Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Galeotti Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti Title: Introduction: Global Crime Today Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-7 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jay S. Albanese Author-X-Name-First: Jay S. Author-X-Name-Last: Albanese Title: North American Organised Crime Abstract: The Italian-American mafia is one of the most enduring images of organised crime, but separating fictional images of organised crime from the real thing has not been easy. Overall, organised crime is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand. Its continuing existence is maintained through the use of force, threats, monopoly control, and/or the corruption of public officials. The past 20 years have seen a decline in the influence of Italian-American organised crime in the US, but this has been offset by the rise of other forms of organised crime, not least groups from the former USSR. Meanwhile, the Canadian underworld is dominated by Asian groups, East European groups, Italian groups, and outlaw motorcycle gangs. The major organised crime groups in Mexico are extended networks composed of Mexican nationals living in Mexico, Mexican-Americans, and Mexican immigrants living in the United States, operating as competing networks in the illicit drug business from supply, to transit, to destination and buyers. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 8-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297945 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:8-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Letizia Paoli Author-X-Name-First: Letizia Author-X-Name-Last: Paoli Title: Italian Organised Crime: Mafia Associations and Criminal Enterprises Abstract: The article reviews the different forms of organised crime in Italy. To begin with, it focuses on the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, Italy's two largest and most powerful mafia associations. With their centuries-old histories, articulated structures, sophisticated ritual and symbolic apparatuses and claim to exercise a political dominion, these associations have few parallels in the world of organised crime. In its second section, the article considers other groups and networks that are--with varying degrees of justification--also routinely described as organised crime: these range from the Neapolitan camorra to Apulian organised crime and the so-called new 'foreign mafie' and other criminal entrepreneurs. Whereas the new Italian and foreign players are likely to expand their activities on Italy's illegal markets, the future of Cosa Nostra and the 'Ndrangheta is more uncertain and largely depends on the decisions made by the public administrations. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 19-31 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297954 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:19-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruce Bagley Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Bagley Title: Globalisation and Latin American and Caribbean Organised Crime Abstract: The longstanding institutional weaknesses of most states in Latin America and the Caribbean, in combination with the existence of a highly lucrative underground drug trade in the Western hemisphere, make the countries in that corner of the world system not only especially prone to indigenous organised crime, but also attractive targets for transnational criminal enterprises. In most of the region, the dynamics of globalisation over the last two decades have resulted in almost ideal conditions for the rapid penetration and spread of transnational organised crime. Thus, as well as considering the overall situation in Latin America and the Caribbean, this article will particularly consider the scope and impact of the post-Cold War wave of Russian transnational organised crime to illustrate this phenomenon. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 32-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297963 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297963 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:32-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Galeotti Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti Title: The Russian 'Mafiya': Consolidation and Globalisation Abstract: Organised crime emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union unexpectedly quickly and forcefully, rapidly 'colonising' the new economic and political structures. Hyperbole notwithstanding, the 'mafiya' does not 'own' the new Russia, but it is undoubtedly a powerful force, and one which has eagerly exploited new opportunities to cultivate strategic alliances in the global underworld and also to spread across the world. It is presently at an important crossroads at home. It is maturing, as larger, more professional networks eliminate or incorporate the myriad gangs that emerged in the freewheeling days of the early Russian state, and under President Putin it faces a regime embarked upon a state-building programme intolerant of the kind of open anarchy that characterised the early 1990s. However, Russian organised crime remains strikingly disorganised, characterised by loose and highly entrepreneurial networks rather than disciplined hierarchies, and there are still pressures, including the impact of foreign criminal penetration and the growing profits from drug smuggling, which threaten the present status quo. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 54-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:54-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly Hignett Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Hignett Title: Organised Crime in East Central Europe: The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland Abstract: Recent developments in East Central Europe have made countries in the region increasingly attractive to organised crime. The development of organised crime in ECE is seen as a significant problem with global implications. The roots of organised crime in ECE date back to the 1970s, but conditions after the revolutions of 1989 led to an influx of foreign-based gangs into the region. This has resulted in the emergence of organised crime that is predominantly international in character. Gangs have established strategic alliances to organise operations spanning three continents. The countries of ECE have been fighting back against organised crime and significant advances have been made. Continued criminal operations through the region, however, are perceived as a threat on a global scale. The accession of the Czech republic, Hungary and Poland into the EU in May 2004 will provide a clear litmus test for how successful these attempts have been to date. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 70-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297981 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:70-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bertil Lintner Author-X-Name-First: Bertil Author-X-Name-Last: Lintner Title: Chinese Organised Crime Abstract: Secret societies have always been endemic to Chinese overseas communities, surviving on fear and corruption and prospering through their involvement in a wide range of legal and illegal businesses. For many years, Hong Kong was seen as the 'capital' of this worldwide Chinese criminal fraternity and, in the 1980s, many outside observers and analysts thought the gangs that were based in the then British colony would leave once it reverted to Chinese rule in 1997. In the end, the reverse turned out to be the case. Not only did the Hong Kong Triads make arrangements with the territory's new overlords, but in Chinatowns all over the world, close links were also forged with mainland Chinese interests. In China itself, where cutthroat capitalism has replaced the old, austere socialist system, new secret societies, both Triad-linked criminal groups and various syncretic sects, are also expanding at a breathtaking pace. An entirely new breed of entrepreneurs is emerging on the fringes of China. The businesslike and well-connected, pinstriped suit-wearing managers of the Sun Yee On Triad have shown where the future lies, while gangsters are breaking new ground in such new frontiers as the Russian Far East, which could have far-reaching consequences for the stability of the entire region. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 84-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:84-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Hill Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Title: The Changing Face of the Yakuza Abstract: Over the last half century, Japan has undergone considerable political, economic and social change. In response to these changes, Japan's criminal organisations, collectively known as yakuza, have themselves rapidly adapted. This chapter explores these developments. The two main factors driving the yakuza's historical development are first, changing market opportunities and secondly, vagaries in the legal and law-enforcement environment in which these groups operate. During the last decade these two factors have had a serious impact on the yakuza fortunes; the 1992 bōryokudan (yakuza) countermeasures law and Japan's protracted economic woes following the collapse of the bubble economy in 1990 have made their lives considerably harder. Since then, legal and social developments have further undermined these groups. While the yakuza have attempted to reduce the impact of these developments by adopting a lower profile and strengthening the mechanisms by which inter-syndicate disputes are resolved peacefully, there is inevitably a tension here with their members' needs to make money. The continued existence of illegal markets, and the lack of political will to seriously tackle these groups, makes the survival of these groups a certainty. However, the space within which they can operate has diminished and is diminishing. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 97-116 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:97-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raphael F. Perl Author-X-Name-First: Raphael F. Author-X-Name-Last: Perl Title: State Crime: The North Korean Drug Trade Abstract: At least 50 documented incidents in more than 20 countries around the world, many involving arrest or detention of North Korean diplomats, link North Korea to drug trafficking. Such events, in the context of ongoing, credible, but unproven, allegations of large-scale state sponsorship of drug production and trafficking (especially heroin and methamphetamines), raise important issues for the global community in combating international drug trafficking. Rather than simply the activities of mercenary and corrupt individuals within the North Korean elite, the trafficking appears to be the result of a strategy initiated at the highest levels, directed through the shadowy organisation known as Bureau 39. As the DPRK's drug trade becomes increasingly entrenched, and arguably decentralised, analysts question whether the Pyongyang regime (or any subsequent government) would have the ability to restrain such activity, should it so desire. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 117-128 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297016 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:117-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tamara Makarenko Author-X-Name-First: Tamara Author-X-Name-Last: Makarenko Title: The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism Abstract: Increasingly since the end of the Cold War and the subsequent decline of state sponsorship for terrorism, organised criminal activities have become a major revenue source for terrorist groups worldwide. Building on the precedent set by narco-terrorism, as it emerged in Latin America in the 1980s, the use of crime has become an important factor in the evolution of terrorism. As such, the 1990s can be described as the decade in which the crime-terror nexus was consolidated: the rise of transnational organised crime and the changing nature of terrorism mean that two traditionally separate phenomena have begun to reveal many operational and organisational similarities. Indeed, criminal and terrorist groups appear to be learning from one another, and adapting to each other's successes and failures, meaning that it is necessary to acknowledge, and to understand the crime-terror continuum to formulate effective state responses to these evolving, and periodically converging, threats. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 129-145 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297025 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:129-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Grabosky Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Grabosky Title: The Global Dimension of Cybercrime Abstract: Cyberspace and thus cybercrime know no boundaries. This chapter reviews some of the basic forms of cybercrime, draws specific attention to the issues that arise when offences occur across borders and in relation to organised criminal groupings, and provides illustrations based on some of the more celebrated cases of the past few years. The borderless nature of cyberspace and the exponential take-up of digital technology throughout the world guarantee that transnational cybercrime will remain a challenge. Fortunately, many nations are rising to this challenge, individually and collectively, but the web of international cooperation does have its holes and those nations that lag behind the leaders risk becoming havens for cybercriminals of the future. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 146-157 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/1744057042000297034 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1744057042000297034 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:1:p:146-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Klaus von Lampe Author-X-Name-First: Klaus Author-X-Name-Last: von Lampe Author-Name: Per Ole Johansen Author-X-Name-First: Per Author-X-Name-Last: Ole Johansen Title: Organized Crime and Trust: On the conceptualization and empirical relevance of trust in the context of criminal networks Abstract: Organised crime networks are often characterised as being held together by bonds of trust, but the conventional wisdom regarding the relation between trust and organised crime lacks a comprehensive theoretical and empirical underpinning. The purpose of this paper is to explore where deeper research on this issue may lead and how it can potentially contribute to a better understanding of organised crime in general. Drawing on the general sociological literature, it provides a preliminary conceptualisation of trust in the context of organised crime centred around a fourfold typology along the micro-macro dimension. The authors use anecdotal evidence from their research on illegal markets for highly taxed goods in Norway and Germany to illustrate that there are different types of trust, that there are different consequences of the violation of trust, and, finally, that there are criminal relations not based on trust at all. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 159-184 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096734 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:159-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hugh Griffiths Author-X-Name-First: Hugh Author-X-Name-Last: Griffiths Title: Smoking Guns: European Cigarette Smuggling in the 1990’s Abstract: This article concerns European cigarette smuggling over the past decade and examines the actors, structures and relationships which facilitated the illicit trade. It discusses the central role played by actors not traditionally associated with organised crime, such as multi-national tobacco companies, Swiss banks and the state security agencies of various Balkan states. It demonstrates how domestic legislation in Switzerland and instability in the Balkans prevented national law enforcement agencies from effectively dealing with this international network at an earlier stage. The article also focuses on the history of local and national law enforcement investigations as well as the integrated multi-national investigation project later initiated by the EU and member states. The article's conclusions suggest that while smuggling actors have successfully adapted to the process of globalisation -- financial and state deregulation -- law enforcement agencies remain at a disadvantage as they are hampered by the domestic legislation in nation states such as Switzerland and the United States. While cigarette smuggling was and is a major illicit industry, it has not been the subject of much academic scrutiny. This article, based on field research in the Balkans and EU member states aims to contribute to a broader understanding of a problem involving a multiplicity of criminal actors, states and law enforcement agencies. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 185-200 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096759 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:185-200 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aurelijus Gutauskas Author-X-Name-First: Aurelijus Author-X-Name-Last: Gutauskas Author-Name: Arunas Juska Author-X-Name-First: Arunas Author-X-Name-Last: Juska Author-Name: Peter Johnstone Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Johnstone Author-Name: Richard Pozzuto Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Pozzuto Title: Changing Typology of Organised Crime in a Post-Socialist Lithuania (the Late 1980s--Early 2000s) Abstract: This paper analyzes the dynamics of organised crime in post-socialist Lithuania. Three overlapping periods in evolution of organised crime are discerned. During the mid 1980s organised crime emerged with the attempts to liberalise the state socialism by legalizing cooperative and individual property as a basis for economic activities. By the early 1990s organised crime in Lithuania began to metamorphose from illegal manufacturing to opportunistic criminality associated with the privatisation of state property. Since the mid 1990s organised crime has again undergone change. It has entered what could be termed a maturation phase. This maturation was influenced by a number of factors including; the end of the privatization process, resumed growth of the economy, development of the legal and fiscal infrastructure to regulate a market economy, and increasing effectiveness and successes of policing in Lithuania [1]. In this article the political, socio-economic, organisational and cultural factors that influenced the dynamics of change in organised crime are analyzed. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 201-221 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096775 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096775 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:201-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Austin Francis Muldoon Author-X-Name-First: Austin Francis Author-X-Name-Last: Muldoon Title: Washington Heights, New York City Abstract: Austin Francis Muldoon III joined the NYPD in 1979 and after working uniform and plain-clothes street level enforcement was assigned to Narcotics as an investigator in 1985. From January 1988 until his retirement from Homicide in 1999 he worked as a detective in Upper Manhattan which included a time when the crack epidemic resulted in record homicide rates. Since 1999 M. Muldoon has been with the Special Commissioner of Investigation in NYC where he is working with the FBI and the US Attorney's Office investigating corruption and bid rigging in the Department of Education. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 222-229 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096809 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:222-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Woodiwiss Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Woodiwiss Title: Review Article: The World of Organized Crime Journal: Global Crime Pages: 230-240 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:230-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Tucker Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Tucker Title: Review Article: How not to Explain Murder: A Sociological Critique of Bowling for Columbine[1] Journal: Global Crime Pages: 241-249 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500096825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500096825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:2:p:241-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert M Lombardo Author-X-Name-First: Robert M Author-X-Name-Last: Lombardo Title: The Black Hand: A Study in Moral Panic Abstract: This analysis reviews the history of Black Hand extortion in the City of Chicago and argues that the societal response to Black Hand activity constituted a moral panic. In addition, special emphasis is given to the institutional legacy of society's response to Black Hand crime. It is argued that the moral panic created by the Black Hand contributed to the social construction of the alien conspiracy theory, which has dominated beliefs about the Mafia and organised crime for almost a century Journal: Global Crime Pages: 267-284 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500273366 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500273366 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:267-284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monica Massari Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Massari Author-Name: Paola Monzini Author-X-Name-First: Paola Author-X-Name-Last: Monzini Title: Dirty Businesses in Italy: A Case-study of Illegal Trafficking in Hazardous Waste Abstract: This article focuses on trafficking in hazardous and special waste in Italy during the past decade with particular attention to the role played by mafia groups and other legal and illegal actors. A number of examples of illegal management and trafficking of waste are analysed to show the techniques used and the kind of actors involved (traditional mafia-type organisations, corporate entities, legitimate enterprises and businessmen, local authorities and other official actors). It concludes that a number of factors have facilitated and/or enhanced the development and growth of the illegal waste trafficking business (such as the growing demand for clandestine and cheaper services in the sector, the low business ethic of some segments of Italian industry, the delay in implementing proper waste-management policies and legislation, and the low public awareness regarding the threat posed by eco-crimes). Journal: Global Crime Pages: 285-304 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500273416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500273416 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:285-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emma Björnehed Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Björnehed Title: Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror Abstract: The aim of this article is to analyse the phenomena of narco-terrorism and the practical measures utilised to counter this threat. By adopting the model of the crime-terror continuum developed by Tamara Makarenko, the article will outline the similarities and dissimilarities of narcotics trafficking and terrorism in order to provide a more nuanced perspective on the concept of narco-terrorism. By doing so, the article will evaluate the kind of approach taken in combating the threat of narco-terrorism. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 305-324 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500273440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500273440 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:305-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Romain Bertrand Author-X-Name-First: Romain Author-X-Name-Last: Bertrand Title: “Behave Like Enraged Lions”: Civil Militias, the Army and the Criminalisation of Politics in Indonesia Abstract: Since the end of the authoritarian New Order regime in May 1998, Indonesia has embarked upon a difficult journey towards democracy. One of the key questions raised by the rise of social and political violence in both Java and the Outer Islands since President Suharto's resignation from power is that of the wearing away of the state's monopoly of the means of violence and of its legitimate uses. But the process of the criminalisation of both state agencies and political parties is much older than one would have it. It begun during the late colonial period and gained momentum during the war of independence, in the late 1940s, when army units had to engage in extortion and smuggling to cater for soldiers' needs. Under the New Order, this beam of relationships between the police, the army and criminal gangs was given an official recognition of some sort, hence quasi-legal protection, through the creation of the “System for the Protection of the Environment” (Siskamling). This “system” enabled many petty criminals from the red light districts to join civil and para-military militias and even, at times, to enter public administration. Post-Suharto Indonesia inherited these criminalised “grey areas” between state agencies and the underworld, where one would find numerous masters of violence -- people for whom violence is both a way of life and a way of making a living. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 325-344 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500274174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500274174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:325-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sappho Xenakis Author-X-Name-First: Sappho Author-X-Name-Last: Xenakis Title: International Norm Diffusion and Organised Crime Policy: The Case of Greece Abstract: The premise of this paper is that a section of the Greek policy-making elite responsible for formulating policy against organised crime has taken advantage of an internationally-developed programme of action on this issue to strengthen perceptions of the Greek state's legitimacy amongst both domestic and foreign audiences. Although positive reaction to foreign pressure for policy change has tended to be made at the risk of losing further legitimacy in the eyes of domestic public opinion, in this case the issue of organised crime has presented an opportunity to the policy-making elite to develop policy that also aims to bolster the domestic legitimacy of the state by dealing with criminality and presenting the state as a clean and neutral body acting for the common public good. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 345-373 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500274224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500274224 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:345-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Menno Vellinga Author-X-Name-First: Menno Author-X-Name-Last: Vellinga Title: Some Observations on Changing Business Practices in Drug Trafficking: The Andean experience Abstract: The field of cocaine production and trafficking has become more differentiated and the enterprises have become more heterogeneous. A new generation of traffickers has entered the business. They are low profile, cautious and they organize the trade in an informal way. They have a different style of operation than the druglords in the epoch of the big ‘cartels’. The use of individual couriers smuggling small amounts of cocaine while using normally scheduled flights has increased spectacularly presenting new challenges to law enforcement. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 374-386 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500274273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500274273 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:374-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr János Sallai Author-X-Name-First: Dr János Author-X-Name-Last: Sallai Author-Name: Csaba Jónás Author-X-Name-First: Csaba Author-X-Name-Last: Jónás Title: The Ukrainian-Hungarian Border: Security and Cross-border relations Abstract: Lt. Colonel Dr János Sallai is head of the Research Management Department of the Management Training & Further Training Institute of the High School for Hungarian Police Officers. Captain Csaba Jónás is an assistant professor at the Criminalistics Department of the High School for Hungarian Police Officers. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 387-390 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500277284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500277284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:387-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcello Saija Author-X-Name-First: Marcello Author-X-Name-Last: Saija Author-Name: Daniela Irrera Author-X-Name-First: Daniela Author-X-Name-Last: Irrera Title: Institutions and Mafia in Italy: The case of Messina Abstract: Professor Marcello Saija is the director of the Department of European and International Studies at the University of Messina; Dr Daniela Irrera is a researcher at the Department of European and International Studies of the University of Messina. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 391-397 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500277326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500277326 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:391-397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Galeotti Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti Title: The Transdnistrian Connection: Big Problems from a Small Pseudo-state Abstract: Dr Mark Galeotti is Director of the Organised Russian & Eurasian Crime Research Unit at Keele University, UK, and presently Visiting Professor of Security Studies at the School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers -- Newark Journal: Global Crime Pages: 398-405 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500277359 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500277359 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:398-405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Alcorn Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Alcorn Title: Book Reviews Journal: Global Crime Pages: 406-430 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570500277557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570500277557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:6:y:2004:i:3-4:p:406-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John T. Picarelli Author-X-Name-First: John T. Author-X-Name-Last: Picarelli Title: The Turbulent Nexus Of Transnational Organised Crime And Terrorism: A Theory of Malevolent International Relations Abstract: International relations scholars and practitioners alike have paid increasing attention to how malevolent non-state actors like terror groups and transnational criminal organisations challenge the state and otherwise threaten secure and stable human relations. Scholars and experts have yet to agree on the existence, nature and scope of enduring alliances (or a nexus) between crime and terror groups. In this article, the author wades into the debate and offers a new perspective using an analytical framework rooted in James Rosenau's postinternationalist paradigm. Drawing on research gathered through a recently-completed comparative study of the crime-terror nexus, the article notes that two forms of the crime-terror nexus exist. Such bifurcation eclipses the more parsimonious view that criminals and terrorists only engage in marriages of convenience to further their methods but their motives maintain long-term separation. The articles concludes with suggestions on how to develop state policies that address all forms of the crime-terror nexus. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650125 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rosaleen Duffy Author-X-Name-First: Rosaleen Author-X-Name-Last: Duffy Title: Global Governance, Criminalisation and Environmental Change Abstract: This article examines the environmental impact of criminalisation. It argues that developing societies are increasingly drawn into globalised networks that inextricably link the global and local, the legal and illegal. This means that in order to understand the causes of environmental degradation it is no longer useful to focus on the formal institutions and practices of government and business. Instead, this article uses the concept of the shadow state to examine and understand the causes of environmental change in two illustrative cases of Madagascar and Belize. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 25-42 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650133 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650133 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:25-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Critchley Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Critchley Title: Buster, Maranzano and the Castellammare War, 1930--1931 Abstract: More than most issues surrounding the American Mafia, the history of the Castellammare War is contestable at both theoretical and empirical levels. As the alleged pivotal event in the creation of the contemporary structure of the US Mafia or Cosa Nostra, it is of obvious importance as a topic of historical investigation. But a survey of published works on the War and its consequences reveals confusion, inaccuracies, erroneous assumptions and missing information. This is the first major systematic attempt to explore the War and its consequences made since the 1970s. Aside from adding substantially to the stock of knowledge of the War and its participants, debates on the War are critically evaluated, using original source materials where possible. The Castellammare War did not have the ramifications assumed, when placed either in a broader context or from the vantage point of internal American Mafia dynamics. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 43-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:43-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olga Matich Author-X-Name-First: Olga Author-X-Name-Last: Matich Title: Mobster gravestones in 1990s Russia Abstract: The luxurious cult of memory at Russian mobster gravesites represents both a break with past tradition and also a valuable insight into the country's criminal cultures -- both Christian and Moslem. Drawing primarily from first-hand exploration of mobster gravesites in Moscow and Ekaterinburg, this article considers the way the cemetery is now used as a medium through which to glorify those who have prospered in the cutthroat economy of Russia of the 1990s and then became its victims, as well as the new iconography at work, and its wider implications. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 79-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650158 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:79-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Varese Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Varese Title: The Secret History of Japanese Cinema: The Yakuza movies Abstract: This article explores the interplay among economic imperatives within the entertainment business, the mafia's role in the creation of its own media image, and the production of gangster films. Taking Japan as a case study, the paper shows that, when given the chance to influence the content of gangster movies, crime bosses have portrayed themselves as benevolent patriarchs and a positive force in society, rather the anti-heroes of classic American gangster movies. In Japan, such a choice had, however, the unintended consequence of a decline in audience interest and eventually led to the demise of studio yakuza movies. Ultimately, the paper shows that the mafia control over art can lead to the death of art—something that is bad for the mafia as well. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 105-124 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650166 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:105-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Schneider Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider Title: Women In The Mob Journal: Global Crime Pages: 125-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:125-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lizzie Seal Author-X-Name-First: Lizzie Author-X-Name-Last: Seal Title: Book Reviews Journal: Global Crime Pages: 132-149 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570600650182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570600650182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:1:p:132-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ming Xia Author-X-Name-First: Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Xia Title: Assessing and Explaining the Resurgence of China's Criminal Underworld Abstract: Based upon collected crime statistics, this paper provides a sketch of China's criminal underworld during the past two decades and a quantitative assessment of its current state. Through examining the organised criminal groups, it also assesses the hardcore of China's criminal underworld — the mafia-style criminal syndicates and their greater base — the underworld society. It argues that a challenge from the criminal underworld has increasingly posed a serious threat to Chinese society. It also provides explanations for the recent resurgence of the criminal underworld in China through a perspective of political science — placing emphasis on the state-failure factors. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 151-175 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014420 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014420 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:151-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elvira Maria Restrepo Author-X-Name-First: Elvira Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Restrepo Author-Name: Fabio Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: Fabio Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez Author-Name: Mariana Martínez Cuéllar Author-X-Name-First: Mariana Martínez Author-X-Name-Last: Cuéllar Title: Impunity or Punishment? An Analysis of Criminal Investigation into Kidnapping, Terrorism and Embezzlement in Colombia Abstract: This paper aims to identify the variables that contribute to explain the current ability of the Colombian criminal system to resolve cases of kidnapping, terrorism and embezzlement. In order to achieve this goal a sample of cold cases and sentenced files were analysed in three main cities of the country. The success of a criminal investigation was divided into three stages: a) the identification of at least one suspect per case; b) the accusation and putting on trial of the suspect; and c) his/her conviction. Econometric techniques were used to identify the criminal investigation variables associated to each of the three successes. Variables such as the evidence and investigative practices used by the judicial police, the attorneys and the courts were taken into account. The results of this study have important implications for criminal investigation and crime policy in Colombia and in the region. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 176-199 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014446 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:176-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martín Meráz García Author-X-Name-First: Martín Meráz Author-X-Name-Last: García Title: ‘Narcoballads’: The Psychology and Recruitment Process of the ‘Narco’ Abstract: There have been several studies conducted about racist groups, gangs, cults, terrorist and other criminal organisations, but very little has been written about the psychology and recruitment process of the ‘narcotrafficker’. This is because like most criminal organisations, they tend to be secretive and difficult to penetrate by law enforcement, academics and others who wish to study them. Using an audio‐recorded content analysis of ‘narcocorridos’ — ballads glorifying the activities of the ‘narcos’ and describing their successes' — as well as Social Identity and Group theories, the author describes some of the techniques used to recruit individuals into drug cartels; the labels, stereotypes and images of the in-group versus the out-group and the similarities in the socialisation and recruitment process of other criminal organisations. This study shows the recruitment of individuals into drug cartels follow similar patterns to other criminal organisations including the need for power, belonging, respect, security and pride. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 200-213 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014461 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014461 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:200-213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Arsovska Author-X-Name-First: Jana Author-X-Name-Last: Arsovska Author-Name: Mark Craig Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Craig Title: ‘Honourable’ Behaviour and the Conceptualisation of Violence in Ethnic-Based Organised Crime Groups: An Examination of the Albanian Kanun and the Code of the Chinese Triads Abstract: Within Albania and China and their respective diasporas, a history of extreme violence, both official and unofficial, is widely accepted but not easily understood from a Western perspective. Over the course of centuries both societies have experienced turmoil and in the 20-super-th century spent decades under the disastrous communist dictatorships of Enver Hohxa (1944--1985) and Mao Zedong (1949--1976). Acts of organised/collective violence should be interpreted in their historical and cultural contexts. As both Albania and China underwent considerable internecine feuding, and all manners of deprivations and oppressions under the governance and proclamations of their various rulers, it may not be surprising that their subjects became inured to violence. Violence is neither meaningless nor peculiar to China/Albania. One explanation arises from the continuing purchase of ancient codes of ‘extreme violence’. This paper describes two ancient instruments justifying ‘excessive violence’ that have continued to exist even today and directly link them to the violent behaviour of contemporary Albanian and Chinese organised crime groups. The paper will explore the historico-cultural origins of Albanian and Chinese organised crime and their recent reputation as ‘ultra-violent’ actors. Specifically we examine the 15-super-th century Albanian legal code known as the Kanun of Lek Dukagjini, and the 17-super-th century code of the Chinese Hung Mun (Triad Society). Journal: Global Crime Pages: 214-246 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:214-246 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hank Prunckun Author-X-Name-First: Hank Author-X-Name-Last: Prunckun Title: A Rush to Judgment?: The Origin of the 2001 Australian “Heroin Drought” and its Implications for the Future of Drug Law Enforcement Abstract: This paper reassesses the origins of what has been referred to as the Australian “heroin drought.” It looks at the theories that circulated in drug policy circles immediately after the supply shortage was discovered in 2001. It concludes that there may have been a ”rush to judgment” as these inferences were based on unsatisfactory data. As such, none of the theories that were advanced at the time hold true — the shortage was almost certain to have been the result of a Taliban- enforced reduction of Afghanistan grown opium. As interdiction strategies were one of the main theories for the shortage, this might seem disappointing, especially as supply reduction strategies struggle to maintain relevancy against a growing shift to demand reduction and harm reduction strategies. But this situation should not be the case — drug seizures should not be hailed as law enforcement's central strength in this or any other situation. Instead, the strong point of policing should be seen as the broad approach it takes to reduce crime through its attack on all criminal enterprises, not just its assault on a particular criminal sector — like the drug trade. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 247-255 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:247-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arne Bialuschewski Author-X-Name-First: Arne Author-X-Name-Last: Bialuschewski Title: Pirate Voyages in History and Fantasy Journal: Global Crime Pages: 256-259 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014495 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:256-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sander Huisman Author-X-Name-First: Sander Author-X-Name-Last: Huisman Title: Chasing Dirty Money Journal: Global Crime Pages: 260-267 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014503 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:260-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Varese Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Varese Title: The Economics of the Camorra Journal: Global Crime Pages: 268-273 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:268-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sappho Xenakis Author-X-Name-First: Sappho Author-X-Name-Last: Xenakis Title: Book Reviews Journal: Global Crime Pages: 274-287 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601014537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601014537 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:2:p:274-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dr.Robert J. Bunker Author-X-Name-First: Dr.Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker Title: Editor's Note Journal: Global Crime Pages: 289-289 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601093226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601093226 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:289-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dave Grossman Author-X-Name-First: Dave Author-X-Name-Last: Grossman Title: Preface: Hunting Wolves Abstract: Honor never grows old, and honor rejoices the heart of age. It does so because honor is, finally, about defending those noble and worthy things that deserve defending, even if it comes at a high cost. In our time, that may mean social disapproval, public scorn, hardship, persecution, or as always, even death itself. The question remains: What is worth defending? What is worth dying for? What is worth living for?1 Journal: Global Crime Pages: 291-298 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601063666 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601063666 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:291-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Klitgaard Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Klitgaard Title: Introduction: Subverting Corruption Journal: Global Crime Pages: 299-307 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601063724 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601063724 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:299-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert J. Bunker Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker Author-Name: Matt Begert Author-X-Name-First: Matt Author-X-Name-Last: Begert Title: Overview: Defending Against Enemies of the State Journal: Global Crime Pages: 308-328 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601101755 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601101755 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:308-328 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin van Creveld Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: van Creveld Title: The Fate of the State Revisited Abstract: The State, which during the three and a half centuries since the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) has been the most important and the most characteristic of all modern institutions, appears to be declining or dying. In many places, existing states are either combining into larger communities or falling apart; in many places, organizations that are not states are challenging them by means fair or foul. On the international level, we seem to be moving away form a system of separate, sovereign, legally equal, states towards less distinct, more hierarchical, and in many ways more complex political structures. Inside their borders, it seems that many states will soon no longer be able to protect the political, military, economic, social and cultural life of their citizens. These developments are likely to lead to upheavals as profound as those that took humanity out of the middle ages and into the modern world. Whether the direction of change is desirable, as some hope, or undesirable, as others fear, remains to be seen. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 329-350 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601063757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601063757 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:329-350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Robb Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Robb Title: Nation-states, Market-states, and Virtual-states Abstract: The advent of a global economic and physical superinfrastructure is in the process of transforming terrorism, guerrilla warfare, and the nation-state. A useful model for understanding this process of transformation is Philip Bobbitt's work, “The Shield of Achilles.” Bobbitt's work demonstrates that the nation-state is in a difficult and dangerous process of transition to a new form of governance, called the market-state, that is built to withstand and prosper despite the pressures of globalization. This process is complicated by the emergence of a vicious asymmetric competitor, in the form of a virtual state that leverages the huge flows of the global criminal economy, combined with the weakness of the nation-state during its phase transition to the market-state. This essay details the structure of this conflict and provides a scenario for its potential outcome. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 351-364 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601063864 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601063864 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:351-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert J. Bunker Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker Author-Name: Pamela L. Bunker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela L. Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker Title: Defining Criminal-states Abstract: Governmental views on belligerent and near-belligerent states are discussed along with evolving US terms for these dangerous states. The post 9/11 security environment requires the recognition of a new form of dangerous state — the ‘Criminal-state’ a by-product of belligerent non-state entities and their networks at war with the nation-state form. Four criminal-state forms originating from Jihadi insurgency, state failure-lawless zones, external criminal takeover, and oligarchic regimes are then highlighted. Until the new security environment is openly recognized as merging with global criminality, and the fact that it contains highly adaptive ‘small, fast, and ruthless’ challengers to the nation-state form accepted, our ability to fully define the new threat of ‘Criminal-states’, highlighted in this essay, will be impeded. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 365-378 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601101714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601101714 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:365-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Levin Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Levin Title: Military Tribunals or Civilian Prosecution: The Dilemma of Unlawful Enemy Combatants Abstract: As twenty first century America grapples with an increasingly amorphous yet sophisticated terrorist threat, it is illuminating to examine the evolving role of military and civilian courts and laws in our history and their relationship to due process and civil liberties during times of conflict. Caught in the gray area are those individuals who came to be designated as unlawful enemy combatants. Not quite soldier, spy, saboteur, or common criminal these new stateless terrorists have been held by some to be at the complete mercy of the Commander-in-Chief. As history has shown, in the wake of armed conflict, executive authority is often enhanced and tolerated in the name of national security. However, when these broadened powers cease to be regarded as an immediate necessity, the levers of politics, the Courts, and diplomacy invariably act to define both the limits on governmental authority as well as the extent of individual protections. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 379-406 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601093192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601093192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:379-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark T. Clark Author-X-Name-First: Mark T. Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Title: Does Clausewitz Apply to Criminal-States and Gangs? Abstract: Criminal-States and Criminal-Soldiers present unique problems for contemporary international political theory. This essay examines the applicability of the theory of war developed by Carl von Clausewitz to Criminal-States and Criminal-Soldiers. As modified by Aristotle's idea of justice as the basis for the political community, this essay proposes that Clausewitz's famous connection between politics and war holds where such states and soldiers evince political behavior. Some contrasting implications for states and state leaders are examined when such entities evince — and do not evince — political behavior. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 407-427 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601087707 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601087707 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:407-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hakim Hazim Author-X-Name-First: Hakim Author-X-Name-Last: Hazim Author-Name: Robert J. Bunker Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker Title: Perpetual Jihad: Striving for a Caliphate Abstract: Many Sunni and Shiite groups have embraced a more radical version of Islam spawned by Al Qaeda. Those who adhere to this version view the struggle within Islam and against the West as a perpetual jihad ordained by God until a just caliphate emerges. Their jihad must be viewed through the lenses of eschatology. This view focuses on the five prophetic stages of Islam. Four of these stages have come to pass with a future stage to result in the rise of the caliphate and the return of the Mahdi. In order to fulfill this fifth stage, Al Qaeda and other Sunni and Shiite networks are actively promoting jihad activity. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 428-445 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:428-445 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Youssef Aboul-Enein Author-X-Name-First: Youssef Author-X-Name-Last: Aboul-Enein Title: The 2006 Usama Bin Laden Tape: Interpreting an Adversary Abstract: Editor's Note: This essay is an excellent example of why we should be reading and analyzing the public messages of our opponents. Too often we dismiss the statements of Bin Laden and other criminal-soldiers as pure rhetoric and propaganda. In our struggle against Al-Qaeda and other criminal-state entities it is imperative that we know and understand the leadership of ‘thine enemy’ in order to disrupt, dismantle, and ultimately defeat them. This essay discusses the rationale behind Usama Bin Laden's January 2006 tape, released by the Al-Qaeda leader after a 13 month hiatus. The essay puts forward theories behind the timing of the release of the tape and highlights Bin Laden's changes in strategic thought in response to changes in the political landscape of the Middle East. Bin Laden has also been carefully monitoring the anti-war movement and, for the first time, urges Americans to read an American author as a means of understanding his geo-political desires for the Muslim world. Readers will also be able to place Bin Laden's January 2006 tape in the context of recent statements by Ayman Al-Zawhairi and Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 446-453 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:446-453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael P. Arena Author-X-Name-First: Michael P. Author-X-Name-Last: Arena Title: Hizballah's Global Criminal Operations Abstract: The Lebanese Hizballah first emerged in the early 1980s as a loosely affiliated group of Shia militants but has since evolved into a sophisticated organization with several thousand supporters and members, and a multi-dimensional infrastructure. The group receives a significant portion of its funding from Iran, although, several highly publicized media reports released over the last several years revealed Hizballah also receives substantial monetary support from a worldwide network of criminal operations. This endeavor explores four criminal enterprises believed to be used to provide funding to the organization: Intellectual Property Crime, drug smuggling, cigarette smuggling, and the exploitation of the African diamond trade. A brief description of each enterprise is provided along with instances in which Hizballah's members and supporters have been found to be involved in such crimes and some indication of how much money has been funneled to the larger organization. The future of Hizballah's reliance upon this criminal network for financial sustenance is tentatively examined in light of increasing law enforcement attention and recent fighting with Israel. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 454-470 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073186 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:454-470 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Galeotti Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti Title: The Criminalisation of Russian State Security Abstract: While the Russian authorities may seek to talk up the role their security apparatus plays in combating organised crime, in fact, they are to a large extent falling prey to criminalisation. A culture of corruption and a decade of neglect have combined to create a situation in which not only do police, army, and security officers provide services to ‘civilian’ criminals but organised crime groupings have actually formed within them. These gangs tend to be defined by their location and legal powers, both of which can be abused for criminal ends, and they include police and military officers at the very apex of their respective command structures. There are grounds for hope now that President Putin is beginning to become aware of the practical dangers this poses for Russian national security, not least given the haemorrhage of weapons to criminal and insurgent hands, but, for the immediate future, the security apparatus will remain corrupted and criminalised. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 471-486 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073947 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073947 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:471-486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John P. Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: John P. Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan Title: Maras Morphing: Revisiting Third Generation Gangs Abstract: Third generation street gangs are a crime and security problem in many global cities, internationally linked ethnic Diasporas, and cross-border regions where insecurity and criminal non-state actors reign. Widely known as third generation gangs (3 GEN Gangs), complex gangs operate with broad reach—often across borders—and can develop mercenary and at times political and potentially terrorist objectives. The typology of the three generations of gang evolution (based on the interaction of politicization, internationalization, and sophistication) is recounted, recent trends in transnational street and prison gangs are explored and future potentials are suggested. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 487-504 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601101623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601101623 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:487-504 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Max G. Manwaring Author-X-Name-First: Max G. Author-X-Name-Last: Manwaring Title: Gangs and Coups D' Streets in the New World Disorder: Protean Insurgents in Post-modern War Abstract: The mutation of protean “street gangs” to insurgents illustrates that insurgents need not be ideologically oriented, and need not be traditional revolutionary fighters emerging from the mountains and jungles to take down or control a government. Rather, they may have their own specific commercial money-making motives, and can emerge out of the favelas, callampas, villas miserias, and pueblas jovenes (city slums) not so much to replace governments as to gain very lucrative freedom of movement and action within a supposedly sovereign national-state. Also, mature second and third generation gangs have been known to act as proxies and mercenaries for traditional nation-states that want to maintain “plausible deniability,” and to act as mercenaries for warlords, organized criminal organizations, and/or drug-trafficking cartels that—on certain occasions—need additional “fire-power”. The instability and lack of individual and state security generated by gangs phenomenon and their nefarious allies are also known to lead to the radical change of failed state status. In these terms, gangs are no longer a singular law enforcement issue. As crime and war become more and more indistinguishable, gangs must be considered a larger national security issue—that, paradoxically, must be viewed as a local concept. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 505-543 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073251 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073251 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:505-543 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Louise I. Shelley Author-X-Name-First: Louise I. Author-X-Name-Last: Shelley Title: Trafficking in Nuclear Materials: Criminals and Terrorists Abstract: The essay examines the networks that facilitate the transport of nuclear materials from the source to their possible purchasers. Analyzing the role of prisons in criminal operations, the interaction of criminals and terrorists, and the character of new organized crime groups, the author concludes that some of the most serious nuclear smuggling is not random or opportunistic. Rather, the most serious trafficking is rarely detected because it is run by professionals whose well established smuggling networks, facilitated by corruption, have the capacity to move significant quantities of diverse contraband without apprehension. Technical solutions to address this problem are not sufficient because detectors cannot identify well guarded HEU. Rather, much more attention needs to be paid to the crime and terror networks that can facilitate this trade. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 544-560 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:544-560 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Hall Turbiville, Jr. Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Turbiville, Jr. Title: Outlaw Private Security Firms: Criminal and Terrorist Agendas Undermine Private Security Alternatives Abstract: The thousands of large and small private security establishments operating around the world today continue to expand in number, diversity, and capability. Government oversight is often lacking, and the impact on local, national and regional security and stability may be substantial. In the most troubled areas, the pockets of security provided by private security regimens provide may mean the difference between a failed state and one that is at least faltering. However, the advantages of “private security firm cover” quickly became evident to criminals and groups with terrorist agendas as well. This assessment addresses numerous cases from around the world of private security establishments that were either formed for—or otherwise turned to—the pursuit of criminal or terrorist purposes. The stated jihadist intent to infiltrate such companies underscores the need for law enforcement and intelligence attention to the recruiting, affiliations and activities of these security enterprises. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 561-582 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:561-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa J. Campbell Author-X-Name-First: Lisa J. Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell Title: The Use of Beheadings by Fundamentalist Islam Abstract: Beheadings have made a dramatic resurgence in the past four years especially with the introduction of videotaped executions broadcast in the mass media. The use of beheadings has a longstanding history. Beheadings have been used in a state and non-state capacity, for punishment or intimidation, against leaders, civilians and warring combatants, during times of peace and that of upheaval. Beheadings today reproduce the characteristics of past beheadings as well as deviate from them. Contemporary beheadings have taken on a more criminal nature while beheadings of the past had more legitimacy and some even were considered honorable. Current beheading tactics include unexpected and illegal targets, unorthodox and barbaric techniques, and irregular display to an unprepared public. Although Islamic militants are the predominant beheaders, there is evidence that beheadings are being conducted by non-Islamic entities and in unexpected locations. If the current trend in the use of beheadings continues, it will be necessary to develop countermeasures, which will be facilitated with an understanding of the political, cultural, and criminal motives of the beheading offenders along with their tactics. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 583-614 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073384 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:583-614 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John P. Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: John P. Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan Author-Name: Keith Weston Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Weston Title: Afterward: Law Enforcement Response Strategies for Criminal-states and Criminal-soldiers Abstract: Criminal-states and Criminal-soldiers are two interrelated threats that challenge order and stability at local, national, and potentially global levels. Policing and law enforcement are essential to securing the conditions necessary for stable governance and preserving the rule of law. Law enforcement and police services play key roles in ensuring community stability. They also control and contain criminal threats, protect individual liberties, and enable other political and diplomatic processes to function. This afterward examines the role of police and enforcement agencies in countering the threats posed by criminal-soldiers in order to prevent the establishment or spread of criminal-states. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 615-628 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 7 Year: 2006 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601073897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601073897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:7:y:2006:i:3-4:p:615-628 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niklas Swanstrom Author-X-Name-First: Niklas Author-X-Name-Last: Swanstrom Title: The Narcotics Trade: A Threat to Security? National and Transnational Implications Abstract: Traditional definitions of security have tended to concentrate on the state and military threats to its sovereignty. However, in the post-Cold War world, it is clear that a much more nuanced perspective is required, also considering a variety of so-called ‘soft’ security issues such as social, human and environmental threats. Furthermore, this must appreciate the extent to which these varied threats are integrated. The expanding narcotics trade provides an excellent example of the way global crime creates and facilitates this kind of integrated threat. In both production and transit regions, it generates a variety of interconnected threats to political, economic, human and military security. It thus requires solutions which integrate responses to these various threats and also operate at the local, national, regional and global level. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121829 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:1-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomaz G. Costa Author-X-Name-First: Thomaz G. Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Gastón H. Schulmeister Author-X-Name-First: Gastón H. Author-X-Name-Last: Schulmeister Title: The Puzzle of the Iguazu Tri-Border Area: Many Questions and Few Answers Regarding Organised Crime and Terrorism Links Abstract: It is widely accepted that the Tri-Border Area between Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay is a nexus in global terrorist support, and perhaps even operations. However, it is rather more difficult actually to provide evidence of this connection. The region is certainly a smuggling haven, and has substantial populations from the Middle East. Beyond remittances sent to the Middle East -- some of which flows to such organisations as Hezbollah -- there is little hard evidence available to the academic researcher. Thus the study of this purported crime-terror nexus provides a valuable opportunity for academic researchers to question the assumptions and assertions of policy-makers and pundits, push for transparency of information on the reality of the region and even help understand the problem better. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 26-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:26-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Kupatadze Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Kupatadze Title: Radiological Smuggling and Uncontrolled Territories: The Case Of Georgia Abstract: The article focuses on radiological smuggling and its connection with uncontrolled territories, the “grey zones” that have emerged as important conduits for illicit contraband, including the trafficking of radioactive materials. The presence of “grey zones,” together with poor border security, weak law enforcement and corruption in government structures, are the most important regional factors that facilitate radiological smuggling. The paper documents the collaboration between criminals, politicians, military and security officers and entrepreneurs in this kind of illicit activity and argues that the fight against radiological smuggling has to shift its focus from technical issues to intelligence gathering and analysis. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 40-57 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:40-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Ward Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Ward Title: Building Socialism?: Crime and Corruption During the Construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline Railway Abstract: Beginning in 1974, the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline Railway (BAM) dominated public life in the Soviet Union for the next decade. Declared complete in 1984, BAM was arguably the greatest and most costly construction feat in post-war Soviet history. Officially, the mainline was to serve as the “path toward communism” that would unite all Soviet citizens. This article explores the crime and corruption that surrounded the propaganda-driven world of the BAM. Although the railway led to few concrete accomplishments in either the industrial or social development of the USSR, the sociological and criminological consequences of BAM were profound. The highly visible presence of both petty and hard-core criminals on the railway revealed that life on the rails was not as progressive or futuristic as the state claimed. Instead, the dynamics of crime and control that intersected during the BAM's ten years of prominence revealed that the peculiarities of human nature, not what the state termed “communist morality,” defined those who worked on the project. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 58-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121860 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121860 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:58-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valeria Pizzini-Gambetta Author-X-Name-First: Valeria Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzini-Gambetta Title: Mafia Women In Brooklyn Journal: Global Crime Pages: 80-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121878 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121878 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:80-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Walker Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: Book Reviews Journal: Global Crime Pages: 94-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570601121886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570601121886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:1:p:94-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlo Morselli Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli Author-Name: Federico Varese Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Varese Title: Introduction Journal: Global Crime Pages: 107-108 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701371266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701371266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:107-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlo Morselli Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli Author-Name: Katia Petit Author-X-Name-First: Katia Author-X-Name-Last: Petit Title: Law-Enforcement Disruption of a Drug Importation Network Abstract: This study focuses on the structure and evolution of a drug importation network that operated from Montreal, Canada, and that was the target of an extensive 2-year criminal investigation. The investigation was atypical in that it followed a seize-but-do-not-arrest strategy—while 11 drug shipments were seized by police throughout this period, arrests were never made until the final phase of the investigation. Such a case offers a rare opportunity to study the dynamics of a criminal network under intense surveillance and disruption. The reconstruction of the importation network is based on electronic communication transcripts that were intercepted and compiled during the investigation. Findings from analyses of the principal changes that took place within the communication network reveal how network centralization and critical node status are variable, and not static, properties of a criminal network under considerable constraint. The study demonstrates how a criminal network decentralizes and is re-ordered in response to intense law-enforcement targeting. Contributions are made to research on disruption in criminal networks. We conclude with a discussion on how a criminal network's flexibility, a feature generally presented as a sign of resilience, may contribute to a more significant demise within a context of intensive control. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 109-130 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701362208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701362208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:109-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sony Pellissery Author-X-Name-First: Sony Author-X-Name-Last: Pellissery Title: Local Processes of National Corruption: Elite Linkages and Their Effects on Poor People in India Abstract: This paper provides a bottom--up view of national corruption in India and presents a framework of corruption involving three actors: bureaucrat, politician and legitimate claimant. The paper then focuses on the public service provision of social security in an Indian village and the role of elites in perpetuating the corrupt practices to access this public provision. This study is based on an extensive fieldwork and uses network data. First, I show that the political elite bridges the ‘structural hole’ between the institutions of state and society, have the advantage of information, referrals and are the main beneficiary of local corrupt practices. Second, factional politics is carried out through the use of corruption and it results in exclusion of the poor persons from the welfare rights to which they are entitled. The paper also explores how the local processes of corruption interact with state-level processes and shows how protest against corruption is silenced. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 131-151 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701362216 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701362216 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:131-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel Tanner Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Tanner Title: Political Opportunities and Local Contingencies in Mass Crime Participation: Personal Experiences by Former Serbian Militiamen Abstract: Participation in mass crime is often approached from a top-down perspective that centralizes the actions of the masses under the order of elites and leaders. While there is some evidence to support this approach, a more complete assessment of participation in mass crime must also consider the grassroots contingencies that unite the collective motivation and capacity that induce such actions. Such a bottoms-up approach is developed in this article with a particular focus on the personal experiences of former Serbian militiamen who took part in scenes of mass violence in Croatia and Bosnia--Herzegovina. Interviews with former militiamen illustrate how political opportunities, diverging nationalistic attitudes, proximity to growing violence in increasingly localized killing fields, incentives to participate in parallel criminal activities, and an influence within community networks that were submerged in mass crimes united to legitimize and facilitate their personal commitment to the events that took place in this region during the 1990s. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 152-171 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701362273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701362273 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:152-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gavin Slade Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Slade Title: The Threat of the Thief: Who Has Normative Influence in Georgian Society? Abstract: This piece gives an account of the Georgian government's recent attempts to crackdown on the institution of thieves-in-law [vory-v-zakone] within Georgian society. The events surrounding the problematisation of the thieves-in-law are examined and different answers are offered to the underlying question of the article: what threat does this subversive group pose to the government? It is argued that the vory do not represent a potential criminal revolution but are victims of a resurgent state producing a politics of law that seeks to stamp out subverting influences within society. The thieves' world represents an alternative moral order which is attractive in a country which suffers from acute alienated statehood. Thus the fight against the vory should be understood as a battle to win back the hearts of the Georgian people for the state and for the law. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 172-179 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701362398 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701362398 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:172-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Galeotti Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti Title: Book Reviews Journal: Global Crime Pages: 180-192 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701362414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701362414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:2:p:180-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kwesi Aning Author-X-Name-First: Kwesi Author-X-Name-Last: Aning Title: Are there Emerging West African Criminal Networks? The Case of Ghana Abstract: This paper situates discussions about emerging African Criminal Networks (ACN) within Ghana specifically, and West Africa generally, and seeks to present the initial results of an empirically based study on the activities of transnational organised criminal (TOCs) groups in Ghana. The paper argues that the nature of state and statehood in Africa and its inability to establish effective regulatory mechanisms contributes to the rise of these particular types of criminal groups. It begins by conceptualising the place of Ghanaian and West African criminal groups within the framework of international crime. Furthermore, it undertakes an in-depth analysis of three types of crimes; namely computer and internet crime, drug trafficking and (artisanal) small arms manufacture and smuggling in Ghana. By applying a set of standard variables and criteria, the paper evaluates the growth of TNCs in these three issue-areas and how such activities potentially undermine public institutions like the Ghana Police Service (GPS), customs, excise and preventive services (CEPS), judiciary, banking and political parties and political institutions in Ghana. Finally, it seeks to offer an explanatory framework for the growth and acceptance by local communities of the activities of organised crime in Ghana by situating this within a cultural ethos and the social welfare roles played by those involved in such crimes. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 193-212 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507729 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:193-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Nussbaum Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Nussbaum Title: Protecting Global Cities: New York, London and the Internationalization of Municipal Policing for Counter Terrorism Abstract: Policing counter terrorism is increasingly seen as key task for police forces spanning the entire spectrum of size and capability. However, in the case of many police forces, resource limitations, low threat levels and coordination with national level law enforcement have combined to limit the expansion of their counter terrorism efforts to things like minor increases in training and heightened awareness. There are however, at the other end of the spectrum, some city police forces that have drastically reorganized and reoriented their day-to-day operations in response to heightened threats. Relying on their unique access to resources, political autonomy and unique threat levels, New York City and London have internationalized their policing efforts in an unprecedented way. This article explores the similarities, differences and dynamics of this phenomenon. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 213-232 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:213-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Kenney Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Kenney Title: The Architecture of Drug Trafficking: Network Forms of Organisation in the Colombian Cocaine Trade Abstract: For much of the past twenty-five years, the US-led war on drugs has been premised on a fundamental misunderstanding of Colombian drug trade. Instead of being run by a handful of massive, price-fixing ‘cartels’, the Colombian drug trade, then and now, was characterized by a fluid social system where flexible exchange networks expanded and retracted according to market opportunities and regulatory constraints. To support this interpretation, I draw on primary and secondary source data I collected in Colombia and the US, including interviews with several dozen hard-to-reach informants. I analyze these data to analyze the organisational form and functioning of ‘Colombian’ trafficking networks, focusing on how these illicit enterprises communicate, coordinate their activities, and make decisions, with an eye towards deflating some of the more persistent myths that have grown up around these transnational enterprises. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 233-259 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:233-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alain Deneault Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Deneault Title: Tax Havens and Criminology Abstract: For more then thirty years, "tax havens" have allowed major players form the political and financial spheres, as well as from the criminal one, to act in a "sovereign" way, that is to say, in a determinant way, so that their decisions become decisive in the historical course. "Offshore sovereignty" designates the opportunities that actors off all stripes have in the offshore centres, legal havens, free zones and free ports of the world, to conduct their activities unhampered by state structures, which they do by investing their money in recognized economic entities, or financing political parties. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 260-270 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:260-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gavin Slade Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Slade Title: Georgia and Thieves-in-Law Abstract: Georgi Glonti and Givi Lobjanidze (2004), Professional'naya Prestupnost' v Gruzii. Vory-V-Zakone (Thieves-in-law. Professional Criminality in Georgia) Tbilisi: TraCCC, 212 pp, Price Not Available, ISBN 99928-0-826-8 paperback Journal: Global Crime Pages: 271-276 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:271-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesca Longo Author-X-Name-First: Francesca Author-X-Name-Last: Longo Title: Book Reviews Journal: Global Crime Pages: 277-285 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701507844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701507844 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:3:p:277-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mauricio Olavarria-Gambi Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio Author-X-Name-Last: Olavarria-Gambi Title: The Economic Cost of Crime in Chile Abstract: This study estimates that the economic cost of crime in Chile, using the accountancy method, is $1.35 billion as at 2002; that is, this cost is equivalent to 2.06% of Chile's GDP. Crimes included in the estimation are murder, robbery, larceny--theft, burglary, wounding, rape and sexual assaults, domestic violence and economic felonies such as fraud, forgery and so on. Consequential costs are the most important, representing 68% of the total cost of crime. Government spending represents 23% of the total and anticipatory cost account for the remaining 9%. Chile presents higher level of crime than most developed countries—though less than most developing nations—but government's spending on citizen's security is considerably lower than that of the US and several other European countries. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 287-310 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739686 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:287-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chor Foon Tang Author-X-Name-First: Chor Foon Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Author-Name: Hooi Hooi Lean Author-X-Name-First: Hooi Hooi Author-X-Name-Last: Lean Title: Will Inflation Increase Crime Rate? New Evidence from Bounds and Modified Wald Tests Abstract: This paper employs the modified Wald (MWALD) causality test to re-examine the relationship between crime and its determinants (inflation and unemployment) in the United States from 1960 to 2005. Bounds test approach is employed to investigate the existence of a long-run relationship. The empirical evidence suggests that inflation and crime rates are cointegrated with a positive relationship. Moreover, the causal link is from inflation and unemployment to crime. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 311-323 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739694 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:311-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Bouchard Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard Title: On the Resilience of Illegal Drug Markets Abstract: This paper argues that the concept of resilience is a fruitful way of understanding the impact of repressive policies on illegal drug markets. For the purpose of this article, resilience is defined as the ability of market participants to preserve the existing levels of exchanges between buyers and sellers, despite external pressure aimed at disrupting the trade. The first part of the paper highlights how some of the core features of illegal drug markets, a decentralized structure and high prices, contribute to increasing their resilience to attacks. The second part develops a framework that can be used to compare markets on the basis of their resilient properties. Some of the empirical and policy implications of the framework are discussed in the conclusion. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 325-344 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739702 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:325-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chad Serena Author-X-Name-First: Chad Author-X-Name-Last: Serena Title: Dynamic Attenuation: Terrorism, Transnational Crime and the Role of the US Army Special Forces Abstract: This article analyses the ability of the US Army Special Forces to combat illicit networks (criminal and terrorist) through ‘dynamic attenuation’. It is argued that a process of dynamic attenuation, where network ties and not the actors in the network are targeted, should replace the current US strategy of ‘killing or capturing’ criminal agents threatening US interests. By dynamically attenuating (not destroying) the ties between and among criminal actors and criminal organisations, the US can effectively reduce the capability of criminal organisations to operate and achieve their missions (profit and/or terror). This argument is substantiated by assessing the environments where criminal networks thrive, the characteristics of criminal networks, the utility of targeting networks instead of individual actors, and through a comparison of criminal organisations' and US Army Special Forces' strengths and weaknesses. This article concludes with implications and recommendations for US policy in the fight against criminal organisations. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 345-365 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739710 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:345-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hank Prunckun Author-X-Name-First: Hank Author-X-Name-Last: Prunckun Title: Does Price Really Matter? The Relationship between Heroin Price and Purity in Australia and the Ramifications for International Drug Enforcement Abstract: This study determines the relationship between the black market price for heroin and its corresponding purity in Australia for the period from July 1996 to June 2003 (seven years). The study used regression and correlation analyses to test the relationship between the two variables. If a negative relationship was found, then it would suggest that law enforcement operations were effective. However, the study determined that there was a near-zero correlation (r = 0.02) at commercial level (i.e. weights of one ounce) but a moderate relationship (r = 0.37) at user level (i.e. weights of 1 g). From this it was concluded that Australian law enforcement operations targeting commercial quantities were neither effective nor ineffective; but operations targeting street-level users were noticeably ineffective. To improve success at both levels, the study put forward the proposition that more aggressive enforcement operations in front of the international Customs barrier may be needed. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 367-380 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739736 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:367-380 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paolo Campana Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Campana Title: Beyond 9/11: Terrorism and Media in a Mid-term Period View (1998--2005) Abstract: By drawing upon the first results of an analysis carried out on the 1998--2005 period, this work tries to reconstruct the trends in terrorist attacks and their media coverage in seven international daily newspapers. Also the dynamics of media over/under-representation are investigated, as well as the existence of differentiated coverage related to the geopolitical distance/proximity of the country object of attack. Special attention is paid to an empirical analysis of the Iraqi case. The work opens with a short methodological discussion on the issue of terrorism measurement, from its operational definition to the choice of the database on which to carry out the analyses. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 381-392 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:381-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Georgios A. Antonopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Georgios A. Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos Title: Cigarette Smugglers: A Note on Four ‘Unusual Suspects’ Abstract: The smuggling of contraband cigarettes is discussed in relation to numerous financial and social issues. Cigarette smugglers are often portrayed as ruthless and dangerous individuals, and according to official and media accounts a clear link has been established between cigarette smuggling and ‘criminal and terrorist organisations’. The aim of this article is to challenge this stereotypical image of the cigarette smugglers based on the presentation of the stories of four smugglers interviewed in Greece and the UK. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 393-398 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701739769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701739769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:393-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent G. Fitzsimons Author-X-Name-First: Vincent G. Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzsimons Title: Book Reviews Journal: Global Crime Pages: 399-409 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2007 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701741161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701741161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:8:y:2007:i:4:p:399-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Galeotti Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti Title: Criminal histories: an introduction Abstract: Organised crime is not a creation of the twentieth century but instead has a history dating back to the ancient world, as a shadowy underside to modernisation and order. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-7 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wisam Mansour Author-X-Name-First: Wisam Author-X-Name-Last: Mansour Title: ‘Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves’: an allusion to Abbasid organised crime Journal: Global Crime Pages: 8-19 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862694 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:8-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frances Berdan Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Berdan Title: Living on the edge in an ancient imperial world: Aztec crime and deviance Abstract: The ancient Aztecs created the largest empire in the prehistory of Mesoamerica. During this brief period (1428--1521 AD), Aztec life was complex and volatile. This article treats the place of crime and deviance within this dynamic setting, exploring (1) the Aztec historical and institutional context for living a proper (and improper) life, (2) recorded and expected realms of criminal and deviant behaviour, (3) opportunities for malfeasance and those who took advantage of them and (4) the manner in which Aztec institutions and powerful individuals dealt with crime and deviance. These dimensions provide the basis for an explanatory discussion of the presence or absence of organised crime in Aztec life. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 20-34 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862710 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:20-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly Hignett Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Hignett Title: Co-option or criminalisation? The state, border communities and crime in early modern Europe Abstract: From the eighteenth century onwards, the state took increasing responsibility for controlling activities within its borders. Prior to this, however, the role of the state was less clearly defined. In the early modern period, with Europe dominated by expansionist Empires comprised of loose collaborations of national groupings, state borders were often not clearly defined, and inadequately policed or protected by the central state. Thus, as well as the persistent threat of large-scale military invasion, frontier or borderland regions also became hotspots for cross-border banditry, smuggling and piracy, often on a well-established and semi-professional scale. As a result, border communities were often co-opted by the state to act as ‘border guards’, by policing and defending the state frontiers, in return for certain ‘privileges’, despite the fact that, in some instances, these border communities were known to participate in large-scale criminal activities themselves. By considering and comparing three separate border communities: the Cossacks of Southern Russia (fifteenth to eighteenth centuries), the Uskoks of Dalmatia (sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) and the Chods of Bohemia (twelfth to seventeenth centuries), and their involvement with large-scale cross-border criminal activities, this article will draw a number of general conclusions about the nature of crime in state border regions and the complicity of the state in many aspects of organised crime during the early modern period. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 35-51 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862736 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:35-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arne Bialuschewski Author-X-Name-First: Arne Author-X-Name-Last: Bialuschewski Title: Pirates, markets and imperial authority: economic aspects of maritime depredations in the Atlantic World, 1716--1726 Abstract: This article argues that during the years 1716--1726 diverse groups of maritime predators operated opportunistically across the spectrum from state-sanctioned privateering to outright piracy. All of these freebooters relied on access to markets if they were to survive in an increasingly hostile political environment. Merchants as well as colonists in various parts of the Atlantic World profited from their connections to marauders. It was only possible to successfully suppress piracy in the 1720s when the colonial authorities managed to close their ports to pirates. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 52-65 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:52-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Dickson-Gilmore Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson-Gilmore Author-Name: Michael Woodiwiss Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Woodiwiss Title: The history of native Americans and the misdirected study of organised crime Abstract: Conventional chronologies of the history of organised crime in America tend to focus on the arrival of large numbers of Italian immigrants in the 1890s as the catalyst for organised crime. However, analysis of the history of interactions between colonists and aboriginal peoples in North America suggests a much earlier incipience of organised criminal activity marked by the arrival of different groups of immigrants, namely, Dutch, French and British colonists to the American north-east. Drawing upon primary documents describing the practices of early trading companies and their representatives, as well as of later land transactions, the authors will present evidence and argument asserting not only a longer history of organised crime in North America but also an explanation for the inadequacy of the paradigm that governs much current organised crime and transnational organised crime research. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 66-83 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862793 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:66-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Galeotti Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti Title: The world of the lower depths: crime and punishment in Russian history Abstract: Organised crime in Russia draws upon a rich, anarchic and dangerous tradition rooted equally in the problems in policing this sprawling, impoverished and authoritarian empire and the folkways of the town and the village. Historically, two distinct criminal traditions emerged. In the countryside, the problems of overcoming peasant resistance (especially evident through their samosud lynch law) and trafficking in identifiable loot meant that gangs of horse thieves became increasingly organised in the nineteenth century. This proved an evolutionary dead end, though, and the real ancestors of the modern Russian ‘mafiya’ are to be found in the vorovskoi mir, the ‘thieves' world’, which formed in the slums of the cities as a result of the urbanisation and industrialisation of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This became an increasingly homogeneous and organised underworld culture, with its own hierarchies, values and spoken and tattoo languages. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the hard core members of the vorovskoi mir were deliberately embracing their status as outsiders and beginning to assert their dominance of the prison system, something which would later bring them into contact with the Soviet state. This led to an internal revolution which left them willing and able to operate within the confines of an increasingly corrupt USSR, ready to capitalise on the collapse of the Soviet system. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 84-107 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862819 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:84-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arthur Hartmann Author-X-Name-First: Arthur Author-X-Name-Last: Hartmann Author-Name: Klaus von Lampe Author-X-Name-First: Klaus Author-X-Name-Last: von Lampe Title: The German underworld and the Ringvereine from the 1890s through the 1950s Abstract: Ringvereine were officially chartered associations of ex-convicts which, on paper, provided mutual aid and promoted the cultural activities of their members. In reality, they promoted their members' criminal activities in various ways and acted as professional associations of criminals, which set and enforced rules and provided members with contacts, assistance and status. At least in certain areas, namely prostitution and racketeering, the Ringvereine may also have functioned as criminal organisations with direct involvement in criminal activities. Using data obtained from a systematic analysis of various contemporary newspapers and periodicals, and from a review of secondary sources, primarily comprising journalistic and law enforcement accounts, this study examines their structure, function, geographical scope, membership characteristics and ties to legitimate institutions and highlights major phases and turning points in their history which spans an era from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. It is argued that the Ringvereine constitute a deviant case in the history of German organised crime, which otherwise has been characterised more by informal and fragmented offender structures embedded in deviant subcultures. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 108-135 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:108-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Sanders Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Sanders Title: Economic draining -- German black market operations in France, 1940--1944 Abstract: Study of the black market is vital to understanding the social, economic and political stakes of the occupation in the Second World War. It allows a re-examination of German occupation policy, but also highlights civilian survival strategies, wealth distribution and the changing occupier -- occupied relationship. In France, the German occupiers spent at least 15% of all financial resources made available to them through the Vichy occupation levy on the illegal market. This purchasing started from the onset of occupation and until the December 1941 resource crisis; German economic agencies bought ‘anything, at any price’. This uncoordinated bidding led to a black market bubble, the effects of which spilled over into the official markets where they caused havoc. Spring 1942 brought the centralisation of purchasing. During the ensuing second phase (until spring 1943), the occupier still bought ‘anything’, but no longer at ‘any price’. Although this stabilised prices, it also encouraged illegal production, with raw materials diverted from official industry allocations. During this period 50--60% of all Vichy occupation payments were spent on the black market, at a strategic juncture of the war when such extravagance was no longer justifiable. This undermined German finances in France and became a liability to exploitation and collaboration. The third phase of black market exploitation, from summer 1943 to the end of the occupation, was the most rational. The Germans restricted purchasing to genuinely indispensable strategic raw materials. This built on the effective implementation of a German black market purchasing ban in spring 1943, the support of the Vichy government and French industrial leaders for economic collaboration, business concentrations and closures, market monitoring and resource management methods. As a result, the illegal market in the industrial economy was largely controlled. Arguably the same degree of economic mobilisation could have been achieved one or even two years earlier, had the Germans abstained from unilateral black market purchasing and instead heeded Vichy calls for closer cooperation. German failure in this area was due to lack of coordination, institutional chaos, economic dilettantism, endemic corruption and reckless resource competition; all have their origin in the structure of the Nazi system. Illegal food markets, on the other hand, demonstrated the limits of coercion. As the nutritional value of official civilian rations remained below subsistence level, the French continued to depend on the illegal market for sustenance. Evading food restrictions became something of a national pastime. This further compounded Vichy's lack of willingness (and authority) in enforcing economic regulation in the countryside. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 136-168 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862876 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862876 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:136-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nadia Gerspacher Author-X-Name-First: Nadia Author-X-Name-Last: Gerspacher Title: The history of international police cooperation: a 150-year evolution in trends and approaches Abstract: This paper traces the history of international police cooperation through the development of collaborative initiatives that various police actors have introduced since the mid-nineteenth century to address transnational crime on a multilateral basis. The beginnings of international police cooperation efforts were largely rooted in anti-anarchist policies pursued by European governments in order to protect the status quo. Police collaboration largely halted during the world wars, but the second half of the twentieth century witnessed an explosion of international cooperation mechanisms in policing as most states came to recognise the importance of multilateral action against transnational crime. International policing now encompasses sophisticated, official and far-reaching channels of information exchange and joint policing strategies and operations. Police cooperation has gone through cycles, however: the political motivation that originally encouraged foreign police agencies to share information on alleged perpetrators and their activities in due course took second place to specifically criminal investigations, but in today's security-driven policy environment the political dimension is once again on the rise, as police strategies are aimed at terrorist groups. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 169-184 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570701862892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570701862892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:1-2:p:169-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward R. Kleemans Author-X-Name-First: Edward R. Author-X-Name-Last: Kleemans Author-Name: Henk G. Van de Bunt Author-X-Name-First: Henk G. Author-X-Name-Last: Van de Bunt Title: Organised crime, occupations and opportunity Abstract: This paper elaborates upon occupations, work relations, work settings, and their connection with organised crime activities. The analysis is based upon data from 120 case studies from the Dutch Organised Crime Monitor, involving 1623 suspects. The paper describes the different kinds of occupations encountered in cases of organised crime and the main characteristics of these occupations. Furthermore, the paper describes in more detail four cases of organised crime that illustrate the embeddedness of certain organised crime activities in work relations and work settings. Following Mars,1 the paper analyses both the grid dimension and the group dimension of certain occupations and work settings. The paper concludes that social relations as well as settings and opportunity structures provide structure to the organisation of many forms of crime, including organised crime. -super- 1. Gerald Mars, Cheats at Work: An Anthropology of Workplace Crime (London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1982). Journal: Global Crime Pages: 185-197 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254254 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254254 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:185-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Mario Lavezzi Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Lavezzi Title: Economic structure and vulnerability to organised crime: Evidence from Sicily Abstract: The economic analysis of organised crime suggests that some economic activities are particularly vulnerable to penetration by criminal organisations. This paper provides an analysis of the structure of the Sicilian economy and shows that, when compared with other Italian regions, it is characterised by a disproportionate presence of such activities. In particular, the economy of Sicily appears characterised by: (i) a large dimension of traditional sectors, such as the Construction sector, which also has a strong territorial specificity; (ii) a large presence of small firms; (iii) a low level of technology; (iii) a large public sector. The joint presence of these features creates fertile soil for the typical activities of organised crime, such as extortion and cartel enforcement. Hence, we propose an alternative explanation of the persistence of organised crime with respect to explanations based on cultural and social factors. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 198-220 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:198-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Asmundo Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Asmundo Author-Name: Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Author-Name: Maurizio Lisciandra Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio Author-X-Name-Last: Lisciandra Title: The cost of protection racket in Sicily Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to estimate the current cost of protection rackets in Sicily. By means of a database constructed on judicial evidence, it has been possible to come up with an estimate of the average and total costs of the protection-money system, as well as finding out in which sectors of economic activity and in which provinces is most pervasive. The average monthly payment is approximately 600 euros per business, with stronger effects in those areas with a relatively more traditional economic structure. As a whole, in monetary terms, the protection racket in Sicily accounts for over 1.4% of gross regional product. Finally, the paper supports the hypothesis that in most cases, the pervasive presence of the mafia represents a considerable constraint on business growth. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 221-240 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:221-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stijn Van Daele Author-X-Name-First: Stijn Author-X-Name-Last: Van Daele Title: Organised property crimes in Belgium: the case of the ‘itinerant crime groups’ Abstract: The phenomenon of the so-called ‘itinerant crime groups’ is receiving increasing attention within Belgian and Western European law enforcement agencies. This interest stems from a variety of perceptions about these groups, and has led to a number of definitions about who and what they are, and policy measures in response to them. In this paper, the phenomenon and the characteristics ascribed to it in Belgium are empirically tested. This research finds that the features of mobility and nationality emerge as useful characteristics by which to study these crime groups. There are no indications that the special character of these groups is the consequence of policy-related attention, but rather it functions as a catalyst for this interest. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 241-247 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254346 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:241-247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephanie Brophy Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Brophy Title: Mexico: Cartels, corruption and cocaine: A profile of the Gulf cartel Abstract: This text constructs a profile of one of Mexico's most powerful organised crime groups, the Gulf cartel. The text analyses the power of the cartel in the international system, the effects globalisation has had on its operations, the threats it poses to the state, and the obstacles the state faces in countering transnational organised crime groups. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 248-261 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:248-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hank Prunckun Author-X-Name-First: Hank Author-X-Name-Last: Prunckun Title: ‘Bogies in the wire’: Is there a need for legislative control of cyber weapons? Abstract: An article that discusses how information and communications technology (computer systems and data transmission) are used as ‘cyber weapons’ for criminal purposes. It canvasses a number of legislative policy options for controlling their misuse. The paper concludes with the view that implementing some form of cyber weapons laws -- in the same vein as firearms legislation -- would not only help ensure society's domestic well-being, but would also aid national security. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 262-272 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254379 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:262-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolando Ochoa Author-X-Name-First: Rolando Author-X-Name-Last: Ochoa Title: Brazil: Democracy, inequalities, citizenship and crime Journal: Global Crime Pages: 273-277 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254395 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:273-277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mary Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Title: Book Reviews Journal: Global Crime Pages: 278-289 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802254411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802254411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:3:p:278-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mathilde Turcotte Author-X-Name-First: Mathilde Author-X-Name-Last: Turcotte Title: Shifts in police--informant negotiations Abstract: This paper examines the impact of increasing criminal cooperation programmes for police handler--informant relationships. Over the last two decades, many countries have introduced policies to regulate the use of criminal informants and defendants who agree to provide information or testimony in exchange for financial incentives, protection, and leniency. Many researchers assume this trend has no bearing on the relationship between the handler and the informant. Following this assumption, they maintain that agreements made with criminal trade participants are still informally negotiated and unsupervised. I investigate this oversight, drawing on data obtained from in-depth interviews with handlers and informants. Findings from this fieldwork illustrate that, in order to compensate for weakening of their discretionary power, police officers are developing new deceptive tactics in dealing with informants. Furthermore, the increasingly institutionalised use of informants has given handlers a false sense of security. Informants gain skills and knowledge from their relationship with handlers, which they can use to undermine the handler's authority. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 291-305 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:291-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Chung Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Chung Title: The big circle boys: Revisiting the case of the flaming eagles Abstract: Asian criminals known as the ‘Big Circle Boys’ (BCB) are a growing concern to law enforcement agencies in Canada and the United States. However, no academic study has been undertaken to investigate them. This paper examines whether there is any basis for identifying the BCB as a criminal group. The background of the BCB is briefly discussed, and a case study from the ‘first-generation’ BCB is presented, using a criminal memoir and testimonial evidence. The ‘Flaming Eagles’ is shown to be an organisation comprising several BCB subgroups, unified by leader Johnny Kon. This criminal group had membership procedures and rules, and was primarily involved in the heroin trade. Within the organisation, there was no clear division of labour except for the specialised role of the courier. Three distinct levels of hierarchy were apparent during most of its existence, except for the period when a five-person committee was in place. Internecine wars accounted for some of the fatalities among members and associates, while the rest were mostly attributed to assassination orders resulting from business disputes or betrayal. Analytical definitions are also surveyed for the criminal organisation models of organised criminal group (OCG), mafia and criminal firm. The Flaming Eagles is found to best fit the criminal firm model, since it lacked the territoriality characteristic of an OCG and did not provide protection as mafias do. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 306-331 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543540 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:306-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rensselaer Lee Author-X-Name-First: Rensselaer Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: The Triborder--terrorism nexus Abstract: The Triborder region of South America, where the borders of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay intersect, comprises a population of approximately 700,000 inhabitants, among them 15,000--20,000 are Arabs, mostly of Lebanese descent. The region has gained a reputation as a hub of illegal activities, ranging from sales of pirated electronic goods and software to trafficking in drugs, weapons and illegal migrants. Also, the Triborder's relatively unregulated financial sector launders tens of billions of dollars of criminal funds and causes flight of capital annually. Reports that the region is a terrorist haven and staging area seem exaggerated; yet Arabs' extensive participation in the Triborder underground economy is believed to generate funds on behalf of Islamic extremists in the Middle East, especially Hezbollah and Hamas. Efforts to crack down on pirate businesses and alleged terrorist financiers have been constrained by government apathy, widespread police and judicial corruption and a lack of effective anti-terrorist legislation. Also, the dependence of many of the Triborder's inhabitants on the underground economy represents an effective constraint on enforcement action. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 332-347 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:332-347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valeria Pizzini-Gambetta Author-X-Name-First: Valeria Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzini-Gambetta Title: Women and the mafia: A methodology minefield Journal: Global Crime Pages: 348-353 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543649 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:348-353 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Enrico Basile Author-X-Name-First: Enrico Author-X-Name-Last: Basile Title: Is cheating a universal moral concept? Journal: Global Crime Pages: 354-367 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802557011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802557011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:354-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Galeotti Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti Author-Name: Gavin Slade Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Slade Author-Name: Robert Lambert Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Author-Name: Paola Monzini Author-X-Name-First: Paola Author-X-Name-Last: Monzini Author-Name: Ben Power Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Power Author-Name: Jane Schneider Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider Author-Name: Percy Allum Author-X-Name-First: Percy Author-X-Name-Last: Allum Title: Book Reviews Journal: Global Crime Pages: 368-385 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2008 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543664 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543664 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:9:y:2008:i:4:p:368-385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Bouchard Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard Author-Name: Chris Wilkins Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkins Title: Introduction Abstract: We highlight how the different studies included in this special issue contribute to our understanding of illegal markets and the economics of organized crime. A focus on the ‘economics’ of organized crime brings attention to the outcomes (costs and benefits), but also to the process leading to these outcomes, including analyses of the markets where criminal organizations are active. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-5 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902782394 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902782394 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philip A. Curry Author-X-Name-First: Philip A. Author-X-Name-Last: Curry Author-Name: Steeve Mongrain Author-X-Name-First: Steeve Author-X-Name-Last: Mongrain Title: What is a criminal organization and why does the law care? Abstract: The Criminal Codes in both Canada and the United States allow for criminals to be penalized to a greater degree if they are a member of an organization. We draw on the economic theory of punishment, which states that expected penalty should be proportional to the social harm caused, to put a different perspective on such regulations. According to the economic theory, additional punishments are desirable if either: (1) the social harm from a criminal act is greater for a member of an organization than for an independent criminal; or (2) the probability of conviction is lower. We examine the extent to which both of these possibilities are true and use the findings to revisit the definition of a criminal organization. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 6-23 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902782402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902782402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:6-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre Tremblay Author-X-Name-First: Pierre Author-X-Name-Last: Tremblay Author-Name: Martin Bouchard Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard Author-Name: Sévrine Petit Author-X-Name-First: Sévrine Author-X-Name-Last: Petit Title: The size and influence of a criminal organization: a criminal achievement perspective Abstract: It is difficult to measure the size, influence and growth patterns of criminal organizations embedded in illegal markets. In this paper, we argue that measuring the influence of a criminal organization by its size (in number of employees, or ‘members’) may under- or overestimate its sphere of influence in illegal markets. Self-report survey and size of population methodologies are combined to assess the regional economic influence of a criminal organization (Hells Angels) in three illegal drug markets (the cocaine trade, the cannabis trade and the cannabis cultivation industry) in the province of Québec. Findings suggest that a relatively small organization by conventional standards can nonetheless achieve a large influence on criminal markets. We then analyse how factors other than violence play a role in explaining differences in achieving economic influence across criminal organizations. Finally, we suggest that turning our attention to measuring economic influence provides some insights into the duration and intensity of the violent conflicts occurring in these markets. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 24-40 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902782428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902782428 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:24-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen T. Easton Author-X-Name-First: Stephen T. Author-X-Name-Last: Easton Author-Name: Alexander K. Karaivanov Author-X-Name-First: Alexander K. Author-X-Name-Last: Karaivanov Title: Understanding optimal criminal networks Abstract: We develop a theory of optimal networks in the context of criminal organizations. In this framework the criminals choose their network links with others according to a set of specified costs and benefits to participation. The optimal number and configuration of links within each network is solved for a set of 10,000 parameter simulations specifying the direct cost of links between agents, the benefit to connections, and the cost of being in the network with others. In addition, agents determine the size of the optimal network. This framework allows consideration of a variety of crime policy scenarios. In particular, removing the ‘key player’, the best strategy when the network is exogenous, may not be the optimal strategy in an environment in which the agents can change the size and structure of the network endogenously. More generally, optimal crime policy may be different if the criminals are aware of the policing strategy and can alter their network. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 41-65 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902782444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902782444 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:41-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan P. Caulkins Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Caulkins Author-Name: Honora Burnett Author-X-Name-First: Honora Author-X-Name-Last: Burnett Author-Name: Edward Leslie Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Leslie Title: How illegal drugs enter an island country: insights from interviews with incarcerated smugglers Abstract: A typology of drug smuggling ‘technologies’ is developed based on interviews with 110 inmates incarcerated in UK prisons for importing illegal drugs. Approximately three-quarters were involved in courier-based operations. The other 30 collectively accounted for substantially greater smuggling throughput capacity and fell into five groups: operations employing ‘bent’ lorry drivers; shipping drugs intermingled with legitimate commerce; transporting drugs on commercial airlines with assistance from corrupt officials; mailing drugs into the UK; and smuggling via boats landing between ports of entry. A Pareto Law seems to apply, with a minority of respondents being responsible for the majority of the smuggling. Most participated in smuggling to make money, but more than a few couriers reported being coerced and/or tricked into carrying drugs. Perhaps not coincidentally, rough calculations suggest that, when balancing profits against prison risk, crime does not pay for couriers but can for organizations employing bent lorry drivers. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 66-93 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902782477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902782477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:66-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan P. Caulkins Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Caulkins Author-Name: Benjamin Gurga Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Gurga Author-Name: Christopher Little Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Little Title: Economic analysis of drug transaction ‘cycles’ described by incarcerated UK drug dealers Abstract: The fundamental activity of most drug dealers is buying drugs from a supplier and selling them on, usually in smaller lot sizes to multiple customers at a lower market level. Data on such ‘cycles’ of purchase and resale are derived from interviews with 65 dealers incarcerated in UK prisons. A power function relationship between price and transaction size is confirmed. Analyses reveal great consistency in proportional price markups across drugs and time, high cycle frequencies (typically weekly or more often) and importers who vertically integrate into the highest level of domestic distribution, so that an important share of their net revenues effectively derives from domestic distribution inside the UK, as opposed to importation per se. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 94-112 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902783889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902783889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:94-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca McKetin Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: McKetin Author-Name: Jennifer McLaren Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: McLaren Author-Name: Erin Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Erin Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Author-Name: Jenny Chalmers Author-X-Name-First: Jenny Author-X-Name-Last: Chalmers Title: The market for crystalline methamphetamine in Sydney, Australia Abstract: The market for domestically produced methamphetamine in Australia (sold as ‘speed’ and ‘base’) has been recently supplemented with imported crystalline methamphetamine (‘ice’ or ‘crystal’), the supply of which is thought to involve different organized crime groups than those involved with domestic supply. The existence, or otherwise, of distinct retail markets for these different forms of methamphetamine has important implications for police and public health strategies. The aim of this study was to examine whether there was evidence of distinct retail markets for crystalline methamphetamine and domestically produced forms of the drug. A cross-sectional survey of regular methamphetamine users (n = 309) was undertaken in Sydney, Australia to assess the characteristics of the retail market (consumption, price, perceived purity, availability, purchase location and sale from dealers) for crystalline methamphetamine compared with domestically produced forms of the drug (i.e. speed and base). We did not find any clear evidence of a segregated retail market for crystalline methamphetamine. Only 3% of participants were exclusive crystalline methamphetamine users, and both crystalline methamphetamine and other domestically produced forms of the drug were readily available to consumers, being typically purchased from the same dealers, in the same location and at the same price. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 113-123 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902783905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902783905 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:113-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan Moyle Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Moyle Title: The black market in China for tiger products Abstract: Poaching of tigers is a major threat to the survival of the species. China is responsible for much of the demand for tiger parts. Poaching occurs because it is profitable and organizations able to procure transport and sell tiger products over thousands of miles and international borders also exist. Unfortunately there is little corresponding data on these organizations. It appears as if these organizations operate to minimize the most significant transaction cost along the supply chain. Tigers are a minority element in a portfolio of wildlife products assembled by smugglers in range states. Within China smugglers specialize in the skins and bones of tigers, and are most likely to operate in small, discrete groups. This is a function of the high coordination and evasion costs of operating in China. The demand for tiger parts has strong cultural and medicinal influences. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 124-143 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902783921 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902783921 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:124-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tanya Wyatt Author-X-Name-First: Tanya Author-X-Name-Last: Wyatt Title: Exploring the organization of Russia Far East's illegal wildlife trade: two case studies of the illegal fur and illegal falcon trades Abstract: The Russian Federation is a source of wildlife and wildlife products that fuel the vast, and often overlooked, illegal wildlife trade that takes place around the globe. Out of the many illicit animal and plant trades, two of these black markets -- the illegal fur trade and the illegal falcon trade -- are used in this article to explore the organization of this illicit activity in Russia Far East. Using interviews from Russian and other wildlife trade experts, structural frameworks are established for each of these illegal wildlife markets. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 144-154 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570902783947 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570902783947 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:1-2:p:144-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Declan Hill Author-X-Name-First: Declan Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Title: To fix or not to fix? How corruptors decide to fix football matches Abstract: This paper examines the decisions of the internal corruptors in fixing football games. The methodology is a mixture of interviews, database analysis and examination of a specific series of taped phone calls of a corrupt Russian football official. It finds that generally, this type of match-fixing occurs only after a specific point in the season. There are five implicit questions that corruptors must answer: is the game important enough to fix? Is it morally ethical? Can my team win honestly? Can I afford to fix the game? If I am caught is there a high risk of sanctions? The second section of the paper examines the question of who to bribe? The data indicate that out of the three possible options -- referees, players and team officials -- the best chance of delivering a successful fix are the team officials. The final section is an examination of the use trust, favour banks and guarantors among the team officials who are willing to sell matches. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 157-177 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570802543524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570802543524 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:157-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheldon X. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Sheldon X. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Beyond the ‘Natasha’ story -- a review and critique of current research on sex trafficking Abstract: A review of literature on sex trafficking since 2000 reveals that numerous articles have been published in scholarly journals but few are based on systematic primary data collection. Much of our current knowledge, including statistical estimates and characteristics of the trafficking business, derives from a handful reports issued by government and non-government agencies. With few empirical studies available, imagination seems to have filled the gaps of our knowledge. The problem was further complicated by a manifest (sometimes subtle) moral crusading agenda aimed at a deep-rooted and hotly debated social practice. Also noticeable in the literature is an increasing number of authors who have begun to challenge the empirical premises claimed by these published reports. These sceptical authors find that many articles of questionable quality have been published in peer-reviewed journals, and claim that the current discourse on human trafficking is driven by mythology rather than empirical research. Rather than dwelling on gaps in our knowledge or concerns over the moral overtone in academic research, this paper seeks to raise specific research questions and explore possible field strategies that can advance our knowledge on this topic. Regardless of one's moral compass, the future of research on sex trafficking cannot become credible without a solid empirical foundation. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 178-195 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079899 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:178-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shahid M. Shahidullah Author-X-Name-First: Shahid M. Author-X-Name-Last: Shahidullah Author-Name: C. Nana Derby Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Nana Derby Title: Criminalisation, modernisation, and globalisation: the US and international perspectives on domestic violence Abstract: The growth of modernisation in a society is intimately connected to the growth of legal evolutions related to criminalisation. While modernisation expands the boundaries of tolerance in an open society, it also expands the boundaries of crime and criminalisation. As modernisation expands on a global scale, the process of redefining crime, criminalisation, and victimisation also occurs on a global scale. In the modern societies of the West, the advance of modern law and justice and the progress of the notions of human rights have expanded the boundaries of freedom. They have also expanded the boundaries of criminalisation in a number of social, cultural, political, and economic domains. One of the major areas of criminalisation that has rapidly expanded with modernisation and globalisation, particularly in the West, is domestic violence. During the last 30 years, a series of laws have evolved in these societies that criminalise a wide variety of behaviours related to domestic violence. A comparative study of legislative developments on domestic violence in the United States, Brazil, India, Japan, Bangladesh, and Ghana suggests that, in each, a relatively homogenous set of laws against domestic violence has evolved. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 196-223 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:196-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas Schloenhardt Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Schloenhardt Author-Name: Genevieve Beirne Author-X-Name-First: Genevieve Author-X-Name-Last: Beirne Author-Name: Toby Corsbie Author-X-Name-First: Toby Author-X-Name-Last: Corsbie Title: Trafficking in persons in Australia: myths and realities Abstract: In Australia, despite greater public awareness and acknowledgement of the problem by government agencies, trafficking in persons remains a phenomenon poorly understood and researched. The true extent of Australia's human trafficking problem is not fully known, largely due to the clandestine nature of this phenomenon. Anecdotal evidence, media reports, and statistical estimates without proper evidentiary bases are the only sources of information currently available about trafficking in persons in Australia. This article produces a more accurate assessment of the scale of trafficking in persons in the light of the open source evidence, thus contributing to the understanding of the immediate problem, and paving the way for further research on the many facets and aspects associated with trafficking in persons in Australia and elsewhere. The article calls for further research into trafficking and greater openness from relevant stakeholders, in order to clarify the facts about trafficking in Australia, and to help to dispel the myths and misconceptions that abound in discussing this issue. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 224-247 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079931 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:224-247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy S. Wittig Author-X-Name-First: Timothy S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wittig Title: Financing terrorism along the Chechnya--Georgia border, 1999--2002 Abstract: This paper presents the first systematic evaluation of the complex of economic, financial, and value exchange activity of Chechen separatist and ‘al-Qaeda’ actors along the Chechnya--Georgia border between 1999 and 2002. Based on a combination of fieldwork and documentary analysis, and encompassing data from interviews, personal observation, and documents from both open and closed sources, this study provides empirical perspectives of the financing of Chechen separatists and foreign ‘al-Qaeda’ fighters from global and national levels to its everyday realities at the level of the individual. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 248-260 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079949 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:248-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Varese Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Varese Title: Introduction Journal: Global Crime Pages: 261-261 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079964 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:261-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Varese Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Varese Title: The Camorra closely observed Journal: Global Crime Pages: 262-266 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:262-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valeria Pizzini-Gambetta Author-X-Name-First: Valeria Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzini-Gambetta Title: Women in Gomorrah Journal: Global Crime Pages: 267-271 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903079980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903079980 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:267-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Lloyd Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Lloyd Title: Investigative journalism, Saviano style Journal: Global Crime Pages: 272-275 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080020 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:272-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto Saviano Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Saviano Title: Reply Journal: Global Crime Pages: 276-279 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:276-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arne Bialuschewski Author-X-Name-First: Arne Author-X-Name-Last: Bialuschewski Title: British piracy in the golden age: history and interpretation, 1660--1730 Journal: Global Crime Pages: 280-281 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080061 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:280-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Schneider Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider Title: Cultural warfare and trust: fighting the Mafia in Palermo Journal: Global Crime Pages: 282-284 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080079 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:282-284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly Hignett Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Hignett Title: Russia's battle with crime, corruption and terrorism Journal: Global Crime Pages: 284-286 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080095 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080095 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:284-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Apostolos Maspero Author-X-Name-First: Apostolos Author-X-Name-Last: Maspero Title: Drug smugglers on drug smuggling Journal: Global Crime Pages: 286-288 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:286-288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco E. Thoumi Author-X-Name-First: Francisco E. Author-X-Name-Last: Thoumi Title: Drug lords. The rise and fall of the Cali cartel. The richest, most powerful crime syndicate in history Journal: Global Crime Pages: 288-290 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:288-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Wheatley Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Wheatley Title: Community policing in America Journal: Global Crime Pages: 290-292 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903080160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903080160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:3:p:290-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vittorio Bufacchi Author-X-Name-First: Vittorio Author-X-Name-Last: Bufacchi Title: Rethinking violence Journal: Global Crime Pages: 293-297 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248056 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:293-297 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John P. McCormick Author-X-Name-First: John P. Author-X-Name-Last: McCormick Title: Machiavelli and the Gracchi: prudence, violence and redistribution Abstract: In this article, I highlight a rhetorical strategy in Machiavelli's Discourses through which: (1) the Florentine endorses, despite appearances to the contrary, the redistributive agenda of the Brothers Gracchi, Roman tribunes frequently blamed for causing the collapse of the Republic; and (2) subtly intimates the violent means that other prospective reformers of republics must employ to succeed where the Gracchi had failed. Machiavelli invokes ‘prudence’ in his passages devoted to the Gracchi; following this lead, I accentuate the form of prudential rhetoric that he practices in such passages, and I point to the prudential form of violence he thought necessary if republics were to, in his words, ‘keep the public rich, and the citizens poor’. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 298-305 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:298-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Baker Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Title: Violence for equality: lessons from Machiavelli Abstract: Should radical egalitarians operating in contemporary capitalist democracies use political violence to achieve their aims? Purely consequentialist arguments provide too simple an answer. Machiavelli's perspective is more complex because it contains both consequentialist and non-consequentialist elements and because of its emphasis on the strictly political costs and benefits of violence. The radically egalitarian ideal of equality of condition is similarly complex but involves very different values and objectives. These generate both moral and political arguments against violence. However, the threat of counter-revolutionary violence creates a dilemma for radical egalitarians that it is difficult to resolve. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 306-319 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:306-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael L. Gross Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Gross Title: Asymmetric war, symmetrical intentions: killing civilians in modern armed conflict Abstract: During asymmetric war, a state actor often faces charges of disproportionate harm while the weaker, nonstate side must defend itself against charges of terrorism. Because the state actor faces an adversary embedded among civilians, and the nonstate actor confronts an opponent whose military targets are often so well protected that only its nonmilitary targets are vulnerable, it is difficult for either side to fight without harming civilians. While humanitarian law tries to protect noncombatants to the greatest extent possible, too strict an interpretation of terrorism and proportionality may unduly restrict either side's ability to pursue political claims by force of arms. To successfully walk the line between protecting civilians during asymmetric war and allowing each side a ‘fighting chance’, it is necessary to take another look at the idea of intentionality and the definition of combatants. While intentional harm is the hallmark of terrorism, state armies also bring intentional harm if they expect to glean military benefits from causing collateral damage to civilians. A tighter understanding of intentionality can further protect innocent, noncombatant civilians. At the same time, however, the international community must recognise that not all civilians are noncombatants. Many civilians take a direct or indirect role in the fighting. As such, some civilians are vulnerable to lethal harm while others remain subject to nonlethal harm. Asymmetric war expands the range of permissible civilian targets that each side may attack without incurring charges of terrorism or disproportionate harm. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 320-336 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248262 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:320-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keith Krause Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Krause Title: Beyond definition: violence in a global perspective Abstract: While conceptualising violence -- in either minimalist or comprehensive understandings -- has posed significant problems for scholars, the problem of measuring or quantifying it has been equally challenging for both researchers and policy makers. This article examines the best available current evidence on the ‘global burden of armed violence’ and highlights what we know and do not know about the scope, scale, and distribution of different forms of violence worldwide, especially what policy makers have called ‘armed violence’ (the minimalist conception). It also examines the definitional and conceptual constraints that challenge any attempt to develop cross-national and cross-cultural comparisons, and the limitations of existing data, and brings the empirical evidence to bear on the conceptual debates that animate this volume. Finally, it raises some questions concerning the way in which the different forms that violence takes may (or may not) be linked, and the issues this raises for future ‘global’ comparisons. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 337-355 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248270 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:337-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joy Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Joy Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Title: Economic sanctions and global governance: the case of Iraq Abstract: This article looks at the history of economic sanctions as a tool of global governance. For much of the twentieth century, sanctions were seen as a non-violent alternative to military intervention. As a form of international governance, sanctions have always been characterised by conflicting claims: that sanctions are effective enough to punish or block wrongful acts by states; but they are at the same time measures that will not cause damage to the population as a whole, in the way that warfare does. The sanctions imposed on Iraq by the United Nations Security Council illustrate how sanctions at their most extreme can in fact be fully as damaging as warfare. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 356-367 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:356-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivan Perry Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Perry Title: Violence: a public health perspective Abstract: Violence is one of the most important causes of suffering and death on the planet. The incidence of different forms of violence varies markedly within and between populations with high rates of violence driven largely by poverty and social injustice and sustained by inept policy responses rooted in legal and moral frameworks. Violence therefore poses a major challenge for public health which is the discipline concerned with assuring the conditions for a healthy society. Over the past five decades it has become increasingly clear that public health has important contributions to make to the challenge of understanding and preventing violence, contributions which extend and complement conventional legal and moral approaches to violence. This work was led initially by the US Centre for Disease Control (CDC) and more recently by the World Health Organisation (WHO) which in 2002 published the first World Report on Violence and Health. Public health is a relatively atheoretical discipline. While a number of useful theoretical frameworks have emerged to better understand and prevent violence, there is no agreed or dominant public health theory of violence. James Gilligan has proposed a detailed and potentially useful public health theory of violence based on the notion that shame/humiliation, which violates an individual's self-respect and dignity, is the pathogen that causes violence; a pathogen intimately linked with cruelty and neglect in childhood, spread by the vector of inequalities in power, wealth and status in society and sustained by punishment and humiliation within the criminal justice system. This notion of violence resonates with Vittorio Bufacchi's concept of violence as a violation of integrity. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 368-395 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248395 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:368-395 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamil Salmi Author-X-Name-First: Jamil Author-X-Name-Last: Salmi Title: Violence, integrity and education Abstract: In many parts of the world, schools, which are supposedly the main social venue for intellectual enrichment and value formation, are often places of suffering and distress, raising important questions about the relationship between violence and education. What are the different forms of violence that can be encountered in a schooling setting? How prevalent are these manifestations of violence? Do they occur in a random fashion or are they associated with specific factors and patterns? What can be done to reduce or eliminate their occurrence? To begin to address these questions, this article is divided into three parts. First, it proposes an analytical framework to identify, in a systematic way, the various forms of violence that can take place within the ambit of school systems. Second, it shows how this typology can be applied along the various analytical dimensions developed. Finally, it reviews ways in which education can be used as a positive force to address violence issues in the school context and beyond. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 396-415 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248445 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:396-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Mizen Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Mizen Title: The so-called mindlessness of violence: violence as a pathological variant of aggression Abstract: This article proposes that violence may be most usefully thought about as a psychological rather than a behavioural phenomenon. Violence, it is contended, is a pathological variant of aggression, where ‘aggression’ is used to describe a particular part of the range of affective endowments possessed by human beings. We might think about aggression as a ‘set’ of which violence is a subset. As an affective endowment, aggression requires integration during development and this is supplied initially by an infant's primary carers and later by other important objects and institutions in the environment and culture in which the growing child lives. In the absence of the required conditions for enabling psychological integration to take place, rather than integration, disintegration holds sway with the aggressive affects denied or dissociated from. In this instance the affects do not become part of the affective repertoire upon which the individual can draw in order to orientate him or herself to their environment and in particular objects in the environment. Instead the affect is experienced as exterior and other and in some circumstances as violating. In this circumstances violence is resorted to as a way of escaping from the experience of overwhelming affects, for example by evoking in another affective experiences that cannot be tolerated within the self. Clinical case material is used to illustrate this. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 416-431 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903248494 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903248494 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:10:y:2009:i:4:p:416-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tilman Brück Author-X-Name-First: Tilman Author-X-Name-Last: Brück Author-Name: Cathérine Müller Author-X-Name-First: Cathérine Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Title: Comparing the determinants of concern about terrorism and crime Abstract: Both crime and terrorism impose costs onto society through the channels of fear and worry. Identifying and targeting groups that are especially affected by worries might be one way to reduce the total costs of these two types of insecurity. However, compared with the drivers of the fear of crime, the determinants of concerns regarding global terrorism are less well known. Using nationally representative survey data, we analyse and compare the individual determinants of concern about global terrorism and crime. We show that worries about terrorism are driven by similar determinants as those about crime, which could have important policy implications. We, furthermore, provide an insight into the structure of the determinants of concerns regarding other public and private goods. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-15 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475634 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:1-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Silverstone Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Silverstone Author-Name: Stephen Savage Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Savage Title: Farmers, factories and funds: organised crime and illicit drugs cultivation within the British Vietnamese community Abstract: This article explores the growth of organised crime within the Vietnamese community with particular reference to the cultivation of cannabis, money laundering and the smuggling or trafficking of children. The article begins by exploring the history and diversity of the ‘Vietnamese community’ in the United Kingdom and the role of Vietnamese culture in shaping their criminal enterprises. It then draws on research involving two sets of qualitative data: one set is based on 45 interviews with law enforcement personnel based in Vietnam and the United Kingdom as well as with key stakeholders in the Vietnamese community; the other set is based on structured questionnaires issued to 34 Vietnamese residents in Britain, 24 of whom are here illegally. It examines the relationship between illegal immigration of Vietnamese citizens to Britain and the urban cultivation of cannabis, in what has become known as ‘cannabis factories’, and the laundering of the profits abroad to Vietnam. After exposing the logistics of Vietnamese illegal immigration into Britain, the article concludes that those involved in cannabis cultivation, money laundering and people smuggling are primarily motivated by profit rather than ‘lifestyle’ concerns, and operate within what theorists of organised crime refer to as the ‘mono-ethnic criminal network’. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 16-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475683 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:16-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Panos A. Kostakos Author-X-Name-First: Panos A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kostakos Author-Name: Georgios A. Antonopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Georgios A. Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos Title: The ‘good’, the ‘bad’ and the ‘Charlie’: the business of cocaine smuggling in Greece Abstract: This article examines the social organisation of cocaine smuggling in Greece. Emphasis is placed on the involvement of professionals from the shipping industry and actors from the ‘upper society echelons’ who play a pivotal role in the transportation and importation of cocaine to Western Europe and Greece. After considering empirical evidence from a variety of sources, our findings indicate that the cocaine market in Greece is ‘organised’ by a system of collaborative relationships between state, business and civil society actors. It is suggested that to better understand the nature of this illegal market, further research is required to take a closer look into the economic, socio-cultural and political incentives of these actors. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 34-57 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475717 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475717 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:34-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert J. Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Title: A new horizon on organised crime: re-locating organised crime in America Journal: Global Crime Pages: 58-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475741 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:58-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher J. Coyne Author-X-Name-First: Christopher J. Author-X-Name-Last: Coyne Title: The invisible hook: the hidden economics pirates Journal: Global Crime Pages: 67-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475782 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475782 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:67-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David R. Ambaras Author-X-Name-First: David R. Author-X-Name-Last: Ambaras Title: Ruffians, Yakuza, nationalists: the violent politics of modern Japan, 1860--1960 Journal: Global Crime Pages: 71-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475816 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:71-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Critchley Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Critchley Title: The first family: terror, extortion and the birth of the American mafia Journal: Global Crime Pages: 73-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:73-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bertil Lintner Author-X-Name-First: Bertil Author-X-Name-Last: Lintner Title: The golden triangle: inside Southeast Asia's drug trade Journal: Global Crime Pages: 75-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475915 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:75-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent G. Fitzsimons Author-X-Name-First: Vincent G. Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzsimons Title: Economic gangsters: corruption, violence, and the poverty of nations Journal: Global Crime Pages: 78-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903475923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:78-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Button Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Button Title: Security Journal: Global Crime Pages: 83-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903478042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903478042 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:83-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sappho Xenakis Author-X-Name-First: Sappho Author-X-Name-Last: Xenakis Title: EU criminal law Journal: Global Crime Pages: 84-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440570903478067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440570903478067 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:1:p:84-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Holger Moroff Author-X-Name-First: Holger Author-X-Name-Last: Moroff Author-Name: Diana Schmidt-Pfister Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt-Pfister Title: Anti-corruption movements, mechanisms, and machines -- an introduction Abstract: Anticorruption programmes, projects and campaigns have come to constitute an essential aspect of furthering good governance over the last two decades. This article provides a conceptual framework for studying anticorruption efforts and it assesses their nature and impacts across Eastern Europe by focusing on the interplay between the international and domestic domains. More precisely, it differentiates between domestic social movements, governmental political machines and international legal mechanisms. These three levels of analysis -- domestic civil society, national governments and international society -- provide a meaningful general basis for comparing a variety of anticorruption efforts. On all three levels, political and material interests of relevant actors are complemented by normative arguments. In assessing the case studies in this volume, this article concludes that, at the interfaces of the three levels, coincidental and spontaneous breakthroughs have largely outweighed systematic implementation of appropriate anticorruption strategies. It further stresses that broad societal support for anticorruption remains essential for the success of any international or governmental initiatives. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 89-98 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669118 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:89-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sebastian Wolf Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf Title: Assessing Eastern Europe's anti-corruption performance: views from the Council of Europe, OECD, and Transparency International Abstract: This article compares the results of Council of Europe and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) anti-corruption monitoring reports to two Transparency International instruments, the Corruption Perceptions Index and the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Progress Report. It constructs and applies a simple typology (four-cell matrix) consisting of the combinations of good/deficient implementation of international anti-corruption provisions and high/low level of perceived corruption. As the sources and the comparative method used cannot prove causality, the article introduces three ideal types of interpretation to discuss the relevance of the anti-corruption regulatory framework in both domestic and cross-border anti-corruption policies. In the conclusion it is argued that there is a specific Eastern European pattern of anti-corruption performance that implies a need for new strategies. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 99-121 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:99-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tanja A. Börzel Author-X-Name-First: Tanja A. Author-X-Name-Last: Börzel Author-Name: Andreas Stahn Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Stahn Author-Name: Yasemin Pamuk Author-X-Name-First: Yasemin Author-X-Name-Last: Pamuk Title: The European Union and the fight against corruption in its near abroad: can it make a difference? Abstract: This article sheds light on the European Union's (EU) efforts to facilitate the fight against corruption and promote good governance through the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). Our analysis shows that the level of corruption in the Eastern Neighbourhood is strongly connected to the success of democratic and economic reforms. The ENP theoretically corresponds to the complex nature of the phenomenon by placing equal emphasis on strengthening state institutions, restructuring the economy, and pushing for democratic reforms. As the EU, however, by and large seeks cooperation with state actors and pursues a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach mostly based on ‘soft’ mechanisms such as socialisation and capacity-building, the implementation of politically sensitive reforms seems to be unlikely. Moreover, the EU potentially allows its partner governments to ‘pick and chose’ from the overall reform agenda and evade real political and economic change towards better governance. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 122-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:122-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Rose Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Rose Author-Name: William Mishler Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Mishler Title: Experience versus perception of corruption: Russia as a test case Abstract: Corruption is important because it undermines bureaucratic predictability and is a potential threat to support for a political regime. The perception of corruption is the most commonly used measure of the actual incidence of corruption. This article marshals the New Russia Barometer survey data to challenge this assumption. Even though most Russians perceive a variety of everyday public services as corrupt, this assessment is not based on first-hand experience. Only a minority pays bribes. We test four hypotheses about differences in individual perception and experience of paying bribes: the ability to pay, contact with public services, normative acceptability and political awareness. Contact is most important for paying bribes whereas political awareness is most important for the perception of corruption. We also test how much the perception and experience of corruption, as against other forms of political and economic performance, affect support for the regime. Support is driven by the substantive performance of government, especially its management of the economy, rather than by the perception or experience of corruption. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 145-163 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669175 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669175 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:145-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Agnes Batory Author-X-Name-First: Agnes Author-X-Name-Last: Batory Title: Post-accession malaise? EU conditionality, domestic politics and anti-corruption policy in Hungary Abstract: Corruption in the then candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe was a major concern for the European Union (EU) before its 2004 enlargement. This concern and its expression in the conditionality of membership constituted strong incentives for the candidate countries' governments to control corruption -- or more precisely to take control measures that could be communicated to the European Union. A common assumption in the literature is that with the removal by accession of these incentives anti-corruption efforts would not be maintained at their pre-accession level. But is this really the case? Or have other influences from international organisations, domestic politics or civil society taken over to provide impetus for further corruption control interventions? This article considers these questions with respect to Hungary and finds that while some of the post-2004 measures have been a response to the country's international commitments, there have also been important domestic sources of reform. The results are, however, limited: despite the country's relatively smooth path to the European Union, membership of all the major international legal instruments and three major reform packages since 2000, corruption seems no less prevalent than it was a decade before. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 164-177 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:164-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kaja Gadowska Author-X-Name-First: Kaja Author-X-Name-Last: Gadowska Title: National and international anti-corruption efforts: the case of Poland Abstract: This article's objective is to analyse the influence of international anti-corruption pressure on national measures aimed at combating corruption in Poland. First, the change in perception of corruption in Poland will be addressed, along with a short discussion on attempts to reduce its scope. Second, the anti-corruption measures of international organisations, such as the United Nations, the organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD), the Council of Europe, Group of States against Corruption and the European Union, as well as international Conventions adopted and ratified by Poland will be examined. Third, the role of state and non-governmental institutions involved in the fight against corruption in Poland will be reviewed. Finally, the process of implementing governmental anti-corruption strategies will be analysed, with a particular focus on the introduction of legislative changes that are aimed at limiting corruption through the processes of legal modernisation and harmonisation. This article argues that from among the many initiatives undertaken by various international institutions combating corruption in Poland, the most effective was found to be pressure exerted by the European Union. Poland's eagerness to enter the European Union, and to make use of structural funds after accession, forced the country's elected governments to implement certain recommendations of the European Commission regarding anti-corruption policy. However, these activities had, to a certain degree, a facade-like character and were addressed to fulfil the formal requirements of the European Commission instead of serving as a genuine effort to curb corruption. Even though corruption has been officially considered a serious social problem, which needs to be combated and many anti-corruption measures have been implemented, the effects of the actions undertaken by consecutive Polish governments are not fully satisfactory. Also, anti-corruption slogans have been instrumentally used to fight against political opponents. From another perspective, the activities of Polish non-governmental organisations have contributed to a visible reduction in social tolerance for corruption. Although public opinion research shows that the level of corruption is slowly decreasing in Poland and the country's position in the Corruption Perception Index is systematically improving, it is uncertain how strongly rooted this positive tendency will find itself in the long term. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 178-209 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669191 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669191 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:178-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kalin Ivanov Author-X-Name-First: Kalin Author-X-Name-Last: Ivanov Title: The 2007 accession of Bulgaria and Romania: ritual and reality Abstract: For both objective and subjective reasons, the European Union devoted unprecedented attention to the problem of corruption in Bulgaria and Romania. The European Union (EU) faced a complex challenge in wielding its arsenal of carrots and sticks to encourage reform in the two countries. Conditionality was further complicated by rivalries between Sofia and Bucharest. Despite its limits, EU pressure presented a rare opportunity to depoliticise anti-corruption policy. After accession, Romania regressed from its previous achievements against corruption, and Bulgaria remained reluctant to prosecute senior officials or confront organised crime. Nevertheless, the European Commission continued its monitoring activities, and its ability to freeze funds maintained a modicum of pressure for reform. More effective anti-corruption efforts are possible if a domestic constituency for reform gains sufficient momentum to replace the EU's waning influence. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 210-219 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669217 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:210-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lili Di Puppo Author-X-Name-First: Lili Author-X-Name-Last: Di Puppo Title: Anti-corruption interventions in Georgia Abstract: The article aims at analysing the transfer of anti-corruption norms and standards as well as the instrumental use of anti-corruption efforts in Georgia. Drawing on the literature on anthropology and development, I use Georgia as a case study to analyse how an anti-corruption discourse is translated into local agendas. In the first part, I analyse three different perspectives on the fight against corruption in Georgia. In the second part, I examine three different types of anti-corruption interventions to illustrate the various agendas pursued by actors in the anti-corruption field. First, I study the implementation of the national anti-corruption strategy as an example of a conflict between two actors (government and international organisation) to assert the pre-eminence of a particular anti-corruption expertise. Second, I examine the reform of the Chamber of Control of Georgia (CCG), in particular the confrontation between the CCG and the Ministry of Education (MoE) in 2007, as an example of how an external anti-corruption agenda is adapted to local political struggles. Third, I analyse civil society anti-corruption projects as examples of the attempt to maintain a particular donor discourse. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 220-236 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669233 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:220-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Åse Berit Grødeland Author-X-Name-First: Åse Berit Author-X-Name-Last: Grødeland Title: Elite perceptions of anti-corruption efforts in Ukraine Abstract: Anti-corruption efforts introduced in Ukraine in recent years have predominantly been imposed from the outside. They have been vague, all-inclusive and lacking in political and public support. What is more, they have been fairly insensitive to the cultural context into which they have been introduced. While targeting corrupt behaviour, they have largely ignored its root causes. The impact of Ukrainian anti-corruption reform has therefore been limited. Drawing on extensive qualitative data from Ukraine, this article explores elite (i) perceptions of Ukrainian anti-corruption reform, (ii) familiarity with specific anti-corruption initiatives, and (iii) views on how best to combat corruption. Not surprisingly, Ukrainian elites are familiar with, and fairly negative in their assessment of, national anti-corruption reform. They advocate a number of measures targeting corrupt behaviour as well as its root causes with a view to reducing corruption in Ukraine”. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 237-260 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669241 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:237-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steven Sampson Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Sampson Title: The anti-corruption industry: from movement to institution Abstract: This article describes the concept of ‘industry’, often used pejoratively in critiques of international development, and applies it to the field of anti-corruption. The characteristics of the anti-corruption industry, including anti-corruptionist discourse, resemble that which has taken place in development aid, human rights, civil society and gender equality. The anti-corruption industry thus includes key global actors, secondary actors who look for ‘signals’ and an apparatus of understandings, knowledge, statistics and measures, all of which tend to prioritise anti-corruption institutions over anti-corruption activism. It is argued that the questionable impact of anti-corruption programmes enables the anti-corruption industry to coexist along with the corruption it ostensibly is combating. Instead of viewing anti-corruption as hegemonic, we need to critically examine the consequences of the global institutionalisation of anti-corruptionist discourse and anti-corruption practice. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 261-278 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440571003669258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:2:p:261-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter T. Leeson Author-X-Name-First: Peter T. Author-X-Name-Last: Leeson Author-Name: David B. Skarbek Author-X-Name-First: David B. Author-X-Name-Last: Skarbek Title: Criminal constitutions Abstract: Why do criminals use constitutions? This article argues that constitutions perform three functions in criminal organisations. First, criminal constitutions promote consensus by creating common knowledge among criminals about what the organisation expects of them and what they can expect of the organisation's other members. Second, criminal constitutions regulate behaviours that are privately beneficially to individual criminals but costly to their organisation as a whole. Third, criminal constitutions generate information about member misconduct and coordinate the enforcement of rules that prohibit such behaviour. By performing these functions, constitutions facilitate criminal cooperation and enhance criminals' profit. To examine our hypothesis we examine the constitutions of two criminal organisations: eighteenth-century Caribbean pirates and the contemporary Californian prison gang, La Nuestra Familia. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 279-297 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490632 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:279-297 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos J. Vilalta Author-X-Name-First: Carlos J. Author-X-Name-Last: Vilalta Title: Correlates of distance to crime in Mexico City Abstract: This study examined the correlates of distance to crime in a sample of 412 prison inmates in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. The study focused on crimes of theft and included a spatial analysis of the crime scene and the place of residence of the prison inmates. The data show a high clustering of criminals in a few neighbourhoods surrounding the old downtown area. Also, 38.8% of the sampled criminals committed their crimes in the same neighbourhood where they lived. Regression analysis revealed two independent and positive correlations of distance to crime: the monetary gain of the crime and if the prison inmates' intimate partner was also in jail. These findings suggest that, aside from the monetary rationale in the distance to crime function, the neighbourhood and family contexts deserve further research for a better understanding of criminal behaviour in Mexico. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 298-313 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490634 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:298-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oguzhan Omer Demir Author-X-Name-First: Oguzhan Author-X-Name-Last: Omer Demir Title: Methods of sex trafficking: findings of a case study in Turkey Abstract: The underground sex industry in Turkey has increasingly become dependent on the foreign women, predominantly coming from the former Soviet Union. Some of these women became victims of sex trafficking. However, little is known about how they are recruited, transferred to, and exploited in Turkey. This article attempts to enlighten this process and makes use of police-recorded victim interviews (N = 430), as well as key personnel interviews (N= 18) as primary data. Various methods and tactics are found to be used in sex trafficking operations in Turkey. Most victims are recruited by persons known to them proposing attractive job possibilities, especially in the entertainment business. The majority of victims enter Turkey with legal documents and with various transportation means. Traffickers obtain girls and sell them to customers in public and private settings using methods to control the victims, such as debt bondage, violence, confinement, confiscation of travel documents, and threats. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 314-335 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:314-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susanne Karstedt Author-X-Name-First: Susanne Author-X-Name-Last: Karstedt Title: The Phantom Capitalists: a classic Journal: Global Crime Pages: 336-339 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490639 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:336-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hazel Croall Author-X-Name-First: Hazel Author-X-Name-Last: Croall Title: Phantom fraudsters still: re-viewing long-firm fraud Journal: Global Crime Pages: 340-345 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490641 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:340-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neal Shover Author-X-Name-First: Neal Author-X-Name-Last: Shover Title: Torrential intellect Journal: Global Crime Pages: 346-349 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490643 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490643 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:346-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Levi Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Levi Title: The phantom capitalists ride again: a response to my critics Journal: Global Crime Pages: 350-354 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490644 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490644 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:350-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Arsovska Author-X-Name-First: Jana Author-X-Name-Last: Arsovska Title: Power, conflict and criminalisation, by Phil Scraton Journal: Global Crime Pages: 355-357 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490648 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:355-357 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt Author-X-Name-First: Alfredo Author-X-Name-Last: Schulte-Bockholt Title: Government of the shadows: parapolitics and criminal sovereignty, edited by Eric Wilson Journal: Global Crime Pages: 357-360 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490649 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:357-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rashmee Singh Author-X-Name-First: Rashmee Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Title: Legal accents, legal borrowing: the international problem solving court movement, by James L. Nolan Jr. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 360-363 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:360-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Georgios Papanicolaou Author-X-Name-First: Georgios Author-X-Name-Last: Papanicolaou Author-Name: Georgios A. Antonopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Georgios A. Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos Title: Crime, war and global trafficking: designing international cooperation, by C. Jojarth Journal: Global Crime Pages: 363-366 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:363-366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander J. Blenkinsopp Author-X-Name-First: Alexander J. Author-X-Name-Last: Blenkinsopp Title: Transnational organized crime, by Frank G. Madsen Journal: Global Crime Pages: 366-368 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490704 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490704 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:366-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stan Gilmour Author-X-Name-First: Stan Author-X-Name-Last: Gilmour Title: G8 against transnational organized crime, by Amandine Scherrer Journal: Global Crime Pages: 369-370 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490706 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490706 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:369-370 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonny Lo Author-X-Name-First: Sonny Author-X-Name-Last: Lo Title: Support for victims of crime in Asia, edited by Wing-Cheong Chan Journal: Global Crime Pages: 370-371 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490708 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:370-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly Verbist Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Verbist Title: New crime in China. Public order and human rights, by Ronald C. Keith and Zhiqui Lin Journal: Global Crime Pages: 372-374 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490710 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:372-374 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Felia Allum Author-X-Name-First: Felia Author-X-Name-Last: Allum Title: Fuori dal Comune, Lo scioglimento delle amministrazioni locali per infiltrazioni mafiose, by V. Mete Journal: Global Crime Pages: 374-377 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.490713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.490713 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:3:p:374-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Miguel Cruz Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Miguel Cruz Title: Central American maras: from youth street gangs to transnational protection rackets Abstract: Most of the empirical research on Central American street gangs, called maras, has been published only in Spanish. Reviewing that literature, the American scholarship on gangs, and my own research on Central American gangs from the mid-1990s, this article depicts the processes through which the maras (Mara Salvatrucha and the Eighteenth Street Gang) evolved from youth street gangs in the late 1980s to protection rackets with features of transnational organisations. Intense migratory flows between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and the United States, and the hard-line suppression policies against youth gangs in institutionally weak Central American countries created the conditions that prompted networking and organisation among Central American street gangs. This article highlights the changes in the dynamics of violence and the transformations in the gangs' social spaces to illustrate the evolution of the maras. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 379-398 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519518 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:379-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Manzar Abbas Zaidi Author-X-Name-First: Syed Manzar Abbas Author-X-Name-Last: Zaidi Title: The poverty--radicalisation nexus in Pakistan Abstract: This article traces a possible link between radicalisation and poverty in Pakistan by surveying 1147 respondents, consisting of a poor sample universe compared with more affluent control groups. All the provinces of Pakistan were included in the sample universe, with the findings centred on an analytical discourse of poverty in North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Balochistan province, which have given rise to escalating militancy. The analysis engages with relevant literature to argue for the development of sub-nationally researched, fresh perspectives on linkages between poverty and radicalisation in Pakistan. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 399-420 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:399-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudio Detotto Author-X-Name-First: Claudio Author-X-Name-Last: Detotto Author-Name: Marco Vannini Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Vannini Title: Counting the cost of crime in Italy Abstract: We gauge the cost of crime in Italy by concentrating on a subset of offences covering about 64% of total recorded crimes in the year 2006. Following the breakdown of costs put forward by Brand and Price, we focus on the costs in anticipation, as a consequence, and in response to a specific offence. The estimated total social cost is more than €38 billion, which amounts to about 2.6% of Italy's GDP. To show the usefulness of these measures, we borrow the elasticity estimates from recent studies concerning the determinants of crime in Italy and calculate the cost associated with the surge in crime fuelled by unemployment and pardons. Indeed, in both cases such costs are substantial, implying that they should no longer be skipped when assessing the relative desirability of public policies towards crime. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 421-435 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519523 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:421-435 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dina Siegel Author-X-Name-First: Dina Author-X-Name-Last: Siegel Author-Name: Sylvia de Blank Author-X-Name-First: Sylvia Author-X-Name-Last: de Blank Title: Women who traffic women: the role of women in human trafficking networks -- Dutch cases Abstract: In the context of human trafficking, women are frequently portrayed as victims, whereas men are usually seen as offenders. In this article, we will demonstrate that women can also fulfil active, even leading, roles in human trafficking networks. Based on data collected from 89 court files in various Dutch courts in 2006--2007, we have analysed the role, tasks, and activities of these women. Assessing their independence, their tasks, and the extent of their equality in relationships with male traffickers, we have divided them into three categories: supporters, partners-in-crime, and madams. We have found that there is a wide variety of possible roles within the framework of human trafficking activities, and that African madams hold key positions in international human trafficking networks. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 436-447 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:436-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Critchley Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Critchley Title: The Black Hand: terror by letter in Chicago, by Robert M. Lombardo Journal: Global Crime Pages: 448-451 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.520443 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.520443 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:448-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Apostolos Maspero Author-X-Name-First: Apostolos Author-X-Name-Last: Maspero Title: Cop in the hood: my year policing in Baltimore's eastern district, by Peter Moskos Journal: Global Crime Pages: 451-454 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519532 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519532 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:451-454 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Effi Lambropoulou Author-X-Name-First: Effi Author-X-Name-Last: Lambropoulou Title: Crime: local and global, edited by John Muncie, Deborah Talbot and Reece Walters Journal: Global Crime Pages: 454-457 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519537 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:454-457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Wheatley Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Wheatley Title: Environmental crime: a reader, edited by Rob White Journal: Global Crime Pages: 458-459 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2010 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2010.519541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2010.519541 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:11:y:2010:i:4:p:458-459 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefano Becucci Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: Becucci Title: Criminal infiltration and social mobilisation against the Mafia. Gela: a city between tradition and modernity Abstract: Based on judicial files, data on local criminal associations, and interviews with different categories of privileged witnesses, this article focuses on the city of Gela, in southeastern Sicily, an area apparently immune since the late 1970s to the presence of Mafia organisations. Referring to major literature on organised crime, the first part underlies factors contributing to the creation and establishment of Mafia criminal groups in the city. The second specifically considers the characteristics of local organised crime and its system of infiltrating the social and economic fabric, through violence and intimidation. The last section deals with recent positive signs of opposition to the Mafia by local institutions and civil society, which could also lead to more than merely judicial methods for fighting criminal associations. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548961 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toine Spapens Author-X-Name-First: Toine Author-X-Name-Last: Spapens Title: Interaction between criminal groups and law enforcement: the case of ecstasy in the Netherlands Abstract: The police and the policymakers in the field of organised crime generally assume that criminal groups are very flexible in their responses to law enforcement intervention. They use this flexibility to explain why some forms of organised crime are very difficult to curb. Criminal groups may also develop more effective protection methods over time. Another explanation may be that others are quick to replace apprehended members of criminal groups, or even an entire criminal group that has been dismantled by law enforcement officials. This article addresses these questions empirically by examining the behaviour of criminal groups producing and trafficking ecstasy in the Netherlands between 1997 and 2006. It concludes that such groups were able to adapt to the methods and tactics used by the Dutch police to some extent. The main explanation for the continued production of ecstasy, however, is that criminal groups are replaced by new ones. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 19-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548955 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:19-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Calderoni Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Calderoni Title: Where is the mafia in Italy? Measuring the presence of the mafia across Italian provinces Abstract: This article presents the Mafia Index (MI), an index measuring the presence of mafias at the provincial level. In the abundant literature on Italian mafias, relatively few studies have attempted to measure the presence of mafias across the country. A review of previous attempts points out the limitations and methodological shortcomings of existing measurements. The study provides an operational definition of ‘mafia’ and selects the most appropriate indicators and variables according to multiple criteria. The MI combines data on mafia-type associations, mafia murders, city councils dissolved for infiltration by organised crime, and assets confiscated from organised crime and covers the period between 1983 and 2009. The MI highlights not only the strong concentration of the mafias in their original territories but also their significant presence in the central and northern provinces. This confirms that mafias should not be regarded as typically Southern Italian phenomena, but rather as a national problem. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 41-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548962 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:41-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Bouchard Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard Author-Name: Frédéric Ouellet Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric Author-X-Name-Last: Ouellet Title: Is small beautiful? The link between risks and size in illegal drug markets Abstract: A well-known finding of research on illegal markets is that drug-dealing organisations operate in risky and uncertain market and intra-organisational conditions that considerably limit their size and their survival time. Yet, little is known about the organisations or individual dealers who are more successful than others at avoiding arrest and incarceration, especially in regard to dealers operating in groups of various sizes. This article proposes to fill this gap in the literature by fitting a Cox proportional hazard model to ‘time to failure’ data in a sample of 112 incarcerated male inmates who were active as drug dealers in the 3 years preceding their incarceration. The results show that organisational size is unrelated to survival. Instead, the size of dealers' core criminal networks emerged as a key factor in increasing survival in the drug trade. Other results indicate that involvement in markets for certain drugs (cocaine) is more risky than others (cannabis) and that hard drug users are arrested faster than others. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 70-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:70-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Stenson Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Stenson Title: Race, crime and criminal justice: international perspectives, edited by Anita Kalunta-Crumpton Journal: Global Crime Pages: 87-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548958 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:87-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander J. Blenkinsopp Author-X-Name-First: Alexander J. Author-X-Name-Last: Blenkinsopp Title: Fighting terrorism and drugs: Europe and international police cooperation, by Jörg Friedrichs Journal: Global Crime Pages: 89-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.548960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.548960 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:1:p:89-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Silverstone Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Silverstone Title: From Triads to snakeheads: organised crime and illegal migration within Britain's Chinese community Abstract: This article revisits the continued existence of organised crime within the Chinese community, with particular reference to snakeheads and the trafficking or smuggling of illegal migrants. This article begins by exploring the history of Chinese organised crime within the United Kingdom and situates its continued existence within an ever more diverse ‘Chinese community’. It then draws on research involving three sets of qualitative data: one set is based on 60 interviews with law enforcement personnel based in China and the United Kingdom as well as key stakeholders within the Chinese community; the other set is based on structured questionnaires issued to 25 Chinese residents currently illegally residing in the United Kingdom; the final set is a review of the five free Chinese newspapers analysed over a 2-week period for relevant advertisements relating to migration. It then explores the mechanisms which enable illegal migrants to obtain criminal employment and discusses the motivations of those involved. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 93-111 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.567831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.567831 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:93-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aili Malm Author-X-Name-First: Aili Author-X-Name-Last: Malm Author-Name: Gisela Bichler Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Bichler Author-Name: Rebecca Nash Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Nash Title: Co-offending between criminal enterprise groups Abstract: Rather than examining networks of individuals as prior research has done, this study systematically examines the structure and composition of co-offending among types of criminal enterprise groups. Using social network analysis, the authors show that different types of crime groups tend to have unique co-offending patterns as measured by network composition and structure. The results also support the countercurrent of criminologists who suggest that ethnically derived categories may be misleading when trying to classify criminal enterprise groups. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 112-128 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.567832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.567832 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:112-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W.G. Runciman Author-X-Name-First: W.G. Author-X-Name-Last: Runciman Title: Credible crooks as a topic in sociological theory Journal: Global Crime Pages: 129-133 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.567834 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.567834 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:129-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Avinash Dixit Author-X-Name-First: Avinash Author-X-Name-Last: Dixit Title: A game-theoretic perspective on Diego Gambetta's Codes of the Underworld Journal: Global Crime Pages: 134-145 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.567835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.567835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:134-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Reuter Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Reuter Title: Gambetta's insight: a review of Codes of the Underworld Journal: Global Crime Pages: 146-149 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.569227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.569227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:146-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diego Gambetta Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Gambetta Title: Response Abstract: This article reports, rewritten in hopefully a presentable prose, the comments I made at the symposium on Codes of the Underworld, in the order in which they were made. The only new section is the last one, which discusses Peter Reuter's comments. Reuter was not present at the symposium and wrote his review later. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 150-159 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.572358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.572358 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:2:p:150-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cameron N. McIntosh Author-X-Name-First: Cameron N. Author-X-Name-Last: McIntosh Author-Name: Austin Lawrence Author-X-Name-First: Austin Author-X-Name-Last: Lawrence Title: Spatial mobility and organised crime Abstract: This special issue focuses on a phenomenon studied by only a handful of organised crime scholars to date -- criminal group mobility. The contributions in this issue evolved out of discussion papers commissioned by the Department of Public Safety Canada in 2010 for the 12th National and 15th International Metropolis conferences, and cover a wide variety of economic, social, and law enforcement issues related to the mobility of criminal groups. In this introductory article, we provide the general background and context for the collection, as well as a brief overview of each of the four papers. It is our hope that this special issue will inspire further rigorous research on this important topic, as well as help contribute toward the development of effective strategies for preventing the spread of organised crime. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 161-164 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589250 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589250 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:161-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlo Morselli Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli Author-Name: Mathilde Turcotte Author-X-Name-First: Mathilde Author-X-Name-Last: Turcotte Author-Name: Valentina Tenti Author-X-Name-First: Valentina Author-X-Name-Last: Tenti Title: The mobility of criminal groups Abstract: This article reviews evidence from past research that addresses diverse themes and theories regarding shifts and patterns in the mobility of criminal groups. Our main objective is to identify push and pull factors that will help us understand how and why criminal groups, organisations or general organised crime patterns are present across a variety of settings (i.e. geographical locations, criminal markets and legitimate industries). Push factors refer to forces which drive criminal groups from a setting. Pull factors refer to forces which draw criminal groups to a setting. A distinction is also made between contexts in which offenders organise around available opportunities (the strategic context) and contexts in which opportunities induce greater organisational levels amongst offenders (the emergent context). The most general statement that can be formulated from the present exercise is that opportunities matter more than the group itself. What we demonstrate is that the problems concerning geographical locations, criminal markets and legitimate industries that are vulnerable to organised crime are persistent and stable over time. Groups that seize such opportunities, on the other hand, are transient and more than often short-lived. Aside from reviewing past research in search of such factors, we also apply the general understanding that emerges from our analysis to critically assess case studies that reflect popular images of organised crime threats in Canada during recent years. The concluding section identifies the key issues that must be addressed within this area. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 165-188 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:165-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Silverstone Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Silverstone Title: A response to: Morselli, C., Turcotte, M. and Tenti, V. (2010) The Mobility of Criminal Groups Abstract: The degree to which organised crime groups extend their activities and influence into new geographic areas is a major concern for law enforcement officials and policymakers worldwide. Over the past decade, a number of researchers have conducted specialised studies and reviews of this phenomenon, and have offered a number of explanations of its underlying drivers. Recently, Morselli, Turcotte, and Tenti were commissioned by Public Safety Canada to prepare a report on this topic, The Mobility of Criminal Groups, which reviewed several case studies and prior commentaries and, based on an inductive (evidence-based) process, offered a conceptual framework for understanding how organised crime groups come to establish themselves (successfully or unsuccessfully) in places outside their area of origin. The current discussion article consists of a written response to Morselli et al.’s report, reflecting on their position in light of recent research on Vietnamese organised crime in the United Kingdom. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 189-206 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:189-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paolo Campana Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Campana Title: Assessing the movement of criminal groups: some analytical remarks Abstract: The article offers a commentary on the push and pull framework outlined by Morselli, Turcotte and Tenti in the current issue of this journal. It argues that, when assessing the mobility of criminal groups, two key aspects deserve better recognition: first, the nature of the movement, namely whether the common fund and the ‘headquarters’ (including the boss) have been shifted from the old to the new locale; second, whether the group provides some kind of goods and services or is purely predatory. It maintains that both push and pull factors may vary according to those characteristics. Finally, the article empirically examines the movement of a Camorra crime group from Campania (Italy) to Scotland and the Netherlands, and reconstructs the underlying push and pull factors. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 207-217 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589596 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:207-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Varese Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Varese Title: Mafia movements: a framework for understanding the mobility of mafia groups Abstract: This article starts by offering comments on the framework proposed by Carlo Morselli, Mathilde Turcotte and Valentina Tenti for understanding the factors underlying the mobility of organised crime groups. It then presents a modified framework, consisting of three elements: ‘supply’, ‘local conditions’ and ‘demand for mafia protection’. The article continues by applying the new framework to several cases and concludes with recommendation for future research and for policy makers. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 218-231 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589597 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:218-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Felia S. Allum Author-X-Name-First: Felia S. Author-X-Name-Last: Allum Title: La Voce del padrino. Mafia, cultura, politica, by Marco Santoro Journal: Global Crime Pages: 232-233 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:232-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena Carrapico Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Carrapico Title: Organized crime legislation in the European Union. Harmonization and approximation of criminal law, national legislations and the EU framework decision on the fight against organised crime, by Francesco Calderoni Journal: Global Crime Pages: 233-235 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589600 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:233-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Wheatley Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Wheatley Title: Transnational organised crime in international law, by Tom Obokata Journal: Global Crime Pages: 235-236 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589601 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:235-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ararat L. Osipian Author-X-Name-First: Ararat L. Author-X-Name-Last: Osipian Title: The KGB campaign against corruption in Moscow, 1982--1987, by Luc Duhamel Journal: Global Crime Pages: 236-238 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.589603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.589603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:3:p:236-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Bobick Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Bobick Title: Profits of disorder: images of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic Abstract: This article looks at the multiple constructions that constitute the image of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (PMR), a separatist region located in eastern Moldova. The European Union (EU) and the international community construct the area as a ‘black hole’, a security and terrorist concern. The PMR has constructed the state's image on the basis of the memory of collective suffering at the hands of Moldovan oppression, in a fashion that resembles state building in nineteenth-century Europe. The best-selling author Nicolai Lilin invests a criminal Ruritania in his fake memoir of criminal tales and exploits. The article shows that a degree of order and legitimate means to make money exist in the PMR while it highlights a key and largely ignored element of the political economy of the PMR, namely the economic role and monopolistic practices of Sheriff and the strong interconnection between politics and economic activities. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 239-265 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616048 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616048 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:239-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel Tanner Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Tanner Title: Towards a pattern in mass violence participation? An analysis of Rwandan perpetrators' accounts from the 1994 genocide Abstract: In this article, I focus on the logic whereby a group of eight Hutu became involved in mass violence during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. This process is considered as a sequence of meaningful events that progressively shaped the actors' frame of analysis. As such, each sequence brings a new qualitative reality which, in turn, constitutes the platform upon which the involvement in, and the perpetration of, mass violence become acceptable and legitimate in the eyes of the perpetrators. Based on both Howard S. Becker's notion of career and Roger Petersen's analysis of resistance and rebellion, I disaggregate the entire process of participation in mass violence into a sequence of six mechanisms, generating two main phases. The first one, mobilisation, refers to the movement from a neutral state to a mobilised state. The second phase, collective action, covers the drift from mobilisation to action, namely, killings. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 266-289 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616054 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:266-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peng Wang Author-X-Name-First: Peng Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: The Chinese mafia: private protection in a socialist market economy Abstract: Gambetta's theoretical framework focuses on two important aspects directly relating to the birth and development of mafias, namely a demand for private protection and a supply of the same. In the Post-Mao era, China started its transition from a centrally controlled economy to a market-directed economy by adopting reform and opening-up policies. The widespread creation of property rights has exponentially enlarged the demand for protection. However, property rights are ambiguously defined in the Chinese legal system, and the state is unable and unwilling to provide efficient and sufficient law enforcement mechanisms for needy people because of the rampant corruption of government officials and the weak judicial system. In this case, the mafia that is interested in the private provision of protection developed into an alternative enforcement mechanism for ‘securing’ property rights in China's economic transition. The most important service offered by the mafia in China is not only to assist business enterprises in monopolising the market, but also to assist local government in China's economic reform. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 290-311 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616055 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:290-311 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Siti Nur Zahara Hamzah Author-X-Name-First: Siti Nur Zahara Author-X-Name-Last: Hamzah Author-Name: Evan Lau Author-X-Name-First: Evan Author-X-Name-Last: Lau Title: Is peniaphobia an incentive to crime? Abstract: This article analysed the relationship between crime categories and unemployment rates using a set of panel data for 14 states in Malaysia with data spanning from 1982 to 2008. It is well documented that crime and unemployment are negatively related in Malaysia; the same is the case for both violent and property crime. Increases in unemployment rates cause the consumption expenditure to decrease, especially among households, hence, causing potential earnings from illegitimate activities to drop and discouraging a person from committing a crime. However, the significant properties of the t-statistics indicate that it is important to consider the labour market conditions in employing appropriate policies in fighting crime. That being said, unemployment can indirectly explain hunger, poverty, decreasing standards of life and economic downturn. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 312-326 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616058 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:312-326 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reza Barmaki Author-X-Name-First: Reza Author-X-Name-Last: Barmaki Title: Hate crimes: uses, controls and controversies, by Phyllis S. Gerstenfeld Journal: Global Crime Pages: 327-328 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616071 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616071 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:327-328 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maggy Lee Author-X-Name-First: Maggy Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Human security, transnational crime and human trafficking -- Asian and western perspectives, edited by Shiro Okubo and Louise Shelley Journal: Global Crime Pages: 328-330 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616073 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:328-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Woodiwiss Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Woodiwiss Title: Who are the criminals? The politics of crime policy from the age of Roosevelt to the age of Reagan, by John Hagan Journal: Global Crime Pages: 330-332 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.616076 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.616076 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:12:y:2011:i:4:p:330-332 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. Ochoa Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Ochoa Title: Not just the rich: new tendencies in kidnapping in Mexico City Abstract: This article explores the development of kidnapping in Mexico City. New evidence suggests that this crime has evolved from a crime that until recently targeted mostly the wealthy to one that now targets mainly middle- and working-class individuals. This is counterintuitive since, arguably, kidnapping is a costly crime to plan and execute and is thus better suited for a once-off large payoff. Typical explanations of high crime rates and other criminal phenomena in Latin America argue that either a weak state or very powerful criminals explain high levels of crime and violence. I argue for a middle-ground approach that looks at the interactions between state, criminals and society to explain the changes mentioned. Using qualitative evidence, I explain this shift in kidnapping along three lines: (1) the successful destruction by the state of older, sophisticated kidnapping gangs; (2) the formal and informal strategies that wealthy individuals designed and implemented to protect themselves from crime; and (3) the failure of the state to impose a strong rule of law. The article concludes by reflecting on the importance of deep structural reform as a way to assure long-lasting drops in crime. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.632499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.632499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:1-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheldon X. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Sheldon X. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Rodrigo Pacheco-McEvoy Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Pacheco-McEvoy Author-Name: Roxanna Campos Author-X-Name-First: Roxanna Author-X-Name-Last: Campos Title: Sex trafficking in Latin America: dominant discourse, empirical paucity, and promising research Abstract: Much has been written in the English-speaking world on the topic of sex trafficking, but little is known about what researchers elsewhere have produced on this topic. An exhaustive literature search was conducted to locate publications on this topic from Latin America. A total of 74 publications were located and put through a systematic content analysis. Four main discernible patterns were noticed: (1) the vast majority of the publications were produced by individuals affiliated with international or non-government organisations; (2) the production of trafficking-related literature sharply declined after 2007; (3) of the small number of studies involving empirical data, most were qualitative in nature; and (4) the literature was primarily focused on the sexual exploitation of children. The discourse on sex trafficking in Latin America appeared to be dominated by advocacy groups. There were few scholarly articles, suggesting limited attention from the academic community. Despite limited empirical data, many Spanish-speaking authors made claims on the nature and extent of sex trafficking, with articles citing one another as source of evidence. This review finds a great need for the involvement of the academic community and for dispassionate and empirically grounded research on sex trafficking. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 22-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.632504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.632504 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:22-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.A. Densley Author-X-Name-First: J.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Densley Title: The organisation of London's street gangs Abstract: This article examines a grossly neglected area of the street gang literature: the nature and extent of gang organisation. Based upon fieldwork with gangs in London, UK, this article illustrates how recreation, crime, and enterprise are not specific gang ‘types’, but rather represent sequential stages in the evolutionary cycle of gangs. This article demonstrates not only how gangs typically begin life as neighbourhood-based peer groups, but also how, in response to external threats and financial commitments, gangs grow to incorporate street-level drug distribution businesses that very much resemble the multi-level marketing structure of direct-selling companies. Gang organisation, in turn, becomes a function of gang business. Gang organisation is conceptualised here on three levels: internal, external, and symbolic. This article examines, respectively, the presence of subgroups, hierarchy and leadership, incentives, rules, responsibilities, and punishments within gangs; how gangs interact with the local and larger community; and how gangs associate with symbolic elements of popular culture in order to convey reputation and achieve intimidation. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 42-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.632497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.632497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:42-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly Hignett Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Hignett Title: Policing economic crime in Russia: from Soviet planned economy to privatisation, by Gilles Favarel-Garrigues Journal: Global Crime Pages: 65-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.645286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.645286 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:65-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Silverstone Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Silverstone Title: World wide weed: global trends in cannabis cultivation and its control, edited by Tom Decorte, Gary Potter and Martin Bouchard Journal: Global Crime Pages: 67-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.645287 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.645287 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:67-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Felia Allum Author-X-Name-First: Felia Author-X-Name-Last: Allum Title: Organized crime, policing illegal business entrepreneurialism, by Geoff Dean, Ivar Fahsing and Petter Gottschalk Journal: Global Crime Pages: 69-70 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2011.645288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2011.645288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:1:p:69-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Lusthaus Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Lusthaus Title: Trust in the world of cybercrime Abstract: For cybercriminals, the anonymity of the Internet offers not only opportunities but also challenges. Where one does not truly know whom one is doing business with, it makes it difficult to assess trustworthiness or to retaliate should dealings go sour and agreements need to be enforced. This creates a large deficit of trust, beyond even that common among conventional criminals, and makes cybercriminal transactions very unstable. As a result, it might be expected that cybercriminals would often act alone. But, in reality, cybercriminals collaborate quite widely. This is the puzzle that this article addresses. In order to overcome the major challenges of online anonymity, and to capitalise on its benefits, cybercriminals have developed a range of mechanisms that buttress trust. These include mechanisms relating to (1) establishing cybercriminal identities; (2) assessing cybercriminal attributes; and (3) extra-legal governance. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 71-94 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:71-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuliya Zabyelina Author-X-Name-First: Yuliya Author-X-Name-Last: Zabyelina Title: Costs and benefits of informal economy: shuttle trade and crime at Cherkizovsky market Abstract: According to IMF and OSCE reports, informal economic transactions in Russia and other states of the former Communist Bloc have cushioned the shocks of economic and political transition of the 1990s by quickly satisfying the consumer demand and providing unofficial jobs to the population faced with transition recession. As these analyses extensively emphasise the advantages of informal entrepreneurship and its positive contribution to stimulating economic growth, this article explores the phenomenon of shuttle trade -- a system/form of informal trade outside state control that does not comply with state regulations -- as an issue of concern for criminologists. This article investigates the convergence of shuttle trade and criminal activities and the relationship of shuttle trade to the formal regulatory environment. It offers insights into selected criminal activities at Cherkizovsky market in Moscow before its shutdown in 2009 and an evaluation of the policymaking decisions the shutdown triggered. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 95-108 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674185 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:95-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Lauchs Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Lauchs Author-Name: Zoe Staines Author-X-Name-First: Zoe Author-X-Name-Last: Staines Title: Career path of a corruption entrepreneur Abstract: The study of criminal career paths is necessary to understand the methods of success employed by high-performing criminals. The aim of this article is to focus on the career path of Jack Herbert who set up and maintained extensive corruption networks between organised crime groups and police in the Australian state of Queensland. This study builds on Morselli's work on the career paths of Sammy Gravano and Howard Marks that demonstrate how understanding social networks is an essential part of comprehending how organised criminals succeed. The data for this study were taken from the transcripts of the Fitzgerald Commission of Inquiry, which uncovered the extensive and resilient corruption network operated by Herbert. Herbert's relationships have been plotted to establish the nature of his operations. The findings indicate that communication of trust both allows for success and sets the boundaries of a network. Most importantly, this case study identifies Herbert's reliance on holding a monopoly as the cornerstone of his network power and position. This article adds to the literature on criminal career paths by moving away from a classic organised criminal grouping into the area of police corruption and uncovers the distinctive opportunities that this position offers the career criminal. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 109-129 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.678620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.678620 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:109-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paolo Campana Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Campana Title: Il coltello e il mercato. La Camorra prima e dopo l'Unità d'Italia, by Marcella Marmo Journal: Global Crime Pages: 130-134 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674378 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674378 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:130-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Arsovska Author-X-Name-First: Jana Author-X-Name-Last: Arsovska Title: Transnational crime and the 21st century, criminal enterprise, corruption, and opportunity, by Jay Albanese Journal: Global Crime Pages: 134-136 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:134-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sue Penna Author-X-Name-First: Sue Author-X-Name-Last: Penna Title: Drugs, crime and public health: the political economy of drug policy, by Alex Stevens Journal: Global Crime Pages: 136-139 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:136-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fotini Rizava Author-X-Name-First: Fotini Author-X-Name-Last: Rizava Title: Cross-border crime inroads on integrity in Europe, edited by Petrus C. van Duyne, Georgios A. Antonopoulos, Jackie Harvey, Almir Maljevic, Tom Vander Beken and Klaus von Lampe Journal: Global Crime Pages: 139-140 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.674405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.674405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:2:p:139-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Kostelnik Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Kostelnik Title: Sentencing white-collar criminals: when is shaming viable? Abstract: When does shaming work as an alternative to incarceration and fines in sentencing white-collar criminals? In the light of recent economic downturn and highly publicised instances of white-collar crime, public opinion has demanded harsher sentences for white-collar criminals. In order to appease this demand, as well as consider the pressing problem of prison overpopulation, alternative sanctions, such as formal shaming, have been increasingly studied. Through examination of the costs and consequences of incarceration and shaming, this article will explain that since the costs of shaming sanctions are largely fixed, shaming sanctions are most viable when used in conjunction with alternative sanctions so that courts can impose sanction bundles of costs commensurate with the level of offense committed by an offender. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 141-159 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.705431 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.705431 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:3:p:141-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu Author-Name: Benoit Dupont Author-X-Name-First: Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Dupont Title: The social network of hackers Abstract: Social researchers are facing more and more challenges as criminal networks are expanding in size and moving to the Internet. Many efforts are currently under way to enhance the technical capabilities of researchers working in the field of cybercrimes. Rather than focusing on the technical tools that could enhance research performance, this article focuses on a specific field that has demonstrated its use in the study of criminal networks: social network analysis (SNA). This article evaluates the effectiveness of SNA to enhance the value of information on cybercriminals. This includes both the identification of possible targets for follow-up research as well as the removal of subjects who may be wasting the researchers' time. This article shows that SNA can be useful on two levels. First, SNA provides scientific and objective measures of the structure of networks as well as the position of their key players. Second, fragmentation metrics, which measure the impact of the removal of n nodes in a network, help to determine the amount of resources needed to deal with specific organisations. In this case study, a tactical strike against the network could have had the same destabilising impact as a broader approach. The resources saved by limiting the investigation targets could then be used to monitor the criminal network's reaction to the arrests and to limit its ability to adapt to the post-arrest environment. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 160-175 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.702523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.702523 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:3:p:160-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen F. Pires Author-X-Name-First: Stephen F. Author-X-Name-Last: Pires Title: The illegal parrot trade: a literature review Abstract: Parrots are amongst the most beautiful and intelligent bird species in the world. They have been coveted as pets for centuries, particularly in the neo-tropics where they are heavily populated. Unfortunately, this has led to dramatic increases in parrot poaching over the last few decades, making parrots the most threatened bird species in the world. Despite laws against parrot poaching throughout the neo-tropics, the illegal trade continues while parrot populations further decline. This article reviews the literature on the players in the illegal parrot trade (i.e. poachers, itinerant fences, and market sellers), how poaching is largely committed, and which species are more at risk of becoming poached. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 176-190 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.700180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.700180 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:3:p:176-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lieselot Bisschop Author-X-Name-First: Lieselot Author-X-Name-Last: Bisschop Title: Out of the woods: the illegal trade in tropical timber and a European trade hub Abstract: This article responds to the call for more empirical knowledge about transnational environmental crime by analysing the illegal trade in tropical timber. It aims to provide insights into the social organisation of the illegal transports of tropical timber within the local research setting of the port of Antwerp (Belgium) but meanwhile pays attention to elements throughout the flows from locations of origin over transit to destination. It is often difficult to determine which legal and illegal actors are involved in transnational environmental crime. This research sheds light on the legal--illegal interfaces in tropical timber flows connected to this European setting. The results show that the social organisation of transnational environmental crime is shaped by the global context of the places of origin, transit and destination, where it is continuously on a thin line between legal and illegal. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 191-212 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.701836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.701836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:3:p:191-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Loader Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Loader Author-Name: Sarah Percy Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Percy Title: Bringing the ‘outside’ in and the ‘inside’ out: crossing the criminology/IR divide Journal: Global Crime Pages: 213-218 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:213-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Holmqvist Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Holmqvist Title: War/space: shifting spatialities and the absence of politics in contemporary accounts of war Abstract: Understandings of war -- its shape, form, character and content -- are conditioned by conceptualisations and narratives of social and political space. As such, the history of writing on war is also a history of spatiality, expressed through a particular circumstance and practice. Through analysis of early modern conceptualisations of space, politics and war, this article considers the shift in political spatiality associated with the demise of modern linear spatiality that firmly established the territorial state as site of politics and war. The central argument of this article is that contemporary accounts of war reveal a political spatiality in flux coupled with an insistence on the global, such that many accounts of war neglect its political content. Three key accounts of contemporary war are engaged: liberal discourses of war as ‘policing’; accounts of war as ‘biopolitical empire’; and discourses of war as ‘risk management’ -- all found, in different ways and collectively, to disregard the political confrontation that war necessarily entails. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 219-234 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:219-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katja Franko Aas Author-X-Name-First: Katja Franko Author-X-Name-Last: Aas Title: (In)security-at-a-distance: rescaling justice, risk and warfare in a transnational age Abstract: The article examines the progressive de-bounding of social risks and the blurring boundaries between internal and external notions of security. Contemporary forms of cross-border connectivity bring to our attention the renewed importance of analysing distance (physical, social and other) in criminology. Globalising processes significantly expand the scale and scope of social interaction, including violent conflict and crime control and security strategies, by offering social agents a possibility of acting from the point of ‘strategic globality’. The article outlines an emerging landscape of ‘security at a distance’, where previously local and national phenomena are transformed by new forms of transnational connectivity, risk and movement. It suggests that, through the emerging forms of globalism, criminal justice is plugging into trans-border circuits of circulation of people, forms of knowledge and social and political action, where, ultimately, crime control can become an export and war can be, metaphorically, seen as an import. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 235-253 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:235-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deborah Avant Author-X-Name-First: Deborah Author-X-Name-Last: Avant Author-Name: Virginia Haufler Author-X-Name-First: Virginia Author-X-Name-Last: Haufler Title: Transnational organisations and security Abstract: The fields of international relations and criminology analyse security from different directions, but both have had a dominant focus on states and state agencies until recently. Even as they looked at a wider range of actors as security providers, an important category of security actors has not been analysed so far -- ‘non-violent’ transnational organisations. Transnational non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and transnational corporations (TNCs) are not security organisations per se, but the strategies these transnational non-state actors pursue in response to violence affect security for both themselves and the societies in which they operate. We argue here that security at the local level is an outcome of interactions among diverse actors including transnational organisations and call for a research agenda focused on how transnational actors choose their response to insecurity and how those choices affect security governance. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 254-275 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715392 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:254-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruce Baker Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Title: State and substate policing in Africa and the boundaries between them Abstract: Following an overview of the diverse substate policing sector in Africa and the main changes taking place within it, there follows an examination of the complex and dynamic boundaries between state and substate. The boundaries are at times imagined. States are constantly engaged in constructing an image of policing and its boundaries that does not correspond with reality. The boundaries are also permeable: authority, activities and agents pass across the boundary. State and substate are not clearly separated. Such is the geographical overlapping of policing agencies that Africans commonly move into and out of spheres of policing providers. The boundaries are also shifting. Boundaries between public and private, between legal and illegal and between state and substate are subject to ongoing power struggles and negotiation that result in change and reconstruction. The article concludes with some remarks about the potential and risks of utilising substate policing agencies. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 276-292 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715395 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:276-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Gheciu Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Gheciu Title: Securing distant places? Practices of protection in contemporary peace-support operations Abstract: This article explores the dynamics and implications of practices of protection enacted within the framework of the UN-sponsored International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. It examines the ways in which those practices challenge established categories in the field of security, and discusses the problems and dilemmas they generate. The article demonstrates that the role played by North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- as the lead actor in ISAF -- reflects the Alliance's reconceptualisation of the relevant space of security. An analysis of security practices employed by ISAF in Afghanistan reveals that, in spite of statements that stress the unique situation of stabilisation and reconstruction in Afghanistan, ISAF's dual emphasis on inclusion/exclusion (i.e. defeating radical Taliban and Al-Qaeda fighters while also winning the hearts and minds of the other Afghans) echoes in interesting ways of colonial practices of counter-insurgency. Conceptually, one of the most interesting features of ISAF's security practices has been a blurring of multiple boundaries that have long been at the heart of thinking about international politics: domestic/international, military/policing and public/private actors. By shedding light on that process of blurring boundaries, this article provides further evidence in support of the claim made in this special issue: that we are now living in a world in which many of the distinctions that once appeared to be clearly defined and fairly rigid are fast breaking down. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 293-311 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715399 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:293-311 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael C. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Michael C. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: The new economy of security Abstract: New security dynamics present significant theoretical and empirical challenges. This article suggests that Pierre Bourdieu's ideas about an ‘economics of practice’ provides a fruitful means for exploring and explaining many of these transformations. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 312-319 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.715403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.715403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:13:y:2012:i:4:p:312-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frederike Ambagtsheer Author-X-Name-First: Frederike Author-X-Name-Last: Ambagtsheer Author-Name: Damián Zaitch Author-X-Name-First: Damián Author-X-Name-Last: Zaitch Author-Name: Willem Weimar Author-X-Name-First: Willem Author-X-Name-Last: Weimar Title: The battle for human organs: organ trafficking and transplant tourism in a global context Abstract: While the trade in human organs remains largely in the darkness as it is hardly reported, detected or scientifically researched, a range of key institutional stakeholders, professionals, policy-makers and scholars involved in this field show remarkable high levels of moral condemnation and share a rather unanimous prohibitionist line. Some have equated this phenomenon to genocide or talk about ‘neo-cannibalism’, others present it as dominated by mafias and rogue traders. However, organ trafficking takes very different shapes, each one with their own ethical dilemmas. Simplistic formulaic responses purely based in more criminalisation should be critically evaluated. Based on a qualitative study conducted on the demand for kidneys (transplant tourism) in and from the Netherlands, we present in this article some of the main empirical results and discuss their implications. But before doing that, this contribution briefly describes the global patterns of contemporary organ trade and the way the problem has been framed and constructed by international policy bodies, professional (transplant) organisations and some scholars. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-26 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.753323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.753323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:1-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dick Hobbs Author-X-Name-First: Dick Author-X-Name-Last: Hobbs Author-Name: Georgios A. Antonopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Georgios A. Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos Title: ‘Endemic to the species’: ordering the ‘other’ via organised crime Abstract: The United States has been the prime mover in the establishment of both the concept of organised crime and the use of the concept in its attempt to establish global hegemony, in which law enforcement became a little more than a front for a government-backed central casting agency, stereotyping both heroes and villains. This article offers an account of how the ‘Other’ has been used as prism for the construction of organised crime primarily in the United States and how this construction, as a franchise, has been exported on the international level and on heterogeneous criminal landscapes. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 27-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.753324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.753324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:27-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Lusthaus Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Lusthaus Title: How organised is organised cybercrime? Abstract: To some writers and commentators, fully fledged organised cybercrime is currently emerging. Law enforcement spokesmen and Internet security firms have even made comparisons between the structure of cybercriminal enterprises and organisations like La Cosa Nostra. But, in reality, conventional criminal labels applied to cybercrime are themselves often poorly understood by those who employ them. The purpose of this research note is to apply scholarly rigor to the question of whether profit-driven cybercrime can fit underneath formal definitions of organised crime and mafias. It proceeds in three sections: the first section outlines academic definitions of organised crime, mafias and cybercrime; the second section assesses whether online cybercriminal trading forums, perhaps the most visible and documented examples of cybercriminal organisation, might constitute mafias as some contend; the third section briefly discusses some other less documented examples of ‘organised’ cybercrime and assesses the broader possibility of online groups being classified as organised crime groups. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 52-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.759508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.759508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:52-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giulia Berlusconi Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Berlusconi Title: Do all the pieces matter? Assessing the reliability of law enforcement data sources for the network analysis of wire taps Abstract: Law enforcement agencies rely on data collected from wire taps to construct the organisational chart of criminal enterprises. Recently, a number of academics have also begun to utilise social network analysis to describe relations among criminals and understand the internal organisation of criminal groups. However, before drawing conclusions about the structure or the organisation of criminal groups, it is important to understand the limitations that selective samples such as wire taps may have on network analysis measures. Electronic surveillance data can be found in different kinds of court records and the selection of the data source is likely to influence the amount of missing information and, consequently, the results. This article discusses the impact that the selection of a specific data source for the social network analysis of criminal groups may have on centrality measures usually adopted in organised crime research to identify key players. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 61-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.746940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.746940 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:61-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pär Gustafsson Author-X-Name-First: Pär Author-X-Name-Last: Gustafsson Title: The emergence of the rule of law in Russia Abstract: This paper challenges an empirical claim about the commercial courts (arbitrazhnye sudy) made by Kathryn Hendley and her co-authors in their paper “Law, Relationships and Private Enforcement: Transactional Strategies of Russian Enterprise” in Vol. 52, No. 4, Europe-Asia Studies in 2000. Basing their case on a quantitative survey of Russian firms, they conclude that economic actors in the 1990s relied on ‘the law and legal institutions’ because the commercial courts were relatively effective. In order to test this claim about the link between individual behaviour and the judiciary, I ask: What type of belief about corruption was held by Russian economic actors who trusted the commercial courts for conflict resolution at the end of the 1990s? The data set is drawn from a survey of 227 Russian firms made in 1997. I use self-reported data on economic actors’ preference for using or not using the commercial court (in case of a hypothetical conflict about a considerable amount of money) as a proxy for trust. A binary logistic regression model shows that economic actors who accepted corruption as a fact of life at the time of market entry were three times more likely to trust the commercial courts for conflict resolution than economic actors who rejected corruption. This finding contradicts any reasonable definition of the rule of law and suggests that the neo-liberal reformers should have paid more attention to the content -- rather than merely to the speed -- of reform. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 82-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.759747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.759747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:82-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ararat L. Osipian Author-X-Name-First: Ararat L. Author-X-Name-Last: Osipian Title: Organized crime, political transitions and state formation in post-Soviet Eurasia, by Alexander Kupatadze Journal: Global Crime Pages: 110-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.755123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.755123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:110-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuliya G. Zabyelina Author-X-Name-First: Yuliya G. Author-X-Name-Last: Zabyelina Title: Human trafficking, human misery: the global trade in human beings, 1st ed., by Alexis A. Aronowitz Journal: Global Crime Pages: 113-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.754350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.754350 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:113-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy Nivette Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Nivette Title: Global burden of armed violence 2011: lethal encounters, by the Geneva Declaration Secretariat Journal: Global Crime Pages: 115-117 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2012.755124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2012.755124 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:115-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Bouchard Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard Author-Name: Joanna Amirault Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Amirault Title: Advances in research on illicit networks Abstract: This paper introduces the contributions included in the special issue of ‘Advances in Research on Illicit Networks’. It situates the collection of papers in the growing trend of studies applying network methods to illicit networks. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 119-122 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.801316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.801316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:119-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter J. Carrington Author-X-Name-First: Peter J. Author-X-Name-Last: Carrington Author-Name: Sarah B. van Mastrigt Author-X-Name-First: Sarah B. Author-X-Name-Last: van Mastrigt Title: Co-offending in Canada, England and the United States: a cross-national comparison Abstract: This article compares the characteristics of police-reported co-offending groups and solo offenders in Canada, England and the United States. Comparative analysis of crime in these three countries is fostered by the relative similarity of their substantive criminal codes (all originating in English common law), their approaches to law enforcement, and their crime recording procedures. The data include over 100,000 incidents cleared by a large UK police force, 2.5 million incidents in Canada, and 1.3 million incidents in 36 states in the United States, in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Comparative analyses include the prevalence of co-offending, the size and composition of co-offending groups, and key correlates of group crime, such as offence type and the age and sex of participants. Substantial similarities are observed across the three data sets, although there are also intriguing differences. These findings are discussed in relation to ongoing attempts to draw general conclusions regarding the nature and extent of group crime and co-offending networks. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 123-140 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787926 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:123-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frédéric Ouellet Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric Author-X-Name-Last: Ouellet Author-Name: Rémi Boivin Author-X-Name-First: Rémi Author-X-Name-Last: Boivin Author-Name: Chloé Leclerc Author-X-Name-First: Chloé Author-X-Name-Last: Leclerc Author-Name: Carlo Morselli Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli Title: Friends with(out) benefits: co-offending and re-arrest Abstract: Research shows that co-offending has contradictory effects on rates of re-arrest. On the one hand, group offending may be riskier: for example, co-offenders might be targeted by police or might snitch to protect themselves. Criminal networks may also have indirect effects: offenders embedded in criminal networks commit more offences and thus should have a higher risk of being arrested at some point. On the other hand, networks generate steady criminal opportunities with relatively low risk of arrest and high monetary benefits (e.g. drug trafficking). Few authors have empirically explored the relation between co-offending and re-arrest. This article does so using data from seven years of arrest records in the province of Quebec, Canada. The analysis is designed to explore why some offenders are re-arrested after an initial arrest while others are not. It focuses on the factors involved in re-arrest, considering two distinct levels of measures of co-offending. The first level of analysis takes into account a situational measure that indicates whether a given offence was committed by co-offenders (group offence). The second level is used to examine whether being part of a criminal network influences re-arrest. For offenders embedded in such networks, two network features (degree centrality and clustering coefficient) show that the global position of individuals within the Quebec arrest network are analysed. Our results suggest that co-offending is a crucial factor that should be taken into account when looking at the odds of being caught again. The use of generalised linear mixed model brings interesting nuances about the impact of co-offending. The article adds to the recently growing literature on the link between networks and criminal careers. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 141-154 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787930 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:141-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Title: Exploring the social organisation and structure of stolen data markets Abstract: As consumers are increasingly using the Internet to manage their finances, there has been a concomitant increase in the risk of theft and fraud by cybercriminals. Hackers who acquire sensitive consumer data utilise information on their own, or sell the information in online forums for a significant profit. Few have considered the organisational composition of the participants engaged in the sale of stolen data, including the presence of managerial oversight, division of labour, coordination of roles and purposive associations between buyers, sellers and forum operators. Thus, this qualitative study will apply Best and Luckenbill's framework of social organisation to a sample of threads from publicly accessible web forums where individuals buy and sell stolen financial information. The implications of this study for criminologists, law enforcement, the intelligence community and information security researchers will be discussed in depth. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 155-174 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787925 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:155-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu Author-Name: Benoit Dupont Author-X-Name-First: Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Dupont Title: Reputation in a dark network of online criminals Abstract: This paper focuses on criminals who could easily be labelled as entrepreneurs and who deal in compromised computer systems. Known as botmasters, these individuals use their technical skills to take over and control personal, business and governmental computers. These networks of hijacked computers are known as botnets in the security industry. With this massive computing power, these criminals can send large amounts of spam, attack web servers or steal financial data -- all for a fee. As entrepreneurs, the botmasters' main goal is to achieve the highest level of success possible. In their case, this achievement can be measured in the illegitimate revenues they earn from the leasing of their botnet. Based on the evidence gathered in literature on legitimate and illegitimate markets, this paper sets to understand how reputation could relate to criminal achievement as well as what factors impact a heightened level of reputation in a criminal market. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 175-196 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.801015 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.801015 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:175-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert R. Faulkner Author-X-Name-First: Robert R. Author-X-Name-Last: Faulkner Author-Name: Eric R. Cheney Author-X-Name-First: Eric R. Author-X-Name-Last: Cheney Title: The multiplexity of political conspiracy: illegal networks and the collapse of Watergate Abstract: Using historical data from the United State's Watergate criminal conspiracy case, we construct five sociomatrices representing the multiplex social relations of political conspiracy. Sociomatrices representing (1) the social relations of the illegal relations among the conspirators, (2) fractious relations between the conspirators during the working period of the conspiracy, (3) fractious relations between the conspirators during the crisis stage of the conspiracy, (4) the flow of money among the conspirators and (5) the relations of which specific conspirators testified against specific other co-conspirators. The quadratic assignment procedure (QAP analysis) is used to determine the extent to which these five sociomatrices are inter-related. QAP analysis shows that the structure of the five sociomatrices are related to each other, implying that political conspiracies are composed of multiplex relations of working acts of deviance, relations of dyadic fractiousness, conduits of illegal financing and the betrayal of co-conspirators through finger pointing at trial. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 197-215 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.790313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.790313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:197-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas C. Athey Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas C. Author-X-Name-Last: Athey Author-Name: Martin Bouchard Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard Title: The BALCO scandal: the social structure of a steroid distribution network Abstract: The current study revisits the notorious Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative (BALCO) scandal involving the production and distribution of an undetectable anabolic-androgenic steroid to professional athletes from late 1990s until 2003. Multiple sources are reviewed to re-create the social structure of BALCO and examine whether it formed a close-knit community or instead multiple communities defined around a specific sport or discipline. Results from a community fragmentation analysis suggest that six communities could be identified as distinct in the BALCO network of 97 individuals -- three structured around athletic interests (baseball, football and boxing), one around BALCO's chemist, another around the eventual whistle-blower, and a ‘broker’ community, labelled the network's core. The network's core functioned as the best intermediate between communities because of the diversity of actors involved and the presence of BALCO's founder (Conte), who was brokering ties all over the network, though such a structure ultimately resulted in complete demise of the BALCO network. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 216-237 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.790312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.790312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:216-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David A. Bright Author-X-Name-First: David A. Author-X-Name-Last: Bright Author-Name: Jordan J. Delaney Author-X-Name-First: Jordan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Delaney Title: Evolution of a drug trafficking network: Mapping changes in network structure and function across time Abstract: There is a growing body of research using social network analysis to study criminal networks. The great majority of this research examines networks at a single time point. Although there are theoretical approaches which hypothesise on how criminal networks develop and grow, little empirical research has been conducted on the growth of criminal networks over time. This project documents the growth of a drug trafficking network. The aims were to examine and describe structural and functional changes in a criminal network across time. We found that the density of the network remained somewhat stable over time, although the network became more decentralised at the final time point measured. Centrality scores for individual nodes showed significant changes over time. Individuals changed the roles performed across time, consistent with the changing needs and focus of the network. Overall, our results support the characterisation of networks as flexible and adaptive. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 238-260 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787927 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:238-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gisela Bichler Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Bichler Author-Name: Aili Malm Author-X-Name-First: Aili Author-X-Name-Last: Malm Title: Small arms, big guns: a dynamic model of illicit market opportunity Abstract: Transnational illicit markets are deeply embedded within legal trade systems and thus should be affected by shifting market conditions. Applying a stochastic actor-oriented model (SAOM), this study tests whether variation in illicit market opportunity could account for changing relations within the small arms trade (2003--2008). Measures of market accessibility -- changes in export activity, reporting transparency and the percent of the labour force that is armed -- outperformed measures of weapon availability with the exception of involvement in armed conflict. Significant structural change in outdegree density and transitivity suggest the development of trade factions, and decreasing balance hints that leaders are emerging. With the pending de-escalation of US-led conflict in the Middle East, a flood of second-hand weaponry is about to enter the market. Continued research is required to further uncover how the legitimate trade infrastructure facilitates the illicit flow of goods. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 261-286 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787928 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:261-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Leuprecht Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Leuprecht Author-Name: Kenneth Hall Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Title: Networks as strategic repertoires: Functional differentiation among Al-Shabaab terror cells Abstract: This article explains variation across the characteristics and structure of Al-Shabaab (AS) networks as a function of strategic repertoires. From a comparison of domestic and transnational AS recruitment and fundraising networks in the United States, the article generates hypotheses about the characteristics and structure of networks and how traits such as brokers, centrality characteristics of nodes, international linkages and use of funds are related to a network's purpose. The implications of these observations are twofold: The nature of a terror organisation's network is indicative of the organisation's strategy; conversely, the organisation's strategy will affect the nature of the network. On the one hand, knowing the function of the network makes it possible to counter it by detecting and debilitating the nodes. On the other hand, knowing the structure of a network makes it possible to surmise its purpose. The article concludes that, from a network perspective, terrorist recruitment and fundraising are distinct problems that require differentiated law-enforcement and security-intelligence approaches. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 287-310 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.787929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.787929 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:287-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Georgios A. Antonopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Georgios A. Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos Author-Name: Georgios Papanicolaou Author-X-Name-First: Georgios Author-X-Name-Last: Papanicolaou Title: Borders and crime: pre-crime, mobility and serious harm in an age of globalization, edited by McCulloch, J. and Pickering, S Journal: Global Crime Pages: 311-313 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.768945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.768945 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:311-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen F. Pires Author-X-Name-First: Stephen F. Author-X-Name-Last: Pires Title: Sold into extinction: the global trade in endangered species, by Jacqueline Schneider Journal: Global Crime Pages: 314-316 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.770370 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.770370 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:314-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gavin Slade Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Slade Title: Organized crime, political transitions and state formation in post-Soviet Eurasia, by Alexander Kupatadze Journal: Global Crime Pages: 316-319 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.801181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.801181 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:2-3:p:316-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yvette M.M. Schoenmakers Author-X-Name-First: Yvette M.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Schoenmakers Author-Name: Bo Bremmers Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Bremmers Author-Name: Edward R. Kleemans Author-X-Name-First: Edward R. Author-X-Name-Last: Kleemans Title: Strategic versus emergent crime groups: the case of Vietnamese cannabis cultivation in the Netherlands Abstract: This article addresses the nature and development of the Vietnamese involvement in cannabis cultivation in the Netherlands. The findings are based on empirical data collected from national police registrations, case studies and in-depth interviews with over 30 Dutch and international respondents. The authors describe the background characteristics of Vietnamese cannabis farmers, the structure of the predominantly mono-ethnic Vietnamese criminal groups and the international context. A situational approach to organised crime is applied to illustrate the ‘emergent’ character of the Vietnamese crime groups as opposed to a ‘strategic’ context of organised crime. The Vietnamese supervisors in the Netherlands have legal citizenship and often have ‘careers’ in cannabis-related crimes. It would appear that for a Vietnamese gardener or farmer, the path into cannabis cultivation is linked to financial debt. Besides situational factors, group characteristics, such as the migrant community, seem important in understanding the Vietnamese involvement in the Dutch cannabis market. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 321-340 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.822303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.822303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:321-340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arnaud Dandoy Author-X-Name-First: Arnaud Author-X-Name-Last: Dandoy Author-Name: Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos Author-X-Name-First: Marc-Antoine Author-X-Name-Last: Pérouse de Montclos Title: Humanitarian workers in peril? Deconstructing the myth of the new and growing threat to humanitarian workers Abstract: In the last few years, insecurity for relief workers has become a matter of great concern and a central issue in aid policy debates. Explanation for such a widespread anxiety is the claim that international humanitarian organisations are facing a new type of threat, while operating in increasingly hostile environments. This article explores the construction of humanitarian insecurity as a new and growing threat. Drawing on historical material, we suggest that the departure from ‘the past’ is not as pronounced as it is suggested by experts and commentators on this issue, and that the perceived deterioration of operating environments is questionable. The article concludes that the tendency to report humanitarian insecurity in catastrophic rather than analytical terms can create more problems than resolve them, in effect deepening the conditions for some of the challenges that humanitarian actors face today. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 341-358 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831345 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831345 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:341-358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gisela Bichler Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Bichler Author-Name: Stacy Bush Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Bush Author-Name: Aili Malm Author-X-Name-First: Aili Author-X-Name-Last: Malm Title: Bad actors and faulty props: unlocking legal and illicit art trade Abstract: If as suspected, criminal enterprise feeds off legal trade, then anti-crime policy must target the points at which legal and illicit markets intersect. This study offers a strategy to pinpoint and calibrate the degree of fusion across an entire trade system. Legal and illicit processes and mechanisms essential to all sectors of an industry -- development, financing, handling, possession and regulation -- were dissected using a script methodology. Eigenvector centrality scores identified interlocking tools and actors. The results highlight the role played by supporting industries (e.g. insurers, auction houses, storage specialists, foundations and high net-worth buyers) and the need to target temporary markets, shipping activity and financial transactions with regulatory policing efforts. Vaccinating global economies from illicit activity is best achieved through a soft law approach aimed at identifiable mechanisms (faulty props) used by groups playing pivotal trade roles (bad actors). Journal: Global Crime Pages: 359-385 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.828999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.828999 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:359-385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elena Faccio Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Faccio Author-Name: Norberto Costa Author-X-Name-First: Norberto Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Title: The presentation of self in everyday prison life Abstract: Today, Italian prisons are reporting the highest level of overcrowding ever recorded. In reference to this situation, this article proposes an ethnographic study carried out inside the prison of Padua as a voluntary 2 years’ experience. It documents the values and conventions that convicts share in prison and details the ways in which prisoners constantly construct and adapt to an informal conduct’s rule system, the inmate code. It also illustrates the interactions among fellow prisoners as scenes or plays enacted by various teams. The prisoners’ words reveal a complex universe based upon three basic conditions: loyalty, discipline and circumspection. Finally, we argue about the fading of the distinction between the prison front stage and the back stage and we analyse the possible consequences. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 386-403 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831761 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:386-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Bobick Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Bobick Title: Police aesthetics: literature, film and the secret police in Soviet Times Journal: Global Crime Pages: 404-408 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831226 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:404-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert M. Lombardo Author-X-Name-First: Robert M. Author-X-Name-Last: Lombardo Title: The honored society: the history of Italy’s most powerful Mafia Journal: Global Crime Pages: 408-409 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831224 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:408-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saskia Baas Author-X-Name-First: Saskia Author-X-Name-Last: Baas Title: Useful enemies. When waging wars is more important than winning them Journal: Global Crime Pages: 410-411 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831225 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:410-411 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Webb Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Title: Discovery of hidden crime: self-report delinquency surveys in criminal policy context Journal: Global Crime Pages: 411-413 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.831223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.831223 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:14:y:2013:i:4:p:411-413 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Savona Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Savona Title: Organised crime numbers Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-9 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.886512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.886512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina Mancuso Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Mancuso Title: Estimating the revenues of sexual exploitation: applying a new methodology to the Italian context Abstract: This article presents a methodology which allows to estimate the revenues of the sexual exploitation market, both outdoor and indoor, at subnational level. It is applied to the Italian context. The findings suggest that the revenues are not equally distributed across regions since they depend on different criminal opportunities and levels of demand. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 10-26 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.878655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.878655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:10-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luca Giommoni Author-X-Name-First: Luca Author-X-Name-Last: Giommoni Title: The retail value of the illicit drug market in Italy: a consumption-based approach Abstract: This study estimates the retail value of the illicit drug market in Italy from a consumption-based approach. The illicit drugs considered in this analysis are heroin, cocaine, cannabis (herbal and resin), amphetamines and ecstasy. Results show that the value of the illicit drug market in Italy is much less than previously estimated and quantified at € 3.3 bn. Heroin and cocaine retain the biggest markets in terms of revenues, while cannabis is the most-consumed illicit drug. Synthetic illicit drugs account for roughly 10% of the illicit drug market. Conclusions offer some suggestions as to how uncertainties about estimates of the illicit drug market can be reduced. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 27-50 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.875893 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.875893 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:27-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Calderoni Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Calderoni Title: A new method for estimating the illicit cigarette market at the subnational level and its application to Italy Abstract: This study provides a methodology with which to estimate the volumes and revenues of the illicit cigarette market at the subnational level. It applies the methodology to Italy for a 4-year period (2009--2012), enabling assessment of the prevalence of the illicit trade across years and regions. Notwithstanding the alleged importance of mafias, the results provide a more complex picture of the Italian illicit tobacco market. The maximum total revenues from the illicit trade in tobacco products (ITTP) increased from €0.5 bn in 2009 to €1.2 bn in 2012. The prevalence of illicit cigarettes varies significantly across regions, because of the proximity to countries with cheaper cigarettes and the possible occurrence of other crime opportunities. Understanding of these factors is crucial for the development of appropriate policies against the ITTP. The methodology may be applicable to all other EU countries, providing detailed, yearly estimates of the illicit market at the subnational level. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 51-76 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.882777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.882777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:51-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Attilio Scaglione Author-X-Name-First: Attilio Author-X-Name-Last: Scaglione Title: Estimating the size of the loan sharking market in Italy Abstract: In the current economic crisis, the risk is so high that entrepreneurs, commercial activities and even families may turn to the illegal market to obtain liquidity. This article proposes an estimate of the size of the usury credit market in Italy. The estimate is based on the assumption, provided by Guiso-super-1, that before coming to a moneylender the borrower seeks to obtain credit through official channels. The results of our estimates confirm the seriousness of the problem, but provide much lower data than those reported periodically by the media. It is estimated that 372,000 economic activities may have been potentially involved in the usury market in 2012. The volume of loans disbursed in the illegal market would have amounted to €18 billion. The profits of loan sharks would be between a minimum of €3 billion and a maximum of about €6.1 billion. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 77-92 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.886035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.886035 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:77-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maurizio Lisciandra Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio Author-X-Name-Last: Lisciandra Title: Proceeds from extortions: the case of Italian organised crime groups Abstract: This paper provides an estimate of the monetary proceeds from extortion racket accruing to the Italian mafias using two unique data sets: one recording periodic and one-time episodes of extortion from judicial and investigative sources, and another one consisting of a victimisation survey of Italian businesses. The estimate of the revenues at a national level lies between 2760 and 7740 mln euros. The regions with a strong presence of traditional organised crime groups remain the most exposed and provide about 65% of all extorted monetary flows, although some important regions in North Italy show a significant presence of extortion rackets in non-traditional areas. Finally, the most exacted economic activities are wholesale and retail trade that, along with construction, overall account up to 70% of all revenues in the lower-bound scenario. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 93-107 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.881735 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.881735 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:93-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Calderoni Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Calderoni Author-Name: Serena Favarin Author-X-Name-First: Serena Author-X-Name-Last: Favarin Author-Name: Lorella Garofalo Author-X-Name-First: Lorella Author-X-Name-Last: Garofalo Author-Name: Federica Sarno Author-X-Name-First: Federica Author-X-Name-Last: Sarno Title: Counterfeiting, illegal firearms, gambling and waste management: an exploratory estimation of four criminal markets Abstract: This article focuses on four different criminal markets: counterfeiting, illegal firearms trafficking, gambling and waste management. Despite recurrent allegations that these markets have a high mafia presence, there is a lack of reliable estimates of their sizes and the revenues that they generate. Figures in reports and media vary significantly, and the methods used to obtain them are often obscure. This study develops four different estimation methodologies with which to estimate the four criminal markets in Italy at the national and regional levels. Considering that these are the first attempts to estimate these markets, the aim of the article is to stimulate debate on how to improve measurement of the crime proceeds from these criminal markets. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 108-137 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.883499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.883499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:108-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Calderoni Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Calderoni Title: Mythical numbers and the proceeds of organised crime: estimating mafia proceeds in Italy Abstract: Organised crime is a field vulnerable to mythical numbers, i.e. exaggerated estimates lacking empirical support, but acquiring acceptance through repetition. The figures on mafia proceeds in Italy are a striking example of this problem. This study proposes an estimation of mafia proceeds in Italy from nine criminal activities (sexual exploitation of women, illicit firearms trafficking, drug trafficking, counterfeiting, the illicit cigarette trade, illicit gambling, illicit waste disposal, loan sharking, and extortion racketeering) by region and type of mafia (Cosa Nostra, Camorra, ‘Ndrangheta, Apulian mafias, and other mafias). The results estimate yearly mafia proceeds at approximately €10.7 bn (0.7% of the Italian GDP), discussing the impact on the regional and national economies and the differences among the types of mafias as to their geographical sources of revenues. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 138-163 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.882778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.882778 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:138-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Mario Lavezzi Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Lavezzi Title: Organised crime and the economy: a framework for policy prescriptions Abstract: In this paper, we discuss policies to combat organised crime from the perspective of economic analysis. We introduce concepts such as supply and demand for Mafia and the implied notion of equilibrium to build a framework to classify the contexts in which organised crime interferes with economy. We then use this framework to discuss policy interventions, distinguishing between policies implemented by the State and mobilisation of civil society. We show that using the economic approach helps understand the aspect of persistence of criminal organisations and identify vicious circles of different nature. The broad spectrum of State policies identified includes norms on competition, on the efficiency of the State, on decriminalisation and on market deregulation. Finally, in discussing the mobilisation of civil society, we highlight the problem of coordination, an aspect often overlooked in the literature. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 164-190 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.868626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.868626 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:164-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Vilalta Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Vilalta Title: A preliminary analysis of the use of force by the Mexico City Metropolitan Area police Abstract: The purposes of this study were to assess the magnitude of the use of force among Mexico City Metropolitan Area police forces and to detect its correlates. Mexico City is a particularly interesting case as it is often presented as a haven within the national context of crime and violence of the last years. However, it was found that almost one third of prison inmates in the city report to have been beaten or hurt by the police. It was also found that such reports have increased significantly between 2002 and 2009 for the case of the Preventive police, but remained stable although still very high for the Judicial police. Different correlates in the use of force were found for the two police forces. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 191-205 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.866551 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.866551 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:191-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Title: Cyber war will not take place, by Thomas Rid Journal: Global Crime Pages: 206-208 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.884235 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.884235 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:206-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ararat L. Osipian Author-X-Name-First: Ararat L. Author-X-Name-Last: Osipian Title: Russia as a network state: what works in Russia when state institutions do not?, edited by Vadim Kononenko and Arkady Moshes Journal: Global Crime Pages: 208-210 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2013.866550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2013.866550 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:208-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena Farrand Carrapico Author-X-Name-First: Helena Farrand Author-X-Name-Last: Carrapico Title: Organised crime and the law: a comparative analysis, by Liz Campbell Journal: Global Crime Pages: 210-212 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.886511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.886511 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:1-2:p:210-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena Carrapico Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Carrapico Author-Name: Daniela Irrera Author-X-Name-First: Daniela Author-X-Name-Last: Irrera Author-Name: Bill Tupman Author-X-Name-First: Bill Author-X-Name-Last: Tupman Title: Transnational organised crime and terrorism: different peas, same pod? Journal: Global Crime Pages: 213-218 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.939882 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.939882 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:213-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Inês Sofia Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Inês Sofia Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveira Title: Catch Me If You Can: or how policy networks help tackle the crime--terror nexus Abstract: This paper introduces the concept of a policy network existing between intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) participating in the international policy-making process of anti-money laundering (AML) and the combating of financing of terrorism (CFT) regulations. It begins by introducing the challenges to global governance presented by organised crime and terrorist organisations, as well as the ways in which the international community is responding by means of following the money. Firstly, the paper defines which actors are involved in the process of policy-making activities and how their actions constitute a ‘mirror’ crime--terror nexus. Secondly, the role of IGOs and their ability to form policy networks is highlighted as increasingly important in the tackling of transnational threats and as an innovative response mechanism. Finally the paper suggests that more needs to be done in order to address the issues of accountability that stem from addressing global threats through the AML/CFT network. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 219-240 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.937429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.937429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:219-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marinko Bobic Author-X-Name-First: Marinko Author-X-Name-Last: Bobic Title: Transnational organised crime and terrorism: Nexus needing a human security framework Abstract: This paper proposes that application of the human security framework enables us to see a negative impact of globalisation on the transnational organised crime and terrorism nexus. The main argument is that state-building and globalisation create conditions allowing for international organised crime and terrorism to cooperate in international and failed-state spheres. Namely, while state-building and traditional security measures suppress terrorist means to operate in strong states, globalisation offers international organised crime lucrative opportunities to escape strong states and instead operate in the non-state sphere (international and failed state). This process makes state-centric traditional methods of combating terrorism and crime, such as the war on terror, largely ignorant of how international organised crime and terrorism operate in non-state sphere. To address security challenges posed by transnational terrorism and crime in the non-state sphere, a human security framework offers an enhanced understanding of the problem. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 241-258 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.927327 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.927327 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:241-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tamara Makarenko Author-X-Name-First: Tamara Author-X-Name-Last: Makarenko Author-Name: Michael Mesquita Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Mesquita Title: Categorising the crime--terror nexus in the European Union Abstract: For the past 10 years, the crime--terror nexus has been used as an analytical model to understand the relationship between organised crime and terrorism in many of the world's (post) conflict and developing countries. Yet, aside from tangent and anecdotal evidence, little academic research has tried to understand how the nexus operates from within Western democracies and the implications that such internal relationships have on its social and economic security. Evidence related to these linkages in the European Union are immense; however, scholarly literature has shied away from these associations and turned their focus primarily on the nexus in more unstable regions, particularly in Latin America, the Middle East, Africa and South East Asia. This article-- based on a study funded by the European Parliament in 2013-- provides a qualitative analysis of the crime-terror nexus as it functions in Europe (including its border regions) to determine the operational structure of the nexus as well as where and how linkages between organised crime and terrorism interact. Indeed, organised criminal and terrorist groups have found niches of cooperation and ‘marriages of convenience’ in the EU‘s social and political landscape to operate in an efficient and effective manner. Evidence suggests that, although the nexus model provides a sound assessment of these relationships, the proclivities of the region (a relatively stable socio-economic and political environment) keep the relationship between organised crime and terrorism on one end of the spectrum, focusing on alliances, appropriation of tactics, and integration. Moreover, the EU’s relationship to its regional borders and the operational incentives for organised crime and terrorism in these areas, provide ample opportunities for a convergence of organised crime and terrorist financing. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 259-274 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.931227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.931227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:259-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jasper L. de Bie Author-X-Name-First: Jasper L. Author-X-Name-Last: de Bie Author-Name: Christianne J. de Poot Author-X-Name-First: Christianne J. Author-X-Name-Last: de Poot Author-Name: Joanne P. van der Leun Author-X-Name-First: Joanne P. Author-X-Name-Last: van der Leun Title: Jihadi networks and the involvement of vulnerable immigrants: reconsidering the ideological and pragmatic value Abstract: Research has shown that irregular migrants were disproportionally present in jihadi networks in the Netherlands between 2001 and 2005. Building on this study, by analysing files of closed criminal investigations and interviewing imams and personnel within asylum seeker centres and detention centres, this article explains the attractiveness of jihadi networks by a combination of pragmatic and ideological factors. The studied cases demonstrate how jihadi networks are able to satisfy certain needs of these irregular immigrants in a pragmatic way and how criminal activities play an important role in this process. They also show how jihadi networks can fill a void for some of these irregular migrants who are in search for meaning and identity. The Jihadi--Salafi ideology does not seem to be the core pull factor explaining the attractiveness of the jihadi networks in this study. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 275-298 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.930349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.930349 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:275-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norma Rossi Author-X-Name-First: Norma Author-X-Name-Last: Rossi Title: Breaking the nexus: conceptualising ‘illicit sovereigns’ Abstract: The present contribution critically engages with the theoretical and empirical nexus between ‘crime’ and ‘terrorism’. The Crime--Terror Nexus is understood first as the increasing cooperation between terrorist groups and criminal organisations, and second as the merging of terror/crime identities. I argue that the concept of the Crime--Terror Nexus reifies the identities of both criminal and terrorist organisations by pre-assigning exclusively economic motives to the former and exclusively political motives to the latter, even though in reality these categories, which underpin the concept of the nexus, are becoming increasingly blurred. This contribution draws upon concepts from political theory to unpack the identities of these violent non-state actors. In accordance with Carl Schmitt’s understanding of the political and of sovereignty, these identities can be understood as forms of ‘illicit sovereignty’. Through an empirical analysis of the discourse of the Sicilian Mafia, I show how the Mafia constructs its identity in relation to the Italian state by contesting the sovereignty of its ‘licit’ counterpart. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 299-319 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.924856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.924856 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:299-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Viktoria Akchurina Author-X-Name-First: Viktoria Author-X-Name-Last: Akchurina Author-Name: Anita Lavorgna Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Lavorgna Title: Islamist movements in the Fergana Valley: a new threat assessment approach Abstract: Existing threat assessment analyses of crime and terrorism rely on a series of indicators, first and foremost violence. However, these approaches tend to neglect local specificities. In Central Asia and especially in the Fergana Valley, there are radical groups that do not necessarily commit violent behaviour, but yet represent a threat for both their operational areas and the international community. How can the threat of radicalisation be assessed when violence is not a characterising element, and what processes and structures should be taken into consideration to this end? Based on primary data collected during field research, this article challenges conventional threat assessments and the crime--terrorism nexus by looking at how the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and Hizb-ut-Tahrir have infiltrated indigenous social structures. This analysis suggests that the nature of security threats in Central Asia needs to be reconsidered by focusing on the informal institutionalisation of radicalisation, and it proposes the use of alternative threat assessment indicators. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 320-336 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.924406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.924406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:320-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Lewis Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Title: Crime, terror and the state in Central Asia Abstract: In the case of Central Asia, linkages between crime and terrorism are too complex to be explained through the framework of a ‘crime--terror nexus’. This article distinguishes locally embedded militant networks from transnational movements and demonstrates their different linkages to organised crime. Groups categorised as international terrorist actors have limited linkages to organised crime, while locally embedded groups actively seek to control both the moral order and the political economy of their locality. In most cases, however, the most productive relationship for criminal networks is with the state. This ‘state--crime nexus’ has more analytical utility than a framework that links crime to terrorism, but it suffers from a tendency to sideline other social actors. A research agenda that priorities the local dynamics of interactions between criminal networks, militant ideologies, society and the state is likely to produce more nuanced analysis than an over-reliance on these binary approaches. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 337-356 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.927764 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.927764 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:337-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brandon A. Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: Brandon A. Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan Author-Name: Steven M. Chermak Author-X-Name-First: Steven M. Author-X-Name-Last: Chermak Author-Name: Jeremy M. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Joshua D. Freilich Author-X-Name-First: Joshua D. Author-X-Name-Last: Freilich Title: The nexus between terrorism and product counterfeiting in the United States Abstract: Terrorists use a wide variety of methods to fund their operations, obtain profits and carry out ideologically driven goals. Terrorist organisations have increasingly been linked to product counterfeiting crimes, but evidence for this connection is mostly anecdotal and speculative, lacking systematic empirical evaluation. This study mines open-source data to capture known product counterfeiting schemes linked to known extremists in the United States since 1990. We utilise the Extremist Financial Crime Database (EFCDB) and the Michigan State University Center for Anti-Counterfeiting and Product Protection's (A-CAPP) Incident Database to provide an overview of both the schemes and the individual suspects involved in these crimes. We uncovered ten product counterfeiting schemes linked to terrorism, while the vast majority of suspects involved are non-extremist collaborators motivated by profit, not extremist ideology. These findings indicate the need for policies focusing on criminal networks broadly, expanding beyond restrictive efforts only targeting terrorists. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 357-378 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.919227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.919227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:357-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Galeotti Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti Title: Reorganising crime: mafia and anti-mafia in post-Soviet Georgia, by Gavin Slade Journal: Global Crime Pages: 379-380 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.932539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.932539 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:379-380 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Webb Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Title: Black men, invisibility and crime: towards a critical race theory of desistance, by Martin Glynn Journal: Global Crime Pages: 380-383 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.932538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.932538 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:380-383 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ararat L. Osipian Author-X-Name-First: Ararat L. Author-X-Name-Last: Osipian Title: The role of informal economies in the post-Soviet world: the end of transition?, by Colin C. Williams, John Round and Peter Rodgers Journal: Global Crime Pages: 383-386 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 15 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.918509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.918509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:15:y:2014:i:3-4:p:383-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William R. Pruitt Author-X-Name-First: William R. Author-X-Name-Last: Pruitt Title: Testing Hagan and Rymond-Richmond’s collective action theory of genocide Abstract: John Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond proposed a collective action theory of genocide in their book ‘Darfur and the Crime of Genocide’. They then tested their theory using data from the Atrocities Documentation Survey conducted in Chad. The theory explains the Darfur genocide well and is supported by empirical data. Since there is little criminological theoretical work on genocide, the collective action theory was a great step forward. The next step in the process should be to see if the theory is generalisable to other instances of genocide. There may be much to learn in testing Hagan and Rymond-Richmond’s theory for generalisability including identifying any modifications that may advance the current theoretical work on the criminology of genocide. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.956167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.956167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:1:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathryn Hendley Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Hendley Author-Name: Peter Murrell Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Murrell Title: Revisiting the emergence of the rule of law in Russia Abstract: In an extended comment on work by this paper’s authors, Gustafsson in a previous issue of this journal reaches scathing judgements on Russia’s arbitrazh (or commercial) courts and draws strong conclusions about the prospects for the rule of law in Russia. He concludes that litigants use the courts because they can bribe the judges. His paper revives old tales about the 1990s that we showed previously were myths. We examine Gustafsson’s argument both conceptually and empirically. We demonstrate that this argument rests on two erroneous assumptions: that the use of legal institutions equates with trust in these institutions and that strategies for use of law are not context-dependent. We show that Gustafsson’s empirical specification is not uniquely related to a single theory and indeed that one interpretation of his results is that enterprises use the courts because they perceive less corruption there than in other venues, a theory diametrically opposite to the one Gustaffson chose emphasise. Using a rich data set collected in Russia in 1997, we are led to the tentative conclusion that firms turned to the arbitrazh courts because of the relative quality of this institution. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 19-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.959328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.959328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:1:p:19-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Ioannou Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Ioannou Author-Name: Miriam S.D. Oostinga Author-X-Name-First: Miriam S.D. Author-X-Name-Last: Oostinga Title: An empirical framework of control methods of victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation Abstract: Although human trafficking for sexual exploitation is a frequently discussed area in current research, especially on the way that human traffickers control their victims, a recurrent problem is the lack of empirical basis. The present study examines control methods (or conditions) used against 137 victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. A multidimensional scaling analysis (smallest space analysis (SSA-I)) of 23 control methods (and conditions) derived from a content analysis of police files from the Netherlands revealed three distinct forms of control. These could be interpreted in terms of Canter’s Victim Role model that has been the basis for differentiating offending styles in other violent interpersonal offences. Further analysis showed a relationship between these control styles and different types of prostitution. The three Victim as Object, Victim as Vehicle and Victim as Person modes are consistent with different control methods identified in previous research. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 34-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.979915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.979915 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:1:p:34-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reza Barmaki Author-X-Name-First: Reza Author-X-Name-Last: Barmaki Title: Rough justice: the international criminal court in a world of power politics Journal: Global Crime Pages: 50-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.977534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.977534 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:1:p:50-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolando Ochoa Author-X-Name-First: Rolando Author-X-Name-Last: Ochoa Title: The politics of crime in Mexico: democratic governance in a security trap Journal: Global Crime Pages: 51-54 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.977535 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.977535 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:1:p:51-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maxime Reeves-Latour Author-X-Name-First: Maxime Author-X-Name-Last: Reeves-Latour Title: Anarchy unbound: why self-governance works better than you think Journal: Global Crime Pages: 54-57 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.977536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.977536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:1:p:54-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kjell Hausken Author-X-Name-First: Kjell Author-X-Name-Last: Hausken Author-Name: Dipak K. Gupta Author-X-Name-First: Dipak K. Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta Title: Government protection against terrorism and crime Abstract: A game theoretic model is developed where a government protects against a terrorist seeking terrorism and criminal objectives. A terrorist can recruit a benefactor providing funds by remaining ideologically pure, or may resort to crime. The model accounts for the players’ resources, unit costs of effort, unit benefit and valuations and contest intensities for terrorist and crime objectives. We determine and quantify how these factors and the government impact a terrorist’s terrorism and crime efforts and relative ideological orientation on a continuum from being highly ideological to being highly criminal. We also consider how the terrorist group is impacted by support of benefactor(s), the central authority’s ability to impose greater sanctions for terrorist activities compared to criminal actions and the ideological orientation of the group’s leadership. We discuss insights from the model and consider a few historical perspectives. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 59-80 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1019612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1019612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:2:p:59-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Author-Name: Olga Smirnova Author-X-Name-First: Olga Author-X-Name-Last: Smirnova Author-Name: Yi Ting Chua Author-X-Name-First: Yi Ting Author-X-Name-Last: Chua Author-Name: Heith Copes Author-X-Name-First: Heith Author-X-Name-Last: Copes Title: Examining the risk reduction strategies of actors in online criminal markets Abstract: Research examining offender risk reduction strategies within illicit markets focus primarily on those operating in the real world for drugs and stolen goods. Few have considered the strategies that may be used by individuals in virtual illicit markets that are hidden from public view. This study addresses this gap through a grounded theory analysis of posts from 10 Russian and three English language web forums selling stolen data to engage in identity theft and fraud. The findings indicate that buyers employ multiple strategies to reduce their risk of loss from unreliable vendors, along with resources provided by forum administrators to manage relationships between participants. The implications of this study for law enforcement and offender decision-making research are also discussed. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 81-103 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1013211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1013211 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:2:p:81-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Morgan Burcher Author-X-Name-First: Morgan Author-X-Name-Last: Burcher Author-Name: Chad Whelan Author-X-Name-First: Chad Author-X-Name-Last: Whelan Title: Social network analysis and small group ‘dark’ networks: an analysis of the London bombers and the problem of ‘fuzzy’ boundaries Abstract: Social network analysis (SNA) is believed to be capable of revealing significant insights into crime and terror groups, including identifying important individuals and unique approaches to disruption. However, SNA has a number of theoretical and practical limitations, particularly when applied to ‘dark’ networks. While most analysts certainly acknowledge at least some of these limitations, we need to know more about their potential impact in a crime intelligence context. This article aims to go some way towards that end by placing greater scrutiny on the problem of ‘fuzzy boundaries’ when applied to small group networks. SNA is applied to the groups responsible for the 7 July 2005 London bombings and the 21 July 2005 attempted London bombings. The article concludes that while SNA is a valuable tool for understanding crime and terror groups, the age-old problem of fuzzy boundaries can have a profound impact on the analysis of small dynamic networks. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 104-122 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1005363 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1005363 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:2:p:104-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David C. Hofmann Author-X-Name-First: David C. Author-X-Name-Last: Hofmann Author-Name: Owen Gallupe Author-X-Name-First: Owen Author-X-Name-Last: Gallupe Title: Leadership protection in drug-trafficking networks Abstract: Effective leadership is a crucial component in organisational success. This also applies to criminal networks that have the added challenge of operating in a high-risk hostile environment. While criminal networks commonly employ communicative and structural practices meant to buffer leadership from exogenous threats, there has been little empirical examination as to their effectiveness. In this article, we review the research literature on the various approaches that profit-oriented illicit networks employ to protect their leaders. We then present sociometric and qualitative data from a previously unexamined drug-trafficking network (the Prada cocaine-trafficking network) as a case study on leadership protection tactics employed by illicit entrepreneurial networks. Results of our analysis are discussed in the conclusion, along with study limitations and areas for future research. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 123-138 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1008627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1008627 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:2:p:123-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carina Gunnarson Author-X-Name-First: Carina Author-X-Name-Last: Gunnarson Title: United, yet divided: analysing the cohesion of Addiopizzo’s anti-racketeering campaign in Palermo Abstract: This article analyses the cohesion of Addiopizzo’s anti-racketeering campaign in Palermo, Sicily. By supporting entrepreneurs who refuse to pay for protection and by encouraging consumers to support these companies through their consumer power, Addiopizzo has mobilised about 900 companies and 11,000 citizens. Taking social capital theory as a point of departure, this article explores the values of trust and norms of reciprocity among entrepreneurs who joined Addiopizzo’s anti-racketeering campaign. In addition, it analyses their solidarity with colleagues who are victims of extortion. Shared values express a stronger commitment to a movement, reinforce internal solidarity, strengthen the collective identity and reduce the risk of free riders and dropouts. The article reveals not only similarities but also important differences between various groups of joiners. The analysis builds on a unique data-set consisting of questionnaires collected from 277 entrepreneurs who joined the campaign between 2005 and 2011. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 139-161 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1013210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1013210 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:2:p:139-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James A. Densley Author-X-Name-First: James A. Author-X-Name-Last: Densley Title: The social order of the underworld: how prison gangs govern the American penal system, by David Skarbek, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014, 240 pp., US$99 (hardback), US$27.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0199328505 Journal: Global Crime Pages: 162-165 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2014.999453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2014.999453 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:2:p:162-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: FikreJesus Amahazion Author-X-Name-First: FikreJesus Author-X-Name-Last: Amahazion Title: Human trafficking: the need for human rights and government effectiveness in enforcing anti-trafficking Abstract: Human trafficking constitutes a global problem. Involving exploitation of individuals through forced labour, sex, or organ removal, trafficking is an egregious human rights violation and illegal in many countries. Although laws have arisen to combat trafficking, it has persisted and inconsistent enforcement of anti-trafficking measures has been a concern. Using new data on trafficking, the enforcement patterns of 168 countries from 2001 to 2011 are examined. Findings suggest enforcement is predicted by the interaction of states’ world culture ties and government effectiveness, trafficking flows, and other state-level political mechanisms. Theoretically important factors, such as female legislators or various economic measures, are insignificant. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 167-196 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1019613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1019613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:3:p:167-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aldrin Abdullah Author-X-Name-First: Aldrin Author-X-Name-Last: Abdullah Author-Name: Massoomeh Hedayati Marzbali Author-X-Name-First: Massoomeh Author-X-Name-Last: Hedayati Marzbali Author-Name: Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad Javad Author-X-Name-Last: Maghsoodi Tilaki Author-Name: Azizi Bahauddin Author-X-Name-First: Azizi Author-X-Name-Last: Bahauddin Title: Territorial features, disorder and fear of crime in residential neighbourhoods in Malaysia: testing for multigroup invariance Abstract: This research examined the relationships between territoriality, disorder, crime, perceived risk and fear of crime and determined whether these relationships are constant between neighbourhoods. Questionnaire surveys and on-site observations were conducted on a sample of 320 residents from two neighbourhoods in Malaysia. Tests for invariance were conducted to determine whether coefficients differed across neighbourhoods. Confirmatory factor analytic models of the constructs exhibited adequate fit following multiple criteria within each and across samples. Results from these analyses suggested that the relationships between disorder and perceived risk, victimisation, and fear of crime were significant in both samples. Although high territoriality was associated with low-crime experiences in the low-crime area, no significant relationship was observed in the high-crime area. The findings illustrated the importance of examining territoriality and perceptions of disorder within the neighbourhood contexts. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 197-218 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1019611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1019611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:3:p:197-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David A. Bright Author-X-Name-First: David A. Author-X-Name-Last: Bright Author-Name: Catherine Greenhill Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Greenhill Author-Name: Alison Ritter Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Ritter Author-Name: Carlo Morselli Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli Title: Networks within networks: using multiple link types to examine network structure and identify key actors in a drug trafficking operation Abstract: Understanding criminal networks can aid in the identification of key players and important relationships within the network. We examined multiple, directed link types in a criminal network. Eight distinct link types were identified, each one related to the exchange of a particular resource (e.g. drugs, money). The analyses focused on the eight link-type network layers and a merged network representing links across all eight layers. We were able to determine the link type of around 31% of the links, and found that nearly 50% of the nodes were involved in more than one network layer. This suggests that many actors contribute in multiple, diverse ways to the operation of the network. Actors were found to specialise in the exchange of particular types of resources, and also to specialise in the strategic position they occupied in the transfer of particular resources. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 219-237 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1039164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1039164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:3:p:219-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D.B. Skillicorn Author-X-Name-First: D.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Skillicorn Author-Name: C. Leuprecht Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Leuprecht Author-Name: Y. Stys Author-X-Name-First: Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Stys Author-Name: R. Gobeil Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Gobeil Title: Structural differences of violent extremist offenders in correctional settings Abstract: The process of radicalisation has received wide attention over the past decade. As the number of violent extremist offenders grows, the potential diffusion of radical ideologies inside prisons is gaining attention. Offender attribute data, both pre-custody and in-custody, routinely collected by Correctional Service Canada, were explored to determine whether violent extremist and mainstream offenders differed (that is, could be clustered); if so, what attributes have values that were systematically different for the two groups, and did those attributes lend themselves to predicting other offenders at risk for radicalisation.Results from the pre-custody attributes show minute differences between the two groups. The in-custody attributes show visible, although still weak, differences. Combining the two data sets provides further evidence for differences, with some interactions between the two sets of attributes. Definitive answers about radicalisation were hampered by the small number of radicalised offenders (less than 1 percent) and several major differences in the offender population as a whole that obscure smaller distinctions. Nevertheless, the analysis suggests some attributes that may differentiate violent extremist and mainstream offenders. Although unanticipated, it also demonstrates that the entire offender population separates well into three clusters, and allows the qualitative pattern of attribute values that differentiates them to be determined. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 238-258 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1052224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1052224 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:3:p:238-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marinko Bobic Author-X-Name-First: Marinko Author-X-Name-Last: Bobic Title: The unlawful society: global crime and security in a complex world Journal: Global Crime Pages: 259-261 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1041744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1041744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:3:p:259-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denton Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Denton Title: Global human trafficking: critical issues and contexts Journal: Global Crime Pages: 261-262 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1052223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1052223 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:3:p:261-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie Claire Van Hout Author-X-Name-First: Marie Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Van Hout Title: Drugs on the dark net: how cryptomarkets are transforming the global trade in illicit drugs Journal: Global Crime Pages: 262-264 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1041745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1041745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:3:p:262-264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer S. Wong Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Laura J. Hickman Author-X-Name-First: Laura J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hickman Author-Name: Marika Suttorp-Booth Author-X-Name-First: Marika Author-X-Name-Last: Suttorp-Booth Title: Examining recidivism among foreign-born jail inmates: does immigration status make a difference over the long term? Abstract: The topic of ‘illegal’ immigration is currently the focus of intense ideological and policy debate in the United States. A common assertion is that those without legal immigration status are disproportionately involved in criminal offending relative to other foreign-born populations. The current study examines the long-term recidivism patterns of a group of male removable aliens compared to those foreign-born with legal authorisation to be present in the Unites States. The sample includes 1297 foreign-born males released from the Los Angeles County Jail during a 1-month period in 2002, and the follow-up period extends through 2011. Using three measures of rearrest and a rigorous counterfactual modelling approach, we find no statistically significant differences between the two groups in likelihood, frequency, or timing of first rearrest over 9 years. The findings do not lend support to arguments that removable aliens pose a disproportionate risk of repeat involvement in local criminal justice systems. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 265-287 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1068695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1068695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:265-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Skarbek Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Skarbek Author-Name: Peng Wang Author-X-Name-First: Peng Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Criminal rituals Abstract: Why do criminals use rituals? Past work argues that criminal rituals provide a sense of continuity or certainty in an inherently uncertain environment. We argue instead that rituals play an important organisational role. Criminal rituals facilitate internal governance and promote group activity through three mechanisms: creating common knowledge, mitigating the costs of asymmetric information, and shaping identity among group members. Using internal documents and written constitutions, we apply this framework to understand the internal governance mechanisms used by the late-nineteenth- and twentieth-century Chinese-based Green Gang. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 288-305 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1078242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1078242 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:288-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victor Asal Author-X-Name-First: Victor Author-X-Name-Last: Asal Author-Name: James J.F. Forest Author-X-Name-First: James J.F. Author-X-Name-Last: Forest Author-Name: Brian Nussbaum Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Nussbaum Title: Why do ethnopolitical organisations turn to crime? Abstract: This paper empirically analyses the involvement of ethnopolitical organisations in criminal behaviour across time in two regions of the world -- the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Drawing on the data from the Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior data set, it contributes important insights to a literature on organisational crime that is dominated by case studies and small-N analysis, as well as reinvigorating the study of ethnopolitical organisations as actors in the analysis of organised crime. Our findings reveal that in both regions groups that engage in violence of some form were significantly more likely to engage in many kinds of criminal activity. Our analysis also finds that ideological orientation has a marginal impact, while economic grievances and diaspora connections were significant predictors of criminal activity for groups in the Middle East (but not Eastern Europe). In sum, this analysis suggests that the decision to engage in criminal activity is primarily dependent on the organisation’s internal attributes and external influences. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 306-327 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1081818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1081818 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:306-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Solar Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Solar Title: The inter-institutional governance of money laundering: an in-depth look at Chile following re-democratisation Abstract: Chile began its re-democratisation process in 1990 with a profound lack of counter- money laundering standards. Over time, the nascent political order was compelled to build institutions and generate norms in light of the security principles promoted by foreign actors. However, Chile’s reluctance, for instance, to not create a financial intelligence unit (FIU) until 2003, put the country in a particular stance for assessing criminal proceedings. This article reviews the construction of Chile’s governance of money laundering and focuses specifically on the role played by the Unidad de Análisis Financiero (UAF, Chile’s FIU) in maximising inter-institutional governing relations. The paper reviews three periods of time: the institutionalisation era (1990--2002), the UAF’s formative years (2003--2008) and the policy-building phase (2009--2014). The research concludes by exploring how Chile’s case adds to our qualitative knowledge on democratic network governance. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 328-350 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1078241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1078241 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:328-350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin Atkinson Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Atkinson Title: Youth street gangs: a critical appraisal, by David C. Brotherton, New York, NY, Routledge Press, 2015, 228 pp., US$44.95 (paperback), ISBN 9780415856294 Journal: Global Crime Pages: 351-354 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1067390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1067390 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:351-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peng Wang Author-X-Name-First: Peng Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Urban legends: gang identity in the post-industrial city, by Alistair Fraser, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, 270 pp., £65 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-872861-0 Journal: Global Crime Pages: 354-356 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1068696 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1068696 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:354-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francis Pakes Author-X-Name-First: Francis Author-X-Name-Last: Pakes Title: Globalisation criminal law and criminal justice: theoretical, comparative and transnational perspectives. Edited by: Valsamis Mitsilegas, Peter Alldridge, Leonidas Cheliotis. Hart Publishing, 2015. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 356-358 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1055933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1055933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:16:y:2015:i:4:p:356-358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giacomo Di Gennaro Author-X-Name-First: Giacomo Author-X-Name-Last: Di Gennaro Author-Name: Antonio La Spina Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: La Spina Title: The costs of illegality: a research programme Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1128621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1128621 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:1-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giacomo Di Gennaro Author-X-Name-First: Giacomo Author-X-Name-Last: Di Gennaro Title: Racketeering in Campania: how clans have adapted and how the extortion phenomenon is perceived Abstract: Institutional studies on the Camorra and its illegal activities are much more limited in comparison to the Sicilian Mafia. The study of its various aspects remains marginal, even though, through the first decade after the unification of Italy, the Neapolitan Camorra, as a form of organised crime and its associates, and not the Sicilian Mafia, raised initial concerns from the emerging national State. Illegal activities of the Camorra are developed on the illegal and legal market. This paper analyses the phenomenon of racketeering because it is not possible to understand the historical transformation of the essential traits of racketeering or the persistence of it if the birth, transformation and development of the Camorra are not reconstructed. Extortion is to the Camorra what territory is to the Mafia. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 21-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1114821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1114821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:21-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giovanni Frazzica Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni Author-X-Name-Last: Frazzica Author-Name: Maurizio Lisciandra Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio Author-X-Name-Last: Lisciandra Author-Name: Valentina Punzo Author-X-Name-First: Valentina Author-X-Name-Last: Punzo Author-Name: Attilio Scaglione Author-X-Name-First: Attilio Author-X-Name-Last: Scaglione Title: The Camorra and protection rackets: the cost to business Abstract: Based on the observations from the judicial and investigative evidence provided by prosecutors in Camorra areas in Italy, this investigation provides an estimate of the economic impact of extortion racket to businesses. In particular, the estimates refer to the total and average withdrawal of monetary amounts from the businesses victimised by Camorra clans. Further insights are provided in terms of economic activities mostly victimised, and specifically the construction sector, which is subject to a different type of extortion racket. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 48-59 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1129815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1129815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:48-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Attilio Scaglione Author-X-Name-First: Attilio Author-X-Name-Last: Scaglione Title: Cosa Nostra and Camorra: illegal activities and organisational structures Abstract: This article intends to develop an introductory reflection concerning the most recent trends of two of the major Italian mafia organisations: the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the Campanian Camorra. Following a comparative perspective, the analysis will focus the attention on changes that have occurred in recent years both at the level of illegal activities and at the level of organisational structures. After the bombs of the nineties, Cosa Nostra has moved towards a flexible and less centralised organisation, investing dirty money in the legal economic sector, to reduce its exposure to law enforcement investigations. At the same time, the Camorra clans have considerably widened their range of activity both at a local and international level. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 60-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1114919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1114919 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:60-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giovanni Frazzica Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni Author-X-Name-Last: Frazzica Title: Proposal for a computer-assisted analysis of lawful interceptions of communication Abstract: This paper presents the potential for the analysis of texts when applied to interceptions carried out with the help of next-generation software. In order to do this, after a brief explanation of some of the main procedures, the article presents the results of an investigation into text data extracted from wiretapping and in-person conversations found in judicial documents. The amount of data, obtained through wiretapping and the use of bugs, has made it possible to gather important information about the dynamics that characterise how criminal organisations work. The use of wiretaps and bugs are, therefore, vital tools without which it would undoubtedly not have been possible to achieve the results now apparent to everyone. Thanks to a careful analysis, it has been possible to reconstruct the kind of relationships between the members of organised crime, highlighting the roles they hold and the strategies used for territorial control. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 79-98 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1114920 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1114920 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2015:i:1:p:79-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio Balsamo Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Balsamo Title: The delocalisation of mafia organisations and the construction of a European law against organised crime Abstract: This article suggests how to interpret the changing reality of the Italian mafia associations, which are tending to add a transnational economic dimension to their original territorial-ethnic matrix, and describes the cultural backgrounds behind the different approaches of Italian courts to the delocalisation of criminal groups. After highlighting the evolution of the Italian system of patrimonial prevention measures against organised crime from a comparative viewpoint, the article reviews the positive and negative features of the new Anti-Mafia Code and of the European directive on confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime, indicating finally some guidelines for a future European anti-mafia legislation. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 99-121 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1129809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1129809 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:99-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Sheptycki Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Sheptycki Title: Gun crime in global contexts Journal: Global Crime Pages: 122-123 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1113661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1113661 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:122-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu Title: Policing cybercrime and cyberterror Journal: Global Crime Pages: 123-125 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1113659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1113659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:123-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Salinas-Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Salinas-Edwards Title: Code of the suburb: inside the world of young middle-class drug dealers Journal: Global Crime Pages: 126-128 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1113660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1113660 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:1:p:126-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benoît Dupont Author-X-Name-First: Benoît Author-X-Name-Last: Dupont Author-Name: Anne-Marie Côté Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Côté Author-Name: Claire Savine Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Savine Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu Title: The ecology of trust among hackers Abstract: Malicious hackers profit from the division of labour among highly skilled associates. However, duplicity and betrayal form an intrinsic part of their daily operations. This article examines how a community of hackers uses an automated reputation system to enhance trust among its members. We analyse 449,478 feedbacks collected over 27 months that rate the trustworthiness of 29,985 individuals belonging to the largest computer hacking forum. Only a tiny fraction of the forum membership (2.4%) participates in the vast majority (75%) of ‘trust exchanges’, limiting its utility. We observe a reporting bias where the propensity to report positive outcomes is 2.81 times greater among beginner hackers than among forum administrators. Reputation systems do not protect against trust decay caused here by the rapid expansion of the community. Finally, a qualitative analysis of 25,000 randomly selected feedbacks indicates that a diverse set of behaviours, skills and attitudes trigger assessments of trustworthiness. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 129-151 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1157480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1157480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:129-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victoria A. Greenfield Author-X-Name-First: Victoria A. Author-X-Name-Last: Greenfield Author-Name: Letizia Paoli Author-X-Name-First: Letizia Author-X-Name-Last: Paoli Author-Name: Andries Zoutendijk Author-X-Name-First: Andries Author-X-Name-Last: Zoutendijk Title: The harms of human trafficking: demonstrating the applicability and value of a new framework for systematic, empirical analysis Abstract: This article uses human trafficking in Belgium to test a newly developed framework for assessing the harms of crime that has been applied previously to cocaine trafficking in the same country. We chose this criminal activity because of its policy relevance and to address apparent needs for systematic, evidence-based analysis. The framework uses quantitative and qualitative evidence to assess harms to individuals, private-sector entities, and others and to establish crime control priorities. The assessment process models the activity, evaluates the severity and incidence of harms, ranks priorities, and considers causality. We highlight three findings. First, trafficking victims can experience catastrophic harms, but the overall dimensions of human trafficking in Belgium appear to be modest. Second, the evidence suggests significant recent declines in the degree of exploitation and use of violence. Third, most harms to individual victims result directly from the activity, which sets it apart from other forms of trafficking. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 152-180 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1161037 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1161037 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:152-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gohar A. Petrossian Author-X-Name-First: Gohar A. Author-X-Name-Last: Petrossian Author-Name: Stephen F. Pires Author-X-Name-First: Stephen F. Author-X-Name-Last: Pires Author-Name: Daan P. van Uhm Author-X-Name-First: Daan P. Author-X-Name-Last: van Uhm Title: An overview of seized illegal wildlife entering the United States Abstract: The current study analyses seizures made at US ports of entry between 2003 and 2013, with the aim to identify concentrations of illegal wildlife imports into the United States. Findings show that 94% of species seized belong to six groups -- mammals, molluscs, birds, reptiles, fish and coral -- with mammals and reptiles making up more than half of all seizure incidents. Additionally, most seized wildlife is imported as leather products, medicinal products and as meat. The majority of seizures emanate from six countries, and illegal wildlife is primarily brought to the US via airline baggage. Temporal trends of wildlife seizures point to increases in the seizures of all groups of species, with the exception of birds. Based on these findings, we recommend using situational crime prevention techniques at US ports of entry to reduce opportunities that enable this trade. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 181-201 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1152548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1152548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:181-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hollianne Marshall Author-X-Name-First: Hollianne Author-X-Name-Last: Marshall Author-Name: Robert M. Lombardo Author-X-Name-First: Robert M. Author-X-Name-Last: Lombardo Title: Public reputation and organised crime: explicating the relationship between racket subcultures and informal social control Abstract: This paper examines the influence of traditional organised crime on informal social control in community areas that once had a presence of organised crime while controlling for neighbourhood attachment, satisfaction with the police, social and organisational ties, and tolerance of deviance. The data comes from the Community Survey of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. The comparative quantitative method was used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that neighbourhoods with an historic reputation for organised crime can report higher levels of informal social control when compared to current racket areas in the city of Chicago. These findings have important implications for the study of deviance. Not only do they suggest that criminals can play an important role in controlling street crime, the findings also suggest that this public reputation remains long after organised crime activities have ceased in the area. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 202-220 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1146136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1146136 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:202-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Marks Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Title: Policing the waterfront: networks, partnerships, and the governance of port security Journal: Global Crime Pages: 221-224 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1148314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1148314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:221-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giulia Berlusconi Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Berlusconi Title: The mafia: a cultural history Journal: Global Crime Pages: 224-226 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1160829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1160829 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:2:p:224-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Bevir Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Bevir Title: Decentring security governance Abstract: A new security governance has spread in domestic and international areas of policing. Security is increasingly associated with community and capacity building. There is a consensus that the way to build communities is through networks. Yet, the new security governance varies widely in ways that reflect the traditions through which civil servants, street level bureaucrats, voluntary sector actors, and citizens interpret and resist networked security. Security governance is thus a set of diverse practices emerging from contests over meanings, including the social scientific theories that inspired the turn to networks and the local traditions through which policy actors have encountered, interpreted, and evaluated the policies these theories have inspired. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 227-239 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1197509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1197509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:227-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Title: Multi-centred governance and circuits of power in liberal modes of security Abstract: Multi-centred governance is epitomised in current struggles to better ‘secure’ liberal democracies as nation state actors are obliged to act ‘in partnership’ with corporate and non-governmental organisations whilst confronting illicit actors with enhanced digital capacities to circumvent and organisationally outflank both state and corporate powers. Examples of such social technologies, particularly Disruptive Digital Technologies (DDTs), include the use of social media communications for challenging elite constructions of social problems, networked distributed manufacturing technologies for the ‘weaponisation’ of civil society and the use of unmanned airborne vehicles (UAV’s) or ‘drones’ for surveillance and counter-surveillance. The paper draws upon research into transnational organised crime and urban security in Europe to illustrate the circuits of power that constitute liberal modes of security through causal relations of power-dependence, dispositions that fix or re-fix the meaning and membership categories of security and technologies of production and discipline that can facilitate the disruption or reproduction of these causes and dispositions. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 240-263 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1179629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:240-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Chandler Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Chandler Title: New narratives of international security governance: the shift from global interventionism to global self-policing Abstract: This article examines the transformation in the narratives of the international governance of security over the past two decades. It suggests that there has been a major shift from governing interventions designed to address the causes of security problems to the regulation of the effects of these problems. In re-articulating the goals of international actors, the means and mechanisms of security governance have also changed, no longer focused on the universal application of Western knowledge and resources but rather on the unique local and organic processes at work in societies that bear the brunt of these problems. This transformation takes the conceptualisation of security governance out of the traditional terminological lexicon of security expertise and universal solutions and instead articulates the problematic of security and the policing of global risks in terms of local management processes, suggesting that decentralised coping strategies and self-policing are more effective and sustainable solutions. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 264-280 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2015.1112794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2015.1112794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:264-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rita Abrahamsen Author-X-Name-First: Rita Author-X-Name-Last: Abrahamsen Title: Exporting decentred security governance: the tensions of security sector reform Abstract: Security Sector Reform (SSR) has become the developed world’s preferred approach to transforming security governance in poor and fragile countries and a key instrument in the state builder’s toolkit. This article approaches SSR as a social technology informed by international ‘best practice’ and models of governance that seek to build secure communities in so-called fragile states while simultaneously securing the developed world from the perceived risks posed by these states. It shows how recent efforts to export security governance reflect the impact of modernist social science on development policy and how the ascendancy of networked policy models has inspired reforms to endorse non-state security actors and build security partnerships between state and non-state actors in fragile states. These approaches are however fraught with tensions, in large part because the non-state -- especially after the events of 11 September 2001 -- remains associated with state failure and danger. Thus, much as SSR has by necessity come to acknowledge the multiplicity of security providers in fragile states, current initiatives nevertheless seek to position the state at the hub of a network of security providers. In so doing, SSR fails to recognise the ‘statelessness of the state’ and the manner in which governance, order and security are produced and assembled in interaction and competition between multiple actors and institutions. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 281-295 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1197507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1197507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:281-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David J Betz Author-X-Name-First: David J Author-X-Name-Last: Betz Title: Webs, walls, and wars Abstract: Walls, physical barriers for channelling, slowing, or (more rarely) preventing, network flows are an increasingly prevalent social technology in our seemingly ever more connected world. They are employed by a wide range of actors, both state and non-state, as a means of bolstering resilience against a similarly wide range of perceived threats. With few exceptions, the literature decries this development, seeing it as manifestation of xenophobia, anti-urbanism, and generally being inimical to the existence of a just and peaceful world order. By contrast, this paper contends using historical examples combined with insights from cybernetics and natural sciences that walls are no more intrinsically bad than unfettered flows are intrinsically good. A peaceful and prosperous world order, one which is neither a stagnant securocracy nor a perennially unstable chaoplex, depends upon a balance between the two. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 296-313 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1179631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179631 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:296-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Loader Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Loader Author-Name: Richard Sparks Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Sparks Title: Ideologies and crime: political ideas and the dynamics of crime control Abstract: This article assembles some theoretical resources for a project that investigates the ways in which thinking about politics has since the 1970s been bound up with thinking and action around crime. Such investigation is hampered by a dominant (neoliberal) narrative of governance that tends to reduce crime policy to a ‘contest’ between tactics and technique. In contrast, we establish a political framework for theorising crime and its control. This framework calls for close interpretive analysis of the ways in which disputes about the crime question are always in part contests between different political ideologies and the meaning and significance of their defining concepts. By revisiting penal developments of recent several decades with these questions in mind, one can get closer to the heart of what is at stake when crime is being discussed and acquire a better sense of why crime and its control are legitimately the subject of politics. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 314-330 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1169926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1169926 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:314-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Holohan Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Holohan Title: Peacebuilding and SSR in Kosovo: an Interactionist perspective Abstract: The United Nations (UN) mission in Kosovo was one of the first instances of an international mission that combined governance, peacebuilding and Security Sector Reform. It was unprecedented in its complexity -- comprising militaries, police, international governmental organisations, nongovernmental organisations -- all of whom had to coordinate together in order to reach the democratisation, reconstruction and peacebuilding goals of the mission. The literature on such missions has been primarily top-down, theoretical analysis. There is a dearth of research on the interaction between the external organisations, both at the central level and at the municipal level, and between the external organisations and the local populations. Using previously unpublished interview and participant observation data, it shows how interaction between the external organisations in Kosovo, and between them and the local populations, was a dynamic process. It sheds light on the positions and possibilities of the various actors in a situation that demanded coordination and cooperation in the face of security and peacebuilding challenges. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 331-351 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1197508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1197508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:331-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Louise Westmarland Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Westmarland Title: Governance of policing and cultural codes: interpreting and responding to policy directives Abstract: In terms of governance, British policing seems to arise from a history of local traditions influenced more recently by centralist managerial demands. A creeping process of privatisation has led social scientists to argue that patterns of governance in British policing are changing in several directions. This has included the way police officers not only are challenged, but also challenge these changing modes of governance in terms of ethical codes of behaviour. There is evidence that police officers, as meaningful actors, have made attempts to diverge from these strictures and have forged their own ways, via their cultural knowledge and practices, to ‘do policing’, rather than relying upon codes of practice or rules and regulations. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 352-369 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 17 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1179630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179630 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:17:y:2016:i:3-4:p:352-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Title: Identifying gaps in the research literature on illicit markets on-line Abstract: As access to technology and the Internet expanded dramatically over the last three decades, so too have opportunities for criminality. Researchers have begun to consider how the Internet enables the formation of illicit markets operating via various communications media in order to sell personal information, hacking tools, and other resources. Many of these studies provide basic information on the operations of on-line illicit markets. There is, however, a need for further research in order to improve the state of the literature and identify key questions to expand our knowledge of the practices of market actors and the social dynamics that facilitate their activities. This article introduces these concepts and outlines the state of the literature generally. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-10 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1235821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1235821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:1-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice Hutchings Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchings Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Title: The online stolen data market: disruption and intervention approaches Abstract: This article brings a new taxonomy and collation of intervention and disruption methods that can be applied to the online stolen data market. These online marketplaces are used to buy and sell identity and financial information, as well as the products and services that enable this economy. This article combines research findings from computer science with criminology to provide a multidisciplinary approach to crimes committed with the use of technology. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 11-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1197123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1197123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:11-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuliya G. Zabyelina Author-X-Name-First: Yuliya G. Author-X-Name-Last: Zabyelina Title: Can criminals create opportunities for crime? Malvertising and illegal online medicine trade Abstract: Opportunity theories suggest that the occurrence of an offence depends on the presence of a motivated offender and a specific condition in the environment that presents an opportunity for crime. While offenders may be able to choose among crime opportunities, the question is whether they can create new crime opportunities. Based on a qualitative analysis of court cases, investigative reports and the news media, this article examines the genesis of crime opportunities by looking into the malicious online advertising (malvertising) of substandard, spurious, falsely labelled, falsified and counterfeit (SSFFC) medical products. While further research on this topic is needed, the findings of the article help to understand the importance of unsavoury advertising as a tool that perpetrators use to manipulate consumer demand and proactively create (or expand) criminal markets. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 31-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1197124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1197124 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:31-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitch Macdonald Author-X-Name-First: Mitch Author-X-Name-Last: Macdonald Author-Name: Richard Frank Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Frank Title: The network structure of malware development, deployment and distribution Abstract: The Internet is a global infrastructure, connecting individuals, regardless of their proximity to one another. But, the ability to connect on such a large scale has also been leveraged to coordinate illicit activities. This has led to the emergence of online illicit networks that have enabled broader participation in cybercrime. Online stolen data markets have been of particular interest to researchers, though the networks involved in the development, deployment and distribution of malicious software are far less explored, despite being intricately tied to the growing issue of cyber security. The current study identifies community structures within a larger network of hackers, malware writers and market actors and examines the underlying characteristics of these networks. Results suggest that the network is composed of modular communities formed largely of weak, non-redundant ties that follow the ubiquitous structure of complex networks. Implications, limitations and directions for future research conclude this paper. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 49-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1227707 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1227707 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:49-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nigel South Author-X-Name-First: Nigel Author-X-Name-Last: South Title: Blood oil: tyrants, violence and the rules that run the world Journal: Global Crime Pages: 70-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1212482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1212482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:70-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincenzo Scalia Author-X-Name-First: Vincenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Scalia Title: Mafia and antimafia: a brief history Journal: Global Crime Pages: 73-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1235820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1235820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:1:p:73-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Reuter Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Reuter Author-Name: Davin O’Regan Author-X-Name-First: Davin Author-X-Name-Last: O’Regan Title: Smuggling wildlife in the Americas: scale, methods, and links to other organised crimes Abstract: International wildlife trafficking has garnered increased attention in recent years with a focus on the illicit trade in ivory, rhinos, and other animals from Africa and Asia. Less is known about trafficking in the Americas. By conducting a systematic review of academic literature, popular accounts, and government reports, this case study attempts to identify the scope and methods of wildlife trafficking in the Americas and its connections to organised crime. Unlike arms or drug smuggling, individual operators with minimal connections to other criminal activities dominate the trade. Most perpetrators work independently and have expertise and interests in legitimate businesses involving animal products. Methods of concealment are frequently rudimentary and little appears to be known about primary trafficking routes. Overall, wildlife smuggling in the Western Hemisphere appears to be a small-scale activity, small in its aggregate amounts, and strongly linked to legitimate businesses operating in a low risk and technologically narrow environment. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 77-99 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1179633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179633 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:77-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura H. Atuesta Author-X-Name-First: Laura H. Author-X-Name-Last: Atuesta Title: Narcomessages as a way to analyse the evolution of organised crime in Mexico Abstract: Drug-related homicides in Mexico have increased to levels never before seen and organised crime has evolved accordingly, becoming more fragmented and diverse. This work analyses the evolution of organised crime and drug-related violence in Mexico by examining how drug trafficking organisations (DTOs) communicate through the messages left next to executed bodies from 2007 to 2011. Results suggest that the use of narcomessages has changed and developed in parallel with the evolution of organised crime. In the beginning, DTOs used their victims merely to position themselves. Over time, as the organisations became stronger, they began to direct and sign their narcomessages. By 2009, rivalries were firmly entrenched between several criminal groups, even while the increasing violence led to the creation of new groups with the stated purpose of defending citizens. The evolution of organised crime is observed by the fragmentation of existing groups, the consolidation of new alliances, and the creation of new groups. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 100-121 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1248556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1248556 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:100-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Siddharth Chandra Author-X-Name-First: Siddharth Author-X-Name-Last: Chandra Author-Name: Yan-Liang Yu Author-X-Name-First: Yan-Liang Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Vinay Bihani Author-X-Name-First: Vinay Author-X-Name-Last: Bihani Title: How MDMA flows across the USA: evidence from price data Abstract: This study uses wholesale prices of MDMA for 59 cities in the USA published by the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) over the period of 2002–2011 to identify trafficking patterns of MDMA. Price differentials and correlations between pairs of cities are used to infer the presence of a link and the direction of flow of MDMA. The presence of inward and outward links is used to categorise each city as a ‘source’, ‘destination’, ‘transit’, or ‘weakly integrated’ city. The analysis identified low prices close to the Canadian and Mexican borders, in a number of cities such as Chicago, Miami, New York City, a trio of cities in the Carolinas, and along the West Coast. A number of these cities are linked to large numbers of other cities, indicating hub- or source-like status. The findings generate insights into the status of major US cities in the MDMA trafficking network. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 122-139 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1179632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1179632 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:122-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Kemp Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Kemp Title: In search of solace and finding servitude: human trafficking and the human trafficking vulnerability of African asylum seekers in Malta Abstract: This article presents the findings of a 12-month ethnographic study of the development of human trafficking vulnerability among African irregular migrants in Malta. It illustrates the role that European migration and asylum policies have played when fostering the development of trafficking vulnerabilities amongst asylum seekers following their arrival through the gates of Fortress Europe. It critically evaluates the discourse and discursive frameworks that have held dominion over the way in which academics and policy-makers have understood human trafficking practices, drawing attention to forms of human trafficking exploitation that are underrepresented within both trafficking literature and empirical studies. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 140-157 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1227708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1227708 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:140-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Becky Nash Author-X-Name-First: Becky Author-X-Name-Last: Nash Title: Dawn I. Rothe and David Kauzlarich, Journal: Global Crime Pages: 158-160 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1281582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1281582 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:158-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elena Sciandra Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Sciandra Title: Klaus von Lampe, Journal: Global Crime Pages: 161-164 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1242971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1242971 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:2:p:161-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergio Marco Gemperle Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Gemperle Title: Improving state legitimacy? The role of anti-corruption agencies in fragile and conflict-affected states Abstract: Anti-corruption reforms in fragile and conflict-affected states are considered as a policy imperative by international actors engaged in statebuilding. The establishment of anti-corruption agencies is often the preferred implementation strategy. The main rationale is that anti-corruption agencies demonstrate a government’s commitment to fight corruption, and should thus improve state legitimacy within a context of weak governance. In practice, several intervening factors condition the legitimacy effect of anti-corruption agencies, including the types and systems of corruption prevalent in a specific context, the perceptions of corruption towards specific parts of government, and how citizens attribute the successes or failures of these agencies to the state. More broadly, these intervening factors also challenge the predominant assumption of a positive linear relationship between anti-corruption reforms, increased state legitimacy, and greater stability in fragile and conflict-affected states. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 22-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1411806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1411806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:1:p:22-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masarah Paquet-Clouston Author-X-Name-First: Masarah Author-X-Name-Last: Paquet-Clouston Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu Author-Name: Olivier Bilodeau Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Bilodeau Title: Cybercrime is whose responsibility? A case study of an online behaviour system in crime Abstract: Drawing on Sutherland’s theory of behaviour systems in crime, this study investigates social media fraud (SMF) facilitated by botnets to understand the onset and maturation of this new online offending behaviour. We find legitimate actors in the system – Internet of Things manufacturers, online social networks, hosting companies and law enforcement agencies – share a way of life that prioritises private gains and avoids implicit responsibility for security. They arrive at a Nash equilibrium that provides a weak and disorganised social response to crime. SMF providers, on the other hand, are cleverly organised and exploit weaknesses in security, adapting to change and developing working relationship with those who benefit from their activities and share their lenient behaviour towards fraudulent activities. We conclude that the rise in cybercrime is a result of the behaviours of all actors in the system, not just those who offend. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1411807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1411807 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:1:p:1-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Aniello Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Aniello Author-Name: Stefano Caneppele Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: Caneppele Title: Selling stolen goods on the online markets: an explorative study Abstract: Historically, criminologists studied theft from different perspectives, but only a few focused their attention on the reselling of stolen items. The advent of the Internet has boosted stolen good markets by facilitating interactions between vendors (thieves and receivers) and buyers. This study, based on 227 cases reported by news sites in 2015 and 2016, focuses on the markets and methods used to sell stolen goods online. The results suggest that the online selling methods are quite independent from existing offline methods. The findings innovate with respect to the typology provided by Sutton. The online markets for stolen goods are rather a new environment where perpetrators may choose among several methods of disposal. The results reflect a preference for resale through classified ads sites (44.24%), auction sale sites (28.11%) and social media (19.35%). In the light of this study, more research is needed to understand online stolen goods markets and their mechanisms. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 42-62 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1418333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1418333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:1:p:42-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valentin Pereda Author-X-Name-First: Valentin Author-X-Name-Last: Pereda Title: Burning bridges: why don’t organised crime groups pull back from violent conflicts? Abstract: Dominant theories of organised crime assume that criminal organisations which operate in extremely violent markets do so because they consider it financially cost-effective. This article contends that by using increasingly violent actions intended to deter competitors and government forces, criminal organisations sometimes eliminate their exit option, making the penalties for withdrawal to a less violent strategy significantly worse than those of continued violence. Based on a systematic examination of footage of public statements by 18 former associates of two Mexican organised crime groups (OCGs), La Familia Michoacana (LFM) and its offshoot Los Caballeros Templarios (LCT), this article argues that through gradual increases in their use of violence, these groups reached a ‘point of no return’. After reaching this point, desisting from further violence escalation became more hazardous than pursuing a violent path, even when the latter did not align with the organisations’ business interests. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 63-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1423800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1423800 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:1:p:63-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anthony Amicelle Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Amicelle Author-Name: Karine Côté-Boucher Author-X-Name-First: Karine Author-X-Name-Last: Côté-Boucher Author-Name: Benoît Dupont Author-X-Name-First: Benoît Author-X-Name-Last: Dupont Author-Name: Massimiliano Mulone Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano Author-X-Name-Last: Mulone Author-Name: Clifford Shearing Author-X-Name-First: Clifford Author-X-Name-Last: Shearing Author-Name: Samuel Tanner Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Tanner Title: Criminology in the face of flows: reflections on contemporary policing and security Abstract: Much has been written about the governance of crime – indeed, this is the thread that has unified criminology. Yet, property crimes and attacks against individuals – traditionally at the core of the discipline – are plummeting in many societies. Meanwhile, harms and harm management emerge outside the narrowness of criminal justice definitions. Despite this, little criminological attention has been paid to the fact that the security of flows increasingly embodies concerns that are at the heart of contemporary policing practices. This introduction to this special issue takes stock of these changes and argues that to stay current and relevant, criminology must pay closer attention to these changing landscapes of harms and policing. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 165-175 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1350427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1350427 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:165-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chad Whelan Author-X-Name-First: Chad Author-X-Name-Last: Whelan Author-Name: Adam Molnar Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Molnar Title: Managing flows during mega-events: taking account of internal and external flows in public order policing operations Abstract: The article examines the configurations and organisational dynamics of policing mega-events through the metaphor of ‘flows’. Using the Brisbane 2014 Group of 20 Summit (G20) as an explorative case study, we suggest that the metaphor of flows may not only hold value with regard to understanding how objects of policing are rendered visible and manageable, but also how it might enable us to take stock of internal flows of data, information and intelligence within public order policing operations. We examine how police pursued their goal of containing and controlling protest flows as well as managing rapid intra- and inter-organisational flows. In particular, we examine how police and security actors designed what we call ‘flow-based’ architectures and the underlying organisational and situational contingencies shaping how these structures and systems form and function. The article concludes by calling for greater attention on internal dynamics of policing operations which, we argue, can potentially be advanced by drawing on the metaphor of flows. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 176-197 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1328027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1328027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:176-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annette Hübschle Author-X-Name-First: Annette Author-X-Name-Last: Hübschle Title: Fluid interfaces between flows of rhino horn Abstract: In spite of the regulation, financial assistance and securitisation of responses to rhino poaching, rhino deaths have escalated over the past decade. This article discusses why efforts to disrupt illegal flows of rhino horn have been unsuccessful by honing in on structural and functional aspects of the broader rhino horn economy. Existing scholarly literature tends to focus on the legal–illegal binary in markets. The focus of this article is on grey flows in wildlife markets through an examination of rhino horn laundering and illegal hunting in the wildlife industry. Fluid interfaces of legal, grey and illegal flows have led to the creation of hybrid and highly adaptable flows. It is also argued that the international regulatory framework is not geared towards effective transnational enforcement and lacks social legitimacy amongst key actors. The article draws on research findings from a multi-sited ethnography, during which the researcher followed rhino horn from the source to the market. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 198-217 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1345680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1345680 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:198-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saskia Hufnagel Author-X-Name-First: Saskia Author-X-Name-Last: Hufnagel Title: Regulation of cross-border law enforcement: ‘locks’ and ‘dams’ to regional and international flows of policing Abstract: Trans-jurisdictional policing can eventuate within a number of different environments: in federal states comprising different jurisdictions, in bilateral and multilateral settings and in regional contexts, for example, in the European Union (EU). Inter-jurisdictional flows of policing can be impeded by, for example, legal differences, lack of trust, lack of cooperative leadership, lack of knowledge about the other jurisdiction, etc. This article aims at exploring the facilitators of flows of policing by looking at two different systems and the obstacles within, as well as the interaction between them. The systems chosen are Greater China and the EU as they both comprise a number of different jurisdictions and are very distinct with regard to political, cultural and legal variables. It will be explored whether and how flows of policing are encouraged by legislation within and between the systems as well as what factors might determine the conclusion of a particular legal framework for cooperation. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 218-236 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1345681 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1345681 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:218-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carrie Sanders Author-X-Name-First: Carrie Author-X-Name-Last: Sanders Author-Name: Camie Condon Author-X-Name-First: Camie Author-X-Name-Last: Condon Title: Crime analysis and cognitive effects: the practice of policing flows of data Abstract: Crime analysis is the systematic analysis of crime for identifying and predicting risks and efficiently directing police resources. Adopting a social construction of technology framework, we explore the work of crime analysts to understand how they police through flows of data and how their work informs policing practices on the ground. Specifically we look at: (1) the organisational and cultural integration of crime analysis in Canada, (2) the technological support of analytic practices, and (3) the incorporation of crime analysis for policing practices. From this analysis, we argue that organisational understandings of crime analysis combined with the analytic platforms utilised have forced crime analysts to work within traditional police performance initiatives that both respond to and reinforce reactive policing practice. Crime analysis and the practice of policing through flows of data have changed the symbolic nature of policing while reaffirming traditional ways of knowing and policing. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 237-255 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1323637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1323637 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:237-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julien Jeandesboz Author-X-Name-First: Julien Author-X-Name-Last: Jeandesboz Title: European border policing: EUROSUR, knowledge, calculation Abstract: The article asks how we can make sense of the central role attributed to technology in border policing today and relates discussions of ‘techno-’ or ‘technology-driven’ (border) policing to the issue of knowledge. It examines EUROSUR, a set of measures for placing the external borders of the European Union under, ‘real-time’ surveillance. It argues that current understandings of knowledge in the border policing literature require conceptual specification to make otherwise unnoticed aspects of border policing amenable to empirical inquiry. To this end, the article foregrounds the notion of centres of calculation as a way to refine inquiries into policing as ‘knowledge work’. It examines knowledge arrangements related to European border policing, showing how the understanding that border policing is concerned with and operates through flows is contingently and progressively built through processes of stabilisation, mobilisation and extension of social and material networks of actors, institutions and devices. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 256-285 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1347043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1347043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:256-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Sheptycki Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Sheptycki Title: Liquid modernity and the police ; thinking about information flows in police organisation Abstract: This paper focuses attention on the police métier in order to understand the internal organisation of the typical multifunctional urban police service in the UK, Europe and North America. It shows how the modern police organisation has been fundamentally imagined, even if often only at a subconscious level, as the embodiment of machine-like political-legal rationality. The paper observes how ‘liquid modernity’ has affected machine-thinking in police organisation. Understanding what is going on inside ‘the police’ is crucial to making sense of how they configure in broader networks of security governance Journal: Global Crime Pages: 286-302 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1313734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1313734 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:286-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Didier Bigo Author-X-Name-First: Didier Author-X-Name-Last: Bigo Title: International flows, political order and social change: (in)security, by-product of the will of order over change Abstract: International flows have been the focus of many research questions. Every school of thought on international relations covers them. However, the importance attributed to international flows concerning the international as an order, system, specific location and its changes is, in itself, subject to variation. One must be familiar with these positions to have a relevant understanding of how contemporary thought is organised with regard to forms of surveillance and the control of flows of information, capital, people, as well as logics of encoding, interception and the countermeasures that are expressed in and through these flows. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 303-321 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1350428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1350428 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:303-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Ponce Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Ponce Title: Sonja Wolf, Journal: Global Crime Pages: 322-324 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1332250 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1332250 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:322-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Title: Jeremy Morris and Abel Polese, Journal: Global Crime Pages: 325-327 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2016.1236492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2016.1236492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:3:p:325-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Markus-Michael Müller Author-X-Name-First: Markus-Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Title: Governing crime and violence in Latin America Abstract: The last two decades turned Latin America into one of the most violent regions in the world. While previously, violence in the region has predominantly been associated with state repression and military dictatorships, the “new violence” that emerged since the mid-1990s is predominantly criminal. Related research has been mostly problem-driven, implying that the focus has been on how to improve security governance in the region. The multiple ways in which governance itself is both shaped by as well as contributing to the pervasiveness of this “new violence,” has remained uncharted. This article offers an analytical framework, inspired by the literature on governance, for assessing this issue. To this end, it highlights different modes and instances of governance with, by, and through crime (and violence) in the region. In doing so, the article offers a contextualization for this special issue as well as an overarching analytical framework for the individual contributions. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 171-191 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1543916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1543916 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:171-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lirio Gutiérrez Rivera Author-X-Name-First: Lirio Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez Rivera Title: Transnational and local entanglements in the ‘cycle of violence’ of Central American migration Abstract: Violence in Central America has become one of the reasons for leaving the region. Recent scholarship tends to understand violence within local and regional processes, while neglecting the larger transnational processes. Focusing on the case of Hondurans seeking asylum in the United States, this article argues that the phenomenon of violence that has forced Hondurans to leave is a result of a combination of local and transnational processes. Conceptually, this article draws on the notion of the ‘cycle of violence’ to understand the different forms of violence that forcibly displaces Central Americans. The notion has been used to understand how early exposure to violence is linked to future violent behaviour. However, it is limited to local processes. This article expands this notion by considering transnational factors, such as migration and the global agenda of crime control, in the contribution to the reproduction of the ‘cycle of violence’ of Central Americans. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 192-210 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1477600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1477600 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:192-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Finkenbusch Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Finkenbusch Title: Building institutional capacity: knowledge production for transnational security governance in Mexico Abstract: This article engages with institutionalist knowledge production in US-Mexican security relations, demonstrating how anti-crime governance in the Americas has shifted from a heavy-handed military rationale to a good governance and civil society–centred approach. This shift has been facilitated by the newly emerging resilience discourse which advocates turning local communities from passive beneficiaries of government-sponsored law enforcement into pro-active security partners. It will be argued that the rise of good governance and society-centred policy thinking has enhanced the epistemic authority of a heterogeneous, but ideologically aligned set of human rights advocacy groups, think tanks, policy-oriented academics and for-profit development NGOs – both in Mexico and the United States. This transnational expert community has been instrumental in inserting the issue of drug-related violent crime in Mexico into a globally dominant statebuilding framework. In consequence, security governance in Mexico has taken on a more transnational character and become the object of a highly intrusive international monitoring regime. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 211-227 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1477599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1477599 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:211-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frank Müller Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Author-Name: Andrea Steinke Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Steinke Title: Criminalising encounters: MINUSTAH as a laboratory for armed humanitarian pacification Abstract: This article assesses the nexus of militarised humanitarian work, governance and violence in the context of the ‘Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti’ (MINUSTAH). It draws on empirical fieldwork in Port-au-Prince and Rio de Janeiro. Brazil’s leading role in this UN mission reinforces the country’s ambitions as an emergent economic and political power on a global stage. Brazilian military and civilian actors base their claim of being uniquely qualified for urban ‘pacification’ efforts on a supposedly deeper cultural sensitivity which they assert to have developed in everyday civil–military encounters in the criminalised peripheries of Brazilian cities. By analysing the conflicting narratives in which the military, police and citizens negotiate these encounters, we argue that they allow for a revealing of the contested and often violent forms in which peace enforcement occurs. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 228-249 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1498336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1498336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:228-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alke Jenss Author-X-Name-First: Alke Author-X-Name-Last: Jenss Title: Criminal heterarchy and its critics: governance and the making of insecurity in Colombia Abstract: The FARC, Colombia’s oldest and biggest guerrilla organisation, has long been constructed as the country’s public enemy number one, an enemy that is increasingly portrayed as an outright criminal actor who abandoned all political ambitions. This image of the FARC as a criminal threat to the Colombian state and society is central to a broader turn towards criminalisation in Colombian politics. Through the lens of a critical governance perspective and the notion of the state’s discursive selectivity this article analyses turning points during which the construction of Colombian society’s criminal enemies became a driving force in the country’s security governance. Which social forces support the implementation of criminalising forms of security governance and how? What are the social and political consequences of the latter? In answering these questions, the article argues that the war on (guerrilla) crime assumes a ‘productive’ role for Colombia’s formal democracy. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 250-270 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1471992 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1471992 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:250-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Hathazy Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Hathazy Title: Crafting public security: demilitarisation, penal state reform and security policy-making in post-authoritarian Chile Abstract: Here I dissect the institutionalisation of ‘citizen security’ as a category and sector of public policy in post-authoritarian Chile. Deploying a Bourdieusian field theory approach and questioning narratives of security policies as responses to criminality or adaptations to democratic values, I argue that the construction of a new security policy sector – with a new consensus (distinct from that of National Security), with reformed police and courts in its core, leaving aside the military and extending beyond traditional agencies – derives from (i) struggles over policing and criminal justice reforms, (ii) tensions between the military and democratic authorities in democracy and (iii) performative integrations of the new policy components. These mechanisms explain the evolution of the security problem and the progressive aggregation of bureaucratic agencies and methods to the ‘public security policy’ – policing, judiciary, urban design, prisons and prevention plans. I close discussing alternative accounts of institutional variations in security governance in the region. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 271-295 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1471991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1471991 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:271-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Denyer Willis Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Denyer Willis Title: Violence, bureaucracy and intreccio in Brazil Abstract: For Brazil’s ‘violence worker’ street-level bureaucrats, violence is woven into everyday practice. But violent influence flows in multiple directions; from the state to society, within the state and its agencies, from violent actors upon state bureaucrats. Real and potential violence defines the bureaucratic regime of truth, alongside the influence of a self-defined organised crime group. Using ethnographic evidence, I show some of the fissures that are wedged open through violence, and demonstrate the ways that violent uncertainty shapes a need for leverage and spheres of trust. This shows the dissonance between bureaucratic form and bureaucratic rationale, where other violence workers – ontological bureaucrats – have become an everyday part of bureaucratic rationale. What matters is not the relationship between the state and bureaucracy, but the relationship between sovereign power and bureaucracy. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 296-314 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1472918 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1472918 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:296-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wil G. Pansters Author-X-Name-First: Wil G. Author-X-Name-Last: Pansters Title: Drug trafficking, the informal order, and . Reflections on the crime-governance nexus in Mexico Abstract: While Mexico is widely considered as an example of consolidated statehood, the deepening of drug-related violence and insecurity has corroborated the existence and expansion of ‘dark spaces’ governed by coalitions of state and non-state actors driven by criminal and political interests. In contrast to the prevailing interpretations and public narratives, I will argue that it is historically and conceptually flawed to understand such expressions of limited statehood solely in terms of the proliferation of criminal organisations and the exacerbation of the so-called war on drugs only. Instead, I will examine the historical patterns in Mexican state-making, in which actors and practices of political ordering outside the state properly speaking exercise multiple forms of de facto sovereignty and governance. These arrangements, including caciquismo, accommodate distinct crime-governance manifestations. The article substantiates its claims by looking at the examples from different periods and regions such as Sinaloa, Sonora and Michoacán. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 315-338 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1471993 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1471993 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:315-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Enrique Desmond Arias Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Desmond Author-X-Name-Last: Arias Title: Criminal organizations and the policymaking process Abstract: What role do criminal organisations play in policymaking? Evidence presented in this paper from Latin America and the Caribbean points to the complex ways that various types of criminal groups influence the policy process. Based on the structure of the criminal organisation and the relationship between these groups and state officials this article illustrates the different types of dynamics criminal groups contribute to the policy process. In some cases, these dynamics increase the costs of policies while in others they alter the content of policies and strengthen the position of criminal groups in the neighbourhoods where they operate. The article identifies three dimensions along which criminal groups intervene in the policy process: friction; division; and mediation. The article shows these dynamics by looking at how criminal groups intervene in the policy process in various gang-controlled neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro, Medellín, and Kingston. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 339-361 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1471990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1471990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:3-4:p:339-361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monique Mann Author-X-Name-First: Monique Author-X-Name-Last: Mann Author-Name: Ian Warren Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Warren Author-Name: Sally Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Title: The legal geographies of transnational cyber-prosecutions: extradition, human rights and forum shifting Abstract: This article describes legal and human rights issues in three cases of transnational online offending involving extradition requests by the United States (US). These cases were selected as all suspects claimed the negative impacts of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) were sufficient to deny extradition on human rights grounds. We demonstrate how recent developments in UK and Irish extradition law raise human rights and prosecutorial challenges specific to online offending that are not met by established protections under domestic and internationally sanctioned approaches to extradition or human rights law. In these cases, although the allegedly unlawful conduct occurred exclusively online and concurrent jurisdiction enables prosecution at both the source and location of harm, we demonstrate why national courts hearing extradition challenges are extremely reluctant to shift the trial forum. We conclude by discussing the implications of the new geographies of online offending for future criminological research and transnational criminal justice. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 107-124 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1448272 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1448272 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:2:p:107-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Corrigendum Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1459365 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1459365 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luca Giommoni Author-X-Name-First: Luca Author-X-Name-Last: Giommoni Author-Name: R.V. Gundur Author-X-Name-First: R.V. Author-X-Name-Last: Gundur Title: An analysis of the United Kingdom’s cannabis market using crowdsourced data Abstract: This article contributes to the growing literature on the use of computer-mediated communications to research illicit markets. In it, we conduct an analysis of the British cannabis market using data crowdsourced from a publicly available platform, PriceofWeed.com. Crowd-sourced transaction data present some new insights into the British cannabis market. First, this study has tracked the trafficking flow of cannabis within the UK. Second, it shows the extent to which a quantity discount is granted to consumers. Third, it discusses purchasing habits of cannabis users. Conclusions suggest new areas of application of crowdsourcing to research hard to reach and deviant populations. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 85-106 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1460071 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1460071 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:2:p:85-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Mikhaylov Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Mikhaylov Author-Name: Richard Frank Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Frank Title: Illicit payments for illicit goods: noncontact drug distribution on Russian online drug marketplaces Abstract: The distribution or consumption of traditional drugs has become the subject of stringent penalties throughout most of the world and synthetic designer drugs have become the alternative. Novel psychoactive substances, also called ‘legal highs’, are highly varied in terms of chemical composition. These substances are advertised and distributed as an alternative to traditional drugs on the Internet, making identification of new substances and enforcement difficult. For this article, we downloaded and analysed 28 Russian-language online drug marketplaces which distribute traditional and novel psychoactive substances. All marketplaces used a noncontact drug dealing method where the seller and the buyer communicate through the Internet to arrange for payment and delivery of drugs without meeting face-to-face. Geographic information, price, amount, substance type and payment method data were extracted. Findings indicate such marketplaces are able to operate due to the ability of their clients to pay anonymously with the virtual currencies – Qiwi and Bitcoin. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 146-170 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1460951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1460951 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:2:p:146-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacopo Costa Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Title: The globalised network of a dirty game: match-fixing, illegal betting and transnational organised crime in Italian football Abstract: This paper examines the role of illicit networks and transnational crime organisations in fostering match-fixing and illegal betting in the globalised world. The goal is to identify the characteristics of these illicit phenomena and their basic structures and functions. Social network analysis was conducted to explore the scandal known as Calcioscommesse that came to light in Italy between 2011 and 2013. Attention is focused on brokers and crime syndicates that operate in Italian football, with the objective of comprehending their relations, functions and balances of power; this research clarifies the roles of the collective and individual actors in transnationally promoting match-fixing and illegal betting. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 125-145 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2018.1460952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2018.1460952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:19:y:2018:i:2:p:125-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Fonoberova Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Fonoberova Author-Name: Igor Mezić Author-X-Name-First: Igor Author-X-Name-Last: Mezić Author-Name: Jadranka Mezić Author-X-Name-First: Jadranka Author-X-Name-Last: Mezić Author-Name: James Hogg Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Hogg Author-Name: Jason Gravel Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Gravel Title: Small-world networks and synchronisation in an agent-based model of civil violence Abstract: The rapid evolution and current ubiquity of social media as a form of communication calls for a revision of many models of collective behaviour. In this paper, we modify a classic agent-based model of civil violence by Epstein (2002) consisting of citizen and law-enforcement agents by integrating a Watts-Strogatz small-world network (SWN). The SWN simulates non-local connections between citizens, enabling influence by both local and distant neighbours and providing an analogue to social media. The objective was to examine the influence of non-local connections on civil violence dynamics for varied law-enforcement concentration and network density. For lower law-enforcement concentrations, the SWN influence leads to more frequent large-scale violent outbursts, while for higher law-enforcement concentrations, outcomes depended most strongly on the number of local neighbours. The long-range coupling across the lattice due to the SWN provides a new mechanism for non-trivial dynamics and leads to a synchronisation effect. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 161-195 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1662304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1662304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:3-4:p:161-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maxime Bérubé Author-X-Name-First: Maxime Author-X-Name-Last: Bérubé Author-Name: Benjamin Ducol Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Ducol Title: Radicalization in arms? Exploring armed violence capital in the context of Quebec’s civilian military simulation communities Abstract: Introducing the concept of ‘armed violence capital’, this paper intends to explore radicalisation leading to violence through the acquisition of knowledge and skills of violence without active ideological indoctrination. Using civilian communities practicing specific military simulations as a case study, it assesses how this type of training might be used for a deviant and extremist purpose. Based on a mixed-method approach of ethnographic observations, surveys, and interviews of civilian military simulation participants, it first describes this activity before explaining how such training can allow participants to acquire knowledge, skills, and attitudes towards the use of violence. Showing the observed members of this community are not violent extremists, this study suggests that an ideological motivation is needed for the use of extreme violence, but that a violent radicalisation process can evolve without this ideological aspect. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 196-214 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1659139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1659139 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:3-4:p:196-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisa Bellotti Author-X-Name-First: Elisa Author-X-Name-Last: Bellotti Title: Syndicate women. Gender and networks in Chicago organised crime Journal: Global Crime Pages: 215-218 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1697565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1697565 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:3-4:p:215-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harley Williamson Author-X-Name-First: Harley Author-X-Name-Last: Williamson Author-Name: Suzanna Fay Author-X-Name-First: Suzanna Author-X-Name-Last: Fay Author-Name: Toby Miles-Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Toby Author-X-Name-Last: Miles-Johnson Title: Fear of terrorism: media exposure and subjective fear of attack Abstract: In many Western countries, citizen knowledge of terrorist events is intrinsically shaped by the style of broadcasted messages published by the media. Media discourses regarding terrorist acts raise questions about how such rhetoric elicits fear in people who typically experience such events through news reports. However, we do not fully understand the impact of the media on perceptions of terrorism as clearly as we understand the relationship between the media and fear of crime. This study examines how media sources accessed actively (e.g. through newspapers; Internet) or passively (e.g. through television; radio) influence knowledge and fear of terrorism. We find receiving information about terrorism from multiple media sources increases fear of terrorism, but media sources accessed passively are not as influential as media sources accessed more actively. These results highlight how media consumption from various sources may affect one’s fear of terrorism, and further illustrates how the role of perceived knowledge may exacerbate or mitigate fear. Implications for policy and practice are discussed. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1569519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1569519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:1:p:1-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Viviana Barrera Author-X-Name-First: Viviana Author-X-Name-Last: Barrera Author-Name: Aili Malm Author-X-Name-First: Aili Author-X-Name-Last: Malm Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu Author-Name: Rasmus Munksgaard Author-X-Name-First: Rasmus Author-X-Name-Last: Munksgaard Title: Size and scope of the tobacco trade on the darkweb Abstract: Globally, tobacco is responsible for the death of approximately 6 million individuals per year. In reaction, governments have enacted tobacco control policies that cope with the harmful effects of the drug. However, these policies have also created geographic price disparities and increased the effort needed to purchase legal tobacco products. The result was the creation of a new illicit tobacco market. While tobacco smuggling continues through conventional avenues, a new generation of traffickers have turned to a different source for the illicit distribution of tobacco – the internet, specifically the darkweb. The purpose of this paper is to describe the size and scope of illicit trafficking of tobacco on cryptomarkets, and the diverse types of tobacco-related products available on the cryptomarkets. Our analysis will provide guidance for policymakers, researchers, and all interested in the illicit trade of tobacco. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 26-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1569520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1569520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:1:p:26-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Cheekes Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Cheekes Title: Jonathan D., Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, organised crime, drug trafficking, and violence (Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto) Journal: Global Crime Pages: 65-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1569521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1569521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:1:p:65-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher D. O’Connor Author-X-Name-First: Christopher D. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor Author-Name: Phillip C. Shon Author-X-Name-First: Phillip C. Author-X-Name-Last: Shon Title: Civilising the police: reconceptualising the role of the state in theories of American policing Abstract: The three eras in American policing – political, reform, and community – has become the default theoretical framework within the study of criminal justice, explicitly and implicitly shaping the discourse of police studies. Despite historically informed criticisms of this three-era model, no alternative theory has been proffered as a way of critically thinking about the police. This paper draws on Norbert Elias’ civilising thesis and the role of the state as an alternative theoretical framework to explain the evolution of American policing. We argue that changes in policing are more cogently explained by assuming a long-term view of change and that the intrusion and the retreat of the state from society better captures the evolution of the police through time. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 45-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1583106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1583106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:1:p:45-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jay P. Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Jay P. Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Author-Name: Jeremy Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Ryan Labrecque Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Labrecque Title: Towards a more proactive approach to brand protection: development of the Organisational Risk Assessment for Product Counterfeiting (ORAPC) Abstract: Through an adaptation of a terrorism risk assessment model, this article develops an initial proactive product counterfeiting risk assessment that is designed to focus upon a specific product’s risk for being counterfeited. The goal of developing this risk assessment is to help corporations identify the products that are most at risk for counterfeiting, thereby giving them the ability to focus their resources in the areas where the greatest opportunities for crime are present. This risk assessment is intended to serve as the first line of defence in a comprehensive and proactive brand owner strategy centred on identifying product-specific counterfeiting risk. The assessment comprises three factors that, together, capture a product’s counterfeiting risk level: the threat of product counterfeiting, the brand owner’s vulnerability to product counterfeiting and the potential consequences of a counterfeit product entering the market and reaching consumers. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 329-352 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1313733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1313733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:329-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacopo Costa Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Title: Networks and illicit associations in corrupt exchanges: representing a gelatinous system in Italy Abstract: This paper examines the role of illicit networks and associations in a corrupt exchange in contemporary Italy with the aim of better understanding the mechanisms of corruption. A social network analysis was conducted to explore the Big Events affair and the scandal concerning the School of Carabinieri officers in Florence. Much attention is focused on the actors, structures and informal norms that characterise the corrupt exchange with the aim of comprehending how the network sustains such exchange. Our goal is to identify the most powerful nodes and actors by determining their authority in the network, understanding the role of illicit associations (cricche) in sustaining the exchange and identifying the actors who control the informal norms. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 353-374 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1332594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1332594 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:353-374 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura H. Atuesta Author-X-Name-First: Laura H. Author-X-Name-Last: Atuesta Author-Name: Aldo F. Ponce Author-X-Name-First: Aldo F. Author-X-Name-Last: Ponce Title: Meet the : increased competition among criminal organisations and the explosion of violence in Mexico Abstract: Several previous studies have found that interventions by security forces against criminal organisations result in increased violence related to organised crime. However, much less is known about how and why this effect occurs. Our study not only identifies the causal mechanisms that explain this outcome, but also evaluates the empirical validity of these mechanisms. Employing a novel data set, we find that following security-force intervention, the number of criminal organisations increases, and such greater fragmentation in turn raises the incidence of violence among criminal organisations as the relative power of the organisations changes. We employ a mediation model to verify the existence of these causal mechanisms. In addition, we find a decreasing rate of rise in levels of violence as the number of organisations increases. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 375-402 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1354520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1354520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:375-402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eduardo Moncada Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Moncada Title: Varieties of vigilantism: conceptual discord, meaning and strategies Abstract: The practice of vigilantism raises a number of broader provocative questions regarding state–society relations. But before pursuing these questions, we must first ask a critical conceptual question: what is vigilantism? In this article, I offer a conceptual analysis of vigilantism to identify and analyse the points of conceptual discord that make vigilantism an essentially contested concept. To address these challenges, I establish the concept’s core definitional dimensions and range of attributes. I then develop a root concept of vigilantism as the collective use or threat of extra-legal violence in response to an alleged criminal act. The root concept better positions researchers to effectively utilise different strategies to amend the concept for varying theoretical and empirical ends, avoid analytical pitfalls that beset existing conceptualisations and pursue promising new research questions. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 403-423 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1374183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1374183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:403-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Bright Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bright Author-Name: Catherine Greenhill Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Greenhill Author-Name: Thomas Britz Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Britz Author-Name: Alison Ritter Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Ritter Author-Name: Carlo Morselli Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Morselli Title: Criminal network vulnerabilities and adaptations Abstract: The current paper aimed to investigate the effectiveness of five law enforcement interventions in disrupting and dismantling criminal networks. We tested three law enforcement interventions that targeted social capital in criminal networks (betweenness, degree and cut-set) and two interventions that targeted human capital (actors who possess money and those who possess precursor chemicals). These five interventions are compared with each other and with random (opportunistic) removal of actors in two settings: (i) with network adaptation incorporated into the simulations and (ii) without network adaptation. Results illustrate that the removal of actors based on betweenness centrality was the most efficient strategy, leading to network disruption in the least number of steps and was relatively consistent across replications. Targeting actors who possessed money was the second most effective overall and was also relatively consistent in its disruptive effect. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 424-441 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1377614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1377614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:424-441 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Title: Gerry Nagtzaam, Cheltenham Edward Elgar, Journal: Global Crime Pages: 442-444 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2017.1335964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2017.1335964 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:18:y:2017:i:4:p:442-444 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Lauchs Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Lauchs Author-Name: Zoe Staines Author-X-Name-First: Zoe Author-X-Name-Last: Staines Title: An analysis of outlaw motorcycle gang crime: are bikers organised criminals? Abstract: Outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) are identified in Australia and internationally as being heavily involved in organised crime and/or as being criminal organisations. However, academic studies have shown that OMCG members are involved in organised crime to varying extents; this differs between clubs and across jurisdictions. To date, Australian studies of OMCGs are rare. Despite this, Australian governments target OMCGs as key players in organised crime. This study contributes to the existing literature by analysing OMCGs’ criminality in one Australian jurisdiction – Queensland. It draws on rich qualitative data to determine whether and to what extent Queensland’s OMCGs are involved in serious crime, organised crime and/or are operating as criminal organisations. The study finds that Queensland’s OMCG members participate in serious crime at a higher rate than the general public, but that there are few examples of organised crime. There is little to no evidence of OMCGs acting as criminal organisations. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 69-89 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1583107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1583107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:2:p:69-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Galia J. Benítez Author-X-Name-First: Galia J. Author-X-Name-Last: Benítez Author-Name: Siddharth Chandra Author-X-Name-First: Siddharth Author-X-Name-Last: Chandra Author-Name: Teniente Coronel Liz Wendy Cuadros Veloza Author-X-Name-First: Teniente Coronel Liz Wendy Author-X-Name-Last: Cuadros Veloza Author-Name: Intendente José Darío Díaz Cárdenas Author-X-Name-First: Intendente José Darío Author-X-Name-Last: Díaz Cárdenas Title: Following the price: identifying cocaine trafficking networks in Colombia Abstract: International cocaine trafficking has been well-studied, but little is known about cocaine flows within Colombia, the largest producer and exporter of cocaine in the world. Using a unique dataset on the monthly wholesale prices of cocaine across 32 municipios in 2016, this paper estimates patterns of flows of cocaine within Colombia. For the 496 possible resulting pairs of municipios, price differentials are used to infer direction of flow, and price correlations are used to infer connectedness. Among the new findings, 38 suspected municipio-to-municipio flows that are new to the literature are identified. Interestingly, cocaine is inferred to flow through two distinct networks: one that originates in Buenaventura and the other in three points in southern and eastern Colombia. These networks may correspond to distinct criminal trafficking systems, a finding that has potential implications for drug control policies and measures. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 90-114 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1588116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1588116 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:2:p:90-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Svetlana Stephenson Author-X-Name-First: Svetlana Author-X-Name-Last: Stephenson Title: Gangs and governance in Russia: the paradox of law and lawlessness Abstract: The paper addresses the nature of gang governance. It questions the notion that gangs regulate social and economic transactions and create stable orders in certain territories. It shows that, while presenting themselves as upholders of the ‘law’ in their territory, the gangs also create a climate of uncertainty and fear. The gangs manipulate their own unwritten rules and set up traps for residents and businessmen. These traps are designed to deprive non-gang civilians of presumed rights and identities and extort their money. The paper uses Schmitt’s notion of ‘state of exception’ and Agamben’s idea of ‘bare life’ to explain how gangs function. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 115-133 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1645654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1645654 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:2:p:115-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salvatore Giusto Author-X-Name-First: Salvatore Author-X-Name-Last: Giusto Title: “One of us”: the neomelodic music industry as a Camorra-mediated space of subaltern publicity in contemporary Naples Abstract: The term ‘neomelodic’ defines a pop-folk music genre featuring the mediascape of Naples, Southern Italy, since the late 1980s. Neomelodic songs depict the experiences of lower-class Neapolitan subjects with a preference for those engaging with the Camorra, a powerful criminal organisation that is also a major investor in the local media industries. This article constitutes an exploration of the Camorra-mediated neomelodic milieu of cultural production vis-à-vis the political landscape of the current Neapolitan social peripheries. In so doing, it ethnographically shows how the neomelodic modalities of cultural production mediate and reify local forms of organised crime hegemony vis-à-vis the discursive power of the state. Accordingly, it also demonstrates how such modalities turn the neomelodic industry into a relational infrastructure of subaltern publicity, which engenders political dynamics of personal mobility and social identity construction amid its sponsors, performers, and publics. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 134-155 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1646131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1646131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:2:p:134-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Chung Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Chung Title: Organized crime: a very short introduction Journal: Global Crime Pages: 156-159 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1601835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1601835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:20:y:2019:i:2:p:156-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Bright Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bright Author-Name: Russell Brewer Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Brewer Title: Innovations in research on illicit networks Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1716520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1716520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:1:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kiminori Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Kiminori Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Author-Name: George Tita Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Tita Author-Name: David Krackhardt Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Krackhardt Title: Violence in the “balance”: a structural analysis of how rivals, allies, and third-parties shape inter-gang violence Abstract: This paper explores the role of local structural conditions that facilitate or hinder violence when enmity is present between parties, by examining shooting-involved violence among street gangs in Long Beach, California. Using structural balance theory, this paper investigates whether certain triadic structures in which two rival gangs i and j are related to a third gang is associated with the levels of violence that i will inflict upon j. Based on multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure to adjust for the dependent structure in the network, the results show that after controlling for individual and dyadic explanations, structural conditions are robust predictors of the levels and the directions of inter-gang violence. Structural imbalance indicates a lack of clear dominance in relations and predicts increased violence. Balanced structures tend to be much less violent; however, a gang will initiate violence if by doing so it expects to reinforce its dominant position. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 3-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1627879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1627879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:1:p:3-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caitlin Elizabeth Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Caitlin Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Name: Jenny Chalmers Author-X-Name-First: Jenny Author-X-Name-Last: Chalmers Author-Name: David Anthony Bright Author-X-Name-First: David Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Bright Title: Exploring interrelationships between high-level drug trafficking and other serious and organised crime: an Australian study Abstract: Drug trafficking is frequently argued to be the leading driver of other serious and organised crime, but the interrelationships between such activities remain poorly understood. This paper uses open source law enforcement data to explore interrelationships in Australia. A database was compiled of all reported criminal incidents of high-level drug trafficking between 2011 and 2017 and any concurrent charges for other serious and organised crime (SOC), sourced from official reports and press releases of Australian federal law enforcement and criminal intelligence agencies. Over the seven-years period 24.4% drug trafficking cases involved concurrent SOC charges. Logistic regressions showed characteristics associated with any concurrent SOC charge included the type of drug trafficked, network size, network nationality and OMCG ties. But characteristics differed according to which SOC was cited in connection with the drug trafficking offence e.g. firearms offences versus corruption/fraud. We discuss the implications for research, policy and practice. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 28-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1615895 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1615895 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:1:p:28-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomáš Diviák Author-X-Name-First: Tomáš Author-X-Name-Last: Diviák Author-Name: Jan Kornelis Dijkstra Author-X-Name-First: Jan Kornelis Author-X-Name-Last: Dijkstra Author-Name: Tom A.B. Snijders Author-X-Name-First: Tom A.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Snijders Title: Poisonous connections: a case study on a Czech counterfeit alcohol distribution network Abstract: Using data on 32 actors and ties among them drawn from available court files, we combine analytical sociology with statistical models for networks in order to analyse a case of a counterfeit alcohol distribution network from the Czech Republic. We formulate a theory of action and identify relational mechanisms which could explain how the structure of the network emerged and describe. We use the exponential random graph model to test these mechanisms. The analysis reveals that the two actors capable of manufacturing the poisonous mixture were considerably though not optimally proximate to others enabling fast distribution of the mixture. Our model results that the structure was formed by mechanisms of triadic closure, negative tendency to concentrate ties, and tie translation of pre-existing ties into operational ties. We conclude with the discussion of the implications our approach for the study of criminal networks. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 51-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1645653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1645653 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:1:p:51-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrycja Stys Author-X-Name-First: Patrycja Author-X-Name-Last: Stys Author-Name: Judith Verweijen Author-X-Name-First: Judith Author-X-Name-Last: Verweijen Author-Name: Papy Muzuri Author-X-Name-First: Papy Author-X-Name-Last: Muzuri Author-Name: Samuel Muhindo Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Muhindo Author-Name: Christoph Vogel Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Vogel Author-Name: Johan H. Koskinen Author-X-Name-First: Johan H. Author-X-Name-Last: Koskinen Title: Brokering between (not so) overt and (not so) covert networks in conflict zones Abstract: There is a tendency to consider covert networks as separate from overt networks. Drawing on data from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we demonstrate that this is not the case and identify how covert and overt networks are mutually constitutive. While most studies of African brokers have relied on network metaphors like ‘Big Men’ and ‘social membranes’, we consider the embeddedness of ‘covert’ networks in ‘overt’ networks explicitly. We perform two analyses on a large original dataset encompassing 396 partially overlapping ego-nets obtained from a hybrid link-tracing design. An ego-net analysis reveals a large degree of homophily and a deep embeddedness of the different networks. A multilevel exponential random graph model fitted to the reconstructed network of a 110-node subset shows that demobilised combatants are the actors likely to broker between armed groups, state forces, and civilian blocs, suggesting their capacity to broker peace or foment war. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 74-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1596806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1596806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:1:p:74-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos J. Vilalta Author-X-Name-First: Carlos J. Author-X-Name-Last: Vilalta Author-Name: Robert Muggah Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Muggah Author-Name: Gustavo Fondevila Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo Author-X-Name-Last: Fondevila Title: Homicide as a function of city block layout: Mexico City as case study Abstract: Focused on Mexico City, this article offers a seminal examination of the relationship between block layout and intentional homicide. The authors applied multilevel random-intercept negative binomial models to assess the contribution of block layout characteristics to homicide counts while controlling for other factors related to the physical environment and socioeconomic disadvantage. The assessment finds that container-type city blocks registered the highest likelihood of homicide incidence. It also shows that blocks with metro stations also had a statistically higher likelihood of homicide incidence. By contrast, building-type blocks exhibited the lowest likelihood of recording a homicide. Ultimately, the physical environment model provided a better fit to the data than the socioeconomic disadvantage model. The main conclusion is that homicide incidence in Mexico City may be more a function of block layout than socioeconomic composition. One implication is that urban planning may have more potent crime prevention effects than widely believed. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 111-129 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1715219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1715219 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:2:p:111-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniela Andreatta Author-X-Name-First: Daniela Author-X-Name-Last: Andreatta Author-Name: Serena Favarin Author-X-Name-First: Serena Author-X-Name-Last: Favarin Title: Features of transnational illicit waste trafficking and crime prevention strategies to tackle it Abstract: Despite the growing interest in illicit waste trafficking (IWT), studies that empirically address the issue are still few. Mostly, they fail to present in-depth analysis of the different stages of IWT and to suggest crime prevention strategies. This study conducts a crime script analysis of five cross-border judicial cases from Italy to other countries. This method makes it possible to shed light on the characteristics of the different stages of transnational IWT in terms of actors, modi operandi, and crime opportunities. From the results of the script analysis, the study proposes possible solutions for IWT through the application of the situational crime prevention framework. The results show the existence of opportunities at all stages of the waste cycle, modi operandi that are common among different cases, and several actors who intervene and create an illegal network. Situational crime prevention measures can provide useful suggestions for reducing the most frequent opportunities. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 130-153 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1719837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1719837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:2:p:130-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alberto Aziani Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Aziani Author-Name: Marco Dugato Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Dugato Author-Name: Cecilia Meneghini Author-X-Name-First: Cecilia Author-X-Name-Last: Meneghini Title: A methodology for estimating the illicit consumption of cigarettes at the country level Abstract: This paper introduces and discusses a methodology for estimating the scale of illicit consumption of cigarettes at a national level. After reviewing current data gathering approaches and estimates, the paper delineates a methodology to estimate the consumption of each type of illicit cigarette (i.e., counterfeits, illicit whites, smuggled/trafficked genuine cigarettes). The proposed methodology is tested through estimating the size and characteristics of the illicit cigarette market in 27 Member States of the European Union in 2016. The results, which underline the heterogeneity in the quality and in the quantity of the illicit consumption of cigarettes in Europe, are presented along with considerations about the strengths and limitations of the proposed methodology in relation to extant approaches. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 154-184 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1724786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1724786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:2:p:154-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Title: Situational breakdowns: Understanding protest violence and other surprising outcomes Journal: Global Crime Pages: 185-188 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1709945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1709945 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:2:p:185-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gilles Favarel-Garrigues Author-X-Name-First: Gilles Author-X-Name-Last: Favarel-Garrigues Author-Name: Samuel Tanner Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Tanner Author-Name: Daniel Trottier Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Trottier Title: Introducing digital vigilantism Journal: Global Crime Pages: 189-195 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1750789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1750789 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:189-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Trottier Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Trottier Title: Denunciation and doxing: towards a conceptual model of digital vigilantism Abstract: Individuals rely on digital media to denounce and shame other individuals. This may serve to seek justice in response to perceived offences, while often reproducing categorical forms of discrimination. Both offence taking and its response are expressed online by gathering and distributing information about targeted individuals. By seeking their own form of social and/or criminal justice, participants may supersede institutions and formal procedures. Yet digital vigilantism includes shaming and other forms of cultural violence that are not as clearly regulated. They may feed from state or press-led initiatives to shame targets, or simply to gather information about them. Digital vigilantism remains a contested practice: Terms of appropriate use are unclear, and public discourse may vary based on the severity of the offence, the severity of response, and on participants’ identities and affiliations. This paper advances a conceptually informed model of digital vigilantism, in recognition of its coordinated, moral and communicative components. Drawing upon literature on embodied vigilantism as well as concurrent forms of online coordination and harassment, it considers recent cases in a global context in order to direct subsequent analysis of how digital vigilantism is rendered meaningful. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 196-212 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1591952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1591952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:196-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Loveluck Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Loveluck Title: The many shades of digital vigilantism. A typology of online self-justice Abstract: Digital vigilantism involves direct online actions of targeted surveillance, dissuasion or punishment, which tend to rely on public denunciation or on an excess of unsolicited attention, and are carried out in the name of justice, order or safety. Drawing on a diversity of case studies, this article seeks to provide a comprehensive picture of its manifestations, addressing both the social practices and digital media dynamics involved. It presents a typology which distinguishes between four ideal types of digital vigilantism: flagging, investigating, hounding and organised leaking. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 213-241 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1614444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1614444 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:213-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Radka Vicenová Author-X-Name-First: Radka Author-X-Name-Last: Vicenová Title: The role of digital media in the strategies of far-right vigilante groups in Slovakia Abstract: Based on two small-scale case studies, this paper discusses the supportive role of digital media in the practices of far-right vigilante groups in Slovakia and describes their political nature, motives, and the groups that they target instead of targeting crime prevention. Based on theoretical frameworks by Johnston (1996) and Trottier (2017), this paper argues that the contemporary activities of Slovak far-right vigilantes meet the definition criteria of both conventional and digital vigilantism, blurring the distinction between them, as the two types of practices often overlap and interact with each other to a substantial degree. At the same time, it aims to explore and analyse the interactions of the offline and online presence of far-right vigilante groups within the political and social context of Slovakia with a special emphasis on the role digital media play in their campaigns in terms of supplementing, amplifying, and justifying conventional vigilante activities. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 242-261 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1709171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1709171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:242-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel Tanner Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Tanner Author-Name: Aurélie Campana Author-X-Name-First: Aurélie Author-X-Name-Last: Campana Title: “Watchful citizens” and digital vigilantism: a case study of the far right in Quebec Abstract: Vigilantism is defined as collective coercive practices carried out by non-state actors and intended to enforce norms (social or judicial) or to act directly to enforce such actors’ views of the law. Vigilantes are involved in both societal control and the fight against crime. In this article, we analyse how societal vigilantes use digital media (Facebook) to act on immigration, national identity, ethnic boundaries, and cultural values in the province of Quebec, Canada. We show how social media practices entail performative effects that should not be considered exclusively in terms of physical expression, such as gatherings of dispersed constituencies, as in, for example, the Arab Spring, but also in relation to the construction of boundaries and increased polarisation between social groups. These latter effects have real consequences, such as separating one element of the population (Muslims) from the moral obligation social groups have towards each other in society. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 262-282 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1609177 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1609177 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:262-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rashid Gabdulhakov Author-X-Name-First: Rashid Author-X-Name-Last: Gabdulhakov Title: (Con)trolling the Web: Social Media User Arrests, State-Supported Vigilantism and Citizen Counter-Forces in Russia Abstract: This article applies Haggerty and Ericson’s surveillant assemblage concept to the recent wave of social media user arrests in Russia. In doing so, it addresses the legislative frameworks applied to online self-expression, depicts the nuances of legal charges pressed against select social media users, assesses the role of formal law enforcement and vigilant citizens recruited to extend the state’s watchful gaze, and elaborates on citizen counter-forces resisting the tightening state control over the digital domain. The article argues that Russia’s internet users appear to be trolled by the ruling elite through the use of obscure legal frameworks and the stampede of actors and practices where select individuals face legal charges for their activities on social media, while other users face no consequences for the same engagements. Such unpredictability stimulates self-censorship, making the system effective by virtue of its dysfunctionality. Methodologically, the study relies on desk research and field interviews. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 283-305 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1719836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1719836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:283-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gilles Favarel-Garrigues Author-X-Name-First: Gilles Author-X-Name-Last: Favarel-Garrigues Title: Digital vigilantism and anti-paedophile activism in Russia. Between civic involvement in law enforcement, moral policing and business venture Abstract: The rise of a reactionary political agenda in favour of traditional values led to the launching of an anti-paedophile campaign in Russia in the early 2010s. Taken on by ‘moral entrepreneurs’ well known by the general public for their familialist ideology and homophobic speeches, the issue of paedophilia was used to justify the adoption of legislative measures reinforcing a clampdown on child abuse and punishing those who disseminate propaganda about ‘non-traditional’ sexual relations to minors. This political agenda fuelled the emergence in Russian cities of self-proclaimed and competing ‘rule enforcers’, who began acting like vigilantes, setting traps for presumed paedophiles, purportedly in order to defend children. Contributing to a man-hunt atmosphere, these volunteers mix features of classical and digital vigilantism. However, they use digital tools not only to gather evidence or to publicise the identity of an alleged offender, but also to make a profit. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 306-326 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2019.1676738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2019.1676738 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:306-326 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Weulen Kranenbarg Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Weulen Kranenbarg Title: An impressive view on profit driven cybercrime: a review of J. Lusthaus’ industry of anonymity Journal: Global Crime Pages: 327-331 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 21 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1743935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1743935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:21:y:2020:i:3-4:p:327-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. Munksgaard Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Munksgaard Author-Name: D. Décary-Hétu Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu Author-Name: A. Malm Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Malm Author-Name: A. Nouvian Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Nouvian Title: Distributing tobacco in the dark: assessing the regional structure and shipping patterns of illicit tobacco in cryptomarkets Abstract: The size of the global market for illicit tobacco products is estimated to be between USD$8.6 and USD$11.6 billion yearly. In addition to an estimated cost of USD$40.5 billion in lost tax revenue the illicit tobacco market further increases the accessibility of a harmful substance for minors and provides a revenue stream for both organised crime and violent political groups. In this paper, we examine how tobacco products are distributed globally through illicit online platform economies known as cryptomarkets. Using data from the cryptomarket Empire, we find tobacco products remain a small niche market exclusively shipping from the EU and that shipping patterns suggest the emergence of new supply routes for end-consumers within Western Europe originating from the UK. We find that the market for tobacco on cryptomarkets remains minimal, as in previous research, compared to the market for drugs. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1799787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1799787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:1-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martina Baradel Author-X-Name-First: Martina Author-X-Name-Last: Baradel Title: Yakuza Grey: The Shrinking of the Il/legal Nexus and its Repercussions on Japanese Organised Crime Abstract: For decades Japanese criminal syndicates, collectively known as the yakuza, enjoyed a highly visible and semi-legal status that positioned them in a grey area. Accordingly, also much of the yakuza’s business lies in a grey zone: night-entertainment, different forms of gambling, front companies and (fake) social movements. However, following the introduction of new stricter regulations, the yakuza are struggling to keep operating in the legal and semi-legal areas of their business, and have been pushed to explore new modi operandi, using (semi)legal actors and loopholes. Based on fieldwork conducted in Japan with current and ex-yakuza members, this paper analyses the yakuza’s response to the reduced opportunities to engage in legal activities. It is argued that this determined an increased involvement with predatory crimes for low-ranking members, while the decreased power in controlling markets allowed for the emergence of novel forms of crime. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 74-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1813114 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1813114 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:74-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michelle D. Fabiani Author-X-Name-First: Michelle D. Author-X-Name-Last: Fabiani Author-Name: Brandon Behlendorf Author-X-Name-First: Brandon Author-X-Name-Last: Behlendorf Title: Cumulative disruptions: interdependency and commitment escalation as mechanisms of illicit network failure Abstract: Disruptions can take many forms resulting from both internal and external tensions. How illicit networks fail to adapt to a wide range of disruptions is an important but understudied area of network analysis. Moreover, disruptions can be cumulative, constraining the possible set of subsequent adaptations for a network given previous investments. Drawing from a multi-national/multi-year investigation of a prominent Chinese human smuggling network operated by Cheng Chui Ping (‘Sister Ping’), we find that the network’s failure was a product of two interrelated factors. First, efforts to scale the network to meet increased demand made the network more interdependent, adding new members and increasing vulnerabilities to internal disruptions. Second, internal and external disruptions during a shipment cumulatively constrained the network’s ability to adapt, forcing the network to escalate their commitment rather than abandon the transit. The results suggest network disruptions should be examined holistically to improve our understanding of network failure. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 22-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1806825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1806825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:22-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Silje Anderdal Bakken Author-X-Name-First: Silje Anderdal Author-X-Name-Last: Bakken Title: Drug dealers gone digital: using signalling theory to analyse criminal online personas and trust Abstract: Online and digital platforms play a central role in today’s illegal activities and related networks. Communicating through these channels makes creating an online criminal identity crucial to establish oneself as trustworthy and meet the needs of potential buyers, especially when reaching out to strangers in a market. A highly needed skill is balancing the signals of attracting wanted attention and of avoiding possible risks. This article explores how social media drug dealers present themselves in 173 Facebook profiles. The analysis of these online criminal personas is applied in two stages: a) a broader content analysis of the profile content and b) by using signalling theory to understand the overall visual presentation of these online criminal personas. I find that sellers fall into three main persona types: the professional dealer, private dealer, and cultural dealer. These personas signal trust in different ways through their choice of pictures, text, and personal information. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 51-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1806826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1806826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:1:p:51-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fathurrohman Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Fathurrohman Author-Name: Gisela Bichler Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Bichler Title: Explaining the positional importance of actors involved in trafficking methamphetamine into Indonesia Abstract: Disrupting drug operations requires a measured approach to identifying critical actors playing instrumental roles in support of illicit drug market activity. We use a quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) nodal regression routine to explore the explanatory relevance of human capital in accounting for an actor’s structural position within two methamphetamine trafficking communities—one originating from land-based smuggling and the other involving sea-based smuggling. We operationalise human capital with three dichotomous variables (occupying leadership roles, being involved in money laundering, or facilitating international smuggling) and capture positional importance with normalised degree and betweenness centrality scores. The results support arguments in favour of integrating centrality metrics with nodal attributes to improve targeted efforts to disrupt market activity. Additionally, network mapping must be sensitive to the local conditions surrounding specific types of drug trafficking operations—the structure of land-based and sea-based drug distribution chains supplying methamphetamine to Indonesian markets differ substantively. Limitations are discussed. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 93-122 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1819249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1819249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:2:p:93-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ricardo Massa Roldan Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Massa Roldan Author-Name: Gustavo Fondevila Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo Author-X-Name-Last: Fondevila Author-Name: Enrique García-Tejeda Author-X-Name-First: Enrique Author-X-Name-Last: García-Tejeda Title: Female homicide victimisation in Mexico: a group-based trajectory and spatial study Abstract: Recent literature has demonstrated that the War on Drugs policies had different consequences for different population groups. Despite this, female homicide victimisation resulting from such policies remains an underexplored subject of study. This paper examines the asymmetrical patterns of female homicides in the Mexican states that implemented the 2006 War on Drugs. A group-based trajectory analysis was undertaken, complemented by a spatial analysis in order to identify clusters with common behaviour. Our findings show that states that actively enforced the War on Drugs policy experienced higher and more concentrated levels of female homicidal victimisation. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 123-142 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1869539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1869539 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:2:p:123-142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Ponce Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Ponce Title: Street corner decisions: an empirical investigation of extortionist choices in El Salvador Abstract: This paper identifies offender choice patterns associated with extortion subtypes in El Salvador, Central America. Previous research attributes the rise of extortion in the country to the evolution and propagation of Los Angeles-born street gangs Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and Barrio 18. Data from a unique business victimisation survey is used to analyse 53 decisions in 869 reported cases. The study borrows a multidimensional scaling method used in criminal profiling research to identify offender choice patterns. Cases are classified into extortion subtypes based on identified choice groupings. Key offender choices and location features are compared across extortion subtypes. Offender choice patterns identified in the study are consistent with systemic and opportunistic extortion described in previous literature. About a third of the cases are designated as hybrid extortions due to the blend of choice structuring properties they exhibit, which combines aspects of both systemic and opportunistic extortion. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 143-165 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1875212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1875212 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:2:p:143-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexei Anisin Author-X-Name-First: Alexei Author-X-Name-Last: Anisin Title: The Vory: Russia’s Super Mafia Journal: Global Crime Pages: 166-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2020.1767366 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2020.1767366 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:2:p:166-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Vilalta Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Vilalta Author-Name: Pablo Lopez-Ramirez Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez-Ramirez Author-Name: Gustavo Fondevila Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo Author-X-Name-Last: Fondevila Title: The spatial diffusion of homicide in Mexico City: a test of theories in context Abstract: Homicidal violence has increased substantially in Mexico City in recent years. In this regard, we ask three questions: First, is there a contagious spread of this violence across neighbourhoods? Second, does it spread in association with drug market activity among local criminal organisations? Third, does it spread to neighbourhoods characterised by concentrated disadvantage, disorder, and crime opportunity? Using homicide data aggregated at the neighbourhood level, we found the contagious spread of homicidal violence in neighbourhoods already troubled with drug dealing crimes and concentrated disadvantage. Based on our findings, we propose that while some theories are able to explain the spatial clustering of homicide, only social disorganisation theory is capable of predicting its spatial diffusion. Furthermore, we argue that advances in criminological theory require the testing of ad-hoc correlates when studying the Latin American context. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 222-239 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1909480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1909480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:3:p:222-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Paus Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Paus Title: Human smuggling at EU-internal transit points: strengths of a disorganised illegal market and how to effectively reduce it Abstract: The reinstating of temporary EU-internal physical borders and their increased safeguarding through border checks has increased the dependence of irregular migrants on organised criminal groups (OCGs) in facilitating their journeys. The article explores organisational structure and operation of OCGs operating within this under-researched human smuggling context, with a focus on the transit stage between Northern Italy and Central Europe. Results of a secondary source – and expert interview analysis reveal that these OCGs are small, multi-ethnic, decentralised, with a basic higher- and lower-tier organisational structure but can be far-reaching. It is argued that law enforcement methods alone do not suffice in reducing this illicit market and require political and socio-economic market reduction strategies, which address the precarity of human smugglers. Importantly, active labour market policies, alternatives to monetary sanctioning and urban development are measures, which constitute an increasingly defended approach for addressing illicit markets in a more long-term sustainable manner. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 171-204 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1888720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1888720 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:3:p:171-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arun Kumar Acharya Author-X-Name-First: Arun Kumar Author-X-Name-Last: Acharya Author-Name: Jennifer Bryson Clark Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Bryson Clark Title: Narco-violence, forced displacement, and sex trafficking: a qualitative study in Mexico Abstract: During the last decade, over 160,000 people were forcibly displaced internally because of narco-violence in Mexico. Displaced families suffer social and economic vulnerabilities that make them easy prey for trafficking and exploitation. This paper analyses the association between forced displacement caused by narco-violence and trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation in Mexico. We gathered data from 16 victims of forced displacement and trafficking in Monterrey, Mexico. The findings show that traffickers use different tricks and promises to trap displaced young girls and women, including orphans, children, and widows, and force them into sexual exploitation. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 205-221 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1915142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1915142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:3:p:205-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Tuttle Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Tuttle Author-Name: Patricia McCall Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: McCall Author-Name: Kenneth Land Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: Land Title: The crime decline in cross-national context: a panel analysis of homicide rates within latent trajectory groups Abstract: During the 1990s, the United States and other wealthy democracies experienced a decline in homicide rates. However, not all nations shared this trend. Despite disparate homicide patterns, researchers usually examine the average effect of correlates on homicide, potentially obscuring the impact of heterogeneity within large samples. The current study addresses this implicit homogeneity assumption by identifying three distinct latent trajectory groups of homicide trends among 77 nations from 1989 to 2010. To examine differences in the correlates of homicide trends, we analyse the impact of demographic and economic influences on homicide rates in separate fixed-effects panel regression analyses for each trajectory group as well as for the overall sample. We find that demographic and economic forces impact homicide rates differently across subsets of nations. Our findings suggest that universal explanations of 1990s cross-national homicide trends are misleading, as the same set of factors influence homicide rates differently across national contexts. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 240-264 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1920931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1920931 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:3:p:240-264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reynell Badillo Author-X-Name-First: Reynell Author-X-Name-Last: Badillo Author-Name: Víctor M. Mijares Author-X-Name-First: Víctor M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mijares Title: Politicised crime: causes for the discursive politicisation of organised crime in Latin America Abstract: Why do criminal groups decide to adopt political discourses? We argue that an armed group’s discursive politicisation (the public declaration of political motivations) is more likely when the state declares the organisation to be an existential threat, militarises the fight against it (securitisation), and when the leaders of the armed group have had political training. This discourse aims to reduce the state’s military actions against them and gain civilian support. This argument is demonstrated through a qualitative comparative analysis of six Latin American cases: Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia and Los Rastrojos (Colombia), Militarizado Partido Comunista del Perú (Peru), Primeiro Comando da Capital (Brazil), Tren de Aragua (Venezuela), and Cartel de Sinaloa (Mexico). Three of them adopted a political discourse, and the others did not. We provide an analytical framework for criminal actors who do not necessarily fit into insurgent, paramilitary or simple criminal group typology. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 312-335 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.2024804 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.2024804 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:312-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Florquin Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Florquin Title: Gun violence: insights from international research Abstract: This article reviews research undertaken over the past two decades to support international policy on small arms and light weapons (SALW) – which include firearms – and discusses its relevance to academic debates and policy on gun violence. It examines whether SALW research generated a greater understanding of the most problematic uses and users of firearms, and of the role of different weapons as instruments of violence. SALW research helped shift international policy from armed conflicts to gun violence occurring in a range of developing and post-conflict settings, and in Europe following the 2015–16 terror attacks. This work underscored the proximate weapons sources that armed groups often utilise, and the importance of flows of certain weapons – such as converted firearms – and ammunition in fuelling violence. Undertaking impact evaluations of novel interventions, monitoring the impact of new technologies, and investigating the relationship between ammunition supply and violence are suggested ways forward. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 288-311 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1997741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1997741 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:288-311 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joel Salvador Herrera Author-X-Name-First: Joel Salvador Author-X-Name-Last: Herrera Title: The limits of resistance to criminal governance: cyclical violence and the aftermath of the autodefensa movement in Michoacán, Mexico Abstract: This article asks whether some forms of collective action against criminal rule can mitigate or reduce violence. Focusing on the case of Michoacán, Mexico, this study examines the aftermath of an armed mobilisation against criminal governance that occurred between 2013 and 2014. It argues that the emergence of vigilante groups known as autodefensas was part of a regional cycle of violence where the rise to power of armed actors in Michoacán has repeatedly generated the conditions for their violent displacement by new actors. The autodefensas therefore failed to bring lasting public security as the cooptation and institutionalisation of the movement empowered new criminal groups in the region. Using municipal-level homicide data from 2015 to 2020, this study finds that municipalities where vigilante groups formed have experienced increasing levels of violence. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 336-360 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.2024805 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.2024805 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:336-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arantza Alonso Berbotto Author-X-Name-First: Arantza Author-X-Name-Last: Alonso Berbotto Author-Name: Spencer Chainey Author-X-Name-First: Spencer Author-X-Name-Last: Chainey Title: Theft of oil from pipelines: an examination of its crime commission in Mexico using crime script analysis Abstract: The theft of refined oil products provides criminal groups with significant financial resources that threaten the environment and socio-economic stability of countries where it occurs. Violence is also associated with this criminal activity. Using crime script analysis, a detailed interpretation of the theft of oil via the illegal tapping of pipelines in Mexico was constructed. The analysis revealed the roles performed by members of criminal groups, the recruitment of individuals outside of the criminal group to provide information about the pipelines and perform technical activities, and the supporting role of citizens and businesses from local communities. The analysis also revealed the decision-making necessary for the successful commission of oil theft via the illegal tapping of pipelines. The use of situational crime prevention measures and improvements in the use of deterrence are identified as offering opportunities for preventing this criminal activity. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 265-287 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1925552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1925552 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:22:y:2021:i:4:p:265-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie Ouellet Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Ouellet Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu Author-Name: Andréanne Bergeron Author-X-Name-First: Andréanne Author-X-Name-Last: Bergeron Title: Cryptomarkets and the returns to criminal experience Abstract: Criminal capital theory suggests more experienced offenders receive higher returns from crime. Offenders who accrue skills over their criminal career are better able to minimise detection, increase profits, and navigate illegal markets. Yet shifts in the offending landscape to technologically-dependent crimes have led some to suggest that the skills necessary to be successful in conventional crimes no longer apply, meaning ‘traditional’ criminals may be left behind. The recent turn of drug vendors to online markets provides an opportunity to investigate whether ‘street smarts’ translate to success in technologically-dependent crimes. This study surveys 51 drug vendors on online drug markets to compare individuals who began their drug-selling career in physical drug markets with vendors whose onset began on digital platforms. The findings suggest vendors who broker between online and offline drug markets are better positioned to maximize profits. The results inform potential spillover effects from offline drug-selling into online marketplaces. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 65-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2028622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2028622 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:65-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Bright Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bright Author-Name: Chad Whelan Author-X-Name-First: Chad Author-X-Name-Last: Whelan Author-Name: Marie Ouellet Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Ouellet Title: Assessing variation in co-offending networks Abstract: The current study aims to expand the geographic breadth of co-offending research by providing one of the first examinations of co-offending within Australia. We find co-offending was more common for some crimes than others. Individuals arrested for homicide had some of the highest co-offending rates and were more frequently observed in the core of the co-offending network. Females had higher rates of co-offending than males, and differences between sexes were most pronounced for sexual assault. However, females were underrepresented in the core of the network as compared to males. Lastly, co-offending declined with age, with the exception of drug offences for which co-offending was slightly more common among older age groups. Despite declines in co-offending overall, all age groups were equally represented in the network’s core. Results emphasise the importance of disaggregating co-offending by crime type and examining co-offending across international contexts to better inform theory and policy. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 101-121 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2047654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2047654 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:101-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paolo Campana Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Campana Author-Name: Federico Varese Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Varese Title: The determinants of group membership in organized crime in the UK: A network study Abstract: In this paper, we explore the determinants of co-membership in organised crime groups in a British police force. We find that co-membership of OCGs is higher among individuals who share the same ethnicity and nationality; who have committed acts of violence; and who perpetrate the vast majority of their crimes in the same area. We also find a homophily tendency in relation to age and gender, and that task specialisation within groups is driven by the type of activity. We interpret some results as conforming to the argument that recruitment from a small area and similar ethnic/national background increases cooperation and reduces the likelihood of opportunistic behaviour in a context of rather effective policing. Our findings do not conform to the suggestive image of OC members as ‘urban marauders’ and OCGs as large and powerful multinationals. OCGs tend to be small, localised and formed by people with the same background. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 5-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2042261 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2042261 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:5-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy Brezina Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Brezina Author-Name: MariTere Molinet Author-X-Name-First: MariTere Author-X-Name-Last: Molinet Title: Criminal achievement, criminal self-efficacy, and the criminology of Carlo Morselli: suggestions for continuing and extending a fruitful line of inquiry Abstract: The unique scholarship of Carlo Morselli fuelled interest in criminal networks, entrepreneurship, and achievement. In this paper, we summarise Morselli’s contributions to the scholarship on criminal achievement, with special attention to the subjective aspects of such achievement. We show how Morselli’s work ignited interest in the novel concept of criminal self-efficacy and we offer a number of suggestions for continuing and extending this important line of work. In particular, we (1) discuss reasons why the subjective aspects of criminal achievement have been largely neglected by others, but why they are important to explore; (2) review the possible sources of criminal self-efficacy; (3) discuss gender differences in this area; and (4) highlight the overall balance between criminal and conventional self-efficacy as an important consideration. Further research in this area may help us better understand the attraction to crime, the limited effectiveness of punishment, and reasons for the persistence of criminal careers. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 81-100 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1997742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1997742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:81-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rémi Boivin Author-X-Name-First: Rémi Author-X-Name-Last: Boivin Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu Title: Introduction: the criminology of Carlo Morselli Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2069934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2069934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris M. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Chris M. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Andrew V. Papachristos Author-X-Name-First: Andrew V. Author-X-Name-Last: Papachristos Title: Violence brokers and super-spreaders: how organised crime transformed the structure of Chicago violence during Prohibition Abstract: The rise of organised crime changed Chicago violence structurally by creating networks of rivalries and conflicts wherein violence ricocheted. This study examines the organised crime violence network during Prohibition by analysing ‘violence brokers’ – individuals who committed multiple violence acts that linked separate violent events into a connected violence network. We analyse the two-mode violence network from the Capone Database, a relational database on early 1900s Chicago organised crime. Across 276 violent incidents attributed to organised crime were 334 suspected perpetrators of violence. We find that 20% of suspects were violence brokers, and nine brokers were violence super-spreaders linking the majority of suspects. We also find that violence brokers were in the thick of violence not just as suspects, but also as victims – violence brokers in this network experienced more victimisation than non-brokers. Unknowingly or knowingly, these violence brokers wove together a network, attack-by-attack, that transformed violence in Chicago. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 23-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.1998772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.1998772 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:23-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giulia Berlusconi Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Berlusconi Title: Come at the king, you best not miss: criminal network adaptation after law enforcement targeting of key players Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of the targeting of key players by law enforcement on the structure, communication strategies, and activities of a drug trafficking network. Data are extracted from judicial court documents. The unique nature of the investigation – which saw a key player being arrested mid-investigation but police monitoring continuing for another year – allows to compare the network before and after targeting. This paper combines a quantitative element where network statistics and exponential random graph models are used to describe and explain structural changes over time, and a qualitative element where the content of wiretapped conversations is analysed. After law enforcement targeting, network members favoured security over efficiency, although criminal collaboration continued after the arrest of the key player. This paper contributes to the growing literature on the efficiency-security trade-off in criminal networks, and discusses policy implications for repressive policies in illegal drug markets. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 44-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2021.2012460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2021.2012460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:1:p:44-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2068525_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Frédéric Ouellet Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric Author-X-Name-Last: Ouellet Author-Name: Martin Bouchard Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard Author-Name: Valérie Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Valérie Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Title: The intangible benefits of criminal mentorship Abstract: Individuals who report having had a mentor also tend to report higher levels of criminal achievement. However, prior studies focused on indirect yet tangible outcomes of mentorship, telling us little about the direct – though potentially intangible – benefits of these relationships to the mentee. In this study, we analyse the content of 28 life story narratives of offenders to examine the effects of mentor-mentee relationships. Half of the participants reported having had a mentor, but many did not meet our definition of mentorship that emphasised direct support in the context of criminal activities. Instead, participants described many intangible benefits of mentorship that we classified in two general categories: benefits to one’s criminal capital (high-level career advice, practical skills), and benefits to one’s social capital, in the form of either criminal partnership, an enhancement to one’s reputation or protection, or providing mentees with the independence necessary to succeed on their own. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 240-258 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2068525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2068525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:2:p:240-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2086125_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Melvin R.J. Soudijn Author-X-Name-First: Melvin R.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Soudijn Author-Name: Irma J. Vermeulen Author-X-Name-First: Irma J. Author-X-Name-Last: Vermeulen Author-Name: Wouter P.E. van der Leest Author-X-Name-First: Wouter P.E. Author-X-Name-Last: van der Leest Title: When encryption fails: a glimpse behind the curtain of synthetic drug trafficking networks Abstract: The confiscation of the server of an encrypted telephone provider resulted in the retrieval of millions of text messages about covert activities that were overtly discussed between criminals. It provided a unique window into serious organised crime and the people involved. In this article, a social network analysis was carried out on accounts who communicated about synthetic drug trafficking. The sheer number of accounts (N = 4,158) and messages threads (12,085) allows for a meso level analysis of the structural characteristics of the networks involved. Three findings stand out. Firstly, the majority (58%) of the accounts active in the synthetic drug market is involved in poly-drug trafficking. Secondly, three-quarters of all accounts are interconnected in a giant component, resulting in a criminal small-world effect. Thirdly, the network appears to be robust. As a consequence, the removal of central accounts will hardly have any impact on the network as a whole. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 216-239 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2086125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2086125 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:2:p:216-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2077330_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Maria Jofre Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Jofre Title: Network analysis for financial crime risk assessment: the case study of the gambling division in Malta Abstract: The present study aims to support existing risk assessment tools by proposing an innovative network-oriented methodology based on ownership information. The approach involves calculating company-level indicators that are then transformed into red flags and used to rate risk. To this end, we collect data on companies active in the division of gambling and betting activities in Malta, and further combine them with information on enforcement actions imposed on Maltese companies, their beneficial owners, intermediate shareholders and subsidiaries. Correlation analysis and statistical testing were performed to assess the individual relevance of company-level indicators, while machine learning methods were employed to validate the usefulness of the indicators when used collectively. We conclude that the intelligent use of ownership information and proper analysis of ownership networks greatly supports the detection of firms involved in financial crime, hence the recommendation to adopt akin approaches to improve risk assessment strategies. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 148-170 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2077330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2077330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:2:p:148-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2087956_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: David Décary-Hétu Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Décary-Hétu Author-Name: Rémi Boivin Author-X-Name-First: Rémi Author-X-Name-Last: Boivin Title: The criminology of Carlo Morselli II Journal: Global Crime Pages: 123-125 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2087956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2087956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:2:p:123-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2089122_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Michael Levi Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Levi Title: Lawyers as money laundering enablers? An evolving and contentious relationship Abstract: Using limited datasets and case studies drawn from the Global North and South, this article critically considers the available evidence about the involvement of lawyers in elite money laundering and attempts to control their involvement. In addition to lawyers’ lobbying and drafting laws , the normal focus of the ‘enablers’ discourse is on lawyers using expert knowledge and legal professional privilege/professional secrecy to facilitate frauds and to conceal the criminal origins of the funds of others. In few known laundering-for-others casesis there much evidence that lawyer assistance goes beyond doing their normal business: setting up constructions for clients that avoid external scrutiny is usually legal. It is implausible to fully resolve the extent to which lawyer ‘enablers’ are, respectively, naïve, negligent, wilfully blind and/or intentionally criminal. Within-firm supervision and both real and expected regulatory/criminal justice/reputational controls may have an impact, but the evidence base for assessing control effectiveness remains weak. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 126-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2089122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2089122 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:2:p:126-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2086124_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Hernan Mondani Author-X-Name-First: Hernan Author-X-Name-Last: Mondani Author-Name: Amir Rostami Author-X-Name-First: Amir Author-X-Name-Last: Rostami Title: Criminal nomads: The role of multiple memberships in the criminal collaboration network between Hells Angels MC and Bandidos MC Abstract: Outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMGs) have received increased attention from both law enforcement agencies and the research community. This study investigates the criminal collaboration patterns of two OMGs with a long history of hostilities. We use government data on individuals registered as belonging to Hells Angels MC, Bandidos MC and individuals with multiple OMG memberships, and suspicion data from 2011 to 2016 to build co-offending networks. Our results show that members of multiple OMGs tend to have higher centrality and clustering. These members also have the highest levels of suspicions per capita, and most of the co-offending is related to nexus links involving multiple membership individuals. They can be described as ‘criminal nomads’, collaborating with individuals from different organisations. Our results suggest that core members tend to engage in white-collar crime to a greater extent than those on the periphery, which tend to engage more in violence and drug crime. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 193-215 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2086124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2086124 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:2:p:193-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2073440_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Michele Battisti Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: Battisti Author-Name: Andrea Mario Lavezzi Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Lavezzi Author-Name: Roberto Musotto Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Musotto Title: Taking care of everyone’s business: interpreting Sicilian Mafia embedment through spatial network analysis Abstract: Mafia-type organisations often have a strong geographical and cultural entrenchment in the territory they belong. However, their analysis as a spatially networked social structure is still missing. A combined socio-spatial network analysis is presented here, through the demise of a large police operation called Operazione Perseo in 2008. This approach is developed in two ways. At first, a visual representation of the social network of this large group of mafiosi embedded in a geographical space is presented. Three main salient territorial features of the network are thus highlighted. A high density of links in some neighbourhoods, as well as connections across different Mandamenti, the territorial units where Mafia families operate, and the correlation of links and socio-economic determinants, like the unemployment rates. Secondly, a spatial econometric analysis of centrality measures of the group is suggested here. Findings show a positive spatial correlation in the Eigenvalue centrality scores. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 171-192 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2073440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2073440 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:2:p:171-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2031152_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Lonie Sebagh Author-X-Name-First: Lonie Author-X-Name-Last: Sebagh Author-Name: Jonathan Lusthaus Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Lusthaus Author-Name: Edoardo Gallo Author-X-Name-First: Edoardo Author-X-Name-Last: Gallo Author-Name: Federico Varese Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Varese Author-Name: Sean Sirur Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Sirur Title: Cooperation and distrust in extra-legal networks: a research note on the experimental study of marketplace disruption Abstract: Cybercriminal markets serve as hubs for offenders and enable the sale of illegal goods and services. Thus far, the primary tactics that have been employed against these sites are arrests of cybercriminals and takedowns of marketplace infrastructure. This research note examines a different genus of disruptive strategy: attacks on user reputation. In this area, there has been some scholarly discussion of slander and Sybil operations as a means of fostering distrust. But carrying out empirical work on the effectiveness of these tactics is challenging. This research note presents a possible method for investigating this topic: social laboratory experiments. It reports on a feasibility pilot study inspired by cybercrime disruption, but which speaks to a broader range of extra-legal markets. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 259-283 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2031152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2031152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:3:p:259-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2077331_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Murat A. Mercan Author-X-Name-First: Murat A. Author-X-Name-Last: Mercan Author-Name: Hande Barlin Author-X-Name-First: Hande Author-X-Name-Last: Barlin Author-Name: Nazire Begen Author-X-Name-First: Nazire Author-X-Name-Last: Begen Title: Is there a link between immigration and incarceration rate?: Evidence from the Syrian refugee influx to Turkey Abstract: In this study, we investigate the impact of an increase in the number of refugees on a host country’s incarceration rate, through the specific case of the inflow of Syrian refugees into Turkey. Using statistics from Turkish penal institutions for the period of 2010 to 2015, we applied the difference-in-difference, panel event study, synthetic control, and instrumental variable approaches to measure the changes in the incarceration rate during the time of peak Syrian refugee migration. Our results suggest that the refugee influx into sampled Turkish cities did not have a statistically significant impact on the incarceration rate when compared to control locations. All four of the methods yielded similar results in the robustness exercises designed to check the relationship between the number of refugees and the rate of incarceration. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 306-333 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2077331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2077331 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:3:p:306-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2098120_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Chang Ryung Han Author-X-Name-First: Chang Ryung Author-X-Name-Last: Han Author-Name: Bastiaan Leeuw Author-X-Name-First: Bastiaan Author-X-Name-Last: Leeuw Author-Name: Hans Nelen Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Nelen Title: Mapping hawala risks around the world: the use of a composite indicator Abstract: The aim of this study is to map the landscape of risk faced by each country with respect to the presence and prosperity of informal fund transfer (IFT) systems. This study constructed a composite indicator to assess IFT risks of the 121 countries. The IFT risk that this study intended to gauge is not crime risk(s) that IFT systems cause but risk that IFT systems operate and prosper in given countries. The IFT risk indicator was developed with eleven variables extracted from public domain datasets regarding migration, access to formal financial institutions, AML/CFT measures, and societal attitudes towards informality. Routine activity theory was used to derive the factors associated with IFT risk. This study found that the level of IFT risk is associated with their levels of economic development. The main advantage of the IFT risk indicator is that it can gauge ‘nuanced’ differences in IFT risks among countries. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 334-363 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2098120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2098120 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:3:p:334-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2067847_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Fiona Langlois Author-X-Name-First: Fiona Author-X-Name-Last: Langlois Author-Name: Damien Rhumorbarbe Author-X-Name-First: Damien Author-X-Name-Last: Rhumorbarbe Author-Name: Denis Werner Author-X-Name-First: Denis Author-X-Name-Last: Werner Author-Name: Nicolas Florquin Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Florquin Author-Name: Stefano Caneppele Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: Caneppele Author-Name: Quentin Rossy Author-X-Name-First: Quentin Author-X-Name-Last: Rossy Title: International weapons trafficking from the United States of America: a crime script analysis of the means of transportation Abstract: Using a crime script analysis, this research aims to document how smugglers operate when they traffic arms from the US to foreign countries. Our study is based on an analysis of 66 cases that have been judged by US courts (2008–2017). The criminal activities involved are detailed in a series of distinct scenes, according to Cornish’s theory. Five scripts have been developed, based on the means of transport used by the traffickers: road transport, commercial airlines, postal services, freight transport and crossing the border on foot. Results suggest that most criminals prefer to operate according to an established modus operandi. This commonality suggests that the potential exists for the professionalisation of this criminal activity. Indeed, offenders are likely to maintain it to reduce effort and risk. Complementary sources of information would help to enrich the approach proposed in this study and to address the challenges posed by complex cases. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 284-305 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2067847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2067847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:3:p:284-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2137670_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Anna Gekoski Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Gekoski Author-Name: Joanna R Adler Author-X-Name-First: Joanna R Author-X-Name-Last: Adler Author-Name: Tim McSweeney Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: McSweeney Title: Profiling the Fraudster: Findings from a Rapid Evidence Assessment Abstract: Fraud accounts for a growing proportion of UK crime, causing economic losses, societal and personal harms. While there is a growing body of literature on the scale and prevalence of fraud, little research has been undertaken about those who carry out the crime – the offenders – since seminal studies undertaken in the 1970s and 80s. This study reports on findings from a Rapid Evidence Assessment commissioned by the Home Office, to explore this gap, seeking to provide an up-to-date socio-demographic profile of fraudsters. It was found that much of the international research considered supports the historical picture of the traditional fraudster as an older, White, employed, well-educated male of a middle-high socio-demographic status, who appear to be late onset offenders. However, there may be different types/groups of fraudsters emerging that might not fit the traditional profile. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 422-442 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2137670 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2137670 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:4:p:422-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2098121_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Alberto Aziani Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Aziani Title: What happens when the police go on strike? Homicides increase. Evidence from Ceará, Brazil Abstract: This study investigates how an abrupt reduction in policing impacts upon the occurrence of homicides in a violent context in the Global South. The study utilizes a police strike in the Brazilian state of Ceará in summer 2020 as a quasi-natural experiment. Separate SARIMA and Exponential Smoothing models fitted on data on weekly homicide counts from January 2015 to the beginning of the strike are used to generate forecasts of homicides in a virtual counterfactual scenario with no police strikes. Actual homicide counts and forecasts are subsequently compared. The strike led to a statistically significant increase in homicides ranging between 110% and 250%. A difference-in-differences analysis confirms this result. The elasticity of homicides with respect to police presence is tentatively estimated at between -1.5 and -5.0. Even in a violent context, the perception of a higher risk of apprehension induced by police presence acts as a powerful deterrent against homicides. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 365-391 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2098121 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2098121 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:4:p:365-391 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2117696_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Roger Guy Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Guy Author-Name: Piotr A. Chomczyński Author-X-Name-First: Piotr A. Author-X-Name-Last: Chomczyński Author-Name: Rodrigo Cortina Cortés Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Cortina Author-X-Name-Last: Cortés Title: The vanishing independent: adapting to the changing dynamics of drug trafficking organisations in Mexico Abstract: Organised Crime in Mexico has undergone considerable change since 2006 when violent competition between drug trafficking organisations (DTOs) intensified. This article explores changes in drug trafficking activities from the perspective of independent dealers in Mexico City. Based on in-depth interviews (N = 64) we conclude that freelance dealers are increasingly pressured to become affiliated with DTOs despite being reluctant to do so. Our data suggest that cartels are more successful in attracting independent dealers with few economic alternatives, than those who are able to support themselves with a combination of licit and illicit activities. Therefore, to the degree that illicit drug sales are essential for economic sustenance, we expect that drug dealing for a criminal organisation will become norm as independent dealer become drawn into cartel work as licit opportunities diminish. For this reason we expect that independent dealers will continue their decline as the prevalence of DTOs increase from the steady demand for illicit substances. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 392-406 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2117696 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2117696 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:4:p:392-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2117697_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Siv Rebekka Runhovde Author-X-Name-First: Siv Rebekka Author-X-Name-Last: Runhovde Title: Changing attitudes: lessons for countering the trafficking of cultural objects Abstract: The illicit transnational trades in cultural goods and wildlife, while distinct, share many characteristics. This article identifies and compares the intricacies of controlling trafficking in cultural objects and wildlife from a customs perspective. Findings indicate that in Norwegian customs, the countering of wildlife trafficking benefits from at least two conditions: 1) officers have become more aware of the characteristics and harmful consequences of the trade, and 2) efficient interactions with other stakeholders ensure tangible outcomes in the form of seizures and punishment of offenders. While challenges remain, these factors serve to motivate officers and, in the last decade, have strengthened the control of wildlife trafficking. The countering of illicit trade in cultural objects, however, does not benefit from such circumstances. Findings suggest that the officers’ awareness of, and attitude towards, trafficking of such materials are key factors to consider for evolving the response. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 407-421 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2117697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2117697 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:23:y:2022:i:4:p:407-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2138859_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Daniel S. Leon Author-X-Name-First: Daniel S. Author-X-Name-Last: Leon Title: How international rents moderate business cycles’ relationship to high homicide rates Abstract: I explore the relationships between macroeconomic conditions and how the forms of integration into the global economy affect homicide rates in 21 high-violence countries from 2000 to 2018. The analysis focuses on countries integrated into the global economy by accruing international economic rents. I use data from 2000 to 2018 to analyse how resource rents and remittances moderated the relationship between business cycles and high homicide rates. Moreover, I also evaluate how socioeconomic conditions mediate the above relationship. The results indicate that natural resource rents conditioned a procyclical relationship between business cycles and homicide rates. Contrastingly, remittances conditioned a countercyclical relationship between business cycles and homicide rates. The findings contribute to the rich and growing economic criminology and international political economy literature investigating how international rents condition subnational violence. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2138859 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2138859 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:1:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2162508_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: David Brewster Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Brewster Author-Name: Adam Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Title: Explaining the reproduction of illegal drug use control regimes in Japan: the multi-centred governance thesis Abstract: Despite current global trends towards diversification in policy responses to illegal drug use, including growing criticism of the War on Drugs, Japan continues to retain an ardently prohibitive approach. This article explains the reproduction of prohibitionist policies in Japan throughout the post-War period through use of the Multi-Centred Governance (MCG) thesis. This thesis acknowledges the facilitative power of exogenous shocks to the policy process, the causal power of particular policy actors, whilst also emphasising the importance of dispositional power, the rules of meaning and membership that integrate and bind policy actors into rival agendas of crime control, in maintaining policy agendas despite facilitative and agentic pressures for change. In these terms, the MCG provokes discussion of how alleged global trends in crime and control are mediated by a politics of risk and justice, constituted through the interplay of the facilitative, causal and dispositional circuits of power found in particular contexts. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 73-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2162508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2162508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:1:p:73-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2142781_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Liam Quinn Author-X-Name-First: Liam Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn Author-Name: Joseph Clare Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Clare Author-Name: Jade Lindley Author-X-Name-First: Jade Author-X-Name-Last: Lindley Author-Name: Frank Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Title: Demand for and disposal of stolen goods in legitimate second-hand online markets: an explorative online survey Abstract: An exploratory survey of 1,276 legitimate second-hand online market users from the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Australia was conducted to gauge the extent of stolen goods disposal in these markets; the willingness among users to receive suspected stolen goods; and the likely utility of hypothetical market reduction measures to disrupt disposal of stolen goods online. Chi-square analyses and binomial logistic regressions were conducted on responses to test whether perceptions and experiences of stolen goods disposal varied by demographic variables or browsing activity. Findings suggest that a high volume of stolen goods are perceived to be advertised in second-hand online markets; there is a willingness among a substantial minority of users to receive stolen goods online; and there is an appetite among the majority of users to disrupt the sale of stolen goods online. Theoretical and applied prevention and disruption implications of these findings are explored. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 19-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2142781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2142781 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:1:p:19-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2156863_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Rasmus Munksgaard Author-X-Name-First: Rasmus Author-X-Name-Last: Munksgaard Title: Building a case for trust: reputation, institutional regulation and social ties in online drug markets Abstract: In illicit online markets, actors are pseudonymous, legal institutions are absent, and predation is ripe. The literature proposes that problems of trust are solved by reputation systems, social ties, and administrative governance, but these are often measured independently or in single platforms. This study takes an eclectic approach, conceiving of trust as an estimate informed by any available evidence. Using transaction size as a proxy for trust I estimate the association between competing sources of trust – mediation, reputation, authentication, and social ties – and transaction value using multilevel regression. Using data from two online drug markets, I find mixed evidence that reputation and authentication are associated with transaction value, whereas results are consistent for social ties. Furthermore, transactions outside the scope of administrative mediation are generally larger. These findings have implications for future research and suggest increased attention should be given to the role of mediation practices and social ties. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 49-72 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2022.2156863 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2022.2156863 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:1:p:49-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2185607_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Cassandra Cross Author-X-Name-First: Cassandra Author-X-Name-Last: Cross Author-Name: Thomas J. Holt Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Title: More than Money: Examining the Potential Exposure of Romance Fraud Victims to Identity Crime Abstract: Romance fraud occurs when an offender uses the guise of a genuine relationship to defraud an individual for financial gain. Known statistics indicate that millions are lost each year to this form of fraud. However, the potential for romance fraud victims to also experience identity crime as a consequence of their interactions and communications with an offender has yet to be explored. This article begins to address this gap by examining the potential exposure for identity crime in the context of romance fraud using reports lodged with Scamwatch, an Australian online fraud reporting portal. The findings demonstrate few behavioural and demographic characteristics associated with the potential exposure of those targeted by romance fraud to identity crime. However, the article provides insights into how this analysis should inform prevention messaging and victim support services for those targeted by romance fraud. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 107-121 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2185607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2185607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:2:p:107-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2166935_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Crispin Rakibu Mbamba Author-X-Name-First: Crispin Rakibu Author-X-Name-Last: Mbamba Author-Name: Enoch Boafo Amponsah Author-X-Name-First: Enoch Boafo Author-X-Name-Last: Amponsah Author-Name: Portia Akua Yeboaa Author-X-Name-First: Portia Akua Author-X-Name-Last: Yeboaa Author-Name: Deborah Annang Author-X-Name-First: Deborah Author-X-Name-Last: Annang Author-Name: Mary McCarthy Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: McCarthy Title: Parents’ Reflections on Child Trafficking Mitigation Mechanisms in Trafficking Hotspot Communities Abstract: Evidence shows that the majority of the world’s trafficking in persons for sexual and labour purposes occurs over short distances. In Ghana, children are largely trafficked from rural communities into resource-prone areas to engage in intensive labour activities. This study explores the views of parents in communities where children are largely trafficked, on the best ways to intervene in child trafficking cases. In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 adults (who are parents) from communities in Ghana. Data were managed with HyperRESEARCH software and analysed thematically. Findings reveal that providing vocational and technical training to improve means of livelihood, promoting knowledge on trafficking, and strictly enforcing laws will contribute to combating child trafficking in Ghana. The study recommends the need for inter-organisational collaboration and calls for the government to create rural opportunities for financially struggling families to prevent them from falling prey to traffickers due to their hardships. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 93-106 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2166935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2166935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:2:p:93-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2211521_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Masarah Paquet-Clouston Author-X-Name-First: Masarah Author-X-Name-Last: Paquet-Clouston Author-Name: Sebastián García Author-X-Name-First: Sebastián Author-X-Name-Last: García Title: On the Dynamics behind Profit-Driven Cybercrime: From Contextual Factors to Perceived Group Structures, and the Workforce at the Periphery Abstract: Through an inductive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with experts, this study corroborates key findings on contextual and organisational dynamics behind profit-driven cybercrime. The findings pinpoint three contextual factors influencing individuals to participate in profit-driven cybercrime: lack of legal economic opportunities, lack of deterrents, and drifting means. The findings also highlight how experts perceive group structures of those behind profit-driven cybercrime: as organised, enterprise-like, loose networks, or communities. Experts’ narratives, moreover, emphasise the presence of a workforce at the periphery of cybercrime groups. Such a workforce is not actively involved in developing criminal schemes, yet it helps their orchestration by achieving necessary tasks such as writing texts or developing software. The study results confirm key insights on crime participation related to both cyber and non-cybercrime literature while also raising new research avenues, including questions concerning to what extent those forming the peripheral workforce are willing to participate in cybercrime. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 122-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2211521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2211521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:2:p:122-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2211513_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Katharina Krüsselmann Author-X-Name-First: Katharina Author-X-Name-Last: Krüsselmann Author-Name: Pauline Aarten Author-X-Name-First: Pauline Author-X-Name-Last: Aarten Author-Name: Sven Granath Author-X-Name-First: Sven Author-X-Name-Last: Granath Author-Name: Janne Kivivuori Author-X-Name-First: Janne Author-X-Name-Last: Kivivuori Author-Name: Nora Markwalder Author-X-Name-First: Nora Author-X-Name-Last: Markwalder Author-Name: Karoliina Suonpää Author-X-Name-First: Karoliina Author-X-Name-Last: Suonpää Author-Name: Asser Hedegaard Thomsen Author-X-Name-First: Asser Hedegaard Author-X-Name-Last: Thomsen Author-Name: Simone Walser Author-X-Name-First: Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Walser Author-Name: Marieke Liem Author-X-Name-First: Marieke Author-X-Name-Last: Liem Title: Firearm Homicides in Europe: A Comparison with Non-Firearm Homicides in Five European Countries Abstract: Detailed, comparative research on firearm violence in Europe is rare. Using data from the European Homicide Monitor, this paper presents the prevalence and characteristics of firearm homicides in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland between 2001 and 2016. Furthermore, we compare firearm to non-firearm homicides to assess the degree of uniqueness of firearms as modus operandi. We find that the firearm homicide rate varies across our sample of countries. We also identify two country profiles: in Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden, most firearm homicides take place in public and urban areas, involving male victims and perpetrators. In these countries, the use of firearms in homicides is largely concentrated in the criminal milieu. In Finland and Switzerland, firearms are mostly used in domestic homicides, with a higher share of female victims. We explore these findings in relation to firearm availability in each country. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 145-167 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2211513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2211513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:2:p:145-167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2212592_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Elena Morgenthaler Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Morgenthaler Author-Name: Benoit Leclerc Author-X-Name-First: Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Leclerc Title: Crime script analysis of drug importation into Australia facilitated by the dark net Abstract: A growing facilitator of drug trafficking are dark net markets, which enable transactions between sellers and buyers of illicit drugs around the world. This study aimed to develop a crime script for drug importation into Australia and identify potential crime prevention points within the crime script. To achieve this, a content analysis of 18 Australian court sentencing transcripts was conducted. The final crime script consisted of five general steps taken by offenders (preparation, access, purchasing, receiving and storage) followed by three script tracks based on the purpose of importation (selling on the dark net domestically, selling offline and personal use). This study will contribute to the current knowledge of the crime commission process of buyers on the dark net by focusing on online and offline steps, and the importation in the Australian context. Through these insights, this study will conclude by looking at potential specific and tailored crime prevention measures. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 169-194 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2212592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2212592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:3:p:169-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2217101_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Serena Favarin Author-X-Name-First: Serena Author-X-Name-Last: Favarin Author-Name: Giulia Berlusconi Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Berlusconi Author-Name: Alberto Aziani Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Aziani Author-Name: Samuele Corradini Author-X-Name-First: Samuele Author-X-Name-Last: Corradini Title: Transnational trafficking networks of end-of-life vehicles and e-waste Abstract: Based on case studies and interviews, it appears that the transnational trafficking of various waste types follows distinct paths. However, this information only provides a partial view of the global waste trafficking network, as it has never been studied by combining all the known illegal flows of different waste types. To address this gap, we analysed data from the Basel Convention National Reports to reconstruct networks of countries that engaged in illegal exchanges of end-of-life vehicles, e-waste, or both between 2016 and 2019. Our findings suggest that the structure of these networks and the countries involved in the trafficking vary depending on the waste type, with some similarities. While there are a few reciprocal ties, illegal end-of-life vehicles and e-waste typically move in one direction between countries. Most illegal flows occur from the Global North to the Global South, but trafficking also takes place within each of these regions. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 215-237 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2217101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2217101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:3:p:215-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2214795_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Saeed Kabiri Author-X-Name-First: Saeed Author-X-Name-Last: Kabiri Author-Name: Seyyedeh Masoomeh Shadmanfaat Author-X-Name-First: Seyyedeh Masoomeh Author-X-Name-Last: Shadmanfaat Author-Name: Robert C. Perkins Author-X-Name-First: Robert C. Author-X-Name-Last: Perkins Author-Name: Hadley Wellen Author-X-Name-First: Hadley Author-X-Name-Last: Wellen Author-Name: C. Jordan Howell Author-X-Name-First: C. Jordan Author-X-Name-Last: Howell Author-Name: John K. Cochran Author-X-Name-First: John K. Author-X-Name-Last: Cochran Author-Name: Hayden Smith Author-X-Name-First: Hayden Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Aggressive spectators in sporting milieus: A test of Situational Action Theory Abstract: Violence among spectators in sports is a global phenomenon posing hazards for players, match officials, and other participants. Despite its widespread prevalence, scant criminological research has investigated the matter. To fill this void, this study examines the predictive efficacy of key theoretical constructs derived from Situational Action Theory on aggressive behaviour among a sample of 384 soccer spectators in Iran. Results reveal that crime propensity, criminogenic exposure, action alternatives, and choice have direct effects on spectator engagement in violent behaviour. Furthermore, results demonstrate that crime propensity and criminogenic exposure (propensity*exposure) and action alternatives and choice (action alternatives*choice) interact to increase violence among sport spectators in a manner consistent with the theory. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 195-214 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2214795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2214795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:3:p:195-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2266388_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Fathima Azmiya Badurdeen Author-X-Name-First: Fathima Azmiya Author-X-Name-Last: Badurdeen Title: Crimes on the edge? Criminal activities and the crime-terror nexus in the Kenyan peripheries of the Indian Ocean Abstract: Maritime security threats in the East African coastal peripheries are greatly interwoven with local crimes, economies, and socio-political lifestyles. How crimes are viewed, defined, and categorised as legal and illegal by the locals elucidates how the crime-terrorism nexus is contextualised in specific localities along the coastal seafronts. Often, financial-motivated crimes have the potential to go hand in hand with ideologically driven terrorist activities, where both syndicates operate discreetly in these communities. Based on an ethnographic study in Kenya, this article interrogates the local meanings and understandings of criminal activities in peripheral societies to determine how local crimes intersect with terrorism-related activities. The crisscrossing modus operandi of criminal syndicates and terrorist networks provides each other with safe havens, secrecy in operations, and a vulnerable base of supporters in environments where state-citizen relationships are deteriorating. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 284-306 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2266388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2266388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:4:p:284-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2250992_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Saumya Tripathi Author-X-Name-First: Saumya Author-X-Name-Last: Tripathi Author-Name: Sameena Azhar Author-X-Name-First: Sameena Author-X-Name-Last: Azhar Title: “Exploring police officers’ perceptions of their female colleagues in Uttar Pradesh, India: a phenomenological analysis” Abstract: This study aimed to explore Indian police officers’ perceptions of their female colleagues through Bourdieu and Chan’s framework of habitus, practice, field, and capital. We interviewed 12 police officers in Allahabad, India, who were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. We translated, transcribed and coded their interviews from Hindi to English. Applying Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis, we identified two major themes: (1) the work of women is consistently devalued in policing culture; and (2) patriarchal sentiments influence police officers’ views towards their female colleagues. This study expands our understanding of the prevalent gender bias against female police officers in India. Findings may assist in redesigning policies and interventions that reduce gender bias and discrimination within Indian police organisations. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 263-283 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2250992 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2250992 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:4:p:263-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2237423_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Lauren Martin Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Cynthia Matthias Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Matthias Author-Name: Stephen Abeyta Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Abeyta Author-Name: Matthew Kafafian Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Kafafian Author-Name: Kelle Barrick Author-X-Name-First: Kelle Author-X-Name-Last: Barrick Author-Name: Amy Farrell Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Farrell Title: Mechanisms of recruitment into sex trafficking operations: a systematic review Abstract: Sex trafficking is a global human rights issue and a form of violence with numerous health and mental health sequelae. This systematic review synthesised the global literature on recruitment into sex trafficking to describe what we know and identify gaps. We identified 5,526 articles, subjected 340 to full-text review, and only 34 met inclusion/exclusion criteria. We found that the empirical literature on recruitment into trafficking is unclear and many studies lack empirical rigour. The literature base lacks detail about tactics employed in the initial recruitment phase and does not differentiate between recruitment and ongoing control of victims. There are many studies on trafficking vulnerabilities, but the literature is weak on how and when traffickers leverage vulnerabilities, and how structural conditions shape effectiveness of trafficking recruitment mechanisms in particular settings. This systematic review highlights a need for more targeted research on the initial recruitment phase of trafficking and research with traffickers. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 239-262 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2237423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2237423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:24:y:2023:i:4:p:239-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2291352_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Jonathan P. Caulkins Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Caulkins Author-Name: Philippe C. Schicker Author-X-Name-First: Philippe C. Author-X-Name-Last: Schicker Author-Name: H. Brinton Milward Author-X-Name-First: H. Brinton Author-X-Name-Last: Milward Author-Name: Peter Reuter Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Reuter Title: A detailed study of a prominent dark web fentanyl trafficking organization Abstract: Overdose deaths in North America have soared, primarily because of the spread of illegally manufactured fentanyl. This paper uses detailed qualitative and transaction-level data to analyse an early and prominent dark web fentanyl-selling operation. The data record the date, drug, quantity, and selling price for 5,589 transactions comprising 872,659 items sold for a little over $2.8 million through AlphaBay. Findings include that the organisation sustained an impressive sales growth rate of approximately 15% per week, compounded. Increasing order sizes by a factor of ten reduced the price per pill by approximately 25% for Oxycodone and 50% for Xanax. Those steep quantity discounts imply large price markups when selling further down the distribution chain. Such high growth rates and price markups suggest that it might be difficult to constrain supply by shutting down individual organisations, since any remaining organisations may be able to quickly grow to fill unmet demand. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 50-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2291352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2291352 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:25:y:2024:i:1:p:50-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2271848_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Jason R. Silva Author-X-Name-First: Jason R. Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Title: Public mass shootings in developed countries: uncovering stability and change at the turn of the century Abstract: This study examines the stability and change in public mass shootings in developed countries outside of the United States (2000–2021). Public mass shootings refer to incidents involving public/populated locations, random/symbolic victims, and at least four fatalities. Results identified an increase in the frequency of attacks in developed countries, although particularly deadly incidents remained relatively consistent. Offenders were commonly and consistently male, middle-aged, single, and diagnosed with a mental illness. Incidents often involved handguns, more than one firearm, and open-area locations. Offenders were often motivated by a desire for fame; although, early fame-seekers were younger, school shooters, while recent offenders had far-right ideological beliefs. Other changes included an increase in offenders obtaining their firearms illegally, using assault rifles, diversifying their target locations, and being shot and killed. This provides the first step for understanding mass shooting trends in the often-overlooked developed countries outside of the United States. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 26-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2023.2271848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2023.2271848 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:25:y:2024:i:1:p:26-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2342775_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Marco Antonelli Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli Title: Unpacking drug trafficking phenomenon through seaports: lessons from the Italian ports Abstract: This article aims to provide an analysis of the factors influencing the operational strategies of drug trafficking organisations in the context of seaports. It seeks to move beyond a monolithic representation of this complex phenomenon by investigating the intricate interplay between legal and illicit spheres, as well as the diverse methodologies employed in the illicit transportation of drugs from vessels to destinations outside of ports. Drawing from empirical evidence gathered in the Italian context, the results reveal that drug trafficking through seaports is a multifaceted endeavour influenced by a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors. Internal factors within the network, such as organisational structure (including network size, control mechanisms, and member accountability) and resources (human, material, and informational), play a pivotal role in shaping drug trafficking organisations’ strategies. Additionally, external factors, including maritime dynamics, port economics, cultural aspects, and institutional determinants, significantly impact decision-making processes within these criminal organisations. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 72-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2024.2342775 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2024.2342775 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:25:y:2024:i:1:p:72-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FGLC_A_2321396_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Tin Kapetanovic Author-X-Name-First: Tin Author-X-Name-Last: Kapetanovic Author-Name: Mark Dechesne Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Dechesne Author-Name: Joanne P. Van der Leun Author-X-Name-First: Joanne P. Author-X-Name-Last: Van der Leun Title: Transplantation theory in terrorism: an exploratory analysis of organised crime and terrorist group expansion Abstract: Most terrorist groups are active close to their native area of operation. Why then do some terrorist groups expand to foreign territories? In an exploratory attempt, this article draws parallels between organised crime group transplantation frameworks and the transnational activities of terrorist groups. Utilising transplantation studies, we introduce a conceptual criminological framework that integrates both push and pull factors influencing the transnational movement of terrorist groups. To validate this framework as a pilot test, we apply it to al-Qaeda’s operations in the Sahara-Sahel region, relying on open-source data. Our findings, while preliminary, indicate the potential of this unified transplantation approach in offering deeper insights into the transnational behaviours of terrorist groups. Journal: Global Crime Pages: 1-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/17440572.2024.2321396 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/17440572.2024.2321396 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fglcxx:v:25:y:2024:i:1:p:1-25