostered
by the relative similarity of their substantive criminal codes (all
originating in English common law), their approaches to law enforcement,
and their crime recording procedures. The data include over 100,000
incidents cleared by a large UK police force, 2.5 million incidents in
Canada, and 1.3 million incidents in 36 states in the United States, in
the first decade of the twenty-first century. Comparative analyses include
the prevalence of co-offending, the size and composition of co-offending
groups, and key correlates of group crime, such as offence type and the
age and sex of participants. Substantial similarities are observed across
the three data sets, although there are also intriguing differences. These
findings are discussed in relation to ongoing attempts to draw general
conclusions regarding the nature and extent of group crime and
co-offending networks.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 123-140
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787926
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787926
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:123-140
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frédéric Ouellet
Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric
Author-X-Name-Last: Ouellet
Author-Name: Rémi Boivin
Author-X-Name-First: Rémi
Author-X-Name-Last: Boivin
Author-Name: Chloé Leclerc
Author-X-Name-First: Chloé
Author-X-Name-Last: Leclerc
Author-Name: Carlo Morselli
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli
Title: Friends with(out) benefits: co-offending and re-arrest
Abstract:
Research shows that co-offending has contradictory effects on
rates of re-arrest. On the one hand, group offending may be riskier: for
example, co-offenders might be targeted by police or might snitch to
protect themselves. Criminal networks may also have indirect effects:
offenders embedded in criminal networks commit more offences and thus
should have a higher risk of being arrested at some point. On the other
hand, networks generate steady criminal opportunities with relatively low
risk of arrest and high monetary benefits (e.g. drug trafficking). Few
authors have empirically explored the relation between co-offending and
re-arrest. This article does so using data from seven years of arrest
records in the province of Quebec, Canada. The analysis is designed to
explore why some offenders are re-arrested after an initial arrest while
others are not. It focuses on the factors involved in re-arrest,
considering two distinct levels of measures of co-offending. The first
level of analysis takes into account a situational measure that indicates
whether a given offence was committed by co-offenders (group offence). The
second level is used to examine whether being part of a criminal network
influences re-arrest. For offenders embedded in such networks, two network
features (degree centrality and clustering coefficient) show that the
global position of individuals within the Quebec arrest network are
analysed. Our results suggest that co-offending is a crucial factor that
should be taken into account when looking at the odds of being caught
again. The use of generalised linear mixed model brings interesting
nuances about the impact of co-offending. The article adds to the recently
growing literature on the link between networks and criminal careers.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 141-154
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787930
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787930
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:141-154
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Title: Exploring the social organisation and structure of stolen data markets
Abstract:
As consumers are increasingly using the Internet to manage
their finances, there has been a concomitant increase in the risk of theft
and fraud by cybercriminals. Hackers who acquire sensitive consumer data
utilise information on their own, or sell the information in online forums
for a significant profit. Few have considered the organisational
composition of the participants engaged in the sale of stolen data,
including the presence of managerial oversight, division of labour,
coordination of roles and purposive associations between buyers, sellers
and forum operators. Thus, this qualitative study will apply Best and
Luckenbill's framework of social organisation to a sample of threads from
publicly accessible web forums where individuals buy and sell stolen
financial information. The implications of this study for criminologists,
law enforcement, the intelligence community and information security
researchers will be discussed in depth.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 155-174
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787925
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787925
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:155-174
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu
Author-Name: Benoit Dupont
Author-X-Name-First: Benoit
Author-X-Name-Last: Dupont
Title: Reputation in a dark network of online criminals
Abstract:
This paper focuses on criminals who could easily be labelled
as entrepreneurs and who deal in compromised computer systems. Known as
botmasters, these individuals use their technical skills to take over and
control personal, business and governmental computers. These networks of
hijacked computers are known as botnets in the security industry. With
this massive computing power, these criminals can send large amounts of
spam, attack web servers or steal financial data -- all for a fee. As
entrepreneurs, the botmasters' main goal is to achieve the highest level
of success possible. In their case, this achievement can be measured in
the illegitimate revenues they earn from the leasing of their botnet.
Based on the evidence gathered in literature on legitimate and
illegitimate markets, this paper sets to understand how reputation could
relate to criminal achievement as well as what factors impact a heightened
level of reputation in a criminal market.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 175-196
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.801015
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.801015
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:175-196
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert R. Faulkner
Author-X-Name-First: Robert R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Faulkner
Author-Name: Eric R. Cheney
Author-X-Name-First: Eric R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cheney
Title: The multiplexity of political conspiracy: illegal networks and the collapse of Watergate
Abstract:
Using historical data from the United State's Watergate
criminal conspiracy case, we construct five sociomatrices representing the
multiplex social relations of political conspiracy. Sociomatrices
representing (1) the social relations of the illegal relations among the
conspirators, (2) fractious relations between the conspirators during the
working period of the conspiracy, (3) fractious relations between the
conspirators during the crisis stage of the conspiracy, (4) the flow of
money among the conspirators and (5) the relations of which specific
conspirators testified against specific other co-conspirators. The
quadratic assignment procedure (QAP analysis) is used to determine the
extent to which these five sociomatrices are inter-related. QAP analysis
shows that the structure of the five sociomatrices are related to each
other, implying that political conspiracies are composed of multiplex
relations of working acts of deviance, relations of dyadic fractiousness,
conduits of illegal financing and the betrayal of co-conspirators through
finger pointing at trial.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 197-215
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.790313
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.790313
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:197-215
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicholas C. Athey
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Athey
Author-Name: Martin Bouchard
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard
Title: The BALCO scandal: the social structure of a steroid distribution network
Abstract:
The current study revisits the notorious Bay Area Laboratory
Cooperative (BALCO) scandal involving the production and distribution of
an undetectable anabolic-androgenic steroid to professional athletes from
late 1990s until 2003. Multiple sources are reviewed to re-create the
social structure of BALCO and examine whether it formed a close-knit
community or instead multiple communities defined around a specific sport
or discipline. Results from a community fragmentation analysis suggest
that six communities could be identified as distinct in the BALCO network
of 97 individuals -- three structured around athletic interests (baseball,
football and boxing), one around BALCO's chemist, another around the
eventual whistle-blower, and a ‘broker’ community, labelled
the network's core. The network's core functioned as the best intermediate
between communities because of the diversity of actors involved and the
presence of BALCO's founder (Conte), who was brokering ties all over the
network, though such a structure ultimately resulted in complete demise of
the BALCO network.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 216-237
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.790312
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.790312
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:216-237
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David A. Bright
Author-X-Name-First: David A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bright
Author-Name: Jordan J. Delaney
Author-X-Name-First: Jordan J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Delaney
Title: Evolution of a drug trafficking network: Mapping changes in network structure and function across time
Abstract:
There is a growing body of research using social network
analysis to study criminal networks. The great majority of this research
examines networks at a single time point. Although there are theoretical
approaches which hypothesise on how criminal networks develop and grow,
little empirical research has been conducted on the growth of criminal
networks over time. This project documents the growth of a drug
trafficking network. The aims were to examine and describe structural and
functional changes in a criminal network across time. We found that the
density of the network remained somewhat stable over time, although the
network became more decentralised at the final time point measured.
Centrality scores for individual nodes showed significant changes over
time. Individuals changed the roles performed across time, consistent with
the changing needs and focus of the network. Overall, our results support
the characterisation of networks as flexible and adaptive.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 238-260
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787927
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787927
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:238-260
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gisela Bichler
Author-X-Name-First: Gisela
Author-X-Name-Last: Bichler
Author-Name: Aili Malm
Author-X-Name-First: Aili
Author-X-Name-Last: Malm
Title: Small arms, big guns: a dynamic model of illicit market opportunity
Abstract:
Transnational illicit markets are deeply embedded within
legal trade systems and thus should be affected by shifting market
conditions. Applying a stochastic actor-oriented model (SAOM), this study
tests whether variation in illicit market opportunity could account for
changing relations within the small arms trade (2003--2008). Measures of
market accessibility -- changes in export activity, reporting transparency
and the percent of the labour force that is armed -- outperformed measures
of weapon availability with the exception of involvement in armed
conflict. Significant structural change in outdegree density and
transitivity suggest the development of trade factions, and decreasing
balance hints that leaders are emerging. With the pending de-escalation of
US-led conflict in the Middle East, a flood of second-hand weaponry is
about to enter the market. Continued research is required to further
uncover how the legitimate trade infrastructure facilitates the illicit
flow of goods.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 261-286
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787928
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787928
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:261-286
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Leuprecht
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Leuprecht
Author-Name: Kenneth Hall
Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall
Title: Networks as strategic repertoires: Functional differentiation among Al-Shabaab terror cells
Abstract:
This article explains variation across the characteristics
and structure of Al-Shabaab (AS) networks as a function of strategic
repertoires. From a comparison of domestic and transnational AS
recruitment and fundraising networks in the United States, the article
generates hypotheses about the characteristics and structure of networks
and how traits such as brokers, centrality characteristics of nodes,
international linkages and use of funds are related to a network's
purpose. The implications of these observations are twofold: The nature of
a terror organisation's network is indicative of the organisation's
strategy; conversely, the organisation's strategy will affect the nature
of the network. On the one hand, knowing the function of the network makes
it possible to counter it by detecting and debilitating the nodes. On the
other hand, knowing the structure of a network makes it possible to
surmise its purpose. The article concludes that, from a network
perspective, terrorist recruitment and fundraising are distinct problems
that require differentiated law-enforcement and security-intelligence
approaches.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 287-310
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787929
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787929
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:287-310
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Georgios A. Antonopoulos
Author-X-Name-First: Georgios A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos
Author-Name: Georgios Papanicolaou
Author-X-Name-First: Georgios
Author-X-Name-Last: Papanicolaou
Title: Borders and crime: pre-crime, mobility and serious harm in an age of globalization, edited by McCulloch, J. and Pickering, S
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 311-313
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.768945
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.768945
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:311-313
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen F. Pires
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pires
Title: Sold into extinction: the global trade in endangered species, by Jacqueline Schneider
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 314-316
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.770370
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.770370
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:314-316
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gavin Slade
Author-X-Name-First: Gavin
Author-X-Name-Last: Slade
Title: Organized crime, political transitions and state formation in post-Soviet Eurasia, by Alexander Kupatadze
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 316-319
Issue: 2-3
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.801181
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.801181
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:316-319
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yvette M.M. Schoenmakers
Author-X-Name-First: Yvette M.M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Schoenmakers
Author-Name: Bo Bremmers
Author-X-Name-First: Bo
Author-X-Name-Last: Bremmers
Author-Name: Edward R. Kleemans
Author-X-Name-First: Edward R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kleemans
Title: Strategic versus emergent crime groups: the case of Vietnamese cannabis cultivation in the Netherlands
Abstract:
This article addresses the nature and development of the Vietnamese
involvement in cannabis cultivation in the Netherlands. The findings are
based on empirical data collected from national police registrations, case
studies and in-depth interviews with over 30 Dutch and international
respondents. The authors describe the background characteristics of
Vietnamese cannabis farmers, the structure of the predominantly
mono-ethnic Vietnamese criminal groups and the international context. A
situational approach to organised crime is applied to illustrate the
‘emergent’ character of the Vietnamese crime groups as
opposed to a ‘strategic’ context of organised crime. The
Vietnamese supervisors in the Netherlands have legal citizenship and often
have ‘careers’ in cannabis-related crimes. It would appear
that for a Vietnamese gardener or farmer, the path into cannabis
cultivation is linked to financial debt. Besides situational factors,
group characteristics, such as the migrant community, seem important in
understanding the Vietnamese involvement in the Dutch cannabis market.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 321-340
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.822303
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.822303
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:321-340
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arnaud Dandoy
Author-X-Name-First: Arnaud
Author-X-Name-Last: Dandoy
Author-Name: Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos
Author-X-Name-First: Marc-Antoine
Author-X-Name-Last: Pérouse de Montclos
Title: Humanitarian workers in peril? Deconstructing the myth of the new and growing threat to humanitarian workers
Abstract:
In the last few years, insecurity for relief workers has become a matter
of great concern and a central issue in aid policy debates. Explanation
for such a widespread anxiety is the claim that international humanitarian
organisations are facing a new type of threat, while operating in
increasingly hostile environments. This article explores the construction
of humanitarian insecurity as a new and growing threat. Drawing on
historical material, we suggest that the departure from ‘the
past’ is not as pronounced as it is suggested by experts and
commentators on this issue, and that the perceived deterioration of
operating environments is questionable. The article concludes that the
tendency to report humanitarian insecurity in catastrophic rather than
analytical terms can create more problems than resolve them, in effect
deepening the conditions for some of the challenges that humanitarian
actors face today.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 341-358
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831345
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831345
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:341-358
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gisela Bichler
Author-X-Name-First: Gisela
Author-X-Name-Last: Bichler
Author-Name: Stacy Bush
Author-X-Name-First: Stacy
Author-X-Name-Last: Bush
Author-Name: Aili Malm
Author-X-Name-First: Aili
Author-X-Name-Last: Malm
Title: Bad actors and faulty props: unlocking legal and illicit art trade
Abstract:
If as suspected, criminal enterprise feeds off legal trade, then
anti-crime policy must target the points at which legal and illicit
markets intersect. This study offers a strategy to pinpoint and calibrate
the degree of fusion across an entire trade system. Legal and illicit
processes and mechanisms essential to all sectors of an industry --
development, financing, handling, possession and regulation -- were
dissected using a script methodology. Eigenvector centrality scores
identified interlocking tools and actors. The results highlight the role
played by supporting industries (e.g. insurers, auction houses, storage
specialists, foundations and high net-worth buyers) and the need to target
temporary markets, shipping activity and financial transactions with
regulatory policing efforts. Vaccinating global economies from illicit
activity is best achieved through a soft law approach aimed at
identifiable mechanisms (faulty props) used by groups playing pivotal
trade roles (bad actors).
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 359-385
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.828999
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.828999
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:359-385
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elena Faccio
Author-X-Name-First: Elena
Author-X-Name-Last: Faccio
Author-Name: Norberto Costa
Author-X-Name-First: Norberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Costa
Title: The presentation of self in everyday prison life
Abstract:
Today, Italian prisons are reporting the highest level of overcrowding
ever recorded. In reference to this situation, this article proposes an
ethnographic study carried out inside the prison of Padua as a voluntary 2
years’ experience. It documents the values and conventions that
convicts share in prison and details the ways in which prisoners
constantly construct and adapt to an informal conduct’s rule
system, the inmate code. It also illustrates the interactions among fellow
prisoners as scenes or plays enacted by various teams. The
prisoners’ words reveal a complex universe based upon three basic
conditions: loyalty, discipline and circumspection. Finally, we argue
about the fading of the distinction between the prison front stage and the
back stage and we analyse the possible consequences.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 386-403
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831761
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831761
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:386-403
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Bobick
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Bobick
Title: Police aesthetics: literature, film and the secret police in Soviet Times
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 404-408
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831226
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831226
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:404-408
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert M. Lombardo
Author-X-Name-First: Robert M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lombardo
Title: The honored society: the history of Italy’s most powerful Mafia
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 408-409
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831224
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831224
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:408-409
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saskia Baas
Author-X-Name-First: Saskia
Author-X-Name-Last: Baas
Title: Useful enemies. When waging wars is more important than winning them
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 410-411
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831225
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831225
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:410-411
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Webb
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Webb
Title: Discovery of hidden crime: self-report delinquency surveys in criminal policy context
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 411-413
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2013
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831223
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831223
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:411-413
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Savona
Author-X-Name-First:
Author-X-Name-Last: Savona
Title: Organised crime numbers
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-9
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.886512
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.886512
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:1-9
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marina Mancuso
Author-X-Name-First: Marina
Author-X-Name-Last: Mancuso
Title: Estimating the revenues of sexual exploitation: applying a new methodology to the Italian context
Abstract:
This article presents a methodology which allows to estimate the revenues
of the sexual exploitation market, both outdoor and indoor, at subnational
level. It is applied to the Italian context. The findings suggest that the
revenues are not equally distributed across regions since they depend on
different criminal opportunities and levels of demand.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 10-26
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.878655
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.878655
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:10-26
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luca Giommoni
Author-X-Name-First: Luca
Author-X-Name-Last: Giommoni
Title: The retail value of the illicit drug market in Italy: a consumption-based approach
Abstract:
This study estimates the retail value of the illicit drug market in Italy
from a consumption-based approach. The illicit drugs considered in this
analysis are heroin, cocaine, cannabis (herbal and resin), amphetamines
and ecstasy. Results show that the value of the illicit drug market in
Italy is much less than previously estimated and quantified at €
3.3 bn. Heroin and cocaine retain the biggest markets in terms of
revenues, while cannabis is the most-consumed illicit drug. Synthetic
illicit drugs account for roughly 10% of the illicit drug market.
Conclusions offer some suggestions as to how uncertainties about estimates
of the illicit drug market can be reduced.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 27-50
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.875893
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.875893
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:27-50
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Calderoni
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Calderoni
Title: A new method for estimating the illicit cigarette market at the subnational level and its application to Italy
Abstract:
This study provides a methodology with which to estimate the volumes and
revenues of the illicit cigarette market at the subnational level. It
applies the methodology to Italy for a 4-year period (2009--2012),
enabling assessment of the prevalence of the illicit trade across years
and regions. Notwithstanding the alleged importance of mafias, the results
provide a more complex picture of the Italian illicit tobacco market. The
maximum total revenues from the illicit trade in tobacco products (ITTP)
increased from €0.5 bn in 2009 to €1.2 bn in 2012. The
prevalence of illicit cigarettes varies significantly across regions,
because of the proximity to countries with cheaper cigarettes and the
possible occurrence of other crime opportunities. Understanding of these
factors is crucial for the development of appropriate policies against the
ITTP. The methodology may be applicable to all other EU countries,
providing detailed, yearly estimates of the illicit market at the
subnational level.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 51-76
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.882777
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.882777
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:51-76
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Attilio Scaglione
Author-X-Name-First: Attilio
Author-X-Name-Last: Scaglione
Title: Estimating the size of the loan sharking market in Italy
Abstract:
In the current economic crisis, the risk is so high that entrepreneurs,
commercial activities and even families may turn to the illegal market to
obtain liquidity. This article proposes an estimate of the size of the
usury credit market in Italy. The estimate is based on the assumption,
provided by Guiso-super-1, that before coming to a moneylender the
borrower seeks to obtain credit through official channels. The results of
our estimates confirm the seriousness of the problem, but provide much
lower data than those reported periodically by the media. It is estimated
that 372,000 economic activities may have been potentially involved in the
usury market in 2012. The volume of loans disbursed in the illegal market
would have amounted to €18 billion. The profits of loan sharks
would be between a minimum of €3 billion and a maximum of about
€6.1 billion.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 77-92
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.886035
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.886035
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:77-92
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maurizio Lisciandra
Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio
Author-X-Name-Last: Lisciandra
Title: Proceeds from extortions: the case of Italian organised crime groups
Abstract:
This paper provides an estimate of the monetary proceeds from extortion
racket accruing to the Italian mafias using two unique data sets: one
recording periodic and one-time episodes of extortion from judicial and
investigative sources, and another one consisting of a victimisation
survey of Italian businesses. The estimate of the revenues at a national
level lies between 2760 and 7740 mln euros. The regions with a strong
presence of traditional organised crime groups remain the most exposed and
provide about 65% of all extorted monetary flows, although some important
regions in North Italy show a significant presence of extortion rackets in
non-traditional areas. Finally, the most exacted economic activities are
wholesale and retail trade that, along with construction, overall account
up to 70% of all revenues in the lower-bound scenario.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 93-107
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.881735
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.881735
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:93-107
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Calderoni
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Calderoni
Author-Name: Serena Favarin
Author-X-Name-First: Serena
Author-X-Name-Last: Favarin
Author-Name: Lorella Garofalo
Author-X-Name-First: Lorella
Author-X-Name-Last: Garofalo
Author-Name: Federica Sarno
Author-X-Name-First: Federica
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarno
Title: Counterfeiting, illegal firearms, gambling and waste management: an exploratory estimation of four criminal markets
Abstract:
This article focuses on four different criminal markets: counterfeiting,
illegal firearms trafficking, gambling and waste management. Despite
recurrent allegations that these markets have a high mafia presence, there
is a lack of reliable estimates of their sizes and the revenues that they
generate. Figures in reports and media vary significantly, and the methods
used to obtain them are often obscure. This study develops four different
estimation methodologies with which to estimate the four criminal markets
in Italy at the national and regional levels. Considering that these are
the first attempts to estimate these markets, the aim of the article is to
stimulate debate on how to improve measurement of the crime proceeds from
these criminal markets.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 108-137
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.883499
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.883499
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:108-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Calderoni
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Calderoni
Title: Mythical numbers and the proceeds of organised crime: estimating mafia proceeds in Italy
Abstract:
Organised crime is a field vulnerable to mythical numbers, i.e.
exaggerated estimates lacking empirical support, but acquiring acceptance
through repetition. The figures on mafia proceeds in Italy are a striking
example of this problem. This study proposes an estimation of mafia
proceeds in Italy from nine criminal activities (sexual exploitation of
women, illicit firearms trafficking, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, the
illicit cigarette trade, illicit gambling, illicit waste disposal, loan
sharking, and extortion racketeering) by region and type of mafia (Cosa
Nostra, Camorra, ‘Ndrangheta, Apulian mafias, and other mafias).
The results estimate yearly mafia proceeds at approximately €10.7
bn (0.7% of the Italian GDP), discussing the impact on the regional and
national economies and the differences among the types of mafias as to
their geographical sources of revenues.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 138-163
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.882778
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.882778
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:138-163
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Mario Lavezzi
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Lavezzi
Title: Organised crime and the economy: a framework for policy prescriptions
Abstract:
In this paper, we discuss policies to combat organised crime from the
perspective of economic analysis. We introduce concepts such as supply and
demand for Mafia and the implied notion of equilibrium to build a
framework to classify the contexts in which organised crime interferes
with economy. We then use this framework to discuss policy interventions,
distinguishing between policies implemented by the State and mobilisation
of civil society. We show that using the economic approach helps
understand the aspect of persistence of criminal organisations and
identify vicious circles of different nature. The broad spectrum of State
policies identified includes norms on competition, on the efficiency of
the State, on decriminalisation and on market deregulation. Finally, in
discussing the mobilisation of civil society, we highlight the problem of
coordination, an aspect often overlooked in the literature.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 164-190
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.868626
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.868626
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:164-190
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos Vilalta
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Vilalta
Title: A preliminary analysis of the use of force by the Mexico City Metropolitan Area police
Abstract:
The purposes of this study were to assess the magnitude of the use of
force among Mexico City Metropolitan Area police forces and to detect its
correlates. Mexico City is a particularly interesting case as it is often
presented as a haven within the national context of crime and violence of
the last years. However, it was found that almost one third of prison
inmates in the city report to have been beaten or hurt by the police. It
was also found that such reports have increased significantly between 2002
and 2009 for the case of the Preventive police, but remained stable
although still very high for the Judicial police. Different correlates in
the use of force were found for the two police forces.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 191-205
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.866551
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.866551
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:191-205
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Title: Cyber war will not take place, by Thomas Rid
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 206-208
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.884235
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.884235
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:206-208
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ararat L. Osipian
Author-X-Name-First: Ararat L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Osipian
Title: Russia as a network state: what works in Russia when state institutions do not?, edited by Vadim Kononenko and Arkady Moshes
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 208-210
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.866550
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.866550
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:208-210
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Helena Farrand Carrapico
Author-X-Name-First: Helena Farrand
Author-X-Name-Last: Carrapico
Title: Organised crime and the law: a comparative analysis, by Liz Campbell
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 210-212
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.886511
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.886511
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:210-212
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Helena Carrapico
Author-X-Name-First: Helena
Author-X-Name-Last: Carrapico
Author-Name: Daniela Irrera
Author-X-Name-First: Daniela
Author-X-Name-Last: Irrera
Author-Name: Bill Tupman
Author-X-Name-First: Bill
Author-X-Name-Last: Tupman
Title: Transnational organised crime and terrorism: different peas, same pod?
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 213-218
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.939882
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.939882
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:213-218
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Inês Sofia Oliveira
Author-X-Name-First: Inês Sofia
Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveira
Title: Catch Me If You Can: or how policy networks help tackle the crime--terror nexus
Abstract:
This paper introduces the concept of a policy network existing between
intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) participating in the international
policy-making process of anti-money laundering (AML) and the combating of
financing of terrorism (CFT) regulations. It begins by introducing the
challenges to global governance presented by organised crime and terrorist
organisations, as well as the ways in which the international community is
responding by means of following the money. Firstly, the paper defines
which actors are involved in the process of policy-making activities and
how their actions constitute a ‘mirror’ crime--terror nexus.
Secondly, the role of IGOs and their ability to form policy networks is
highlighted as increasingly important in the tackling of transnational
threats and as an innovative response mechanism. Finally the paper
suggests that more needs to be done in order to address the issues of
accountability that stem from addressing global threats through the
AML/CFT network.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 219-240
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.937429
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.937429
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:219-240
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marinko Bobic
Author-X-Name-First: Marinko
Author-X-Name-Last: Bobic
Title: Transnational organised crime and terrorism: Nexus needing a human security framework
Abstract:
This paper proposes that application of the human security framework
enables us to see a negative impact of globalisation on the transnational
organised crime and terrorism nexus. The main argument is that
state-building and globalisation create conditions allowing for
international organised crime and terrorism to cooperate in international
and failed-state spheres. Namely, while state-building and traditional
security measures suppress terrorist means to operate in strong states,
globalisation offers international organised crime lucrative opportunities
to escape strong states and instead operate in the non-state sphere
(international and failed state). This process makes state-centric
traditional methods of combating terrorism and crime, such as the war on
terror, largely ignorant of how international organised crime and
terrorism operate in non-state sphere. To address security challenges
posed by transnational terrorism and crime in the non-state sphere, a
human security framework offers an enhanced understanding of the problem.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 241-258
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.927327
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.927327
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:241-258
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tamara Makarenko
Author-X-Name-First: Tamara
Author-X-Name-Last: Makarenko
Author-Name: Michael Mesquita
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita
Title: Categorising the crime--terror nexus in the European Union
Abstract:
For the past 10 years, the crime--terror nexus has been used as an
analytical model to understand the relationship between organised crime
and terrorism in many of the world's (post) conflict and developing
countries. Yet, aside from tangent and anecdotal evidence, little academic
research has tried to understand how the nexus operates from within
Western democracies and the implications that such internal relationships
have on its social and economic security. Evidence related to these
linkages in the European Union are immense; however, scholarly literature
has shied away from these associations and turned their focus primarily on
the nexus in more unstable regions, particularly in Latin America, the
Middle East, Africa and South East Asia. This article-- based on a study
funded by the European Parliament in 2013-- provides a qualitative
analysis of the crime-terror nexus as it functions in Europe (including
its border regions) to determine the operational structure of the nexus as
well as where and how linkages between organised crime and terrorism
interact. Indeed, organised criminal and terrorist groups have found
niches of cooperation and ‘marriages of convenience’ in the
EU‘s social and political landscape to operate in an efficient and
effective manner. Evidence suggests that, although the nexus model
provides a sound assessment of these relationships, the proclivities of
the region (a relatively stable socio-economic and political environment)
keep the relationship between organised crime and terrorism on one end of
the spectrum, focusing on alliances, appropriation of tactics, and
integration. Moreover, the EU’s relationship to its regional
borders and the operational incentives for organised crime and terrorism
in these areas, provide ample opportunities for a convergence of organised
crime and terrorist financing.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 259-274
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.931227
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.931227
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:259-274
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jasper L. de Bie
Author-X-Name-First: Jasper L.
Author-X-Name-Last: de Bie
Author-Name: Christianne J. de Poot
Author-X-Name-First: Christianne J.
Author-X-Name-Last: de Poot
Author-Name: Joanne P. van der Leun
Author-X-Name-First: Joanne P.
Author-X-Name-Last: van der Leun
Title: Jihadi networks and the involvement of vulnerable immigrants: reconsidering the ideological and pragmatic value
Abstract:
Research has shown that irregular migrants were disproportionally present
in jihadi networks in the Netherlands between 2001 and 2005. Building on
this study, by analysing files of closed criminal investigations and
interviewing imams and personnel within asylum seeker centres and
detention centres, this article explains the attractiveness of jihadi
networks by a combination of pragmatic and ideological factors. The
studied cases demonstrate how jihadi networks are able to satisfy certain
needs of these irregular immigrants in a pragmatic way and how criminal
activities play an important role in this process. They also show how
jihadi networks can fill a void for some of these irregular migrants who
are in search for meaning and identity. The Jihadi--Salafi ideology does
not seem to be the core pull factor explaining the attractiveness of the
jihadi networks in this study.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 275-298
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.930349
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.930349
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:275-298
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Norma Rossi
Author-X-Name-First: Norma
Author-X-Name-Last: Rossi
Title: Breaking the nexus: conceptualising ‘illicit sovereigns’
Abstract:
The present contribution critically engages with the theoretical and
empirical nexus between ‘crime’ and
‘terrorism’. The Crime--Terror Nexus is understood first as
the increasing cooperation between terrorist groups and criminal
organisations, and second as the merging of terror/crime identities. I
argue that the concept of the Crime--Terror Nexus reifies the identities
of both criminal and terrorist organisations by pre-assigning exclusively
economic motives to the former and exclusively political motives to the
latter, even though in reality these categories, which underpin the
concept of the nexus, are becoming increasingly blurred. This contribution
draws upon concepts from political theory to unpack the identities of
these violent non-state actors. In accordance with Carl Schmitt’s
understanding of the political and of sovereignty, these identities can be
understood as forms of ‘illicit sovereignty’. Through an
empirical analysis of the discourse of the Sicilian Mafia, I show how the
Mafia constructs its identity in relation to the Italian state by
contesting the sovereignty of its ‘licit’ counterpart.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 299-319
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.924856
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.924856
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:299-319
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Viktoria Akchurina
Author-X-Name-First: Viktoria
Author-X-Name-Last: Akchurina
Author-Name: Anita Lavorgna
Author-X-Name-First: Anita
Author-X-Name-Last: Lavorgna
Title: Islamist movements in the Fergana Valley: a new threat assessment approach
Abstract:
Existing threat assessment analyses of crime and terrorism rely on a
series of indicators, first and foremost violence. However, these
approaches tend to neglect local specificities. In Central Asia and
especially in the Fergana Valley, there are radical groups that do not
necessarily commit violent behaviour, but yet represent a threat for both
their operational areas and the international community. How can the
threat of radicalisation be assessed when violence is not a characterising
element, and what processes and structures should be taken into
consideration to this end? Based on primary data collected during field
research, this article challenges conventional threat assessments and the
crime--terrorism nexus by looking at how the Islamic Movement of
Uzbekistan and Hizb-ut-Tahrir have infiltrated indigenous social
structures. This analysis suggests that the nature of security threats in
Central Asia needs to be reconsidered by focusing on the informal
institutionalisation of radicalisation, and it proposes the use of
alternative threat assessment indicators.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 320-336
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.924406
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.924406
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:320-336
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Title: Crime, terror and the state in Central Asia
Abstract:
In the case of Central Asia, linkages between crime and terrorism are too
complex to be explained through the framework of a ‘crime--terror
nexus’. This article distinguishes locally embedded militant
networks from transnational movements and demonstrates their different
linkages to organised crime. Groups categorised as international terrorist
actors have limited linkages to organised crime, while locally embedded
groups actively seek to control both the moral order and the political
economy of their locality. In most cases, however, the most productive
relationship for criminal networks is with the state. This
‘state--crime nexus’ has more analytical utility than a
framework that links crime to terrorism, but it suffers from a tendency to
sideline other social actors. A research agenda that priorities the local
dynamics of interactions between criminal networks, militant ideologies,
society and the state is likely to produce more nuanced analysis than an
over-reliance on these binary approaches.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 337-356
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.927764
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.927764
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:337-356
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brandon A. Sullivan
Author-X-Name-First: Brandon A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan
Author-Name: Steven M. Chermak
Author-X-Name-First: Steven M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chermak
Author-Name: Jeremy M. Wilson
Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson
Author-Name: Joshua D. Freilich
Author-X-Name-First: Joshua D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Freilich
Title: The nexus between terrorism and product counterfeiting in the United States
Abstract:
Terrorists use a wide variety of methods to fund their operations, obtain
profits and carry out ideologically driven goals. Terrorist organisations
have increasingly been linked to product counterfeiting crimes, but
evidence for this connection is mostly anecdotal and speculative, lacking
systematic empirical evaluation. This study mines open-source data to
capture known product counterfeiting schemes linked to known extremists in
the United States since 1990. We utilise the Extremist Financial Crime
Database (EFCDB) and the Michigan State University Center for
Anti-Counterfeiting and Product Protection's (A-CAPP) Incident Database to
provide an overview of both the schemes and the individual suspects
involved in these crimes. We uncovered ten product counterfeiting schemes
linked to terrorism, while the vast majority of suspects involved are
non-extremist collaborators motivated by profit, not extremist ideology.
These findings indicate the need for policies focusing on criminal
networks broadly, expanding beyond restrictive efforts only targeting
terrorists.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 357-378
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.919227
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.919227
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:357-378
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Galeotti
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti
Title: Reorganising crime: mafia and anti-mafia in post-Soviet Georgia, by Gavin Slade
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 379-380
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.932539
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.932539
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:379-380
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Webb
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Webb
Title: Black men, invisibility and crime: towards a critical race theory of desistance, by Martin Glynn
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 380-383
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.932538
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.932538
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:380-383
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ararat L. Osipian
Author-X-Name-First: Ararat L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Osipian
Title: The role of informal economies in the post-Soviet world: the end of transition?, by Colin C. Williams, John Round and Peter Rodgers
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 383-386
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 15
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.918509
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.918509
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William R. Pruitt
Author-X-Name-First: William R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pruitt
Title: Testing Hagan and Rymond-Richmond’s collective action theory of genocide
Abstract:
John Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond proposed a collective action theory
of genocide in their book ‘Darfur and the Crime of
Genocide’. They then tested their theory using data from the
Atrocities Documentation Survey conducted in Chad. The theory explains the
Darfur genocide well and is supported by empirical data. Since there is
little criminological theoretical work on genocide, the collective action
theory was a great step forward. The next step in the process should be to
see if the theory is generalisable to other instances of genocide. There
may be much to learn in testing Hagan and Rymond-Richmond’s theory
for generalisability including identifying any modifications that may
advance the current theoretical work on the criminology of genocide.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-18
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.956167
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.956167
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Author-Name: Kathryn Hendley
Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn
Author-X-Name-Last: Hendley
Author-Name: Peter Murrell
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Murrell
Title: Revisiting the emergence of the rule of law in Russia
Abstract:
In an extended comment on work by this paper’s authors, Gustafsson
in a previous issue of this journal reaches scathing judgements on
Russia’s arbitrazh (or commercial) courts and
draws strong conclusions about the prospects for the rule of law in
Russia. He concludes that litigants use the courts because they can bribe
the judges. His paper revives old tales about the 1990s that we showed
previously were myths. We examine Gustafsson’s argument both
conceptually and empirically. We demonstrate that this argument rests on
two erroneous assumptions: that the use of legal institutions equates with
trust in these institutions and that strategies for use of law are not
context-dependent. We show that Gustafsson’s empirical
specification is not uniquely related to a single theory and indeed that
one interpretation of his results is that enterprises use the courts
because they perceive less corruption there than in other venues, a theory
diametrically opposite to the one Gustaffson chose emphasise. Using a rich
data set collected in Russia in 1997, we are led to the tentative
conclusion that firms turned to the arbitrazh courts
because of the relative quality of this institution.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 19-33
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.959328
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.959328
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Author-Name: Maria Ioannou
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Ioannou
Author-Name: Miriam S.D. Oostinga
Author-X-Name-First: Miriam S.D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Oostinga
Title: An empirical framework of control methods of victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation
Abstract:
Although human trafficking for sexual exploitation is a frequently
discussed area in current research, especially on the way that human
traffickers control their victims, a recurrent problem is the lack of
empirical basis. The present study examines control methods (or
conditions) used against 137 victims of human trafficking for sexual
exploitation. A multidimensional scaling analysis (smallest space analysis
(SSA-I)) of 23 control methods (and conditions) derived from a content
analysis of police files from the Netherlands revealed three distinct
forms of control. These could be interpreted in terms of Canter’s
Victim Role model that has been the basis for differentiating offending
styles in other violent interpersonal offences. Further analysis showed a
relationship between these control styles and different types of
prostitution. The three Victim as Object, Victim as Vehicle and Victim as
Person modes are consistent with different control methods identified in
previous research.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 34-49
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.979915
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.979915
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Author-Name: Reza Barmaki
Author-X-Name-First: Reza
Author-X-Name-Last: Barmaki
Title: Rough justice: the international criminal court in a world of power politics
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 50-51
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.977534
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.977534
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rolando Ochoa
Author-X-Name-First: Rolando
Author-X-Name-Last: Ochoa
Title: The politics of crime in Mexico: democratic governance in a security trap
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 51-54
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.977535
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.977535
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maxime Reeves-Latour
Author-X-Name-First: Maxime
Author-X-Name-Last: Reeves-Latour
Title: Anarchy unbound: why self-governance works better than you think
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 54-57
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.977536
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.977536
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kjell Hausken
Author-X-Name-First: Kjell
Author-X-Name-Last: Hausken
Author-Name: Dipak K. Gupta
Author-X-Name-First: Dipak K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta
Title: Government protection against terrorism and crime
Abstract:
A game theoretic model is developed where a government protects against a
terrorist seeking terrorism and criminal objectives. A terrorist can
recruit a benefactor providing funds by remaining ideologically pure, or
may resort to crime. The model accounts for the players’ resources,
unit costs of effort, unit benefit and valuations and contest intensities
for terrorist and crime objectives. We determine and quantify how these
factors and the government impact a terrorist’s terrorism and crime
efforts and relative ideological orientation on a continuum from being
highly ideological to being highly criminal. We also consider how the
terrorist group is impacted by support of benefactor(s), the central
authority’s ability to impose greater sanctions for terrorist
activities compared to criminal actions and the ideological orientation of
the group’s leadership. We discuss insights from the model and
consider a few historical perspectives.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 59-80
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1019612
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1019612
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Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Author-Name: Olga Smirnova
Author-X-Name-First: Olga
Author-X-Name-Last: Smirnova
Author-Name: Yi Ting Chua
Author-X-Name-First: Yi Ting
Author-X-Name-Last: Chua
Author-Name: Heith Copes
Author-X-Name-First: Heith
Author-X-Name-Last: Copes
Title: Examining the risk reduction strategies of actors in online criminal markets
Abstract:
Research examining offender risk reduction strategies within illicit
markets focus primarily on those operating in the real world for drugs and
stolen goods. Few have considered the strategies that may be used by
individuals in virtual illicit markets that are hidden from public view.
This study addresses this gap through a grounded theory analysis of posts
from 10 Russian and three English language web forums selling stolen data
to engage in identity theft and fraud. The findings indicate that buyers
employ multiple strategies to reduce their risk of loss from unreliable
vendors, along with resources provided by forum administrators to manage
relationships between participants. The implications of this study for law
enforcement and offender decision-making research are also discussed.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 81-103
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1013211
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1013211
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:2:p:81-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Morgan Burcher
Author-X-Name-First: Morgan
Author-X-Name-Last: Burcher
Author-Name: Chad Whelan
Author-X-Name-First: Chad
Author-X-Name-Last: Whelan
Title: Social network analysis and small group ‘dark’ networks: an analysis of the London bombers and the problem of ‘fuzzy’ boundaries
Abstract:
Social network analysis (SNA) is believed to be capable of revealing
significant insights into crime and terror groups, including identifying
important individuals and unique approaches to disruption. However, SNA
has a number of theoretical and practical limitations, particularly when
applied to ‘dark’ networks. While most analysts certainly
acknowledge at least some of these limitations, we need to know more about
their potential impact in a crime intelligence context. This article aims
to go some way towards that end by placing greater scrutiny on the problem
of ‘fuzzy boundaries’ when applied to small group networks.
SNA is applied to the groups responsible for the 7 July 2005 London
bombings and the 21 July 2005 attempted London bombings. The article
concludes that while SNA is a valuable tool for understanding crime and
terror groups, the age-old problem of fuzzy boundaries can have a profound
impact on the analysis of small dynamic networks.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 104-122
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1005363
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1005363
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Author-Name: David C. Hofmann
Author-X-Name-First: David C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hofmann
Author-Name: Owen Gallupe
Author-X-Name-First: Owen
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallupe
Title: Leadership protection in drug-trafficking networks
Abstract:
Effective leadership is a crucial component in organisational success.
This also applies to criminal networks that have the added challenge of
operating in a high-risk hostile environment. While criminal networks
commonly employ communicative and structural practices meant to buffer
leadership from exogenous threats, there has been little empirical
examination as to their effectiveness. In this article, we review the
research literature on the various approaches that profit-oriented illicit
networks employ to protect their leaders. We then present sociometric and
qualitative data from a previously unexamined drug-trafficking network
(the Prada cocaine-trafficking network) as a case study on leadership
protection tactics employed by illicit entrepreneurial networks. Results
of our analysis are discussed in the conclusion, along with study
limitations and areas for future research.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 123-138
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1008627
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1008627
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Author-Name: Carina Gunnarson
Author-X-Name-First: Carina
Author-X-Name-Last: Gunnarson
Title: United, yet divided: analysing the cohesion of Addiopizzo’s anti-racketeering campaign in Palermo
Abstract:
This article analyses the cohesion of Addiopizzo’s
anti-racketeering campaign in Palermo, Sicily. By supporting entrepreneurs
who refuse to pay for protection and by encouraging consumers to support
these companies through their consumer power, Addiopizzo has mobilised
about 900 companies and 11,000 citizens. Taking social capital theory as a
point of departure, this article explores the values of trust and norms of
reciprocity among entrepreneurs who joined Addiopizzo’s
anti-racketeering campaign. In addition, it analyses their solidarity with
colleagues who are victims of extortion. Shared values express a stronger
commitment to a movement, reinforce internal solidarity, strengthen the
collective identity and reduce the risk of free riders and dropouts. The
article reveals not only similarities but also important differences
between various groups of joiners. The analysis builds on a unique
data-set consisting of questionnaires collected from 277 entrepreneurs who
joined the campaign between 2005 and 2011.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 139-161
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1013210
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1013210
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Author-Name: James A. Densley
Author-X-Name-First: James A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Densley
Title: The social order of the underworld: how prison gangs govern the American penal system, by David Skarbek, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014, 240 pp., US$99 (hardback), US$27.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0199328505
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 162-165
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.999453
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.999453
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: FikreJesus Amahazion
Author-X-Name-First: FikreJesus
Author-X-Name-Last: Amahazion
Title: Human trafficking: the need for human rights and government effectiveness in enforcing anti-trafficking
Abstract:
Human trafficking constitutes a global problem. Involving exploitation of
individuals through forced labour, sex, or organ removal, trafficking is
an egregious human rights violation and illegal in many countries.
Although laws have arisen to combat trafficking, it has persisted and
inconsistent enforcement of anti-trafficking measures has been a concern.
Using new data on trafficking, the enforcement patterns of 168 countries
from 2001 to 2011 are examined. Findings suggest enforcement is predicted
by the interaction of states’ world culture ties and government
effectiveness, trafficking flows, and other state-level political
mechanisms. Theoretically important factors, such as female legislators or
various economic measures, are insignificant.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 167-196
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1019613
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1019613
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aldrin Abdullah
Author-X-Name-First: Aldrin
Author-X-Name-Last: Abdullah
Author-Name: Massoomeh Hedayati Marzbali
Author-X-Name-First: Massoomeh
Author-X-Name-Last: Hedayati Marzbali
Author-Name: Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad Javad
Author-X-Name-Last: Maghsoodi Tilaki
Author-Name: Azizi Bahauddin
Author-X-Name-First: Azizi
Author-X-Name-Last: Bahauddin
Title: Territorial features, disorder and fear of crime in residential neighbourhoods in Malaysia: testing for multigroup invariance
Abstract:
This research examined the relationships between territoriality, disorder,
crime, perceived risk and fear of crime and determined whether these
relationships are constant between neighbourhoods. Questionnaire surveys
and on-site observations were conducted on a sample of 320 residents from
two neighbourhoods in Malaysia. Tests for invariance were conducted to
determine whether coefficients differed across neighbourhoods.
Confirmatory factor analytic models of the constructs exhibited adequate
fit following multiple criteria within each and across samples. Results
from these analyses suggested that the relationships between disorder and
perceived risk, victimisation, and fear of crime were significant in both
samples. Although high territoriality was associated with low-crime
experiences in the low-crime area, no significant relationship was
observed in the high-crime area. The findings illustrated the importance
of examining territoriality and perceptions of disorder within the
neighbourhood contexts.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 197-218
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1019611
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1019611
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Author-Name: David A. Bright
Author-X-Name-First: David A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bright
Author-Name: Catherine Greenhill
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenhill
Author-Name: Alison Ritter
Author-X-Name-First: Alison
Author-X-Name-Last: Ritter
Author-Name: Carlo Morselli
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli
Title: Networks within networks: using multiple link types to examine network structure and identify key actors in a drug trafficking operation
Abstract:
Understanding criminal networks can aid in the identification of key
players and important relationships within the network. We examined
multiple, directed link types in a criminal network. Eight distinct link
types were identified, each one related to the exchange of a particular
resource (e.g. drugs, money). The analyses focused on the eight link-type
network layers and a merged network representing links across all eight
layers. We were able to determine the link type of around 31% of the
links, and found that nearly 50% of the nodes were involved in more than
one network layer. This suggests that many actors contribute in multiple,
diverse ways to the operation of the network. Actors were found to
specialise in the exchange of particular types of resources, and also to
specialise in the strategic position they occupied in the transfer of
particular resources.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 219-237
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1039164
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1039164
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Author-Name: D.B. Skillicorn
Author-X-Name-First: D.B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Skillicorn
Author-Name: C. Leuprecht
Author-X-Name-First: C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Leuprecht
Author-Name: Y. Stys
Author-X-Name-First: Y.
Author-X-Name-Last: Stys
Author-Name: R. Gobeil
Author-X-Name-First: R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gobeil
Title: Structural differences of violent extremist offenders in correctional settings
Abstract:
The process of radicalisation has received wide attention over the past
decade. As the number of violent extremist offenders grows, the potential
diffusion of radical ideologies inside prisons is gaining attention.
Offender attribute data, both pre-custody and in-custody, routinely
collected by Correctional Service Canada, were explored to determine
whether violent extremist and mainstream offenders differed (that is,
could be clustered); if so, what attributes have values that were
systematically different for the two groups, and did those attributes lend
themselves to predicting other offenders at risk for
radicalisation.Results from the pre-custody attributes show minute
differences between the two groups. The in-custody attributes show
visible, although still weak, differences. Combining the two data sets
provides further evidence for differences, with some interactions between
the two sets of attributes. Definitive answers about radicalisation were
hampered by the small number of radicalised offenders (less than 1
percent) and several major differences in the offender population as a
whole that obscure smaller distinctions. Nevertheless, the analysis
suggests some attributes that may differentiate violent extremist and
mainstream offenders. Although unanticipated, it also demonstrates that
the entire offender population separates well into three clusters, and
allows the qualitative pattern of attribute values that differentiates
them to be determined.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 238-258
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1052224
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1052224
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marinko Bobic
Author-X-Name-First: Marinko
Author-X-Name-Last: Bobic
Title: The unlawful society: global crime and security in a complex world
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 259-261
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1041744
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1041744
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:3:p:259-261
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Denton
Author-X-Name-First:
Author-X-Name-Last: Denton
Title: Global human trafficking: critical issues and contexts
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 261-262
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1052223
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1052223
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:3:p:261-262
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marie Claire Van Hout
Author-X-Name-First: Marie Claire
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Hout
Title: Drugs on the dark net: how cryptomarkets are transforming the global trade in illicit drugs
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 262-264
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1041745
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1041745
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:3:p:262-264
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jennifer S. Wong
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wong
Author-Name: Laura J. Hickman
Author-X-Name-First: Laura J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hickman
Author-Name: Marika Suttorp-Booth
Author-X-Name-First: Marika
Author-X-Name-Last: Suttorp-Booth
Title: Examining recidivism among foreign-born jail inmates: does immigration status make a difference over the long term?
Abstract:
The topic of ‘illegal’ immigration is currently the focus of
intense ideological and policy debate in the United States. A common
assertion is that those without legal immigration status are
disproportionately involved in criminal offending relative to other
foreign-born populations. The current study examines the long-term
recidivism patterns of a group of male removable aliens compared to those
foreign-born with legal authorisation to be present in the Unites States.
The sample includes 1297 foreign-born males released from the Los Angeles
County Jail during a 1-month period in 2002, and the follow-up period
extends through 2011. Using three measures of rearrest and a rigorous
counterfactual modelling approach, we find no statistically significant
differences between the two groups in likelihood, frequency, or timing of
first rearrest over 9 years. The findings do not lend support to arguments
that removable aliens pose a disproportionate risk of repeat involvement
in local criminal justice systems.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 265-287
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1068695
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1068695
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Skarbek
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Skarbek
Author-Name: Peng Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Peng
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Title: Criminal rituals
Abstract:
Why do criminals use rituals? Past work argues that criminal rituals
provide a sense of continuity or certainty in an inherently uncertain
environment. We argue instead that rituals play an important
organisational role. Criminal rituals facilitate internal governance and
promote group activity through three mechanisms: creating common
knowledge, mitigating the costs of asymmetric information, and shaping
identity among group members. Using internal documents and written
constitutions, we apply this framework to understand the internal
governance mechanisms used by the late-nineteenth- and twentieth-century
Chinese-based Green Gang.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 288-305
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1078242
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1078242
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:288-305
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Victor Asal
Author-X-Name-First: Victor
Author-X-Name-Last: Asal
Author-Name: James J.F. Forest
Author-X-Name-First: James J.F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Forest
Author-Name: Brian Nussbaum
Author-X-Name-First: Brian
Author-X-Name-Last: Nussbaum
Title: Why do ethnopolitical organisations turn to crime?
Abstract:
This paper empirically analyses the involvement of ethnopolitical
organisations in criminal behaviour across time in two regions of the
world -- the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Drawing on the data from the
Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior data set, it contributes
important insights to a literature on organisational crime that is
dominated by case studies and small-N analysis, as well as reinvigorating
the study of ethnopolitical organisations as actors in the analysis of
organised crime. Our findings reveal that in both regions groups that
engage in violence of some form were significantly more likely to engage
in many kinds of criminal activity. Our analysis also finds that
ideological orientation has a marginal impact, while economic grievances
and diaspora connections were significant predictors of criminal activity
for groups in the Middle East (but not Eastern Europe). In sum, this
analysis suggests that the decision to engage in criminal activity is
primarily dependent on the organisation’s internal attributes and
external influences.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 306-327
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1081818
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1081818
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:306-327
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos Solar
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Solar
Title: The inter-institutional governance of money laundering: an in-depth look at Chile following re-democratisation
Abstract:
Chile began its re-democratisation process in 1990 with a profound lack of
counter- money laundering standards. Over time, the nascent political
order was compelled to build institutions and generate norms in light of
the security principles promoted by foreign actors. However,
Chile’s reluctance, for instance, to not create a financial
intelligence unit (FIU) until 2003, put the country in a particular stance
for assessing criminal proceedings. This article reviews the construction
of Chile’s governance of money laundering and focuses specifically
on the role played by the Unidad de Análisis
Financiero (UAF, Chile’s FIU) in maximising
inter-institutional governing relations. The paper reviews three periods
of time: the institutionalisation era (1990--2002), the UAF’s
formative years (2003--2008) and the policy-building phase (2009--2014).
The research concludes by exploring how Chile’s case adds to our
qualitative knowledge on democratic network governance.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 328-350
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1078241
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1078241
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:328-350
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Colin Atkinson
Author-X-Name-First: Colin
Author-X-Name-Last: Atkinson
Title: Youth street gangs: a critical appraisal, by David C. Brotherton, New York, NY, Routledge Press, 2015, 228 pp., US$44.95 (paperback), ISBN 9780415856294
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 351-354
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1067390
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1067390
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:351-354
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peng Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Peng
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Title: Urban legends: gang identity in the post-industrial city, by Alistair Fraser, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, 270 pp., £65 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-872861-0
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 354-356
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1068696
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1068696
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:354-356
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francis Pakes
Author-X-Name-First: Francis
Author-X-Name-Last: Pakes
Title: Globalisation criminal law and criminal justice: theoretical, comparative and transnational perspectives. Edited by: Valsamis Mitsilegas, Peter Alldridge, Leonidas Cheliotis. Hart Publishing, 2015.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 356-358
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1055933
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1055933
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:356-358
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giacomo Di Gennaro
Author-X-Name-First: Giacomo
Author-X-Name-Last: Di Gennaro
Author-Name: Antonio La Spina
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: La Spina
Title: The costs of illegality: a research programme
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-20
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1128621
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1128621
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giacomo Di Gennaro
Author-X-Name-First: Giacomo
Author-X-Name-Last: Di Gennaro
Title: Racketeering in Campania: how clans have adapted and how the extortion phenomenon is perceived
Abstract:
Institutional studies on the Camorra and its illegal
activities are much more limited in comparison to the Sicilian Mafia. The
study of its various aspects remains marginal, even though, through the
first decade after the unification of Italy, the Neapolitan
Camorra, as a form of organised crime and its associates, and not
the Sicilian Mafia, raised initial concerns from the emerging national
State. Illegal activities of the Camorra are developed on the illegal and
legal market. This paper analyses the phenomenon of racketeering because
it is not possible to understand the historical transformation of the
essential traits of racketeering or the persistence of it if the birth,
transformation and development of the Camorra are not reconstructed.
Extortion is to the Camorra what territory is to the Mafia.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 21-47
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1114821
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1114821
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:21-47
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni Frazzica
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni
Author-X-Name-Last: Frazzica
Author-Name: Maurizio Lisciandra
Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio
Author-X-Name-Last: Lisciandra
Author-Name: Valentina Punzo
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina
Author-X-Name-Last: Punzo
Author-Name: Attilio Scaglione
Author-X-Name-First: Attilio
Author-X-Name-Last: Scaglione
Title: The Camorra and protection rackets: the cost to business
Abstract:
Based on the observations from the judicial and investigative evidence
provided by prosecutors in Camorra areas in Italy, this investigation
provides an estimate of the economic impact of extortion racket to
businesses. In particular, the estimates refer to the total and average
withdrawal of monetary amounts from the businesses victimised by Camorra
clans. Further insights are provided in terms of economic activities
mostly victimised, and specifically the construction sector, which is
subject to a different type of extortion racket.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 48-59
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1129815
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1129815
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:48-59
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Attilio Scaglione
Author-X-Name-First: Attilio
Author-X-Name-Last: Scaglione
Title: Cosa Nostra and Camorra: illegal activities and organisational structures
Abstract:
This article intends to develop an introductory reflection concerning the
most recent trends of two of the major Italian mafia organisations: the
Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Campanian Camorra. Following a comparative
perspective, the analysis will focus the attention on changes that have
occurred in recent years both at the level of illegal activities and at
the level of organisational structures. After the bombs of the nineties,
Cosa Nostra has moved towards a flexible and less centralised
organisation, investing dirty money in the legal economic sector, to
reduce its exposure to law enforcement investigations. At the same time,
the Camorra clans have considerably widened their range of activity both
at a local and international level.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 60-78
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1114919
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1114919
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:60-78
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni Frazzica
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni
Author-X-Name-Last: Frazzica
Title: Proposal for a computer-assisted analysis of lawful interceptions of communication
Abstract:
This paper presents the potential for the analysis of texts when applied
to interceptions carried out with the help of next-generation software. In
order to do this, after a brief explanation of some of the main
procedures, the article presents the results of an investigation into text
data extracted from wiretapping and in-person conversations found in
judicial documents. The amount of data, obtained through wiretapping and
the use of bugs, has made it possible to gather important information
about the dynamics that characterise how criminal organisations work. The
use of wiretaps and bugs are, therefore, vital tools without which it
would undoubtedly not have been possible to achieve the results now
apparent to everyone. Thanks to a careful analysis, it has been possible
to reconstruct the kind of relationships between the members of organised
crime, highlighting the roles they hold and the strategies used for
territorial control.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 79-98
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1114920
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1114920
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2015:i:1:p:79-98
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Antonio Balsamo
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Balsamo
Title: The delocalisation of mafia organisations and the construction of a European law against organised crime
Abstract:
This article suggests how to interpret the changing reality of the Italian
mafia associations, which are tending to add a transnational economic
dimension to their original territorial-ethnic matrix, and describes the
cultural backgrounds behind the different approaches of Italian courts to
the delocalisation of criminal groups. After highlighting the evolution of
the Italian system of patrimonial prevention measures against organised
crime from a comparative viewpoint, the article reviews the positive and
negative features of the new Anti-Mafia Code and of the European directive
on confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime, indicating
finally some guidelines for a future European anti-mafia legislation.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 99-121
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1129809
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1129809
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:99-121
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Sheptycki
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Sheptycki
Title: Gun crime in global contexts
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 122-123
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1113661
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1113661
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:122-123
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu
Title: Policing cybercrime and cyberterror
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 123-125
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1113659
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1113659
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:123-125
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mike Salinas-Edwards
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Salinas-Edwards
Title: Code of the suburb: inside the world of young middle-class drug dealers
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 126-128
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1113660
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1113660
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:126-128
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benoît Dupont
Author-X-Name-First: Benoît
Author-X-Name-Last: Dupont
Author-Name: Anne-Marie Côté
Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Marie
Author-X-Name-Last: Côté
Author-Name: Claire Savine
Author-X-Name-First: Claire
Author-X-Name-Last: Savine
Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu
Title: The ecology of trust among hackers
Abstract:
Malicious hackers profit from the division of labour among highly skilled
associates. However, duplicity and betrayal form an intrinsic part of
their daily operations. This article examines how a community of hackers
uses an automated reputation system to enhance trust among its members. We
analyse 449,478 feedbacks collected over 27 months that rate the
trustworthiness of 29,985 individuals belonging to the largest computer
hacking forum. Only a tiny fraction of the forum membership (2.4%)
participates in the vast majority (75%) of ‘trust
exchanges’, limiting its utility. We observe a reporting bias where
the propensity to report positive outcomes is 2.81 times greater among
beginner hackers than among forum administrators. Reputation systems do
not protect against trust decay caused here by the rapid expansion of the
community. Finally, a qualitative analysis of 25,000 randomly selected
feedbacks indicates that a diverse set of behaviours, skills and attitudes
trigger assessments of trustworthiness.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 129-151
Issue: 2
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1157480
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1157480
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:129-151
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Victoria A. Greenfield
Author-X-Name-First: Victoria A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenfield
Author-Name: Letizia Paoli
Author-X-Name-First: Letizia
Author-X-Name-Last: Paoli
Author-Name: Andries Zoutendijk
Author-X-Name-First: Andries
Author-X-Name-Last: Zoutendijk
Title: The harms of human trafficking: demonstrating the applicability and value of a new framework for systematic, empirical analysis
Abstract:
This article uses human trafficking in Belgium to test a newly developed
framework for assessing the harms of crime that has been applied
previously to cocaine trafficking in the same country. We chose this
criminal activity because of its policy relevance and to address apparent
needs for systematic, evidence-based analysis. The framework uses
quantitative and qualitative evidence to assess harms to individuals,
private-sector entities, and others and to establish crime control
priorities. The assessment process models the activity, evaluates the
severity and incidence of harms, ranks priorities, and considers
causality. We highlight three findings. First, trafficking victims can
experience catastrophic harms, but the overall dimensions of human
trafficking in Belgium appear to be modest. Second, the evidence suggests
significant recent declines in the degree of exploitation and use of
violence. Third, most harms to individual victims result directly from the
activity, which sets it apart from other forms of trafficking.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 152-180
Issue: 2
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1161037
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1161037
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:152-180
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gohar A. Petrossian
Author-X-Name-First: Gohar A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Petrossian
Author-Name: Stephen F. Pires
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pires
Author-Name: Daan P. van Uhm
Author-X-Name-First: Daan P.
Author-X-Name-Last: van Uhm
Title: An overview of seized illegal wildlife entering the United States
Abstract:
The current study analyses seizures made at US ports of entry between 2003
and 2013, with the aim to identify concentrations of illegal wildlife
imports into the United States. Findings show that 94% of species seized
belong to six groups -- mammals, molluscs, birds, reptiles, fish and coral
-- with mammals and reptiles making up more than half of all seizure
incidents. Additionally, most seized wildlife is imported as leather
products, medicinal products and as meat. The majority of seizures emanate
from six countries, and illegal wildlife is primarily brought to the US
via airline baggage. Temporal trends of wildlife seizures point to
increases in the seizures of all groups of species, with the exception of
birds. Based on these findings, we recommend using situational crime
prevention techniques at US ports of entry to reduce opportunities that
enable this trade.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 181-201
Issue: 2
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1152548
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1152548
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:181-201
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hollianne Marshall
Author-X-Name-First: Hollianne
Author-X-Name-Last: Marshall
Author-Name: Robert M. Lombardo
Author-X-Name-First: Robert M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lombardo
Title: Public reputation and organised crime: explicating the relationship between racket subcultures and informal social control
Abstract:
This paper examines the influence of traditional organised crime on
informal social control in community areas that once had a presence of
organised crime while controlling for neighbourhood attachment,
satisfaction with the police, social and organisational ties, and
tolerance of deviance. The data comes from the Community Survey of the
Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. The comparative
quantitative method was used to analyse the data. The findings indicate
that neighbourhoods with an historic reputation for organised crime can
report higher levels of informal social control when compared to current
racket areas in the city of Chicago. These findings have important
implications for the study of deviance. Not only do they suggest that
criminals can play an important role in controlling street crime, the
findings also suggest that this public reputation remains long after
organised crime activities have ceased in the area.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 202-220
Issue: 2
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1146136
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1146136
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:202-220
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Marks
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Marks
Title: Policing the waterfront: networks, partnerships, and the governance of port security
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 221-224
Issue: 2
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1148314
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1148314
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:221-224
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giulia Berlusconi
Author-X-Name-First: Giulia
Author-X-Name-Last: Berlusconi
Title: The mafia: a cultural history
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 224-226
Issue: 2
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1160829
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1160829
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:224-226
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Bevir
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Bevir
Title: Decentring security governance
Abstract:
A new security governance has spread in domestic and international areas
of policing. Security is increasingly associated with community and
capacity building. There is a consensus that the way to build communities
is through networks. Yet, the new security governance varies widely in
ways that reflect the traditions through which civil servants, street
level bureaucrats, voluntary sector actors, and citizens interpret and
resist networked security. Security governance is thus a set of diverse
practices emerging from contests over meanings, including the social
scientific theories that inspired the turn to networks and the local
traditions through which policy actors have encountered, interpreted, and
evaluated the policies these theories have inspired.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 227-239
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1197509
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1197509
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:227-239
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Edwards
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards
Title: Multi-centred governance and circuits of power in liberal modes of security
Abstract:
Multi-centred governance is epitomised in current struggles to better
‘secure’ liberal democracies as nation state actors are
obliged to act ‘in partnership’ with corporate and
non-governmental organisations whilst confronting illicit actors with
enhanced digital capacities to circumvent and organisationally outflank
both state and corporate powers. Examples of such social technologies,
particularly Disruptive Digital Technologies (DDTs), include the use of
social media communications for challenging elite constructions of social
problems, networked distributed manufacturing technologies for the
‘weaponisation’ of civil society and the use of unmanned
airborne vehicles (UAV’s) or ‘drones’ for
surveillance and counter-surveillance. The paper draws upon research into
transnational organised crime and urban security in Europe to illustrate
the circuits of power that constitute liberal modes of security through
causal relations of power-dependence, dispositions that fix or re-fix the
meaning and membership categories of security and technologies of
production and discipline that can facilitate the disruption or
reproduction of these causes and dispositions.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 240-263
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1179629
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179629
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:240-263
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Chandler
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandler
Title: New narratives of international security governance: the shift from global interventionism to global self-policing
Abstract:
This article examines the transformation in the narratives of the
international governance of security over the past two decades. It
suggests that there has been a major shift from governing interventions
designed to address the causes of security problems to the regulation of
the effects of these problems. In re-articulating the goals of
international actors, the means and mechanisms of security governance have
also changed, no longer focused on the universal application of Western
knowledge and resources but rather on the unique local and organic
processes at work in societies that bear the brunt of these problems. This
transformation takes the conceptualisation of security governance out of
the traditional terminological lexicon of security expertise and universal
solutions and instead articulates the problematic of security and the
policing of global risks in terms of local management processes,
suggesting that decentralised coping strategies and self-policing are more
effective and sustainable solutions.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 264-280
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1112794
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1112794
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:264-280
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rita Abrahamsen
Author-X-Name-First: Rita
Author-X-Name-Last: Abrahamsen
Title: Exporting decentred security governance: the tensions of security sector reform
Abstract:
Security Sector Reform (SSR) has become the developed world’s
preferred approach to transforming security governance in poor and fragile
countries and a key instrument in the state builder’s toolkit. This
article approaches SSR as a social technology informed by international
‘best practice’ and models of governance that seek to build
secure communities in so-called fragile states while simultaneously
securing the developed world from the perceived risks posed by these
states. It shows how recent efforts to export security governance reflect
the impact of modernist social science on development policy and how the
ascendancy of networked policy models has inspired reforms to endorse
non-state security actors and build security partnerships between state
and non-state actors in fragile states. These approaches are however
fraught with tensions, in large part because the non-state -- especially
after the events of 11 September 2001 -- remains associated with state
failure and danger. Thus, much as SSR has by necessity come to acknowledge
the multiplicity of security providers in fragile states, current
initiatives nevertheless seek to position the state at the hub of a
network of security providers. In so doing, SSR fails to recognise the
‘statelessness of the state’ and the manner in which
governance, order and security are produced and assembled in interaction
and competition between multiple actors and institutions.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 281-295
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1197507
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1197507
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:281-295
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David J Betz
Author-X-Name-First: David J
Author-X-Name-Last: Betz
Title: Webs, walls, and wars
Abstract:
Walls, physical barriers for channelling, slowing, or (more rarely)
preventing, network flows are an increasingly prevalent social technology
in our seemingly ever more connected world. They are employed by a wide
range of actors, both state and non-state, as a means of bolstering
resilience against a similarly wide range of perceived threats. With few
exceptions, the literature decries this development, seeing it as
manifestation of xenophobia, anti-urbanism, and generally being inimical
to the existence of a just and peaceful world order. By contrast, this
paper contends using historical examples combined with insights from
cybernetics and natural sciences that walls are no more intrinsically bad
than unfettered flows are intrinsically good. A peaceful and prosperous
world order, one which is neither a stagnant securocracy nor a perennially
unstable chaoplex, depends upon a balance between the two.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 296-313
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1179631
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179631
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:296-313
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ian Loader
Author-X-Name-First: Ian
Author-X-Name-Last: Loader
Author-Name: Richard Sparks
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Sparks
Title: Ideologies and crime: political ideas and the dynamics of crime control
Abstract:
This article assembles some theoretical resources for a project that
investigates the ways in which thinking about politics has since the 1970s
been bound up with thinking and action around crime. Such investigation is
hampered by a dominant (neoliberal) narrative of governance that tends to
reduce crime policy to a ‘contest’ between tactics and
technique. In contrast, we establish a political framework for theorising
crime and its control. This framework calls for close interpretive
analysis of the ways in which disputes about the crime question are always
in part contests between different political ideologies and the meaning
and significance of their defining concepts. By revisiting penal
developments of recent several decades with these questions in mind, one
can get closer to the heart of what is at stake when crime is being
discussed and acquire a better sense of why crime and its control are
legitimately the subject of politics.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 314-330
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1169926
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1169926
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:314-330
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne Holohan
Author-X-Name-First: Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Holohan
Title: Peacebuilding and SSR in Kosovo: an Interactionist perspective
Abstract:
The United Nations (UN) mission in Kosovo was one of the first instances
of an international mission that combined governance, peacebuilding and
Security Sector Reform. It was unprecedented in its complexity --
comprising militaries, police, international governmental organisations,
nongovernmental organisations -- all of whom had to coordinate together in
order to reach the democratisation, reconstruction and peacebuilding goals
of the mission. The literature on such missions has been primarily
top-down, theoretical analysis. There is a dearth of research on the
interaction between the external organisations, both at the central level
and at the municipal level, and between the external organisations and the
local populations. Using previously unpublished interview and participant
observation data, it shows how interaction between the external
organisations in Kosovo, and between them and the local populations, was a
dynamic process. It sheds light on the positions and possibilities of the
various actors in a situation that demanded coordination and cooperation
in the face of security and peacebuilding challenges.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 331-351
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1197508
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1197508
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:331-351
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Louise Westmarland
Author-X-Name-First: Louise
Author-X-Name-Last: Westmarland
Title: Governance of policing and cultural codes: interpreting and responding to policy directives
Abstract:
In terms of governance, British policing seems to arise from a history of
local traditions influenced more recently by centralist managerial
demands. A creeping process of privatisation has led social scientists to
argue that patterns of governance in British policing are changing in
several directions. This has included the way police officers not only are
challenged, but also challenge these changing modes of governance in terms
of ethical codes of behaviour. There is evidence that police officers, as
meaningful actors, have made attempts to diverge from these strictures and
have forged their own ways, via their cultural knowledge and practices, to
‘do policing’, rather than relying upon codes of practice or
rules and regulations.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 352-369
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 17
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1179630
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179630
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:352-369
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Title: Identifying gaps in the research literature on illicit markets on-line
Abstract:
As access to technology and the Internet expanded dramatically over the
last three decades, so too have opportunities for criminality. Researchers
have begun to consider how the Internet enables the formation of illicit
markets operating via various communications media in order to sell
personal information, hacking tools, and other resources. Many of these
studies provide basic information on the operations of on-line illicit
markets. There is, however, a need for further research in order to
improve the state of the literature and identify key questions to expand
our knowledge of the practices of market actors and the social dynamics
that facilitate their activities. This article introduces these concepts
and outlines the state of the literature generally.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-10
Issue: 1
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1235821
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1235821
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:1-10
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alice Hutchings
Author-X-Name-First: Alice
Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchings
Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Title: The online stolen data market: disruption and intervention approaches
Abstract:
This article brings a new taxonomy and collation of intervention and
disruption methods that can be applied to the online stolen data market.
These online marketplaces are used to buy and sell identity and financial
information, as well as the products and services that enable this
economy. This article combines research findings from computer science
with criminology to provide a multidisciplinary approach to crimes
committed with the use of technology.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 11-30
Issue: 1
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1197123
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1197123
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:11-30
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yuliya G. Zabyelina
Author-X-Name-First: Yuliya G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Zabyelina
Title: Can criminals create opportunities for crime? Malvertising and illegal online medicine trade
Abstract:
Opportunity theories suggest that the occurrence of an offence depends on
the presence of a motivated offender and a specific condition in the
environment that presents an opportunity for crime. While offenders may be
able to choose among crime opportunities, the question is whether they can
create new crime opportunities. Based on a qualitative analysis of court
cases, investigative reports and the news media, this article examines the
genesis of crime opportunities by looking into the malicious online
advertising (malvertising) of substandard, spurious, falsely labelled,
falsified and counterfeit (SSFFC) medical products. While further research
on this topic is needed, the findings of the article help to understand
the importance of unsavoury advertising as a tool that perpetrators use to
manipulate consumer demand and proactively create (or expand) criminal
markets.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 31-48
Issue: 1
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1197124
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1197124
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:31-48
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mitch Macdonald
Author-X-Name-First: Mitch
Author-X-Name-Last: Macdonald
Author-Name: Richard Frank
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Frank
Title: The network structure of malware development, deployment and distribution
Abstract:
The Internet is a global infrastructure, connecting individuals,
regardless of their proximity to one another. But, the ability to connect
on such a large scale has also been leveraged to coordinate illicit
activities. This has led to the emergence of online illicit networks that
have enabled broader participation in cybercrime. Online stolen data
markets have been of particular interest to researchers, though the
networks involved in the development, deployment and distribution of
malicious software are far less explored, despite being intricately tied
to the growing issue of cyber security. The current study identifies
community structures within a larger network of hackers, malware writers
and market actors and examines the underlying characteristics of these
networks. Results suggest that the network is composed of modular
communities formed largely of weak, non-redundant ties that follow the
ubiquitous structure of complex networks. Implications, limitations and
directions for future research conclude this paper.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 49-69
Issue: 1
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1227707
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1227707
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nigel South
Author-X-Name-First: Nigel
Author-X-Name-Last: South
Title: Blood oil: tyrants, violence and the rules that run the world
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 70-73
Issue: 1
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1212482
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1212482
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:70-73
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vincenzo Scalia
Author-X-Name-First: Vincenzo
Author-X-Name-Last: Scalia
Title: Mafia and antimafia: a brief history
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 73-75
Issue: 1
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1235820
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1235820
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:73-75
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Reuter
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Reuter
Author-Name: Davin O’Regan
Author-X-Name-First: Davin
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Regan
Title: Smuggling wildlife in the Americas: scale, methods, and links to other organised crimes
Abstract:
International wildlife trafficking has garnered increased attention in recent years with a focus on the illicit trade in ivory, rhinos, and other animals from Africa and Asia. Less is known about trafficking in the Americas. By conducting a systematic review of academic literature, popular accounts, and government reports, this case study attempts to identify the scope and methods of wildlife trafficking in the Americas and its connections to organised crime. Unlike arms or drug smuggling, individual operators with minimal connections to other criminal activities dominate the trade. Most perpetrators work independently and have expertise and interests in legitimate businesses involving animal products. Methods of concealment are frequently rudimentary and little appears to be known about primary trafficking routes. Overall, wildlife smuggling in the Western Hemisphere appears to be a small-scale activity, small in its aggregate amounts, and strongly linked to legitimate businesses operating in a low risk and technologically narrow environment.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 77-99
Issue: 2
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1179633
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179633
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:77-99
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura H. Atuesta
Author-X-Name-First: Laura H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Atuesta
Title: Narcomessages as a way to analyse the evolution of organised crime in Mexico
Abstract:
Drug-related homicides in Mexico have increased to levels never before seen and organised crime has evolved accordingly, becoming more fragmented and diverse. This work analyses the evolution of organised crime and drug-related violence in Mexico by examining how drug trafficking organisations (DTOs) communicate through the messages left next to executed bodies from 2007 to 2011. Results suggest that the use of narcomessages has changed and developed in parallel with the evolution of organised crime. In the beginning, DTOs used their victims merely to position themselves. Over time, as the organisations became stronger, they began to direct and sign their narcomessages. By 2009, rivalries were firmly entrenched between several criminal groups, even while the increasing violence led to the creation of new groups with the stated purpose of defending citizens. The evolution of organised crime is observed by the fragmentation of existing groups, the consolidation of new alliances, and the creation of new groups.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 100-121
Issue: 2
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1248556
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1248556
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:100-121
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Siddharth Chandra
Author-X-Name-First: Siddharth
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandra
Author-Name: Yan-Liang Yu
Author-X-Name-First: Yan-Liang
Author-X-Name-Last: Yu
Author-Name: Vinay Bihani
Author-X-Name-First: Vinay
Author-X-Name-Last: Bihani
Title: How MDMA flows across the USA: evidence from price data
Abstract:
This study uses wholesale prices of MDMA for 59 cities in the USA published by the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) over the period of 2002–2011 to identify trafficking patterns of MDMA. Price differentials and correlations between pairs of cities are used to infer the presence of a link and the direction of flow of MDMA. The presence of inward and outward links is used to categorise each city as a ‘source’, ‘destination’, ‘transit’, or ‘weakly integrated’ city. The analysis identified low prices close to the Canadian and Mexican borders, in a number of cities such as Chicago, Miami, New York City, a trio of cities in the Carolinas, and along the West Coast. A number of these cities are linked to large numbers of other cities, indicating hub- or source-like status. The findings generate insights into the status of major US cities in the MDMA trafficking network.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 122-139
Issue: 2
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1179632
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179632
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:122-139
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Kemp
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Kemp
Title: In search of solace and finding servitude: human trafficking and the human trafficking vulnerability of African asylum seekers in Malta
Abstract:
This article presents the findings of a 12-month ethnographic study of the development of human trafficking vulnerability among African irregular migrants in Malta. It illustrates the role that European migration and asylum policies have played when fostering the development of trafficking vulnerabilities amongst asylum seekers following their arrival through the gates of Fortress Europe. It critically evaluates the discourse and discursive frameworks that have held dominion over the way in which academics and policy-makers have understood human trafficking practices, drawing attention to forms of human trafficking exploitation that are underrepresented within both trafficking literature and empirical studies.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 140-157
Issue: 2
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1227708
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1227708
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:140-157
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Becky Nash
Author-X-Name-First: Becky
Author-X-Name-Last: Nash
Title: Dawn I. Rothe and David Kauzlarich,
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 158-160
Issue: 2
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1281582
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1281582
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:158-160
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elena Sciandra
Author-X-Name-First: Elena
Author-X-Name-Last: Sciandra
Title: Klaus von Lampe,
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 161-164
Issue: 2
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1242971
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1242971
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:161-164
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sergio Marco Gemperle
Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Gemperle
Title: Improving state legitimacy? The role of anti-corruption agencies in fragile and conflict-affected states
Abstract:
Anti-corruption reforms in fragile and conflict-affected states are considered as a policy imperative by international actors engaged in statebuilding. The establishment of anti-corruption agencies is often the preferred implementation strategy. The main rationale is that anti-corruption agencies demonstrate a government’s commitment to fight corruption, and should thus improve state legitimacy within a context of weak governance. In practice, several intervening factors condition the legitimacy effect of anti-corruption agencies, including the types and systems of corruption prevalent in a specific context, the perceptions of corruption towards specific parts of government, and how citizens attribute the successes or failures of these agencies to the state. More broadly, these intervening factors also challenge the predominant assumption of a positive linear relationship between anti-corruption reforms, increased state legitimacy, and greater stability in fragile and conflict-affected states.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 22-41
Issue: 1
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1411806
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1411806
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:1:p:22-41
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Masarah Paquet-Clouston
Author-X-Name-First: Masarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Paquet-Clouston
Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu
Author-Name: Olivier Bilodeau
Author-X-Name-First: Olivier
Author-X-Name-Last: Bilodeau
Title: Cybercrime is whose responsibility? A case study of an online behaviour system in crime
Abstract:
Drawing on Sutherland’s theory of behaviour systems in crime, this study investigates social media fraud (SMF) facilitated by botnets to understand the onset and maturation of this new online offending behaviour. We find legitimate actors in the system – Internet of Things manufacturers, online social networks, hosting companies and law enforcement agencies – share a way of life that prioritises private gains and avoids implicit responsibility for security. They arrive at a Nash equilibrium that provides a weak and disorganised social response to crime. SMF providers, on the other hand, are cleverly organised and exploit weaknesses in security, adapting to change and developing working relationship with those who benefit from their activities and share their lenient behaviour towards fraudulent activities. We conclude that the rise in cybercrime is a result of the behaviours of all actors in the system, not just those who offend.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-21
Issue: 1
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1411807
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1411807
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:1:p:1-21
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Aniello
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Aniello
Author-Name: Stefano Caneppele
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano
Author-X-Name-Last: Caneppele
Title: Selling stolen goods on the online markets: an explorative study
Abstract:
Historically, criminologists studied theft from different perspectives, but only a few focused their attention on the reselling of stolen items. The advent of the Internet has boosted stolen good markets by facilitating interactions between vendors (thieves and receivers) and buyers. This study, based on 227 cases reported by news sites in 2015 and 2016, focuses on the markets and methods used to sell stolen goods online. The results suggest that the online selling methods are quite independent from existing offline methods. The findings innovate with respect to the typology provided by Sutton. The online markets for stolen goods are rather a new environment where perpetrators may choose among several methods of disposal. The results reflect a preference for resale through classified ads sites (44.24%), auction sale sites (28.11%) and social media (19.35%). In the light of this study, more research is needed to understand online stolen goods markets and their mechanisms.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 42-62
Issue: 1
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1418333
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1418333
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:1:p:42-62
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valentin Pereda
Author-X-Name-First: Valentin
Author-X-Name-Last: Pereda
Title: Burning bridges: why don’t organised crime groups pull back from violent conflicts?
Abstract:
Dominant theories of organised crime assume that criminal organisations which operate in extremely violent markets do so because they consider it financially cost-effective. This article contends that by using increasingly violent actions intended to deter competitors and government forces, criminal organisations sometimes eliminate their exit option, making the penalties for withdrawal to a less violent strategy significantly worse than those of continued violence. Based on a systematic examination of footage of public statements by 18 former associates of two Mexican organised crime groups (OCGs), La Familia Michoacana (LFM) and its offshoot Los Caballeros Templarios (LCT), this article argues that through gradual increases in their use of violence, these groups reached a ‘point of no return’. After reaching this point, desisting from further violence escalation became more hazardous than pursuing a violent path, even when the latter did not align with the organisations’ business interests.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 63-84
Issue: 1
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1423800
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1423800
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:1:p:63-84
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anthony Amicelle
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony
Author-X-Name-Last: Amicelle
Author-Name: Karine Côté-Boucher
Author-X-Name-First: Karine
Author-X-Name-Last: Côté-Boucher
Author-Name: Benoît Dupont
Author-X-Name-First: Benoît
Author-X-Name-Last: Dupont
Author-Name: Massimiliano Mulone
Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano
Author-X-Name-Last: Mulone
Author-Name: Clifford Shearing
Author-X-Name-First: Clifford
Author-X-Name-Last: Shearing
Author-Name: Samuel Tanner
Author-X-Name-First: Samuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Tanner
Title: Criminology in the face of flows: reflections on contemporary policing and security
Abstract:
Much has been written about the governance of crime – indeed, this is the thread that has unified criminology. Yet, property crimes and attacks against individuals – traditionally at the core of the discipline – are plummeting in many societies. Meanwhile, harms and harm management emerge outside the narrowness of criminal justice definitions. Despite this, little criminological attention has been paid to the fact that the security of flows increasingly embodies concerns that are at the heart of contemporary policing practices. This introduction to this special issue takes stock of these changes and argues that to stay current and relevant, criminology must pay closer attention to these changing landscapes of harms and policing.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 165-175
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1350427
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1350427
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:165-175
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chad Whelan
Author-X-Name-First: Chad
Author-X-Name-Last: Whelan
Author-Name: Adam Molnar
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Molnar
Title: Managing flows during mega-events: taking account of internal and external flows in public order policing operations
Abstract:
The article examines the configurations and organisational dynamics of policing mega-events through the metaphor of ‘flows’. Using the Brisbane 2014 Group of 20 Summit (G20) as an explorative case study, we suggest that the metaphor of flows may not only hold value with regard to understanding how objects of policing are rendered visible and manageable, but also how it might enable us to take stock of internal flows of data, information and intelligence within public order policing operations. We examine how police pursued their goal of containing and controlling protest flows as well as managing rapid intra- and inter-organisational flows. In particular, we examine how police and security actors designed what we call ‘flow-based’ architectures and the underlying organisational and situational contingencies shaping how these structures and systems form and function. The article concludes by calling for greater attention on internal dynamics of policing operations which, we argue, can potentially be advanced by drawing on the metaphor of flows.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 176-197
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1328027
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1328027
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:176-197
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Annette Hübschle
Author-X-Name-First: Annette
Author-X-Name-Last: Hübschle
Title: Fluid interfaces between flows of rhino horn
Abstract:
In spite of the regulation, financial assistance and securitisation of responses to rhino poaching, rhino deaths have escalated over the past decade. This article discusses why efforts to disrupt illegal flows of rhino horn have been unsuccessful by honing in on structural and functional aspects of the broader rhino horn economy. Existing scholarly literature tends to focus on the legal–illegal binary in markets. The focus of this article is on grey flows in wildlife markets through an examination of rhino horn laundering and illegal hunting in the wildlife industry. Fluid interfaces of legal, grey and illegal flows have led to the creation of hybrid and highly adaptable flows. It is also argued that the international regulatory framework is not geared towards effective transnational enforcement and lacks social legitimacy amongst key actors. The article draws on research findings from a multi-sited ethnography, during which the researcher followed rhino horn from the source to the market.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 198-217
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1345680
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1345680
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:198-217
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saskia Hufnagel
Author-X-Name-First: Saskia
Author-X-Name-Last: Hufnagel
Title: Regulation of cross-border law enforcement: ‘locks’ and ‘dams’ to regional and international flows of policing
Abstract:
Trans-jurisdictional policing can eventuate within a number of different environments: in federal states comprising different jurisdictions, in bilateral and multilateral settings and in regional contexts, for example, in the European Union (EU). Inter-jurisdictional flows of policing can be impeded by, for example, legal differences, lack of trust, lack of cooperative leadership, lack of knowledge about the other jurisdiction, etc. This article aims at exploring the facilitators of flows of policing by looking at two different systems and the obstacles within, as well as the interaction between them. The systems chosen are Greater China and the EU as they both comprise a number of different jurisdictions and are very distinct with regard to political, cultural and legal variables. It will be explored whether and how flows of policing are encouraged by legislation within and between the systems as well as what factors might determine the conclusion of a particular legal framework for cooperation.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 218-236
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1345681
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1345681
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:218-236
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carrie Sanders
Author-X-Name-First: Carrie
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanders
Author-Name: Camie Condon
Author-X-Name-First: Camie
Author-X-Name-Last: Condon
Title: Crime analysis and cognitive effects: the practice of policing flows of data
Abstract:
Crime analysis is the systematic analysis of crime for identifying and predicting risks and efficiently directing police resources. Adopting a social construction of technology framework, we explore the work of crime analysts to understand how they police through flows of data and how their work informs policing practices on the ground. Specifically we look at: (1) the organisational and cultural integration of crime analysis in Canada, (2) the technological support of analytic practices, and (3) the incorporation of crime analysis for policing practices. From this analysis, we argue that organisational understandings of crime analysis combined with the analytic platforms utilised have forced crime analysts to work within traditional police performance initiatives that both respond to and reinforce reactive policing practice. Crime analysis and the practice of policing through flows of data have changed the symbolic nature of policing while reaffirming traditional ways of knowing and policing.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 237-255
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1323637
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1323637
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:237-255
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Julien Jeandesboz
Author-X-Name-First: Julien
Author-X-Name-Last: Jeandesboz
Title: European border policing: EUROSUR, knowledge, calculation
Abstract:
The article asks how we can make sense of the central role attributed to technology in border policing today and relates discussions of ‘techno-’ or ‘technology-driven’ (border) policing to the issue of knowledge. It examines EUROSUR, a set of measures for placing the external borders of the European Union under, ‘real-time’ surveillance. It argues that current understandings of knowledge in the border policing literature require conceptual specification to make otherwise unnoticed aspects of border policing amenable to empirical inquiry. To this end, the article foregrounds the notion of centres of calculation as a way to refine inquiries into policing as ‘knowledge work’. It examines knowledge arrangements related to European border policing, showing how the understanding that border policing is concerned with and operates through flows is contingently and progressively built through processes of stabilisation, mobilisation and extension of social and material networks of actors, institutions and devices.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 256-285
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1347043
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1347043
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:256-285
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Sheptycki
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Sheptycki
Title: Liquid modernity and the police ; thinking about information flows in police organisation
Abstract:
This paper focuses attention on the police métier in order to understand the internal organisation of the typical multifunctional urban police service in the UK, Europe and North America. It shows how the modern police organisation has been fundamentally imagined, even if often only at a subconscious level, as the embodiment of machine-like political-legal rationality. The paper observes how ‘liquid modernity’ has affected machine-thinking in police organisation. Understanding what is going on inside ‘the police’ is crucial to making sense of how they configure in broader networks of security governance
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 286-302
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1313734
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1313734
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:286-302
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Didier Bigo
Author-X-Name-First: Didier
Author-X-Name-Last: Bigo
Title: International flows, political order and social change: (in)security, by-product of the will of order over change
Abstract:
International flows have been the focus of many research questions. Every school of thought on international relations covers them. However, the importance attributed to international flows concerning the international as an order, system, specific location and its changes is, in itself, subject to variation. One must be familiar with these positions to have a relevant understanding of how contemporary thought is organised with regard to forms of surveillance and the control of flows of information, capital, people, as well as logics of encoding, interception and the countermeasures that are expressed in and through these flows.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 303-321
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1350428
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1350428
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:303-321
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos Ponce
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Ponce
Title: Sonja Wolf,
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 322-324
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1332250
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1332250
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:322-324
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas O’Brien
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien
Title: Jeremy Morris and Abel Polese,
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 325-327
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1236492
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1236492
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:325-327
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Markus-Michael Müller
Author-X-Name-First: Markus-Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Müller
Title: Governing crime and violence in Latin America
Abstract:
The last two decades turned Latin America into one of the most violent regions in the world. While previously, violence in the region has predominantly been associated with state repression and military dictatorships, the “new violence” that emerged since the mid-1990s is predominantly criminal. Related research has been mostly problem-driven, implying that the focus has been on how to improve security governance in the region. The multiple ways in which governance itself is both shaped by as well as contributing to the pervasiveness of this “new violence,” has remained uncharted. This article offers an analytical framework, inspired by the literature on governance, for assessing this issue. To this end, it highlights different modes and instances of governance with, by, and through crime (and violence) in the region. In doing so, the article offers a contextualization for this special issue as well as an overarching analytical framework for the individual contributions.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 171-191
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1543916
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1543916
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:171-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lirio Gutiérrez Rivera
Author-X-Name-First: Lirio
Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez Rivera
Title: Transnational and local entanglements in the ‘cycle of violence’ of Central American migration
Abstract:
Violence in Central America has become one of the reasons for leaving the region. Recent scholarship tends to understand violence within local and regional processes, while neglecting the larger transnational processes. Focusing on the case of Hondurans seeking asylum in the United States, this article argues that the phenomenon of violence that has forced Hondurans to leave is a result of a combination of local and transnational processes. Conceptually, this article draws on the notion of the ‘cycle of violence’ to understand the different forms of violence that forcibly displaces Central Americans. The notion has been used to understand how early exposure to violence is linked to future violent behaviour. However, it is limited to local processes. This article expands this notion by considering transnational factors, such as migration and the global agenda of crime control, in the contribution to the reproduction of the ‘cycle of violence’ of Central Americans.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 192-210
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1477600
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1477600
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:192-210
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Finkenbusch
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Finkenbusch
Title: Building institutional capacity: knowledge production for transnational security governance in Mexico
Abstract:
This article engages with institutionalist knowledge production in US-Mexican security relations, demonstrating how anti-crime governance in the Americas has shifted from a heavy-handed military rationale to a good governance and civil society–centred approach. This shift has been facilitated by the newly emerging resilience discourse which advocates turning local communities from passive beneficiaries of government-sponsored law enforcement into pro-active security partners. It will be argued that the rise of good governance and society-centred policy thinking has enhanced the epistemic authority of a heterogeneous, but ideologically aligned set of human rights advocacy groups, think tanks, policy-oriented academics and for-profit development NGOs – both in Mexico and the United States. This transnational expert community has been instrumental in inserting the issue of drug-related violent crime in Mexico into a globally dominant statebuilding framework. In consequence, security governance in Mexico has taken on a more transnational character and become the object of a highly intrusive international monitoring regime.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 211-227
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1477599
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1477599
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:211-227
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frank Müller
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Müller
Author-Name: Andrea Steinke
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Steinke
Title: Criminalising encounters: MINUSTAH as a laboratory for armed humanitarian pacification
Abstract:
This article assesses the nexus of militarised humanitarian work, governance and violence in the context of the ‘Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti’ (MINUSTAH). It draws on empirical fieldwork in Port-au-Prince and Rio de Janeiro. Brazil’s leading role in this UN mission reinforces the country’s ambitions as an emergent economic and political power on a global stage. Brazilian military and civilian actors base their claim of being uniquely qualified for urban ‘pacification’ efforts on a supposedly deeper cultural sensitivity which they assert to have developed in everyday civil–military encounters in the criminalised peripheries of Brazilian cities. By analysing the conflicting narratives in which the military, police and citizens negotiate these encounters, we argue that they allow for a revealing of the contested and often violent forms in which peace enforcement occurs.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 228-249
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1498336
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1498336
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:228-249
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alke Jenss
Author-X-Name-First: Alke
Author-X-Name-Last: Jenss
Title: Criminal heterarchy and its critics: governance and the making of insecurity in Colombia
Abstract:
The FARC, Colombia’s oldest and biggest guerrilla organisation, has long been constructed as the country’s public enemy number one, an enemy that is increasingly portrayed as an outright criminal actor who abandoned all political ambitions. This image of the FARC as a criminal threat to the Colombian state and society is central to a broader turn towards criminalisation in Colombian politics. Through the lens of a critical governance perspective and the notion of the state’s discursive selectivity this article analyses turning points during which the construction of Colombian society’s criminal enemies became a driving force in the country’s security governance. Which social forces support the implementation of criminalising forms of security governance and how? What are the social and political consequences of the latter? In answering these questions, the article argues that the war on (guerrilla) crime assumes a ‘productive’ role for Colombia’s formal democracy.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 250-270
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1471992
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1471992
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:250-270
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Hathazy
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Hathazy
Title: Crafting public security: demilitarisation, penal state reform and security policy-making in post-authoritarian Chile
Abstract:
Here I dissect the institutionalisation of ‘citizen security’ as a category and sector of public policy in post-authoritarian Chile. Deploying a Bourdieusian field theory approach and questioning narratives of security policies as responses to criminality or adaptations to democratic values, I argue that the construction of a new security policy sector – with a new consensus (distinct from that of National Security), with reformed police and courts in its core, leaving aside the military and extending beyond traditional agencies – derives from (i) struggles over policing and criminal justice reforms, (ii) tensions between the military and democratic authorities in democracy and (iii) performative integrations of the new policy components. These mechanisms explain the evolution of the security problem and the progressive aggregation of bureaucratic agencies and methods to the ‘public security policy’ – policing, judiciary, urban design, prisons and prevention plans. I close discussing alternative accounts of institutional variations in security governance in the region.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 271-295
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1471991
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1471991
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:271-295
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Graham Denyer Willis
Author-X-Name-First: Graham
Author-X-Name-Last: Denyer Willis
Title: Violence, bureaucracy and intreccio in Brazil
Abstract:
For Brazil’s ‘violence worker’ street-level bureaucrats, violence is woven into everyday practice. But violent influence flows in multiple directions; from the state to society, within the state and its agencies, from violent actors upon state bureaucrats. Real and potential violence defines the bureaucratic regime of truth, alongside the influence of a self-defined organised crime group. Using ethnographic evidence, I show some of the fissures that are wedged open through violence, and demonstrate the ways that violent uncertainty shapes a need for leverage and spheres of trust. This shows the dissonance between bureaucratic form and bureaucratic rationale, where other violence workers – ontological bureaucrats – have become an everyday part of bureaucratic rationale. What matters is not the relationship between the state and bureaucracy, but the relationship between sovereign power and bureaucracy.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 296-314
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1472918
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1472918
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:296-314
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wil G. Pansters
Author-X-Name-First: Wil G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pansters
Title: Drug trafficking, the informal order, and . Reflections on the crime-governance nexus in Mexico
Abstract:
While Mexico is widely considered as an example of consolidated statehood, the deepening of drug-related violence and insecurity has corroborated the existence and expansion of ‘dark spaces’ governed by coalitions of state and non-state actors driven by criminal and political interests. In contrast to the prevailing interpretations and public narratives, I will argue that it is historically and conceptually flawed to understand such expressions of limited statehood solely in terms of the proliferation of criminal organisations and the exacerbation of the so-called war on drugs only. Instead, I will examine the historical patterns in Mexican state-making, in which actors and practices of political ordering outside the state properly speaking exercise multiple forms of de facto sovereignty and governance. These arrangements, including caciquismo, accommodate distinct crime-governance manifestations. The article substantiates its claims by looking at the examples from different periods and regions such as Sinaloa, Sonora and Michoacán.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 315-338
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1471993
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1471993
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:315-338
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Enrique Desmond Arias
Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Desmond
Author-X-Name-Last: Arias
Title: Criminal organizations and the policymaking process
Abstract:
What role do criminal organisations play in policymaking? Evidence presented in this paper from Latin America and the Caribbean points to the complex ways that various types of criminal groups influence the policy process. Based on the structure of the criminal organisation and the relationship between these groups and state officials this article illustrates the different types of dynamics criminal groups contribute to the policy process. In some cases, these dynamics increase the costs of policies while in others they alter the content of policies and strengthen the position of criminal groups in the neighbourhoods where they operate. The article identifies three dimensions along which criminal groups intervene in the policy process: friction; division; and mediation. The article shows these dynamics by looking at how criminal groups intervene in the policy process in various gang-controlled neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro, Medellín, and Kingston.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 339-361
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1471990
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1471990
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:339-361
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Monique Mann
Author-X-Name-First: Monique
Author-X-Name-Last: Mann
Author-Name: Ian Warren
Author-X-Name-First: Ian
Author-X-Name-Last: Warren
Author-Name: Sally Kennedy
Author-X-Name-First: Sally
Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy
Title: The legal geographies of transnational cyber-prosecutions: extradition, human rights and forum shifting
Abstract:
This article describes legal and human rights issues in three cases of transnational online offending involving extradition requests by the United States (US). These cases were selected as all suspects claimed the negative impacts of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) were sufficient to deny extradition on human rights grounds. We demonstrate how recent developments in UK and Irish extradition law raise human rights and prosecutorial challenges specific to online offending that are not met by established protections under domestic and internationally sanctioned approaches to extradition or human rights law. In these cases, although the allegedly unlawful conduct occurred exclusively online and concurrent jurisdiction enables prosecution at both the source and location of harm, we demonstrate why national courts hearing extradition challenges are extremely reluctant to shift the trial forum. We conclude by discussing the implications of the new geographies of online offending for future criminological research and transnational criminal justice.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 107-124
Issue: 2
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1448272
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1448272
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:2:p:107-124
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Corrigendum
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-1
Issue: 2
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1459365
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1459365
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:2:p:1-1
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luca Giommoni
Author-X-Name-First: Luca
Author-X-Name-Last: Giommoni
Author-Name: R.V. Gundur
Author-X-Name-First: R.V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gundur
Title: An analysis of the United Kingdom’s cannabis market using crowdsourced data
Abstract:
This article contributes to the growing literature on the use of computer-mediated communications to research illicit markets. In it, we conduct an analysis of the British cannabis market using data crowdsourced from a publicly available platform, PriceofWeed.com. Crowd-sourced transaction data present some new insights into the British cannabis market. First, this study has tracked the trafficking flow of cannabis within the UK. Second, it shows the extent to which a quantity discount is granted to consumers. Third, it discusses purchasing habits of cannabis users. Conclusions suggest new areas of application of crowdsourcing to research hard to reach and deviant populations.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 85-106
Issue: 2
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1460071
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1460071
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:2:p:85-106
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexander Mikhaylov
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander
Author-X-Name-Last: Mikhaylov
Author-Name: Richard Frank
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Frank
Title: Illicit payments for illicit goods: noncontact drug distribution on Russian online drug marketplaces
Abstract:
The distribution or consumption of traditional drugs has become the subject of stringent penalties throughout most of the world and synthetic designer drugs have become the alternative. Novel psychoactive substances, also called ‘legal highs’, are highly varied in terms of chemical composition. These substances are advertised and distributed as an alternative to traditional drugs on the Internet, making identification of new substances and enforcement difficult. For this article, we downloaded and analysed 28 Russian-language online drug marketplaces which distribute traditional and novel psychoactive substances. All marketplaces used a noncontact drug dealing method where the seller and the buyer communicate through the Internet to arrange for payment and delivery of drugs without meeting face-to-face. Geographic information, price, amount, substance type and payment method data were extracted. Findings indicate such marketplaces are able to operate due to the ability of their clients to pay anonymously with the virtual currencies – Qiwi and Bitcoin.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 146-170
Issue: 2
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1460951
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1460951
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:2:p:146-170
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jacopo Costa
Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo
Author-X-Name-Last: Costa
Title: The globalised network of a dirty game: match-fixing, illegal betting and transnational organised crime in Italian football
Abstract:
This paper examines the role of illicit networks and transnational crime organisations in fostering match-fixing and illegal betting in the globalised world. The goal is to identify the characteristics of these illicit phenomena and their basic structures and functions. Social network analysis was conducted to explore the scandal known as Calcioscommesse that came to light in Italy between 2011 and 2013. Attention is focused on brokers and crime syndicates that operate in Italian football, with the objective of comprehending their relations, functions and balances of power; this research clarifies the roles of the collective and individual actors in transnationally promoting match-fixing and illegal betting.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 125-145
Issue: 2
Volume: 19
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1460952
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1460952
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:2:p:125-145
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria Fonoberova
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Fonoberova
Author-Name: Igor Mezić
Author-X-Name-First: Igor
Author-X-Name-Last: Mezić
Author-Name: Jadranka Mezić
Author-X-Name-First: Jadranka
Author-X-Name-Last: Mezić
Author-Name: James Hogg
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Hogg
Author-Name: Jason Gravel
Author-X-Name-First: Jason
Author-X-Name-Last: Gravel
Title: Small-world networks and synchronisation in an agent-based model of civil violence
Abstract:
The rapid evolution and current ubiquity of social media as a form of communication calls for a revision of many models of collective behaviour. In this paper, we modify a classic agent-based model of civil violence by Epstein (2002) consisting of citizen and law-enforcement agents by integrating a Watts-Strogatz small-world network (SWN). The SWN simulates non-local connections between citizens, enabling influence by both local and distant neighbours and providing an analogue to social media. The objective was to examine the influence of non-local connections on civil violence dynamics for varied law-enforcement concentration and network density. For lower law-enforcement concentrations, the SWN influence leads to more frequent large-scale violent outbursts, while for higher law-enforcement concentrations, outcomes depended most strongly on the number of local neighbours. The long-range coupling across the lattice due to the SWN provides a new mechanism for non-trivial dynamics and leads to a synchronisation effect.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 161-195
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1662304
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1662304
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:3-4:p:161-195
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maxime Bérubé
Author-X-Name-First: Maxime
Author-X-Name-Last: Bérubé
Author-Name: Benjamin Ducol
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Ducol
Title: Radicalization in arms? Exploring armed violence capital in the context of Quebec’s civilian military simulation communities
Abstract:
Introducing the concept of ‘armed violence capital’, this paper intends to explore radicalisation leading to violence through the acquisition of knowledge and skills of violence without active ideological indoctrination. Using civilian communities practicing specific military simulations as a case study, it assesses how this type of training might be used for a deviant and extremist purpose. Based on a mixed-method approach of ethnographic observations, surveys, and interviews of civilian military simulation participants, it first describes this activity before explaining how such training can allow participants to acquire knowledge, skills, and attitudes towards the use of violence. Showing the observed members of this community are not violent extremists, this study suggests that an ideological motivation is needed for the use of extreme violence, but that a violent radicalisation process can evolve without this ideological aspect.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 196-214
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1659139
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1659139
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:3-4:p:196-214
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elisa Bellotti
Author-X-Name-First: Elisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Bellotti
Title: Syndicate women. Gender and networks in Chicago organised crime
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 215-218
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1697565
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1697565
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:3-4:p:215-218
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Harley Williamson
Author-X-Name-First: Harley
Author-X-Name-Last: Williamson
Author-Name: Suzanna Fay
Author-X-Name-First: Suzanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Fay
Author-Name: Toby Miles-Johnson
Author-X-Name-First: Toby
Author-X-Name-Last: Miles-Johnson
Title: Fear of terrorism: media exposure and subjective fear of attack
Abstract:
In many Western countries, citizen knowledge of terrorist events is intrinsically shaped by the style of broadcasted messages published by the media. Media discourses regarding terrorist acts raise questions about how such rhetoric elicits fear in people who typically experience such events through news reports. However, we do not fully understand the impact of the media on perceptions of terrorism as clearly as we understand the relationship between the media and fear of crime. This study examines how media sources accessed actively (e.g. through newspapers; Internet) or passively (e.g. through television; radio) influence knowledge and fear of terrorism. We find receiving information about terrorism from multiple media sources increases fear of terrorism, but media sources accessed passively are not as influential as media sources accessed more actively. These results highlight how media consumption from various sources may affect one’s fear of terrorism, and further illustrates how the role of perceived knowledge may exacerbate or mitigate fear. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-25
Issue: 1
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1569519
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1569519
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:1:p:1-25
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Viviana Barrera
Author-X-Name-First: Viviana
Author-X-Name-Last: Barrera
Author-Name: Aili Malm
Author-X-Name-First: Aili
Author-X-Name-Last: Malm
Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu
Author-Name: Rasmus Munksgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Rasmus
Author-X-Name-Last: Munksgaard
Title: Size and scope of the tobacco trade on the darkweb
Abstract:
Globally, tobacco is responsible for the death of approximately 6 million individuals per year. In reaction, governments have enacted tobacco control policies that cope with the harmful effects of the drug. However, these policies have also created geographic price disparities and increased the effort needed to purchase legal tobacco products. The result was the creation of a new illicit tobacco market. While tobacco smuggling continues through conventional avenues, a new generation of traffickers have turned to a different source for the illicit distribution of tobacco – the internet, specifically the darkweb. The purpose of this paper is to describe the size and scope of illicit trafficking of tobacco on cryptomarkets, and the diverse types of tobacco-related products available on the cryptomarkets. Our analysis will provide guidance for policymakers, researchers, and all interested in the illicit trade of tobacco.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 26-44
Issue: 1
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1569520
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1569520
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:1:p:26-44
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erik Cheekes
Author-X-Name-First: Erik
Author-X-Name-Last: Cheekes
Title: Jonathan D., Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, organised crime, drug trafficking, and violence (Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto)
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 65-68
Issue: 1
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1569521
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1569521
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:1:p:65-68
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christopher D. O’Connor
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher D.
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor
Author-Name: Phillip C. Shon
Author-X-Name-First: Phillip C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shon
Title: Civilising the police: reconceptualising the role of the state in theories of American policing
Abstract:
The three eras in American policing – political, reform, and community – has become the default theoretical framework within the study of criminal justice, explicitly and implicitly shaping the discourse of police studies. Despite historically informed criticisms of this three-era model, no alternative theory has been proffered as a way of critically thinking about the police. This paper draws on Norbert Elias’ civilising thesis and the role of the state as an alternative theoretical framework to explain the evolution of American policing. We argue that changes in policing are more cogently explained by assuming a long-term view of change and that the intrusion and the retreat of the state from society better captures the evolution of the police through time.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 45-64
Issue: 1
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1583106
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1583106
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:1:p:45-64
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jay P. Kennedy
Author-X-Name-First: Jay P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy
Author-Name: Jeremy Wilson
Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson
Author-Name: Ryan Labrecque
Author-X-Name-First: Ryan
Author-X-Name-Last: Labrecque
Title: Towards a more proactive approach to brand protection: development of the Organisational Risk Assessment for Product Counterfeiting (ORAPC)
Abstract:
Through an adaptation of a terrorism risk assessment model, this article develops an initial proactive product counterfeiting risk assessment that is designed to focus upon a specific product’s risk for being counterfeited. The goal of developing this risk assessment is to help corporations identify the products that are most at risk for counterfeiting, thereby giving them the ability to focus their resources in the areas where the greatest opportunities for crime are present. This risk assessment is intended to serve as the first line of defence in a comprehensive and proactive brand owner strategy centred on identifying product-specific counterfeiting risk. The assessment comprises three factors that, together, capture a product’s counterfeiting risk level: the threat of product counterfeiting, the brand owner’s vulnerability to product counterfeiting and the potential consequences of a counterfeit product entering the market and reaching consumers.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 329-352
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1313733
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1313733
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:329-352
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jacopo Costa
Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo
Author-X-Name-Last: Costa
Title: Networks and illicit associations in corrupt exchanges: representing a gelatinous system in Italy
Abstract:
This paper examines the role of illicit networks and associations in a corrupt exchange in contemporary Italy with the aim of better understanding the mechanisms of corruption. A social network analysis was conducted to explore the Big Events affair and the scandal concerning the School of Carabinieri officers in Florence. Much attention is focused on the actors, structures and informal norms that characterise the corrupt exchange with the aim of comprehending how the network sustains such exchange. Our goal is to identify the most powerful nodes and actors by determining their authority in the network, understanding the role of illicit associations (cricche) in sustaining the exchange and identifying the actors who control the informal norms.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 353-374
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1332594
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1332594
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:353-374
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura H. Atuesta
Author-X-Name-First: Laura H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Atuesta
Author-Name: Aldo F. Ponce
Author-X-Name-First: Aldo F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ponce
Title: Meet the : increased competition among criminal organisations and the explosion of violence in Mexico
Abstract:
Several previous studies have found that interventions by security forces against criminal organisations result in increased violence related to organised crime. However, much less is known about how and why this effect occurs. Our study not only identifies the causal mechanisms that explain this outcome, but also evaluates the empirical validity of these mechanisms. Employing a novel data set, we find that following security-force intervention, the number of criminal organisations increases, and such greater fragmentation in turn raises the incidence of violence among criminal organisations as the relative power of the organisations changes. We employ a mediation model to verify the existence of these causal mechanisms. In addition, we find a decreasing rate of rise in levels of violence as the number of organisations increases.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 375-402
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1354520
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1354520
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:375-402
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eduardo Moncada
Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Moncada
Title: Varieties of vigilantism: conceptual discord, meaning and strategies
Abstract:
The practice of vigilantism raises a number of broader provocative questions regarding state–society relations. But before pursuing these questions, we must first ask a critical conceptual question: what is vigilantism? In this article, I offer a conceptual analysis of vigilantism to identify and analyse the points of conceptual discord that make vigilantism an essentially contested concept. To address these challenges, I establish the concept’s core definitional dimensions and range of attributes. I then develop a root concept of vigilantism as the collective use or threat of extra-legal violence in response to an alleged criminal act. The root concept better positions researchers to effectively utilise different strategies to amend the concept for varying theoretical and empirical ends, avoid analytical pitfalls that beset existing conceptualisations and pursue promising new research questions.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 403-423
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1374183
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1374183
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:403-423
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Bright
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Bright
Author-Name: Catherine Greenhill
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenhill
Author-Name: Thomas Britz
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Britz
Author-Name: Alison Ritter
Author-X-Name-First: Alison
Author-X-Name-Last: Ritter
Author-Name: Carlo Morselli
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli
Title: Criminal network vulnerabilities and adaptations
Abstract:
The current paper aimed to investigate the effectiveness of five law enforcement interventions in disrupting and dismantling criminal networks. We tested three law enforcement interventions that targeted social capital in criminal networks (betweenness, degree and cut-set) and two interventions that targeted human capital (actors who possess money and those who possess precursor chemicals). These five interventions are compared with each other and with random (opportunistic) removal of actors in two settings: (i) with network adaptation incorporated into the simulations and (ii) without network adaptation. Results illustrate that the removal of actors based on betweenness centrality was the most efficient strategy, leading to network disruption in the least number of steps and was relatively consistent across replications. Targeting actors who possessed money was the second most effective overall and was also relatively consistent in its disruptive effect.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 424-441
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1377614
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1377614
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:424-441
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas O’Brien
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien
Title: Gerry Nagtzaam, Cheltenham Edward Elgar,
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 442-444
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1335964
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1335964
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:442-444
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Lauchs
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Lauchs
Author-Name: Zoe Staines
Author-X-Name-First: Zoe
Author-X-Name-Last: Staines
Title: An analysis of outlaw motorcycle gang crime: are bikers organised criminals?
Abstract:
Outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) are identified in Australia and internationally as being heavily involved in organised crime and/or as being criminal organisations. However, academic studies have shown that OMCG members are involved in organised crime to varying extents; this differs between clubs and across jurisdictions. To date, Australian studies of OMCGs are rare. Despite this, Australian governments target OMCGs as key players in organised crime. This study contributes to the existing literature by analysing OMCGs’ criminality in one Australian jurisdiction – Queensland. It draws on rich qualitative data to determine whether and to what extent Queensland’s OMCGs are involved in serious crime, organised crime and/or are operating as criminal organisations. The study finds that Queensland’s OMCG members participate in serious crime at a higher rate than the general public, but that there are few examples of organised crime. There is little to no evidence of OMCGs acting as criminal organisations.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 69-89
Issue: 2
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1583107
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1583107
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:2:p:69-89
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Galia J. Benítez
Author-X-Name-First: Galia J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Benítez
Author-Name: Siddharth Chandra
Author-X-Name-First: Siddharth
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandra
Author-Name: Teniente Coronel Liz Wendy Cuadros Veloza
Author-X-Name-First: Teniente Coronel Liz Wendy
Author-X-Name-Last: Cuadros Veloza
Author-Name: Intendente José Darío Díaz Cárdenas
Author-X-Name-First: Intendente José Darío
Author-X-Name-Last: Díaz Cárdenas
Title: Following the price: identifying cocaine trafficking networks in Colombia
Abstract:
International cocaine trafficking has been well-studied, but little is known about cocaine flows within Colombia, the largest producer and exporter of cocaine in the world. Using a unique dataset on the monthly wholesale prices of cocaine across 32 municipios in 2016, this paper estimates patterns of flows of cocaine within Colombia. For the 496 possible resulting pairs of municipios, price differentials are used to infer direction of flow, and price correlations are used to infer connectedness. Among the new findings, 38 suspected municipio-to-municipio flows that are new to the literature are identified. Interestingly, cocaine is inferred to flow through two distinct networks: one that originates in Buenaventura and the other in three points in southern and eastern Colombia. These networks may correspond to distinct criminal trafficking systems, a finding that has potential implications for drug control policies and measures.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 90-114
Issue: 2
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1588116
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1588116
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:2:p:90-114
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Svetlana Stephenson
Author-X-Name-First: Svetlana
Author-X-Name-Last: Stephenson
Title: Gangs and governance in Russia: the paradox of law and lawlessness
Abstract:
The paper addresses the nature of gang governance. It questions the notion that gangs regulate social and economic transactions and create stable orders in certain territories. It shows that, while presenting themselves as upholders of the ‘law’ in their territory, the gangs also create a climate of uncertainty and fear. The gangs manipulate their own unwritten rules and set up traps for residents and businessmen. These traps are designed to deprive non-gang civilians of presumed rights and identities and extort their money. The paper uses Schmitt’s notion of ‘state of exception’ and Agamben’s idea of ‘bare life’ to explain how gangs function.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 115-133
Issue: 2
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1645654
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1645654
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:2:p:115-133
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Salvatore Giusto
Author-X-Name-First: Salvatore
Author-X-Name-Last: Giusto
Title: “One of us”: the neomelodic music industry as a Camorra-mediated space of subaltern publicity in contemporary Naples
Abstract:
The term ‘neomelodic’ defines a pop-folk music genre featuring the mediascape of Naples, Southern Italy, since the late 1980s. Neomelodic songs depict the experiences of lower-class Neapolitan subjects with a preference for those engaging with the Camorra, a powerful criminal organisation that is also a major investor in the local media industries. This article constitutes an exploration of the Camorra-mediated neomelodic milieu of cultural production vis-à-vis the political landscape of the current Neapolitan social peripheries. In so doing, it ethnographically shows how the neomelodic modalities of cultural production mediate and reify local forms of organised crime hegemony vis-à-vis the discursive power of the state. Accordingly, it also demonstrates how such modalities turn the neomelodic industry into a relational infrastructure of subaltern publicity, which engenders political dynamics of personal mobility and social identity construction amid its sponsors, performers, and publics.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 134-155
Issue: 2
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1646131
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1646131
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:2:p:134-155
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alex Chung
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Chung
Title: Organized crime: a very short introduction
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 156-159
Issue: 2
Volume: 20
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1601835
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1601835
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:2:p:156-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Bright
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Bright
Author-Name: Russell Brewer
Author-X-Name-First: Russell
Author-X-Name-Last: Brewer
Title: Innovations in research on illicit networks
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-2
Issue: 1
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1716520
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1716520
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:1:p:1-2
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kiminori Nakamura
Author-X-Name-First: Kiminori
Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura
Author-Name: George Tita
Author-X-Name-First: George
Author-X-Name-Last: Tita
Author-Name: David Krackhardt
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Krackhardt
Title: Violence in the “balance”: a structural analysis of how rivals, allies, and third-parties shape inter-gang violence
Abstract:
This paper explores the role of local structural conditions that facilitate or hinder violence when enmity is present between parties, by examining shooting-involved violence among street gangs in Long Beach, California. Using structural balance theory, this paper investigates whether certain triadic structures in which two rival gangs i and j are related to a third gang is associated with the levels of violence that i will inflict upon j. Based on multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure to adjust for the dependent structure in the network, the results show that after controlling for individual and dyadic explanations, structural conditions are robust predictors of the levels and the directions of inter-gang violence. Structural imbalance indicates a lack of clear dominance in relations and predicts increased violence. Balanced structures tend to be much less violent; however, a gang will initiate violence if by doing so it expects to reinforce its dominant position.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 3-27
Issue: 1
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1627879
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1627879
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:1:p:3-27
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caitlin Elizabeth Hughes
Author-X-Name-First: Caitlin Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes
Author-Name: Jenny Chalmers
Author-X-Name-First: Jenny
Author-X-Name-Last: Chalmers
Author-Name: David Anthony Bright
Author-X-Name-First: David Anthony
Author-X-Name-Last: Bright
Title: Exploring interrelationships between high-level drug trafficking and other serious and organised crime: an Australian study
Abstract:
Drug trafficking is frequently argued to be the leading driver of other serious and organised crime, but the interrelationships between such activities remain poorly understood. This paper uses open source law enforcement data to explore interrelationships in Australia. A database was compiled of all reported criminal incidents of high-level drug trafficking between 2011 and 2017 and any concurrent charges for other serious and organised crime (SOC), sourced from official reports and press releases of Australian federal law enforcement and criminal intelligence agencies. Over the seven-years period 24.4% drug trafficking cases involved concurrent SOC charges. Logistic regressions showed characteristics associated with any concurrent SOC charge included the type of drug trafficked, network size, network nationality and OMCG ties. But characteristics differed according to which SOC was cited in connection with the drug trafficking offence e.g. firearms offences versus corruption/fraud. We discuss the implications for research, policy and practice.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 28-50
Issue: 1
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1615895
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1615895
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:1:p:28-50
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tomáš Diviák
Author-X-Name-First: Tomáš
Author-X-Name-Last: Diviák
Author-Name: Jan Kornelis Dijkstra
Author-X-Name-First: Jan Kornelis
Author-X-Name-Last: Dijkstra
Author-Name: Tom A.B. Snijders
Author-X-Name-First: Tom A.B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Snijders
Title: Poisonous connections: a case study on a Czech counterfeit alcohol distribution network
Abstract:
Using data on 32 actors and ties among them drawn from available court files, we combine analytical sociology with statistical models for networks in order to analyse a case of a counterfeit alcohol distribution network from the Czech Republic. We formulate a theory of action and identify relational mechanisms which could explain how the structure of the network emerged and describe. We use the exponential random graph model to test these mechanisms. The analysis reveals that the two actors capable of manufacturing the poisonous mixture were considerably though not optimally proximate to others enabling fast distribution of the mixture. Our model results that the structure was formed by mechanisms of triadic closure, negative tendency to concentrate ties, and tie translation of pre-existing ties into operational ties. We conclude with the discussion of the implications our approach for the study of criminal networks.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 51-73
Issue: 1
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1645653
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1645653
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:1:p:51-73
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrycja Stys
Author-X-Name-First: Patrycja
Author-X-Name-Last: Stys
Author-Name: Judith Verweijen
Author-X-Name-First: Judith
Author-X-Name-Last: Verweijen
Author-Name: Papy Muzuri
Author-X-Name-First: Papy
Author-X-Name-Last: Muzuri
Author-Name: Samuel Muhindo
Author-X-Name-First: Samuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Muhindo
Author-Name: Christoph Vogel
Author-X-Name-First: Christoph
Author-X-Name-Last: Vogel
Author-Name: Johan H. Koskinen
Author-X-Name-First: Johan H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Koskinen
Title: Brokering between (not so) overt and (not so) covert networks in conflict zones
Abstract:
There is a tendency to consider covert networks as separate from overt networks. Drawing on data from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we demonstrate that this is not the case and identify how covert and overt networks are mutually constitutive. While most studies of African brokers have relied on network metaphors like ‘Big Men’ and ‘social membranes’, we consider the embeddedness of ‘covert’ networks in ‘overt’ networks explicitly. We perform two analyses on a large original dataset encompassing 396 partially overlapping ego-nets obtained from a hybrid link-tracing design. An ego-net analysis reveals a large degree of homophily and a deep embeddedness of the different networks. A multilevel exponential random graph model fitted to the reconstructed network of a 110-node subset shows that demobilised combatants are the actors likely to broker between armed groups, state forces, and civilian blocs, suggesting their capacity to broker peace or foment war.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 74-110
Issue: 1
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1596806
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1596806
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:1:p:74-110
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos J. Vilalta
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vilalta
Author-Name: Robert Muggah
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Muggah
Author-Name: Gustavo Fondevila
Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Fondevila
Title: Homicide as a function of city block layout: Mexico City as case study
Abstract:
Focused on Mexico City, this article offers a seminal examination of the relationship between block layout and intentional homicide. The authors applied multilevel random-intercept negative binomial models to assess the contribution of block layout characteristics to homicide counts while controlling for other factors related to the physical environment and socioeconomic disadvantage. The assessment finds that container-type city blocks registered the highest likelihood of homicide incidence. It also shows that blocks with metro stations also had a statistically higher likelihood of homicide incidence. By contrast, building-type blocks exhibited the lowest likelihood of recording a homicide. Ultimately, the physical environment model provided a better fit to the data than the socioeconomic disadvantage model. The main conclusion is that homicide incidence in Mexico City may be more a function of block layout than socioeconomic composition. One implication is that urban planning may have more potent crime prevention effects than widely believed.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 111-129
Issue: 2
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1715219
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1715219
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:2:p:111-129
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniela Andreatta
Author-X-Name-First: Daniela
Author-X-Name-Last: Andreatta
Author-Name: Serena Favarin
Author-X-Name-First: Serena
Author-X-Name-Last: Favarin
Title: Features of transnational illicit waste trafficking and crime prevention strategies to tackle it
Abstract:
Despite the growing interest in illicit waste trafficking (IWT), studies that empirically address the issue are still few. Mostly, they fail to present in-depth analysis of the different stages of IWT and to suggest crime prevention strategies. This study conducts a crime script analysis of five cross-border judicial cases from Italy to other countries. This method makes it possible to shed light on the characteristics of the different stages of transnational IWT in terms of actors, modi operandi, and crime opportunities. From the results of the script analysis, the study proposes possible solutions for IWT through the application of the situational crime prevention framework. The results show the existence of opportunities at all stages of the waste cycle, modi operandi that are common among different cases, and several actors who intervene and create an illegal network. Situational crime prevention measures can provide useful suggestions for reducing the most frequent opportunities.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 130-153
Issue: 2
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1719837
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1719837
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:2:p:130-153
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alberto Aziani
Author-X-Name-First: Alberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Aziani
Author-Name: Marco Dugato
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Dugato
Author-Name: Cecilia Meneghini
Author-X-Name-First: Cecilia
Author-X-Name-Last: Meneghini
Title: A methodology for estimating the illicit consumption of cigarettes at the country level
Abstract:
This paper introduces and discusses a methodology for estimating the scale of illicit consumption of cigarettes at a national level. After reviewing current data gathering approaches and estimates, the paper delineates a methodology to estimate the consumption of each type of illicit cigarette (i.e., counterfeits, illicit whites, smuggled/trafficked genuine cigarettes). The proposed methodology is tested through estimating the size and characteristics of the illicit cigarette market in 27 Member States of the European Union in 2016. The results, which underline the heterogeneity in the quality and in the quantity of the illicit consumption of cigarettes in Europe, are presented along with considerations about the strengths and limitations of the proposed methodology in relation to extant approaches.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 154-184
Issue: 2
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1724786
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1724786
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:2:p:154-184
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas O’Brien
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien
Title: Situational breakdowns: Understanding protest violence and other surprising outcomes
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 185-188
Issue: 2
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1709945
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1709945
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:2:p:185-188
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gilles Favarel-Garrigues
Author-X-Name-First: Gilles
Author-X-Name-Last: Favarel-Garrigues
Author-Name: Samuel Tanner
Author-X-Name-First: Samuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Tanner
Author-Name: Daniel Trottier
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Trottier
Title: Introducing digital vigilantism
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 189-195
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1750789
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1750789
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:189-195
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Trottier
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Trottier
Title: Denunciation and doxing: towards a conceptual model of digital vigilantism
Abstract:
Individuals rely on digital media to denounce and shame other individuals. This may serve to seek justice in response to perceived offences, while often reproducing categorical forms of discrimination. Both offence taking and its response are expressed online by gathering and distributing information about targeted individuals. By seeking their own form of social and/or criminal justice, participants may supersede institutions and formal procedures. Yet digital vigilantism includes shaming and other forms of cultural violence that are not as clearly regulated. They may feed from state or press-led initiatives to shame targets, or simply to gather information about them. Digital vigilantism remains a contested practice: Terms of appropriate use are unclear, and public discourse may vary based on the severity of the offence, the severity of response, and on participants’ identities and affiliations. This paper advances a conceptually informed model of digital vigilantism, in recognition of its coordinated, moral and communicative components. Drawing upon literature on embodied vigilantism as well as concurrent forms of online coordination and harassment, it considers recent cases in a global context in order to direct subsequent analysis of how digital vigilantism is rendered meaningful.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 196-212
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1591952
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1591952
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:196-212
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benjamin Loveluck
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Loveluck
Title: The many shades of digital vigilantism. A typology of online self-justice
Abstract:
Digital vigilantism involves direct online actions of targeted surveillance, dissuasion or punishment, which tend to rely on public denunciation or on an excess of unsolicited attention, and are carried out in the name of justice, order or safety. Drawing on a diversity of case studies, this article seeks to provide a comprehensive picture of its manifestations, addressing both the social practices and digital media dynamics involved. It presents a typology which distinguishes between four ideal types of digital vigilantism: flagging, investigating, hounding and organised leaking.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 213-241
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1614444
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1614444
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:213-241
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Radka Vicenová
Author-X-Name-First: Radka
Author-X-Name-Last: Vicenová
Title: The role of digital media in the strategies of far-right vigilante groups in Slovakia
Abstract:
Based on two small-scale case studies, this paper discusses the supportive role of digital media in the practices of far-right vigilante groups in Slovakia and describes their political nature, motives, and the groups that they target instead of targeting crime prevention. Based on theoretical frameworks by Johnston (1996) and Trottier (2017), this paper argues that the contemporary activities of Slovak far-right vigilantes meet the definition criteria of both conventional and digital vigilantism, blurring the distinction between them, as the two types of practices often overlap and interact with each other to a substantial degree. At the same time, it aims to explore and analyse the interactions of the offline and online presence of far-right vigilante groups within the political and social context of Slovakia with a special emphasis on the role digital media play in their campaigns in terms of supplementing, amplifying, and justifying conventional vigilante activities.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 242-261
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1709171
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1709171
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:242-261
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Samuel Tanner
Author-X-Name-First: Samuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Tanner
Author-Name: Aurélie Campana
Author-X-Name-First: Aurélie
Author-X-Name-Last: Campana
Title: “Watchful citizens” and digital vigilantism: a case study of the far right in Quebec
Abstract:
Vigilantism is defined as collective coercive practices carried out by non-state actors and intended to enforce norms (social or judicial) or to act directly to enforce such actors’ views of the law. Vigilantes are involved in both societal control and the fight against crime. In this article, we analyse how societal vigilantes use digital media (Facebook) to act on immigration, national identity, ethnic boundaries, and cultural values in the province of Quebec, Canada. We show how social media practices entail performative effects that should not be considered exclusively in terms of physical expression, such as gatherings of dispersed constituencies, as in, for example, the Arab Spring, but also in relation to the construction of boundaries and increased polarisation between social groups. These latter effects have real consequences, such as separating one element of the population (Muslims) from the moral obligation social groups have towards each other in society.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 262-282
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1609177
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1609177
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:262-282
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rashid Gabdulhakov
Author-X-Name-First: Rashid
Author-X-Name-Last: Gabdulhakov
Title: (Con)trolling the Web: Social Media User Arrests, State-Supported Vigilantism and Citizen Counter-Forces in Russia
Abstract:
This article applies Haggerty and Ericson’s surveillant assemblage concept to the recent wave of social media user arrests in Russia. In doing so, it addresses the legislative frameworks applied to online self-expression, depicts the nuances of legal charges pressed against select social media users, assesses the role of formal law enforcement and vigilant citizens recruited to extend the state’s watchful gaze, and elaborates on citizen counter-forces resisting the tightening state control over the digital domain. The article argues that Russia’s internet users appear to be trolled by the ruling elite through the use of obscure legal frameworks and the stampede of actors and practices where select individuals face legal charges for their activities on social media, while other users face no consequences for the same engagements. Such unpredictability stimulates self-censorship, making the system effective by virtue of its dysfunctionality. Methodologically, the study relies on desk research and field interviews.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 283-305
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1719836
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1719836
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:283-305
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gilles Favarel-Garrigues
Author-X-Name-First: Gilles
Author-X-Name-Last: Favarel-Garrigues
Title: Digital vigilantism and anti-paedophile activism in Russia. Between civic involvement in law enforcement, moral policing and business venture
Abstract:
The rise of a reactionary political agenda in favour of traditional values led to the launching of an anti-paedophile campaign in Russia in the early 2010s. Taken on by ‘moral entrepreneurs’ well known by the general public for their familialist ideology and homophobic speeches, the issue of paedophilia was used to justify the adoption of legislative measures reinforcing a clampdown on child abuse and punishing those who disseminate propaganda about ‘non-traditional’ sexual relations to minors. This political agenda fuelled the emergence in Russian cities of self-proclaimed and competing ‘rule enforcers’, who began acting like vigilantes, setting traps for presumed paedophiles, purportedly in order to defend children. Contributing to a man-hunt atmosphere, these volunteers mix features of classical and digital vigilantism. However, they use digital tools not only to gather evidence or to publicise the identity of an alleged offender, but also to make a profit.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 306-326
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1676738
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1676738
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:306-326
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Weulen Kranenbarg
Author-X-Name-First: M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Weulen Kranenbarg
Title: An impressive view on profit driven cybercrime: a review of J. Lusthaus’ industry of anonymity
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 327-331
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 21
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1743935
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1743935
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:327-331
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: R. Munksgaard
Author-X-Name-First: R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Munksgaard
Author-Name: D. Décary-Hétu
Author-X-Name-First: D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu
Author-Name: A. Malm
Author-X-Name-First: A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Malm
Author-Name: A. Nouvian
Author-X-Name-First: A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nouvian
Title: Distributing tobacco in the dark: assessing the regional structure and shipping patterns of illicit tobacco in cryptomarkets
Abstract:
The size of the global market for illicit tobacco products is estimated to be between USD$8.6 and USD$11.6 billion yearly. In addition to an estimated cost of USD$40.5 billion in lost tax revenue the illicit tobacco market further increases the accessibility of a harmful substance for minors and provides a revenue stream for both organised crime and violent political groups. In this paper, we examine how tobacco products are distributed globally through illicit online platform economies known as cryptomarkets. Using data from the cryptomarket Empire, we find tobacco products remain a small niche market exclusively shipping from the EU and that shipping patterns suggest the emergence of new supply routes for end-consumers within Western Europe originating from the UK. We find that the market for tobacco on cryptomarkets remains minimal, as in previous research, compared to the market for drugs.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-21
Issue: 1
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1799787
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1799787
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:1-21
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martina Baradel
Author-X-Name-First: Martina
Author-X-Name-Last: Baradel
Title: Yakuza Grey: The Shrinking of the Il/legal Nexus and its Repercussions on Japanese Organised Crime
Abstract:
For decades Japanese criminal syndicates, collectively known as the yakuza, enjoyed a highly visible and semi-legal status that positioned them in a grey area. Accordingly, also much of the yakuza’s business lies in a grey zone: night-entertainment, different forms of gambling, front companies and (fake) social movements. However, following the introduction of new stricter regulations, the yakuza are struggling to keep operating in the legal and semi-legal areas of their business, and have been pushed to explore new modi operandi, using (semi)legal actors and loopholes. Based on fieldwork conducted in Japan with current and ex-yakuza members, this paper analyses the yakuza’s response to the reduced opportunities to engage in legal activities. It is argued that this determined an increased involvement with predatory crimes for low-ranking members, while the decreased power in controlling markets allowed for the emergence of novel forms of crime.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 74-91
Issue: 1
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1813114
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1813114
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:74-91
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michelle D. Fabiani
Author-X-Name-First: Michelle D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fabiani
Author-Name: Brandon Behlendorf
Author-X-Name-First: Brandon
Author-X-Name-Last: Behlendorf
Title: Cumulative disruptions: interdependency and commitment escalation as mechanisms of illicit network failure
Abstract:
Disruptions can take many forms resulting from both internal and external tensions. How illicit networks fail to adapt to a wide range of disruptions is an important but understudied area of network analysis. Moreover, disruptions can be cumulative, constraining the possible set of subsequent adaptations for a network given previous investments. Drawing from a multi-national/multi-year investigation of a prominent Chinese human smuggling network operated by Cheng Chui Ping (‘Sister Ping’), we find that the network’s failure was a product of two interrelated factors. First, efforts to scale the network to meet increased demand made the network more interdependent, adding new members and increasing vulnerabilities to internal disruptions. Second, internal and external disruptions during a shipment cumulatively constrained the network’s ability to adapt, forcing the network to escalate their commitment rather than abandon the transit. The results suggest network disruptions should be examined holistically to improve our understanding of network failure.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 22-50
Issue: 1
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1806825
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1806825
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:22-50
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Silje Anderdal Bakken
Author-X-Name-First: Silje Anderdal
Author-X-Name-Last: Bakken
Title: Drug dealers gone digital: using signalling theory to analyse criminal online personas and trust
Abstract:
Online and digital platforms play a central role in today’s illegal activities and related networks. Communicating through these channels makes creating an online criminal identity crucial to establish oneself as trustworthy and meet the needs of potential buyers, especially when reaching out to strangers in a market. A highly needed skill is balancing the signals of attracting wanted attention and of avoiding possible risks. This article explores how social media drug dealers present themselves in 173 Facebook profiles. The analysis of these online criminal personas is applied in two stages: a) a broader content analysis of the profile content and b) by using signalling theory to understand the overall visual presentation of these online criminal personas. I find that sellers fall into three main persona types: the professional dealer, private dealer, and cultural dealer. These personas signal trust in different ways through their choice of pictures, text, and personal information.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 51-73
Issue: 1
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1806826
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1806826
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:51-73
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fathurrohman
Author-X-Name-First:
Author-X-Name-Last: Fathurrohman
Author-Name: Gisela Bichler
Author-X-Name-First: Gisela
Author-X-Name-Last: Bichler
Title: Explaining the positional importance of actors involved in trafficking methamphetamine into Indonesia
Abstract:
Disrupting drug operations requires a measured approach to identifying critical actors playing instrumental roles in support of illicit drug market activity. We use a quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) nodal regression routine to explore the explanatory relevance of human capital in accounting for an actor’s structural position within two methamphetamine trafficking communities—one originating from land-based smuggling and the other involving sea-based smuggling. We operationalise human capital with three dichotomous variables (occupying leadership roles, being involved in money laundering, or facilitating international smuggling) and capture positional importance with normalised degree and betweenness centrality scores. The results support arguments in favour of integrating centrality metrics with nodal attributes to improve targeted efforts to disrupt market activity. Additionally, network mapping must be sensitive to the local conditions surrounding specific types of drug trafficking operations—the structure of land-based and sea-based drug distribution chains supplying methamphetamine to Indonesian markets differ substantively. Limitations are discussed.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 93-122
Issue: 2
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1819249
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1819249
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:2:p:93-122
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ricardo Massa Roldan
Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Massa Roldan
Author-Name: Gustavo Fondevila
Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Fondevila
Author-Name: Enrique García-Tejeda
Author-X-Name-First: Enrique
Author-X-Name-Last: García-Tejeda
Title: Female homicide victimisation in Mexico: a group-based trajectory and spatial study
Abstract:
Recent literature has demonstrated that the War on Drugs policies had different consequences for different population groups. Despite this, female homicide victimisation resulting from such policies remains an underexplored subject of study. This paper examines the asymmetrical patterns of female homicides in the Mexican states that implemented the 2006 War on Drugs. A group-based trajectory analysis was undertaken, complemented by a spatial analysis in order to identify clusters with common behaviour. Our findings show that states that actively enforced the War on Drugs policy experienced higher and more concentrated levels of female homicidal victimisation.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 123-142
Issue: 2
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1869539
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1869539
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:2:p:123-142
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos Ponce
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Ponce
Title: Street corner decisions: an empirical investigation of extortionist choices in El Salvador
Abstract:
This paper identifies offender choice patterns associated with extortion subtypes in El Salvador, Central America. Previous research attributes the rise of extortion in the country to the evolution and propagation of Los Angeles-born street gangs Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and Barrio 18. Data from a unique business victimisation survey is used to analyse 53 decisions in 869 reported cases. The study borrows a multidimensional scaling method used in criminal profiling research to identify offender choice patterns. Cases are classified into extortion subtypes based on identified choice groupings. Key offender choices and location features are compared across extortion subtypes. Offender choice patterns identified in the study are consistent with systemic and opportunistic extortion described in previous literature. About a third of the cases are designated as hybrid extortions due to the blend of choice structuring properties they exhibit, which combines aspects of both systemic and opportunistic extortion.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 143-165
Issue: 2
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1875212
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1875212
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:2:p:143-165
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexei Anisin
Author-X-Name-First: Alexei
Author-X-Name-Last: Anisin
Title: The Vory: Russia’s Super Mafia
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 166-169
Issue: 2
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1767366
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1767366
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:2:p:166-169
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlos Vilalta
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Vilalta
Author-Name: Pablo Lopez-Ramirez
Author-X-Name-First: Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez-Ramirez
Author-Name: Gustavo Fondevila
Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Fondevila
Title: The spatial diffusion of homicide in Mexico City: a test of theories in context
Abstract:
Homicidal violence has increased substantially in Mexico City in recent years. In this regard, we ask three questions: First, is there a contagious spread of this violence across neighbourhoods? Second, does it spread in association with drug market activity among local criminal organisations? Third, does it spread to neighbourhoods characterised by concentrated disadvantage, disorder, and crime opportunity? Using homicide data aggregated at the neighbourhood level, we found the contagious spread of homicidal violence in neighbourhoods already troubled with drug dealing crimes and concentrated disadvantage. Based on our findings, we propose that while some theories are able to explain the spatial clustering of homicide, only social disorganisation theory is capable of predicting its spatial diffusion. Furthermore, we argue that advances in criminological theory require the testing of ad-hoc correlates when studying the Latin American context.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 222-239
Issue: 3
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1909480
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1909480
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:3:p:222-239
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anna Paus
Author-X-Name-First: Anna
Author-X-Name-Last: Paus
Title: Human smuggling at EU-internal transit points: strengths of a disorganised illegal market and how to effectively reduce it
Abstract:
The reinstating of temporary EU-internal physical borders and their increased safeguarding through border checks has increased the dependence of irregular migrants on organised criminal groups (OCGs) in facilitating their journeys. The article explores organisational structure and operation of OCGs operating within this under-researched human smuggling context, with a focus on the transit stage between Northern Italy and Central Europe. Results of a secondary source – and expert interview analysis reveal that these OCGs are small, multi-ethnic, decentralised, with a basic higher- and lower-tier organisational structure but can be far-reaching. It is argued that law enforcement methods alone do not suffice in reducing this illicit market and require political and socio-economic market reduction strategies, which address the precarity of human smugglers. Importantly, active labour market policies, alternatives to monetary sanctioning and urban development are measures, which constitute an increasingly defended approach for addressing illicit markets in a more long-term sustainable manner.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 171-204
Issue: 3
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1888720
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1888720
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:3:p:171-204
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arun Kumar Acharya
Author-X-Name-First: Arun Kumar
Author-X-Name-Last: Acharya
Author-Name: Jennifer Bryson Clark
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Bryson Clark
Title: Narco-violence, forced displacement, and sex trafficking: a qualitative study in Mexico
Abstract:
During the last decade, over 160,000 people were forcibly displaced internally because of narco-violence in Mexico. Displaced families suffer social and economic vulnerabilities that make them easy prey for trafficking and exploitation. This paper analyses the association between forced displacement caused by narco-violence and trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation in Mexico. We gathered data from 16 victims of forced displacement and trafficking in Monterrey, Mexico. The findings show that traffickers use different tricks and promises to trap displaced young girls and women, including orphans, children, and widows, and force them into sexual exploitation.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 205-221
Issue: 3
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1915142
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1915142
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:3:p:205-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Tuttle
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Tuttle
Author-Name: Patricia McCall
Author-X-Name-First: Patricia
Author-X-Name-Last: McCall
Author-Name: Kenneth Land
Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth
Author-X-Name-Last: Land
Title: The crime decline in cross-national context: a panel analysis of homicide rates within latent trajectory groups
Abstract:
During the 1990s, the United States and other wealthy democracies experienced a decline in homicide rates. However, not all nations shared this trend. Despite disparate homicide patterns, researchers usually examine the average effect of correlates on homicide, potentially obscuring the impact of heterogeneity within large samples. The current study addresses this implicit homogeneity assumption by identifying three distinct latent trajectory groups of homicide trends among 77 nations from 1989 to 2010. To examine differences in the correlates of homicide trends, we analyse the impact of demographic and economic influences on homicide rates in separate fixed-effects panel regression analyses for each trajectory group as well as for the overall sample. We find that demographic and economic forces impact homicide rates differently across subsets of nations. Our findings suggest that universal explanations of 1990s cross-national homicide trends are misleading, as the same set of factors influence homicide rates differently across national contexts.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 240-264
Issue: 3
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1920931
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1920931
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:3:p:240-264
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Reynell Badillo
Author-X-Name-First: Reynell
Author-X-Name-Last: Badillo
Author-Name: Víctor M. Mijares
Author-X-Name-First: Víctor M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mijares
Title: Politicised crime: causes for the discursive politicisation of organised crime in Latin America
Abstract:
Why do criminal groups decide to adopt political discourses? We argue that an armed group’s discursive politicisation (the public declaration of political motivations) is more likely when the state declares the organisation to be an existential threat, militarises the fight against it (securitisation), and when the leaders of the armed group have had political training. This discourse aims to reduce the state’s military actions against them and gain civilian support. This argument is demonstrated through a qualitative comparative analysis of six Latin American cases: Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia and Los Rastrojos (Colombia), Militarizado Partido Comunista del Perú (Peru), Primeiro Comando da Capital (Brazil), Tren de Aragua (Venezuela), and Cartel de Sinaloa (Mexico). Three of them adopted a political discourse, and the others did not. We provide an analytical framework for criminal actors who do not necessarily fit into insurgent, paramilitary or simple criminal group typology.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 312-335
Issue: 4
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.2024804
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.2024804
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:312-335
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicolas Florquin
Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas
Author-X-Name-Last: Florquin
Title: Gun violence: insights from international research
Abstract:
This article reviews research undertaken over the past two decades to support international policy on small arms and light weapons (SALW) – which include firearms – and discusses its relevance to academic debates and policy on gun violence. It examines whether SALW research generated a greater understanding of the most problematic uses and users of firearms, and of the role of different weapons as instruments of violence. SALW research helped shift international policy from armed conflicts to gun violence occurring in a range of developing and post-conflict settings, and in Europe following the 2015–16 terror attacks. This work underscored the proximate weapons sources that armed groups often utilise, and the importance of flows of certain weapons – such as converted firearms – and ammunition in fuelling violence. Undertaking impact evaluations of novel interventions, monitoring the impact of new technologies, and investigating the relationship between ammunition supply and violence are suggested ways forward.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 288-311
Issue: 4
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1997741
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1997741
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:288-311
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joel Salvador Herrera
Author-X-Name-First: Joel Salvador
Author-X-Name-Last: Herrera
Title: The limits of resistance to criminal governance: cyclical violence and the aftermath of the autodefensa movement in Michoacán, Mexico
Abstract:
This article asks whether some forms of collective action against criminal rule can mitigate or reduce violence. Focusing on the case of Michoacán, Mexico, this study examines the aftermath of an armed mobilisation against criminal governance that occurred between 2013 and 2014. It argues that the emergence of vigilante groups known as autodefensas was part of a regional cycle of violence where the rise to power of armed actors in Michoacán has repeatedly generated the conditions for their violent displacement by new actors. The autodefensas therefore failed to bring lasting public security as the cooptation and institutionalisation of the movement empowered new criminal groups in the region. Using municipal-level homicide data from 2015 to 2020, this study finds that municipalities where vigilante groups formed have experienced increasing levels of violence.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 336-360
Issue: 4
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.2024805
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.2024805
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:336-360
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arantza Alonso Berbotto
Author-X-Name-First: Arantza
Author-X-Name-Last: Alonso Berbotto
Author-Name: Spencer Chainey
Author-X-Name-First: Spencer
Author-X-Name-Last: Chainey
Title: Theft of oil from pipelines: an examination of its crime commission in Mexico using crime script analysis
Abstract:
The theft of refined oil products provides criminal groups with significant financial resources that threaten the environment and socio-economic stability of countries where it occurs. Violence is also associated with this criminal activity. Using crime script analysis, a detailed interpretation of the theft of oil via the illegal tapping of pipelines in Mexico was constructed. The analysis revealed the roles performed by members of criminal groups, the recruitment of individuals outside of the criminal group to provide information about the pipelines and perform technical activities, and the supporting role of citizens and businesses from local communities. The analysis also revealed the decision-making necessary for the successful commission of oil theft via the illegal tapping of pipelines. The use of situational crime prevention measures and improvements in the use of deterrence are identified as offering opportunities for preventing this criminal activity.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 265-287
Issue: 4
Volume: 22
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1925552
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1925552
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:265-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marie Ouellet
Author-X-Name-First: Marie
Author-X-Name-Last: Ouellet
Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu
Author-Name: Andréanne Bergeron
Author-X-Name-First: Andréanne
Author-X-Name-Last: Bergeron
Title: Cryptomarkets and the returns to criminal experience
Abstract:
Criminal capital theory suggests more experienced offenders receive higher returns from crime. Offenders who accrue skills over their criminal career are better able to minimise detection, increase profits, and navigate illegal markets. Yet shifts in the offending landscape to technologically-dependent crimes have led some to suggest that the skills necessary to be successful in conventional crimes no longer apply, meaning ‘traditional’ criminals may be left behind. The recent turn of drug vendors to online markets provides an opportunity to investigate whether ‘street smarts’ translate to success in technologically-dependent crimes. This study surveys 51 drug vendors on online drug markets to compare individuals who began their drug-selling career in physical drug markets with vendors whose onset began on digital platforms. The findings suggest vendors who broker between online and offline drug markets are better positioned to maximize profits. The results inform potential spillover effects from offline drug-selling into online marketplaces.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 65-80
Issue: 1
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2028622
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2028622
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:65-80
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Bright
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Bright
Author-Name: Chad Whelan
Author-X-Name-First: Chad
Author-X-Name-Last: Whelan
Author-Name: Marie Ouellet
Author-X-Name-First: Marie
Author-X-Name-Last: Ouellet
Title: Assessing variation in co-offending networks
Abstract:
The current study aims to expand the geographic breadth of co-offending research by providing one of the first examinations of co-offending within Australia. We find co-offending was more common for some crimes than others. Individuals arrested for homicide had some of the highest co-offending rates and were more frequently observed in the core of the co-offending network. Females had higher rates of co-offending than males, and differences between sexes were most pronounced for sexual assault. However, females were underrepresented in the core of the network as compared to males. Lastly, co-offending declined with age, with the exception of drug offences for which co-offending was slightly more common among older age groups. Despite declines in co-offending overall, all age groups were equally represented in the network’s core. Results emphasise the importance of disaggregating co-offending by crime type and examining co-offending across international contexts to better inform theory and policy.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 101-121
Issue: 1
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2047654
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2047654
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:101-121
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paolo Campana
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Campana
Author-Name: Federico Varese
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Varese
Title: The determinants of group membership in organized crime in the UK: A network study
Abstract:
In this paper, we explore the determinants of co-membership in organised crime groups in a British police force. We find that co-membership of OCGs is higher among individuals who share the same ethnicity and nationality; who have committed acts of violence; and who perpetrate the vast majority of their crimes in the same area. We also find a homophily tendency in relation to age and gender, and that task specialisation within groups is driven by the type of activity. We interpret some results as conforming to the argument that recruitment from a small area and similar ethnic/national background increases cooperation and reduces the likelihood of opportunistic behaviour in a context of rather effective policing. Our findings do not conform to the suggestive image of OC members as ‘urban marauders’ and OCGs as large and powerful multinationals. OCGs tend to be small, localised and formed by people with the same background.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 5-22
Issue: 1
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2042261
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2042261
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:5-22
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Timothy Brezina
Author-X-Name-First: Timothy
Author-X-Name-Last: Brezina
Author-Name: MariTere Molinet
Author-X-Name-First: MariTere
Author-X-Name-Last: Molinet
Title: Criminal achievement, criminal self-efficacy, and the criminology of Carlo Morselli: suggestions for continuing and extending a fruitful line of inquiry
Abstract:
The unique scholarship of Carlo Morselli fuelled interest in criminal networks, entrepreneurship, and achievement. In this paper, we summarise Morselli’s contributions to the scholarship on criminal achievement, with special attention to the subjective aspects of such achievement. We show how Morselli’s work ignited interest in the novel concept of criminal self-efficacy and we offer a number of suggestions for continuing and extending this important line of work. In particular, we (1) discuss reasons why the subjective aspects of criminal achievement have been largely neglected by others, but why they are important to explore; (2) review the possible sources of criminal self-efficacy; (3) discuss gender differences in this area; and (4) highlight the overall balance between criminal and conventional self-efficacy as an important consideration. Further research in this area may help us better understand the attraction to crime, the limited effectiveness of punishment, and reasons for the persistence of criminal careers.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 81-100
Issue: 1
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1997742
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1997742
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:81-100
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rémi Boivin
Author-X-Name-First: Rémi
Author-X-Name-Last: Boivin
Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu
Title: Introduction: the criminology of Carlo Morselli
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-4
Issue: 1
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2069934
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2069934
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:1-4
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chris M. Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Chris M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Author-Name: Andrew V. Papachristos
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Papachristos
Title: Violence brokers and super-spreaders: how organised crime transformed the structure of Chicago violence during Prohibition
Abstract:
The rise of organised crime changed Chicago violence structurally by creating networks of rivalries and conflicts wherein violence ricocheted. This study examines the organised crime violence network during Prohibition by analysing ‘violence brokers’ – individuals who committed multiple violence acts that linked separate violent events into a connected violence network. We analyse the two-mode violence network from the Capone Database, a relational database on early 1900s Chicago organised crime. Across 276 violent incidents attributed to organised crime were 334 suspected perpetrators of violence. We find that 20% of suspects were violence brokers, and nine brokers were violence super-spreaders linking the majority of suspects. We also find that violence brokers were in the thick of violence not just as suspects, but also as victims – violence brokers in this network experienced more victimisation than non-brokers. Unknowingly or knowingly, these violence brokers wove together a network, attack-by-attack, that transformed violence in Chicago.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 23-43
Issue: 1
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1998772
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1998772
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:23-43
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giulia Berlusconi
Author-X-Name-First: Giulia
Author-X-Name-Last: Berlusconi
Title: Come at the king, you best not miss: criminal network adaptation after law enforcement targeting of key players
Abstract:
This paper investigates the impact of the targeting of key players by law enforcement on the structure, communication strategies, and activities of a drug trafficking network. Data are extracted from judicial court documents. The unique nature of the investigation – which saw a key player being arrested mid-investigation but police monitoring continuing for another year – allows to compare the network before and after targeting. This paper combines a quantitative element where network statistics and exponential random graph models are used to describe and explain structural changes over time, and a qualitative element where the content of wiretapped conversations is analysed. After law enforcement targeting, network members favoured security over efficiency, although criminal collaboration continued after the arrest of the key player. This paper contributes to the growing literature on the efficiency-security trade-off in criminal networks, and discusses policy implications for repressive policies in illegal drug markets.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 44-64
Issue: 1
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.2012460
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.2012460
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:44-64
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
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Author-Name: Frédéric Ouellet
Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric
Author-X-Name-Last: Ouellet
Author-Name: Martin Bouchard
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard
Author-Name: Valérie Thomas
Author-X-Name-First: Valérie
Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas
Title: The intangible benefits of criminal mentorship
Abstract:
Individuals who report having had a mentor also tend to report higher levels of criminal achievement. However, prior studies focused on indirect yet tangible outcomes of mentorship, telling us little about the direct – though potentially intangible – benefits of these relationships to the mentee. In this study, we analyse the content of 28 life story narratives of offenders to examine the effects of mentor-mentee relationships. Half of the participants reported having had a mentor, but many did not meet our definition of mentorship that emphasised direct support in the context of criminal activities. Instead, participants described many intangible benefits of mentorship that we classified in two general categories: benefits to one’s criminal capital (high-level career advice, practical skills), and benefits to one’s social capital, in the form of either criminal partnership, an enhancement to one’s reputation or protection, or providing mentees with the independence necessary to succeed on their own.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 240-258
Issue: 2
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2068525
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:2:p:240-258
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# input file: FGLC_A_2086125_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Melvin R.J. Soudijn
Author-X-Name-First: Melvin R.J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Soudijn
Author-Name: Irma J. Vermeulen
Author-X-Name-First: Irma J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vermeulen
Author-Name: Wouter P.E. van der Leest
Author-X-Name-First: Wouter P.E.
Author-X-Name-Last: van der Leest
Title: When encryption fails: a glimpse behind the curtain of synthetic drug trafficking networks
Abstract:
The confiscation of the server of an encrypted telephone provider resulted in the retrieval of millions of text messages about covert activities that were overtly discussed between criminals. It provided a unique window into serious organised crime and the people involved. In this article, a social network analysis was carried out on accounts who communicated about synthetic drug trafficking. The sheer number of accounts (N = 4,158) and messages threads (12,085) allows for a meso level analysis of the structural characteristics of the networks involved. Three findings stand out. Firstly, the majority (58%) of the accounts active in the synthetic drug market is involved in poly-drug trafficking. Secondly, three-quarters of all accounts are interconnected in a giant component, resulting in a criminal small-world effect. Thirdly, the network appears to be robust. As a consequence, the removal of central accounts will hardly have any impact on the network as a whole.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 216-239
Issue: 2
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2086125
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2086125
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# input file: FGLC_A_2077330_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Maria Jofre
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Jofre
Title: Network analysis for financial crime risk assessment: the case study of the gambling division in Malta
Abstract:
The present study aims to support existing risk assessment tools by proposing an innovative network-oriented methodology based on ownership information. The approach involves calculating company-level indicators that are then transformed into red flags and used to rate risk. To this end, we collect data on companies active in the division of gambling and betting activities in Malta, and further combine them with information on enforcement actions imposed on Maltese companies, their beneficial owners, intermediate shareholders and subsidiaries. Correlation analysis and statistical testing were performed to assess the individual relevance of company-level indicators, while machine learning methods were employed to validate the usefulness of the indicators when used collectively. We conclude that the intelligent use of ownership information and proper analysis of ownership networks greatly supports the detection of firms involved in financial crime, hence the recommendation to adopt akin approaches to improve risk assessment strategies.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 148-170
Issue: 2
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2077330
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2077330
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# input file: FGLC_A_2087956_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu
Author-Name: Rémi Boivin
Author-X-Name-First: Rémi
Author-X-Name-Last: Boivin
Title: The criminology of Carlo Morselli II
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 123-125
Issue: 2
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2087956
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2087956
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# input file: FGLC_A_2089122_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Michael Levi
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Levi
Title: Lawyers as money laundering enablers? An evolving and contentious relationship
Abstract:
Using limited datasets and case studies drawn from the Global North and South, this article critically considers the available evidence about the involvement of lawyers in elite money laundering and attempts to control their involvement. In addition to lawyers’ lobbying and drafting laws , the normal focus of the ‘enablers’ discourse is on lawyers using expert knowledge and legal professional privilege/professional secrecy to facilitate frauds and to conceal the criminal origins of the funds of others. In few known laundering-for-others casesis there much evidence that lawyer assistance goes beyond doing their normal business: setting up constructions for clients that avoid external scrutiny is usually legal. It is implausible to fully resolve the extent to which lawyer ‘enablers’ are, respectively, naïve, negligent, wilfully blind and/or intentionally criminal. Within-firm supervision and both real and expected regulatory/criminal justice/reputational controls may have an impact, but the evidence base for assessing control effectiveness remains weak.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 126-147
Issue: 2
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2089122
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2089122
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# input file: FGLC_A_2086124_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Hernan Mondani
Author-X-Name-First: Hernan
Author-X-Name-Last: Mondani
Author-Name: Amir Rostami
Author-X-Name-First: Amir
Author-X-Name-Last: Rostami
Title: Criminal nomads: The role of multiple memberships in the criminal collaboration network between Hells Angels MC and Bandidos MC
Abstract:
Outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMGs) have received increased attention from both law enforcement agencies and the research community. This study investigates the criminal collaboration patterns of two OMGs with a long history of hostilities. We use government data on individuals registered as belonging to Hells Angels MC, Bandidos MC and individuals with multiple OMG memberships, and suspicion data from 2011 to 2016 to build co-offending networks. Our results show that members of multiple OMGs tend to have higher centrality and clustering. These members also have the highest levels of suspicions per capita, and most of the co-offending is related to nexus links involving multiple membership individuals. They can be described as ‘criminal nomads’, collaborating with individuals from different organisations. Our results suggest that core members tend to engage in white-collar crime to a greater extent than those on the periphery, which tend to engage more in violence and drug crime.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 193-215
Issue: 2
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2086124
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2086124
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# input file: FGLC_A_2073440_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Michele Battisti
Author-X-Name-First: Michele
Author-X-Name-Last: Battisti
Author-Name: Andrea Mario Lavezzi
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Lavezzi
Author-Name: Roberto Musotto
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Musotto
Title: Taking care of everyone’s business: interpreting Sicilian Mafia embedment through spatial network analysis
Abstract:
Mafia-type organisations often have a strong geographical and cultural entrenchment in the territory they belong. However, their analysis as a spatially networked social structure is still missing. A combined socio-spatial network analysis is presented here, through the demise of a large police operation called Operazione Perseo in 2008. This approach is developed in two ways. At first, a visual representation of the social network of this large group of mafiosi embedded in a geographical space is presented. Three main salient territorial features of the network are thus highlighted. A high density of links in some neighbourhoods, as well as connections across different Mandamenti, the territorial units where Mafia families operate, and the correlation of links and socio-economic determinants, like the unemployment rates. Secondly, a spatial econometric analysis of centrality measures of the group is suggested here. Findings show a positive spatial correlation in the Eigenvalue centrality scores.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 171-192
Issue: 2
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2073440
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2073440
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# input file: FGLC_A_2031152_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f
Author-Name: Lonie Sebagh
Author-X-Name-First: Lonie
Author-X-Name-Last: Sebagh
Author-Name: Jonathan Lusthaus
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Lusthaus
Author-Name: Edoardo Gallo
Author-X-Name-First: Edoardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallo
Author-Name: Federico Varese
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Varese
Author-Name: Sean Sirur
Author-X-Name-First: Sean
Author-X-Name-Last: Sirur
Title: Cooperation and distrust in extra-legal networks: a research note on the experimental study of marketplace disruption
Abstract:
Cybercriminal markets serve as hubs for offenders and enable the sale of illegal goods and services. Thus far, the primary tactics that have been employed against these sites are arrests of cybercriminals and takedowns of marketplace infrastructure. This research note examines a different genus of disruptive strategy: attacks on user reputation. In this area, there has been some scholarly discussion of slander and Sybil operations as a means of fostering distrust. But carrying out empirical work on the effectiveness of these tactics is challenging. This research note presents a possible method for investigating this topic: social laboratory experiments. It reports on a feasibility pilot study inspired by cybercrime disruption, but which speaks to a broader range of extra-legal markets.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 259-283
Issue: 3
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2031152
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2031152
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# input file: FGLC_A_2077331_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f
Author-Name: Murat A. Mercan
Author-X-Name-First: Murat A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mercan
Author-Name: Hande Barlin
Author-X-Name-First: Hande
Author-X-Name-Last: Barlin
Author-Name: Nazire Begen
Author-X-Name-First: Nazire
Author-X-Name-Last: Begen
Title: Is there a link between immigration and incarceration rate?: Evidence from the Syrian refugee influx to Turkey
Abstract:
In this study, we investigate the impact of an increase in the number of refugees on a host country’s incarceration rate, through the specific case of the inflow of Syrian refugees into Turkey. Using statistics from Turkish penal institutions for the period of 2010 to 2015, we applied the difference-in-difference, panel event study, synthetic control, and instrumental variable approaches to measure the changes in the incarceration rate during the time of peak Syrian refugee migration. Our results suggest that the refugee influx into sampled Turkish cities did not have a statistically significant impact on the incarceration rate when compared to control locations. All four of the methods yielded similar results in the robustness exercises designed to check the relationship between the number of refugees and the rate of incarceration.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 306-333
Issue: 3
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2077331
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2077331
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# input file: FGLC_A_2098120_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f
Author-Name: Chang Ryung Han
Author-X-Name-First: Chang Ryung
Author-X-Name-Last: Han
Author-Name: Bastiaan Leeuw
Author-X-Name-First: Bastiaan
Author-X-Name-Last: Leeuw
Author-Name: Hans Nelen
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelen
Title: Mapping hawala risks around the world: the use of a composite indicator
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to map the landscape of risk faced by each country with respect to the presence and prosperity of informal fund transfer (IFT) systems. This study constructed a composite indicator to assess IFT risks of the 121 countries. The IFT risk that this study intended to gauge is not crime risk(s) that IFT systems cause but risk that IFT systems operate and prosper in given countries. The IFT risk indicator was developed with eleven variables extracted from public domain datasets regarding migration, access to formal financial institutions, AML/CFT measures, and societal attitudes towards informality. Routine activity theory was used to derive the factors associated with IFT risk. This study found that the level of IFT risk is associated with their levels of economic development. The main advantage of the IFT risk indicator is that it can gauge ‘nuanced’ differences in IFT risks among countries.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 334-363
Issue: 3
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2098120
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2098120
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# input file: FGLC_A_2067847_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f
Author-Name: Fiona Langlois
Author-X-Name-First: Fiona
Author-X-Name-Last: Langlois
Author-Name: Damien Rhumorbarbe
Author-X-Name-First: Damien
Author-X-Name-Last: Rhumorbarbe
Author-Name: Denis Werner
Author-X-Name-First: Denis
Author-X-Name-Last: Werner
Author-Name: Nicolas Florquin
Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas
Author-X-Name-Last: Florquin
Author-Name: Stefano Caneppele
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano
Author-X-Name-Last: Caneppele
Author-Name: Quentin Rossy
Author-X-Name-First: Quentin
Author-X-Name-Last: Rossy
Title: International weapons trafficking from the United States of America: a crime script analysis of the means of transportation
Abstract:
Using a crime script analysis, this research aims to document how smugglers operate when they traffic arms from the US to foreign countries. Our study is based on an analysis of 66 cases that have been judged by US courts (2008–2017). The criminal activities involved are detailed in a series of distinct scenes, according to Cornish’s theory. Five scripts have been developed, based on the means of transport used by the traffickers: road transport, commercial airlines, postal services, freight transport and crossing the border on foot. Results suggest that most criminals prefer to operate according to an established modus operandi. This commonality suggests that the potential exists for the professionalisation of this criminal activity. Indeed, offenders are likely to maintain it to reduce effort and risk. Complementary sources of information would help to enrich the approach proposed in this study and to address the challenges posed by complex cases.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 284-305
Issue: 3
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2067847
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2067847
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# input file: FGLC_A_2137670_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Anna Gekoski
Author-X-Name-First: Anna
Author-X-Name-Last: Gekoski
Author-Name: Joanna R Adler
Author-X-Name-First: Joanna R
Author-X-Name-Last: Adler
Author-Name: Tim McSweeney
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: McSweeney
Title: Profiling the Fraudster: Findings from a Rapid Evidence Assessment
Abstract:
Fraud accounts for a growing proportion of UK crime, causing economic losses, societal and personal harms. While there is a growing body of literature on the scale and prevalence of fraud, little research has been undertaken about those who carry out the crime – the offenders – since seminal studies undertaken in the 1970s and 80s. This study reports on findings from a Rapid Evidence Assessment commissioned by the Home Office, to explore this gap, seeking to provide an up-to-date socio-demographic profile of fraudsters. It was found that much of the international research considered supports the historical picture of the traditional fraudster as an older, White, employed, well-educated male of a middle-high socio-demographic status, who appear to be late onset offenders. However, there may be different types/groups of fraudsters emerging that might not fit the traditional profile.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 422-442
Issue: 4
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2137670
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2137670
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# input file: FGLC_A_2098121_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Alberto Aziani
Author-X-Name-First: Alberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Aziani
Title: What happens when the police go on strike? Homicides increase. Evidence from Ceará, Brazil
Abstract:
This study investigates how an abrupt reduction in policing impacts upon the occurrence of homicides in a violent context in the Global South. The study utilizes a police strike in the Brazilian state of Ceará in summer 2020 as a quasi-natural experiment. Separate SARIMA and Exponential Smoothing models fitted on data on weekly homicide counts from January 2015 to the beginning of the strike are used to generate forecasts of homicides in a virtual counterfactual scenario with no police strikes. Actual homicide counts and forecasts are subsequently compared. The strike led to a statistically significant increase in homicides ranging between 110% and 250%. A difference-in-differences analysis confirms this result. The elasticity of homicides with respect to police presence is tentatively estimated at between -1.5 and -5.0. Even in a violent context, the perception of a higher risk of apprehension induced by police presence acts as a powerful deterrent against homicides.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 365-391
Issue: 4
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2098121
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2098121
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# input file: FGLC_A_2117696_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Roger Guy
Author-X-Name-First: Roger
Author-X-Name-Last: Guy
Author-Name: Piotr A. Chomczyński
Author-X-Name-First: Piotr A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chomczyński
Author-Name: Rodrigo Cortina Cortés
Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Cortina
Author-X-Name-Last: Cortés
Title: The vanishing independent: adapting to the changing dynamics of drug trafficking organisations in Mexico
Abstract:
Organised Crime in Mexico has undergone considerable change since 2006 when violent competition between drug trafficking organisations (DTOs) intensified. This article explores changes in drug trafficking activities from the perspective of independent dealers in Mexico City. Based on in-depth interviews (N = 64) we conclude that freelance dealers are increasingly pressured to become affiliated with DTOs despite being reluctant to do so. Our data suggest that cartels are more successful in attracting independent dealers with few economic alternatives, than those who are able to support themselves with a combination of licit and illicit activities. Therefore, to the degree that illicit drug sales are essential for economic sustenance, we expect that drug dealing for a criminal organisation will become norm as independent dealer become drawn into cartel work as licit opportunities diminish. For this reason we expect that independent dealers will continue their decline as the prevalence of DTOs increase from the steady demand for illicit substances.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 392-406
Issue: 4
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2117696
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2117696
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# input file: FGLC_A_2117697_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Siv Rebekka Runhovde
Author-X-Name-First: Siv Rebekka
Author-X-Name-Last: Runhovde
Title: Changing attitudes: lessons for countering the trafficking of cultural objects
Abstract:
The illicit transnational trades in cultural goods and wildlife, while distinct, share many characteristics. This article identifies and compares the intricacies of controlling trafficking in cultural objects and wildlife from a customs perspective. Findings indicate that in Norwegian customs, the countering of wildlife trafficking benefits from at least two conditions: 1) officers have become more aware of the characteristics and harmful consequences of the trade, and 2) efficient interactions with other stakeholders ensure tangible outcomes in the form of seizures and punishment of offenders. While challenges remain, these factors serve to motivate officers and, in the last decade, have strengthened the control of wildlife trafficking. The countering of illicit trade in cultural objects, however, does not benefit from such circumstances. Findings suggest that the officers’ awareness of, and attitude towards, trafficking of such materials are key factors to consider for evolving the response.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 407-421
Issue: 4
Volume: 23
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2117697
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2117697
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# input file: FGLC_A_2138859_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Daniel S. Leon
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Leon
Title: How international rents moderate business cycles’ relationship to high homicide rates
Abstract:
I explore the relationships between macroeconomic conditions and how the forms of integration into the global economy affect homicide rates in 21 high-violence countries from 2000 to 2018. The analysis focuses on countries integrated into the global economy by accruing international economic rents. I use data from 2000 to 2018 to analyse how resource rents and remittances moderated the relationship between business cycles and high homicide rates. Moreover, I also evaluate how socioeconomic conditions mediate the above relationship. The results indicate that natural resource rents conditioned a procyclical relationship between business cycles and homicide rates. Contrastingly, remittances conditioned a countercyclical relationship between business cycles and homicide rates. The findings contribute to the rich and growing economic criminology and international political economy literature investigating how international rents condition subnational violence.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-18
Issue: 1
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2138859
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2138859
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# input file: FGLC_A_2162508_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: David Brewster
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Brewster
Author-Name: Adam Edwards
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards
Title: Explaining the reproduction of illegal drug use control regimes in Japan: the multi-centred governance thesis
Abstract:
Despite current global trends towards diversification in policy responses to illegal drug use, including growing criticism of the War on Drugs, Japan continues to retain an ardently prohibitive approach. This article explains the reproduction of prohibitionist policies in Japan throughout the post-War period through use of the Multi-Centred Governance (MCG) thesis. This thesis acknowledges the facilitative power of exogenous shocks to the policy process, the causal power of particular policy actors, whilst also emphasising the importance of dispositional power, the rules of meaning and membership that integrate and bind policy actors into rival agendas of crime control, in maintaining policy agendas despite facilitative and agentic pressures for change. In these terms, the MCG provokes discussion of how alleged global trends in crime and control are mediated by a politics of risk and justice, constituted through the interplay of the facilitative, causal and dispositional circuits of power found in particular contexts.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 73-92
Issue: 1
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2162508
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2162508
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# input file: FGLC_A_2142781_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Liam Quinn
Author-X-Name-First: Liam
Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn
Author-Name: Joseph Clare
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph
Author-X-Name-Last: Clare
Author-Name: Jade Lindley
Author-X-Name-First: Jade
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindley
Author-Name: Frank Morgan
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan
Title: Demand for and disposal of stolen goods in legitimate second-hand online markets: an explorative online survey
Abstract:
An exploratory survey of 1,276 legitimate second-hand online market users from the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Australia was conducted to gauge the extent of stolen goods disposal in these markets; the willingness among users to receive suspected stolen goods; and the likely utility of hypothetical market reduction measures to disrupt disposal of stolen goods online. Chi-square analyses and binomial logistic regressions were conducted on responses to test whether perceptions and experiences of stolen goods disposal varied by demographic variables or browsing activity. Findings suggest that a high volume of stolen goods are perceived to be advertised in second-hand online markets; there is a willingness among a substantial minority of users to receive stolen goods online; and there is an appetite among the majority of users to disrupt the sale of stolen goods online. Theoretical and applied prevention and disruption implications of these findings are explored.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 19-48
Issue: 1
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2142781
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2142781
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# input file: FGLC_A_2156863_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Rasmus Munksgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Rasmus
Author-X-Name-Last: Munksgaard
Title: Building a case for trust: reputation, institutional regulation and social ties in online drug markets
Abstract:
In illicit online markets, actors are pseudonymous, legal institutions are absent, and predation is ripe. The literature proposes that problems of trust are solved by reputation systems, social ties, and administrative governance, but these are often measured independently or in single platforms. This study takes an eclectic approach, conceiving of trust as an estimate informed by any available evidence. Using transaction size as a proxy for trust I estimate the association between competing sources of trust – mediation, reputation, authentication, and social ties – and transaction value using multilevel regression. Using data from two online drug markets, I find mixed evidence that reputation and authentication are associated with transaction value, whereas results are consistent for social ties. Furthermore, transactions outside the scope of administrative mediation are generally larger. These findings have implications for future research and suggest increased attention should be given to the role of mediation practices and social ties.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 49-72
Issue: 1
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2156863
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2156863
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# input file: FGLC_A_2185607_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Cassandra Cross
Author-X-Name-First: Cassandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Cross
Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Title: More than Money: Examining the Potential Exposure of Romance Fraud Victims to Identity Crime
Abstract:
Romance fraud occurs when an offender uses the guise of a genuine relationship to defraud an individual for financial gain. Known statistics indicate that millions are lost each year to this form of fraud. However, the potential for romance fraud victims to also experience identity crime as a consequence of their interactions and communications with an offender has yet to be explored. This article begins to address this gap by examining the potential exposure for identity crime in the context of romance fraud using reports lodged with Scamwatch, an Australian online fraud reporting portal. The findings demonstrate few behavioural and demographic characteristics associated with the potential exposure of those targeted by romance fraud to identity crime. However, the article provides insights into how this analysis should inform prevention messaging and victim support services for those targeted by romance fraud.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 107-121
Issue: 2
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2185607
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2185607
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:2:p:107-121
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# input file: FGLC_A_2166935_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Crispin Rakibu Mbamba
Author-X-Name-First: Crispin Rakibu
Author-X-Name-Last: Mbamba
Author-Name: Enoch Boafo Amponsah
Author-X-Name-First: Enoch Boafo
Author-X-Name-Last: Amponsah
Author-Name: Portia Akua Yeboaa
Author-X-Name-First: Portia Akua
Author-X-Name-Last: Yeboaa
Author-Name: Deborah Annang
Author-X-Name-First: Deborah
Author-X-Name-Last: Annang
Author-Name: Mary McCarthy
Author-X-Name-First: Mary
Author-X-Name-Last: McCarthy
Title: Parents’ Reflections on Child Trafficking Mitigation Mechanisms in Trafficking Hotspot Communities
Abstract:
Evidence shows that the majority of the world’s trafficking in persons for sexual and labour purposes occurs over short distances. In Ghana, children are largely trafficked from rural communities into resource-prone areas to engage in intensive labour activities. This study explores the views of parents in communities where children are largely trafficked, on the best ways to intervene in child trafficking cases. In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 adults (who are parents) from communities in Ghana. Data were managed with HyperRESEARCH software and analysed thematically. Findings reveal that providing vocational and technical training to improve means of livelihood, promoting knowledge on trafficking, and strictly enforcing laws will contribute to combating child trafficking in Ghana. The study recommends the need for inter-organisational collaboration and calls for the government to create rural opportunities for financially struggling families to prevent them from falling prey to traffickers due to their hardships.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 93-106
Issue: 2
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2166935
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2166935
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:2:p:93-106
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# input file: FGLC_A_2211521_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Masarah Paquet-Clouston
Author-X-Name-First: Masarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Paquet-Clouston
Author-Name: Sebastián García
Author-X-Name-First: Sebastián
Author-X-Name-Last: García
Title: On the Dynamics behind Profit-Driven Cybercrime: From Contextual Factors to Perceived Group Structures, and the Workforce at the Periphery
Abstract:
Through an inductive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with experts, this study corroborates key findings on contextual and organisational dynamics behind profit-driven cybercrime. The findings pinpoint three contextual factors influencing individuals to participate in profit-driven cybercrime: lack of legal economic opportunities, lack of deterrents, and drifting means. The findings also highlight how experts perceive group structures of those behind profit-driven cybercrime: as organised, enterprise-like, loose networks, or communities. Experts’ narratives, moreover, emphasise the presence of a workforce at the periphery of cybercrime groups. Such a workforce is not actively involved in developing criminal schemes, yet it helps their orchestration by achieving necessary tasks such as writing texts or developing software. The study results confirm key insights on crime participation related to both cyber and non-cybercrime literature while also raising new research avenues, including questions concerning to what extent those forming the peripheral workforce are willing to participate in cybercrime.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 122-144
Issue: 2
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2211521
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2211521
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# input file: FGLC_A_2211513_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Katharina Krüsselmann
Author-X-Name-First: Katharina
Author-X-Name-Last: Krüsselmann
Author-Name: Pauline Aarten
Author-X-Name-First: Pauline
Author-X-Name-Last: Aarten
Author-Name: Sven Granath
Author-X-Name-First: Sven
Author-X-Name-Last: Granath
Author-Name: Janne Kivivuori
Author-X-Name-First: Janne
Author-X-Name-Last: Kivivuori
Author-Name: Nora Markwalder
Author-X-Name-First: Nora
Author-X-Name-Last: Markwalder
Author-Name: Karoliina Suonpää
Author-X-Name-First: Karoliina
Author-X-Name-Last: Suonpää
Author-Name: Asser Hedegaard Thomsen
Author-X-Name-First: Asser Hedegaard
Author-X-Name-Last: Thomsen
Author-Name: Simone Walser
Author-X-Name-First: Simone
Author-X-Name-Last: Walser
Author-Name: Marieke Liem
Author-X-Name-First: Marieke
Author-X-Name-Last: Liem
Title: Firearm Homicides in Europe: A Comparison with Non-Firearm Homicides in Five European Countries
Abstract:
Detailed, comparative research on firearm violence in Europe is rare. Using data from the European Homicide Monitor, this paper presents the prevalence and characteristics of firearm homicides in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland between 2001 and 2016. Furthermore, we compare firearm to non-firearm homicides to assess the degree of uniqueness of firearms as modus operandi. We find that the firearm homicide rate varies across our sample of countries. We also identify two country profiles: in Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden, most firearm homicides take place in public and urban areas, involving male victims and perpetrators. In these countries, the use of firearms in homicides is largely concentrated in the criminal milieu. In Finland and Switzerland, firearms are mostly used in domestic homicides, with a higher share of female victims. We explore these findings in relation to firearm availability in each country.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 145-167
Issue: 2
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2211513
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2211513
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# input file: FGLC_A_2212592_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Elena Morgenthaler
Author-X-Name-First: Elena
Author-X-Name-Last: Morgenthaler
Author-Name: Benoit Leclerc
Author-X-Name-First: Benoit
Author-X-Name-Last: Leclerc
Title: Crime script analysis of drug importation into Australia facilitated by the dark net
Abstract:
A growing facilitator of drug trafficking are dark net markets, which enable transactions between sellers and buyers of illicit drugs around the world. This study aimed to develop a crime script for drug importation into Australia and identify potential crime prevention points within the crime script. To achieve this, a content analysis of 18 Australian court sentencing transcripts was conducted. The final crime script consisted of five general steps taken by offenders (preparation, access, purchasing, receiving and storage) followed by three script tracks based on the purpose of importation (selling on the dark net domestically, selling offline and personal use). This study will contribute to the current knowledge of the crime commission process of buyers on the dark net by focusing on online and offline steps, and the importation in the Australian context. Through these insights, this study will conclude by looking at potential specific and tailored crime prevention measures.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 169-194
Issue: 3
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2212592
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2212592
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:3:p:169-194
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# input file: FGLC_A_2217101_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Serena Favarin
Author-X-Name-First: Serena
Author-X-Name-Last: Favarin
Author-Name: Giulia Berlusconi
Author-X-Name-First: Giulia
Author-X-Name-Last: Berlusconi
Author-Name: Alberto Aziani
Author-X-Name-First: Alberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Aziani
Author-Name: Samuele Corradini
Author-X-Name-First: Samuele
Author-X-Name-Last: Corradini
Title: Transnational trafficking networks of end-of-life vehicles and e-waste
Abstract:
Based on case studies and interviews, it appears that the transnational trafficking of various waste types follows distinct paths. However, this information only provides a partial view of the global waste trafficking network, as it has never been studied by combining all the known illegal flows of different waste types. To address this gap, we analysed data from the Basel Convention National Reports to reconstruct networks of countries that engaged in illegal exchanges of end-of-life vehicles, e-waste, or both between 2016 and 2019. Our findings suggest that the structure of these networks and the countries involved in the trafficking vary depending on the waste type, with some similarities. While there are a few reciprocal ties, illegal end-of-life vehicles and e-waste typically move in one direction between countries. Most illegal flows occur from the Global North to the Global South, but trafficking also takes place within each of these regions.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 215-237
Issue: 3
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2217101
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2217101
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:3:p:215-237
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# input file: FGLC_A_2214795_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Saeed Kabiri
Author-X-Name-First: Saeed
Author-X-Name-Last: Kabiri
Author-Name: Seyyedeh Masoomeh Shadmanfaat
Author-X-Name-First: Seyyedeh Masoomeh
Author-X-Name-Last: Shadmanfaat
Author-Name: Robert C. Perkins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Perkins
Author-Name: Hadley Wellen
Author-X-Name-First: Hadley
Author-X-Name-Last: Wellen
Author-Name: C. Jordan Howell
Author-X-Name-First: C. Jordan
Author-X-Name-Last: Howell
Author-Name: John K. Cochran
Author-X-Name-First: John K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cochran
Author-Name: Hayden Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Hayden
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Title: Aggressive spectators in sporting milieus: A test of Situational Action Theory
Abstract:
Violence among spectators in sports is a global phenomenon posing hazards for players, match officials, and other participants. Despite its widespread prevalence, scant criminological research has investigated the matter. To fill this void, this study examines the predictive efficacy of key theoretical constructs derived from Situational Action Theory on aggressive behaviour among a sample of 384 soccer spectators in Iran. Results reveal that crime propensity, criminogenic exposure, action alternatives, and choice have direct effects on spectator engagement in violent behaviour. Furthermore, results demonstrate that crime propensity and criminogenic exposure (propensity*exposure) and action alternatives and choice (action alternatives*choice) interact to increase violence among sport spectators in a manner consistent with the theory. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 195-214
Issue: 3
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2214795
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2214795
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# input file: FGLC_A_2266388_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Fathima Azmiya Badurdeen
Author-X-Name-First: Fathima Azmiya
Author-X-Name-Last: Badurdeen
Title: Crimes on the edge? Criminal activities and the crime-terror nexus in the Kenyan peripheries of the Indian Ocean
Abstract:
Maritime security threats in the East African coastal peripheries are greatly interwoven with local crimes, economies, and socio-political lifestyles. How crimes are viewed, defined, and categorised as legal and illegal by the locals elucidates how the crime-terrorism nexus is contextualised in specific localities along the coastal seafronts. Often, financial-motivated crimes have the potential to go hand in hand with ideologically driven terrorist activities, where both syndicates operate discreetly in these communities. Based on an ethnographic study in Kenya, this article interrogates the local meanings and understandings of criminal activities in peripheral societies to determine how local crimes intersect with terrorism-related activities. The crisscrossing modus operandi of criminal syndicates and terrorist networks provides each other with safe havens, secrecy in operations, and a vulnerable base of supporters in environments where state-citizen relationships are deteriorating.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 284-306
Issue: 4
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2266388
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2266388
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:4:p:284-306
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# input file: FGLC_A_2250992_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Saumya Tripathi
Author-X-Name-First: Saumya
Author-X-Name-Last: Tripathi
Author-Name: Sameena Azhar
Author-X-Name-First: Sameena
Author-X-Name-Last: Azhar
Title: “Exploring police officers’ perceptions of their female colleagues in Uttar Pradesh, India: a phenomenological analysis”
Abstract:
This study aimed to explore Indian police officers’ perceptions of their female colleagues through Bourdieu and Chan’s framework of habitus, practice, field, and capital. We interviewed 12 police officers in Allahabad, India, who were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. We translated, transcribed and coded their interviews from Hindi to English. Applying Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis, we identified two major themes: (1) the work of women is consistently devalued in policing culture; and (2) patriarchal sentiments influence police officers’ views towards their female colleagues. This study expands our understanding of the prevalent gender bias against female police officers in India. Findings may assist in redesigning policies and interventions that reduce gender bias and discrimination within Indian police organisations.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 263-283
Issue: 4
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2250992
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2250992
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:4:p:263-283
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# input file: FGLC_A_2237423_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Lauren Martin
Author-X-Name-First: Lauren
Author-X-Name-Last: Martin
Author-Name: Cynthia Matthias
Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia
Author-X-Name-Last: Matthias
Author-Name: Stephen Abeyta
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Abeyta
Author-Name: Matthew Kafafian
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew
Author-X-Name-Last: Kafafian
Author-Name: Kelle Barrick
Author-X-Name-First: Kelle
Author-X-Name-Last: Barrick
Author-Name: Amy Farrell
Author-X-Name-First: Amy
Author-X-Name-Last: Farrell
Title: Mechanisms of recruitment into sex trafficking operations: a systematic review
Abstract:
Sex trafficking is a global human rights issue and a form of violence with numerous health and mental health sequelae. This systematic review synthesised the global literature on recruitment into sex trafficking to describe what we know and identify gaps. We identified 5,526 articles, subjected 340 to full-text review, and only 34 met inclusion/exclusion criteria. We found that the empirical literature on recruitment into trafficking is unclear and many studies lack empirical rigour. The literature base lacks detail about tactics employed in the initial recruitment phase and does not differentiate between recruitment and ongoing control of victims. There are many studies on trafficking vulnerabilities, but the literature is weak on how and when traffickers leverage vulnerabilities, and how structural conditions shape effectiveness of trafficking recruitment mechanisms in particular settings. This systematic review highlights a need for more targeted research on the initial recruitment phase of trafficking and research with traffickers.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 239-262
Issue: 4
Volume: 24
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2237423
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2237423
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Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:4:p:239-262
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# input file: FGLC_A_2291352_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Jonathan P. Caulkins
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Caulkins
Author-Name: Philippe C. Schicker
Author-X-Name-First: Philippe C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Schicker
Author-Name: H. Brinton Milward
Author-X-Name-First: H. Brinton
Author-X-Name-Last: Milward
Author-Name: Peter Reuter
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Reuter
Title: A detailed study of a prominent dark web fentanyl trafficking organization
Abstract:
Overdose deaths in North America have soared, primarily because of the spread of illegally manufactured fentanyl. This paper uses detailed qualitative and transaction-level data to analyse an early and prominent dark web fentanyl-selling operation. The data record the date, drug, quantity, and selling price for 5,589 transactions comprising 872,659 items sold for a little over $2.8 million through AlphaBay. Findings include that the organisation sustained an impressive sales growth rate of approximately 15% per week, compounded. Increasing order sizes by a factor of ten reduced the price per pill by approximately 25% for Oxycodone and 50% for Xanax. Those steep quantity discounts imply large price markups when selling further down the distribution chain. Such high growth rates and price markups suggest that it might be difficult to constrain supply by shutting down individual organisations, since any remaining organisations may be able to quickly grow to fill unmet demand.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 50-71
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2291352
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2291352
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# input file: FGLC_A_2271848_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Jason R. Silva
Author-X-Name-First: Jason R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Silva
Title: Public mass shootings in developed countries: uncovering stability and change at the turn of the century
Abstract:
This study examines the stability and change in public mass shootings in developed countries outside of the United States (2000–2021). Public mass shootings refer to incidents involving public/populated locations, random/symbolic victims, and at least four fatalities. Results identified an increase in the frequency of attacks in developed countries, although particularly deadly incidents remained relatively consistent. Offenders were commonly and consistently male, middle-aged, single, and diagnosed with a mental illness. Incidents often involved handguns, more than one firearm, and open-area locations. Offenders were often motivated by a desire for fame; although, early fame-seekers were younger, school shooters, while recent offenders had far-right ideological beliefs. Other changes included an increase in offenders obtaining their firearms illegally, using assault rifles, diversifying their target locations, and being shot and killed. This provides the first step for understanding mass shooting trends in the often-overlooked developed countries outside of the United States.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 26-49
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2271848
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2271848
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# input file: FGLC_A_2342775_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Marco Antonelli
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli
Title: Unpacking drug trafficking phenomenon through seaports: lessons from the Italian ports
Abstract:
This article aims to provide an analysis of the factors influencing the operational strategies of drug trafficking organisations in the context of seaports. It seeks to move beyond a monolithic representation of this complex phenomenon by investigating the intricate interplay between legal and illicit spheres, as well as the diverse methodologies employed in the illicit transportation of drugs from vessels to destinations outside of ports. Drawing from empirical evidence gathered in the Italian context, the results reveal that drug trafficking through seaports is a multifaceted endeavour influenced by a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors. Internal factors within the network, such as organisational structure (including network size, control mechanisms, and member accountability) and resources (human, material, and informational), play a pivotal role in shaping drug trafficking organisations’ strategies. Additionally, external factors, including maritime dynamics, port economics, cultural aspects, and institutional determinants, significantly impact decision-making processes within these criminal organisations.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 72-95
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2024.2342775
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2024.2342775
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# input file: FGLC_A_2321396_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Tin Kapetanovic
Author-X-Name-First: Tin
Author-X-Name-Last: Kapetanovic
Author-Name: Mark Dechesne
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Dechesne
Author-Name: Joanne P. Van der Leun
Author-X-Name-First: Joanne P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Van der Leun
Title: Transplantation theory in terrorism: an exploratory analysis of organised crime and terrorist group expansion
Abstract:
Most terrorist groups are active close to their native area of operation. Why then do some terrorist groups expand to foreign territories? In an exploratory attempt, this article draws parallels between organised crime group transplantation frameworks and the transnational activities of terrorist groups. Utilising transplantation studies, we introduce a conceptual criminological framework that integrates both push and pull factors influencing the transnational movement of terrorist groups. To validate this framework as a pilot test, we apply it to al-Qaeda’s operations in the Sahara-Sahel region, relying on open-source data. Our findings, while preliminary, indicate the potential of this unified transplantation approach in offering deeper insights into the transnational behaviours of terrorist groups.
Journal: Global Crime
Pages: 1-25
Issue: 1
Volume: 25
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2024.2321396
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2024.2321396
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:25:y:2024:i:1:p:1-25