Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keith A. Grant Author-X-Name-First: Keith A. Author-X-Name-Last: Grant Author-Name: Bernd Kaussler Author-X-Name-First: Bernd Author-X-Name-Last: Kaussler Title: The battle of Aleppo: external patrons and the victimization of civilians in civil war Abstract: Civilian victimization, whether deliberate or collateral, is a common occurrence in civil war. This study investigates patterns of civilian victimization during the 5-year Battle of Aleppo, a major campaign of the Syrian Civil War in which there were 24,462 documented civilian fatalities. We argue that the primary belligerents and their external patrons respond to shifts in the conflict’s strategic balance of power, employing more indiscriminate force when their opponent is gaining advantage, resulting in higher civilian fatalities. A quantitative analysis of the Battle of Aleppo models weekly civilian fatalities as a function of belligerents’ conflict initiation interacted with regime and rebel offensives aimed at shifting the status quo. While regime-initiated conflict events appear to be the primary determinant of civilian fatalities, our analysis finds that conflict events initiated by the opposition forces during periods of rebel offensive gains are associated with fewer civilian casualties, while pro-government external intervention during rebel offensives is associated with elevated civilian fatalities. We expand on these findings through a focused case study of third party intervention during the final year of the battle, with emphasis on the Russian intervention on behalf of the Syrian Regime that broke the opposition’s final counteroffensive. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672959 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:1:p:1-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina Eleftheriadou Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Eleftheriadou Title: Fight after flight? An exploration of the radicalization potential among refugees in Greece Abstract: Drawing on a survey of asylum seekers, the article provides a security assessment of the ‘refugee experience’ in Greece. This exploration of the ‘refugee situation’ on Europe’s eastern shore touches upon refugees’ prior and present grievances, the local and imported ‘radical milieu’ and (Greek) host state’s will and capacity to implement sustainable and effective policies. The paper demonstrates that, although Greece lacks a developed radical milieu that could facilitate radicalization, Greece’s policy of ‘uninvolved tolerance’ creates a vacuum that might be filled by radical groups in the future. Also, with the exception of minors’ education, Greece scores low in most socio-economic indicators that delineate the ‘refugee experience’. In this environment, scarce employment opportunities and dependence on external sources for life-sustainment interweave with institutionalization and negative coping mechanisms. These silent and largely hidden from the public eye processes might become the ingredients of future radicalization. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 34-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672960 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:1:p:34-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca Lucas Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Lucas Title: Taking to the streets: the Kurdistan Workers’ Party and the urbanization of insurgency Abstract: Though the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) has been able to sustain a rural insurgency in Turkey over several decades, it was unable to sustain the urban insurgency it began in July 2015. This paper looks at the period July 2015 and December 2016 to explore the reasons why, despite the PKK’s experience conducting an insurgency and demonstrated popular support, they were unable to sustain an urban insurgency. It then uses this example to examine the broader conditions under which urban insurgencies may be sustainable. In particular, the hypotheses in this paper look at the complex human and physical landscape of urban environments and the impact of pre-existing social networks. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 61-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672963 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672963 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:1:p:61-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lawrence E. Cline Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence E. Author-X-Name-Last: Cline Title: War on the Hoof: regional security in Africa and livestock conflicts Abstract: Cattle rustling and conflicts between herders and farmers have long existed in several areas in Africas. In recent years, however, both security challenges have increased exponentially. The extent of the problem, exacerbated both by organized crime links and corruption, has reached levels in which it should now be viewed as a national security issue. This particularly is the case due to most of the criminality and conflicts occurring in border regions and involving cross-border operations. The rise of local uncontrolled armed groups, significant conflict between ethnic groups, inability of the regional governments to gain control of peripheral areas, and the increased politicization of the conflicts all indicate an environment that is highly conducive for creating the rise of insurgent movements. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 87-105 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672965 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672965 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:1:p:87-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bryan T. Stinchfield Author-X-Name-First: Bryan T. Author-X-Name-Last: Stinchfield Title: Small groups of investors and their private armies: the ascendance of private equity firms and their control over private military companies as further evidence of epochal change theory Abstract: Compelling trends in international affairs, such as the rise of private military companies (PMCs) and the increasing fragility of many nation-states, have caused some observers to question whether the state-centric, Westphalian world-order will exist in perpetuity. In this light, epochal change theory posits that world-orders have constantly changed and we are now witnessing a transition to a new one. In this paper, I discuss how small groups of private equity investors now control impressive war-fighting capabilities, and that this acquisition of PMCs by private equity firms is further evidence of epochal change theory. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 106-130 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672967 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:1:p:106-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Kofi Banini Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Kofi Author-X-Name-Last: Banini Title: Security sector corruption and military effectiveness: the influence of corruption on countermeasures against Boko Haram in Nigeria Abstract: The paper explores connections between corruption and military effectiveness. It positions efforts to defeat Boko Haram in Nigeria within the doorstep of governance challenges. The empirical evidence has documented how the ebb and flow of corruption affected the effectiveness of military responses to defeat Boko Haram. The findings reveal that corruption in the defence sector weakened the military’s capacity to respond to security threats swiftly. However, efforts to address corruption positively led to enhanced military capacity, leading to a temporary victory. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 131-158 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672968 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:1:p:131-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina Miron Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Miron Title: The ‘strategy bridge’ as the forgotten dimension of effective COIN: the case of Peru and Sendero Abstract: This article examines the strategies employed – or not employed – in the Peruvian counterinsurgency campaign against the Sendero Luminoso insurgent group. Using Carl von Clausewitz’s and Colin Gray’s strategic theories as a lens through which to analyze the conflict, the aim here is to show what role strategy played in the eventual defeat of this insurgency and what obstacles the Peruvian state and its armed forces faced in enacting good strategy. Specifically, the utilization of the ‘strategy bridge’ concept is investigated. For a large part of this conflict, the strategy bridge linking the civil authorities with the military and its activities was missing. Once there emerged a clear understanding of the importance of ends, ways and means working in harmony could an effective counterinsurgency campaign flourish. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 159-180 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672971 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:1:p:159-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Rochlin Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Rochlin Title: Ee-imagining Colombia’s new security landscape in the wake of the FARC Peace Accord Abstract: After two centuries of almost non-stop warfare since Independence in 1819, Colombia now finds itself at a crossroads. One path entails the construction of a culture of peace in the aftermath of the 2017 disarmament of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC). Another trajectory entails a profound transformation of war. Colombia is increasingly leaning toward reconfigured warfare. The most prominent feature of this redefined security panorama is the re-conception of boundaries, both physical and ideational. One is reminded of the chilling observation of Gabriel García Márquez that a country ‘condemned to one hundred years of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth.’ Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 181-203 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:1:p:181-203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos Author-X-Name-First: Marc-Antoine Pérouse Author-X-Name-Last: de Montclos Title: Horn, Sahel and Rift: Faultlines, of the African Jihad Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 204-208 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672977 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:1:p:204-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Layne Dittmann Author-X-Name-First: Layne Author-X-Name-Last: Dittmann Title: Mexico’s illicit drug networks and the state reaction, Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 209-210 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1672980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1672980 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:1:p:209-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 607-608 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:607-608 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruce Hoffman Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffman Title: The Palestine Police Force and the challenges of gathering counterterrorism intelligence, 1939–1947 Abstract: This article assesses the performance of the Palestine Police Force (PPF) in countering the Jewish underground organizations that challenged British rule over Palestine after World War II. It argues that four reasons account for the PPF's inability to contain the terrorist threat: the chronic manpower shortages that ultimately compromised its effectiveness and required the military's intervention; the progressive militarization of the PPF that undermined its ability to discharge traditional police functions; its desperate deployment of elite, special counterterrorist units; and its problematical collection and analysis of intelligence. The article concludes that these weaknesses inevitably led to a situation where the maintenance of law and order was impossible and British rule was rendered untenable. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 609-647 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:609-647 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bibhu Prasad Routray Author-X-Name-First: Bibhu Prasad Author-X-Name-Last: Routray Title: India's internal wars: counterinsurgency role of central police forces Abstract: The continued incapacity of the central police forces remains an important reason behind persistent failures of India to deal with the challenge posed by violent extremists. Despite past successes, police-led counterinsurgency responses in the country's internal wars remain riddled with problems. Years of experience in being deployed in conflict-affected areas and considerable numerical strength notwithstanding, the central police forces have failed to emerge as able security providers. Decades of neglect, a slow modernisation process, a vacuum in leadership, and recurrent command and control problems continue to hamper building the country's counterterrorism architecture around these men in uniform. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 648-668 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:648-668 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David H. Ucko Author-X-Name-First: David H. Author-X-Name-Last: Ucko Title: Counterinsurgency in El Salvador: the lessons and limits of the indirect approach Abstract: Following two frustrating counterinsurgency campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan, there is a drive to find new and more viable ways of addressing irregular security challenges. In this effort, the 1980s' campaign in El Salvador has gained prominence, as it resulted in the defeat of the guerrilla adversary yet involved only a modest deployment of US personnel and resources. The use of history to search for models and precedents can be fruitful, but past conflicts must be understood on their own terms and not made to fit the preconceived ideas of the day. A deeper appreciation of what happened in El Salvador reveals not only the unique circumstances that shaped the campaign but also the limited results of the counterinsurgency program to which the war's outcome is now being ascribed. This article adopts a broader lens, focusing on the real yet undervalued factors that produced peace in El Salvador and whether the final outcome was truly quite as successful as is now commonly assumed. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 669-695 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857938 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:669-695 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason Warner Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Title: Eritrea's military unprofessionalism and US security assistance in the Horn of Africa Abstract: The United States military's Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) is in need of capable and dependable regional military allies as it seeks to bring stability to the Horn of Africa. Eritrea – once a proclaimed US friend and home to one of Africa's largest military establishments – superficially seems to fit the bill. Drawing from literature on the ‘unprofessional nature’ of African militaries as well as the scant amount of open source material available on the notoriously secretive nation, this article argues that despite its experienced and well-funded military, President Isaias Afewerki's overbearing control of it has made Eritrea's military highly ‘unprofessional’ in various ways. As a result, a military that could be a useful US ally in a historically tenuous region will likely remain more of a problem than a boon for the United States into the foreseeable future. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 696-711 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857940 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:696-711 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lieneke Eloff de Visser Author-X-Name-First: Lieneke Eloff Author-X-Name-Last: de Visser Title: Winning hearts and minds: legitimacy in the Namibian war for independence Abstract: Efforts at winning hearts and minds (WHAM) impact on and are affected by perceptions of legitimacy. In the Namibian war for independence (1966–1989) efforts of the South African counterinsurgent forces at winning hearts and minds focused mainly on persuading the population to cooperate in exchange for material benefits and services. The article demonstrates that this successfully contributed to a dimension of legitimacy that is conceptualized as pragmatic legitimacy. However, other dimensions of legitimacy are identified in which the South Africans were lacking, that is in moral, legal, and identity-based legitimacy. Furthermore, in areas where control was contested and where the population could not be shielded from insurgent intimidation, it is argued that the effects of coercion outweighed legitimacy altogether. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 712-730 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857942 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857942 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:712-730 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mirjam Grandia Mantas Author-X-Name-First: Mirjam Author-X-Name-Last: Grandia Mantas Title: Shafer revisited – the three great oughts of winning the hearts and minds: analysing the assumptions underpinning the British and Dutch COIN approach in Helmand and Uruzgan Abstract: The comprehensive approach, also known as the integrated approach, is foundational to the strategies of the Western countries operating in south Afghanistan. It builds on the same premise as the hearts and minds (HAM) theory: by providing security and basic needs to the population, support is taken away from insurgents. The assumption that a (fragile) state will be able (with support of foreign troops and organisations) to provide basic services, security, and economic prosperity, which was questioned and critiqued by Michael Schafer over two decades ago, is still part of the contemporary concept and seems to remain uncontested. The objective of this article is to test Shafer's claims about the perseverance of what he coined ‘the deadly paradigms of counterinsurgency’ against the British and Dutch experiences in south Afghanistan starting in 2005. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 731-750 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:731-750 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul D. Miller Author-X-Name-First: Paul D. Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: A bibliographic essay on the Allied occupation and reconstruction of West Germany, 1945–1955 Abstract: There is no definitive, single-volume history of the Allied occupation and reconstruction of West Germany from 1945 to 1955. This is a significant and surprising lacuna in the literature on US and European history, international relations, and the rapidly growing field in reconstruction and stabilization operations. Scholars, historians, and policymakers need a comprehensive treatment of the German occupation. There is now an opportunity to fill that need. This bibliographic essay reviews the wealth of source material that has become available in recent decades. We can now synthesize primary sources and specialized scholarship to tell the story, for the first time, of how the Allies occupied and rebuilt the western part of Germany. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 751-759 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:751-759 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Mockaitis Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Mockaitis Title: Losing Small Wars: British Military Failure in Iraq and Afghanistan Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 760-762 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.858406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.858406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:760-762 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Joffé Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Joffé Title: The Arab Revolution: Ten Lessons From the Democratic Uprising Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 762-764 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857950 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:762-764 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David H. Ucko Author-X-Name-First: David H. Author-X-Name-Last: Ucko Title: The Violent Image: Insurgent Propaganda and the New Revolutionaries Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 764-765 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857951 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:764-765 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dennis M. Rempe Author-X-Name-First: Dennis M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rempe Title: What the thunder said: reflections of a Canadian officer in Kandahar Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 765-769 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:765-769 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yelena Tuzova Author-X-Name-First: Yelena Author-X-Name-Last: Tuzova Title: Cartels at war: Mexico's drug-fueled violence and the threat to US national security Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 769-770 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857953 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:4:p:769-770 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 771-772 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.866418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.866418 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:5:p:771-772 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caf Dowlah Author-X-Name-First: Caf Author-X-Name-Last: Dowlah Title: Jumma insurgency in Chittagong Hills Tracts: how serious is the threat to Bangladesh's national integration and what can be done? Abstract: Bangladesh, otherwise a homogeneous society, confronts a serious tribal insurgency in its southeastern Chittagong Hill Tracts region. Before signing a Peace Accord in 1997, the tribal groups, known as Jummas, who constitute 1% of the nation's population but occupy about 10% of its territory, fought insurgency battles for over two decades demanding recognition of their ethnic identities and autonomy of their region. The highly controversial Accord, however, still remains largely unimplemented, and often it evokes fears of secession. This article argues that a probable secession of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) may not be in the best interests of the Jummas or the people of Bangladesh; and a pragmatic resolution of the issue may lie with granting full functional autonomy to the Jummas in a constitutionally protected reservation area. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 773-794 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.866419 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.866419 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:5:p:773-794 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Amarjeet Singh Author-X-Name-First: M. Amarjeet Author-X-Name-Last: Singh Title: Revisiting the Naga conflict: what can India do to resolve this conflict? Abstract: Soon after India attained its independence from British colonial administration in 1947 the Nagas started waging an armed conflict against India to establish a sovereign independent state in Nagaland in the country's Northeast region. The conflict is today one of the world's longer running and little known armed conflicts. India's central government has tried unsuccessfully to tackle the problem through political reconciliation, use of force, and several development measures. Over the years, it has also undergone several changes in which the situation of conflict deepened whenever India's central government intervened. And yet, the road ahead also faces severe challenges because the demand for bringing the Nagas of India together into a single political entity will not go unchallenged from other ethnic groups. Moreover, a bitter leadership battle divides the Naga rebels and hence any future agreement is likely to be difficult due to factional politics as have happened in the past. Thus one way to satisfy the aspirations of different ethnic groups while protecting the boundaries of the existing states in India is to explore the option of cultural autonomy. This idea is not entirely new, but has lost significance over the years. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 795-812 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.866420 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.866420 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:5:p:795-812 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Srobana Bhattacharya Author-X-Name-First: Srobana Author-X-Name-Last: Bhattacharya Title: Changing civilian support for the Maoist conflict in India Abstract: Prolonged domestic political conflicts change over time. The Maoist conflict in India which began in the late 1960s is one such conflict. Over time, the ‘old’ Maoist conflict has become a ‘new’ Maoist conflict. Important changes have occurred both in the macro and micro processes of the conflict. Some of these changes include the strategic relocation of the Maoist bases, a shift in the class character of the conflict, the nature of civilian support, and the rebels' methods of operation. While in the 1960s, the conflict was involved in land redistribution with the aim of annihilating class enemies, the recent conflict focuses on caste identities. In addition, it is intrinsically linked with territorial control and local political competition. This has automatically led the Maoists to become involved with local criminal networks and also local business networks based. This involvement has led to financial resources for the conflict. Furthermore, it has forced the local population to become linked with the conflict. Studying these changes is important, especially for counterinsurgency policies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 813-834 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.866421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.866421 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:5:p:813-834 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jelmer Brouwer Author-X-Name-First: Jelmer Author-X-Name-Last: Brouwer Author-Name: Joris van Wijk Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: van Wijk Title: Helping hands: external support for the KNU insurgency in Burma Abstract: This article analyses to what extent the Burmese KNU insurgency made use of external support from states, refugees, and diasporas. Based on extensive fieldwork it is concluded that support from neighbouring states and refugees has for years kept the Karen rebellion alive. Western countries perceived forms of resistance to the illegitimate Burmese regime as just and have therefore played a crucial role in the continuation of conflict in Karen State. It is important that policymakers and donors as well as executing organizations continue to reflect critically on the way they exercise their work. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 835-856 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.866422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.866422 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:5:p:835-856 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Riley M. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Riley M. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Title: Counterinsurgency force ratio: strategic utility or nominal necessity Abstract: As a consequence of intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan, force ratio for counterinsurgency (COIN) has come under increased scrutiny. Reduced to its essence, the issue is simply, ‘How many troops does it take to get the job done?’ This answer has been sought by the US military, academia, and think tanks. There have been numerous responses, culminating in several ‘plug-and-play’ equations for minimum force ratios in COIN operations. Due to the impossibility of determining precisely how many insurgent forces there are, it has become common to base force ratios on the population of the country. In the realm of policy, the question above is posed as, ‘How many of our troops does it take to get the job done?’ Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 857-878 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.866423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.866423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:5:p:857-878 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David A. Patten Author-X-Name-First: David A. Author-X-Name-Last: Patten Title: Taking advantage of insurgencies: effective policies of state-sponsorship Abstract: Taking insurgency sponsorship as an instrument states have available for achieving foreign policy objectives, I consider how state-sponsors could best manipulate their support to maximize control of the proxy group. Building on research that models the state-sponsor–insurgent relationship using a principal–agent framework, I identify two key vulnerabilities to which the state-sponsor is exposed: adverse selection and agency slack. As an original contribution to the literature on state-sponsorship of insurgency, I articulate reasons why certain forms of support would be most conducive to overcoming these problems and illustrate how South Africa and Iran used those kinds of support to influence the behavior of their proxies, RENAMO and Hezbollah. Additionally, I consider how this principal–agent analysis of insurgency sponsorship also could apply when the principal is an international terrorist organization such as al Qaeda. Finally, I address the relevance of these ideas to two contemporary conflicts taking place in Syria and the Congo. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 879-906 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.866424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.866424 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:5:p:879-906 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.888795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.888795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:24:y:2013:i:5:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.914121 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.914121 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Editorial statement Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 3-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.893599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.893599 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: A historical overview of US counter-insurgency Abstract: Say not the struggle naught availeth,The labour and the wounds are vain,The enemy faints not, nor faileth,And as things have been, things remain.                        Arthur Hugh CloughThis introductory article introduces some of the articles in this issue and examines the debate surrounding the idea of the “COINdinistas” in the US. It traces the roots of their approach to counter-insurgency and distinguishes “small c” counterinsurgency based on small groups of military advisers in “peripheral” conflicts from “big C” counter-insurgency which became allied to modernisation theory and nation building. The article also looks at developments in COIN thinking after the drawdown of US and other ISAF forces from Afghanistan, especially the work of David Kilcullen focussed on the emergence of future mega “feral” cities on coast lines vulnerable to terrorist and insurgent attacks. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 5-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.893955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.893955 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:5-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Ryan Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan Title: ‘Full spectrum dominance’: Donald Rumsfeld, the Department of Defense, and US irregular warfare strategy, 2001–2008 Abstract: This article examines the evolution of US irregular warfare (IW) doctrine and practice from 2001 onwards. It argues that, after 9/11, top-tier civilian policymakers in the US Department of Defense (DoD) and across the US government developed a heightened awareness of asymmetric threats and non-conventional forms of warfare, especially those shaped by contemporary globalisation. The result was a gradual turn towards irregular warfare, led by Rumsfeld and the DoD, designed to ensure ‘full spectrum dominance’ across all modes of conflict. This pre-dated the insurgency in Iraq and the promotion of counterinsurgency in the US Army by General David Petraeus and others. Policymakers' reluctance to acknowledge the insurgency in Iraq was not down to a failure to understand the concept of IW, but because they had viewed Iraq in conventional terms for so many years and were reluctant to admit their mistake. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 41-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.893600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.893600 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:41-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James A. Russell Author-X-Name-First: James A. Author-X-Name-Last: Russell Title: Counterinsurgency American style: Considering David Petraeus and twenty-first century irregular war Abstract: This article examines the complex legacy of David Petraeus who was a key figure in the emergence of the US military shift towards counterinsurgency doctrine in the years after 2006. Although Petraeus has been perceived by critics as a publicity seeker, he can be credited with laying the foundations for a more serious commitment to COIN involving in particular in integrating conventional and Special Forces in arenas like village stability operations. The article looks a Petraeus's role in both Iraq and Afghanistan: it concludes that, in the case of Afghanistan, it is too early to assess whether counterinsurgency has had a decisive impact of the outcome of the war against the Taliban. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 69-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.893956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.893956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:69-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shivan Mahendrarajah Author-X-Name-First: Shivan Author-X-Name-Last: Mahendrarajah Title: Conceptual failure, the Taliban's parallel hierarchies, and America's strategic defeat in Afghanistan Abstract: ISAF exists to protect the Afghan constitutional model. This strategic objective will be defeated because the GIRoA model has a conceptual flaw that renders it incapable of delivering governance at the local level (Tier IV). This fatal flaw has enabled the Taliban, by developing parallel hierarchies, to displace GIRoA and establish itself in southern locales as the political authority. The Taliban are fighting a revolutionary war, a Maoist displacement strategy that uses guerrilla tactics to advance a political program. Petraeus and McChrystal failed to recognize the character of war, and believed the Taliban are pursuing an exhaustion strategy. They failed to devise a counter-RW strategy. The ‘Surge’ was doomed ab initio. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 91-121 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.893957 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.893957 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:91-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Briggs Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Briggs Title: Naw Bahar District 2010–11: A case study of counterinsurgency Conducted by Naval Special Warfare in Afghanistan Abstract: This article provides a critical analysis of counterinsurgency in Afghanistan at the tactical level. The efforts of several Naval Special Warfare detachments deployed to Naw Bahar district in Zabul Province, Afghanistan are examined in detail to identify key successes and failures in planning and execution. It defines the operating environment in which the detachments worked and identifies the goals and outcomes of the first and second phases of the counterinsurgency effort. The article concludes by placing the tactical effort in the context of the overall strategy in Afghanistan and suggests that time is the limiting factor to success. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 122-136 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.893970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.893970 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:122-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoav Gortzak Author-X-Name-First: Yoav Author-X-Name-Last: Gortzak Title: The prospects of combined action: Lessons from Vietnam Abstract: Military commanders, policymakers, and analysts have recently embraced the concept of combined action as a powerful tool to improve the effectiveness of Afghan security forces in the fight against the Taliban. In doing so, they explicitly draw inspiration from the Combined Action Program employed by US Marines during the Vietnam War. This program is widely considered to have greatly improved the effectiveness of South Vietnamese government forces and contributed to increased population security in its area of operations and is considered a model worthy of emulation. This study finds that the success of the Vietnam-era Combined Action Program was more qualified than contemporary proponents argue. It argues that successes were tempered, and conditioned, by the choice of junior commanders, the level of operational control enjoyed by the US Marines, and the way the local forces were recruited and deployed. These conditions offer valuable lessons for those seeking to employ combined action not only in present-day Afghanistan, but also in future counterinsurgency campaigns. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 137-160 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.893971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.893971 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:137-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David H. Ucko Author-X-Name-First: David H. Author-X-Name-Last: Ucko Title: Critics gone wild: Counterinsurgency as the root of all evil Abstract: The Western interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan have produced a heated polemic concerning the merits and demerits of counterinsurgency – the operational approach underpinning both campaigns. The two books reviewed here provide a good summation of the arguments against counterinsurgency: it is not a strategy and will fail when mistaken as such; its theory does not make intervention and war significantly easier; and even the most successful counterinsurgency campaigns have been bloody, violent, and protracted. Yet as this review highlights, beyond these central points, criticism of counterinsurgency is too often off the mark in its approach and totalizing in its pretentions. There is much to criticize and an urgent need to learn from past campaigns, yet bold claims and broad generalizations can mislead rather than enlighten. The analysis is particularly unhelpful when the definition of the central issue at hand – counterinsurgency – is being unwittingly or deliberately distorted. In the end, these two books form a poor basis for the debate that must now take place, because they are too ideological in tone, too undisciplined in approach, and therefore too unqualified in what they finally say. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 161-179 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.893972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.893972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:161-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Douglas Porch Author-X-Name-First: Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Porch Title: Reply to David Ucko Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 180-185 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.920462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.920462 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:180-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Evans Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Title: From Patton to Petraeus: American Generalship and the Art of War Since 1941 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 186-204 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.893987 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.893987 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:186-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Christine Fair Author-X-Name-First: C. Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Fair Title: Drones, spies, terrorists, and second-class citizenship in Pakistan Abstract: This essay reviews seven recent books and reports that focus upon the use of US armed drones in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). This essay synthesizes a historical account of the program, critically interrogates key arguments and evidence advanced by the authors, and draws attention the particular problems that confront those who live in the FATA and the second-class citizenship that the Pakistani state has bestowed upon them for reasons of domestic and foreign policy concerns. This review essay does not intend to be the final word on any of the ongoing policy debates. But it does hope to enable a wider audience to take part in these important deliberations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 205-235 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.894061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.894061 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:205-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice Hills Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Hills Title: Out of the Mountains: the Coming Age of the Urban Guerrilla Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 236-241 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.894107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.894107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:236-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Celeste Ward Gventer Author-X-Name-First: Celeste Ward Author-X-Name-Last: Gventer Title: Keep the change: Counterinsurgency, Iraq, and historical understanding Abstract: This article explores the historical reasoning behind counterinsurgency thinking, particularly as applied to Iraq, using Douglas Porch's book, Counterinsurgency: Exposing the Myths of the New Way of War as a reference point. It argues that the classic historical analogies of counterinsurgency theory were inapt in dealing with the conflict in Iraq, and that the historical reasoning behind counterinsurgency more generally deserves greater scrutiny. Not only are the analogies of questionable applicability, but the evidence of causation in prior conflicts is ultimately unproveable. In the end, Counterinsurgency theory and the US Army's Field Manual 3-24 on Counterinsurgency were politically useful during the ‘Surge’, beginning in 2007, but remain intellectually and historically problematic. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 242-253 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.894268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.894268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:1:p:242-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 255-256 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.914125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.914125 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:255-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iver Gabrielsen Author-X-Name-First: Iver Author-X-Name-Last: Gabrielsen Title: The evolution of Hezbollah's strategy and military performance, 1982–2006 Abstract: This article fills a gap in the research on Hezbollah by evaluating their military performance from their formation in 1982 and up till the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah war. This study tests the theses that Hezbollah had developed a very strong tactical proficiency in the late 1990s and that there are more similarities in their strategy and tactics during the 2006 war and the 1982–2000 insurgency in Southern Lebanon than previously assumed. Another central theme of this article is how Hezbollah has been constantly adapting and evolving for the duration of its existence. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 257-283 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.903636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.903636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:257-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio Giustozzi Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Giustozzi Title: The Taliban's ‘military courts’ Abstract: The Taliban's ‘code of conduct’, which lists rules of discipline for the fighters, has been widely discussed, but do the Taliban try to implement it? This article discusses the structures that the Taliban have put in place for this purpose and their evolution over the years. It assesses that while the Taliban's ‘military justice’ system is still work in progress, the fact that it has attracted a significant investment in human resources bears witness to a serious intent of the leadership. However, the Taliban's concern with the behaviour of their fighting force is driven by their own political calculus, not by any sympathy for the international law of conflict. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 284-296 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.903638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.903638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:284-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Udi Lebel Author-X-Name-First: Udi Author-X-Name-Last: Lebel Title: ‘Blackmailing the army’ – ‘Strategic Military Refusal’ as policy and doctrine enforcement: the formation of a new security agent Abstract: The study shows how ‘strategic military refusal’ in Israel developed as a rational and institutional means to influence security policies. As opposed to the perspective that sees military refusal as a spontaneous individual act, the study illustrates how organizations operate to distribute military refusal in order to pressure decision-makers to change their military policies. This strategy has proven to be effective when the military is involved with groups that threaten it with refusal – which threatens the military's operational ability and its official and apolitical image. These include soldiers whose civilian authorities, rather than their military commanders, are perceived as an epistemic authority regarding security issues. The case study refers to the impact of strategic military refusal in Israel on security policies and the military doctrine. This was influenced by leftist groups, which, although they belonged to the parliamentary opposition, had dominant presence in the military ranks. Furthermore, the study examines the effect of the use of strategic military refusal on the model of military recruitment. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 297-328 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857941 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:297-328 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Marie Baylouny Author-X-Name-First: Anne Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Baylouny Title: Born violent: Armed political parties and non-state governance in Lebanon's civil war Abstract: We know little of the internal governing practices of non-state actors once in control of territory. Some territories have witnessed the establishment of new institutions of public goods remarkably similar to state institutions. This article compares four armed political parties governing territory during the Lebanese civil war. These non-state violent actors established complex political and economic institutions and administrative structures. Despite the wide range of ideologies and identities of these actors, they all converged in their institutional priorities, although not in their capacities or the particular ways of achieving those priorities. Data from interviews and the actions of the armed political parties suggest a combination of ideology and desire for control is causal in generating public institutions, partly attributable to the high degree of citizen activism marking the Lebanese case. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 329-353 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.866432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.866432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:329-353 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Ospina Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Ospina Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Title: Colombia: Changing strategy amidst the struggle Abstract: From 1965 to the present, Colombia has been confronted by the insurgency of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). The threat reached a new level in 1996 with the advent of mobile warfare, whereby large units sought to neutralize the military in an effort to seize power and institute a Marxist-Leninist regime. Unlike Vietnam, what followed was a regaining of the strategic initiative by the government and a decimation of the insurgent threat. This was accomplished with US assistance but from first to last was driven by Colombian leadership and strategy. The strategy which led to this signal change, ‘Democratic Security’, unfolded under the leadership of President Álvaro Uribe. It was a civil–military partnership, which sought to expand the writ of Colombian democracy to all elements of society. Securing the population provided the shield behind which economic, social, and political life could occur as driven by the will of the people. It was the agreement upon legitimacy as the strategic goal and reform as the route to that goal which allowed the Colombians and the Americans to work so well together. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 354-371 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.903641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.903641 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:354-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer S. Holmes Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer S. Author-X-Name-Last: Holmes Author-Name: Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres Author-X-Name-First: Sheila Author-X-Name-Last: Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres Title: Violence and the state: Lessons from Colombia Abstract: Whether or not Colombia has improved is a controversial topic. If improvement has occurred, what, if any, lessons from the Colombian model can be learned? The first lesson is that Colombia's problems were caused more by a weak state than by drugs. The second lesson is that improving state capacity requires more than just increased security. The state must also provide the basic social services that citizens require to gain and maintain their support. Additionally, government institutions need to improve their professionalism, protect human rights, and root out impunity and corruption. The alternative is to suffer from new cycles of violence as old foes are vanquished, but new ones emerge. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 372-403 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.857939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.857939 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:372-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina Eleftheriadou Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Eleftheriadou Title: Elements of ‘armed non-state actors’ power: The case of al-Qaeda in Yemen Abstract: Over the past few years there is an apparent re-regionalization of al-Qaeda activity, intensified by the ongoing Middle East turmoil. Its main characteristic is a trend towards the abandonment of focoist strategies and their replacement by more popular-based ones. This article aims at evaluating their capacity to implement such a strategy shift and sustain the required level of violence. As a means of evaluating this capacity, this article proposes the use of a DIME (diplomatic, informational, military, and economic) framework, which will hopefully provide an alternative angle of theorizing and understanding ‘armed non-state actors’ (ANSAs). The model is applied in the case of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), which appears to have effectively developed the military and informational dimensions, due partly to its own prowess and partly to the Yemeni state's weaknesses and the shortcomings of counterinsurgency. In contrast, the economic and diplomatic dimensions suffer from the lack of resources and the anti-systemic nature of AQAP. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 404-427 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.903936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.903936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:404-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Janeczko Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Janeczko Title: ‘Faced with death, even a mouse bites’: Social and religious motivations behind terrorism in Chechnya Abstract: This article analyzes the motivations behind individuals who chose to adopt terrorist methods in the Chechen conflicts of the late 1990s and early 2000s. While the seemingly obvious motivation in joining in a ‘religious’ war of jihad would be a strong belief in that religion, the reality is more complicated. The motivations behind these individuals were not only religious, but cultural, social, and political. This indicates that while the methods and ideological rhetoric adopted by Chechen terrorists prove similar to methods adopted by terrorists across the world, the fundamental causes and drive behind these terrorists are actually quite distinct and unique from others. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 428-456 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.903975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.903975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:428-456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Bultmann Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Bultmann Title: Analyzing the Cambodian insurgency as a social field Abstract: This article investigates power practices in the Cambodian insurgency after 1979 as being part of a social field. There are various types of power practice being exercised by commanders aiming at making soldiers disciplined inside the insurgency. The hypothesis explaining these variations being proposed here is that the type of power being exercised depends on the habitus of the respective commander. Power practices are shaped by the incorporated classificatory discourse of commanders on good soldierhood and leadership. Thereby, armed groups can be analyzed as a social field in which practices are always relational and part of symbolic struggles between different commanders. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 457-478 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.904031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.904031 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:457-478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Schroden Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Schroden Title: A best practice for assessment in counterinsurgency Abstract: In September 2011, the Commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan directed the Afghan Assessment Group to redesign the way in which ISAF was assessing the status of the war, and to be ‘revolutionary’ in so doing. The resulting assessment paradigm was novel, non-doctrinal, and effectively addressed the unique complexities of the counterinsurgency in Afghanistan and the needs of the ISAF Commander. It had a two-tier structure consisting of both strategic and campaign assessments. The former focused on answering a set of strategic questions in narrative, analytic form to address the strategic environment, while the latter used a set of standards and accompanying narrative responses to gauge accomplishment of campaign tasks. Both tiers captured the current state of the war while maintaining an eye on future challenges and opportunities. The two assessments and their associated processes were designed to stimulate discussions leading directly to decisions by senior leaders on actions they could take, direct, or request. While any assessment paradigm will have advantages and disadvantages, an examination of the pros and cons of this assessment paradigm makes clear that it should be considered a ‘best practice’ in the field of counterinsurgency assessment. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 479-486 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.904032 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.904032 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:479-486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Title: Recent titles dealing with Indian and Nepali Maoists Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 487-491 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.904036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.904036 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:487-491 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Fisher Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Fisher Title: Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005–2012 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 492-494 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.904034 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.904034 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:2:p:492-494 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Ford Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Ford Title: Influence without power? Reframing British concepts of military intervention after 10 years of counterinsurgency Abstract: British attitudes towards military intervention following the campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan have undergone what appears to be considerable change. Parliament has voted against the use of Britain's armed forces in Syria and the public are unenthused by overseas engagement. Conscious of the costs and the challenges posed by the use of British military power the government has been busy revamping the way it approaches crises overseas. The result is a set of policies that apparently heralds a new direction in foreign policy. This new direction is encapsulated in the Building Stability Overseas Strategy (BSOS) and the more recent International Defence Engagement Strategy (IDES). Both BSOS and IDES set out the basis for avoiding major deployments to overseas conflict and instead refocuses effort on defence diplomacy, working with and through overseas governments and partners, early warning, pre-conflict prevention and post-conflict reconstruction. Developing a number of themes that reach from across the Cold War to more contemporary discussions of British strategy, the goal of this special edition is to take into account a number of perspectives that place BSOS and IDES in their historical and strategic context. These papers suggest that using defence diplomacy is and will remain an extremely imprecise lever that needs to be carefully managed if it is to remain a democratically accountable tool of foreign policy. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 495-500 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.913540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.913540 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:495-500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Huw Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Huw Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Enmeshed in insurgency: Britain's protracted retreats from Iraq and Afghanistan Abstract: Ten years of counterinsurgency in Iraq and Afghanistan have produced little in Britain's national interest. This article examines the political objectives set in these wars and the reasons why they have proved elusive. The core foreign policy aim was to sustain Britain's position as a great power by assuming responsibility for global order. Alliances with the United States and NATO would be the diplomatic tool for pursuing this aim. These alliances brought obligations, in the shape of agreed common threats. Rogue regimes with weapons of mass destruction and international terrorists harboured in failed states were deemed the primary threats to British security. Military means were therefore used in Iraq and Afghanistan to attack them. Whether Tony Blair's vision of global order ever made sense is debatable, and it attracted scepticism from the outset. The article argues experience in Iraq and Afghanistan showed that a strategy to eliminate terrorism (the WMD threat turned out never to have existed) by expeditionary counterinsurgency could only fail. Therefore the attention lavished on operational-level performance by most studies is misplaced, because no amount of warfighting excellence could make up for strategic incoherence. Finally, the article proposes the more important question arising from the last ten years is why the UK pursued a futile strategy for so long. The difficulties associated with interpreting events, a malfunctioning strategic apparatus, weak political oversight, and bureaucratic self-interest are posited as the most significant explanations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 501-521 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.913541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.913541 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:501-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geraint Alun Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Geraint Alun Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Syria and the perils of proxy warfare Abstract: The ongoing civil war in Syria is evolving into a ‘proxy war’, in which both the Baathist regime and its insurgent adversaries are becoming increasingly reliant upon support from external powers. Proxy warfare has a superficial appeal for sponsoring states, as it appears to offer a convenient and risk-free means of fulfilling foreign policy goals, which will not incur the financial and human costs of direct military intervention. Using Syria as a case study, this article shows that the conduct of proxy warfare has several potential political, strategic, and ethical consequences, which any democratic government in particular is obliged to consider before it resorts to this indirect means of foreign intervention. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 522-538 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.913542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.913542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:522-538 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregor Davey Author-X-Name-First: Gregor Author-X-Name-Last: Davey Title: Conflicting worldviews, mutual incomprehension: The production of intelligence across Whitehall and the management of subversion during decolonisation, 1944–1966 Abstract: Writing on British intelligence has tended to concentrate on the collection machinery in specific local contexts, the development of the Joint Intelligence Committee and the use of intelligence product by government. The emphasis has been on the optimisation of the intelligence bureaucracy in the face of Colonial Office intransigence. What this analysis largely leaves out, however, is a description of the culture and practices of the Colonial Office as it attempted to work with various colonial governments. Instead there is a tendency to overemphasise the rational nature of the bureaucratic changes in Whitehall and the contribution of MI5 and MI6 in the maintenance of security in the colonies. This article seeks to address these oversights by examining the divisions between the Colonial Office and the rest of the Whitehall intelligence machinery and show how counter-subversion remained a challenge to administrators both before and after the emergence of the Joint Intelligence Committee system. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 539-559 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.913543 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.913543 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:539-559 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey H. Michaels Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey H. Author-X-Name-Last: Michaels Title: Helpless or Deliberate Bystander: American Policy towards South Vietnam's Military Coups, 1954–1975 Abstract: The USA's role in fomenting and responding to military coups remains an understudied and politically contentious subject despite it being a recurring foreign policy problem exemplified most recently in both Egypt and Mali. To the extent this topic has been addressed in any depth by scholars, it is mainly limited to an examination of a small number of coups that occurred during the Cold War that the CIA was accused of sponsoring. However, this emphasis on well-known cases to the exclusion of lesser-known cases has resulted in a biased view of omnipotent US power. This limitation is reflected in the case of South Vietnam, in which the focus has been placed on the 1963 coup that overthrew President Ngo Dinh Diem, whereas the numerous other coups that occurred have received little or no attention. In this article, a more inclusive approach will be taken in which US policy will be examined with respect to all of the main coups and coup attempts that occurred during the period 1954–1975. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 560-583 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.913546 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.913546 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:560-583 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Ford Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Ford Title: Building Stability Overseas: Three case studies in British defence diplomacy – Uganda, Rhodesia–Zimbabwe, and Sierra Leone Abstract: In 2011, the Department for International Development, the Foreign & Commonwealth Office, and the Ministry of Defence launched the Building Stability Overseas Strategy (BSOS). This document sought to integrate cross-government activity as it related to conflict and security so as to ‘take fast, appropriate and effective action to prevent a crisis or stop it escalating and spreading’. At the heart of the strategy was the recognition that addressing instability and conflict overseas was morally right and in the UK's national interests. This confluence of foreign policy realism and ethical outlook most clearly found harmony in the acknowledgement that it was cheaper for the international community to avoid conflict than it was to try to manage it. Through an examination of three historical case studies (Uganda 1964–1972, Rhodesia–Zimbabwe 1979–1981, and Sierra Leone 2000–2007), this article seeks to demonstrate just how difficult this seemingly sensible strategic outlook is. In particular, the article shows there are historical parallels in British postcolonial history that very closely resemble contemporary policy choices; that these can be used to define what is different about past and present practice; and, which in turn, can be used to – at least tentatively – mark out the potential strengths and weaknesses in BSOS. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 584-606 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.913618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.913618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:584-606 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olaf Bachmann Author-X-Name-First: Olaf Author-X-Name-Last: Bachmann Title: Civil–military relations in francophone Africa and the consequences of a mistaken analysis Abstract: The Building Security Overseas Strategy is at its core an ‘Intervention to end all Interventions’ – from a Western as well as an African perspective. Two of its main pillars are security sector reform in specific countries and systematic support to the development of the African Peace and Security Architecture. This article addresses the question why such efforts have met little success in francophone Africa. It argues that the failure of Western advisers to understand the sociological dynamics of African armed forces, shaped by a political culture based on personal loyalty to the leader, is at the root of the problem. In that context, the Huntingtonian-type distinction between the civilians and the military does not apply as military and civilians act in concert within common clientelism systems. As a result of the curtailing of the state-formation experience in most African countries, the military never had to demonstrate its performance as a state builder, nor did it have to bargain its legitimacy against the support of the citizens. Partnership in that context will remain a misnomer, at least until African military can credibly demonstrate commitment to state-building grounded in a broad-based social contract. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 607-627 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.913670 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.913670 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:607-627 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clive Jones Author-X-Name-First: Clive Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Military intelligence and the war in Dhofar: An appraisal Abstract: This article examines the role military intelligence played in the Dhofar campaign between 1970 and 1976. Drawing on an array of sources, it examines not only the crucial role played by military intelligence in prosecuting a successful operational campaign against a Marxist inspired insurgency, but equally, the importance that intelligence played in consolidating the Al Bu Said dynasty when across Oman and Dhofar itself, the material benefits to be had from the discovery and production of oil had yet to be realised. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 628-646 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.913743 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.913743 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:628-646 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Upstream engagement and downstream entanglements: The assumptions, opportunities, and threats of partnering Abstract: This article addresses Western recruitment and management of personnel from non-Western countries in armed forces as part of a strategy of state stabilisation, examining its risks and benefits. ‘SFA’ (Security Forces Assistance) to indigenous forces has long been practised by the West and seems to have returned in recent years in a new form with the creation of armies in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, while providing cheap, proxy substitutes for the West and offering opportunities for state-building, the policy creates its own problems and can have significant, negative consequences. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 647-668 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.913755 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.913755 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:647-668 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Stone Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Title: Deterrence and overseas stability Abstract: The use of conventional armed forces in a deterrent role merits close consideration. Instability in weak or failing states can have global ramifications, while efforts to build stability take time. In principle, conventional deterrence can be used to buy the time required for such stabilization efforts. Attempts at deterrence will, however, need to overcome credibility problems stemming from the technical limitations associated with conventional armed forces, and with the likely requirement for multiple external actors to deter multiple intrastate audiences. While deterrence might work under certain circumstances, it will not play as central a role in strategy as it did during the Cold War. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 669-684 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.913756 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.913756 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:669-684 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Porter Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Porter Title: Goodbye to all that: On small wars and big choices Abstract: This article reflects on a decade of British counterinsurgency operations. Questioning the idea that lessons have been learnt, the paper challenges the assumptions that are being used to frame future strategic choice. Suggesting that defence engagement is primarily focused on optimising overseas interventions while avoiding a deeper strategic reassessment about whether the UK should be undertaking these sorts of activities, the article calls for a proper debate on Britain's national security interests. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 685-695 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.914127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.914127 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:685-695 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Douglas Porch Author-X-Name-First: Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Porch Title: Expendable soldiers Abstract: Foreign Legions in the generic sense have evolved in ways that would surprise Beau Geste. Not only are more foreigners or recent immigrants enlisting in Western military forces, but also the post-Cold War era has seen the revival of warlord militias and Private Military Companies. Western militaries, in particular that of the United States, have also sought to increase their strategic reach through security assistance to regional military forces. While there have been some successes, security assistance has proven to have its limitations, not to mention unintended consequences for civil military relations, democracy promotion, and military efficiency. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 696-716 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.893974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.893974 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:3:p:696-716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 717-719 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832931 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:717-719 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Bibliography Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 720-737 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:720-737 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alastair Massie Author-X-Name-First: Alastair Author-X-Name-Last: Massie Title: ‘The Origins of Small Wars from Special Operations to Ideological Insurgencies’: A National Army Museum response Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 738-740 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:738-740 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Beatrice Heuser Author-X-Name-First: Beatrice Author-X-Name-Last: Heuser Title: Introduction: Exploring the jungle of terminology Abstract: When twentieth-century authors wrote about ‘partisan warfare’, they usually meant an insurgency or asymmetric military operations conducted against a superior force by small bands of ideologically driven irregular fighters. By contrast, originally (i.e. before the French Revolution) ‘partisan’ in French, English, and German referred only to the leader of a detachment of special forces (party, partie, Parthey, détachement) which the major European powers used to conduct special operations alongside their regular forces. Such special operations were the classic definition of ‘small war’ (petite guerre) in the late seventeenth and in the eighteenth centuries. The Spanish word ‘la guerrilla’, meaning nothing other than ‘small war’, only acquired an association with rebellion with the Spanish War of Independence against Napoleon. Even after this, however, armies throughout the world have continued to employ special forces. In the late nineteenth century, their operations have still been referred to as prosecuting ‘la guerrilla’ or ‘small war’, which existed side by side with, and was often mixed with, ‘people's war’ or popular uprisings against hated regimes. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 741-753 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832928 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:741-753 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Deruelle Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Deruelle Title: The sixteenth-century antecedents of special operations ‘small war’ Abstract: The first conceptual, theoretical treatises about small war (la petite guerre) as special operations appeared only from the middle of the seventeenth century. The term is not used in the eighteenth-century sense of ‘special operations’ in older sources. The supposed absence of any treatment of the subject is surprising considering the obsession with the ‘art of war’ in the Renaissance, but other authors attribute it to a supposed antinomy between chivalric ideals and irregular warfare. But the absence of explicit manuals on the subject is not evidence of absence of advanced reflection on this kind of operations in the Middle Ages and in Early Modern times. We should thus look elsewhere, in other genres, for writings that contain and pass on military knowledge. Epics, romances, educational and military treatises, and memoirs in fact contain elements of a theory of special operations, even though these genres differ from our conception of rationality inherited from the Enlightenment. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 754-766 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:754-766 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bertrand Fonck Author-X-Name-First: Bertrand Author-X-Name-Last: Fonck Author-Name: George Satterfield Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Satterfield Title: The essence of war: French armies and small war in the Low Countries (1672–1697) Abstract: In the late seventeenth century during the Dutch War (1672–1678) and the Nine Years War (1688–1697), French armies relied on small war for the accomplishment of essential tasks and as part of an overall strategy of exhausting their opponents in the Low Countries. The purposes of small war included the imposition of contributions on enemy populations, the destruction of the enemy base of operations, blockades of fortresses, and the general support of campaign armies. The expression ‘small war’ in the French language appeared with growing frequency in the 1690s. Small war can be viewed as both a cause and consequence of the characteristics of these wars. The limited policy goals of Louis XIV the king of France required a strategy that minimised risk and accomplished the goal of reducing if not eliminating the Spanish presence in the Low Countries that bordered the north of France. As French armies increased in size during this period, the demand for specialists at small increased in order to provide security and ensure supply. Small war in the late seventeenth century was thus not ideologically motivated insurgency, but in the minds of French commanders an essential component of strategy and the nature of war. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 767-783 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832926 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:767-783 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sylvie Kleinman Author-X-Name-First: Sylvie Author-X-Name-Last: Kleinman Title: Initiating insurgencies abroad: French plans to ‘chouannise’ Britain and Ireland, 1793–1798 Abstract: Secret French plans to launch guerrilla-style raids on the British Isles devised in the spring of 1796 were referred to as ‘chouanneries’. The name and concept behind these small-war operations were modelled on the irregular tactics used by the Chouan rebels in the Vendée, which the French state army had brutally quashed, but some wished to transfer into their institutional practice. Part of France's ongoing military strategy in the war against Britain, which included fomenting insurrection in Ireland, these irregular operations were to be manned partially by pardoned deserters and released convicts and prisoners of war. Of these, only Tate's brief invasion of Wales in 1797 was realised, but the surviving plans provide insightful historical lessons into an Anglophobic mindset shared by a small network of practitioners and policy deciders on the effectiveness of such shock and awe tactics. Largely motivated by the desire to take revenge for Britain's support of counter-revolutionaries in the Vendée, these plans could more aptly be referred to as counter-‘chouanneries’. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 784-799 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832929 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:784-799 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan Forrest Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Forrest Title: The insurgency of the Vendée Abstract: The insurrection in the Vendée combined open warfare with the methods of petite guerre, ambushing French republican soldiers and cutting their supply lines to Paris. These tactics, when combined with the hatreds generated by a civil war, go far to explain to the cruelty of the conflict in the west and the depth of the hatreds it engendered. In republican eyes the use of guerrilla tactics was unjust and illegitimate, and they denounced their adversaries as common criminals and brigands, portraying them as backward, superstitious, even as subhuman, and in the process justified the savage repression they unleashed against them. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 800-813 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832927 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:800-813 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Esdaile Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Esdaile Title: Guerrillas and bandits in the Serranía de Ronda, 1810–1812 Abstract: The Spanish Guerrilla (1808–1812) which has given its name to ideologically motivated insurgencies is usually portrayed as a patriotic uprising against the French occupation forces of Napoleon. It was that, in part, but also many other things besides. This case study illustrates its overlap and convergence with banditry but also with social unrest turned into uprisings directed by poor Spaniards against their creditors, as in the storming of Ronda by insurgents in 1810. From the propaganda of the day to the subsequent Spanish patriotic historiography, there has been a tendency to exaggerate the amplitude of events and also the damage that was done to the French forces and the casualty figures inflicted on them. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 814-827 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832925 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:814-827 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Rink Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Rink Title: The German wars of liberation 1807–1815: The restrained insurgency Abstract: In the Age of Napoleon, ‘small wars’ and ‘revolutionary war’ were closely connected. There were, however, different strands of this phenomenon: speaking professionally, conservative officers condemned small wars as an irregular regression to previous less disciplined forms of warfare. The Prussian state continually tried to discipline and regulate spontaneous risings. Yet the irregular character of small wars offered the opportunities for a less complex way of fighting, thus enabling the arming of the ‘people’ to fight. Individual undertakings, such as Ferdinand von Schill's doomed campaign in 1809, were designed to spark off a general popular uprising. But they were cheered by many and supported by few. Meanwhile, Neidhardt von Gneisenau conceived guerrilla-style Landsturm home-defence forces, which were designed for an irregular people's war. These concepts were put into practice in the ‘war of freedom’ – or ‘war of liberation’ – in 1813. Eventually both the mobilisation and the tactics remained regular, however, despite the emphatic appeal to a national ‘people's war’. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 828-842 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:828-842 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Lawrence Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Lawrence Title: Poachers turned gamekeepers: A study of the guerrilla phenomenon in Spain, 1808–1840 Abstract: This article modifies the associations made by historians and political scientists of Spanish guerrilla warfare with revolutionary insurgency. First, it explains how the guerrilla phenomenon moved from a Leftist to a reactionary symbol. Second, it compares the insurgency and counter-insurgency features of the Carlist War (1833–1840) with those of the better-known Peninsular War (1808–1814). Third, it shows how erstwhile guerrilla leaders during the Carlist War made their expertise available to the counter-insurgency, in a socio-economic as well as military setting. This article revises the social banditry paradigm in nineteenth-century Spain in the under-researched context of Europe bloodiest nineteenth-century civil war. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 843-857 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.832930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.832930 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:843-857 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Beatrice Heuser Author-X-Name-First: Beatrice Author-X-Name-Last: Heuser Title: Lessons learnt? Cultural transfer and revolutionary wars, 1775–1831 Abstract: Did participants in small wars in the period 1775–1831 learn from previous or contemporary examples? While this is difficult to prove for participants who left no written records, there is considerable evidence in existing publications by practitioners that they did indeed draw out lessons from recent insurgencies, either from their own experience or from events elsewhere which they studied from afar, especially the Spanish Guerrilla, which had already become legendary. Most authors showed an interest in how to stage insurgencies rather than in how to quell them. Even then, transfer did not come in a package of tactics-cum-values, but in each case in different configurations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 858-876 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.833028 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.833028 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:4:p:858-876 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 877-878 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945280 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:877-878 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sibylle Scheipers Author-X-Name-First: Sibylle Author-X-Name-Last: Scheipers Title: Counterinsurgency or irregular warfare? Historiography and the study of ‘small wars’ Abstract: This article argues that the history of irregular warfare provides a valuable analytical and critical perspective for the study of counterinsurgency campaigns and counterinsurgency doctrine. A focus on the history of irregular warfare highlights the close relationship between warfare in Europe and in the colonies. Moreover, it enables us to identify more exactly the intersection of multiple factors that lead to an escalation of violence in small wars. Finally, it also sheds light on the lack of strategic reflection on the use of irregular auxiliaries that is characteristic for many counterinsurgency campaigns. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 879-899 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:879-899 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ches Thurber Author-X-Name-First: Ches Author-X-Name-Last: Thurber Title: Militias as sociopolitical movements: Lessons from Iraq's armed Shia groups Abstract: The Shia militia has emerged as one of the most powerful and important actors in the Middle East security environment. Despite this trend, they remain poorly understood by scholars and policymakers alike. This article seeks to expand our understanding of the militia as a type of non-state armed group through an examination of Shia militia movements in Iraq between 2003 and 2009. More than simply warlords, paramilitaries, or foreign proxies, Shia militias in Iraq enjoyed substantial popular legitimacy, pursued a broad social and political agenda, and participated actively in the formal institutions of the state. Understanding the triangular relationship between the militia, the state, and the population is essential in explaining the rise and fall of the Shia militias during the US occupation as well as in developing strategies to deal with their most recent resurgence Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 900-923 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945633 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:900-923 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Glyn Williams Author-X-Name-First: Brian Glyn Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Afghanistan after the Soviets: From jihad to tribalism Abstract: In 1989 the Soviet Union withdrew its forces from Afghanistan leaving the embattled Afghan Communist government of President Mohammad Najibullah to fight against an emboldened mujahideen insurgency. Most experts expected a quick mujahideen victory once the Soviets were no longer directly involved in counterinsurgency operations in support of the Afghan government. But in the spring of 1989 the Afghan Communists beat the odds and defeated a mujahideen rebel offensive designed to capture the eastern city of Jalalabad. This proved to be a turning point, and for the next three years the Najibullah regime held out against the mujahideen ‘freedom fighters’. In fact the Afghan Communist regime actually outlasted its sponsor the Soviet Union. The reasons for this remarkable achievement can be traced, in part, to ethnic–tribal divisions among the quarreling mujahideen parties and the Afghan government's ability to exploit them. This largely untold story has obvious implications for understanding the future of post-Karzai Afghanistan, tribalism, ethnicity, and foreign sponsorship in post-US Afghanistan. This article will explore the reasons for the resilience of the Najibullah Communist government and then assess possible implications for a post-2014 Afghan government. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 924-956 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945634 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:924-956 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristian Hoelscher Author-X-Name-First: Kristian Author-X-Name-Last: Hoelscher Author-Name: Per M. Norheim-Martinsen Author-X-Name-First: Per M. Author-X-Name-Last: Norheim-Martinsen Title: Urban violence and the militarisation of security: Brazilian ‘peacekeeping’ in Rio de Janeiro and Port-au-Prince Abstract: Despite problems of violence domestically, Brazil has played a key leadership role as part of MINUSTAH peacekeeping operations in Haiti since 2004. This article addresses how Brazil's international military engagement is shaping domestic approaches to urban security, and what may be the implications of the use of military strategies, operations, and norms to address issues of public security in Brazilian cities. It is argued that current approaches toward urban security employing military-trained peacekeepers actually represent a continuation of old paradigms, yet these recent militarised approaches are likely evolving into newer and potentially more accountable forms by constraining indiscriminate use of force and establishing a positive state presence in marginal urban areas. As such, the article connects long-established issues of dealing with urban violence in Latin America with ongoing debates in the United States and beyond about post-counterinsurgency approaches to increasingly urban conflict settings. It reflects on potential lessons to be learned from the Latin American perspective, while showing also how these have changed over the last decade. The article concludes that despite the potential utility of force in some urban conflict settings, this approach could entail a normative shift towards legitimising forceful containment of violence, and hinder democratic consolidation in Brazil. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 957-975 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:957-975 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gearóid Ó Faoleán Author-X-Name-First: Gearóid Ó Author-X-Name-Last: Faoleán Title: Ireland's Ho Chi Minh trail? The Republic of Ireland's role in the Provisional IRA's bombing campaign, 1970–1976 Abstract: A common criticism levelled at successive governments of the Republic of Ireland during the Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’ was their alleged inactivity in the face of a ferocious Provisional IRA campaign. Such criticisms were based in large part on the perception of the southern state as a supply base for militant republicanism. The Republic was undoubtedly a formidable logistics hinterland for such militants. However, criticisms of the reactions of authorities in the south are unfair. This article considers the explosives capabilities of the IRA during the first six years of their campaign. It does so with reference to their attempts to obtain commercial explosives as well as measures employed by them to obtain homemade explosives. The article also considers countermeasures employed by the southern government and reveals the extent to which they sought to shut down IRA capabilities in the south. It is argued that, ultimately, the IRA's campaign in this regard could only be contained and never unilaterally halted. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 976-991 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:976-991 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arturo C. Sotomayor Author-X-Name-First: Arturo C. Author-X-Name-Last: Sotomayor Title: The Nepalese Army: From counterinsurgency to peacekeeping? Abstract: Can peacekeeping participation help reform military institutions in democratizing states? Drawing on evidence from Nepal – one of the world's largest troop contributors to UN peacekeeping operations – this essay illustrates that participation in peace missions can sometimes undermine security sector reform and deteriorate civil–military relations. Furthermore, this analysis shows that peacekeeping participation will not necessarily reorient troops away from their conventional internal roles (such as counterinsurgency) or improve civilian control over the armed forces. Hence, civilians can lose control over soldiers just as frequently when they are deployed overseas as when they are at home. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 992-1016 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945640 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:992-1016 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Kingsley Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Kingsley Title: Ungoverned space? Examining the FARC's interactions with local populations in Northern Ecuador Abstract: The Ecuadorian state has long been absent from the regions along its northern border with Colombia. I argue that this lack of state presence has allowed non-state armed groups and criminal organizations space to not only operate from these areas, but also, to challenge and change the relationship between local populations and the Ecuadorian state. After reviewing theoretical approaches to concepts of changing security paradigms and ungoverned space, the article details the conditions that have allowed armed groups, specifically the FARC, to take advantage of the lack of state presence along Ecuador's northern border. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1017-1038 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945677 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945677 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:1017-1038 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brenda J. Lutz Author-X-Name-First: Brenda J. Author-X-Name-Last: Lutz Author-Name: James M. Lutz Author-X-Name-First: James M. Author-X-Name-Last: Lutz Title: John Brown as guerrilla terrorist Abstract: John Brown is usually not considered to have been a terrorist, and even recent analyses of his activities consider him to be a guerrilla fighter or insurgent in his activities in Kansas. Brown, however, meets the criteria of a terrorist more than a guerrilla fighter when his activities in the Kansas Territory are considered. His raid on Harpers Ferry, however, is more in line with guerrilla operations or insurgent activities. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1039-1054 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945678 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:1039-1054 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Hasík Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Hasík Title: ‘Outside their expertise’: The implications of Field Manual 3-24 for the professional military education of non-commissioned officers Abstract: Within the framework of classical theory, the joint US Army-Marine field manual Counterinsurgency (FM 3-24) described an ambitious set of skills required for success against guerrillas. But if counterinsurgency, as FM 3-24 describes it, is ‘the graduate level of warfare’, then these two military services have been for years systematically failing to train their talent in the appropriate fields. In today's small wars, NCOs serve as modern-day Mounties, and consequently require at least a modest undergraduate education in armed good governance. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1055-1062 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945679 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:1055-1062 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard J. Kilroy Author-X-Name-First: Richard J. Author-X-Name-Last: Kilroy Title: The Executioner's Men: Los Zetas, Rogue Soldiers, Criminal Entrepreneurs, and the Shadow State They Created Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1063-1065 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945680 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:1063-1065 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert J. Bunker Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker Title: Global Security Upheaval: Armed Nonstate Groups Usurping State Stability Functions Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1065-1067 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.945698 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.945698 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:1065-1067 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 5-6 Volume: 25 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.970745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.970745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:25:y:2014:i:5-6:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959770 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Frankel Pratt Author-X-Name-First: Simon Frankel Author-X-Name-Last: Pratt Title: Crossing off names: the logic of military assassination Abstract: This article examines the term ‘assassination’ as describing a certain kind of killing which may – and does – occur in warfare. It critiques current definitions of the term to synthesise a stronger and more value-neutral definition: the premeditated killing of a specific individual in order to realise political objectives. It also critiques the term ‘targeted killing’ for a comparative lack of analytical clarity. The article then presents a theory of the goals assassination may achieve and the effects it may have on a conflict environment, when occurring within a military context. The article reviews three case studies which illustrate the scope of the theory, and concludes by noting that assassination can be the subject of legitimate ethical debate, as it may potentially adhere to the norms of Just War Theory, while constituting a valid category of military action. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 3-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:3-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roos Haer Author-X-Name-First: Roos Author-X-Name-Last: Haer Author-Name: Lilli Banholzer Author-X-Name-First: Lilli Author-X-Name-Last: Banholzer Title: The creation of committed combatants Abstract: Theories on conflict behaviour regard armed groups as unitary actors whose members faithfully execute the orders of their leaders. Nevertheless, in reality mutinies, insubordination and fractionalisation occur. We argue that the faithful execution of orders depends on the level of organisational commitment of combatants. This level can be increased with the help of four management strategies. Using a dataset based on fieldwork in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we analyse the influence of each of these strategies. The Bayesian analyses show that recruitment, training and promotion has statistical reliable influence, but that providing rewards does not. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 25-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:25-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen D. Davis Author-X-Name-First: Stephen D. Author-X-Name-Last: Davis Title: Controlled warfare: how directed-energy weapons will enable the US Military to fight effectively in an urban environment while minimizing collateral damage Abstract: US military operations are increasingly conducted within urban environments and with these operations come the risk of increasing the number of civilian casualties and infrastructure damage. The use of non-lethal weaponry, such as directed-energy weapons, is one method for minimizing collateral damage. This method enables US military forces to effectively fight within urban environments through force escalation capabilities. Using a series of historical examples and future scenarios for urban warfare, this article highlights deficiencies affecting military capabilities in military urban operations, addresses the consequences of collateral damage, assesses the effectiveness of directed-energy weapons in military urban operations and encourages further funding, research and integration of non-lethal weaponry, such as directed-energy weapons, within the US military. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 49-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959764 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959764 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:49-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaïr van der Lijn Author-X-Name-First: Jaïr Author-X-Name-Last: van der Lijn Title: Comprehensive approaches, diverse coherences: the different levels of policy coherence in the Dutch 3D approach in Afghanistan Abstract: Since 2000, international organisations such as the UN, NATO and the EU, but also countries, have started to apply what has been called the comprehensive approach to crisis management. This article unpacks this comprehensive approach implemented by the Dutch in Uruzgan province, Afghanistan. It first borrows and expands a conceptual framework developed by De Coning and Friis. Subsequently, it maps the different sorts of coherence in the mission by applying the framework. It shows how in practice there was not one single comprehensive approach, but many different forms of interaction between a number of organisational units. Each interaction had its own distinct issues and its own level of coherence. The level of coherence differed depending on the level at which the interaction took place – strategic at headquarters level versus operational at field level – and at what point in the mission it happened – in most cases it moved towards more cohesion. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 72-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959773 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:72-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jon Strandquist Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Strandquist Title: Local defence forces and counterinsurgency in Afghanistan: learning from the CIA's Village Defense Program in South Vietnam Abstract: This research note makes the case that if the US and its international allies are to successfully use ‘Local Defence Forces’ (LDF) to overcome counterinsurgency constraints in Afghanistan, current initiatives need to be significantly modified. A key issue is that the Village Stability Operations/Afghan Local Police (VSO/ALP) LDF program is unlikely to be effective in filling security gaps in rural Afghanistan because, much rhetoric to the contrary, it is essentially focused on militarily combating the insurgency rather than fully developing local communities as counterinsurgency resources by winning their support for the Afghan central government. The CIA's Village Defense Program in South Vietnam, a counterinsurgency program that has thus far received cursory attention in current LDF literature, provides a useful counterpoint. Through a comparison of the VDP and VSO/ALP operational patterns, implications are drawn for current and future US counterinsurgency practice employing LDF components. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 90-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959772 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:90-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Griffin Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Griffin Title: French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970 Abstract: During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), France chose to support Biafra, but only on a limited scale, providing mercenaries and obsolete weaponry to Ojukwu's regime. General Charles de Gaulle's assistance to Ojukwu was conditioned by the French military drawdown after 1961, the increased power of French secret services on the continent, and the interventions in Katanga (1960–1963), Gabon (1964) and Chad (1968–1972). France supported Biafra primarily to protect its former colonies from Nigeria, stop Soviet subversion and acquire an economic foothold in the oil-rich Niger Delta. De Gaulle chose a limited strategy for two reasons. If Biafra won the war, France would be Biafra's greatest ally. If Nigeria won the war, France could extricate itself from the situation relatively easily and re-establish relations with the Nigerian government, which is what ultimately occurred. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 114-135 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:114-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric R. Rittinger Author-X-Name-First: Eric R. Author-X-Name-Last: Rittinger Title: Exporting professionalism: US efforts to reform the armed forces in the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua, 1916–1933 Abstract: Why did the United States, a country notorious for supporting coups and military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War, seek to depoliticize security forces in the Caribbean basin during the early twentieth century? Drawing from primary sources, I argue that this emphasis on military non-partisanship abroad stemmed from Progressive Era reforms popular at home. These reforms, which stressed bureaucratic efficiency via nonpartisan expertise, had become institutionalized within the US military and State Department and then channelled into the imperial administration of Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. The State Department and Marine Corps attempted to replace local partisan armies with the kind of professional, nonpartisan armed forces that the US's own military had come to exemplify. That these civil-military reform efforts ultimately backfired should serve as a reminder of the difficulties inherent in using military interventions to transform coercive apparatuses and their societies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 136-157 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959771 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:136-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frederick H. Dotolo Author-X-Name-First: Frederick H. Author-X-Name-Last: Dotolo Title: A long small war: Italian counterrevolutionary warfare in Libya, 1911 to 1932 Abstract: The paper argues that the success of the Italian pacification campaign of Libya in 1932 can be traced to the implementation of a military-centric strategy used in counterrevolutionary warfare, a type of Small War made popular in the early twentieth century and an older form of counterinsurgency. Rather than focus on achieving an acceptable level of security common to modern counterinsurgency doctrine, COIN, the Italians used kinetic military operations to defeat and subdue rebel groups in the two Libyan colonies of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. The roots of third rebellion, and the military strategy used to pacify the colonies, were developed during the guerrilla war by Ottoman and indigenous groups used to oppose the Italian invasion of Libya during the Italo-Libyan War, 1911–1912. The lessons of Italy's success should make the application of a military-centric rather than a security-centric strategy useful for current counterinsurgencies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 158-180 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959765 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959765 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:158-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emmanuel Karagiannis Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel Author-X-Name-Last: Karagiannis Title: When the green gets greener: political Islam's newly-found environmentalism Abstract: Although the environmental movement was established in the West, there is currently an Islamist variant that has received less attention. The Quran and the Hadiths provide guidance for the faithful on the relationship between Allah, humanity and nature. The article will examine and compare the environmental agendas of six Islamist groups: Hizb'allah, Hizb ut-Tahrir, Hamas, the Muslim Brotherhood, Jamaat-e-Islami, and al Qaeda. While they all share similar concerns, Islamists have developed globalized, glocalized, or localized ‘scales’ of engagement, depending on the targeted audience. Finally, the article will examine the security implications of Islamist environmentalism, including the possibility of an alliance between Islamists and militant environmentalists. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 181-201 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959768 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959768 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:181-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Carter Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Title: War comes to Garmser: thirty years of conflict on the Afghan frontier Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 202-204 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959763 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959763 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:202-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John P. Cann Author-X-Name-First: John P. Author-X-Name-Last: Cann Title: Mercenaries: putting the world to rights with hired guns Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 204-206 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.959762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.959762 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:1:p:204-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 207-207 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1014083 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1014083 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:2:p:207-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Turner Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Title: Strategic differences: Al Qaeda's Split with the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham Abstract: As part of the next phase of the Global Jihad, al Qaeda has been committed to winning popular support among Muslims. Ayman al-Zawahiri and the al Qaeda inner circle recognise that a global terror movement and civil conflicts in the Middle East, brought about by the Arab revolutions, necessitate different operational methods. As such, they have disavowed the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham for their insubordination and unconstrained tactics, a move that has implications for the Middle East, international relations, the legitimacy of the al Qaeda leadership, and the future of the Global Jihad. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 208-225 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1007563 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1007563 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:2:p:208-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Gruber Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Gruber Author-Name: Jan Pospisil Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Pospisil Title: ‘Ser Eleno’: Insurgent identity formation in the ELN Abstract: In conflict studies, identity has been posited as an explanatory factor of the resilience of insurgencies. This article focuses on the identity formation of the National Liberation Army (ELN), a leftist insurgency group in Colombia. As a Marxist–Leninist organisation, the ELN aims to overcome capitalism. In their perception, this is possible via the transformation of the individual into a ‘collective personality’. Along the dimensions of ‘content’ and ‘contestation’, we will demonstrate the mechanisms they impose for such identity formation. Identity, as we will argue, is a main factor in explaining why people participate in this insurgency and thereby enhance its resilience. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 226-247 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1007562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1007562 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:2:p:226-247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ilmari Käihkö Author-X-Name-First: Ilmari Author-X-Name-Last: Käihkö Title: ‘Taylor must go’ – the strategy of the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy Abstract: In 1999, rebels rose to oppose the newly elected former warlord Charles Taylor in Liberia. Motivated by a variety of reasons, the minimal common denominator of these rebels, who assumed the name Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD), was that Charles Taylor must leave the country. The decentralized nature of LURD though stands out in their struggle, as they don't fit the unitary actor assumed by literature on strategy, nor the alternative conception of decentralized forces fighting for purely local reasons. Understanding such aberrations as LURD is the first step to finding strategies that can incorporate and manage them. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 248-270 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1007561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1007561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:2:p:248-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giora Goodman Author-X-Name-First: Giora Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman Title: ‘Troops were then forced to fire’: British army crowd control in Palestine, November 1945 Abstract: In November 1945, British army shooting during street riots and search operations in Palestine resulted in the death of 13 Jews and the injuring of dozens. The most costly in casualties caused by army fire during the whole Jewish insurgency, these incidents have nevertheless not received detailed attention in literature on the British army's counterinsurgency campaign in postwar Palestine. This article outlines British military use of firepower to control civilian crowds and the difficulties involved during these incidents, contributing to the debate on the army's principal of ‘minimum force’. It also highlights the serious problem of legitimizing opening of fire on unarmed protestors, epitomized in the army's fabricated account justifying shooting at a large crowd rushing a military cordon at Givat Hayim. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 271-291 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1007559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1007559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:2:p:271-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason S. Ridler Author-X-Name-First: Jason S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ridler Title: A lost work of El Lobo: Lieutenant-Colonel Charles T.R. Bohannan's unpublished study of guerrilla warfare and counterinsurgency in the Philippines, 1899–1955 Abstract: Charles Ted Rutledge Bohannan (1914–1982) became an integral agent of US counterinsurgency operations during the early Cold War, contributing to both the success of the COIN effort to defeat the communist Huk insurgents in the Philippines and the stalled COIN efforts in Vietnam. In the early 1960s, he wrote a short and compact analysis of the US and Filipino experience of guerrilla warfare, from the Philippine–American war until the defeat of the Huk Rebellion. It was never published. Reprinted here, Bohannan's analysis of lessons learned makes a substantial contribution to the history of American ideas of unconventional warfare by an expert who contributed these lessons to the successful defeat of an insurgency in South East Asia. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 292-312 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1008088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1008088 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:2:p:292-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathan A. Jennings Author-X-Name-First: Nathan A. Author-X-Name-Last: Jennings Title: Texas Ranger Auxiliaries: Double-Edged Sword of the Campaign for Northern Mexico, 1846–1848 Abstract: This essay explores how federalized Texas Rangers, in the form of scout companies and larger mounted rifle regiments, provided controversial, and ultimately cost-effective, versatility to the US Army during its campaign in Northern Mexico between 1846 and 1848. It argues that their contributions centered on three tactical tasks that enhanced the invading army's maneuvers: reconnaissance, direct assault, and counterguerrilla patrolling. Each of these actions reflected a distinctive skill-set at which the auxiliaries excelled, marking them as exceptionally multifunctional assets. The Texans' augmentation coincided with, and was necessitated by, the evolving stages of the war in Northern Mexico, beginning with the American army's initial invasion, then transitioning to the assault on Monterrey, and finally ending with a troubled occupation where the rangers' brutality both enabled and undermined American pacification efforts. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 313-334 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1007560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1007560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:2:p:313-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elena Pokalova Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Pokalova Title: Putin's Wars: The Rise of Russia's New Imperialism Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 335-337 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1009526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1009526 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:2:p:335-337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Shaffer Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Shaffer Title: Fountainhead of Jihad: The Haqqani Nexus, 1973-2012 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 337-339 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1009527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1009527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:2:p:337-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Title: A la cima sobre los hombros del diablo Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 339-342 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1009525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1009525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:2:p:339-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 343-344 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1014092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1014092 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:343-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amitai Etzioni Author-X-Name-First: Amitai Author-X-Name-Last: Etzioni Title: COIN: A study of strategic illusion Abstract: Has the US military become a learning institution, one able to transition from relying on a conventional war model to fighting against irregular adversaries such as insurgents and terrorists? This article examines the United States' interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan in an effort to respond to this question. It shows that there are two major ways for a military to fail to be a ‘learning’ institution: It may stick to its old dogma or – adopt a flawed new one. Those who saw counterinsurgency (COIN) doctrine as the best way to stabilize Iraq and Afghanistan made the US military into a learning organization – but taught it the wrong lesson. They failed to take into account the absence of the sociological conditions that make a post-conflict environment amenable to nation-building, which is an integral part of the main variants of counterinsurgency. The article closes by outlining the foremost reasons the US military continues to be a poorly adaptive organization. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 345-376 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.982882 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.982882 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:345-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John A. Nagl Author-X-Name-First: John A. Author-X-Name-Last: Nagl Title: COIN fights: A response to Etzioni Abstract: Etzioni both exaggerates and minimizes the influence of my book Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife on different components of US military doctrine, mischaracterizes my treatment of the Malayan Emergency, and unfairly denigrates the successes of counterinsurgency in Iraq from 2007 to 2011 while misattributing the reasons for its failures in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 377-382 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.982935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.982935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:377-382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shivan Mahendrarajah Author-X-Name-First: Shivan Author-X-Name-Last: Mahendrarajah Title: Saudi Arabia, Wahhabism, and the Taliban of Afghanistan: ‘Puritanical reform’ as a ‘revolutionary war’ program Abstract: This article argues that the Taliban's revolutionary war (RW) program is puritanical reform informed by the Islamic legal duty of al-amr bi'l-ma‘ruf wa'l-nahy ‘an al-munkar (‘commanding what is good and forbidding what is reprehensible’). It also examines the history of this duty with examples of puritanical reform movements emerging from Berber tribes in North Africa and tribes in Arabia. Furthermore, the importance of this duty in Wahhabi Saudi Arabia, and its exportation to Pakistan where Taliban leaders imbibed this ideology, are discussed. Finally the article shows that corruption and abuses by the Afghan regime have given impetus to puritanical reformers: the condition precedent for puritanical reform is pervasive wrongdoing in an Islamic society. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 383-407 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.982883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.982883 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:383-407 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge E. Delgado Author-X-Name-First: Jorge E. Author-X-Name-Last: Delgado Title: Counterinsurgency and the limits of state-building: An analysis of Colombia's policy of territorial consolidation, 2006–2012 Abstract: Since 2002 the Colombian government has been implementing a series of policy initiatives that have sought to coordinate state resources in a neo-classical counterinsurgency approach to fight the country's main insurgent group, the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), and recover and consolidate the territory. Despite impressive operational successes against the insurgency and other illegal groups, the government has been unable to reassert its control and build legitimacy via the state-building effort known as ‘Consolidación’, in some of the most recalcitrant areas of the country. This article examines two areas where government efforts at consolidation appear to be failing to discuss the limits of COIN theory and practice. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 408-428 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.982881 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.982881 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:408-428 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Bruneau Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Bruneau Title: Challenges in building partner capacity: Civil–military relations in the United States and new democracies Abstract: The main emphasis in US security assistance is ‘building partner capacity’. To understand prospects for building capacity implies knowledge of the security sector, including the armed forces and also national police and intelligence agencies. The scholarly sub-discipline that should be useful for analysis of a nation's use of armed forces is civil–military relations as it ostensibly directs attention to when and how civilians choose to utilize their nation's armed forces. The goal in this article is to further refine the field of civil–military relations by focusing attention on two main concepts – democratic civilian control and strategy – and discussing their relevance in the context of building partner capacity. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 429-445 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.982880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.982880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:429-445 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Phil Reynolds Author-X-Name-First: Phil Author-X-Name-Last: Reynolds Title: Past failures and future problems: the psychology of irregular war Abstract: Personal cognitive processes inform how individuals understand their environment. Cultural variation, fundamental attribution error, causal attribution, and durability bias create obstacles to Western understanding of irregular war and have created a significant institutional bias in how the US military perceives its enemies- a perception only somewhat softened after a decade of irregular war. United Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) is in a better position to overcome these problems through persistent engagement. In the event of major conflict, environmentally sensitized military planners will be better able to achieve military and policy objectives. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 446-458 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.866426 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.866426 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:446-458 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrei Miroiu Author-X-Name-First: Andrei Author-X-Name-Last: Miroiu Title: Intelligence and intelligence operations in Romanian anti-partisan warfare, 1944–1958 Abstract: The Romanian anti-communist partisans constituted a small, scattered, diffused, and leaderless movement united only by nationalism and by the belief that armed struggle would contribute to the downfall of an illegitimate regime supported by a foreign power. This article provides an analysis of intelligence and intelligence operations used by the government to defeat these guerrillas, in a conflict that lasted a decade and a half. The sources for this study are mainly the collections of documents of Romanian secret police recently declassified and published. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 459-475 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.982884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.982884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:459-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oscar Palma Author-X-Name-First: Oscar Author-X-Name-Last: Palma Title: Transnational networks of insurgency and crime: explaining the spread of commercial insurgencies beyond state borders Abstract: The concept of commercial insurgency describes organisations permeated by criminal interests, especially when they participate in the production and trade of specific commodities. This article introduces a framework of analysis to explain how such organisations exploit elements through their region in order to embed militants beyond the borders of a single state. Through the construction of transnational networks, insurgents are able to perform political, military, and criminal activities, which not only contribute to the organisation's goal, but which also provide an opportunity for the insurgency to survive when the counterinsurgent offensive is strong within the primary theatre. This is a clear challenge for the state. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 476-496 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.982885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.982885 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:476-496 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul E. Roitsch Author-X-Name-First: Paul E. Author-X-Name-Last: Roitsch Title: Capacity and competence: full-spectrum counterinsurgency in the Horn of Africa Abstract: From 2006 to 2011, al Qaeda's East African proxy, al Shabaab, served as de facto ruling party of Somalia despite the efforts of the internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government (TFG). During these five years, a violent struggle between al Shabaab and the Burundian and Ugandan Peacekeepers of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) resulted in thousands of dead civilians, hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons, and a strategic environment inhospitable to reconciliation, recovery, or development. Beginning in August 2011, AMISOM was able to break the deadlock and force al Shabaab from Mogadishu, then subsequently, Kismayo, and ultimately to consolidate and reorganize in the Somali hinterland. In order to continue the momentum, the African Union and other partner nations must support the newly recognized Somali Federal Government (SFG), neutralize al Shabaab, and provide good governance to its constituents. Al Shabaab's revenue streams must be shut down and their offensive capability must be degraded while the strategic environment is shaped to ensure that conditions conducive to a revival do not exist. Failure to do so will likely see Somalia continuing to produce Islamic extremists and pirates to menace international maritime traffic in the Western Indian Ocean, destabilize East Africa, and adversely impact millions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 497-517 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2013.866425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2013.866425 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:497-517 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sean M. Maloney Author-X-Name-First: Sean M. Author-X-Name-Last: Maloney Title: Army of darkness: The jihadist training system in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 1996–2001 Abstract: The current Islamic State in Iraq and Syria displays both Taliban and al Qaeda-like characteristics. We can expect IS to host international jihadists in the same way the Taliban did between 1996 and 2001. This study depicts the jihadist training and support network established in Afghanistan during those years prior to its dismantlement and exploitation by Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. Up to now this system was understood only in the abstract but with newly available information, the scope and scale of the international jihadist project in Afghanistan can be unveiled. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 518-541 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1006409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1006409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:518-541 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noriyuki Katagiri Author-X-Name-First: Noriyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Katagiri Title: ISIL, insurgent strategies for statehood, and the challenge for security studies Abstract: What do we know about the US-led coalition's chance of defeating the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)? Exploring a number of past wars between state and non-state forces, I argue that while the war with ISIL may become protracted and last long, ISIL's chance of winning is after all slim. Primary reasons for this optimism lie in the combination of ISIL's self-destructive actions, which are likely to alienate much of its popular and financial base, and the transformation of US-led military operations in Iraq and Syria. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 542-556 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2014.989672 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2014.989672 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:3:p:542-556 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 557-557 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1050843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1050843 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:4:p:557-557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Introduction Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 558-577 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1050848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1050848 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:4:p:558-577 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rose Mary Sheldon Author-X-Name-First: Rose Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Sheldon Title: Swords, sandals, and insurgencies: Ancient history goes to the movies Abstract: This article explores the question of why so few insurgencies from the ancient world have ever made it onto the big screen. Many of these stories have been made into documentaries, but have been ignored by Hollywood. Even those events that have been made into Hollywood films, like the uprising of Spartacus, do not show any of the successful uprisings, only the defeats. Among the possible reasons may be Hollywood's fascination with big wars and big battles rather than small wars because they are more cinematic. Another reason is that American movies are reluctant to show successful slave uprisings or insurgencies against great powers. In the end, all movies are about the present, not the past, and thus Western bias will side with the imperial power, not the terrorist. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 578-596 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1050826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1050826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:4:p:578-596 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mevliyar Er Author-X-Name-First: Mevliyar Author-X-Name-Last: Er Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Abd el-Krim's guerrilla war against Spain and France in North Africa: An adventure setting for screen melodramas Abstract: The Riffian rebel leader Mohammed Abd el-Krim Al-Khattabi (1882–1963) became an important early guerrilla leader by successfully initiating extensively organized resistance in the Moroccan Rif against Spanish and French imperial power in the early 1920s. The Rif War triggered a wave of adventure films since the 1930s. This article will look at some of these, especially Sergeant Klems (1971) and The Wind and the Lion (1975), and suggest that they can be seen in terms of the wider impact of screen Orientalism derived from the iconic film Lawrence of Arabia (1962) directed by David Lean. The article will show that these films promoted what it terms a colonial gaze by underlining many stereotyped cinematic clichés relating to the Islamic cultural area and Abd el-Krim's revolt that stretch back to the early history of cinema. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 597-615 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1050847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1050847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:4:p:597-615 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina Eleftheriadou Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Eleftheriadou Title: Z and other cinematic tales from the 30-year Greek civil war Abstract: Greek cinema has documented and debated the civil war and its repercussions under different angles, largely defined by censorship, the general political climate, and cinematic trends. This article, first, offers a retrospective that traces the evolution of Greek cinema's ‘takes’ on the civil war vis-à-vis the political changes. Second, it provides an in-depth analysis of Costas Gavras’s film Z, examining its relevance to Greece and how political conflict, in general, is cinematically depicted. The article argues that Z and Gavras’s cinema have been affected and have affected the Greek political situation. However, while Z has spearheaded an international cinematic genre (political thriller), it had minimal effect on the Greek cinema. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 616-639 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1050823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1050823 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:4:p:616-639 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Rossellini, Pontecorvo, and the neorealist cinema of insurgency Abstract: This article examines the tradition of Italian neorealism and the importance it has for films depicting guerrilla insurgencies. It looks in particular at the two films by Roberto Rossellini Rome Open City and Paisa as well as the later film by Nanni Loy Four Days in Naples. It then proceeds to locate Gillo Pontecorvo's iconic film The Battle of Algiers within this neorealist tradition and examines the degree to which the director succeeded in continuing the basic traditions of neorealism into the context of the Algerian war of Independence. The article concludes that while this film remains of great interest it should be situated in the period when it was produced and is in many ways radically disconnected from many insurgent movements of the present day. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 640-667 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1050825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1050825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:4:p:640-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey H. Michaels Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey H. Author-X-Name-Last: Michaels Author-Name: Andrew J. Gawthorpe Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gawthorpe Title: Spies, advisors, and grunts: Film portrayals of counterinsurgency in Vietnam Abstract: Vietnam was a complex conflict, which historians and political scientists have struggled to understand. Some of the bitterest disputes in the historiography revolve around the US approach to counterinsurgency in Vietnam. Many different facets of the war have received the attention of filmmakers, and an examination of their work suggests new ways of thinking about the conflict. This article considers film portrayals of three phases of the Vietnam War – firstly, the early period of ‘political action’, then the advisory period, and finally the Americanization of the war after 1965. It suggests that by examining the experiences of participants in each of these phases, Vietnam War cinema helps to illustrate the problems that faced various American approaches to counterinsurgency in the conflict. Combined with the importance of films in determining popular perceptions of both historical conflicts and counterinsurgency in general, it suggests that they are worthy subjects of study and critique. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 668-687 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1050824 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1050824 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:4:p:668-687 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shanthie Mariet D'Souza Author-X-Name-First: Shanthie Mariet Author-X-Name-Last: D'Souza Author-Name: Bibhu Prasad Routray Author-X-Name-First: Bibhu Prasad Author-X-Name-Last: Routray Title: Bandit Queen: Cinematic representation of social banditry in India Abstract: Its long history and destabilising impact notwithstanding, banditry has received scant academic attention in India. Confined mostly to occasional and incident-driven media reportage, the socioeconomic factors that fuelled insurgencies and banditry and the milieu which provided a context for the operations of these outlawed movements received little attention. Cinematic representation of the social banditry phenomenon in the country, based on little or no first-hand research, as a result, suffered from ingenuousness and failed to emerge from the romanticised depiction of insurgency and terrorism which Bollywood, India's movie industry, is known for. Bandit Queen, the biopic of Phoolan Devi, in contrast, stands apart. Scathing criticisms regarding its use of sex as a tool for commercial success notwithstanding, the movie succeeds in drawing the viewers' attention to the persisting social cleavages in India. Using rape as its central theme, it shocks its audience into acknowledging the reality and relevance of social banditry in a country where governance remains an absent entity for a vast majority of its people. That most Bollywood movies depicting social issues have continued to remain aground in romanticism and irrelevance makes Bandit Queen even more relevant in times to come. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 688-701 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1050822 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1050822 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:4:p:688-701 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert J. Bunker Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker Author-Name: José de Arimatéia da Cruz Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: de Arimatéia da Cruz Title: Cinematic representations of the Mexican Narco War Abstract: This essay provides an overview of the eras of Mexican cinema followed by an analysis of 10 Spanish-language narco cinematic representations, an overview of the eras of American cinema followed by an analysis of 10 English language narco cinematic representations, and a conclusion that compares and contrasts the Mexican and US narco war cinematic experience. Due to divergent national trajectories – Mexico is engulfed in narco violence and corruption while the United States is not – more differences than similarities exist between these national cinematic genres. Dark spirituality themes are also increasingly evident in more recent narco war films. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 702-716 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1050821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1050821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:4:p:702-716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Call for Chapters: Police Advising and Assistance Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 717-717 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1066578 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1066578 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:4:p:717-717 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 719-720 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1072307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1072307 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:5:p:719-720 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Pampinella Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Pampinella Title: At war with social theory: Instrumental and communicative action in US military doctrine during the War on Terror Abstract: As US counterinsurgency campaigns draw to a close, doctrine for asymmetric warfare written during the War on Terror has come under heavy criticism. While many have argued that this shift to ‘winning hearts and minds’ is evidence that the United States is taking humanitarianism and nation-building seriously, others argue that a wide gap exists between US counterinsurgency doctrine and the protection of civilians afflicted by conflict. In this article, I show that the latter is true by comparing theories of instrumental and communicative action to US doctrine for operational design, stability operations, and counterinsurgency. I argue that these texts treat the people as an object to be manipulated for the achievement of pre-determined self-interested strategic goals rather than members of a community that jointly designs operations to fulfill shared objectives. However, US doctrine does contain communicative elements that, if prioritized, would better support humanitarian and state-building objectives otherwise subordinated in the War on Terror. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 721-743 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1072321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1072321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:5:p:721-743 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Horncastle Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Horncastle Title: Croatia's bitter harvest: Total National Defence's role in the Croatian War of Independence Abstract: Croatia's successful bid for independence was one of the defining moments of the immediate post-Cold War period. Nevertheless, the means that Croatia used to obtain independence remains relatively unexamined by academics. This article focuses on the early period of Croatia's bid for secession, and specifically the role that Yugoslavia's policy of Total National Defence played in facilitating its independence. Unlike in Slovenia, where the legacies of Total National Defence facilitated Slovenia's bid for secession, in Croatia the decision of its political leaders meant that the country largely neglected its positive legacies, resulting in a protracted four-year struggle. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 744-763 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1072320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1072320 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:5:p:744-763 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Arditti Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Arditti Title: The view from above: how the Royal Air Force provided a strategic vision for operational intelligence during the Malayan Emergency Abstract: It has long been held that the Federation of Malaya’s counter-insurgency campaign during the First Malayan Emergency (1948–60) was determined by the use of intelligence. Special Branch — the Federation’s primary intelligence agency — dominates the prevailing paradigm of how the insurgent threat was tackled. Conversely, the role of the Royal Air Force (RAF) within this paradigm is very limited. Most observers simply dismiss the role of photoreconnaissance or airstrikes as being largely inconsequential to the counter-insurgency effort. This is perhaps understandable: the Emergency was after all a ‘policing action’ and the insurgents were largely hidden under Malaya’s jungle canopy and amongst the Chinese community. However, further scrutiny reveals that the RAF made a much more significant contribution to the intelligence element of the counter-insurgency campaign than previously realised. First, the RAF decided to locate their Advanced Headquarters with the Army’s General Headquarters. This led to the creation of the Land/Air Operations Room, through which intelligence, tasking and resources were coordinated. Moreover, the RAF put its intelligence teams into the field to provide a practical link between local units and theatre-level assets. Second, with the support of the Army, the RAF established at the beginning of the Emergency the Joint Air Photographic Intelligence Board (Far East). This coordinated all photographic intelligence requirements throughout the Emergency, which was then delivered via the Joint Air Photographic Centre (Far East). Hence, via Joint Operations Centre and JAPIB (FE), the RAF provided both the practical means for effective joint intelligence operations at theatre level throughout the Emergency. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 764-789 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1081466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1081466 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:5:p:764-789 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Freeman Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Title: The African warlord revisited Abstract: To date, warlordism in Africa has been viewed solely negatively. This has come about, in part, because of the analytical lenses that have been used. Typically, warlordism has been examined at the state level; and behavioural traits, rather than definitionally necessary components, have been the focus. In effect, ‘warlord’ has been confused with other violent actors. I suggest here a reconceptualisation ‘from below’, which takes into account variation in types of warlordism, and which allows for both positive and negative effects of warlordism on society and the state. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 790-810 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1072318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1072318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:5:p:790-810 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Day Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Day Title: Bush path to self-destruction: Charles Taylor and the Revolutionary United Front Abstract: This article explains the demise of Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebellion. It argues that the main cause of this fate was the group's relationship with its primary sponsor, Charles Taylor. The RUF's dependency on Taylor's patronage, coupled with the rebellion's weak organisational endowments harmed the group's prospects of success. Based on original research, the article shows how Taylor used the RUF as a strategic instrument for his own regional interests, which led to the group's unravelling. More broadly, the article speaks about proxy warfare in Africa and how the relationship between resource flows and rebellion are not always beneficial to rebels as one might expect. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 811-835 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1072317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1072317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:5:p:811-835 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristine Höglund Author-X-Name-First: Kristine Author-X-Name-Last: Höglund Author-Name: Marcus Wennerström Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Wennerström Title: When the Going Gets Tough… Monitoring Missions and a Changing Conflict Environment in Sri Lanka, 2002–2008 Abstract: This article analyzes how the conflict environment in which a civilian monitoring mission is deployed influences the monitors' assessment of the operation. It draws on unique empirical material from the experience of the Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission (SLMM), deployed to oversee a ceasefire agreement in Sri Lanka 2002–2008. With material from a survey and in-depth interviews, experiences of the monitors are analyzed and changes over time are traced in relation to the monitors' assessment of the mandate and organizational set-up of the mission. The study points to the difficulty of monitoring missions to address escalation during an ongoing peace process. Its function is dependent on the goodwill of the parties. In essence, monitoring missions have the potential to strengthen peace when there is momentum in favor of progress, but when relations between the parties turn sour and the conflict escalates a civilian monitoring mission basically loses its potential. During the final stages of the war, which saw a very large number of civilian casualties, the war-torn areas were closed to international observers. Moreover, international pressure for a short-term ceasefire to alleviate the humanitarian situation was dismissed by the Sri Lankan government, which also saw the backing of several important actors, not the least China. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 836-860 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1072319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1072319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:5:p:836-860 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Will Carter Author-X-Name-First: Will Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Title: Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 861-864 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1072322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1072322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:5:p:861-864 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rod Thornton Author-X-Name-First: Rod Author-X-Name-Last: Thornton Title: Problems with the Kurds as proxies against Islamic State: insights from the siege of Kobane Abstract: The siege of the northern Syrian town of Kobane was lifted in January 2015. The Kurdish defenders there had triumphed against Islamic State (IS). The conflict then moved on. It moved on, though, with the United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western powers having adopted, almost by default, the Kurds as proxy fighters in this conflict. The Kurds, however, are a divided and fractious nation spread across three states and historically famous for fighting among themselves. In employing the Kurds as proxies against IS, as this article shows, these Western powers must be aware of the unintended consequences that can result. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 865-885 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1095844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1095844 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:865-885 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eszter Simon Author-X-Name-First: Eszter Author-X-Name-Last: Simon Title: Cognitivism, prospect theory, and foreign policy change: a comparative analysis of the politics of counterinsurgency in Malaya and Afghanistan Abstract: This article investigates the cognitive limitations on policy change in counterinsurgency (COIN) efforts by examining why American decision-makers failed to revise their government strategy substantially while fighting the insurgency in Afghanistan in 2003–2014 and why their British counterparts were more successful in adjusting their policies in the Malayan insurgency in 1948–1954. Unlike most of the COIN literature that concentrates on military strategy and tactics, the analysis of government policy-making in Malaya holds some important political lessons for American leaders today despite differences between the insurgencies in Afghanistan and British Malaya. As a response to the criticism of COIN studies in general that they lack theoretical guidance, this article utilizes an integrated cognitivist-prospect theory framework. It is argued that some of the COIN literature mistakenly suggests that a more difficult strategic situation was primarily responsible for American failure in Afghanistan. Instead, American decision-makers faced a more difficult task cognitively than their British counterparts, as policy change in Afghanistan would have required greater ideational change. American principals were much more attached to their beliefs emotionally, had no alternative problem representation, and had to shift between frames in order to engineer a response that was more in line with events on the ground in Afghanistan. Regarding prospect theory, findings indicate that gains frames appear to be unhelpful in monitoring progress until catastrophic failure endangers the reference point, and that decision-makers often have more than one reference point to attune their policies to, which often results in suboptimal choices with regard to at least one reference point. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 886-911 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1095842 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1095842 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:886-911 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maura R. Cremin Author-X-Name-First: Maura R. Author-X-Name-Last: Cremin Title: Fighting on Their Own Terms: The Tactics of the Irish Republican Army 1919-1921 Abstract: The 1919-1921 Anglo-Irish War represents one of the earliest instances of a successful insurgent movement in the twentieth century. By combining a fluid organizational structure with effective hit-and-run tactics and accurate intelligence, the Irish Republican Army was able to defeat militarily the security forces of Great Britain. Combined with a successful propaganda campaign, these tactics allowed the IRA to drive the British to the negotiating table, where its representatives secured greater autonomy than Ireland had known in centuries. The outcome of the Anglo-Irish War demonstrates the success which a well-organized guerrilla campaign can achieve, and the tactics used by the IRA must therefore be understood by any serious student of small warfare. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 912-936 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1095836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1095836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:912-936 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Blessing-Miles Tendi Author-X-Name-First: Blessing-Miles Author-X-Name-Last: Tendi Title: Soldiers contra diplomats: Britain’s role in the Zimbabwe/Rhodesia ceasefire (1979–1980) reconsidered Abstract: This article re-examines part of the literature on Britain’s role in the December 1979 to March 1980 Zimbabwe/Rhodesia ceasefire. The ceasefire ushered in an era of peace after a protracted internal war and it was an integral part of the transition from colonial white minority rule, towards black majority independence. Scholars present Britain’s success in brokering and monitoring the Zimbabwe/Rhodesia ceasefire as the result of its judicious and accordant management of the road to peace. However, this article argues that in fact deep internal divisions plagued the British managers of the ceasefire. Internal divisions centred on authority struggles between diplomats and military actors, conflicting personalities, discordant approaches to and goals in the ceasefire, and inter-institutional rivalry between the Foreign Office and Ministry of Defence. The article concludes that Britain only managed the ceasefire effectively because its military’s independence, political nous, and competence ultimately prevailed over the injudicious views and machinations of diplomats. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 937-956 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1095843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1095843 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:937-956 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey H. Michaels Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey H. Author-X-Name-Last: Michaels Title: Delusions of survival: US deliberations on support for South Vietnam during the 1975 ‘Final Offensive’ Abstract: When North Vietnam launched a military offensive in March 1975, there was little expectation that South Vietnam would collapse 55 days later. As the South’s forces quickly crumbled and the scale of the military disaster became increasingly apparent, the United States considered a number of options to provide emergency assistance to its ally. This article will examine the evolution of the diplomatic, economic, military, and covert options US policymakers developed to support the South during the Final Offensive. These policy options will be set against the backdrop of the ‘scripts’ US officials devised to justify emergency assistance, as well as their delusions about the South’s prospects for survival. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 957-975 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1095838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1095838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:957-975 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 976-976 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1095839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1095839 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:976-976 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: The Political Impossibility of Modern Counterinsurgency Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 977-983 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1095841 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1095841 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:977-983 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Williams Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Fight or Flight: Britain, France and their Roads from Empire Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 983-985 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1096502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1096502 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:983-985 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Burke Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Burke Title: Mad Mitch’s Tribal Law: Aden and the End of Empire Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 985-987 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1120912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1120912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:985-987 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Call for Chapters Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: (985)-(987) Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1095701 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1095701 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:(985)-(987) Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1132521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1132521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:26:y:2015:i:6:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Joffé Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Joffé Title: The fateful phoenix: the revival of Al-Qa’ida in Iraq Abstract: Although the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) is seen as a novel manifestation of Islamic extremism, it is in fact the latest, albeit perhaps the most effective, of a long line of revivalist movements in the Islamic and the Arab worlds. Its motivations – hisba and jihad – differ little from its predecessors and its ambitions – to create a state organised in accordance with the precepts of the Islamic caliphate – reflect a long-standing Islamic ambition. It differs, of course, in terms of the sophistication of its political and military strategies, which mirror the contemporary complexities of the world in which it operates, but its objectives recall long-standing Islamic ideals, even if articulated in radically brutal and extremist ways. More importantly, perhaps, ISIS or Da’ish, to give it its Arabic sobriquet, reflects the enormous degree of resentment inside the Middle East at the ways in which Western powers have intervened in regional affairs over recent years, particularly their support for regimes and economic systems there that have betrayed, in the popular imaginary, the essential principles of social justice that lie at the root of Islamic vision of ideal social order. Indeed, in many respects, its analysis of the world in which it operates and of the objectives it seeks differ little in essence from those any other resistance and rejectionist movement, whether religious or sectarian. More specifically, it has been the sectarian conflict that resulted from the reversal of political order in Iraq as a result of the 2003 American-led invasion that has driven the success of the movement in capturing widespread Sunni support. Whether it can manage the complexities of the administration of a state remains open to question. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1122899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1122899 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:1:p:1-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Austin Long Author-X-Name-First: Austin Author-X-Name-Last: Long Title: After ISAF: partners and proxies in Afghanistan after 2014 Abstract: The conclusion of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan at the end of 2014 has generated substantial uncertainty about the duration and level of international commitment to Afghanistan. The fate of local allies of international forces is therefore deeply in doubt. This article is of necessity speculative rather than empirical, but it attempts to draw on the history of previous intervention in Afghanistan as well as more general patterns of local and external alliance to sketch plausible scenarios for the fate of local allies. It proceeds in four parts. First, it draws distinctions between different types of local allies in Afghanistan based on position and relationship to the Afghan state and an external actor. Second, it examines the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan for relevant lessons for the fate of local allies. Third, it presents a scenario based on the foregoing that assumes there will be an ongoing small but significant international military presence and accompanying resources. Fourth, it presents a scenario that assumes there will be no or minimal international military presence and accompanying resources. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 22-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1122901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1122901 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:1:p:22-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mattia Toaldo Author-X-Name-First: Mattia Author-X-Name-Last: Toaldo Title: Decentralising authoritarianism? The international intervention, the new ‘revolutionaries’ and the involution of Post-Qadhafi Libya Abstract: In 2011, Libya became the only country of the Arab Uprisings where NATO and the Arab League intervened militarily, ostensibly to protect the civilian population, but in reality in support of the opposition National Transitional Council. This article argues that, since 2011, Libya has transitioned from Qadhafi’s centralised authoritarianism to a new decentralised authoritarianism where multiple centres of power coexist and sometimes overlap, while leaving room only for formal democratic institutions. This is the result of decisions taken by the ‘revolutionaries’ after the overthrow of the dictator, and a consequence of long-standing features of the Libyan state and society. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 39-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1122905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1122905 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:1:p:39-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susanna D. Wing Author-X-Name-First: Susanna D. Author-X-Name-Last: Wing Title: French intervention in Mali: strategic alliances, long-term regional presence? Abstract: The March 2012 coup in Mali opened the door to expanded territorial occupation in northern Mali by Tuareg separatists and subsequently armed Islamist extremists. French forces intervened at the behest of the interim government in Mali. This article examines how various actors frame the conflict to their advantage. While the Malian government and France are allies, the position of various Tuareg actors shift over time as they strategize and weigh the value of allegiance with the French. Local extremist organizations are labeled as terrorists and are targeted as enemies. This article argues that the conflict has been decontextualized and framed within the ‘war on terror’. France’s decision to intervene and to expand their regional military presence, rather than exit, is legitimized by the framing of their intervention as integral to counterterrorism efforts. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 59-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1123433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1123433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:1:p:59-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. W. Morgan Author-X-Name-First: B. W. Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Author-Name: M. L. R. Smith Author-X-Name-First: M. L. R. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Northern Ireland and minimum force: the refutation of a concept? Abstract: The debate over whether there exists a British counter-insurgency tradition of minimum force is one that has been thoroughly discussed. Is there anything left to say? This study suggests there is further insight to be attained if one explicitly evaluates the concept of minimum force in relation to the conduct of the security forces in the years of the Northern Ireland conflict. Through an examination of three key periods in the conflict, it will be shown that while there was invariably an awareness of the need to act with restraint among senior officers at the strategic level, this was often difficult to apply at the tactical level in the heat of confrontation. The argument demonstrates that the British Army, and other instruments of the state, rarely acted in a manner that could be described as ‘minimal’. Instead, it was the broader liberal values of the British state that explains largely the degrees of restraint exhibited by the government and security forces. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 81-105 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1122907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1122907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:1:p:81-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Lushenko Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Lushenko Author-Name: John Hardy Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Hardy Title: Panjwai: a tale of two COINs in Afghanistan Abstract: The US Army has two approaches to counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan. One is hard, or combat-focused, and the other is soft, or development-focused. This study examines two US Army task forces deployed to Panjwai District, Afghanistan from 2012 to 2013. CTF 4-9 and 1-38 offer a meaningful comparison because they pursued these contrasting approaches among the same population and against the same enemy at the same time and place. The study compares each unit’s approach and finds that neither approach was successful absent the other. The article concludes by recommending further research into combining the approaches at the operational level. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 106-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1122919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1122919 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:1:p:106-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy J. Lomperis Author-X-Name-First: Timothy J. Author-X-Name-Last: Lomperis Title: The ‘first’ surge: the repulse of the Easter Invasion in South Vietnam, 1972 – implications for Iraq and Afghanistan Abstract: In a military intervention, do surges work? I compare the failed ‘surge’ in Vietnam, the repulse of the Easter Invasion in 1972, as a means of assessing the more ambiguous surges in Iraq and Afghanistan. I identify four features of a surge for this analysis: the military dimensions and strategy of the surging forces, the military capabilities of the host forces, the political vitality and will of the host country, and the political commitment in the domestic politics of the intervener. I find that the last feature is the most critical; and, in all three surges, the American political commitment was lacking. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 132-153 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1123434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1123434 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:1:p:132-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Beccaro Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Beccaro Title: Carlo Bianco and Guerra per bande: an Italian approach to irregular warfare Abstract: Since the end of the Cold War, a huge debate over how war has been changing has emerged; a common feature is that modern conflicts are not state vs. state wars, but ‘irregular wars’. In order to better understand modern irregular warfare, it is important to analyse past authors and ideas. Carlo Bianco’s concept of Guerra per bande highlights elements of mobility with different cooperating units, of terror, and of complex terrain. The present study offers the first English analysis of Carlo Bianco and underlines the similarities of his work to the hybrid warfare concept. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 154-178 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1122924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1122924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:1:p:154-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 179-181 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1122893 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1122893 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:1:p:179-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Marshall Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Marshall Title: From civil war to proxy war: past history and current dilemmas Abstract: The use of surrogate or ‘proxy’ actors within the context of ‘irregular’ or guerrilla conflict within or between states constitutes a phenomenon spanning nearly the whole of recorded human military history. Yet it is a phenomenon that has also acquired urgent contemporary relevance in the light of the general evolution of conflict in Ukraine and the current Middle East. This introduction to a special issue on the theme investigates some potentially important new avenues to studying the phenomenon in the light of these trends. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 183-195 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1129172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1129172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:183-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geraint Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Geraint Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Militias in internal warfare: From the colonial era to the contemporary Middle East Abstract: Although it is a tenet of political science that the modern state possesses a ‘monopoly of violence’, governments have repeatedly used militias outside the formal chain of command of their armed forces when waging counterinsurgency (COIN), and in recent conflicts the USA, UK, and other Western powers have used irregular forces when fighting insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan. War-weariness and financial austerity is likely to encourage American and allied policymakers to rely on auxiliaries as proxies, despite the fact that historical experience demonstrates that the use of militias in COIN can have counterproductive consequences, not least for state stability. This article also concludes that the tendency of some Middle Eastern states (notably Iraq and Syria) to ‘coup-proof’ their militaries renders them even more dependent on militias in the face of a sustained internal revolt, as their regular armed forces collapse under the stress of combat. In this respect, there is a direct link between ‘coup-proofing’, dependence on irregular auxiliaries in civil war, and the erosion of the state’s integrity. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 196-225 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1129171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1129171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:196-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carsten F. Roennfeldt Author-X-Name-First: Carsten F. Author-X-Name-Last: Roennfeldt Title: Conducting counterinsurgency with productive power Abstract: Western governments tend to see power as synonymous with coercive force when they use their military forces in irregular armed conflicts abroad. Yet experiences from recent conflicts like Afghanistan and Iraq suggest that this understanding of power is unable to deliver the desired political ends. In an effort to better analyse and engage the political dynamics that dominate such conflicts, this article points to productive power. This theoretical perspective focuses on the micro-political dynamics that create legitimacy and mobilise people, which seminal counterinsurgency doctrines hold to be the goal. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 226-242 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1131451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1131451 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:226-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seyom Brown Author-X-Name-First: Seyom Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Purposes and pitfalls of war by proxy: A systemic analysis Abstract: The structure of the emergent global system – a volatile ‘polyarchy’ of state and non-state actors – accentuates temptations to employ military proxies, but also multiplies the risks when the priorities of the patron states and their proxies diverge. The motivations of proxies and the interests of the countries employing them are hardly ever sufficiently close, and the command-and-control arrangements sufficiently tight, to ensure that the battlefield behavior of proxies will not distort the military strategies and political objectives of their patrons. This article offers guidelines for reducing the risks and minimizing the consequences of such loss of control. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 243-257 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1134047 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1134047 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:243-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vanda Felbab-Brown Author-X-Name-First: Vanda Author-X-Name-Last: Felbab-Brown Title: Hurray for militias? Not so fast: Lessons from the Afghan Local Police experience Abstract: Drawing on my fieldwork on militias in Afghanistan over the past decade, this article explores their security and political effects, with special focus on the Afghan Local Police. It analyzes changes in local security environments, effects on the Taliban insurgency and support for government, and the sustainability of and control over the militias. Key lessons include: Militias have a strong tendency to engage in abusive behavior – itself a new driver of conflict. Militias are least likely to abuse communities when they emerge spontaneously, face an abusive external force, and if major rifts and conflicts are absent from the community. Although militias might be local, their effects are not. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 258-281 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1129169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1129169 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:258-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Galeotti Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Galeotti Title: Hybrid, ambiguous, and non-linear? How new is Russia’s ‘new way of war’? Abstract: Russia’s recent operations in Ukraine, especially the integrated use of militias, gangsters, information operations, intelligence, and special forces, have created a concern in the West about a ‘new way of war’, sometimes described as ‘hybrid’. However, not only are many of the tactics used familiar from Western operations, they also have their roots in Soviet and pre-Soviet Russian practice. They are distinctive in terms of the degree to which they are willing to give primacy to ‘non-kinetic’ means, the scale of integration of non-state actors, and tight linkage between political and military command structures. However, this is all largely a question of degree rather than true qualitative novelty. Instead, what is new is the contemporary political, military, technological, and social context in which new wars are being fought. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 282-301 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1129170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1129170 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:282-301 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eva Magdalena Stambøl Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Magdalena Stambøl Title: EU initiatives along the ‘cocaine routes’ to Europe: Fighting drug trafficking and terrorism by proxy? Abstract: While broad scholarly attention has been devoted to the securitization of migration in the ′EU’s relations with neighboring countries, less attention has been given to the ways in which the EU is partnering with third countries to fight other central ′‘unconventional security threats′’, such as terrorism and drug trafficking. This article traces the evolution of EU cooperation on these two issues with countries along the cocaine trafficking routes to Europe, i.e. Latin America and the Caribbean and West Africa. A mapping of EU initiatives and cooperation reveals that not only can a securitization of EU cooperation be observed in both regions, but various ′‘unconventional security threats′’, perceived in geopolitical terms, seem increasingly to serve as drivers for EU external action. The modalities of EU support – through international and regional organizations as well as third countries’ own counter-crime and counter-terrorism capabilities – suggest that the Union is fighting drug trafficking and terrorism ′‘by proxy′’. The article discusses whether the ′‘indirect′’ EU approach is a strategy of efficient engagement, or rather a way of avoiding commitment while portraying itself as a ′‘global crime fighter′’. Lastly, more analytical attention to third country interests, agency, and opposition is suggested in order for analyses to transcend the one-directional understanding of power seemingly underpinning the proxy concept. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 302-324 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151534 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:302-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert J. Bunker Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker Author-Name: Pamela Ligouri Bunker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Ligouri Bunker Title: The modern state in epochal transition: The significance of irregular warfare, state deconstruction, and the rise of new warfighting entities beyond neo-medievalism Abstract: This article is intended to serve as a ‘think piece’ which invites readers to view current perceived changes to the conduct of modern warfare in the broader historical light outlined by proponents of epochal change theory. Neo-medievalists have gone a step in this direction and posited that these changes represent the future of warfare and are evidence of a return, in a sense, to the primary tenets of political and social organization that existed in the period commonly referred to as the Middle Ages. The contention herein is that the answer gains more accuracy if one takes a much longer historical standpoint beginning with classical civilization and moving through the medieval period to our modern world. With regard to the present, this epochal warfare analysis projects that a shift from a Westphalian to post-Westphalian global system is underway. During this period of transition – as in the transition periods between epochs which have preceded it – the dominant state form undergoes a deinstitutionalization process, and war is less about traditional issues of state sovereignty, and instead increasingly over ‘what the new form of social and political organization will be’. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 325-344 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1129168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1129168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:325-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sibylle Scheipers Author-X-Name-First: Sibylle Author-X-Name-Last: Scheipers Title: Clausewitz on Small War Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 345-349 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151535 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151535 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:345-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Daase Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Daase Author-Name: James Davis Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Davis Title: Response to Sibylle Scheipers Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 349-353 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151993 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151993 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:349-353 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Shaffer Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Shaffer Title: War and Society in Afghanistan: From the Mughals to the Americans, 1500–2013 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 354-355 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1134049 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1134049 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:354-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adriana Curto Author-X-Name-First: Adriana Author-X-Name-Last: Curto Title: Hezbollah: A Short History, Hezbollah: An Outsiders Inside View Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 356-357 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2015.1134048 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2015.1134048 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:356-357 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 358-359 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1148109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1148109 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:2:p:358-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abel Polese Author-X-Name-First: Abel Author-X-Name-Last: Polese Author-Name: Rob Kevlihan Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Kevlihan Author-Name: Donnacha Ó Beacháin Author-X-Name-First: Donnacha Author-X-Name-Last: Ó Beacháin Title: Introduction: hybrid warfare in post-Soviet spaces, is there a logic behind? Abstract: Hybrid warfare, or whichever nomenclature one chooses to use, has emerged as one of the most innovative and popular instruments in contemporary international politics and is in no way limited to post-Soviet spaces. This special issue offers a multi-layered account of interstate and intrastate dynamics with respect to insurgent violence in the former Soviet Union over an extended period of time. The contributors explore both internal dynamics with respect to insurgencies and civil wars and the roles of external constituencies – whether through the use of hard power (for example in directly supporting insurgent groups) or soft power (through the power of international aid and strategic communications). Most importantly, however, they provide an insight into the complicated and diverse range of conflict-related situations and experiences relevant to Russia’s ‘near abroad’. This collection also offers nuance to accounts that seek to explain complicated dynamics in the former Soviet space with a single overarching realist or neorealist metanarrative that can occlude important insights to be derived from more multi-layered perspectives. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 361-366 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151660 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:361-366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Koehler Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Koehler Author-Name: Alexey Gunya Author-X-Name-First: Alexey Author-X-Name-Last: Gunya Author-Name: Magomed Alkhazurov Author-X-Name-First: Magomed Author-X-Name-Last: Alkhazurov Title: Insurgency-informed governance in the North Caucasus: observations from Chechnya, Dagestan, and Kabardino-Balkaria Abstract: In this article we analyse the dynamics of the insurgencies and the corresponding counter-insurgency measures in the North Caucasus over the past 25 years. By comparing three cases – Chechnya, Dagestan, and Kabardino-Balkaria – we identify similarities and differences in the way insurgencies and counter-insurgency measures influence governance in the region. Analysing different dynamics and outcomes under similar framework conditions – a federal state with a centralised government trying to govern a region with a shared history of rebellions against central rule and with similar geographic, social, and cultural features facilitating resistance and insurgencies – is a promising approach to better understanding conditions and implications of insurgency-induced governance in post-Soviet Russia. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 367-391 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:367-391 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emil Aslan Souleimanov Author-X-Name-First: Emil Author-X-Name-Last: Aslan Souleimanov Author-Name: Huseyn Aliyev Author-X-Name-First: Huseyn Author-X-Name-Last: Aliyev Title: Evaluating the efficacy of indigenous forces in counterinsurgency: Lessons from Chechnya and Dagestan Abstract: This study seeks to identify factors conducive to the (in)efficacy of indigenous forces (IF) in counterinsurgency (COIN) operations in Russia’s republics of Chechnya and Dagestan. Empirically, it is the first study to offer an examination of the deployment of IF in the North Caucasus-based COIN. The findings of this article emphasize that the effectiveness of COIN in Chechnya, unlike Dagestan, is conditioned by a number of factors pertaining to the structural and organizational characteristics of IF. Of these, the IF’s experience as former insurgents, their access to insider information, and their loyalty to incumbents – often maintained by the threat of collective punishment – have proven decisive for a relatively successful COIN in Chechnya. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 392-416 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:392-416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rob Kevlihan Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Kevlihan Title: Insurgency in Central Asia: A case study of Tajikistan Abstract: This article considers the experience of civil war in Tajikistan (1992–1997). This civil war represents the most significant violent episode in post-Soviet Central Asia; over a five-year period at least 50,000 people were killed and approximately one tenth of the population were displaced. This article will examine the role of local and international actors during this civil war, with a particular focus on the role that international aid and aid agencies played in governance of vulnerable populations and the impact these interventions had on conflict dynamics and the ability of insurgents to govern in areas under their control. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 417-439 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151656 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:417-439 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donnacha Ó Beacháin Author-X-Name-First: Donnacha Author-X-Name-Last: Ó Beacháin Author-Name: Giorgio Comai Author-X-Name-First: Giorgio Author-X-Name-Last: Comai Author-Name: Ann Tsurtsumia-Zurabashvili Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Tsurtsumia-Zurabashvili Title: The secret lives of unrecognised states: Internal dynamics, external relations, and counter-recognition strategies Abstract: This article focuses on how unrecognised states have tried to establish themselves domestically and internationally, and on the efforts of base states designed to counter these initiatives. Having provided an overview of the main features of post-Soviet unrecognised states, we examine the political systems found in these territories, focusing on their presidents, parliaments, and elections. We then focus on how unrecognised states strive to strengthen themselves through support from abroad, in spite of international isolation. Finally, we debate the strategies enacted by base states to counter such efforts and deny international legitimacy and recognition to these entities. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 440-466 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151654 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:440-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Ambrosio Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Ambrosio Title: The rhetoric of irredentism: The Russian Federation’s perception management campaign and the annexation of Crimea Abstract: Following the February 2014 fall of Viktor Yanukovych as president of Ukraine and the installation of a pro-Western government in Kiev, Russia initiated an irredentist intervention to annex the Crimean peninsula. Although much attention has focused on the use of military forces without country or unit insignia (the ‘little green men’ of irregular warfare), a crucial part of this operation involved a complex and multilayered perception management campaign to advance a self-interested narrative, which defined the contours of debate, justified their actions at home and abroad, and provided those actions with legal and normative legitimacy. This article examines the Kremlin’s rhetoric in three areas: Crimea’s secession from Ukraine was a legal act of self-determination; Russia possesses justifiable historical, cultural, and legal claims to Crimea; and, Western criticism of Russia’s actions are dishonest and a reflection of their anti-Russian, Cold War mentality. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 467-490 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151653 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:467-490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Licínia Simão Author-X-Name-First: Licínia Author-X-Name-Last: Simão Title: The Ukrainian conflict in Russian foreign policy: Rethinking the interconnections between domestic and foreign policy strategies Abstract: This article analyses Russia’s role in the Ukrainian crisis in the context of Moscow’s foreign policy historical development, underlining patterns of continuity and change in its policies towards the CIS. It argues that Russian foreign policy towards Ukraine results from a combination of two trends, reinforcing a Russian interventionist agenda: perceived threats to Russia’s interests in the near abroad and a radicalised and conservative national spectrum shaping foreign policy decisions. The combination of domestic and external factors driving Russia’s agenda in the near abroad raises important challenges for Russian society and its leaders as it does for its neighbours and partners. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 491-511 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1175141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1175141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:491-511 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Title: The limits of soft balancing: the frozen conflict in Transnistria and the challenge to EU and NATO strategy Abstract: Both the EU and NATO have greatly expanded efforts to address the frozen conflict in Transnistria since 2003. These efforts by and large fall neatly into the category of ‘soft balancing’ actions against Russian influence in the conflict and in Moldova more generally. Given that soft balancing is normally seen as a strategy undertaken by relatively weak actors vis-à-vis a global or regional hegemon, this behavior is puzzling. The actions of these institutions demonstrate that soft balancing is a logical strategy for stronger actors when the conflict is not as salient as for the weaker actor. The EU and NATO’s desire to resolve the conflict is not salient enough to warrant a costlier hard power strategy. Recent developments in Ukraine also demonstrate the limitations of this strategy. Specifically, the application of this soft power has done little to change the incentives for separatist leaders or their Russian backers, meaning they have little ability to resolve the conflict. They have also fallen short of creating a permanent pro-Western consensus in Moldova. They do, however, augment Moldova’s ability to adapt to the challenges posed by the conflict and provide a paper wall against more aggressive Russian ambitions in the region. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 512-537 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:512-537 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Tier Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Tier Title: What mix of brigade combat teams should the US Army Field? Abstract: During the past decade of war, the US Army has employed its forces in roles they were not intended to fulfill. The Army could have been better prepared if it had fielded a better mixture of forces. Instead of focusing on specific threats that narrowly specify which conflicts the Army will best be prepared for, the Army should maintain a broad range of capabilities that can meet a variety of circumstances. Accordingly, the Army should seek a force structure that exhibits a 3:1:1 ratio of Infantry, Armor, and Stryker brigade combat teams (BCTs) based on the possible range of conditions that US forces could face. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 538-549 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151661 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:538-549 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John E. Gudgel Author-X-Name-First: John E. Author-X-Name-Last: Gudgel Title: Cyber War versus Cyber Realities: Cyber Conflict in the International System Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 550-552 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:550-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 553-555 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151632 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:3:p:553-555 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shanthie Mariet D'Souza Author-X-Name-First: Shanthie Mariet Author-X-Name-Last: D'Souza Author-Name: Bibhu Prasad Routray Author-X-Name-First: Bibhu Prasad Author-X-Name-Last: Routray Title: Jihad in Jammu and Kashmir: actors, agendas and expanding benchmarks Abstract: Militant jihad as witnessed in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) is centred around the primary objective of finding a separate homeland for the Muslims of the state. Opinion on whether this homeland would be an independent entity or merged into Pakistan remains inconclusive. And yet, this externally sponsored violent extremism, spearheaded by interlinked militant formations with significant local participation, has remained deeply religious, highlighting the alleged machinations of the Hindu Indians, both in the state and in India in general, against the Muslim population. Over the years, the objective of liberating Kashmir from Indian control has been attempted not just through an armed movement that targets the symbols of Indian state sovereignty within J&K, but has invested resources carrying violence into the Indian heartland and also making the movement transnational in character by aligning with global terror formations like the al Qaeda and the Islamic State. This paper is an examination of the shifting agenda as well as the activities of three primary militant formations operating in J&K: the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen, the Lashkar-e-Toiba and the Jaish-e-Mohammad and an assessment of the transformation of the Jihad that has bilateral, regional and international security implications. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 557-577 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1189485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1189485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:4:p:557-577 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christine Fair Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Fair Author-Name: Ali Hamza Author-X-Name-First: Ali Author-X-Name-Last: Hamza Title: From elite consumption to popular opinion: framing of the US drone program in Pakistani newspapers Abstract: The United States has conducted armed drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004. While there has been some recent work on Pakistani public opinion about drones, there is very little research on how Pakistan’s media characterize the US drone program. This is an important gap in understanding the determinants of Pakistani popular perceptions of this program. Decades of research has shown that “news framing”, a process by which certain aspects of a complex concept are emphasized in political communications with others played down, influences individual cognition while forming political opinions. In this essay, we address this lacuna by assembling an unprecedented sample of editorials about the drone program from three English newspapers and one Urdu newspaper and analyzing the news frames within them. We next compare the trends in these news frames to public opinion data collected by Pew between the spring of 2009 and 2014. Initially, most Pakistanis were unaware of the drone program, media coverage of the program expanded as drone strikes increased in frequency. While Pakistanis became more cognizant of the US drone strikes, even by 2014 large minorities remained unaware. Pakistani public opinion strongly reflected the top media frames, particularly those that are negative. This is an important finding suggesting that newspaper editorials are a good barometer of Pakistani opinions despite the fact that only information elites rely upon newspapers for political information. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 578-607 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1189491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1189491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:4:p:578-607 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gordon Clubb Author-X-Name-First: Gordon Author-X-Name-Last: Clubb Title: Selling the end of terrorism: a framing approach to the IRA’s disengagement from armed violence Abstract: Experiences from the end of the Provisional Irish Republican Army’s campaign of armed violence have informed broader debates on how terrorism ends, yet this research has underplayed the internal dynamics which made the IRA’s disengagement successful. The article utilises a framing approach to explain how a network within the IRA managed to ensure the majority of the movement supported an end to violence. A disengagement frame was constructed by this network within the IRA which maintained narrative fidelity, it utilised the credibility of mid-ranking commanders, and there were sufficient linkages to diffuse the frame due to generational hegemony, the structure of the IRA, and the unique structure of the prisons system. Finally, the article challenges the utility of decapitation strategies because organisational stability can maintain the components which ensure a disengagement frame will resonate. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 608-635 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1189492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1189492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:4:p:608-635 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan Sozer Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Sozer Title: Development of proxy relationships: a case study of the Lebanese Civil War Abstract: Proxy warfare is a consistent element in international warfare. However, it is unclear why proxy relationships form in cases where states have multiple options of groups to support. Existing research identifies the presence of transnational constituencies, shared interstate rivalries, and moderate relative strength of militant groups as highly influential on the development of a proxy relationship. This study examines the presence of these variables within the context of the Lebanese Civil War. The results of this demonstrate that each state places greater importance on some variables and ignores others when choosing a proxy. Additionally, this study further demonstrates the presence of new variables that are key to the development of proxy relationships. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 636-658 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1189495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1189495 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:4:p:636-658 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samantha Newbery Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Newbery Title: The UK, interrogation and Iraq, 2003–2008 Abstract: The UK’s interrogation operations during the conflict in Iraq (2003–2008) are often portrayed by the media as involving significant amounts of mistreatment. This article demonstrates that these practices are not necessarily representative of the UK’s interrogation operations across this conflict. In doing so it contributes to the limited literature on the practice of interrogation and on the UK’s combat operations in Iraq. The UK’s interrogation capability, and therefore its intelligence-gathering capability, is shown to have rested primarily with the military’s Joint Forward Interrogation Team (JFIT). The JFIT suffered from limitations to the number, training and experience of its interrogators and interpreters. It is argued that maintaining a permanent, higher level of preparedness for interrogation by the British armed forces is desirable. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 659-680 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1189519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1189519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:4:p:659-680 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Spyridon Plakoudas Author-X-Name-First: Spyridon Author-X-Name-Last: Plakoudas Title: Population transfers in counter-insurgency: a recipe for success? Abstract: Since control over the population constitutes the most crucial determinant for victory in irregular warfare, how should a state authority isolate the insurgents (the “fish” in Maoist terms) from the population (the “sea” in which the “fish” thrive)? Should a state authority simply drain the “sea” by diverting its “water” elsewhere? Does the forcible transfer of the local people who support an insurgency truly work? This article studies how the royalist regime of Greece forcibly transferred thousands of villagers (over 10% of the total population) to counter the communist insurgency during the Greek Civil War (1946–1949) and shows whether and how these deportations could be crowned with success. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 681-701 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1189542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1189542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:4:p:681-701 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Nicholas Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: British counterinsurgency in Brunei and Sarawak, 1962–1963: developing best practices in the shadow of Malaya Abstract: This paper uses recently-released material from the ‘migrated archives’ to provide an original counterinsurgency analysis of the TNKU revolt in Brunei and Sarawak from December 1962 to May 1963. It argues that, despite a failure to act upon intelligence predicting the outbreak of insurgency, Britain developed a highly effective counterinsurgency organisation. These records also indicate that decision-makers drew inspiration from the Malayan Emergency to inform success in Brunei. Although Malaya has been challenged as a counterinsurgency paradigm, the Brunei operations show the utility of striking a balance between inappropriately copying from past campaigns and developing best practices applicable to the unique environment of Borneo. In turn, the evolution of effective operational practices in Brunei informed their successful application to the subsequent Indonesian Confrontation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 702-725 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1190052 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1190052 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:4:p:702-725 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrike Esther Franke Author-X-Name-First: Ulrike Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Franke Title: Unmanned Combat Air Systems in Future Warfare: gaining control of the air Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 726-727 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1151852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1151852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:4:p:726-727 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 728-728 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1187801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1187801 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:4:p:728-728 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmed Al-Hamli Author-X-Name-First: Ahmed Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Hamli Title: Preface Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 729-732 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:729-732 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Introduction Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 733-742 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208796 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208796 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:733-742 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Whiteside Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Whiteside Title: The Islamic State and the Return of Revolutionary Warfare Abstract: The rise of the Islamic State (ISIS/ISIL) is not well understood at this point. This paper starts by comparing the Islamic State to the Vietnamese communists in a revolutionary warfare framework and makes a causal argument that the Islamic State’s defeat of the Sahwa (Awakening) movement in Iraq was the key to its successful establishment of control of most Sunni areas and the mobilization of its population for support. Islamic State operational summaries and captured documents are used to quantitatively establish the impact of the subversion campaign against the Sahwa and Iraqi government and trace the efforts of operatives in tribal outreach and recruiting. This research provides a valuable insight into the return of a powerful method of insurgency as well as a glimpse into the vast clandestine network that provides the strength of the Islamic State movement. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 743-776 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208287 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208287 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:743-776 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: How revolutionary are Jihadist insurgencies? The case of ISIL Abstract: This paper examines the rise of ISIL in the context of wider debates in the first half twentieth century on the nature and political direction of the early Bolshevik state model of Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin. It argues that there are some parallels between the Trotskyite internationalist tendency in Soviet Russia and of ISIL given the latter’s calls for revolutionary jihad against both ‘apostate’ states in the Islamic world and, in the longer term, against the Western world as a whole. ISIL though is distinguished by its attempt to carve out a new state formation of its own in parts and Iraq and Syria, a project that may well end in failure. However, even if its so-called caliphate fails, it cannot be expected to vanish from the scene since it can either re-emerge elsewhere in a region of weak or failing states or merge with its current rival Al Qaeda. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 777-799 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:777-799 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Joffé Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Joffé Title: Global Jihad and Foreign Fighters Abstract: One question that has been unresolved since the current phase of extremism began in the early- to mid-1990s has been whether or not there is a global structure to the jihadi phenomenon. This paper argues that no such definable structure exists, although regional, national, and local networks may well share common objectives and ideological ambitions. There has, in short, been a process of global branding that has developed that, in structural terms, corresponds to a ‘network of networks’. These objectives and the related praxis, moreover, have evolved over the years, going through three distinct stages of development, encapsulated in the strategic distinctions between al-Qa’ida, Ansar al-Shar’ia, and the Islamic State (Da’ish). Allied to this is a second consideration; namely that the formal ideological inspiration and justification for extremist activities is a set of integrated common insights that form a coherent ideology derived from a literalist interpretation of Islam, Salafism. A further aspect of the Salafi–jihadi phenomenon is to what degree this formal ideology is the real explanation of the appeal of these movements to their adherents, particularly to the so-called ‘foreign fighters’ – those who volunteer from countries not directly implicated in the specific conflicts in which they participate. This paper will argue that the phenomenon is far more complex than the superficial appeal of jihadist ideology would suggest. Finally, the paper will attempt to sketch out what the underlying causes of the intense wave of extremism sweeping the Middle East and North Africa might be and to what extent ‘blow-back’ from returning jihadis should be of concern to home governments. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 800-816 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:800-816 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikael Eriksson Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson Title: A Fratricidal Libya: Making Sense of a Conflict Complex Abstract: This study explores the development of Libya’s security situation following the so-called Arab Spring in 2011 up to March 2016. It provides an overview of Libya’s main warring parties and the struggles they are engaged in. The analysis covers both domestic groups and the main external stakeholders. The study finds that the security dynamics are changing quickly and that Libya has many political hurdles and security challenges to overcome before a more durable situation of stability can be achieved. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 817-836 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:817-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edwin Bakker Author-X-Name-First: Edwin Author-X-Name-Last: Bakker Author-Name: Roel de Bont Author-X-Name-First: Roel Author-X-Name-Last: de Bont Title: Belgian and Dutch Jihadist Foreign Fighters (2012–2015): Characteristics, Motivations, and Roles in the War in Syria and Iraq Abstract: In recent years, Belgium and the Netherlands have been confronted with relatively many citizens or residents who have traveled to Syria and Iraq to join and fight with jihadist groups — 388 Belgian and 220 Dutch as estimated by the respective authorities. This article provides an overview of the phenomenon of jihadist foreign fighters in the Low Countries, analyzing their characteristics, motivations, and roles in the war in Syria and Iraq. It compares the Belgian and Dutch cases, focusing on key aspects, such as age, sex, and geographical and socioeconomic background. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 837-857 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1209806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1209806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:837-857 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lasse Lindekilde Author-X-Name-First: Lasse Author-X-Name-Last: Lindekilde Author-Name: Preben Bertelsen Author-X-Name-First: Preben Author-X-Name-Last: Bertelsen Author-Name: Michael Stohl Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Stohl Title: Who Goes, Why, and With What Effects: The Problem of Foreign Fighters from Europe Abstract: This article explores the phenomenon of Islamist foreign fighters, more specifically the movement of European Muslims to participate in the insurgencies in Syria and Iraq connected to the Islamic State/Daesh as well as the anti-Assad forces in Syria and the implications for European state stability. Drawing on personal psychology, social psychology, and social movement theory the article offers an integrated theoretical framework to analyze the radicalization of Islamist foreign fighters. Building on Danish data of Islamist foreign fighters, the article provides a first test of the analytical usefulness of this framework. The article further considers what distinguishes the Islamists that go from those that under similar circumstances stay behind, and whether this is a differences of kind or a difference of degree. Finally, we discuss the question of how much of a threat foreign fighter returnees pose to European states. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 858-877 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:858-877 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos Author-X-Name-First: Marc-Antoine Author-X-Name-Last: Pérouse de Montclos Title: A Sectarian Jihad in Nigeria: The Case of Boko Haram Abstract: Boko Haram is an Islamic sect turned terrorist group. Despite its ethnic leaning, it is not a liberation front, and it does not advocate a people’s revolution. From an ideological point of view, it is a jihadist movement because it fights for full implementation of strict sharia law which would require a change of political regime and the establishment of an Islamic state. But it does not really follow the Wahhabi model of Al Qaeda or Daesh, unlike AQIM in Northern Mali or Al Shabaab in Somalia. In the region of Greater Borno, which encompasses parts of Nigeria, Chad, Niger, and Cameroon, the sect remains embedded in local dynamics which this article explores through an analysis of the mobilization of its members. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 878-895 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208286 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:878-895 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Griffin Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Griffin Title: Operation Barkhane and Boko Haram: French Counterterrorism and Military Cooperation in the Sahel Abstract: This article examines the current coalition campaign against Boko Haram in Nigeria in the context of French military cooperation with the Francophone countries involved. The French government is actively supporting and facilitating the offensive against Boko Haram through both structural and operational military cooperation with Chad, Niger, and Cameroon. The current effectiveness and operational state of the armies in those three countries is largely due to long-term French strategic thinking about its influence on the continent. Finally, France is also militarily active on the continent with 3000 soldiers deployed for Operation Barkhane. Barkhane, while primarily aimed at containing the threat of Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, is also designed, in cooperation with partner countries, to prevent a link-up between Boko Haram and the other terrorist groups in the Sahel. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 896-913 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208283 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:896-913 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergei Boeke Author-X-Name-First: Sergei Author-X-Name-Last: Boeke Title: Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism, insurgency, or organized crime? Abstract: After incurring significant losses during France’s 2013 Operation Serval in Mali, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) is back. Mokhtar Belmokhtar has rejoined the group, violent attacks are on the increase, and southern Libya offers elements of the group a new safe-haven. This article takes a long view on AQIM, looking at its objectives and ideology, organizational structure, relationship with the local population and revenue model to determine whether they should be labelled as terrorists, insurgents, or ordinary criminals. The article concludes that AQIM generally follows a strategy of terrorism, while some elements and modus operandi could also be indicative of a strategy of insurgency. AQIM’s primary commanders have a long-standing relationship with the global Al Qaeda movement, are unlikely to be seduced by the Islamic State, and enjoy significant autonomy in conducting their operations. There is, however, little evidence that supports the view that AQIM is a criminal organization behind a religious façade, and its Salafi–jihadist ideology remains a leading determinant. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 914-936 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208280 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:914-936 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bohumil Doboš Author-X-Name-First: Bohumil Author-X-Name-Last: Doboš Title: Shapeshifter of Somalia: Evolution of the Political Territoriality of Al-Shabaab Abstract: The article presents the application of a concept of political territoriality in the case of Al-Shabaab. It first presents territoriality as a human strategy based on control of territory. Hereinafter, the set of criteria for the examination of political territoriality is presented. It concludes that given the development of Al-Shabaab, we can identify three distinct periods connected to the ′organization’s relation to territory: 2006–2008 – defiance; 2009–2011 – supremacy; and 2012–present – withdrawal. The issue of the deterritorialization of Al-Shabaab since 2012 is also connected to the need to enhance the strategies used against the group as it is becoming more connected to population and functional identification than territory. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 937-957 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208282 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:937-957 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Burchill Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Burchill Title: Jihadist insurgency and the prospects for peace and security Abstract: Modern jihadist insurgency movements pose a threat to global peace and security. Modern jihadist insurgencies are not necessarily posing new operational challenges, instead it is the ideology and belief systems justifying the use of violence that we need to understand better. The ideology fuelling modern jihadist insurgencies, motivating the fighters, acting as a tool for recruiting and support is the key strength these groups have and the one area we have yet to adequately address. We must work to better understand this ideology and how it is utilised otherwise the threat from violent jihadist movements may continue for a very long time. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 958-967 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:958-967 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 968-969 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1208199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208199 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:5:p:968-969 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tameshnie Deane Author-X-Name-First: Tameshnie Author-X-Name-Last: Deane Title: Historical and Political Background to the Erosion of the Rule of Law and Human Rights During Sri Lanka’s Civil War and the Way Forward Abstract: The Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) is regarded as a violent reflection of deepening divides along political and ethnic lines. During this civil war the Sri Lankan Government and its security forces have been implicated in unlawful killings carried out in a pervasive manner against civilians, whilst at the same time specifically targeting ethnic Tamils, humanitarian workers and journalists. The human rights of all citizens suffered as a result and ultimately led to the weakening of the rule of law. With the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan Government has made little progress in providing accountability for wartime abuses. Its absence of and reluctance to ensure justice is seen as a logical culmination of decades of impunity. The importance of acknowledging historical behaviour and taking accountability for past violations will be discussed. In an analysis for paving the way to a new democracy in Sri Lanka, the main outcomes of this article are calls for accountability arising out of the government’s actions during the war; an investigation into the present state of human rights, the rule of law and finally; an examination into the political solution going forward to ensure a process of reconciliation and peaceful co-existence. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 971-995 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1234115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1234115 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:6:p:971-995 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Tuck Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Tuck Title: The limits of covert action: SAS operations during ‘Confrontation’, 1964–66 Abstract: This article evaluates the performance of the Special Air Service (SAS) during secret cross-border raids conducted as part of Britain’s undeclared war against Indonesia from 1963–1966. The analysis reviews the existing debate on the SAS’ performance during this campaign; it looks more closely at how military effectiveness might be defined; and it then examines, using the SAS’ own operations reports, the nature of their activities and their success or failure. This article concludes that critics of the SAS’ effectiveness during Confrontation are right; but for the wrong reasons. SAS operations did indeed have less effect than orthodox accounts would have it. But the reasons for this lay not in their misuse but in the exigencies of British strategy. This article demonstrates an enduring truth – no matter how ‘special’ a military force might be, tactical excellence cannot compensate reliably for problems in strategy. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 996-1018 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1233644 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1233644 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:6:p:996-1018 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Paul Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Paul Author-Name: Colin P. Clarke Author-X-Name-First: Colin P. Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Author-Name: Beth Grill Author-X-Name-First: Beth Author-X-Name-Last: Grill Author-Name: Molly Dunigan Author-X-Name-First: Molly Author-X-Name-Last: Dunigan Title: Moving Beyond Population-Centric vs. Enemy-Centric Counterinsurgency Abstract: Historically, insurgency is one of the most prevalent forms of armed conflict and it is likely to remain common in the foreseeable future. Recent experiences with counterinsurgency in Iraq and Afghanistan offer many lessons for future counterinsurgents, but the discourse on the subject continues to be mired in a traditional dichotomy pitting population-centric approaches to counterinsurgency against enemy-centric approaches. Historical analysis suggests that this traditional dichotomy is not a sufficiently nuanced way to understand or plan for such operations. Instead, discussions of counterinsurgency should focus on two dimensions: actions (use of physical force vs. political or moral actions) and targets (active insurgents vs. insurgent support). This perspective divides the space of possible counterinsurgency efforts into four quadrants, suggesting that effective counterinsurgency campaigns find a balance of effort across the four quadrants that is well matched to the specific context. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1019-1042 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1233643 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1233643 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:6:p:1019-1042 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dominic Alessio Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Alessio Title: Filibustering from Africa to the Americas: non-state actors and empire Abstract: This article looks at dominant definitions of empire, in particular those emphasizing large polities as the sole agents of imperial expansion. By doing so, it draws attention to the overlooked role of filibusters: private, non-state actors who initiate unauthorized military endeavours, either in an attempt to carve out empires for themselves or for their home state. It demonstrates that filibustering is not a practice unique only to the Americas or to the nineteenth century as so much of the literature suggests. Lastly, it scrutinizes the cultural and historical impact of the phenomenon. In terms of the former, it argues that filibustering had an important literary and filmic influence. Regarding the latter, it advocates that it frequently led to further violent intercessions in many of the countries occupied and influenced a particular style of proto-fascistic and charismatic militarism. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1043-1066 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1234114 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1234114 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:6:p:1043-1066 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Huw Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Huw Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: At the End of Military Intervention: Historical, Theoretical, and Applied Approaches to Transition, Handover, and Withdrawal Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1067-1068 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1233645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1233645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:6:p:1067-1068 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1069-1070 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1233629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1233629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:6:p:1069-1070 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1234559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1234559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:27:y:2016:i:6:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shanthie Mariet D’Souza Author-X-Name-First: Shanthie Mariet Author-X-Name-Last: D’Souza Title: Countering Insurgencies, Terrorism and Violent Extremism in South Asia Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-11 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1266163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1266163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:1-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio Giustozzi Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Giustozzi Title: Counterinsurgency Challenge in Post-2001 Afghanistan Abstract: Although the Taliban insurgency was internally divided and unable to coordinate its activities in 2014–2015, the Afghan security forces were not able to contain it and steadily lost ground throughout 2015. Until 2015, there had been little effort to develop an indigenous Afghan counterinsurgency strategy, but a sense of urgency emerged after a string of Taliban victories. At the beginning of 2016, it was still not clear if and when the National Unity Government would be able to produce a counterinsurgency strategy and, in any case, the need for a coherent counterinsurgency approach became questionable as the Taliban appeared to be transitioning towards conventional warfare. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 12-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1266126 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1266126 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:12-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marvin G. Weinbaum Author-X-Name-First: Marvin G. Author-X-Name-Last: Weinbaum Title: Insurgency and Violent Extremism in Pakistan Abstract: Pakistan has an uneven history of dealing with insurgencies and extremism. This article identifies the various campaigns and policies employed to defeat militants and deal with violent extremism. It describes the major anti-state groups and how Pakistan’s military and civilian leaders, relying on the related strategies of selectivity, gradualism and containment, have allowed militancy and terrorism to thrive. This article finds that while the elites and the public may have belatedly come to appreciate the existential internal threats these groups pose to the country, there are strong reasons to doubt the state’s full commitment to its promises to take meaningful action.  Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 34-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1266130 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1266130 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:34-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bibhu Prasad Routray Author-X-Name-First: Bibhu Prasad Author-X-Name-Last: Routray Title: India: Fleeting Attachment to the Counterinsurgency Grand Strategy Abstract: India’s success in dealing with insurgency movements was based on adherence to four key rules of engagement: identifying a lead counter-insurgent force, launching population-centric counterinsurgency (COIN) operations, non-use of excessive force and confining the role of the COIN operations to preparing a ground for a political solution. While the country does not yet have a COIN doctrine, these four rules of engagement do constitute what can be referred to a COIN grand strategy. Analysis of the several continuing insurgencies, however, reveals the country’s inability to adhere to the grand strategy. Political considerations, incapacity to manoeuvre through the demands of various stake holders, and even the wish to expedite the decimation of insurgent outfits through a force-centric approach has produced a long history of failures in dousing the fires of discontent. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 57-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1266129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1266129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:57-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Title: Terrorism as Method in Nepali Maoist Insurgency, 1996–2016 Abstract: During the period 1996–2006, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) waged overt people’s war to seize state power and institute a new order that realized the party’s understanding of ‘New Democracy’ as posited by Mao Tse-tung. Contextual shifts led to a crucial strategic turning point in September 2005, when the Maoists agreed to a united front with estranged legal parties to oust the monarchy and establish a republic. Though touted as acceptance of political reintegration, the move was tactical rather than strategic. The party had no intention of supporting a parliamentary version of democracy and thus, 2006–2016, engaged in a covert effort to seize power. Central to this effort was the paramilitary Young Communist League (YCL), the members of which responded to inflammatory party verbiage and exhortations with attacks upon rival political actors. These attacks, academically and legally, were terrorism and offered a salient illustration of intra-state unrestricted warfare. Ultimately, organizational, national, and regional circumstances caused the main Maoist movement to move decisively away from its covert approach. By that time, however, radical splinters had embraced the use of terrorism against rival political actors, creating a situation whereby local politics is yet a dangerous endeavor in certain areas and at certain times. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 81-118 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1265820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1265820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:81-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sameer P. Lalwani Author-X-Name-First: Sameer P. Author-X-Name-Last: Lalwani Title: Size Still Matters: Explaining Sri Lanka’s Counterinsurgency Victory over the Tamil Tigers Abstract: The military effectiveness literature has largely dismissed the role of material preponderance in favor of strategic interaction theories. The study of counterinsurgency, in which incumbent victory is increasingly rare despite material superiority, has also turned to other strategic dynamics explanations like force employment, leadership, and insurgent/adversary attributes. Challenging these two trends, this paper contends that even in cases of counterinsurgency, material preponderance remains an essential—and at times the most important—factor in explaining battlefield outcomes and effectiveness. To test this, the paper turns to the case of the Sri Lankan state’s fight against the Tamil Tiger insurgency, a conflict which offers rich variation over time across six periods and over 25 years. Drawing on evidence from historical and journalistic accounts, interviews, memoirs, and field research, the paper demonstrates that material preponderance accounts for variation in military effectiveness and campaign outcomes (including military victory in the final campaign) better than strategic explanations. Additionally, a new quantitative data-set assembled on annual loss-exchange ratios demonstrates the superiority of materialist explanations above those of skill, human capital, and regime type. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 119-165 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1263470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1263470 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:119-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anatol Lieven Author-X-Name-First: Anatol Author-X-Name-Last: Lieven Title: Counter-Insurgency in Pakistan: The Role of Legitimacy Abstract: The Pakistani security forces have won their fight against the insurgency of the Pakistani Taliban, though terrorism will remain a serious problem for the foreseeable future. Victory was won not chiefly on the basis of new tactics, but of the recovery of legitimacy for the campaign among the population and the armed forces. This occurred when the war came to be seen as one waged not in the interests of the USA, but for the defence of Pakistan. In Balochistan, the nationalist insurgency has been different from and weaker than that of the Taliban—but may prove longer lasting. Military tactics in Balochistan have closely resembled those of the British Raj, and have been based with some success on fomenting tribal divisions and co-opting tribal elites. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 166-190 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1266128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1266128 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:166-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shahab Enam Khan Author-X-Name-First: Shahab Enam Author-X-Name-Last: Khan Title: Bangladesh: The Changing Dynamics of Violent Extremism and the Response of the State Abstract: Bangladesh is currently facing an incremental growth of radicalization. This radicalization can be traced back to the country’s early post-Independence years. Over time, political violence, ideological clashes between secular and right-wing ideologies, and weak governance have created conditions for the growth of radical Islam. The public rhetoric on corruption, weakening of democratic institutions, inadequate law enforcement agencies, fragile justice delivery system, fledgling educational and social institutions and growing unemployment provides further space for alternative narratives by extremist ideologues. Home-grown extremist outfits have received ideological and tactical supports from transnational terrorist network such as Islamic State (IS) and Al-Qaeda in Indian Subcontinent (AQIS), but only in a limited manner. The supply and demand side of radicalization in Bangladesh has not yet been addressed by actors such as the government, private sector, civil society and media. The failures in multiple sectors in the state governance have led to a situation where IS and AQIS now see Bangladesh as a potential ground for exerting their supremacy as flag bearers of radical forms of Islam. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 191-217 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1266127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1266127 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:191-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samir Puri Author-X-Name-First: Samir Author-X-Name-Last: Puri Title: Brinkmanship, not COIN, in Pakistan’s post-9/11 Internal War Abstract: Politics is critical to making sense of Pakistani successes and failures in dealing with non-state armed groups. This includes domestic political currents; regional political currents; and the global impetus of the post-9/11 era. How these currents overlap renders to any reading of insurgency in Pakistan real complexity. This article engages with this complexity rather than shirking from it. Its hypothesis is that while the insurgency bordering Afghanistan has been an epicentre of Pakistani military efforts to fight the Taliban, this theatre is in of itself insufficiently inclusive to grasp the nature of Pakistan’s security challenges and its consequent responses. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 218-232 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1263471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1263471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:218-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Namrata Panwar Author-X-Name-First: Namrata Author-X-Name-Last: Panwar Title: From Nationalism to Factionalism: Faultlines in the Naga Insurgency Abstract: Do ceasefires or peace talks create fragmentation in the insurgent groups? Rather than proposing claims that can offer predictions about armed groups behaviour under ceasefires or peace processes, the analysts tend to focus largely on the dynamics between state and non-state actor. The experts pay little attention to overtime changes in social and local political context which might contribute to propelling a rebel group towards fragmentation and factionalism. The present study intends to fill this gap by exploring the shifting role of public opinion and ethnic support for the peace talks to ascertain whether it can increase the likelihood of factionalism in rebel groups or not. This article applies this approach to the case of Naga National Movement (1947–2015) in India, and finds that the proposed variable appears to have increased the frequency of factionalism in the movement. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 233-258 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1233642 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1233642 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:233-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Earnshaw Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Earnshaw Title: Leo Strauss and the Invasion of Iraq: Encountering the Abyss Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 259-262 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1263472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1263472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:259-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 263-265 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1266794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1266794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:1:p:263-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allen Newton Author-X-Name-First: Allen Author-X-Name-Last: Newton Title: The Awakening Movement: A Narrative-level Study of Mobilization Abstract: This essay analyzes the link between mobilization and tribalism that developed in the Anbar Awakening. The Anbar Awakening exposed the Anbari tribal structure as a deeply entrenched and complex network deployed to mobilize support and generate behavior that would achieve the most advantageous strategy and position in a fight against al-Qaeda. Although this description supports David Kilcullen’s tribal society model, the rules of the Awakening movement that restored the tribal network were hardly explored by counter-insurgents for value and opportunity. The essay therefore draws on narratives from Anbari sheikhs to analyze the properties of tribalism (culture, identity, and problem-solving) as a non-linear social network, and demonstrates a paradigm in which mobilization of Anbari tribesmen is a valid indicator of security. The link between mobilization and tribalism in the Anbar Awakening therefore strategically develops to intervene in social life and address security locally. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 267-290 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2016.1233641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2016.1233641 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:2:p:267-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Walid Jumblatt Abdullah Author-X-Name-First: Walid Jumblatt Author-X-Name-Last: Abdullah Title: Merits and Limits of Counter-ideological Work Against Terrorism: A Critical Appraisal Abstract: Counter-ideological work is touted as crucial in combating terrorism. This article attempts to analyse the role of counter-ideology in dealing with a particular type of terrorism: Muslim jihadist extremism. This paper reiterates findings from existing research, in arguing that counter-ideology is indispensable for three reasons: firstly, to prevent Muslims from genuinely believing that terrorism is sanctioned by the faith; secondly, it is instructive to assure non-Muslims that Islam per se, is not the problem; and finally, it can be used to ‘rehabilitate’ terrorists who are in detention. However, this paper also suggests four criticisms of many counter-ideological efforts, and posit that in order for such work to be truly effective, the following shortcomings need to be rectified: firstly, the creation of unnecessary frontiers that may alienate potential allies; secondly, the inability to ‘preach to the right crowd’; thirdly, the perils of promoting ‘moderate’ and ‘progressive’ Islam; and finally, credibility issues associated with the people spearheading such works. An underlying factor that lurks in the background of all of these is the role of the ulama, or Islamic religious scholars. This article further hopes to contribute to the literature on counter-terrorism by exercising more scrutiny on the role of the ulama. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 291-308 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1288401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1288401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:2:p:291-308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John P. Cann Author-X-Name-First: John P. Author-X-Name-Last: Cann Author-Name: José Manuel Correia Author-X-Name-First: José Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Correia Title: An Unlikely Alliance: Portuguese and South African Airpower in Angola, 1968–1974 Abstract: The war that Portugal was obliged to fight in Africa began in 1961 and immediately stretched the resources of its armed forces. Nowhere was this thinness more apparent than in policing the vast territory of Angola. The east and southeast of Angola were particularly vulnerable, as the area was a vast, sparsely populated region characterised by enormous featureless plains or chanas covered in tall grass and broken by an extensive river system and mountainous forests. The only military solution to policing these immense spaces was aviation and specifically the helicopter that could carry troops into battle, protect them with a gunship and bring them home when the operation was concluded. The immediate problem for the Portuguese Air Force (Força Aérea Portuguesa or FAP) in Angola and elsewhere was a scarcity of helicopters. The solution was an alliance with South Africa, which had a strong inventory of Alouette IIIs, to help in policing the east. This move was likewise in the interest of South Africa, as its threat came from Zambia through south-eastern Angola. This article examines the strategic and tactical development of this unusual, cross-cultural alliance and the symbiotic relationship that resulted in destruction of the enemies of both in Angola. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 309-336 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1288402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1288402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:2:p:309-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jon Strandquist Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Strandquist Title: Governmental Re-organization in Counterinsurgency Context: Foreign Policy Program Transfer and Operation Switchback in South Vietnam Abstract: Foreign policy program transfer, the shifting of implementation responsibility for a foreign policy program from one organization to another, is a ubiquitous, yet under-studied, counterinsurgency phenomenon. This article conceptually develops program transfer as an important object of study; analyzes, using archival sources, an empirical case of program transfer, Operation Switchback, drawn from US counterinsurgency practice in South Vietnam; and formulates two preliminary theoretical claims related to program transfer: (1) transferred programs will tend to be altered in accordance with the characteristics of the gaining organization, and (2) program transfer may act as a signal or early-warning indicator of foreign policy change. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 337-360 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1288405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1288405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:2:p:337-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steven Paget Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Paget Title: ‘A Sledgehammer to Crack a Nut’? Naval Gunfire Support During the Malayan Emergency Abstract: The utility of naval gunfire support (NGS) during the Malayan Emergency has been the subject of significant scrutiny. While the limitations of NGS were demonstrated in Malaya, it also has proven to be extremely useful under certain circumstances. The circumstances in which NGS has proven effective during earlier and later insurgencies have generally reflected those of the Malayan Emergency. Recent operations in Afghanistan and Iraq have been less conducive to the application of maritime power, but they did not denote the end of the naval role or the potential usefulness of NGS in counterinsurgency operations. NGS is an unheralded capability, but, aside from the historical significance, it remains relevant in the contemporary era under the right conditions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 361-384 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1288403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1288403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:2:p:361-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: How might Democratisation Affect Military Professionalism in Africa? Reviewing the Literature Abstract: The search continues for methods to improve security for development in Sub-Saharan Africa. One of the important actors in this security arena is Sub-Saharan African governments’ armies. Much of their capability to meet security challenge depends on how militarily professional they are. The wave of democratic evolution in Africa since 1990 also affected military professionalism. This article reviews three models for assessing how democratisation might affect military professionalism in Sub-Saharan Africa, with special attention to post-conflict states. This should make it possible to decide which analytical methods are most appropriate to measure military professionalism in the particular circumstances of Sub-Saharan African post-conflict democratisation. Depending upon the particular nation-state in question, this decision on analytical methods may be useful for other Sub-Saharan states as well. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 385-400 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1288404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1288404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:2:p:385-400 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cian O’Driscoll Author-X-Name-First: Cian Author-X-Name-Last: O’Driscoll Title: Collateral Damage: A Candid History of a Peculiar Form of Death; War and War Crimes: The Military, Legitimacy and Success in Armed Conflict Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 401-404 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1288411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1288411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:2:p:401-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew R. Schwonek Author-X-Name-First: Matthew R. Author-X-Name-Last: Schwonek Title: Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 404-405 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1288412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1288412 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:2:p:404-405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 406-407 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1288381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1288381 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:2:p:406-407 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Back to the future – people’s war in the 21st century Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 409-425 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307620 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:409-425 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Scott Palmer Author-X-Name-First: David Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Title: Revolutionary leadership as necessary element in people’s war: Shining Path of Peru Abstract: Though it is well understood that all internal upheaval within a polity is a consequence of agency interacting with structure, the importance of the former has perhaps become too pushed to the rear. In reality, as demonstrated by the case of Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) in Peru, even cases which seem most determined by structural factors, in practice remain problematic, absent necessary revolutionary leadership. This leadership in turn, can make mistakes just as it guides successes. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 426-450 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:426-450 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: People’s war antithesis: Che Guevara and the mythology of Focismo Abstract: This paper re-evaluates the role and significance of Che Guevara and focismo in the strategic debate on insurgent warfare. It argues that Guevara’s approach to making revolution in Latin America and the Third World emerged out of his own earlier escapades as a restless tourist travelling through South and Central America in the early 1950s. Guevara’s life was one marked by a struggle to define an identity in a continent that he saw as dominated by the informal imperial power of the US. Focismo crystallised in the years after the Cuban Revolution in 1959 into an ideological concept supportive of the Castro regime’s claims to provide a distinctive new model of Third World revolution in opposition to those of the Soviet Union and China. Focismo has survived in the contemporary era as an approach that partly describes some modern terrorist and Jihadist movements in the Middle East. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 451-487 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307616 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:451-487 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Title: FARC, 1982–2002: criminal foundation for insurgent defeat Abstract: Recent controversy during the conclusion of peace talks has renewed discussion as to the nature of the effort by Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, or FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), to seize state power. FARC presents itself as an insurgency produced by societal imperfections and purports to speak for the marginalized and alienated of Colombia. Critics contend that FARC is a ruthless narcoterrorist organization that has targeted the people. In fact, FARC comes closer to the latter than the former, because its critical decision to privilege criminality for generation of means destroyed execution of a viable people’s war strategy. Ultimately, means devoured ways in such manner as to make ends unachievable. Criminality, though it made FARC perhaps the richest insurgent group in the world during its heyday, laid the foundation for its defeat by ceding legitimacy, and thus mass mobilization, to the democratic state. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 488-523 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:488-523 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Alberto Ospina Ovalle Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Ospina Ovalle Title: Was FARC militarily defeated? Abstract: The concept of military victory has become opaque and quite different from the days of the industrial wars. Full military victory through total annihilation of the enemy has yielded to more complex ways of achieving political objectives. Eventually the understanding of the fact that the war is unwinnable on martial terms shifts insurgent strategy to one of survival, normally peace talks. It is this very shift of strategy, albeit the absence of insurgent annihilation, that constitutes the core of military victory for the government. Politicians and decision makers, if not military forces, blinded by the victory idea of the past, are unable to understand this reality. Hence, when peace talks are held, they are approached as the end of conflict rather than a shift to war by other means. This gives the upper hand to the insurgents. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 524-545 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:524-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos G. Berrios Author-X-Name-First: Carlos G. Author-X-Name-Last: Berrios Title: Critical ingredient: US aid to counterinsurgency in Colombia Abstract: In assisting states facing insurgencies, few subjects are more vital than understanding the manner in which external aid can be applied in a sustainable manner. Colombia, touted by proponents as a case study for astute application of external reinforcement for democracy, is just as often held up by critics as an illustration of the misplaced priorities of the US. No part of the critique is more prevalent than assertions concerning the nature of US military assistance. American aid to counterinsurgency filled particular capacity gaps and enhanced capabilities that already existed. These were possible due to the Colombian ability to absorb input. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 546-575 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:546-575 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew P. Dearing Author-X-Name-First: Matthew P. Author-X-Name-Last: Dearing Title: A double-edged sword: the people’s uprising in Ghazni, Afghanistan Abstract: In the recent era of state formation in Afghanistan, hundreds of small popular movements rebelled against the Taliban throughout the country. One in particular stands out – the Andar Uprising in the spring of 2012 gave a compelling case of local vigilantism in an area ripe with historic grievances and narratives of community defense dating back to the anti-Soviet jihad. This case is compelling as it shows one faction of the movement engaging in protective paramilitary behavior over the civilian population, while the other faction engages in predatory behavior. Controlling processes, incentives structures, and narratives were all factors correlating to the rise of a popular anti-Taliban resistance in Andar District that battled the Taliban and perceived oppression in their district. When patrons and the community engaged in complementary governance over the paramilitary group, in this case through the Afghan Local Police (ALP), paramilitary behavior was protective of the civilian population. However, when patrons and communities failed to provide complementary governance, as the case of the remaining Uprising force after ALP institutionalization, the paramilitaries engaged in predation on the local population. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 576-608 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:576-608 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elena Pokalova Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Pokalova Title: The North Caucasus: from mass mobilization to international terrorism Abstract: Insurgencies have proven to be highly adaptive movements that exploit their environments and change and mutate in order to survive. States and international actors have long grappled with ways to thwart such adaptations. In this respect, disengagement initiatives that offer insurgents opportunities for alternative livelihood seem to present a viable mechanism for weakening insurgencies. Analyzing the case of the North Caucasus insurgency, this article examines the interrelation between such variables as insurgent crises, government disengagement programs, and foreign attempts to co-opt the insurgency. It is argued that disengagement programs implemented during the second Chechen conflict prevented the insurgent command from pledging allegiance to Al-Qaeda because insurgents had to preserve their local orientation to compete for their bases of support. In 2014, however, the North Caucasus insurgents pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria as no viable disengagement opportunities existed at the time and their only route for survival was to join a global insurgency. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 609-628 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:609-628 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David E. Spencer Author-X-Name-First: David E. Author-X-Name-Last: Spencer Author-Name: Hugo Acha Melgar Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Acha Melgar Title: Bolivia, a new model insurgency for the 21st century: from Mao back to Lenin Abstract: In Bolivia, a brilliantly executed insurgency was carried out between 1995 and 2005, so much so that few perceived it as such. Its most important characteristic was its correct evaluation of the relative correlation of forces and application of the right combination of all forms of struggle. This was possible because of its pragmatism. Though not bound by ideological dogmatism, it nonetheless displayed a deep understanding of insurgency and revolutionary theory. This allowed adaptation and evolution in a changing context. The main form of struggle was not military violence, although it was not absent, but rather violent social protest funded by drug trafficking proceeds. The strategy thus neutralized traditional counterinsurgency models, because it made it difficult to apply coercive force as the enemy was not clearly identifiable. Its success in Bolivia means that the emergence of a new model of insurgency, one still built upon the popular mobilization of people’s war but more attuned to new global realities, is a reality. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 629-660 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307617 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:629-660 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David R. Stone Author-X-Name-First: David R. Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Title: The Sino-Indian War of 1962: New Perspectives Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 661-662 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:661-662 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Marshall Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Marshall Title: Missionaries of modernity. Advisory missions and the struggle for hegemony in Afghanistan and beyond Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 662-665 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:662-665 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 666-667 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1307636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1307636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:3:p:666-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Isabelle Duyvesteyn Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle Author-X-Name-Last: Duyvesteyn Title: Rebels & Legitimacy; An Introduction Abstract: This introduction to the double special issue on the theme of rebels and legitimacy aims to set out the parameters for the discussion. It looks at legitimacy as a concept and at legitimation as a process. To date most of the literature on legitimacy has focused on the state. However, rebel groups such as insurgents, terrorists, warlords and guerrillas have all had claims, and continue to claim, legitimacy as well. How and when are these rebels seen as legitimate actors? Existing suggestions of rebel legitimacy focus heavily on state models of social order and the social contract. This first contribution discusses how to conceptualize legitimacy and how to make it operational. A two-pronged approach, borrowing heavily from Max Weber, is proposed. Legitimacy is investigated based on beliefs and belief systems about what is considered legitimate. This is combined with practices whereby legitimacy is enacted, copied and emulated by the population the rebels claim to represent. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 669-685 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1322337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1322337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:669-685 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sukanya Podder Author-X-Name-First: Sukanya Author-X-Name-Last: Podder Title: Understanding the Legitimacy of Armed Groups: A Relational Perspective Abstract: This paper analyses the multiple pathways through which legitimacy of armed groups is constructed in conflict-affected states. It adopts a political sociological approach to the study of armed group legitimacy. Such a strategy assists in identifying whether armed groups enjoy legitimacy in a given empirical context and avoids applying pre-determined normative criteria. The focus is on three types of relationships: civilian communities, the state or regime in power and external actors including regional and international sponsors, to discern which types of legitimacy matter for armed groups in different relationships. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 686-708 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1322333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1322333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:686-708 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Worrall Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Worrall Title: (Re-)emergent orders: understanding the negotiation(s) of rebel governance Abstract: The concept of order is often neglected in the study of conflict – seemingly such a ‘disordering’ process. With the recent increase in the examination of rebel governance however, bringing order back into our understanding of rebel and insurgent groups has much to offer in exploring the everyday politics which connect authorities, rebel movements and the population itself, in a complex mass of intersubjective and power-based interactions and negotiations. Rebels both shape and are shaped by existing forms of order in complex and ongoing ways. This article explores how varying elements interact in the negotiation, framing and enforcement of order and develops an original analytical framework to examine the perpetual negotiations of rebel movements in their attempts to cement their control. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 709-733 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1322336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1322336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:709-733 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric W. Schoon Author-X-Name-First: Eric W. Author-X-Name-Last: Schoon Title: Building Legitimacy: Interactional Dynamics and the Popular Evaluation of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in Turkey Abstract: Previous research has identified a variety of general mechanisms to explain how insurgents build legitimacy. Yet, there is often a gap between these mechanisms and the interactional dynamics of insurgencies. This article attempts to bridge this gap through a theoretically informed analysis of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party’s (PKK) insurgency in Turkey. I show how the PKK’s efforts to cultivate legitimacy, Turkey’s counterinsurgency strategies, and civilian perceptions of the PKK, all mutually influenced one another. Based on this analysis, I argue that the mechanisms that produce popular legitimacy coevolve with insurgents’ behaviors, states’ interventions, and civilians’ perceptions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 734-754 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1323407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1323407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:734-754 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Arjona Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Arjona Title: Civilian Cooperation and Non-Cooperation with Non-State Armed Groups: The Centrality of Obedience and Resistance Abstract: Terms like ‘support’ and ‘collaboration’ are often used interchangeably to denote a loose set of acts or attitudes that benefit non-state armed groups (NSAGs). However, these terms are seldom defined, and the alternatives available to civilians are rarely identified. Moreover, existing approaches overlook that the interaction between civilians and NSAGs is often one between ruler and ruled, which makes obedience and resistance central. This paper proposes to conceptualize the choices available to civilians as forms of cooperation and non-cooperation, offers a typology, and discusses the implications for theory building on civilian and NSAG behavior, and on the functioning of armed social orders. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 755-778 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1322328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1322328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:755-778 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mirjam de Bruijn Author-X-Name-First: Mirjam Author-X-Name-Last: de Bruijn Author-Name: Jonna Both Author-X-Name-First: Jonna Author-X-Name-Last: Both Title: Youth Between State and Rebel (Dis)Orders: Contesting Legitimacy from Below in Sub-Sahara Africa Abstract: The Sahel has gained attention in international politics as one of the central theatres in the war on terrorism. International actors in this war seek alliances with states in the region, reinforcing the latter’s military strength and their legitimacy from outside. At the same time, increasingly-connected young populations question the legitimacy of their states, and contest that legitimacy from within and below. In the absence of states delivering any reasonable form of social contract, young people become torn between different governing orders and find themselves in a liminal space. In this article we present the cases of youth in Mali and Chad, who find themselves in a period of re-definition of their position in society and hence search for legitimate structures representation. In this search they may frame their belonging in terms of ethnicity, religion or political opposition – and increasingly also in adherence to global citizenship. New information flows and connectivity among young people in these regions, and between them and the diaspora, has given a new turn to their search for citizenship/belonging and rightful representation. However, whether their search will be successful in this geopolitical context is questionable. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 779-798 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1322329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1322329 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:779-798 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrich Schneckener Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich Author-X-Name-Last: Schneckener Title: Militias and the Politics of Legitimacy Abstract: Militias and rebels depart from different angles when it comes to the politics of legitimacy. While rebels have to address the issue of legitimacy early on in order to gain popular support, militias can rely on some kind of ‘borrowed legitimacy’. Based on this observation, the paper introduces militias as special form of organised violence visible in many civil wars and fragile states as well as elaborates on the politics of legitimacy typical for militias. By distinguishing different forms of militia violence (counter-insurgency, counter-rival and counter-crime), the articles shows how militias respond to major challenges in legitimizing violent actions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 799-816 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1322334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1322334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:799-816 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lee J. M. Seymour Author-X-Name-First: Lee J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Seymour Title: Legitimacy and the Politics of Recognition in Kosovo Abstract: How do contemporary secessionist movements gain international recognition of their claims to self-determination? I argue that international recognition is forthcoming when a sufficient number of states believe a claim to self-determination ought to be accepted. That is, states recognize claims to self-determination when they perceive them to be legitimate. To convince outsiders of the legitimacy of their claims, separatist movements invoke resonant norms and symbols in a moral economy that structures decision-making. I contrast this argument with prevailing explanations of recognition dynamics. To illustrate the argument, I examine the diplomacy surrounding Kosovo’s independence bid and unilateral secession. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 817-838 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1322335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1322335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:817-838 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew J. Gawthorpe Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gawthorpe Title: All Counterinsurgency is Local: Counterinsurgency and Rebel Legitimacy Abstract: Although the concept of legitimacy is central to Western counterinsurgency theory, most discourse in this area black-boxes the concept. It hence remains under-specified in many discussions of counterinsurgency. Fortunately, recent research on rebel governance and legitimacy contributes to our understanding of the problems faced by counterinsurgents who want to boost state legitimacy while undermining that of the rebels. Taken together, this research illustrates that a rational choice approach to legitimacy is simplistic; that micro-level factors ultimately drive legitimacy dynamics; and that both cooption of existing legitimate local elites and their replacement from the top–down is unlikely to succeed. Western counterinsurgency doctrine has failed to grasp the difficulties this poses for it. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 839-852 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1322330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1322330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:839-852 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martijn Kitzen Author-X-Name-First: Martijn Author-X-Name-Last: Kitzen Title: ‘Legitimacy is the Main Objective’: Legitimation in Population-Centric Counterinsurgency Abstract: This article seeks to contribute to the understanding of the role of legitimacy and different forms of legitimation in population-centric counterinsurgency. An analysis of the logic underlying this counterinsurgency concept sheds a light on the former as it identifies legitimacy as the crucial mechanism through which a collaboration strategy seeks to obtain control over the local population. An exploration of Weber’s primary types of legitimate authorities provides the insight that counterinsurgents might operationalize legitimation through either rational-legal ways or by co-opting local power-holders who hold a position as traditional or charismatic leaders. The exact choice of strategy depends on the pattern of legitimacy in the target society and therefore so-called cultural legitimation is pivotal. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 853-866 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1322331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1322331 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:853-866 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Romain Malejacq Author-X-Name-First: Romain Author-X-Name-Last: Malejacq Title: From Rebel to Quasi-State: Governance, Diplomacy and Legitimacy in the Midst of Afghanistan’s Wars (1979–2001) Abstract: How do warlords build their legitimacy and eventually exert authority? The case of Afghan leader Ahmad Shah Massoud demonstrates that warlords do not only build legitimacy through the internal provision of goods and services to the population under their control, but also build their legitimacy by projecting authority externally, through the development of their own form of diplomacy. In this article, I show that warlords develop complex and complementary legitimisation strategies that extend beyond their territorial realms to include consequential relationships with foreign actors. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 867-886 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1322332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1322332 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:867-886 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abbey Steele Author-X-Name-First: Abbey Author-X-Name-Last: Steele Author-Name: Jacob N. Shapiro Author-X-Name-First: Jacob N. Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro Title: Subcontracting State-Building Abstract: Contemporary development assistance often takes the form of subcontracted state-building. Foreign donors hire for-profit firms to provide services and to improve or create institutions in developing countries, particularly those experiencing internal conflict. This arrangement creates two counterproductive dynamics: first, it introduces agency problems between donors, recipient states, subcontractors, and citizens; and second, it undermines the long-run development of domestic bureaucratic capacity by creating disincentives for the host government to invest. These dynamics hinder, rather than foster, the legitimacy of state institutions. This paper summarizes trends in external support to state-building since the 1970s and illustrates subcontracted state-building with examples from Colombia. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 887-905 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1323408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1323408 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:887-905 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 906-908 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1328059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1328059 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:4-5:p:906-908 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathaniel L. Moir Author-X-Name-First: Nathaniel L. Author-X-Name-Last: Moir Title: Bernard Fall and Vietnamese Revolutionary Warfare in Indochina Abstract: This article assesses Bernard Fall’s concept of Vietnamese Revolutionary Warfare in Indochina between 1953 and 1958. It also investigates differences in the conceptualization of Revolutionary Warfare between Fall and proponents of French military doctrine known as la guerre révolutionnaire. The last component of the article considers limits of Fall’s influence on counterinsurgency doctrine. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 909-946 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1374594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1374594 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:6:p:909-946 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Yaqub Ibrahimi Author-X-Name-First: S. Yaqub Author-X-Name-Last: Ibrahimi Title: The Taliban’s Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001): ‘War-Making and State-Making’ as an Insurgency Strategy Abstract: This paper examines the institutional and functional aspects of the Taliban’s Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA). The Taliban’s coercive approach and its entire reliance on “war-making” to “state-making” shows the difficulty of the transformation of an insurgent group into a state structure. The Taliban was primarily capable of establishing a two-track system of governance. However, the assessment of the IEA’s institutional and functional capabilities shows that the military–political organization formed by the Taliban lacked statehood in all three areas of legitimacy, authority and capacity. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 947-972 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1374598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1374598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:6:p:947-972 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Namrata Panwar Author-X-Name-First: Namrata Author-X-Name-Last: Panwar Title: Explaining Cohesion in an Insurgent Organization: The Case of the Mizo National Front Abstract: Despite the prevalence of violent uprisings against the states, existing literature has produced a generalized explanation of the causes and onset of such uprisings ignoring crucial aspects of (non-state) armed group cohesion, such as their capabilities to manage intra-group tensions and rivalries. In this paper, I examine recent research in the field of civil conflict to understand the importance of investigating underlying constraints which can cause serious impediments to the capabilities of a state during the course of a war. The paper then focuses on the importance of internal strategic resources, such as pre-war and wartime sociopolitical networks in which insurgents mobilize, recruit new cadres and maintain intra-group cooperation, to suggest how it can contain the consequences of counterinsurgency operations and other state strategies on the internal cohesion of an insurgent group. A detailed case study of the Mizo National Front (MNF) in India demonstrates the argument’s plausibility. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 973-995 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1374602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1374602 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:6:p:973-995 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Dingley Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Dingley Author-Name: Sean Herman Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Herman Title: Terrorism, Radicalisation and Moral Panics: Media and Academic Analysis and Reporting of 2016 and 2017 ‘Terrorism’ Abstract: Radicalism or radicalisation has become a serious political and academic theme in recent years and any incident involving Muslims now almost automatically acquires the cachet, as events in 2016 and 2017 have shown. However, despite vast sums and resources expended on the subject no one can define what they mean by ‘it’. This should make us pause and question what precisely it is that causes so much alarm and is it worth the resources, time and effort employed to respond to it? Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 996-1013 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1374597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1374597 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:6:p:996-1013 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wilder Alejandro Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Wilder Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Author-Name: Erica Illingworth Author-X-Name-First: Erica Author-X-Name-Last: Illingworth Title: Can Governments Negotiate With Insurgents? The Latin American Experience Abstract: In June 2016, the Colombian Government and the FARC insurgent movement signed a ceasefire agreement, which brings the two sides one step closer to putting an end to over five decades of war. Unfortunately, Latin America has a rich history of insurgent movements, particularly during the cold war era, some of which continue to operate today. Most of these movements disappeared due to military operations, though some did so via peace negotiations. This essay aims to discuss the various ends of Latin American insurgencies to answer whether, indeed, insurgents can be negotiated with. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1014-1036 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1374607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1374607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:6:p:1014-1036 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1037-1037 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1386842 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1386842 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:6:p:1037-1037 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction to: Dingley and Herman, Terrorism, Radicalisation and Moral Panics: Media and Academic Analysis and Reporting of 2016 and 2017 ‘Terrorism’ Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: X-X Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1408224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1408224 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:6:p:X-X Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2017.1396040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2017.1396040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:28:y:2017:i:6:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas H. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Thomas H. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: The Illusion of Afghanistan’s Electoral Representative Democracy: The Cases of Afghan Presidential and National Legislative Elections Abstract: This article is the latest in a series of published articles systematically examining Afghan Presidential and legislative elections. Structural problems including fraud, ethno-linguistic block voting, and the Single Non-Transferable Vote have had significant impacts on the development of Afghan democratic elections. The challenge now facing the current Afghan government and future elections is the daunting task of uniting the Afghan people while not repeating the electoral mistakes of the past. The tricky balancing act of fostering an overarching national identity without being perceived as privileging particular identities requires strong leadership and a willingness to challenge traditional ethnic, linguistic, and religious norms when need be. Karzai and Ghani Administrations have seriously failed relative to this dynamic. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1404771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1404771 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:1:p:1-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudio Ramos da Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Claudio Author-X-Name-Last: Ramos da Cruz Author-Name: David H. Ucko Author-X-Name-First: David H. Author-X-Name-Last: Ucko Title: Beyond the Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora: Countering Comando Vermelho’s Criminal Insurgency Abstract: Ten years ago, in 2008, the Brazilian Government adopted a strategy to regain control over the favelas in Rio de Janeiro – the Pacifying Police Units (UPP). In spite of initial favorable results, the main threat, namely the Red Command (CV), fought back and by 2014 the UPP strategy was badly frayed. In order to defeat this threat, it is necessary to reconceptualize CV as a criminal insurgency and to pinpoint and address the social and political factors that sustain it. This allows for a response inspired by the ‘shape-clear-hold-build’ counterinsurgency approach, which while cost-intensive is, in the long term, the most sustainable path to achieving security within the favelas and integrating these neglected areas within the broader city of Rio de Janeiro. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 38-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1404772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1404772 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:1:p:38-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charity Butcher Author-X-Name-First: Charity Author-X-Name-Last: Butcher Author-Name: Makda Maru Author-X-Name-First: Makda Author-X-Name-Last: Maru Title: Diversionary Tactics and the Ethiopia–Eritrea War (1998–2000) Abstract: Diversionary theories of war suggest that leaders may engage in bellicose foreign policies to divert the public’s attention from domestic problems and capitalize on a ‘rally around the flag’ type of effect. The evidence regarding diversionary theory is quite mixed. More recently, scholars have focused on situations that create opportunities for diversionary behavior, such as international rivalry and territorial disputes. This paper adds to the growing literature on diversionary conflict by considering the Ethiopia–Eritrea case and applying an opportunity-based approach. We assess whether the Ethiopia–Eritrea War (1998–2000) is consistent with diversionary explanations for the war, as many have previously claimed. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 68-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1403747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1403747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:1:p:68-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Preston Jordan Lim Author-X-Name-First: Preston Jordan Author-X-Name-Last: Lim Title: The Prickly Thorn: A Re-evaluation of Orde Wingate and the Special Night Squads Abstract: Orde Wingate’s Special Night Squads played a key role in defeating the Great Arab Revolt of 1936–1939. Wingate’s Night Squads were distinctive in their approach to counter-insurgency warfare; in addition to bringing Arab insurgents to battle, the Night Squads proved their mettle by ‘flying the flag’ and by improving cooperation between Jewish settlers and British servicemen. Nevertheless, the Night Squad’s accomplishments and legacy must be properly situated within the broader wave of tactical innovations undertaken by the British Army throughout the Rebellion. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 91-111 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1403749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1403749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:1:p:91-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olayinka Ajala Author-X-Name-First: Olayinka Author-X-Name-Last: Ajala Title: Formation of Insurgent Groups: MEND and Boko Haram in Nigeria Abstract: Contrary to earlier notions that religious diversity, ethnicity and the lack of economic development are the main factors responsible for the surge of violence in Nigeria, this article argues that the means of attaining or retaining political authority by politicians are responsible for violent conflicts and the formation of insurgent groups. Using theories of patrimonialism and prebendalism, the article argues that political power and authority are often channelled for personal use in a predatory manner that results in the formation of insurgent groups. The aim of this article is to proffer a different analytical framework for the understanding of the formation of insurgent groups based on political authority. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 112-130 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1403744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1403744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:1:p:112-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Title: Looking in: External Views of the Way Forward in Thai Southern Insurgency Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 131-140 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1404776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1404776 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:1:p:131-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Hybrid War and Its Countermeasures: A Critique of the Literature Abstract: This article examines critically the literature of hybrid war and evaluates the countermeasures often proposed. It explains the concept of hybrid warfare and its varied interpretations, illustrating how it is a manifestation of current anxieties in armed conflict. The selection of the literature is based on works that are referenced, that offer a scientific approach, and which review either the phenomenon of hybrid warfare or its countermeasures empirically. Unscientific works have been omitted. The analysis of the literature presented here shows that the antidotes to ‘hybridity’ lie not in the operational or tactical sphere but in strategic and political domains. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 141-163 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1404770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1404770 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:1:p:141-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonino Adamo Author-X-Name-First: Antonino Author-X-Name-Last: Adamo Title: A Cursed and Fragmented Island: History and Conflict Analysis in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea Abstract: This paper is a review piece examining the main factors responsible for the civil war, lasting from 1988 to 1998, on Bougainville island, an autonomous region in Papua New Guinea. History, economy, and social aspects of the island – especially traditional society features, mining activities, the effects of colonization and industrialization – are highlighted. The aim of the article is to identify which factors best explain the outbreak of the conflict. The main assumption is that no single factor can explain the civil war, as these elements require a comprehensive analysis. The ‘resource curse’ theory, i.e. the presence of natural resources leading to economic failure, and the existence of ethnic cleavages, are proposed as explanations, although further factors must also taken into account. Finally, the analysis helps to contextualize the unfolding events in Bougainville and its path to democratization. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 164-186 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1404765 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1404765 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:1:p:164-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 187-188 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1416970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1416970 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:1:p:187-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Matveeva Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Matveeva Author-Name: Antonio Giustozzi Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Giustozzi Title: The Central Asian Militants: Cannon Fodder of Global Jihadism or Revolutionary Vanguard? Abstract: Central Asians have long been present within the ranks of organisations linked to the global jihad movement, but has there been an acceleration in their recruitment in recent years? There is growing evidence of substantial numbers of Central Asians (mostly Uzbeks and Tajiks) present in Syria in the ranks of the Islamic State and of a number of organisations linked to Al-Qaida. There is also growing evidence of recruitment inside Kyrgizstan and Tajikistan at least (as opposed as among Central Asian emigrants). The authors argue that distrust towards information provided by the Central Asian regimes should not blind analysts towards an emerging trend, which has substantial destabilising potential. The factors driving this recruitment also seem to be much more complex than a rejection of the authoritarianism of the ruling elites. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 189-206 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1433472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1433472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:189-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Beccaro Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Beccaro Title: Modern Irregular Warfare: The ISIS Case Study Abstract: ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) has become a key political and military actor in the Middle East and in North Africa. This essay aims at outlining ISIS warfare through an analysis of its operations in the frame of hybrid warfare theory proposed by Frank Hoffman. Therefore, the paper deals with: the role of terrorist tactics in ISIS warfare and the relationship between terrorism and insurgency; ISIS use of technology, mainly with regard to suicide attacks and to drones; and the relevance of urban warfare. Finally, the paper highlights how ISIS operates and the most threatening features of its warfare. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 207-228 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1433469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1433469 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:207-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Maurer Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Maurer Title: ISIS’s Warfare Functions: A Systematized Review of a Proto-state’s Conventional Conduct of Combat Operations Abstract: This article gives an overall assessment of ISIS’s conventional conduct of combat operations by examining their warfighting functions patterns. In sum, the approach of ISIS comprised fundamental principles: their weapons can be organized into categories, purposeful combination of these forces in keeping with the concept of combined arms combat, and hierarchical command and control executed by experienced commanders. ISIS combat groups combined the elements of formation and firepower as well as movement and mobility. The paper concludes that ISIS obviously had a vast range of conventional capabilities at its disposal and was thus able to conduct major operations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 229-244 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1435238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1435238 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:229-244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina Malamud Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Malamud Title: The Environment as a Factor in Small Wars Abstract: This research paper analyzes the relationship between small wars, insurgency, and the natural environment. Existing literature and data are organized into four behavioral patterns: the resource-based wars accounts for the fight over natural resources; the warfare ecology paradigm refers to non-premeditated damage in preparation for as well as during and after conflicts; the environment as a target discusses intended attacks on the ecosystem; and the insurgency–climate intersection pattern denotes a deviation in climate change that increases the frequency of intergroup violence. The main premise is that small wars emerge when the ecosystem becomes a political asset. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 245-268 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1433505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1433505 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:245-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristian Gustafson Author-X-Name-First: Kristian Author-X-Name-Last: Gustafson Author-Name: Touko Sandstrom Author-X-Name-First: Touko Author-X-Name-Last: Sandstrom Author-Name: Luke Townsend Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Townsend Title: The Bush War to Save the Rhino: Improving Counter-poaching Through Intelligence Abstract: The rhino is going extinct due to poaching at a rate which far outstrips current law enforcement or conservation efforts to halt their decline. A critical aspect of counter-poaching failures to date is an inaccurate view of the nature of poaching as a crime. Rather than demand-side efforts, attacking elusive smuggling networks or expensive technical solutions like drones, this article notes how a quasi-military tactical approach of ‘combat tracking’ offers the best way to protect the species. Based on wide ranging interviews and fieldwork across dozens of parks in southern Africa, it demonstrates how the current restricted range of the rhino, and the rarity of skilled poachers, makes a tactical solution the most effective to date. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 269-290 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1435220 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1435220 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:269-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Soul Park Author-X-Name-First: Soul Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Seung Joon Paik Author-X-Name-First: Seung Joon Author-X-Name-Last: Paik Title: Command Coordination and Tactical Effectiveness in Counter-insurgency Operations: Lessons from the South Korean Campaign Abstract: This article analyzes the causes of combat effectiveness of the South Korean security forces through the course of its various counter-insurgency (COIN) operations from 1948 to 1953. We argue that improvements in two interrelated aspects ultimately resulted in higher operational and tactical level performance: unified operational command structure and the subsequent improvements in tactical efficiency under the guidance of the US advisory mission. Through an in-depth case study on how a nascent army improved its capacity in combating homegrown insurgencies, we demonstrate how the actual conduct of operations itself remains just as significant in the assessment of overall COIN outcomes. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 291-315 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1433509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1433509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:291-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stan Jagger Author-X-Name-First: Stan Author-X-Name-Last: Jagger Title: Developing Civil Society in the Non-state Sphere: Welfare and Rights-based Organisations Associated with Ethnic Armed Groups in Myanmar Abstract: Armed groups are usually seen as threats to humanitarian action but less attention has been paid where they provide assistance to constituent populations. Ethnic armed groups (EAGs) in Myanmar have developed associated welfare organisations that perform this role. This article argues this is due to EAG social embeddedness and flexibility to changes in sources of funding and support, and the influence of their relations with international humanitarian organisations. This article further contends a subset of advocacy, health and education organisations have evolved to form a nascent civil society within the political and social non-state sphere of some established EAGs. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 316-343 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1433511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1433511 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:316-343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Major William Selber Author-X-Name-First: Major William Author-X-Name-Last: Selber Title: A Question of ‘Government’ Control: Afghanistan DDR Programs Since 2001 Abstract: Since the fall of the Taliban in late 2001, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA), the United States, the United Nations, and the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) have funded and led three different Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programs. Despite a significant investment in time and treasure, all of them have failed to significantly reduce the number of insurgents or arbaki (militia). This article explores why these programs failed despite incorporating ideas from the prominent DDR schools of thought. Utilizing Stathis Kalyvas’ theory of The Logic of Violence in Civil War as a lens, this article argues that GIRoA and ISAF did not have sufficient control of territory to entice insurgents or arbaki to reconcile and/or reintegrate with the government. Further, in areas GIRoA nominally controlled in northern and western Afghanistan, regional powerbrokers who controlled these areas balked at these programs. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 344-366 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1433514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1433514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:344-366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: European Imperial Expansion, the Projection of Military Power and Colonial Insurgencies Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 367-373 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1433519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1433519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:367-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Srobana Bhattacharya Author-X-Name-First: Srobana Author-X-Name-Last: Bhattacharya Title: Poets and Prophets of the Resistance: Intellectuals and the Origins of El Salvador’s Civil War Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 374-376 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1433474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1433474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:374-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 377-378 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1450825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1450825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:2:p:377-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abel Polese Author-X-Name-First: Abel Author-X-Name-Last: Polese Author-Name: Ruth Hanau Santini Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Hanau Santini Title: Limited Statehood and its Security Implications on the Fragmentation Political Order in the Middle East and North Africa Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 379-390 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1456815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1456815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:379-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raymond Hinnebusch Author-X-Name-First: Raymond Author-X-Name-Last: Hinnebusch Title: From Westphalian Failure to Heterarchic Governance in MENA: The Case of Syria Abstract: The problematic export of the Westphalian system to MENA is examined, taking Syria as exemplar. The export model is juxtaposed to actual non-lineal trajectories, semi-sovereignty and hybrid or failing states. This is manifested in post-uprising Syria in failing statehood, fragmented and overlapping governance, permeable and collapsing borders, the loss of sovereignty to trans-state movements, “competitive regime-building” between the Asad regime and jihadist warlords, and “competitive interventionism” by external powers filling the governance vacuum with their own proxies. The result is heterarchic zones of limited statehood in which state sovereignty is contested by both international (supra-state) penetration and sub-state fragmentation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 391-413 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1455330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1455330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:391-413 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Author-Name: Morten Valbjørn Author-X-Name-First: Morten Author-X-Name-Last: Valbjørn Title: ‘What is in a Name?’: The Role of (Different) Identities in the Multiple Proxy Wars in Syria Abstract: Post-uprisings Middle East politics is frequently described as a ‘regional cold war’ involving proxy warfare that emphasises the role of shared identities linking external and local actors. But does the ‘content’ of identities impact proxy war dynamics? This article considers the present ‘battle for Syria’, a local conflict that became a theatre for multiple proxy wars involving actors emphasising identities on various levels, most notably national, religious/ sect and ethnic. It suggests that identity content does matter, with global powers more reluctant than regional players to back groups identifying at sub-national level, while foreign non-state actors are enthusiastic backers of sub-national identity. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 414-433 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1455328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1455328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:414-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philippe Droz-Vincent Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: Droz-Vincent Title: Competitive Statehood in Libya: Governing Differently a Specific Setting or Deconstructing its Weak Sovereign State with a Fateful Drift Toward Chaos? Abstract: Libya in 2011 witnessed a real process of political change, though different from all the policy-oriented jargon equating transition with a teleological transition to democracy. Due to the resilience of the Qadhafi regime in power and with the essential role of NATO intervention, the process was eased out by a eight-month civil war. Governance in post-Qadhafi Libya was not done through the rebuilding of centralized authorities. But it took the specific form of the emergence of multiple non-state actors embedded in local dynamics and then connected with weakened central authorities that had access to the huge Libyan resources. That raised complex questions about the quality of this mode of governance, especially at a time of pressing problems for Libya and its neighbors, whether direct ones (Tunisia, Egypt, Mali) or farther countries across the Mediterranean sea: terrorism with the expansion of Da’esh into the country and flows of refugees crossing Libya’s uncontrolled borders and flowing into Italy and then Europe by thousands. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 434-455 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1455322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1455322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:434-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Carboni Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Carboni Author-Name: James Moody Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Moody Title: Between the Cracks: Actor Fragmentation and Local Conflict Systems in the Libyan Civil War Abstract: After nearly four years of civil war, Libya continues to be described as an ‘ungoverned space’ where the collapse of state institutions reignited tribal, political, religious and ideological tensions. These accounts, however, obscure Libya’s complex subnational governance, and the role of non-state armed groups in shaping the emerging political orders. By contrast, we contend that distinct subnational political orders have emerged in Libya since 2014 in which actors engage in state-making practices driven by local interests. Using empirical evidence to explore the activity of non-state armed groups during the Libyan civil conflict, we highlight that the local conflict environments in eastern, western and southern Libya provide specific incentives that shape the process of armed group splintering and patterns of violence. The findings demonstrate that claims to authority and notions of statehood extend far beyond the state whereby governance relations are negotiated between state and non-state actors. Conflict patterns, (in)stability and the prevailing political order are therefore conditional on the nature of the dominant actor, their strategies and modes of violence within their areas of influence. Through this analysis, the paper provides a more granular understanding of the local political dynamics that drive violence in Libya and civil wars more generally. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 456-490 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1455318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1455318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:456-490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruth Hanau Santini Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Hanau Author-X-Name-Last: Santini Author-Name: Simone Tholens Author-X-Name-First: Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Tholens Title: Security Assistance in a Post-interventionist Era: The Impact on Limited Statehood in Lebanon and Tunisia Abstract: Post-interventionist security assistance is premised on non-normative security understandings and flexible arrangements between external and local actors. In hybrid political regimes or areas of limited statehood, these forms of assistance, while strengthening specific aspects of a country’s security context, reinforce some domestic actors vis-à-vis others thanks to processes of selective borrowing by local political elites. This paper demonstrates how such processes contribute to the proliferation of hybrid elements in the country’s security sector. In two contrasting case studies, we illustrate how security assistance packages in Lebanon and Tunisia have diluted emerging democratic reforms, producing more coercive manifestation of state power. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 491-514 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1455336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1455336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:491-514 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Meier Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Meier Title: Hizbullah’s Shaping Lebanon Statehood Abstract: Since the end of the civil war in 1990, the Lebanese second Republic has experienced a dual security governance in the southern borderland region. Up to the Syrian military withdrawal in 2005, the territorial and functional ‘areas of limited statehood’ between the State and Hizbullah worked as a cooperation. After the Syrian withdrawal, various forms of cooperation appeared, raising the theoretical interest for the ‘mediated state’ framework. It is conceptualizing the cooperation between the state and the non-state actor as an interdependency – with case study ranging from the marking of the Blue Line to the struggle against the jihadists groups. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 515-536 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1455321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1455321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:515-536 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Damian Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Damian Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Author-Name: Tristan Dunning Author-X-Name-First: Tristan Author-X-Name-Last: Dunning Title: Recognizing Fragmented Authority: Towards a post-Westphalian Security Order in Iraq Abstract: The rollback of Daesh’s territorial control during 2017 has (re-)established an area of limited statehood in large parts of Iraq that may endure for many years. The government of Iraq projects its authority into a large geographical and political space that it shares with a multitude of other state, non-state and hybrid actors, competing and collaborating to achieve advantageous security and political outcomes. This paper examines the heterarchy of actors in post-Daesh Iraq to develop a typology and start a critical discussion about post-Westphalian alternatives for security governance in Iraq during the coming period of reconstruction and reconciliation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 537-559 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1455324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1455324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:537-559 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria-Louise Clausen Author-X-Name-First: Maria-Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Clausen Title: Competing for Control over the State: The Case of Yemen Abstract: This article argues that the current conflict in Yemen is better understood as a competition over who controls the state, rather than as a conflict between the state and a non-state actor. It traces the development of the Houthis and shows how the movement managed to seize key government institutions. However, the Houthis lack internal legitimacy and have not been able to position themselves as a nationally relevant political elite. The fragmentation of the Yemeni state has resulted in a shift to more localized struggles over access to resources and power that involve both internal and external actors. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 560-578 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1455792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1455792 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:560-578 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edoardo Baldaro Author-X-Name-First: Edoardo Author-X-Name-Last: Baldaro Title: A Dangerous Method: How Mali Lost Control of the North, and Learned to Stop Worrying Abstract: This article analyses changes and failures in the northern Mali system of security governance, taking into account the period running from the declaration of the Malian Third Republic (1992) to the present. Considering northern Mali as an area of limited statehood, the article develops a comparative diachronic analysis, distinguishing between three phases, namely Militiarisation (1992–2002), Fragmentation (2002–2012) and Multiplication (2013–ongoing). For every phase the focus is on (1) the mechanisms of coordination among actors, (2) the distribution of coercive capacities and ruling power and (3) the forms of authority. Unintended consequences and collective problems are highlighted, in order to understand the current situation of insecurity in the area. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 579-603 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1455323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1455323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:579-603 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 604-605 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1467639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1467639 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:3:p:604-605 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Bultmann Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Bultmann Title: The social structure of armed groups. Reproduction and change during and after conflict Abstract: Current research on civil wars and conflict increasingly turns to the inner structure and functioning of state and non-state armed groups and their impact on aspects such as violent practice, internal cohesion and the dissolution of these groups during the conversion to peace. The first aim of this introduction is to set out the theme of this Special Issue on the social structure of armed groups and previous research within the field. The second aim is to introduce the contributions within the Special Issue, alongside possible trajectories of future research on the ‘meso-foundations’ of civil war and conflict. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 607-628 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1488402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1488402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:607-628 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco Gutiérrez-Sanín Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez-Sanín Title: The FARC’s militaristic blueprint Abstract: This article intends to explain the outstanding sequence of success and failure exhibited by the FARC, the main Colombian guerrilla since the 1980s. It claims that such sequence is unintelligible unless the adoption by the FARC of a militaristic organizational blueprint at its 1982 7th Conference is taken into account. By building itself like an army, the FARC could boost its combat capacity, maintain its structural integrity, and develop powerful mechanisms that held the whole structure together. At the same time, the militarization of the FARC also entailed significant risks and costs like political isolation and high personnel turnover. After describing the militaristic blueprint, the article compares the FARC with other irregular forces that operated in the Colombian context – a comparison which is important to understand the specificity of the FARC trajectory, as well as the benefits and costs involved in it. The analysis highlights the critical role of organizational dimensions in the explanation of civil war outcomes, and suggests that at least for some problems organizational dynamics should be observed at a low level of granularity. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 629-653 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1497288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1497288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:629-653 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Desgrais Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Desgrais Author-Name: Yvan Guichaoua Author-X-Name-First: Yvan Author-X-Name-Last: Guichaoua Author-Name: Andrew Lebovich Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Lebovich Title: Unity is the exception. Alliance formation and de-formation among armed actors in Northern Mali Abstract: Our paper investigates the political trajectories of armed actors in Mali since 2012, using recent theoretical advances on alliance formation and collapse in civil wars. Our paper establishes an analytically productive distinction between levels of wartime cleavages and factors shaping groups’ trajectories. Strategic alliances, we argue, emerge from anticipated benefits on the national political scene as well as in the local political economy. The two sets of considerations do not necessarily converge. This dual logic is studied through the cases of two armed groups, both siding with the government after originally aligning with jihadi and separatist coalitions respectively. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 654-679 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1488403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1488403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:654-679 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claire M. Metelits Author-X-Name-First: Claire M. Author-X-Name-Last: Metelits Title: Bourdieu’s capital and insurgent group resilience:a field-theoretic approach to the polisario front Abstract: The conflict between the rebel group, the Polisario Front, and the Kingdom of Morocco is nearing its 43rd year. Though under-reported, the conflict itself garners attention for the resilience – some would say tenacity – of the ethnically Sahrawi Polisario Front. Despite shifting regional and international politics and the nearly 150,000 Sahrawi refugees waiting in nearby Algerian camps, the rebel group has survived. What explains its resilience? This article uses Bourdieu’s ‘forms of capital’ to understand the Polisario Front’s persistence. Based on field research in Algeria, Western Sahara, and the United States, it finds that social, cultural, symbolic, and economic capital may provide an explanation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 680-708 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1488407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1488407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:680-708 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philipp Münch Author-X-Name-First: Philipp Author-X-Name-Last: Münch Title: Forces of heresy versus forces of conservation: making sense of Hezb-e Islami-ye Afghanistan’s and the Taleban’s positions in the Afghan insurgency Abstract: Ethnicity and ideology are frequently used to determine whether an armed group is hostile or friendly vis-à-vis the state. By contrast, I argue that the social structure of insurgent movements holds more explanatory power for their respective positions than ethnicity or ideology. To illustrate this, I apply Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of a contest between forces of ‘conservation’ and forces of ‘heresy’ to the current Afghanistan war. I demonstrate that the social structure of the Taleban renders them prone to ‘heresy’, while the formerly second biggest insurgent group, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar’s party, has rather been an impeded force of ‘conservation.’ Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 709-734 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1488409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1488409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:709-734 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Siniša Malešević Author-X-Name-First: Siniša Author-X-Name-Last: Malešević Title: The structural origins of social cohesion: the dynamics of micro-solidarity in 1991–1995 Wars of Yugoslav Succession Abstract: This article explores the dynamics of social cohesion on the frontline. It attempts to show how micro-level solidarities largely depend on macro level organisational processes. I argue that frontline social cohesion is often the product of social development linked with the organisational structure. This general argument is applied to the case studies of two armed forces involved in the 1991–1995 Wars of Yugoslav Succession – the Croatian Army (HV) and the Bosnian Serb Army (VRS). Drawing on in-depth interviews with the former combatants I show how HV social cohesion played an important role in winning the war and how these networks of micro-level solidarity were shaped by long term organisational development. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 735-753 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1488410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1488410 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:735-753 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ernesto Cardenas Author-X-Name-First: Ernesto Author-X-Name-Last: Cardenas Author-Name: Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Author-X-Name-First: Kristian Skrede Author-X-Name-Last: Gleditsch Author-Name: Luis Carlos Guevara Author-X-Name-First: Luis Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Guevara Title: Network structure of insurgent groups and the success of DDR processes in Colombia Abstract: We argue that organizational structure of insurgent organizations influences the prospects for success in a disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process (DDR). In essence, we argue that more cohesive, tighter networks have higher levels of supervision and control on its military units and increase the probability of successful DDR processes. In order to evaluate our hypotheses, we use the theory of networks to map and characterize the network structure of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Our results suggest that armed military units grouped in smaller and more isolated components on the network remilitarize with higher probability with respect to other units on the network. Also, we find that military units with high degree of centrality on the network play an important role for the risk of conflict recurrence and success in a DDR process. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 754-775 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1488416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1488416 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:754-775 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ilmari Käihkö Author-X-Name-First: Ilmari Author-X-Name-Last: Käihkö Title: The MODEL social structure of an armed group: from Liberian refugees to heroes of Côte d’Ivoire and liberators of the homeland Abstract: This article investigates the Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) through a revised Weberian framework that focuses on legitimacy and offers a thick description of the different phases of this armed group. The article argues that the key to fostering cohesion is the harmonization of the micro, meso, and macro levels. This proved a difficult undertaking for the MODEL. Not only did the MODEL lack material resources but it also relied on different and evolving kinds of legitimacy on these levels. With its sources of legitimacy exhausted after the war, the MODEL ceased to exist. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 776-800 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1488417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1488417 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:776-800 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Regine Schwab Author-X-Name-First: Regine Author-X-Name-Last: Schwab Title: Insurgent courts in civil wars: the three pathways of (trans)formation in today’s Syria (2012–2017) Abstract: As part of research on the meso-foundations of conflict, the field of ‘rebel governance’ examines political institutions that regulate the affairs of civilians in wartime as well as their relations with armed actors. Judicial institutions play an important role in this and research has shown that they are widespread among both historical and current insurgencies. However, usually these bodies have been analysed in the context of one hegemonic faction like the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka and the Afghan Taliban. What is missing so far is an analysis of different pathways of (trans)formation of rebel courts. As exemplified by the three case studies of judicial institutions in Eastern Ghouta, Idlib and Aleppo, these are shaped by the distribution of power between ‘same-side’ groups, yielding unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar constellations. The analysis is located on the meso or movement level of insurgent social structures, complementing research on the micro and macro levels. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 801-826 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1497290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1497290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:801-826 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States and 1950s Southern Vietnam Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 827-834 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1488421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1488421 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:827-834 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shanthie Mariet D’Souza Author-X-Name-First: Shanthie Mariet Author-X-Name-Last: D’Souza Title: Taliban narratives: the use of stories in the Afghanistan conflict Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 830-834 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1488425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1488425 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:830-834 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 835-837 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1501902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1501902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:4:p:835-837 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James J. Hentz Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hentz Title: The multidimensional nature of the Boko Haram conflict Abstract: The debate concerning the Nigerian terrorist Boko Haram is typically simplified across two false dichotomies. First, it is treated as either a local conflict in northeast Nigeria with its epicentre in Borno State or part of a broader conflict in Northwest Africa (and beyond), encompassing northern Cameroon, southern Chad, Niger, and reaching into Libya and Mali. The second dichotomy concerns whether it is animated by local material conditions on the ground, or is part of a broader anti-West jihad. The Boko Haram insurgency is not that simple. It is, rather, a multidimensional conflict and can change overtime. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 839-862 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1519295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519295 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:839-862 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos Author-X-Name-First: Marc-Antoine Pérouse Author-X-Name-Last: de Montclos Title: ‘The only good jihadist is a dead jihadist’:Boko Haram and de-radicalization around Lake Chad Abstract: This article discusses the shortcomings of the “de-radicalization doctrine” in sub-Saharan Africa. The issues raised are illustrated by the war against Boko Haram, which involves Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. Relying on interviews with security officers, insurgents, civil servants, displaced people, humanitarian workers and Muslim and Christian clerics in Nigeria, Niger and Chad since 2005, the investigation shows that the four states focused on repression rather than demobilisation programs in prison or outdoors. The Boko Haram crisis is mainly a story of mismanagement. The article thus challenges the assumptions of the “de-radicalization doctrine” in Muslim Africa South of the Sahara. First, attempts to de-radicalize jihadi terrorists tend to focus too much on religious fanaticism and the exegesis of the Quran. Secondly, they are neither feasible nor efficient. Finally, they obscure priorities that are more important to counter extremism and demobilize insurgents. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 863-885 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1519297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519297 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:863-885 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akali Omeni Author-X-Name-First: Akali Author-X-Name-Last: Omeni Title: Boko Haram’s increasingly sophisticated military threat Abstract: This paper evaluates Boko Haram’s military capabilities and details the process of how its standing army, driven by these capabilities, came to pose a phased threat between 2013 and 2015 in particular. This was a period when military fighting dominated the insurgency in north-east Nigeria. Whereas there is an abundance of literature on Boko Haram’s histories and the impact of its insurgency on north-east Nigeria, analysis of Boko Haram’s military campaigning is still deficient. Attempting to fill this gap, this paper uses field findings and battlefield case studies from north-east Nigeria to highlight how Boko Haram’s overt front – its standing army – came to supplant its guerrilla operations as the main security threat to the frontier area.This pivot towards military fighting, for a group initially composed of a few ragtag combatants, on the surface might seem surprising. Yet, whereas Boko Haram may lack the popular support required for ‘people’s war’, classic insurgency theories nevertheless hold some explanatory power for this deliberate shift: away from guerrilla warfare as the expedient of the weaker side, and towards the use of a large standing army of locals to swarm, and sometimes successfully overrun, state forces. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 886-915 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1519299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519299 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:886-915 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles W. Mahoney Author-X-Name-First: Charles W. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahoney Title: End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism Abstract: In May 2018, the Basque insurgent group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) officially disbanded after a 60-year struggle. This inquiry assesses ETA’s violent campaigns using recent conceptual and theoretical advancements from the field of terrorism studies. Three conclusions concerning the group’s strategies of terrorism are advanced. First, ETA regularly targeted civilians to achieve goals other than coercing the Government of Spain; these objectives included outbidding rival separatist groups and spoiling negotiation processes. Second, ETA’s most rapid period of organizational growth occurred as the result of an aggressive terrorist campaign, demonstrating that civilian targeting can serve as a stimulus to rebel group recruitment. Finally, while terrorism did not advance ETA’s primary political objective of creating an independent Basque state, it did enable the group to assume a leading position within the radical Basque separatist movement, helping extend ETA’s lifespan and making the group an embedded actor within the contentious political processes surrounding the question of Basque self-determination. Collectively, these conclusions support recent theoretical findings arguing that non-state terrorism often enables insurgent groups to prolong their lifespans while paradoxically making it more difficult for them to advance their long-term political objectives. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 916-940 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1519300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519300 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:916-940 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aleksander Zdravkovski Author-X-Name-First: Aleksander Author-X-Name-Last: Zdravkovski Title: Cyber sheiks and grassroots jihadis: the war in Syria and the devolution of the Bosnian Salafi communities Abstract: What was the scope of the Bosnian jihadi participation in the war in Syria? Did the Bosnian volunteers tend to join one particular faction? Why did the Bosnian youngsters decide to join the holy war in the Levant? Was this an organized and hierarchical process or was this a grassroots movement? Last, were all the Salafis in Bosnia supportive of this dynamic or did this process cause internal frictions? These are some of the questions that this research will try to answer. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 941-963 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1519306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:941-963 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donald Stoker Author-X-Name-First: Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Stoker Author-Name: Edward B. Westermann Author-X-Name-First: Edward B. Author-X-Name-Last: Westermann Title: Expeditionary police advising: some causes of failure Abstract: The practice of dispatching teams of police advisors to other states to build or train foreign security forces began at the end of the nineteenth century, yet there exists no definitive history of the practice, or any definitive theoretical approach underpinning why such missions succeed or fail. Drawing upon their recent edited book on expeditionary police advising, and by examining the donor or sending states, the host nations, and the use of police in counterinsurgency situations, the authors present some key reasons why such missions fail, and lay some groundwork for additional study of this important subject. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 964-980 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1519311 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519311 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:964-980 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Quint Hoekstra Author-X-Name-First: Quint Author-X-Name-Last: Hoekstra Title: The effect of foreign state support to UNITA during the Angolan War (1975–1991) Abstract: State support for foreign rebel groups has become more salient, yet it remains unclear how this affects armed conflict. This paper therefore analyses the effect of foreign government assistance and does so in the typical case of the Angolan War (1975–1991). It argues that South African and United States support greatly helped the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) wage a large and sustained insurgency campaign but was ultimately insufficient to overthrow the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) government because it enabled the incumbent government to obtain similar foreign assistance and because the level of aid awarded to UNITA fluctuated strongly, preventing it from engaging in meaningful long-term planning. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 981-1005 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1519312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:981-1005 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas H. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Thomas H. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: The myth of Afghan electoral democracy: the irregularities of the 2014 presidential election Abstract: This article systematically assesses the 2014 Afghanistan Presidential Election, the first transfer of power from President Hamid Karzai to an elected successor, using provincial voting data as well as explicit data from polling centers. The analysis finds unusual voting results in the April election, where no candidate received 50%+1 votes required by the Afghan constitution, versus the voting results realized for the June ‘runoff election.’ As in other Afghan voting analyses, this article finds voting based on ethno-linguistic preferences, and interestingly found Dr. Ashraf Ghani receiving almost all the swing votes in the runoff election even though the other leading candidate from the April election all endorsed Dr. Abdullah Abdullah. More importantly, however, the research presented here clearly finds extremely strange voting patterns. For example, the polling data center analysis finds 606 polling places where Ghani received all 600 votes and Abdullah received none and another 900 polling centers that gave virtually all its votes to Ghani. These results in combination with other analyses raise the very real possibility that the election results were illegitimate. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the research to future Afghan elections and their processes as well as to the long-standing conflict in the country. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1006-1039 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1546273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546273 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:1006-1039 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saira Basit Author-X-Name-First: Saira Author-X-Name-Last: Basit Title: Explaining the impact of militancy on Iran–Pakistan relations Abstract: Sectarian militants have for years launched attacks from Pakistan across the border to Iran. Finding sanctuary in a neighbouring country can make the difference between success and failure for militants. Conventional wisdom holds that a lasting transnational militancy challenge would typically create serious interstate conflict. Militancy has triggered armed encounters between Iran and Pakistan. This article argues that despite some tension militancy has resulted in deeper cooperation in the ambivalent dyad. Both states’ overarching security concerns, having exhausted other options, the believed involvement of third-party states, and economic potential, have moderately alleviated negative pressure caused by militancy. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1040-1064 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1546362 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546362 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:1040-1064 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Are Mao Zedong and Maoist thought irrelevant in the understanding of insurgencies? Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1065-1078 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1519313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:1065-1078 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1079-1080 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1551179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1551179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:29:y:2018:i:5-6:p:1079-1080 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Montgomery McFate Author-X-Name-First: Montgomery Author-X-Name-Last: McFate Title: Considering anthropology and small wars Abstract: Almost every war since the origins of the discipline at the beginning of the 19th century has involved anthropology and anthropologists. In some cases, anthropologists participated directly as uniformed combatants. Following the philosopher George Lucas, one might call this ‘anthropology for the military,’ having the purpose of directly providing expert knowledge with the goal of improving operations and strategy. In some cases this scholarship is undertaken, anthropologists have also studied State militaries, which following George Lucas might be considered ‘anthropology of the military.’ Sometimes this scholarship is undertaken with the objective of providing the military with information about its own internal systems and processes in order to improve its performance. At other times, the objective is to study the military as a human group to identify and describe its culture and social processes. Both ‘anthropology for the military’ and ‘anthropology of the military’ tend to have a practical, applied aspect, whether the goal is improving military effectiveness or influencing national security policy. On the other hand, anthropology as a discipline has also had a long history of studying warfare itself, known as ‘the anthropology of war.’ The papers in this special edition fall into these myriad categories of military anthropology. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 211-218 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1714845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1714845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:211-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Whiteside Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Whiteside Author-Name: Anas Elallame Author-X-Name-First: Anas Author-X-Name-Last: Elallame Title: Accidental ethnographers: the Islamic State’s tribal engagement experiment Abstract: The disillusionment with U.S.-led counter insurgent efforts to gain a deeper understanding of social dynamics in countries with extensive tribal structures has led to a rejection of programs aimed to improve cultural competency. The Islamic State movement does not share this perception, and its strategists blamed its early failures during the U.S. occupation on a flawed understanding of tribal dynamics. This paper traces the political, ideological, and structural changes the leaders of the Islamic State movement made to adapt its approach toward the Sunni tribes of Iraq and later Syria, in order to develop a deeper base of popular support for its caliphate project. The group’s study of the tribes was done by a new tribal engagement office that put into motion an ethnographic study of tribal networks in key areas. There is evidence that the inspiration for this change came from its opponents. The Islamic State movement used these new insights to win a greater level of influence in rural areas, which in turn influenced its success in 2014. This research supports the idea that insurgency and counterinsurgency success often depend on which side is best at the incorporation of cultural and societal knowledge into policy and strategy. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 219-240 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1713529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1713529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:219-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nehemia Stern Author-X-Name-First: Nehemia Author-X-Name-Last: Stern Author-Name: Uzi Ben Shalom Author-X-Name-First: Uzi Author-X-Name-Last: Ben Shalom Title: Beyond faith and foxholes: vernacular religion and asymmetrical warfare within contemporary IDF combat units Abstract: This paper explores the vernacular roles that religious practices and experiences play within contemporary combat units of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). We argue for an anthropological perspective that highlights the modes through which rituals serve efficacious – as opposed to semiotic – ends. In this way, we seek to push back against what we term the ‘faith in a foxhole’ paradigm, where religion is primarily seen as a meaning-making system whose nearly sole function is to aid soldiers in coping with the chaos and uncertainty of combat. We demonstrate how amidst the low-level and long-term style of contemporary asymmetrical warfare, ritual practices can often function less as the matrix for broader meaning making systems but are rather mobilized in ways that are meant to support certain practical and pragmatic goals. The article concludes that while scholars have mostly focused attention on the institutional forces and political consequences of ‘religionization’ within Israeli society, they have missed the many vernacular ways in which Israelis mobilize and instrumentalize their use of ritual and religious practices in both military and civilian contexts. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 241-266 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1713530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1713530 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:241-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason S. Ridler Author-X-Name-First: Jason S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ridler Title: Combat anthropologist: Charles T. R. Bohannan, counter-insurgency pioneer, 1936-1966 Abstract: Charles T. R. Bohannan was an instrumental figure in US successes in counter-insurgency in the immediate post-war era. These successes were not just vested in his wartime combat experience, but his pre-war training in archeology and anthropology. Brilliant, tough, and eccentric, Bohannan parlayed his extensive work with foreign and distant cultures into a view of guerrilla warfare that bolstered US successes in the Philippines and Vietnam, alongside his more celebrated boss Edward Lansdale. Here, we see how Bohannan’s view of war, culture, and statehood were impacted by a career among Native Americans, ancient peoples, and challenging orthodoxy at every turn. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 267-285 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1713531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1713531 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:267-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Francis FitzGerald’s Fire in the Lake, state legitimacy and anthropological insights on a revolutionary war Abstract: This paper examines Frances Fitzgerald’s Fire in the Lake in the context of wider ethnological research in Vietnam stretching back to the Francophone era of Paul Mus in the 1930s and 1940s. It argues that Fitzgerald’s heavily criticised book was important for raising uncomfortable issues of political legitimacy in the US military involvement in Vietnam as well as feeding into wider debates on social revolution in Vietnam and Indochina more generally. The paper concludes by arguing that Fire in the Lake has helped shift the focus in the study of Vietnam from a western-oriented, orientalist focus on American military and political mistakes towards an emphasis on the Vietnamese rebuilding of a postcolonial society anchored in Confucian precepts and values. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 286-312 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1713541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1713541 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:286-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Jasparro Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Jasparro Title: Archaeology and small wars Abstract: The protection, destruction, utilization and manipulation of cultural property and material heritage, especially archaeological sites and artifacts, by state and non-state actors has become commonplace in contemporary small wars and hybrid conflicts. The U.S. and its western allies have taken a limited and largely legalistic and limited approach to this development in contemporary warfare to the advantage of adversaries who have made control of the past a key part of their strategies and operations. This paper traces the role of cultural heritage in small warfare from ancient times through its contemporary re-emergence and what the implications are for future small wars. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 313-339 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1713542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1713542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:313-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paula Holmes-Eber Author-X-Name-First: Paula Author-X-Name-Last: Holmes-Eber Title: Lost in translation: anthropologists and Marines in Iraq and Afghanistan Abstract: Drawing upon ethnographic data gathered over a six year period, this paper illustrates how the contrasting worldviews of US Marines and anthropologists frequently led to misunderstandings, frustrations, and garbled interpretations as the two struggled to work together to help resolve conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. I examine three key military domains where cultural experts and Marines attempted to work together to understand the cultural factors at play in both Iraq and Afghanistan: first as interpreters or experts in pre-deployment language and culture training programs; secondly in theater on the Human Terrain Teams; and third as cultural SMEs (experts) in military planning rooms. As the case studies and interviews illustrate, while both sides thought they were working together to understand the foreign cultures where they were operating, the real cross-cultural misunderstanding was ironically between the cultural experts and Marines. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 340-358 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1713545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1713545 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:340-358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohamed Haji Ingiriis Author-X-Name-First: Mohamed Haji Author-X-Name-Last: Ingiriis Title: The anthropology of Al-Shabaab: the salient factors for the insurgency movement’s recruitment project Abstract: Harakaat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahiduun (henceforth Al-Shabaab) is an active insurgent group in southern Somalia battling against the foreign forces and foreign-backed Somali forces. Despite recruiting both in Somalia and in the diaspora, this insurgency movement continues to increasingly recruit more local Somali youth than diaspora Somalis or non-Somalis. This article suggests that Al-Shabaab solicits support from diverse youth who – due to a confluence of factors – join the insurgency movement in various ways. The article reveals how the movement’s methods are flexible insofar as it skilfully recruits both powerful clans and marginalised clans. This pattern tests the limits of the Somali federal government in Mogadishu who have yet to develop innovative approaches to challenge and contain Al-Shabaab. The government failure not only allows Al-Shabaab to successfully carry out its operations but also to sustain itself in the midst of local communities. Through interviews with former Al-Shabaab youth, the article explores youth recruiting efforts and finds that the militant movement pursues various sophisticated means to lure numerous youth into its ranks. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 359-380 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1713548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1713548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:359-380 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heather S. Gregg Author-X-Name-First: Heather S. Author-X-Name-Last: Gregg Title: Identity wars: collective identity building in insurgency and counterinsurgency Abstract: Collective identity building is a critical component of most insurgent movements, including constructing a compelling cause with which individuals can identify and a sense of purpose and camaraderie. Counterinsurgencies, by contrast, devote surprisingly little attention to creating identities that compete with insurgents. Instead, they tend to focus on providing goods and services to vulnerable populations with the assumption that emotional resources, such as a sense of identity and purpose, are not necessary. This article draws from theoretical work on identity building to outline how collective identities are constructed, what they include, and how they shape human behavior. It then considers the U.S. led operations in Iraq from 2003–2011, and compares these efforts to the emergence of Sunni Islamist insurgencies in Iraq to investigate how insurgents used identity building, but counterinsurgents did not. It then applies this theoretical literature to construct a program for how counterinsurgents could include identity construction as part of its strategy to undermine insurgent movements. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 381-401 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1713549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1713549 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:381-401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kjetil Enstad Author-X-Name-First: Kjetil Author-X-Name-Last: Enstad Title: Doing one’s job: translating politics into military practice in the Norwegian mentoring mission to Iraq Abstract: This article investigates how political ambitions are translated into military practice in the small Norwegian contribution to the International Coalition against ISIL in Iraq from 2017 to 2019. The most important Norwegian political aims do not correspond clearly to a military objective, and thus military practice must take on a symbolic function. Understanding the processes of translation that this requires and the social complexity of operating with such aims with partners and Coalition forces is not straight-forward. The analysis of my interviews with commanders and seconds-in-command concludes by suggesting that such missions may require small-state militaries like the Norwegian to reconceive what constitutes core military practices, and that practice theory or the wider disciplines of sociology and anthropology may inform such a reconception. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 402-419 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1714847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1714847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:402-419 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David B. Edwards Author-X-Name-First: David B. Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Title: ‘The perfect counterinsurgent’: reconsidering the case of Major Jim Gant Abstract: In 2009, Major Jim Gant published a treatise online entitled One Tribe at a Time, outlining a strategy for victory in Afghanistan based on the still untested counterinsurgency doctrine developed by General David Petraeus. Gant was given the opportunity to put theory to the test by returning to the village of Mangwal in eastern Kunar Province. Evaluation of Gant’s mission has been overshadowed by the scandal that led to his resignation from the US Special Forces. This essay provides a re-examination of Gant’s time in Mangwal based on interviews with residents of Mangwal and an appraisal of the lessons that can be learned from Gant’s attempt to put counterinsurgency principles into practice. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 420-444 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1713554 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1713554 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:2:p:420-444 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olivier J. Walther Author-X-Name-First: Olivier J. Author-X-Name-Last: Walther Author-Name: Patrick Steen Pedersen Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Steen Author-X-Name-Last: Pedersen Title: Rebel fragmentation in Syria’s civil war Abstract: In rebel-held Syria, an array of rebel organisations are nominally allied in their fight against the Syrian government and yet they remain internally divided. Rather than being a rare occurrence, fragmentation within rebel movements is a common phenomenon with wide-ranging consequences for its chances of success. The objective of this paper is to explain what has caused fragmented to occur in Syria from 2011 to 2017. Using a three-dimensional conceptualisation of rebel fragmentation, we identify based on Bakke et al’s, we identify and analyse the causes of rebel fragmentation within the Syrian rebel movement and illustrate how these dynamics have influenced the overall degree of fragmentation throughout four phases of the conflict. The study finds that the splintering of the Syrian rebel movement is a second-order effect of historical, structural and geopolitical factors generally outside the immediate control of the non-state actors. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 445-474 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:445-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Esther Meininghaus Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Meininghaus Author-Name: Carina Schlüsing Author-X-Name-First: Carina Author-X-Name-Last: Schlüsing Title: War in Syria: the translocal dimension of fighter mobilization Abstract: Current research on civil war neglects the effect of translocal ties on the mobilization of fighters in armed groups (AGs). Yet the Syrian war demonstrates the necessity to pay close attention to this twofold process: Analysing YPG, Hizballah and FSA networks, we argue that AGs are more likely to persist and avoid fragmentation in the long-term if they maintain strong linkages with local communities (local anchoring) and functioning linkages across different localities. We introduce here the concept of translocality to war studies, differentiating it from transnationalism. This analytical lens enables us to focus on localities within Syria, which can influence an actor’s power position in war decisively, while also being subjected to drastic change by AGs. We conclude that translocality offers insights for the study of civil war as it enables us to grasp the embedding of armed groups – or lack thereof – in local communities; differentiating between actor groups depending on their local anchoring, and observing network dynamics between different localities. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 475-510 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:475-510 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gina Vale Author-X-Name-First: Gina Author-X-Name-Last: Vale Title: Liberated, not free: Yazidi women after Islamic State captivity Abstract: In 2014, the Islamic State (IS) group launched a genocidal campaign against the Yazidis in Northern Iraq. IS used varied means to attack and fragment the Yazidi community: massacre of men; indoctrination and training of young boys; forced conversion of families; and kidnapping, enslavement, and rape of women and girls. Academic and policy attention has predominantly focused on IS’ sexual violence and rape of young Yazidi women and girls. This has led to the accounts of other female captives – namely, older women and undivided families – being overlooked or undervalued, excluding important elements of IS’s broader strategy of persecution. This paper analyses women’s varied experiences of captivity to reveal a fragmented population of female captives and seeks to demonstrates that IS exploited Yazidism’s religious and sociocultural customs to ensure that the impacts of its genocide – for the women themselves and the wider Yazidi community – continue beyond liberation. It concludes that although progress has been made to cope with trauma, displacement, and abuse, the community remains both physically and culturally fragmented. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 511-539 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:511-539 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miron Lakomy Author-X-Name-First: Miron Author-X-Name-Last: Lakomy Title: Towards the “olive trees of Rome”: exploitation of propaganda devices in the Islamic State’s flagship magazine “Rumiyah” Abstract: This paper aims to contribute to understanding how the last flagship magazine of the Islamic State - “Rumiyah” - attempted to influence and manipulate Internet users. Its primary objective is to analyze the propaganda methods exploited in all thirteen issues of this magazine. In order to do so this paper utilises content analysis to investigate “propaganda devices”, a concept developed by the American Institute for Propaganda Analysis. It argues that there were four predominant groups of propaganda devices exploited in this magazine. Two of them, i.e. name-calling and glittering generalities, were utilized to create and promote an artificial, black-and-white vision of the world, composed of the “camp of kufr” (camp of disbelief) and the “camp of iman” (camp of faith), embodied by the Islamic State. The third leading propaganda method, transfer, attempted to legitimize the actions and agenda of the “Caliphate” by using the authority of not only Allah, but also the Prophet Muhammad, his companions (Sahabah), as well as selectively chosen Islamic scholars. Finally, the bandwagon served as a means of creating a sense of community between the editors and readers. Other propaganda devices, such as testimonial or plain folks, played strictly secondary roles in the narration of the magazine. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 540-568 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:540-568 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oldrich Bures Author-X-Name-First: Oldrich Author-X-Name-Last: Bures Author-Name: Andrew J. Hawkins Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hawkins Title: Israeli targeted killing operations before and during the Second Intifada: a contextualized comparison Abstract: This article offers a contextualized comparison of Israeli targeted killing operations aimed at Palestinian high value targets before and during the Second Intifada. Utilizing four indicators that can be directly attributed to a particular operation (elimination of the intended target, civilian and non-target casualties, directly-linked retaliatory attacks, and adverse political consequences), we analyzed thirty-eight Israeli targeted killing operations to determine whether the policy changes introduced during the Second Intifada (regarding the scale, legal basis, and targeting methods) resulted in increased operational success. Our findings indicate that according to all but the first indicator, Israeli targeted killing operations conducted during the Second Intifada were less successful than those conducted prior to this conflict. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 569-593 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:569-593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bruce Hoffman Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffman Title: The bombing of The King David Hotel, July 1946 Abstract: On 22 July 1946, the Irgun Zvai Le’umi (National Military Organization), a Jewish terrorist organization opposed to Britain’s continued rule of Palestine, bombed Jerusalem’s King David Hotel. The incident has always been controversial given the fact that the facility was not an ordinary hotel, but also the nerve center of British rule over that country — housing its military headquarters, intelligence stations, and government secretariat. Further, at the time it was claimed that warnings were issued to evacuate the hotel that British officials callously ignored. This article addresses three key three questions surrounding the bombing: Was the King David Hotel in fact a legitimate military target? Were warnings in fact given to evacuate the hotel? And, if so, why wasn’t the hotel evacuated? The answers, while critical in reaching an accurate accounting and factual understanding of a highly controversial event, interestingly also shed light on the efficacy and morality of terrorism as an instrument of national liberation and agent of political change. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 594-611 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726575 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:594-611 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucy A. Whalley Author-X-Name-First: Lucy A. Author-X-Name-Last: Whalley Author-Name: Judith M. Vendrzyk Author-X-Name-First: Judith M. Author-X-Name-Last: Vendrzyk Title: Improving US army civil affairs assessment through social power analysis Abstract: Soldiers with operational experience in Afghanistan or Iraq have offered numerous critiques of the US Army Civil Affairs doctrine on assessment of the human domain, making recommendations for its improvement. The current process uses two frameworks, commonly known by the acronyms ASCOPE and PMESII-PT, to evaluate the operational environment. Neither the current process nor the proposed improvements address social power relations. It is unlikely that civil-military operations intended to establish peace and maintain stability will be successful if they are planned and executed without an in-depth understanding of social power. We advocate incorporating social power analysis into Civil Affairs assessment. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 612-638 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726576 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:612-638 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tony Craig Author-X-Name-First: Tony Author-X-Name-Last: Craig Author-Name: Martin McCleery Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: McCleery Title: Political bargaining chips: republican internees in Northern Ireland 1972-1975 Abstract: From March 1972 until internment itself was eventually abandoned in December 1975 successive Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland used their powers to arrest and release republican internees. This article demonstrates that several factors contributed to the policy of controlling the arrests and releases of internees, and that the most important was not negotiations with the Provisional IRA (PIRA) but the need to encourage the engagement of moderate nationalists in an emerging political process. The story of internment is often exclusively seen in the narrower narratives of paramilitary historiography and the later ‘prison war’. This article adopts a broader contextual approach in which both moderate nationalist, and to a lesser extent, unionist concerns over arrests and releases are considered. In doing so, this work resituates the gradual ending of internment at the heart of the mainstream political discussions in Northern Ireland in the 1970s. The article also contends that this controlled use of internment as a political strategy ultimately proved to be successful for the British government in achieving their desired objectives. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 639-660 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726578 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726578 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:639-660 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. J. Fox Author-X-Name-First: M. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Fox Title: Researching armed conflict, Boko Haram and other violent non-state actors: problems with web sources Abstract: Over the past ten years, problems with using internet and social media as reliable research tools have emerged alongside rapid technological changes in scholarly research, writing and publishing. This poses a particular problem within the study of armed conflict and violent non-state actors, where much cannot be definitively known and there are few guidelines available. The result is an overwhelming submission of documents citing unacceptable sources. New approaches to research in armed conflict and violent non-state actors are needed, and one forthcoming book on Boko Haram attempts to address this. Researchers are provided with guidelines for assessing online sources, and the imperative to do so is strongly advised. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 661-669 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726579 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:661-669 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitja Sardoc Author-X-Name-First: Mitja Author-X-Name-Last: Sardoc Title: Making sense of political violence: an interview with Marc Sageman Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 670-679 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726581 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:670-679 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Radical Islamist ideology, Jihadist recruitment and the contradictions of western counter-terrorism Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 680-689 Issue: 3 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1726582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1726582 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:3:p:680-689 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ash Rossiter Author-X-Name-First: Ash Author-X-Name-Last: Rossiter Title: The impact of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS) across the conflict spectrum Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 691-700 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:691-700 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc R. DeVore Author-X-Name-First: Marc R. Author-X-Name-Last: DeVore Title: Reluctant innovators? Inter-organizational conflict and the U.S.A.’s route to becoming a drone power Abstract: Few innovations have marked the late-20th and early-21st centuries more than unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones. Drones’ current preeminence leads many to assume that their development was teleologically determined by technological advances. The empirical record, however, belies such assumptions and is filled with vicissitudes. The Air Force’s and Naval aviation’s pilot-dominated hierarchies never prioritized drones over manned aircraft of their own accord. Politicians, meanwhile, lacked the expertise to judge what technologies could achieve and therefore could not compel the military to embrace drones. It was, thus, competition from other organizations – the CIA, the Navy’s surface warfare community and the Army –that obliged reluctant aviators to embrace drones. My study’s key original finding is that inter-agency competition impels militaries to embrace technologies that they would otherwise reject. Warfare’s evolution means that non-military bodies – intelligence agencies, interior ministries and paramilitary forces – develop capabilities that rival those of traditional military services in specific domains and these organizations can prove more agile at adopting certain new technologies because of their flatter organizational structures. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 701-729 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:701-729 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco F. Milan Author-X-Name-First: Francesco F. Author-X-Name-Last: Milan Author-Name: Aniseh Bassiri Tabrizi Author-X-Name-First: Aniseh Author-X-Name-Last: Bassiri Tabrizi Title: Armed, unmanned, and in high demand: the drivers behind combat drones proliferation in the Middle East Abstract: Current dynamics in UCAV proliferation in the Middle East signal that combat drones have become key strategic enablers for state actors in the region, and are no longer seen as an optional asset. With the development of a multitude of indigenous UCAV projects, and the arrival of Chinese-made armed drones on the international market, military procurement in the Middle East has entered a new phase, in which possessing armed drone capabilities is becoming the norm. This article examines the operational and strategic considerations driving Middle Eastern states’ UCAV procurement policies, analysing those countries who have been focusing on armed drones for combat purposes and additional intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISTAR) needs. The main drivers behind this trend are the operational and strategic advantages brought about by UCAVs, where the benefits related to cost, reliability, and operational risk mitigation are matched by the increased ability to project power that the platform allows, either through deniability or by making UCAVs available to proxies and allies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 730-750 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:730-750 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farooq Yousaf Author-X-Name-First: Farooq Author-X-Name-Last: Yousaf Title: U.S. drone campaign in Pakistan’s Pashtun ‘tribal’ region: beginning of the end under President Trump? Abstract: The U.S. drone campaign in Pakistan’s Pashtun ‘tribal’ areas, formerly known as FATA, has remained one of the most contentious issues since the war on terror began in 2001 in Afghanistan. Though drone strikes have polarised opinions, they have also resulted in the elimination of lower, middle and higher-level leaders of all militant groups based in the ‘tribal’ region. The U.S. drone campaign in the former-FATA region had some success in the elimination of terrorists. But lack of access to the ‘tribal’ areas coupled with the secrecy surrounding the drone campaign resulted in major discrepancies in the total number of U.S. drone strikes and the resultant casualties. These factors have contributed towards an anti-drone and anti-U.S. narrative in Pakistan, largely manufactured by Pakistani mainstream media. With the last drone strike taking place almost a year ago, this article argues that the U.S. drone campaign may have finally halted in Pakistan. However, even with a gradual halt, the ‘tribal’ areas can witness drone strikes in the future if high-profile terrorists, based on actionable intelligence, are located in the region. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 751-772 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:751-772 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendon J. Cannon Author-X-Name-First: Brendon J. Author-X-Name-Last: Cannon Title: What’s in it for us? Armed drone strikes and the security of Somalia’s Federal Government Abstract: Strikes conducted by the US using armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) against the terrorist group al-Shabaab have received widespread attention documenting the number of strikes, the reactions of the local Somalis, and the disparity between AFRICOM and local reporting. Using interview data from individuals in Mogadishu, Nairobi and elsewhere in the region, this article provides a counterpoint to previous studies by measuring the Federal Government of Somalia’s (FGS) reliance on the US drone campaign in Somalia in order to maintain its tenuous hold on power. It measures the extent to which the drone campaigns of external parties are able to insulate weak host governments from the threat of an internal foe. It finds that US drone strikes offer the occasional but only reliable check on al-Shabaab thereby allowing the FGS to continue functioning in Mogadishu. Yet strikes should not be construed as a sign of overt US support for the FGS. Rather, the US government, deeply suspicious of a highly corrupt and incapable FGS, continues to prosecute drone strikes against al-Shabaab because Washington considers the group poses a national security threat to the US. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 773-800 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:773-800 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andree-Anne Melancon Author-X-Name-First: Andree-Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Melancon Title: What’s wrong with drones? Automatization and target selection Abstract: Developments in artificial intelligence have ignited many debates on the use of autonomous weapons and ‘killer robots.’ However, before autonomous attack decisions can be explored, issues related to target selection need to be considered. Focusing the discussion on drones and artificial intelligence overshadows more fundamental issues. This paper therefore argues that the main ethical problem raised by autonomous drones do not come from the weapon system or technology itself. Instead, they stem from challenges of target identification. Thus, asking ‘what’s wrong with drones?’ is misleading as it focusses on the technology instead of the primary issue of target selection. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 801-821 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:801-821 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aiden Warren Author-X-Name-First: Aiden Author-X-Name-Last: Warren Author-Name: Alek Hillas Author-X-Name-First: Alek Author-X-Name-Last: Hillas Title: Friend or frenemy? The role of trust in human-machine teaming and lethal autonomous weapons systems Abstract: This article explores the imprecise boundary between Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) and Human-Machine Teaming – as a subset of Human-Machine Interaction – and the extent both are emerging as a point of concern (and option) in military and security policy debates. As the development of Human-Machine Teaming relates to artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities there also exists an area of concern pertaining to reliability and confidence, particularly in the heat of battle. Also known as Manned-Unmanned Teaming, Human-Machine Teaming attempts to engender trust and collaborative partnerships with robots and algorithms. Clearly the prospect of LAWS in recent times, or so-called ‘killer robots,’ has raised questions relating to the degree such devices can be trusted to select and engage targets without further human intervention. Aside from examining the ‘trust factor,’ the article also considers security threats posed by both state and non-state actors and the complicit yet inadvertent role multinational corporations play in such developments where civilian technology is modified for dual-purposes. The effectiveness of government regulation over AI, including whether AI can be ‘nationalised’ for national security reasons, will also be examined as part of AI non-proliferation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 822-850 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:822-850 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ash Rossiter Author-X-Name-First: Ash Author-X-Name-Last: Rossiter Title: Bots on the ground: an impending UGV revolution in military affairs? Abstract: There has been speculation for some time that unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are poised to revolutionize military land operations. These expectations have amplified with recent developments, not least the reported deployment and testing of Russian weaponized UGVs in Syria. Yet when it comes to the operational use of mobile ground-based robots – armed or otherwise – the recent history of the technology can be described as one of promise so far unfulfilled. By tracing past and present efforts to develop and field UGVs – and the enduring challenges that lie therein – this article attempts to gauge the likely impact of such systems in future conflict, as well as their effect on international security more broadly. The article concludes that although UGVs will almost certainly become a major – if not indispensable – feature of future military land operations, they will, similar to other promising militarily relevant technologies before them, continue to produce unrealistic expectations about their impending revolutionary effect. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 851-873 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743484 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743484 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:851-873 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Layton Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Layton Title: Artificial intelligence, big data and autonomous systems along the belt and road: towards private security companies with Chinese characteristics? Abstract: China is pressing ahead with ambitious plans to create a massive infrastructure network connecting it with many countries across the globe. Some of the ‘belt and road’ infrastructure will however, run through regions convulsed by chronic civil unrest, substantial criminality and incipient insurgencies and need protection by China’s private security companies. Simultaneously the Chinese state is undertaking a major ‘anti-secession and counter-terrorism’ campaign in Xinjiang using a variety of high-technology means: artificial intelligence, big data, wireless connectivity, autonomous systems and robotics. The demand and supply sides seem to be in sync, suggesting Chinese private security companies will soon use a suite of advanced information technology systems with a proven employment doctrine across much of Central Asia, South Asia and Africa. Such a future may be plausible but it is by no means certain as various factors may yet thwart China’s private security companies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 874-897 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743483 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:874-897 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guilong Yan Author-X-Name-First: Guilong Author-X-Name-Last: Yan Title: The impact of Artificial Intelligence on hybrid warfare Abstract: Through a brief survey of the typical definitions of hybrid warfare (HW), this article illustrates the five salient features of HW: synergy, ambiguity, asymmetry, innovative disruption and battle over psychology; then based on a HW model proposed by Erik Reichborn-Kjennerud and Patrick Cullen, the article discusses the impact of Artificial Intelligence on the five instruments of power – military, political, economic, civil and informational (MPECI), and analyses the changes and continuities of HW in the age of Artificial Intelligence. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 898-917 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1682908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1682908 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:898-917 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria-Louise Clausen Author-X-Name-First: Maria-Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Clausen Title: Tribes and politics in Yemen: a history of the Houthi Conflict Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 918-929 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1744217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1744217 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:918-929 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice Hills Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Hills Title: Blood and Concrete: 21st century conflict in urban centers and megacities Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 920-923 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1744218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1744218 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:920-923 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Tripodi Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Tripodi Title: To build as well as destroy: American nation building in Vietnam Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 923-926 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:923-926 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marina Eleftheriadou Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Eleftheriadou Title: Britain, Greece and the Colonels, 1967-74: between pragmatism and human rights Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 926-929 Issue: 4 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1743476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1743476 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:4:p:926-929 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig A. Deare Author-X-Name-First: Craig A. Author-X-Name-Last: Deare Title: The Mexican War: frontier expansion and selective incursion Abstract: Mexico’s defeat in the war that (in the U.S.) takes the country’s name resulted as much from the strategic context created by unrealized nation-building that followed independence as it did from American tactical supremacy. Three centuries of Spanish empire did not translate into national military excellence due to the decades of revolutionary upheaval that followed the sudden decapitation occasioned by Napoleon’s ouster of the monarchy in Madrid. That the occupation which followed major combat provided salutary lessons learned in dealing with guerrillas rather than a Vietnam-like litany of quagmire eventuated from the conscious designs of military leadership steeped in the same Napoleonic dynamic that had produced our opponent. The United States wisely chose to leave issues of state-building and governance to the Mexicans themselves, while annexing the sparsely populated northern remnant of Spanish empire. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 14-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1552348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1552348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:14-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew P. Dearing Author-X-Name-First: Matthew P. Author-X-Name-Last: Dearing Title: Turning gangsters into allies: the American way of war in Northern Afghanistan Abstract: The American way of war in Afghanistan presents a conundrum for proponents of 21st-century state-building projects. How can liberal peace proponents engage in efficient state building without sacrificing their ideals? The US learned that state-building allocates a degree of command and control to powerbrokers operating in the shadows to launder aid money, traffic illicit narcotics, and engage in extrajudicial punishments. These clients failed to represent the liberal values foreign patrons endorsed, because the latter not only offered resources without conditions but also rewarded bad behavior. This issue is examined by looking at the case of post-2001 northern Afghanistan, where powerful warlords should have held greater control over their paramilitary forces, limited predatory behavior, and built stronger relationships with the community. Instead, warlords-turned-statesmen expanded their material and social influence in the north, while holding onto the informal instruments of racketeering and patronage that overwhelmed Western ideals and shaped the predatory state present in Afghanistan today. Moreover, paramilitaries were influenced by material, social, and normative incentives that rewarded violent and predatory behavior and further eroded already weak community control mechanisms at the subdistrict level. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 101-139 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1552353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1552353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:101-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeanne Godfroy Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Godfroy Author-Name: Liam Collins Author-X-Name-First: Liam Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: Iraq, 2003–2011: succeeding to fail Abstract: This study examines the US experience during the Iraq war, from the planning phase that began in 2001 to the withdrawal of US forces in 2011. It reveals a dearth of planning and intelligence leading up to the invasion; reluctance by conventional coalition military forces to conduct reconstruction, political and security capacity-building; and, later, full spectrum counterinsurgency operations. These forces took on some missions traditionally reserved for special operations forces, and they increasingly assumed diplomatic roles as they interfaced with the Iraqi leadership and local kingpins. Although these efforts yielded some impressive organizational learning and limited operational successes, they were hampered by lack of adequate preparation, a poor understanding of the human terrain, shortsighted strategies, and ultimately a dearth of political will to stay the course. The outcome was far from the model Middle East democracy envisioned by the invasion’s architects, and the American experience in Iraq instead became a cautionary tale for military intervention. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 140-175 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1552354 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1552354 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:140-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David H. Ucko Author-X-Name-First: David H. Author-X-Name-Last: Ucko Title: Systems failure: the US way of irregular warfare Abstract: Since 9/11, the United States has achieved notable gains against al Qaeda, and also Islamic State (IS), all while avoiding another mass-casualty attack at home. Yet, institutionally, culturally, and in its capabilities, the US government remains seriously ill-equipped for the task of countering irregular threats. Partly as a result, Islamist extremism shows no sign of being defeated, having instead metastasized since 9/11 and spread. Why, given the importance accorded to counterterrorism, has the US approach remained inadequate? What is impeding more fundamental reforms? The article evaluates the United States’ way of irregular warfare: its troubled engagement with counterinsurgency and its problematic search for lower cost and lower risk ways of combating terrorism. It suggests needed reforms but acknowledges also the unlikelihood of change. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 223-254 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1552426 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1552426 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:223-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rufus Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Rufus Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Title: Counterinsurgency in Vietnam – schizophrenia until too late Abstract: Insurgencies remain political projects, and thus the American experience in Vietnam remains relevant in any search for approaches. A population-first strategy – with tactics compatible with protecting people and winning their willing support – is essential, as much for success in local pacification as in retaining support in the homeland which has deployed its personnel abroad to assist another state. In the actual area of operations, decentralization of effort is required to get as close as possible to the population base being targeted by the insurgents. This remains essential for all mobilization in support of a polity, regardless of the extent to which insurgent challenge is grounded in grievances or simply based on coercive power. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 81-100 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1552429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1552429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:81-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David P. Oakley Author-X-Name-First: David P. Author-X-Name-Last: Oakley Title: Organizing for the ‘gray zone’ fight: early Cold War realities and the CIA’s Directorate of Operations Abstract: Despite its portrayal as something new, the concept of the ‘gray zone’ is not novel. It was the Cold War battleground in which the USA and the Soviet Union waged rival unconventional campaigns, and it was there that the newly formed Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was given responsibility for operating. This was not the organization’s original purpose, but Cold War exigencies forced Washington to improvise and build an organization with unique capabilities. These early years shaped the CIA’s operations directorate, creating two distinct cultures within the larger agency, one focused on intelligence collection and the other focused on covert action. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 62-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1552430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1552430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:62-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steve Miska Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Miska Author-Name: Samuel Romano Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Romano Title: Too little, too late: protecting American soft networks in COIN/CT Abstract: Assistance of local-national partners is necessary to the USA in order to protect its national security interests throughout the world. These partners, typically individuals who support USA diplomats, service members, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in non-combatant roles, form USA soft networks. Due to the nature of their work, many of these individuals associated with the policy and actions of the USA become vulnerable to violent threats from adversaries. In fact, adversaries have grasped that attacking USA soft networks is a logical approach for enemies fighting from positions of weakness. As a result, examination of other domains may yield best practices that build resiliency in USA soft networks, thereby cementing national security interests. Further, agency theory illuminates critical principles in the relationships between local-national partners and field practitioners, and informs policy development efforts as a result. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 200-222 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1552434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1552434 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:200-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Author-Name: Kirklin J. Bateman Author-X-Name-First: Kirklin J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bateman Title: Perspectives on the American way of war: the U.S. experience in irregular conflict Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1552438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1552438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: LTC Joseph Guido Author-X-Name-First: LTC Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Guido Title: The American way of war in Africa: the case of Niger Abstract: Increasing attention paid to US casualties in far-flung places such as Tongo Tongo, Niger, and headlines claiming ‘secret wars’ have fueled discussion about American military’s involvement in Africa. Though the continent has been a part of the American way of war since the beginnings of the US – consider the early combat actions of US Marines in Tripoli –, current African conflicts are challenging our understanding of war and approaches to winning it. This article examines the ways America seeks to achieve its ends in Africa with a particular focus upon the last 10 years of US counter-terrorism and stability operations in Niger and the Sahel Region. The author proposes unifying American, Allied, and partner efforts through a strategy of Active Containment. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 176-199 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1554337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1554337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:176-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Novo Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Novo Title: Birth of the Cold War: irregular warfare first blood in Greece Abstract: While often held up as a model of successful American counterinsurgency, the Greek Civil War presents a unique case. Peculiar local conditions and geopolitics contributed to the defeat of communist forces in Greece. A firm British and later American commitment to combating communism stood in contrast to ambiguous support from the Soviet Union in an area they considered outside of their sphere of influence. Strong nationalist feeling among the Greek population buttressed support for the government and undermined the ‘internationalist’ concessions of communist forces. These characteristics make the extrapolation of broader lessons focused on victory through the application of overwhelming American resources and the financing of local forces problematic. If lessons are to be gleaned from this case, they should focus on the critical roles played by internal political dynamics and geopolitics in undermining the strength of the insurgent forces and how these provided a stable platform from which the counterinsurgents could operate. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 31-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1554338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1554338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:31-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 263-264 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1558488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1558488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:263-264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Wall Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Wall Title: The last great historian: Walter Laqueur and political violence Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 255-262 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1560640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1560640 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:1:p:255-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Lushenko Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Lushenko Author-Name: Lance Van Auken Author-X-Name-First: Lance Van Author-X-Name-Last: Auken Author-Name: Garrett Stebbins Author-X-Name-First: Garrett Author-X-Name-Last: Stebbins Title: ISIS-K: deadly nuisance or strategic threat? Abstract: In 2014, an affiliate of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria emerged in Afghanistan. Wilayat Khorasan, or ISIS-K, intends to secure Afghanistan to legitimize the Islamic State’s caliphate across the ‘Khorasan Province’ including portions of Central Asia, China, Iran, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. While the group’s intent is clear, its capability confounds analysts. The authors argue that Wilayat Khorasan is likely the Islamic State’s most viable and lethal regional affiliate based on an expansionist military strategy. This is designed to enable the group’s encirclement of Jalalabad City in Nangarhar Province and is foundational to its expanded operational reach, regionalization, and lethality. Since 2016, the US-led Coalition’s counter-terrorism strategy has disrupted ISIS-K’s critical requirements and prevented external attacks. Yet, raids and strikes alone will not defeat ISIS-K. They must be calibrated against an institution-building approach that legitimizes Afghanistan’s government and redresses grievances that ISIS-K exploits to resolve. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 265-278 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1546293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546293 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:265-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Serhiy Kudelia Author-X-Name-First: Serhiy Author-X-Name-Last: Kudelia Title: How they joined? Militants and informers in the armed conflict in Donbas Abstract: The effectiveness of recruitment strategies is crucial for sustainability of any insurgent campaign. This paper identifies eight mechanisms used to encourage overt and covert participation in the armed conflict in Donbas and shows that they varied depending on the type of service expected from a recruit. It relies on the original dataset compiled from studying 798 court cases of insurgents and informers convicted in Ukrainian courts in the period from October 2014 to March 2017. The paper finds that militants were more responsive to contractual or hierarchical mechanisms of recruitment, while informers who provided cover support were more likely to join through ideological appeals or activation of prior social ties. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 279-306 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1546361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546361 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:279-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pum Khan Pau Author-X-Name-First: Pum Khan Author-X-Name-Last: Pau Title: Behind the enemy line: British-led guerrilla operations in the Indo-Burma frontier during the Second World War Abstract: The paper probes the formation of local Levies among the indigenous hill people of the Indo-Burma frontier and their contributions to the British-led guerrilla operations during the Second World War. With the shift of the theatre of the Southeast Asian edition of the Second World War from the Lower Burma plains to the mountainous hilly terrain in the Indo-Burma frontier, the mode of warfare also changed. In the new terrain where conventional warfare was no longer suitable the British Indian Army resorted to guerrilla tactics largely with the support of the indigenous hill people who had the traditional expertise in guerrilla fighting. However, the valour and heroism of the indigenous hill people behind the enemy lines has not received adequate scholarly attention. This paper discusses the case of three ethnic communities in the Indo-Burma frontier – Kachin, Naga and Zo (Kuki-Chin) – who were considered by the British as ‘loyal allies’ at the risk of Japanese atrocities. Supervised by British civil and military officers the local Levies not only effectively bogged down the Japanese forces in the frontier but also supplied valuable intelligence to the Allied force in the reconquest of Burma. The paper argues that Kachin, Zo and Naga rallied behind their colonial masters with the hope that they would receive reward from the latter after the war. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 307-334 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1546368 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546368 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:307-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jangkhomang Guite Author-X-Name-First: Jangkhomang Author-X-Name-Last: Guite Title: Colonial violence and its ‘Small Wars’: fighting the Kuki ‘guerillas’ during the Great War in Northeast India, 1917–1919 Abstract: This paper concerns the lesser known British counterinsurgency (COIN) operations in Northeast frontier of India during the First World War. Officially known as the ‘Kuki Operations’, it was considered as part of the Great War. Carried out in isolation from press and public, and shelved in colonial archives, the event remained invisible until today. Yet, it registers a critical case of colonial COIN doctrine where the ‘moral effect’ doctrine was employed without being questioned. It unleashed enormous amount of organized violence, ranging from shoot at sight to indiscriminate burning of villages, wholesale destruction of property and livestock, prevention of cultivation and rebuilding of villages, forced mass displacement in jungles or in ‘concentration camps’, and collective punishment (communal penal labour and payment of compensation) after the war. This paper argues that the theory of ‘minimum force’ and the practicability of the ‘moral effect’ doctrine as applied by the Empire, sit oddly with each other at the frontier, where violence was seen both as a natural and moral orders. Violence as an ‘imperatively necessary’ method to bring order in a disorderly frontier, in the opinion of colonial state, informs and registers Northeast India as geography of violence. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 447-478 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1546369 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546369 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:447-478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rose Mary Sheldon Author-X-Name-First: Rose Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Sheldon Title: Political violence in ancient India Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 479-481 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1546566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:479-481 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Scott Jasper Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Jasper Title: Russian hybrid warfare: resurgence and politicisation Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 482-484 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1546580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546580 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:482-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark McLay Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: McLay Title: Man or Monster? The Trial of a Khmer Rouge Torturer Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 484-486 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1546612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:484-486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notes on Contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 487-488 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1558483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1558483 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:487-488 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fausto Scarinzi Author-X-Name-First: Fausto Author-X-Name-Last: Scarinzi Title: The revisionist historiography of Britain’s decolonisation conflicts and political science theses of civilian victimisation in counterinsurgency Abstract: Recent historical research exposed the myth of self-restraint as the distinctive feature of British counterinsurgency during decolonisation. This article shows that the revisionist historiography of British counterinsurgency has important, but unnoticed, implications for political scientists. Specifically, historical scholarship challenges the predictions and causal mechanisms of the main social scientific theses of civilian victimisation in counterinsurgency. Using revisionist historians’ works as a source of data, I test those theses against Britain’s decolonisation conflicts. I find that they do not pass the test convincingly. I conclude that political scientists should be more willing to explore the theoretical implications of new historical evidence on counterinsurgency campaigns. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 421-446 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1602245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1602245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:421-446 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fenja Søndergaard Møller Author-X-Name-First: Fenja Søndergaard Author-X-Name-Last: Møller Title: How do sources of traditional legitimacy constrain popular uprisings? The case of the Kingdom of Swaziland Abstract: Research concerning authoritarian stability and peace usually investigates co-optation and repression. Recently, several studies argue that traditional legitimacy is also important for stability in monarchies. However, existing research rarely considers how legitimacy constrains rebellions and help the royal family to stay in power. Hence, this article explores the causal links between sources of traditional legitimacy and absence of uprisings. The study investigates the relationship with a case study of the Kingdom of Swaziland. In line with my expectations, I find a causal relationship between sources of traditional legitimacy and absence of popular uprisings. First, the royal family actively uses traditional legitimacy to justify their rule. Second, the Afrobarometer indicates that the Swazi people trust the King more than citizens in other African countries trust their head of state. Third, opposition actors have limited opportunities to mobilize the broader population against the monarchy. Fourth, traditional legitimacy dampens ongoing protests and thereby hinders their escalation into popular uprisings or political violence. Repression is clearly an important explanation for limited rebellion in Swaziland, but this article shows that also traditional legitimacy sources play a role. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 392-420 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1602978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1602978 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:392-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Enock Ndawana Author-X-Name-First: Enock Author-X-Name-Last: Ndawana Author-Name: Amos Zevure Author-X-Name-First: Amos Author-X-Name-Last: Zevure Title: Ignore culture in counterinsurgency at your own peril: Rhodesian propaganda warfare during the Zimbabwe war of liberation in Chilonga, Chiredzi South-East of Zimbabwe Abstract: This article discusses the Rhodesian Front regime propaganda warfare strategy during Zimbabwe’s war of liberation. It uses the case of the Chilonga area of Chiredzi located in the south-east of Zimbabwe to demonstrate that propaganda warfare was introduced as a measure to counter guerrilla infiltration and civilian cooperation with them. Drawing on ideas of military anthropology vis-à-vis the importance of cultural awareness in counterinsurgency, the paper argues that the efforts of the Rhodesian Front regime to use propaganda were fruitless. This is because they mostly ignored the culture of the Shangani, local people. Despite that, there were other reasons for the failure of the Rhodesian Front’s propaganda strategy, including the lack of conformity between politics and military action. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 335-366 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1602979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1602979 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:335-366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takawira Chatambudza Author-X-Name-First: Takawira Author-X-Name-Last: Chatambudza Author-Name: Mediel Hove Author-X-Name-First: Mediel Author-X-Name-Last: Hove Title: The Zimbabwe people’s revolutionary army military operations in Makonde District and the attack on Salisbury’s fuel storage tanks, 1965-1979 Abstract: This article analyses the Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army operations in Mashonaland West province with particular reference to Makonde District during the country’s war of liberation. Despite the growing literature on ZAPU and ZPRA in Zimbabwe’s war of liberation there is little that has been written concerning the operations of ZPRA guerrillas in Mashonaland provinces. Guided by evidence drawn from secondary and primary sources the article further asserts that ZPRA adopted a four pronged strategy in Makonde District. This strategy in part was hinged on the politicization of the population on the one hand and annihilation of the enemy forces, attrition and manoeuvre warfare on the other. Again, the article argues that ZPRA guerrillas attempted to capture Salisbury (Harare) in order to conquer the Rhodesian Security Forces’ center of gravity. It was hoped that the capture of the capital city would be carried out from Makonde District because of its strategic significance to the conduct of ZPRA operations and arguably their manoeuvres hastened Ian Smith’s decision to attend the Lancaster House Conference negotiations that led to the independence of Zimbabwe in 1980. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 367-391 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1603181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1603181 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:367-391 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera Author-X-Name-First: Guadalupe Author-X-Name-Last: Correa-Cabrera Title: Transforming Mexico’s energy field: the intended consequences of a drug war Abstract: By utilizing the theory of Strategic Action Fields (SAFs), the present article explains how a new meso-level social order seems to have emerged in Mexico as a result of the paramilitarization of organized crime, militarization of security, and the opening of Mexico’s energy sector to private investment. This work describes the transformation of Mexico’s energy field after a process of major constitutional and economic changes that were the consequence of a security crisis and an agenda of energy reform for which the so-called ‘drug war’ was a key underlying foundation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 489-517 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:489-517 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nori Katagiri Author-X-Name-First: Nori Author-X-Name-Last: Katagiri Title: Organized insurgency, lethality, and target selection: Abu Sayyaf Group and Jemaah Islamiyah Abstract: I examine the relationship between organizational stability, lethality, and target selection, and attack method of Southeast Asian insurgency. I do so by comparing the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), using data of their activities between 1994 and 2015. I make two arguments. First, organizationally unstable insurgency groups tend to see their members increase generate more casualties, while stable groups often experience reduction of violence. Second, organizational instability makes it more likely for groups to target civilian populations and business infrastructure than government, military and police forces, and transportation buildings. In contrast, organizational stability has limited explanatory power on its attack methods. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 518-542 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:518-542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bohumil Doboš Author-X-Name-First: Bohumil Author-X-Name-Last: Doboš Author-Name: Martin Riegl Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Riegl Author-Name: Stig Jarle Hansen Author-X-Name-First: Stig Jarle Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen Title: Territoriality of radical Islam: comparative analysis of jihadist groups' approach to territory Abstract: The paper compares political territoriality of selected jihadist violent non-state actors. Looking at selected groups that attempted to control territory (Afghan Taliban, Al-Shabaab, the Islamic State), it attempts to establish a generalization regarding the use of territory by this type of violent non-state actors. To this end, it analyses connection of territory to groups´ security provision, economic activity, and identity. Despite many differences among the groups, it concludes that these groups often utilize both territorial and personal characteristics. Territoriality of these actors is reactive as they are unable to present a sustained control in contested regions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 543-562 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601841 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601841 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:543-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Turner Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Title: The impact of Islamic State’s ideological correction initiative on al Qaeda’s bid for relevance Abstract: Al Qaeda following 9-11 experienced a period of stagnation which it sought to remedy through a project of re-branding. Critical of this approach, Islamic State claimed that al Qaeda was an elitist organization that had facilitated the stagnation of the Salafi Jihadist project. In an attempted to claim dominance over the jihad, Islamic State’s endeavored to discredit al Qaeda through a process it presented as ideological correction, linked to Islamic eschatology, sectarian agitation, permissive violence, and the caliphate. Following Islamic State’s acquisition of vast territory in Iraq and Syria, arguments proliferated that Islamic State had surpassed al Qaeda. As the caliphate has collapsed what effects will this have on al Qaeda’s fortunes and strategy? It is argued that Islamic State has provided al Qaeda’s strategic approach with renewed vigour to help ensure its survival and pursue resurgence. Al Qaeda acting in concert with the meta-strategy for survival concept, has altered an existential threat into an advantage through disavowing Islamic State’s methods, continuing to engage with localism, and pursuing rebranding by positioning itself as a moderate alternative. The cases of al Qaeda affiliates in Yemen, Syria, West Africa, and South Asia are instructive in assessing the effectiveness of al Qaeda’s resurgence. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 563-586 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601843 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:563-586 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amira Jadoon Author-X-Name-First: Amira Author-X-Name-Last: Jadoon Title: Playing dirty to survive: the vulnerability of civilian targets within U.S. military aid recipient states Abstract: U.S. military aid provides recipient governments the fighting capability they require to undermine domestic militant groups, which can undermine groups’ leadership structures and trigger group splintering. In this environment, brutal attacks against non-combatants become an effective mechanism for targeted groups to signal their resolve and outbid competitors. A large-n analysis of U.S. military aid between 1989 -2011 links higher levels of military aid with higher levels of rebel-perpetrated civilian killings, and deaths due to explosive attacks on non-combatant targets. A closer examination of the case of Pakistan sheds further light on the underlying causal mechanisms. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 587-614 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:587-614 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cornelius Friesendorf Author-X-Name-First: Cornelius Author-X-Name-Last: Friesendorf Title: British operations among the people and civilian risk Abstract: Debates on military intervention and small wars often include the claim that soldiers should operate among civilians in order to avoid civilian casualties and to protect civilians against third-party violence. This article, by contrast, points at negative unintended consequences of military operations taking place in close proximity to local populations: it argues that also risk-tolerant militaries cause civilian casualties and that their presence triggers third-party violence against civilians. The British military, in particular the British Army, exported risk-tolerant practices from Northern Ireland to the Balkans, with sporadic success. But in southern Iraq and in Helmand, British ground operations harmed civilians. The findings suggest that the chances for protection are better in operations where levels of violence are relatively low than in counterinsurgency where troops face ruthless and well-endowed enemies operating among civilians. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 615-640 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601866 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601866 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:615-640 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher M. Faulkner Author-X-Name-First: Christopher M. Author-X-Name-Last: Faulkner Author-Name: Joshua E. Lambert Author-X-Name-First: Joshua E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Author-Name: Jonathan M. Powell Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Powell Title: Reassessing private military and security company (PMSC) ‘competition‘ in civil war: lessons from Sierra Leone Abstract: This paper challenges recent claims that competitive market dynamics incentivize Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) to fully commit to providing effective services, thereby reducing the duration of civil war. Our assessment of a most-likely case scenario for this argument – Sierra Leone – reveals four critical problems. First, there is rarely direct competition, even if numerous companies are present. Second, the presence of multiple PMSCs usually represents a collaboration among subsidiaries providing distinct services, often under the same corporate umbrella. Third, data aggregation obfuscates the overlap of PMSC presence, inflating the amount of perceived competition. Finally, we raise concerns regarding how quantitative analyses can conflate conflict intensity with conflict termination. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 641-659 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601869 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:641-659 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stanislav Malkin Author-X-Name-First: Stanislav Author-X-Name-Last: Malkin Title: From small wars to counterinsurgency: C.W. Gwynn, ‘Imperial Policing’ and transformation of doctrine Abstract: The complicated problematic of Imperial Policing in many respects still comes down to the principle of minimum force, and much of what we consider an integral part of the modern doctrine of counterinsurgency, is perceived as by-product of post-1945 colonial experience. Charles Gwynn wrote about it in his still underestimated text-book on internal security, ‘Imperial Policing’. As a result, there is a lack of clear understanding how colonial (based on local experience) knowledge was transformed into the expert (universal, transferable) knowledge in confronting rebellions at the doctrinal level. This article examines the work of Gwynn as part of a transitional stage from the age of global empires to the age of nuclear superpowers within the context of internal security doctrine. Adaptation to the new realities during the interwar period and after the World War II – reconfiguration of the British army epistemological system in confronting insurgencies – was a hard process. In this sense, the question about transformation of colonial knowledge into expert knowledge onto the field of internal security is a part of a more general and sensitive question about transition from colonialism to the post-colonial age. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 660-678 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601870 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601870 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:660-678 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Majak D’Agoôt Author-X-Name-First: Majak Author-X-Name-Last: D’Agoôt Title: Why did Sudan Lose a small war in Southern Sudan? Abstract: When on the wrong end of an asymmetry in the projection of hard power, weaker sides countenance the grim arithmetic of avoiding direct and massed confrontations. Invariably, insurgents have over the ages tended to employ indirect tactical methods to render their stronger opponents ineffective. Ultimately – interest asymmetry, regime type, asymmetries of strategy, and external intervention – combine in a complex interplay and pattern, to militate against a strong side. In Sudan, these factors interacted throughout the civil wars to produce regional autonomy and finally an independent South Sudan in 2011. Similar strategic logic had confronted many large African states battling insurgencies in Ethiopia, Angola, Nigeria, Zaire, and apartheid-era South Africa. Oftentimes, weakening public resolve has caused these governments to accommodate, capitulate or withdraw even if they try not to blink. Notwithstanding the regime type, it can be concluded that the majority of strong actors are prone to fail in a protracted, asymmetric conflict. Hence, the notion of linking victory in counterinsurgency to the degree of openness (democratic polyarchies); or closeness (totalitarianism) – is still valid but highly contestable in the case of Africa’s large dysfunctional states. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 679-702 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601872 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:679-702 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Author-Name: Michael S. Bell Author-X-Name-First: Michael S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bell Title: The U.S. Army in the Iraq War: volume 1 (Invasion, Insurgency, Civil War 2003-2006) Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 703-718 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601873 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:703-718 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Military anthropology: soldiers, scholars and subjects at the margins of empire Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 709-716 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601874 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:709-716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Lodge Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Lodge Title: Apartheid, guns and money: a tale of profit Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 716-718 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1601875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1601875 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:3:p:716-718 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Esdaile Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Esdaile Title: The Peninsular War guerrilla and its antecedents: humiliation forgotten, disaster prefigured: the guerra fantástica of 1762 Abstract: The brief war that took place between Spain and Portugal in 1762 is one of the least known episodes in the latter’s military history, whereas, thanks to Wellington’s construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras, the French invasion of 1810–11 is right at the other end of the spectrum. Yet the two episodes are closely linked to one another. At the very least, they are uncannily reminiscent in terms of their details – in both cases substantial foreign armies were vanquished through a combination of irregular resistance, scorched-earth tactics and the clever use of field fortifications – and the article therefore argues that Wellington based the plan that defeated the forces of Marshal Massena on the strategy used by the Portuguese half a century earlier. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 734-749 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:734-749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yingcong Dai Author-X-Name-First: Yingcong Author-X-Name-Last: Dai Title: Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors Abstract: At the turn of the nineteenth century, China’s Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was hit by a sectarian rebellion. Commonly considered a breakpoint marking the end of the dynasty’s golden age spanning most of the eighteenth century, the war to suppress the rebels, referred to as the White Lotus War (1796–1804) in this article (‘White Lotus’ was the umbrella name used by both the authorities and some sectarians for their teaching), exposed many structural drawbacks of the Qing political and military systems and depleted the dynasty’s financial resources, which had never been recovered. Reluctant in embracing guerrilla warfare in the beginning, the insurgents quickly turned themselves into master guerrillas. Shuttling in two massive mountain ranges in central China, they managed to prolong their rebellion and fought some successful battles against their suppressors. Superior in manpower, weaponry, and logistical support, the government forces had to adapt to guerrilla warfare, albeit passively and ineptly. This article gives a brief introduction to this little-known episode of guerrilla war at the turn of the nineteenth century in Qing China, expounds the strengths and weaknesses of both sides, and sheds light on the roots of the war’s long duration and the grim consequences to the Qing state. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 750-774 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638537 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:750-774 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandro M. Rabinovich Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rabinovich Author-Name: Natalia Sobrevilla Perea Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Sobrevilla Perea Title: Regular and irregular forces in conflict: nineteenth century insurgencies in South America Abstract: In the decades following independence from Spain, ‘civil wars’ ravaged the newly established polities in South America. Former vice-regal capitals inherited a larger portion of the colonial administration and had larger economic resources and a hegemonic project they were able to have permanent and professional armed forces, capable of leading the offensive and giving battle following the European rules of military art. The central hypothesis of this work is that there is a necessary relationship between the shape of these asymmetrical conflicts, their outcome and the political territorial configuration of each country in post-revolutionary Spanish America. When permanent armies took over from local militias, the capital kept the integrity of its territories and there was a tendency towards political centralization. When this did not happen and the militias managed to find a way to defeat their centralizing enemies, the local powers had an opportunity to renegotiate their participation in the political body, and sought to maintain their independence, which was manifest in federal agreements, otherwise a process of territorial fragmentation began. More than a difference between regular and irregular forces there was one between intermittent, and permanent mobilization. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 775-796 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638538 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:775-796 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Lawrence Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Lawrence Title: The First Carlist War (1833–40), insurgency, Ramón Cabrera, and expeditionary warfare Abstract: The period 1833 to 1840 witnessed a brutal civil war in Spain waged between insurgent Carlists and the government Cristinos. The Carlists managed to secure reliable territorial control only over one part of Spain (upland Navarra and rural parts of the neighbouring Basque provinces). Although pockets of armed Carlism flourished elsewhere in Spain, especially in Catalonia, Aragón and Galicia, these insurgents were ineffective at coordinating actions. The Carlist court in the Basque country tried to break its strategic blockade by launching a series of expeditions into Cristino-held territory in the hope of destabilising the Madrid regime and consolidating distant insurrections. This article explains how and why these expeditions scored tactical victories but strategic failures. In particular it argues that Carlist raiding strategy was a failure, for its use of violence against real and imagined enemies in marginal and Cristino areas of control alienated civilian support. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 797-817 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638539 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:797-817 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan-Mary Grant Author-X-Name-First: Susan-Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Grant Title: Holmes’ front: constructing a new face of battle for America’s Civil War Abstract: In his seminal study of the changing nature of warfare between Agincourt and the Somme, military historian John Keegan proposed that future historians might consider combatants’ emotions in their assessments of the impact and nature of conflict. Recent years have witnessed the emergence of the history of emotions as an analytical approach, but rarely, if ever, is this directed toward the study of military history, far less the history of insurgencies and counter-insurgencies. This paper examines America’s civil war (1861–1865) as a case study of the ways in which an emotional history approach might illuminate not the physical experiences of but rather the immediate and longer-term reactions to counter-insurgency conflict through a focus on one specific individual, the future Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. It proposes that Holmes, whilst not a man of the ranks, nevertheless can reveal the wider ramifications of civil war and its emotional impact, both individually and culturally. As a relatively limited internecine war, one not fought by professional armies but by volunteer forces, America’s civil war highlights the ways in which the soldier’s response points us toward the kind of emotional revolution that has, to date, mainly been located within the European nations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 818-840 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638543 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638543 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:818-840 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathaniel Morris Author-X-Name-First: Nathaniel Author-X-Name-Last: Morris Title: Memory, magic and militias: Cora Indian participation in Mexico’s wars, from the reforma to the revolution (1854-1920) Abstract: Mexico’s Cora Indians have played an outsized role in national history, thanks to their skilful use of guerrilla tactics and success in forging strategic alliances with outside forces in defence of their cultural, territorial and political autonomy. Cora participation in elite struggles between Liberals and Conservatives (1850–73), and subsequently in the Mexican Revolution (1910–20), helped to shape the way that both conflicts played out in Western Mexico. Such participation also allowed Cora communities to keep hold of traditional landholdings in the face of political and economic reform, while sowing the seeds for the foundation of the Mexican state of Nayarit. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 841-871 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638544 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:841-871 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giacomo Macola Author-X-Name-First: Giacomo Author-X-Name-Last: Macola Author-Name: Jack Hogan Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Hogan Title: Guerrilla warfare in Katanga: the Sanga rebellion of the 1890s and its suppression Abstract: This article discusses the origins and development of the Sanga insurgency of the 1890s with a view to demonstrating that, contrary to commonly held stereotypes, pre-colonial warfare was neither simple nor unchanging. Its tactics, it is argued here, repay the sort of close analysis commonly reserved for other typologies and theatres of war. The Yeke, against whose exploitative system of rule the Sanga and their allies rose up in 1891, survived the onslaught by entering into a strategic alliance with Lofoi, a newly established station of the Congo Free State, and its limited contingent of regular Force Publique troops. An in-depth examination of the joint Yeke-Force Publique counterinsurgency campaign leads to the conclusion that the novelty of the ‘small wars’ that accompanied the Scramble for Africa should not be overstated. In southern Katanga and, by implication, elsewhere, these confrontations were shaped by processes of mutual borrowing in which African military practices and even political aims were not necessarily subordinate to European ones. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 872-894 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638545 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:872-894 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy Bowman Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Bowman Title: Ireland: rebellion and counter-insurgency, 1848–1867 Abstract: The period 1848 to 1867 witnessed what could be regarded as a very small-scale insurgency campaign in Ireland, waged by agrarian groups; the Whiteboys and Ribbonmen. 1848 and 1867 witnessed rebellions by the Young Irelanders and Fenians, which proved to be small-scale and of short duration but the British government had prepared for a nationwide counter-insurgency campaign. The government relied heavily on the militarised Irish Constabulary but in 1848 and 1867 troops were used in large numbers and there were concerns about how they could be best concentrated to meet the envisaged threat. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 895-912 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:895-912 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Morrison Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Morrison Title: ‘The extraordinary successes which the Russians have achieved’ - the Conquest of Central Asia in Callwell’s Small Wars Abstract: Charles Callwell’s Small Wars (1896, 1899, 1906) is widely considered both an ur-text for modern counter-insurgency studies, and a primer for the racialized late-Victorian approach to war against ‘savages’: either way it is usually only considered within a British context. Alongside the numerous examples Callwell used from British colonial campaigns, he frequently referred to those of other European powers – notably the Russian conquest of Central Asia. This article will seek to analyse Callwell’s views of Russian colonial warfare, establish the sources on which he relied, and evaluate his accuracy and the effect which the Russian example had on his thinking. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 913-936 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:913-936 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth M. Swope Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth M. Author-X-Name-Last: Swope Title: General Zuo’s counter-insurgency doctrine Abstract: This paper examines the career of one of the most notable of Chinese state officials in the mid-nineteenth century, General Zuo Zongtang (1812–1885) at a time when the Qing Empire was beset by enemies on all sides along with the massive Taiping Rebellion (1851–65). The paper explores how Zuo created a coherent and flexible counter-insurgency doctrine that underpinned his suppression of the Taipings, the Nian, Muslim rebels of the northwest and the defeat of a massive Sufi revolt in Central Asia. The paper also shows how Zuo helped convince the Russians to return territory they occupied in Central Asia, thereby preserving the territorial integrity of the Qing Empire in the region. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 937-967 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638550 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:937-967 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bastian Matteo Scianna Author-X-Name-First: Bastian Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Scianna Title: A predisposition to brutality? German practices against civilians and francs-tireurs during the Franco-Prussian war 1870–1871 and their relevance for the German ‘military Sonderweg’ debate Abstract: The German Sonderweg thesis has been discarded in most research fields. Yet in regards to the military, things differ: all conflicts before the Second World War are interpreted as prelude to the war of extermination between 1939–1945. This article specifically looks at the Franco-Prussian War 1870–71 and German behaviour vis-à-vis regular combatants, civilians and irregular guerrilla fighters, the so-called francs-tireurs. The author argues that the counter-measures were not exceptional for nineteenth century warfare and also shows how selective reading of the existing secondary literature has distorted our view on the war. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 968-993 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638551 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638551 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:968-993 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian F. W. Beckett Author-X-Name-First: Ian F. W. Author-X-Name-Last: Beckett Title: The campaign of the lost footsteps: the pacification of Burma, 1885-95 Abstract: What Rudyard Kipling called the ‘campaign of lost footsteps’ was the longest campaign fought by the Victorian army. The conquest of Upper Burma, an area of 140,000 sq. miles with a population of four million, took only three weeks in November 1885 and was accomplished with minimum cost. However, the removal and deportation of the Burmese King and dismantling of all traditional authority dismantled led to growing resistance to British rule leading to an increasingly difficult guerrilla war. Though the Burmese guerrillas were characterised by the British as mere bandits or dacoits, many were former soldiers along with Buddhist monks. The extremely difficult nature of campaigning in the terrain and climate of Burma was not sufficiently appreciated by the War Office, who viewed the conflict as a ‘subaltern’s war’ and ‘police’ work. Intended regime change was also not accompanied by any consideration of the likely implications. Prolonged insurgency necessitated deploying a force far larger than originally intended; though order was finally secured by 1895, the campaign proved destructive of Burmese society while British recruitment of hill tribes into the police and armed forces sowed the seeds for future divisions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 994-1019 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638552 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:994-1019 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mario Draper Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Draper Title: The Force Publique’s campaigns in the Congo-Arab War, 1892-1894 Abstract: Between 1892 and 1894 the Force Publique of King Leopold II’s Congo Free State engaged in a series of little-known counter-insurgency operations against ivory and slave traders from Zanzibar, commonly referred to as Arabs. Without a particularly strong tradition of imperial service, this article argues that the predominantly Belgian officer corps borrowed and adapted methods used by more experienced colonial forces in the 19th Century. Whether taken from existing literature or learned through experience, it reveals that the Force Publique’s counter-insurgency methods reflected many of the more recognisable aspects of traditional French and British approaches. It suggests that, despite the unique nature of each colonial campaign, basic principles could be adapted by whomsoever to overcome the military and political challenges of colonial conquest. The Force Publique’s campaigns in the Congo-Arab War, therefore, provide further evidence as to how some base theories could be universally applied. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1020-1039 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638553 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:1020-1039 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Reid Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Title: Remembering and forgetting Mirambo: Histories of war in modern Africa Abstract: While the study of organised violence is considered essential to understanding the history of the West, and accordingly imbued with various layers of meaning and remembrance, war is widely regarded as inimical to the modern nation in Africa and stable development more broadly. Using examples drawn from primarily from East Africa, this paper considers the ways in which warfare in the deeper (‘precolonial’) past has been framed and envisioned in recent decades, in particular by governments whose own roots lie in revolutionary armed struggle and who began life as guerrilla movements. While in some cases particular elements of the deeper past were indeed mobilised in pursuit of contemporary political goals, in many other scenarios histories of precolonial violence were beheld as problematic and unworthy of remembrance. This paper highlights the paradox and ambiguity which has attended the memory of key aspects of Africa’s deeper past. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1040-1069 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:1040-1069 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Max Hastings and the Vietnam war Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1070-1076 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638562 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:1070-1076 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Lawrence Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Lawrence Title: Why a nineteenth-century study? Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 719-733 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1638563 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1638563 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:4-5:p:719-733 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katharine Petrich Author-X-Name-First: Katharine Author-X-Name-Last: Petrich Author-Name: Phoebe Donnelly Author-X-Name-First: Phoebe Author-X-Name-Last: Donnelly Title: Worth many sins: Al-Shabaab’s shifting relationship with Kenyan women Abstract: What happens when the world’s ‘oldest profession’ interacts with history’s oldest form of war? In the Horn of Africa, a symbiotic relationship between prostitutes and terrorists has emerged, illuminating critical information about the group’s ideology and strategy. In this article, we argue that al-Shabaab’s differential treatment of Somali and other East African women reveals the group’s strategic focus on Somalia, despite its claims to be a globally focused Islamic extremist organization. Through original ethnographic fieldwork in Kenya, the authors explore al-Shabaab’s deliberate relationships with different groups of women and explain how this helps scholars better understand the group. This article suggests the next phase of scholarship on gender and terrorism, encouraging scholars not only to pay attention to the relationship between women and terrorist groups, but to also examine the nuanced relationships between different categories of women and terrorist groups. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1169-1192 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1649814 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1649814 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1169-1192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nakissa P. Jahanbani Author-X-Name-First: Nakissa P. Author-X-Name-Last: Jahanbani Author-Name: Charmaine N. Willis Author-X-Name-First: Charmaine N. Author-X-Name-Last: Willis Title: The ballot or the bomb belt: the roots of female suicide terrorism before and after 9/11 Abstract: In recent years, an upward trend in terrorist attacks has mirrored an increase in suicide attacks. According to our preliminary analysis, the events of September 11th marked a sea change in the number of terrorist attacks. While a rich literature has evaluated why terrorists participate in suicide attacks, none have considered the uptick in volume after 9/11, and fewer yet have considered how female fighters may be contributing to this. We evaluate how both structural and female-specific factors affect the likelihood of female fighter suicide attacks. Recent literature discovered a trend in terrorist groups using females as suicide bombers due to cultural norms that permit them to get closer to targets. We test our theory using data from the Chicago Project on Security and Threats Suicide Attack Database (CPOST-SAD) and various datasets from the Quality of Government (QOG) compendium for the 1986–2016 time period. We construct a series of models that consider both female-specific and structural factors that could explain variation in the number of female suicide attacks. Our results indicate that our models encompass relatively stable patterns. Female political empowerment, female educational attainment, and female employment rates are significant and positive in our post-9/11 models, indicating that they may increase female suicide attacks. Democracy is a relevant structural factor and generally yields a positive effect on female suicide attacks across both time periods and multiple models. Ethnic fractionalization is significant in both time periods but yields a negative effect before 9/11 and a positive effect in the later period. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1117-1150 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1649817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1649817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1117-1150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexis Henshaw Author-X-Name-First: Alexis Author-X-Name-Last: Henshaw Author-Name: June Eric-Udorie Author-X-Name-First: June Author-X-Name-Last: Eric-Udorie Author-Name: Hannah Godefa Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Godefa Author-Name: Kathryn Howley Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Howley Author-Name: Cat Jeon Author-X-Name-First: Cat Author-X-Name-Last: Jeon Author-Name: Elise Sweezy Author-X-Name-First: Elise Author-X-Name-Last: Sweezy Author-Name: Katheryn Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Katheryn Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Title: Understanding women at war: a mixed-methods exploration of leadership in non-state armed groups Abstract: Recent efforts aimed at understanding women’s contributions to nonstate armed groups have produced large-scale data sets on female combatants (Wood and Thomas 2017) and more limited data on women’s roles as supporters and leaders in armed groups (Henshaw 2016; 2017, Loken 2018). The present study aims to build on this literature by providing new data on the scope of women’s leadership in insurgent groups. While existing quantitative literature has focused mostly on the experience of female combatants, we argue that the presence of women in leadership roles is crucial to understanding how gender might influence the outcomes of insurgency. We introduce new data on over 200 insurgent groups active since World War II. While our analysis confirms earlier small-sample work demonstrating women’s presence in leadership roles, a qualitative analysis reveals that leadership is often gendered–revealing patterns of tokenization and tracking women to low-prestige leadership roles. At the same time, our findings challenge past research on jihadist organizations, showing limited expansion in the authority of women. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1089-1116 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1649829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1649829 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1089-1116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emeka Thaddues Njoku Author-X-Name-First: Emeka Thaddues Author-X-Name-Last: Njoku Title: The ligaments of counter-terrorism regime: sexual violence and the vicarious traumatisation of female non-governmental organisation workers: evidence from Nigeria Abstract: There is a dearth of studies on indirect victims of sexual violence in counter-terrorism efforts. Using Nigeria as a case study, this paper argues that global and state-level counter-terrorism policies have generally failed to account for the psychological effects of the engagement of female NGO workers in counter-terrorism operations or mitigating the effects of terrorism in conflict zones. Specifically, there has been an increase in sexual violence perpetrated by some members of the security agencies involved in counter-terrorism operations in North-eastern Nigeria. As a result, female NGO workers carry out Medicare, psychosocial counselling and advocacy for these victims. Female NGO workers become exposed to the trauma of victims of sexual violence, which affects their mental health and thus performances in counter-terrorism activities in the country. This altered their worldview on issues of safety even among secured locations or among the presence of security agents and reinforced feelings of powerlessness. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1233-1263 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1649830 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1649830 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1233-1263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bidisha Biswas Author-X-Name-First: Bidisha Author-X-Name-Last: Biswas Author-Name: Shirin Deylami Author-X-Name-First: Shirin Author-X-Name-Last: Deylami Title: Radicalizing female empowerment: gender, agency, and affective appeals in Islamic State propaganda Abstract: Women, from across the West, have increasingly joined Islamic extremist groups in a variety of roles. Why are women participating in movements which have a misogynistic and violent outlook? The dominant literature ascribes their motivations to conditions that make women vulnerable to extremist pulls. These include lack of marriage prospects, past experiences of sexual violence, and familial loss at the hands of ‘the enemy.’ This model of analysis sees the women as victims, rather than agents who determine their participation in extremism. Such an approach often locates women’s political motivations in a gendered private sphere, where their actions are determined by engagements with men. In contrast, the dominant descriptions of men’s religious extremism are situated through their political and public engagement as citizens. We argue that such a gendered binary does not provide a sufficient explanation of the political motivations of women who join Islamist extremist groups. Through a close reading of the Islamic State’s English-language propaganda materials, we explore how the group’s appeals to women rely on discourses of empowerment and agency. The Islamic State, we argue, reimagines Muslim women, not simply as mothers and wives, but as public agents of change in creating and shaping the global caliphate. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1193-1213 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1649831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1649831 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1193-1213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Srobana Bhattacharya Author-X-Name-First: Srobana Author-X-Name-Last: Bhattacharya Title: Gender, insurgency, and terrorism: introduction to the special issue Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1077-1088 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1649833 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1649833 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1077-1088 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Al Chukwuma Okoli Author-X-Name-First: Al Chukwuma Author-X-Name-Last: Okoli Author-Name: Stephen Nnaemeka Azom Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Nnaemeka Azom Title: Boko Haram insurgency and gendered victimhood: women as corporal victims and objects of war Abstract: Boko Haram insurgency in North East Nigeria has exposed women (girls, ladies, and mothers) to a complex jeopardy. While some women have suffered untimely widowhood or child-lack as a result of the Boko Haram onslaught, others have suffered death, forced abduction, and allied assaults on the main and side lines of the insurgency. Oftentimes, women have faced direct violence that essentially degrade their humanity. This is evident in the deployment of women as war-front sex slaves, human shields, and suicide bombers by the insurgents. The virtual expendability of women in the context of Boko Haram insurgency has been vividly demonstrated by the gale of female suicide bombings in Nigeria over the recent years. By means of a textual and contextual analysis of library sources and/or documentary data, as well as an adroit application of the theory of objectification, this study posits that, in addition to suffering collateral vulnerabilities, women have equally been instrumentalized as objects of terror in the context of Boko Haram insurgency. The paper further argues that the ‘weaponization’ of women’s bodies as bomb vessels and human shields by the insurgents highlights the height of women’s corporal victimization and objectification in contemporary asymmetric warfare. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1214-1232 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1650473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1650473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1214-1232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Okolie-Osemene Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Okolie-Osemene Author-Name: Rosemary I. Okolie-Osemene Author-X-Name-First: Rosemary I. Author-X-Name-Last: Okolie-Osemene Title: Nigerian women and the trends of kidnapping in the era of Boko Haram insurgency: patterns and evolution Abstract: The rising trend of kidnapping targeting women has shown that counterinsurgency does not begin and end with the strategic advantage of state security providers in the security market and the field. Kidnapping of females by Boko Haram insurgents threatens human security and hinders sustainable development goals in Northeastern Nigeria. With primary and secondary sources, this qualitative study examines how Boko Haram insurgents target women in Northeastern Nigeria. The paper argues that community driven security strategy achievable through the collaboration between state and traditional security providers, can prevent the entry and easy escape of the insurgents. It concludes that the forces of order should sustain a policy of stop and searches until insurgents are defeated along with a programme of community-based human rights education and insurgency emergency response system for quick response to security threats. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1151-1168 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1652011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1652011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1151-1168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Empires of the mind: the colonial past and the politics of the present Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1264-1273 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1655227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1655227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1264-1273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Layne Dittmann Author-X-Name-First: Layne Author-X-Name-Last: Dittmann Title: Mexico’s illicit drug networks and the state reaction Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1274-1275 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1655228 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1655228 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1274-1275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. R. T. Wood Author-X-Name-First: J. R. T. Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Title: Dirty war: Rhodesia and chemical biological warfare: 1975–1980 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1275-1278 Issue: 6-7 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1655271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1655271 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:6-7:p:1275-1278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rose Mary Sheldon Author-X-Name-First: Rose Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Sheldon Title: Introduction Abstract: The literature on insurgency has, for the most art, skipped over the ancient world or has grossly over-simplified the discussion of events. The historians contributing papers to this volume hope to fill in that gap by discussing ancient insurgencies in the context of their own cultures. By examining how insurgencies are achieved, why they succeed or fail, what kind of response they draw from the occupying power, and what they achieve, we can come to conclusions about what contributions ancient civilizations made to what we understand about the nature of insurgencies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 931-955 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764713 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:931-955 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ralph D. Sawyer Author-X-Name-First: Ralph D. Author-X-Name-Last: Sawyer Title: Trajectories to rebellion: the Former Han dynasty Abstract: After succeeding the Qin, the Former Han reverted to the earlier practice of discrete localized authority. This resulted in an intermixed system of directly administered entities in the Wei River Valley, where the capital of Chang’an was located, and individual kingdoms east of the mountains that isolate the Guanzhong area. This hybrid system inherently nurtured a tendency to rebellion. When the Han suppressed the Revolt of the Seven Kingdoms in 154 BCE, it ensured China would remain on a unified trajectory. However, the revolt was a precursor to coups and putsches that imperial relatives, powerful generals, and entrenched provincial officials would mount over the centuries. Even though not the only form of insurgency China would witness before the modern era, often being undertaken by charismatic individuals with dedicated followers, considerable material resources and military forces, they proved particuarly devastating. Populist revolts and religiously based movements might threaten the established order, but were never marked by the same invidious nature. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 956-987 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764712 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:956-987 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric W. Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Eric W. Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Title: The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680-1707 Abstract: The Muslim Mughal Empire of India found itself at the height of its power under the reign of Emperor Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707), yet the foundations of that power were unstable at the death of the emperor. While Aurangzeb was able to extend his dominion over the majority of the Indian sub-continent the cost of doing so greatly weakened Mughal fortunes in the years following his reign. This situation resulted from a shift in his religious policies towards non-Muslims that alienated groups in the empire that had once been part of a syncretic ruling relationship. The main problem group was the Marathas, whose insurgency Aurangzeb never fully defeated over the course of a twenty-seven-year war. The Marathas used the harsh religious stance of the emperor to mount a campaign for the creation of a Hindu kingdom in the area south of the Deccan Plateau. The failure to completely quell this revolt led to Maratha domination of large swaths of the northern Mughal Empire following the death of Aurangzeb. This heralded a decline in Mughal fortunes that were ultimately exploited by foreign powers, chief among them Great Britain. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 988-1009 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:988-1009 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rose Mary Sheldon Author-X-Name-First: Rose Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Sheldon Title: Insurgency in Germany: the slaughter of Varus in the Teutoburger Wald Abstract: The uprising led by Arminius in 9 CE, otherwise known as the clades Variana, resulted in the destruction of three crack Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest and changed Roman foreign policy beyond the Rhine. The event demonstrates the maximum res Arminult an insurgency can accomplish with few resources. Even in an age of limited communications, without explosives or modern weapons, an insurgent group could still have a dramatic effect on a world power. Now that archaeologists have excavated the actual battle site, we are in a position to see how Arminius executed one of the most successful insurgencies in the ancient world. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1010-1043 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764714 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:1010-1043 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Cherry Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Cherry Title: Armed resistance to Roman rule in North Africa, from the time of Augustus to the vandal invasion Abstract: It is difficult now to determine how much resistance there was to Roman rule in North Africa because of the almost complete absence of evidence for the sentiments of the region’s non-Roman population. A small number of so-called ‘Libyan’ inscriptions survive on stone, but the texts, where they can be deciphered, reveal little. Armed resistance to Roman rule seems to have been sporadic and mostly small-scale, at least in the period before about 250 CE. The most significant threat to the region’s security was the rebellion of the Musulamii led by Tacfarinas, which began in 17 CE and lasted until 24. But Roman rule itself was not seriously threatened, because Tacfarinas could not defeat the Romans in battle. After the death of Tacfarinas, resistance to Roman rule appears to have been centered in the highlands of what is now north-western Algeria. The Roman army, which functioned primarily as an internal security force in north Africa, seems to have had trouble monitoring, and therefore controlling, the tribal peoples who lived in the mountains, and, to a lesser extent, the transhumant, semi-nomadic populations of the region, who moved their flocks and herds north in the summer and south in the winter. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1044-1057 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764708 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:1044-1057 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Jordán Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Jordán Title: An analysis of the Jewish-Roman War (66–73 AD) using contemporary insurgency theory Abstract: The present article seeks to identify variables that explain the success or failure of insurgent groups by using contemporary theories of insurgency. It then applies those variables to interpret tentatively an insurgency from classical antiquity: the Jewish-Roman War of 66–73 A.D. Although the results of one single empirical case cannot be generalised, they nonetheless constitute a preliminary element for the construction of a broader theoretical framework concerning the existence of elements of continuity in the phenomenon of insurgency. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1058-1079 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764710 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:1058-1079 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gwyn Davies Author-X-Name-First: Gwyn Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Title: ‘I will lay waste your cities, and you will become a desolation’. Insurgency and counter-insurgency in Judaea Abstract: This article examines the two major and prolonged insurgencies that the Roman empire faced in Judaea in the first and second centuries C.E. It seeks to explain the historical contexts for these conflicts and to discuss the strategies pursued by both the imperial power and its insurgent enemies. In each case, once insurrection had broken out, the Roman authorities proceeded in a methodical manner involving the concentration of maximum force to achieve the goal of suppression. On the other hand, their Jewish enemies sought out adaptive responses that took account of the overwhelming imperial strength and applied the lessons learned from the failure of the First Revolt to re-imagine the course of opposition in the Second. The use of exemplary violence as a coercive tool of policy is discussed as is the challenge of dealing with an internally fractured and factionalized population. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1080-1107 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764709 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764709 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:1080-1107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorit Wintjes Author-X-Name-First: Jorit Author-X-Name-Last: Wintjes Title: ‘On the side of a righteous vengeance’ – Counterinsurgency operations in Roman Britain Abstract: This article provides a brief overview over military action in Roman Britain during the four centuries of Roman rule, taking a closer look at how the Roman army reacted operationally to military threats to Roman rule. It covers the use of infrastructure to rapidly move forces within the province and the establishment of zones of control both through military frontiers restricting movement and by placing garrisons within the province, depriving any potential enemy of the means to sustain himself Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1108-1129 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764715 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764715 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:1108-1129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norma Kriger Author-X-Name-First: Norma Author-X-Name-Last: Kriger Title: Biographies of two ‘big men’ in Zimbabwe: a review essay Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1130-1136 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1764716 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1764716 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:1130-1136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Chan Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Chan Title: The Dragons and the Snakes: how the rest learned to fight the West Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1137-1138 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1765463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1765463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:1137-1138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James O. Gump Author-X-Name-First: James O. Author-X-Name-Last: Gump Title: Rorke’s Drift and Isandlwana Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1139-1142 Issue: 5 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1765462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1765462 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:5:p:1139-1142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niels Terpstra Author-X-Name-First: Niels Author-X-Name-Last: Terpstra Title: Rebel governance, rebel legitimacy, and external intervention: assessing three phases of Taliban rule in Afghanistan Abstract: This article focuses on rebel governance and rebel legitimacy during civil war. It investigates how external intervention in support of an incumbent government and withdrawal of external forces shape rebel legitimacy dynamics and rebels’ opportunities to govern. It adopts a longitudinal perspective on Afghanistan’s Taliban, analyzing three phases of the movement’s existence. Moral forms of legitimacy resonated particularly during instances of external intervention, whereas pragmatic forms of legitimacy became more relevant after the withdrawal of external forces and during periods of the Taliban’s opponents’ ineffective governance. The article is based on a literature review and fieldwork in Afghanistan. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1143-1173 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1757916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1757916 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:6:p:1143-1173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Weddegjerde Skjelderup Author-X-Name-First: Michael Weddegjerde Author-X-Name-Last: Skjelderup Title: Jihadi governance and traditional authority structures: al-Shabaab and Clan Elders in Southern Somalia, 2008-2012 Abstract: Based on unique field work in southern Somalia, this article explores how the interrelationship between jihadi insurgent rulers and traditional authority structures fostered local order in the southernmost part of Somalia in the period 2008 to 2012. While the Jihadi insurgent group al-Shabaab’s state project was profoundly inspired by jihadi-Salafi ideology when it conquered large parts of South-Central Somalia in 2008–2009, it developed a strategy to cooperate with and co-opt local authority structures. This was partly a pragmatic approach in order to gain control of local institutions and populations. However, utilizing the local clan elders was a practical and cost-effective arrangement through which al-Shabaab could collect material resources, such as money, weapons, new recruits and other local resources. By sustaining the traditional authority structures, al-Shabaab also fostered a degree of trust and legitimacy from the local populations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1174-1195 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1780686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1780686 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:6:p:1174-1195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuanbo Qi Author-X-Name-First: Yuanbo Author-X-Name-Last: Qi Title: The language of terror: exploring speech acts in official English-language ISIS videos, 2014-2017 Abstract: This study provides an empirical analysis of 79 official ISIS English-language videos and uses Quentin Skinner’s analytical approach to examine the prevalence of and changes in the speech acts used in the videos. The results show that directive, expressive, and assertive were the most common classes of speech acts and that threatening speech acts were featured most prominently. This study concludes that the fundamental semantic intention of the videos is to mobilise the addressees to align with the group’s demands and the video might serve more than simply recruitment, but as a diplomatic/negotiating tool for real-world events that ISIS faces. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1196-1241 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1775055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1775055 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:6:p:1196-1241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob Zenn Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Zenn Title: Chronicling the Boko Haram Decade in Nigeria (2010-2020): distinguishing factions through videographic analysis Abstract: Boko Haram videos are among the only windows into the group leadership’s ideology. However, previous studies of Boko Haram videos treated the group monolithically and neither distinguished between internal factions nor analyzed cinematographic settings in each faction’s videos. At a time when the two groups known as Boko Haram–Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP) and Jamaat Ahlussunnah lid-Dawa wal-Jihad (JAS)–rival each other and combat Nigerian and subregional military forces, this article argues it is imperative to examine factions’ contrasting self-presentations in videos. While one faction led by Abu Musab al-Barnawi revealed combat skill and lectured about an Islamic state, another faction led by Abubakar Shekau revealed veneration of Shekau, masses of worshippers in group territories, and imposing sharia punishments. Even when these factions were nominally unified, they still produced media separately and competed to control communications to Islamic State. Another Boko Haram breakaway group called Ansaru also influenced Boko Haram videos after some members reintegrated into Abu Musab al-Barnawi’s faction. This article demonstrates how in jihadist groups the one wielding the camera also wields power and how jihadist videos can facilitate understanding a group’s internal dynamics. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1242-1294 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1776582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1776582 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:6:p:1242-1294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saheed Babajide Owonikoko Author-X-Name-First: Saheed Babajide Author-X-Name-Last: Owonikoko Author-Name: Jude A. Momodu Author-X-Name-First: Jude A. Author-X-Name-Last: Momodu Title: Environmental degradation, livelihood, and the stability of Chad Basin Region Abstract: The socio-economic conditions of the inhabitants of Lake Chad Region (LCR) in the instability of the region has been well researched. But there has been relatively little work on how environmental conditions contribute to the expanding instability of the region. Using data collected from both primary and secondary sources, this study shows how the shrinking Lake Chad contributes to the instability of the LCR. The study finds out that in the last six decades, climate change, over-exploitation and demographic pressure have contributed to the shrinking of the waterbody by over 90% leading to inability to sustain livelihoods of inhabitants. Loss of livelihoods has promoted criminality, easy recruitment by terrorist groups, migration to urban centres in search of better means of livelihood. This has also led to violent clashes and crimes in cities and towns. Furthermore, management of the shrinking lake has caused conflicts among the riparian states and this has greatly inhibited their ability to collective fight insecurity in the region. The study concludes that in enhancing the stability of the Lake Chad Region, addressing the shrinking Lake Chad must be given priority by the riparian states and other concerned stakeholders. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1295-1322 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1776092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1776092 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:6:p:1295-1322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jochen Kleinschmidt Author-X-Name-First: Jochen Author-X-Name-Last: Kleinschmidt Author-Name: Oscar Palma Author-X-Name-First: Oscar Author-X-Name-Last: Palma Title: The conceptual puzzle of violent non-state actors in Latin America: a critique of the convergence hypothesis Abstract: Current research often emphasizes the typological convergence of violent non-state actors, which according to this literature tend to mix the characteristics of actors conventionally understood as criminals, insurgents, terrorists, or warlords. In this article, we examine the adequacy of such proposals to explain the evolution of violent actors in Latin America. Through a comparative study of the long-term development of two important Latin American violent actors, the Colombian FARC and the Mexican Sinaloa Cartel, we arrive at the conclusion that convergence phenomena occur with much less frequency and intensity than suggested, and when they do occur, they are caused by mechanisms typically not considered in the literature. This may indicate a significant limitation regarding the empirical reach of the convergence hypothesis as well as a need for further conceptual clarification. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1323-1348 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1781370 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1781370 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:6:p:1323-1348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Weichong Ong Author-X-Name-First: Weichong Author-X-Name-Last: Ong Title: Between safe havens in cross-border insurgency: Malaysia, Thailand and the Second Emergency (1952–89) Abstract: From a local insurgent movement in the Malayan Emergency (1948–60), the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) transitioned into a cross-border one in the Second Emergency (1968–89) with regional links and implications. Due to the fixation on the Malayan Emergency period, the transition of the CPM insurgency from local to cross border during the Second Emergency period remains underexplored. This article shows how the CPM insurgency transitioned from a local one in Peninsular Malaysia to a protracted cross border conflict with a safe haven in Southern Thailand and how this significant development allowed the CPM to set the conditions of a persistent slow burn conflict in Southern Thailand that was difficult to defeat by security operations alone. This article also addresses how Malaysia, the counterinsurgent state dealt with the unique set of challenges associated with a cross-border insurgency that was subject to the ebb and flow ‘good neighbourly’ relations with Thailand. Finally, this article examines the negotiation process and how the lessons learnt from the failure of the Baling Peace Talks in 1955 were translated into an enduring peace at Haadyai in 1989. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1349-1372 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2019.1698176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2019.1698176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:6:p:1349-1372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harrison Akins Author-X-Name-First: Harrison Author-X-Name-Last: Akins Title: The Assam Rifles and India’s North-East frontier policy Abstract: The Assam Rifles, the oldest paramilitary group in India, was formed as a defensive force to protect tea estates from tribal raiding. Following independence, the Indian government reversed British policy in the North-East frontier to extend administrative control over tribal areas that were largely neglected under colonial rule. In aid of this policy change, the government shifted the role of the Assam Rifles to an offensive counterinsurgency force. Based on primary sources, this analysis helps to demonstrate how post-colonial states co-opt colonial institutions to reflect new policies and the use of coercive force by paramilitary groups in the state-making process. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1373-1394 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1778213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1778213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:6:p:1373-1394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423256 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: About the contributors Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 5-6 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423257 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:5-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Jablonsky Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Jablonsky Title: Churchill's initial experience with the British conduct of small wars: India and the Sudan, 1897–98 Abstract: In 1897 and 1898, Winston Churchill participated in what late Victorian Britain termed ‘small wars’, first on India's northwest frontier and then in the vast wasteland of the Sudan. Churchill chronicled his experiences in these conflicts in personal letters, dispatches to newspapers, and in his first two books, The Story of the Malakand Field Force and The River War. These writings provide a snapshot of a particular period in the formative years of the great statesman, demonstrating through Churchill's eloquent analyses many of the contradictions concerning the conduct of small wars that have emerged in the present era. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:1-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Everett Carl Dolman Author-X-Name-First: Everett Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Dolman Title: Military intelligence and the problem of legitimacy: Opening the model Abstract: This brief essay looks at some of the emerging dilemmas facing the Intelligence Community (IC), and suggests a model for action that is based on the growing importance of legitimization now evident in all phases of US military activity abroad. The challenge for the IC is to satisfy the needs of a demanding and highly varied set of consumers while maintaining a clear priority on missions of military concern. When the legitimization priorities of broadly varied mission tasks are disaggregated and linked with the intelligence cycle, we see that total war, limited war, and operations other than war (OOTW) have distinct and incompatible priorities. Rather than try to adapt the existing system to fish‐out‐of‐water applications, and in the process degrade the capabilities of the IC to conduct total warfare support operations effectively, it may be time to envision a new, parallel intelligence agency for the support of limited war and OOTW. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 26-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:26-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rajesh Rajagopalan Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh Author-X-Name-Last: Rajagopalan Title: ‘Restoring normalcy’: The evolution of the Indian army's counterinsurgency doctrine Abstract: The Indian Army has a uniquely political approach to counterinsurgency that has had great success. This essay examines the development of this doctrine over the last five decades, and the political and operational factors that influenced its development. The most important of these factors was, and remains, the Army's positional‐war orientation, which puts great emphasis on the need to prepare for conventional war. Though the doctrine has undergone some evolution, such changes have been constrained by the positional‐war orientation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 44-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:44-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Evans Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Title: The Kashmir insurgency: As bad as it gets Abstract: In January 2000, the Kashmir militancy is gaining ground and Indian forces are on the defensive. This is despite a decline in militancy from 1996 to mid‐1999. While India has managed to secure greater international support from the West, the failure of an elected state government in Kashmir to regain the confidence of Kashmiris has cost Delhi support. The militant revival is being driven by increasing professionalism, along with strong support from backers in Pakistan. Given there is now a 12‐year period of violence to analyse, new literature brings interesting insights.1 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 69-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423261 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423261 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:69-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John P. Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: John P. Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan Title: Urban gangs evolving as criminal Netwar actors Abstract: The nature of conflict and crime is changing. Technology allows groups to spread their influence without regard to geographic limitations. A shift from hierarchies to network organizational forms is also occurring. As a consequence non‐state actors can extend their influence to gain social, political or economic power and challenge state institutions. This article examines the potential for gangs, transnational criminals and terrorists to embrace network forms and utilize technology to wage netwar. Factors which influence ‘third generation’ gang organization (politicization, internationalization and sophistication) are described to illustrate how a net‐based threat can mature. A move toward network organization within transnational criminal organizations and terrorist groups demonstrating the potential for these classic criminal entities to emerge as netwar actors is also reviewed. Finally, the need for state institutions such as the police and military to develop networked responses to combat networked threats is stated. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 82-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423262 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:82-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ricardo Arias Calderon Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Arias Author-X-Name-Last: Calderon Title: The demilitarization of public security in Panama Abstract: The Author, a former Vice‐President and Minister of Government and Justice in Panama, describes the demilitarization process in his country since 1989. A historical summary traces militarization up to the fall of General Noriega and his Panamanian Defense Forces. The factors and stages in demilitarizing the latter back to a civilian police force are described together with the personnel, financial and educational policies implemented. A conclusion argues that better pay and greater professionalization will improve the police's self‐image even more. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 97-111 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423263 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423263 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:97-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Scobell Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Scobell Title: Introduction to review essays on ‘unrestricted warfare’ Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 112-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423264 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:112-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert J. Bunker Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bunker Title: Unrestricted warfare: Review essay I Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 114-121 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423265 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:114-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dean Cheng Author-X-Name-First: Dean Author-X-Name-Last: Cheng Title: Unrestricted warfare: Review essay II Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 122-123 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:122-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles D. Melson Author-X-Name-First: Charles D. Author-X-Name-Last: Melson Title: Special Air Service Books to Choose From Abstract: Barry Davies, Joining the SAS: How to Get In and What It's Like.Miami: Lewis International Inc., 1998. Pp.214, photos, index. $22.95. ISBN 0–966771–4–2.Peter McAleese and John Avery, McAleese's Fighting Manual: The Definitive Soldier's Handbook.London: Orion, 1998. Pp.179, illus. £18.95. ISBN 0–75280–063–9.Steve Crawford et al.The SAS Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the World's Crack Regiment.Miami: Lewis International Inc., 1998. Pp.288, photos, maps, index. $29.95. ISBN 0–9666771–0–2.Barry Davies et al.The Complete Encyclopedia of the SAS.London: Virgin Publishing Ltd, 1998. Pp.288, photos, maps, no index. $39.95. ISBN 1–85227–707–6. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 130-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:130-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas R. Mockaitis Author-X-Name-First: Thomas R. Author-X-Name-Last: Mockaitis Title: Book review Abstract: Steven L. Burg and Paul S. Shoup, The War in Bosnia‐Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention.New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1999. Pp.xviii + 499, maps, tables, notes, biobliog., index. NP. ISBN 1–56324–308–3. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 132-133 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:132-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Short notices Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 134-135 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310008423269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310008423269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:11:y:2000:i:1:p:134-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rose Mary Sheldon Author-X-Name-First: Rose Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Sheldon Title: Political violence in ancient India Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 479-486 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2018.1546566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2018.1546566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:30:y:2019:i:2:p:479-486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marika Sosnowski Author-X-Name-First: Marika Author-X-Name-Last: Sosnowski Title: Negotiating statehood through ceasefires: Syria’s de-escalation zones Abstract: This paper examines how ceasefires can influence elements of statehood. It adds to scholarship that views statehood as being in a continuous process of change by conceptualising international ceasefires as the negotiation of an embryonic type of wartime order that has ramifications for how power and authority are dispersed among competing actors in civil war. Through the example of the Syrian de-escalation zones, the paper suggests that the ceasefire not only affected the use of violence but recalibrated relations between international and local actors for control over diplomacy, security, territory, and citizenship. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1395-1414 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1829872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1829872 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1395-1414 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Radziszewski Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Radziszewski Author-Name: Seden Akcinaroglu Author-X-Name-First: Seden Author-X-Name-Last: Akcinaroglu Title: Private military & security companies, conflict complexity, and peace duration: an empirical analysis Abstract: PMSC training has the potential to improve state capacity, reduce the combatants’ opportunity and willingness to fight, and prolong the duration of peace. However, the benefit of PMSC training-related intervention over other types of PMSC interventions depends on the level of conflict complexity. Analysis of novel data on PMSC interventions and peace episodes following major/minor civil wars (1990–2008) shows that in cases when PMSCs intervene, training makes a positive contribution to peace in wars with a limited number of rebel groups that do not resort to terrorism. Positive impact dissipates in conflicts with greater levels of rebel fragmentation and terrorist tactics. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1415-1440 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1784500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1784500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1415-1440 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Title: Maoism: a global history Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1441-1447 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1833423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1833423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1441-1447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Insurgency and counterinsurgency: a global history Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1448-1452 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1833426 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1833426 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1448-1452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy Heck Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Heck Title: Guerrilla Nightmare: Luftwaffe Stukas at War Against Tito’s Partisans in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1453-1455 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1833817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1833817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1453-1455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notice of duplicate publication: Making sense of political violence: an interview with Marc Sageman Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: (I)-(I) Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1833485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1833485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:7-8:p:(I)-(I) Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notice of duplicate publication: What’s wrong with drones? Automatization and target selection Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: (II)-(II) Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1833486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1833486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:7-8:p:(II)-(II) Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Notice of duplicate publication: An analysis of the Jewish-Roman War (66–73 AD) using contemporary insurgency theory Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: (III)-(III) Issue: 7-8 Volume: 31 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1833487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1833487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:31:y:2020:i:7-8:p:(III)-(III) Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iselin Silja Kaspersen Author-X-Name-First: Iselin Silja Author-X-Name-Last: Kaspersen Title: New societies, new soldiers? A soldier typology Abstract: The term ‘soldier’ is frequently conceptualized as a warrior, a peacekeeper, or a hybrid of both. However, recent changes in the utilization of soldiers in societies have moved the repertoire of possible ways to think, act, and behave beyond these notions. As such, there exists an undertheorized gap between different expectations of soldiers and actual soldier roles. This presents a need for more nuanced and analytically useful conceptualizations of soldier roles. This article provides a more thorough understanding of the soldier role by identifying seven ideal types of soldiers: the warrior, nation-defender, law-enforcer, humanitarian, state-builder, and the ideological, and contractor soldiers. The typology offers an analytical tool with the capacity to maneuver the empirical reality, which is important because how soldier roles are constructed affect how military personnel understand their role in the postmodern world, where identity is multifaceted and negotiable. Ultimately, identity influences how soldiers interact with societies and how societies respond to war, conflicts, and crises. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1785990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1785990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:1:p:1-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanaullah Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Sanaullah Title: Civilians’ survival strategies during the Taliban’s insurgency (2007-9), Pakistan: a look at the consequences Abstract: This article explores the Taliban’s insurgency (2007–9) in Swat valley (Pakistan), with two objectives: (a) how civilians survive violence and (b) what their survival strategies mean for them. Drawing on in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, conducted in 2016 to 2019, it offers a typology of civilians’ survival strategies which includes resistance, accommodation, readjustment and withdrawal. It finds that although the strategies worked, resistance and accommodation have had a detrimental impact on civilians in the form of direct violence. In comparison, readjustment and withdrawal helped them avoiding direct violence but have had a negative impact on civilian life and society. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 26-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1840892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1840892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:1:p:26-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia Author-Name: Evert Kleynhans Author-X-Name-First: Evert Author-X-Name-Last: Kleynhans Title: Counterinsurgency in South Africa: the Afrikaner Rebellion, 1914–1915 Abstract: The entry of the Union of South Africa into the First World War, as well as the subsequent invasion of German South West Africa (GSWA), served as a trigger to the Afrikaner Rebellion. In September 1914 the Union Defence Force (UDF) suffered a major reverse at the Battle of Sandfontein. However, in addition to the German threat, South Africa faced a second, more serious internal threat. The socio-economic realities of early-twentieth-century South Africa, felt most keenly among rural Afrikaners, magnified the rift between the competing interests of Afrikaner nationalists and the Union government loyal to the Crown. The Union’s entry into the war was a step too far for many Nationalist Afrikaners and ultimately precipitated the outbreak of the rebellion. As a result, the operational focus of the UDF shifted to the internal military threat posed by Afrikaner rebel forces. The Afrikaner Rebellion brought about the first counterinsurgency operation of the UDF within the borders of South Africa. By harnessing its operational and tactical mobility, and operating from the central position and along internal lines of communication, the UDF swiftly dealt with the rebel revolt. This article evaluates the counterinsurgency operations conducted by the UDF in suppressing the Afrikaner Rebellion. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 53-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1812877 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1812877 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:1:p:53-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Varsori Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Varsori Title: ‘The elite troops of trafficking’. An assessment of the phenomenon of military-trained gang members in Rio de Janeiro Abstract: In recent years, scholars and practitioners alike have acknowledged the threat posed by Military-Trained Gang Members (MTGMs). These individuals have the training, know-how, and expertise necessary to significantly increase the effectiveness and lethality of the armed group they belong to. Even though this threat is present in several criminal insurgencies, usage of the MTGM concept is limited to studies regarding the United States. This paper broadens this scope by assessing the presence and characters of the MTGM phenomenon in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Through a review of media output on the topic, spanning over more than 21 years, the paper exposes the roots and extent of this trend, as well as the roles played by MTGMs. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 80-102 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1804721 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1804721 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:1:p:80-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Antonio Gutiérrez Author-X-Name-First: José Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez Title: The counter-insurgent paradox. How the FARC-EP successfully subverted counter-insurgent institutions in Colombia Abstract: Institutions are historical products shaped by power and contestation which don’t necessarily respond to the purpose for which they were originally created. I will explore how ‘communal action’ institutions created to contain the advancement of the insurgent movement in rural Colombia in the 1950s were eventually used by guerrillas, notably the FARC-EP. Through them, rebels advanced their political agenda, reinforcing their organisational work in rural communities. The strategic impact of this contradictory process, cannot be over-stated, for it turned the struggle of rebels against the State into a struggle fought squarely within the very structures of the State they antagonised. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 103-126 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1797345 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1797345 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:1:p:103-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francis O’Connor Author-X-Name-First: Francis Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor Author-Name: Jakob Meer Author-X-Name-First: Jakob Author-X-Name-Last: Meer Title: The M-19’s ideological Sancocho: the reconciliation of socialism and Colombian nationalism Abstract: The Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) combined the socialist discourse of the revolutionary left with explicit calls to Colombian nationalism. This paper will question how and why the M-19 framed its insurgency in explicitly Colombian Nationalist terminology, in particular by referencing the historic figure of Simón Bolívar. As well as how the M-19 balanced its ideological preferences with the norms and expectations of its supporters. The paper argues that the M-19 strategically fused socialism with Colombian nationalism to strengthen its appeal in urban areas, as a means to distinguish itself from the other armed groups and to maintain internal cohesion. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 127-151 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1829861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1829861 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:1:p:127-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Levinson Harris Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Levinson Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Title: The Venezuelan castro-communist counterinsurgency (1960-1968) and the fight for emergent democratic governments Abstract: Democracies, handicapped by constitutional conventions and structural mechanisms which enforce the practice of humanitarian ethics, are less well-equipped to address counterinsurgencies (COIN) than popularly-unaccountable authoritarian regimes. Although commonly asserted in academic and popular channels, this statement belies a greater truth: that democracies actually outperform authoritarian governments as it relates to COIN conflict outcome. This paper makes the argument for the waging of effective COIN by emergent democracies through the analysis of the successful Venezuelan anti-Castro-Communist counterinsurgency of the 1960s. The Rómulo Betancourt (1958–1964) and Raúl Leoni (1964–1969) administrations’ tempered and humane response to urban and rural Castro-Communist violence decisively won the backing of the Venezuelan people and mortally wounded the insurgent support base. Once military operational and tactical missteps that prolonged the conflict are accounted for, the Venezuelan COIN of the 1960s can serve as an exportable model for newly emergent democracies seeking to wage war within constitutional conventions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 152-162 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1826837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1826837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:1:p:152-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Conflict in the South African transition: an analysis shaped by subaltern studies Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 163-172 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1848507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1848507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:1:p:163-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Will Reno Author-X-Name-First: Will Author-X-Name-Last: Reno Title: Unmasking Boko Haram: exploring global Jihad in Nigeria Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 173-176 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1848514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1848514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:1:p:173-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Namrata Goswami Author-X-Name-First: Namrata Author-X-Name-Last: Goswami Title: Cities at war global insecurity and urban resistance Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 177-180 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1848513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1848513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:1:p:177-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Author-Name: David H. Ucko Author-X-Name-First: David H. Author-X-Name-Last: Ucko Title: Gray zone in red: China revisits the past Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 181-204 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1870422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1870422 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:2:p:181-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cary Mittelmark Author-X-Name-First: Cary Author-X-Name-Last: Mittelmark Title: Playing chess with the Dragon: Chinese-U.S. competition in the era of irregular warfare Abstract: Having engaged in some two decades of irregular war, the United States now finds itself confronted by a resurgent China, determined to utilize asymmetric approaches to both strengthen its grip on power at home and reshape the international environment in its favor. Despite the parameters of Beijing’s strategy having been clearly laid out, Washington has failed to respond in coherent fashion. This reality should be altered by constructing a revitalized approach upon the foundation already put in place through the country’s long, extensive experience in irregular warfare. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 205-228 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1870423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1870423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:2:p:205-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesse S. Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Jesse S. Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Title: Springing the ‘Tacitus Trap’: countering Chinese state-sponsored disinformation Abstract: The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is waging a disinformation campaign against the U.S.-led international system. China uses disinformation to translate its economic power into Great Power prestige and to suppress external and internal criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Both objectives are intended to bolster the domestic legitimacy of the party and enhance social stability. By linking stability and prestige with economic expansion, the CCP hopes to avoid the ‘Tacitus Trap’ – an existential legitimacy crisis caused by losing the confidence of the people. As a third function, disinformation also obscures Beijing’s efforts to influence and manipulate foreign policies of global actors with respect to China, thus undermining international transparency and the democratic structures and processes of target states. The U.S. response has been ad hoc and reactive, therefore ineffectual. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 229-265 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1870429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1870429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:2:p:229-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward C. O’Dowd Author-X-Name-First: Edward C. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Dowd Title: Irregular warfare in translation: past U.S. and Chinese excursions through the looking class Abstract: Past efforts by the United States to understand Chinese strategic thought in irregular warfare have relied heavily upon translation. Samuel B. Griffith, a decorated combat veteran, was particularly important in this regard, having served in China even as Mao Zedong emerged. It was the Vietnam War which focused attention on Griffith’s work, even as the same war was tapped by China in its own effort to understand the guerrilla warfare of a new era. Lessons from the Vietnamese struggle against the Americans were carefully assessed for a possible face-off, ironically, not with Washington but with Moscow. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 266-294 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1870455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1870455 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:2:p:266-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Murat Caliskan Author-X-Name-First: Murat Author-X-Name-Last: Caliskan Author-Name: Michel Liégeois Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Liégeois Title: The concept of ‘hybrid warfare’ undermines NATO’s strategic thinking: insights from interviews with NATO officials Abstract: Hybrid warfare has been a popular term that refers to contemporary warfare. Despite the increasing number of critiques, NATO has used the term in its strategic documents and summit declarations. Since concepts are important in shaping our understanding and the way that our forces fight, NATO’s use of a controversial concept has raised some questions. In this context, this paper aims to explore the meaning of the hybrid warfare from the viewpoint of NATO, based on in-depth interviews with NATO officials who have sufficient expertise and experience about the concept. The authors conclude that hybrid warfare is an ambiguous concept which clouds NATO’s strategic thinking and leads NATO to forget the difference between war and peace. Further analysis has revealed that NATO uses this concept as a tool for the strategic communication rather than a military concept. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 295-319 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1860374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1860374 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:2:p:295-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emanuele Castelli Author-X-Name-First: Emanuele Author-X-Name-Last: Castelli Author-Name: Simone Dossi Author-X-Name-First: Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Dossi Author-Name: Lorenzo Zambernardi Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Zambernardi Title: Lost in transition: the myth of Mao and the origins of COIN Abstract: Mao’s military teachings have greatly affected the development of modern counterinsurgency. Although the influence of Mao’s doctrine on modern counterinsurgency has been examined, scholarship has failed to highlight that the reception of Mao’s writings and deeds is based on a misreading of his theory and strategy. In the transition from Maoist people’s war to COIN, two aspects of the former were lost. Firstly, for Mao the use of force remained the decisive instrument in war. Secondly, whereas for COIN the security of the population is a crucial goal, for Mao the population was a mere instrument that could be sacrificed if the conditions of the conflict so required. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 320-343 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1851074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1851074 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:2:p:320-343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Christine Fair Author-X-Name-First: C. Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Fair Author-Name: Kerry Ashkenaze Author-X-Name-First: Kerry Author-X-Name-Last: Ashkenaze Author-Name: Scott Batchelder Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Batchelder Title: ‘Ground Hog Da Din’ for the Sikh insurgency? Abstract: Between 1978 and 1992, Sikh militants rampaged across the northern Indian state of the Punjab demanding that a homeland for Sikhs, called Khalistan, be carved from that state. The so-called Khalistanis, with Pakistan’s extensive support, waged a brutal campaign of violence that killed tens of thousands. While Indian security forces eviscerated the various Khalistani groups by 1992, support for the movement remained strong in pockets of the global Sikh diaspora. Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the ISI, also worked to keep the movement alive wherever possible. Pakistan’s efforts have paid off: in recent years, the Khalistan movement has rehabilitated itself even within India. We constructed a novel dataset of Khalistani terror incidents perpetrated in the last decade. These data demonstrate the revivification of Khalistani terrorism, with perduring support from the ISI, which has engineered connections among Khalistani activists, militants operating in Kashmir, and narcotics traffickers. We argue that the renaissance of Khalistan is part of Pakistan’s strategy to wage proxy warfare under its nuclear umbrella as a substitution strategy for its use of Islamist proxies, such as Lashkar-e-Tayyaba and Jaish-e-Mohammad, which has become more constrained by international pressure. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 344-373 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1786920 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1786920 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:2:p:344-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vassily A. Klimentov Author-X-Name-First: Vassily A. Author-X-Name-Last: Klimentov Title: Bringing the war home: the strategic logic of ‘North Caucasian terrorism’ in Russia Abstract: Terrorism connected to the North Caucasus has been pervasive in Russia between 1992 and 2018. Based on an original dataset, this article presents statistics on rates of terrorist attacks outside of the North Caucasus, their geography and targets, and the tactics used. It argues that terrorism by North Caucasian insurgents has long retained a strategic logic despite their conversion to radical Islamism. Accordingly, the end of North Caucasian terrorism was determined by the erosion of its strategic character as an increasingly vague ideological project replaced concrete political goals among the insurgents. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 374-408 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1788749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1788749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:2:p:374-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas-Durell Young Author-X-Name-First: Thomas-Durell Author-X-Name-Last: Young Title: A British profession of arms: the politics of command in the late Victorian army Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 409-412 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1870458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1870458 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:2:p:409-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Yaqub Ibrahimi Author-X-Name-First: S. Yaqub Author-X-Name-Last: Ibrahimi Title: Directorate S: the CIA and America’s secrete wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 412-414 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1870464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1870464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:2:p:412-414 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew M. Sweeney Author-X-Name-First: Matthew M. Author-X-Name-Last: Sweeney Author-Name: Arie Perliger Author-X-Name-First: Arie Author-X-Name-Last: Perliger Author-Name: Ami Pedahzur Author-X-Name-First: Ami Author-X-Name-Last: Pedahzur Title: Reconstructing the theater of terror Abstract: The study explores the nexus of violence and mass media, and the ability of terrorists to enhance their influence and resources via effective marketing of their actions. We utilized a dataset of 242 IS propaganda videos in order to examine how the Islamic State employed visual propaganda to enhance the effectiveness of a low-cost, high-impact terrorist campaign, by reconstructing the theater of terror. Our findings illustrate the positive relationship between the IS territorial control and the quality of its media production, thus the IS uses propaganda to develop a relatively low-cost avenue to global media attention. Prior acts of terrorism were risky, high cost, and required news media to cover the incidents. For IS, a steady stream of battle imagery allowed it to develop highly efficient low-cost propaganda. Additionally, we identified associations between the video’s thematic components, including between level of depicted violence and the tendency of the videos to be critical or to include religious symbols, as well as their production value. It reflects the importance that terrorist groups place in maximizing the symbolic impact of their violent videos which intend to depict their military capabilities, and capacity to retaliate against their enemies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 469-489 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1794176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1794176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:469-489 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Whiteside Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Whiteside Title: The Russian understanding of war: blurring the lines between war and peace Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 571-573 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1891619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1891619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:571-573 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Gogun Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Gogun Title: Stalin’s Guerillas in World War II Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 574-578 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1891621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1891621 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:574-578 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob Zenn Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Zenn Title: Academic questions on jihadist sources, analysis, and networks: a rejoinder to will Reno on Unmasking Boko Haram Abstract: This article responds to Will Reno’s review of my book, Unmasking Boko Haram: Exploring Global Jihad in Nigeria, in issue 32, 1, 2021 of Small Wars and Insurgencies by examining source validity, analytical frameworks, and international networks related to Boko Haram and jihadism more generally. The purpose of the book was to provide a more ‘panoramic view’ of Boko Haram’s emergence and evolution based on original research and newly introduced sources. However, Reno’s review included several inaccuracies and raised issues that warrant this rejoinder and further explication, which is provided in this article. It is hoped this article responding to Reno’s review and any subsequent counter-responses by Reno will contribute to debates on Boko Haram to better understand the movement and its history and future trajectory. This, in turn, will facilitate policy-making and developing measures to prevent other movements similar to Boko Haram from emerging in Nigeria or elsewhere in the world. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 535-549 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1891616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1891616 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:535-549 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Valery Dzutsati Author-X-Name-First: Valery Author-X-Name-Last: Dzutsati Title: Geographies of hybrid war: rebellion and foreign intervention in Ukraine Abstract: What explains the variation in violence in the internationalized civil conflict? This study identifies such conflict as an adaptation of insurgency warfare by the state. The analysis of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine indicates that violence levels peak in the areas where the preexisting political loyalties for the challenger state were strongest, where the central government of the incumbent state has inadequate access, and where the impact of war on civilians is relatively low. The study also points to the importance of scaling factors for determining the intensity of violence. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 441-468 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1849897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1849897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:441-468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Barbed-wire imperialism: Britain’s empire of camps, 1876-1903 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 578-580 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1891623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1891623 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:578-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oliver Charbonneau Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Charbonneau Title: The US volunteers in the Southern Philippines: counterinsurgency, pacification, and collaboration, 1899-1901 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 580-585 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1891624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1891624 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:580-585 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Lushenko Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Lushenko Title: Review of the special issue ‘robotics autonomous systems and warfare,’ Small Wars and Insurgencies 31, 4 June 2020 Abstract: The purpose of this review article is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of a recent special issue of Small Wars & Insurgencies, “The impacts of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS) across the conflict spectrum,” as it relates to the case of drone warfare. The special issue both reinforces and expands on the preceding “three waves” of drone warfare literature. Specifically, contributing authors further explain the proliferation of drones among states, problematize their effectiveness, and unpack the normative implications of their use. The authors also raise important questions regarding the proliferation of drones to non-state actors, the social-psychology of leaders’ use of drones, and scholars’ inconsistent understanding of the rightful conduct of drone strikes by states in regional and global contexts. The special issue, therefore, constitutes an important inflection point in the extant literature on drone warfare. It sets the conditions for a future research agenda that requires scholars to better link the competing logics that inform states’ use of drone strikes to the trade-offs imposed on global order, as well as the managerial recourses that are available to member states of international society. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 550-570 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1891618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1891618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:550-570 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew J. Flynn Author-X-Name-First: Matthew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Flynn Title: Settle and conquer: the ultimate counterinsurgency success Abstract: American westward expansion so thoroughly undermined Native people and cultures that it has earned a place in history as the ultimate counterinsurgency success. The creation of a new American reality did not arise from a punitive act of waging war on an adversary so much as from an unkept promise of assimilation of the Native culture into the new nation. This process left all parties swapping missions of insurgent and counterinsurgent, until the young nation no longer needed Natives to enable settlement. Then, conquest arose as an inaccurate label masking a failed military effort to wage ‘total war.’ That narrative was established when the civilian tide of frontiersmen, militia, explorers, and pioneers teamed with soldiers to control ‘Indian country.’ That demographic end state became a broken analogy that dictates American efforts at counterinsurgency today. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 509-534 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1829871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1829871 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:509-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maxim A. Suchkov Author-X-Name-First: Maxim A. Author-X-Name-Last: Suchkov Title: Whose hybrid warfare? How ‘the hybrid warfare’ concept shapes Russian discourse, military, and political practice Abstract: This article critically examines how the hybrid warfare concept informs Russian academic and policy debate and how it impacts Russian political and military practice. It explains how the concept of hybrid warfare correlates with the concept of new generation warfare in shaping two vectors in the Russian military policy. The analysis of Russian strategic discourse on hybrid warfare paired with the analysis of some trends in the Russian policy-making argues that the notion of hybrid warfare has become embedded in the thinking of the elites and is now operationalized, including in domestic politics. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 415-440 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1887434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1887434 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:415-440 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio De Lauri Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: De Lauri Author-Name: Astri Suhrke Author-X-Name-First: Astri Author-X-Name-Last: Suhrke Title: Armed governance: the case of the CIA-supported Afghan militias Abstract: This article examines the genealogy and behavior of the CIA militias in Afghanistan against the backdrop of persistent armed governance whereby a plurality of actors competes over control and rule. The nonaccountable use of force by militias and their volatile alliances increase the extent of armed governance, exacerbating issues of human rights abuses and undermining the possibility of future claims for justice. We discuss the effects of recurrent political violence on the peace talks and the implications for a sustainable peace, the need to include a solution for the role of militias in a peace agreement, and the necessity of ending impunity. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 490-508 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1777618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1777618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:490-508 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Remaking the Modern World 1900-2015: global connections and comparisons Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 845-850 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1927475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1927475 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:845-850 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin J. McCleery Author-X-Name-First: Martin J. Author-X-Name-Last: McCleery Title: Sectarianism and the Provisional Irish Republican Army Abstract: This article addresses the scholarly debate over sectarianism and the Provisional Irish Republican Army’s (PIRA) campaign during the Northern Ireland Troubles. It argues that although there is much merit in the contributions made in this discourse, unfortunately, for, the most part, there is a lack of engagement with the deeper meaning of sectarianism. Consequently, it seeks to enhance the understanding of sectarianism within this arena before considering the nature of the PIRA campaign. By conducting a thorough analysis of the killings conducted by this organisation in the early years of the conflict it is ultimately concluded that, at the very least, PIRA tolerated, and likely sanctioned, sectarian violence from within its ranks. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 665-686 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1875309 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1875309 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:665-686 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marisa McGlinchey Author-X-Name-First: Marisa Author-X-Name-Last: McGlinchey Title: The unfinished revolution of ‘dissident’ Irish republicans: divergent views in a fragmented base Abstract: In April 2019, a so-called ‘dissident’ republican New IRA gun-man killed journalist Lyra McKee, whilst firing at police during a riot in Derry in the North of Ireland. The New and Continuity IRAs remain wedded to an armed campaign for Irish sovereignty, drawing legitimacy from partition and the ongoing British ‘presence’ in Northern Ireland – and rejecting the significance of altered conditions within the state. Conversely, independent ‘dissident’ republicans, formerly in the Provisional IRA, criticise the ongoing campaign by the groups as futile. This article examines key areas of debate within the ‘dissident’/radical republican base, on armed actions at present – drawing on unpublished qualitative interviews with independents, the RSF Movement, and Saoradh,– the organisation believed to be the political wing of the New IRA. This article assesses the nature of the campaign waged by the Continuity and New IRAs and examines whether it represents a continuation of the Provisional IRA campaign, or a new departure. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 714-746 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1930368 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1930368 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:714-746 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stanislav Malkin Author-X-Name-First: Stanislav Author-X-Name-Last: Malkin Title: ‘Lessons learned’ during the Interbellum: ‘Irish war’ and British counterinsurgency Abstract: Historians generally view the Irish War of Independence as the first and largely unsuccessful experience for the British army in conducting modern counterinsurgency. This article argues that during the Interbellum the ‘Irish war’ became a starting point for the military thought about this type of conflict, although this did not become fully consolidated in the army’s thinking. Some important aspects of the British forces’ conduct in the ‘Irish war’ remained undervalued, not least because of the only official analysis of this conflict, ‘The Record of the Rebellion in Ireland’, was classified for a long time. It strongly challenges traditional and revisionist understanding of this conflict and its implications on the British way of counterinsurgency during the Interbellum. These contradictions between documentary evidence from archives and established methods of historical thinking, as well as correlations of archival material with our understanding of modern counterinsurgencies, will be contrasted and analysed in this article. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 598-618 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1798082 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1798082 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:598-618 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Kennedy-Pipe Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy-Pipe Title: Afterword Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 837-844 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1927879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1927879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:837-844 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aaron Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: Maria Hadjiathanasiou Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Hadjiathanasiou Title: Brothers in arms? How the IRA and EOKA insurgencies transcended the local and became transnational Abstract: Throughout the 1950s Britain faced unprecedented challenges to its imperial rule. Civil disobedience, insurgency and terrorism gripped its colonies as the flames of nationalism and anti-colonialism burned brightly across the world. In two of Britain’s most important Cold War strategic outposts, Northern Ireland and Cyprus, insurgents belonging to the IRA and EOKA launched armed campaigns to undermine British rule. This article examines the insurgencies on both islands in the period 1955–59, comparing the respective approaches taken by the IRA and EOKA to guerrilla warfare. Drawing on original English and Greek language sources, as well as other empirical evidence, the article argues that the IRA and EOKA interpreted their struggles in complementary ways as part of a broader national liberation struggle, which, above all, suggests a shared understanding of British imperialism. Admittedly, beyond a mutually perceived ‘brotherly bond’, IRA leaders did not apply specific military lessons they had learned from members of EOKA while in English prisons in the 1950s until the much later Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’. Nevertheless, we argue that it is important to look at the genealogy of ideas for it reveals broader patterns regarding the organisational learning of militant groups engaged in campaigns against a common enemy. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 642-664 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1932105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1932105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:642-664 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aaron Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: Cillian McGrattan Author-X-Name-First: Cillian Author-X-Name-Last: McGrattan Title: Ireland, 2021: a century of insurgency, terrorism and security challenges Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 587-597 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1927472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1927472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:587-597 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Sanders Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Sanders Title: ‘Attempting to deal with the past’: historical inquiries, legacy prosecutions, and Operation Banner Abstract: Over the summer of 2019 a number of maroon banners appeared across towns and cities in Northern Ireland, declaring that the local population ‘stands with Soldier F’. Soldier F was a member of the Parachute Regiment who, in March of 2019, was charged with the murders of James Wray and William McKinney and five additional attempted murders as a result of his actions on Bloody Sunday, 30 January 1972. These charges were announced at a time when it was reported that up to 200 former members of the British Army could face official investigation for their conduct in Northern Ireland. These cases sit at the centre of the sensitive and divisive issue of the legacy dimension of the Northern Ireland conflict, posing a challenge to the continuing success of the Northern Ireland peace process. Engaging a developing literature on post conflict reconciliation processes, this article will analyse the issue of legacy prosecutions from Operation Banner. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 789-811 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1875306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1875306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:789-811 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Title: Bringing politics back in: interpretations of the peace process and the security challenge in Northern Ireland Abstract: There are contrasting interpretations of the Northern Ireland peace process which have competing implications for the lessons to be drawn from the conflict. This article offers a Constructivist Realist critique of three leading perspectives on the peace process: Neoconservative, Cosmopolitan and Conservative Realists (or Consociationalists). The Neoconservative perspective emphasises the importance of security policy in defeating terrorists before negotiations. By contrast, Cosmopolitans and Conservative Realists emphasise the importance of constitutions and tend to ignore security. Constructivist Realists argue that all three accounts are over-generalised, provide inadequate understandings of politics and, therefore, the relative success of the peace process. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 812-836 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1886389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1886389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:812-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andy Bielenberg Author-X-Name-First: Andy Author-X-Name-Last: Bielenberg Author-Name: Pádraig Óg Ó Ruairc Author-X-Name-First: Pádraig Author-X-Name-Last: Óg Ó Ruairc Title: Shallow graves; documenting & assessing IRA disappearances during the Irish revolution 1919–1923 Abstract: This article assesses the extent, geography and nature of ‘forced disappearances’ carried out by the Irish Republican Army during the Irish Revolution of 1919–1923. The victims were either Irish civilians suspected of being spies and informers working for British intelligence, or members of the British army and Royal Irish Constabulary. It reveals the scale of these secret killings as a phenomenon that developed in the context of the IRA’s military strategy during the Irish War of Independence. Disappearances continued at a far lower level during the Truce (largely in Co. Cork), and almost ceased during the Irish Civil War of 1922–1923. The study found that rather than being a nationwide military strategy forced disappearances were the initiative of local IRA units, with those in Co. Cork (notably Cork 1 Brigade), displaying a more ruthless attitude to this tactic than elsewhere. Civilian targets (the majority of whom were ex-soldiers) were usually assumed by the IRA to be dangerous British intelligence assets. This was also the case with many crown force targets, but others were simply opportunistic killings. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 619-641 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1798678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1798678 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:619-641 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Finnegan Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Finnegan Title: Explaining violent dissident Republican breakaway through deviant cohesion Abstract: The accepted knowledge concerning dissident splits from the Provisional IRA is that different groups or individuals broke away because of their disagreement with the political progresses made during the peace process. This paper will argue that other factors were at play. Primarily, that ‘deviant’ cohesion played a significant role. While the question of politicialisation offers significant insight into the political dimension of this split, this article will adopt a more sociological approach. Answers provided through this sociological perspective are not intended to undermine the political explanation, rather to build upon them and provide a more holistic understanding of the issue. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 772-788 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1852760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1852760 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:772-788 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fouad Mami Author-X-Name-First: Fouad Author-X-Name-Last: Mami Title: Syrian Requiem: the civil war and its aftermath Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 851-854 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1927474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1927474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:851-854 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samantha Newbery Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Newbery Title: Inter- and intra-agency intelligence liaison during ‘the troubles’ Abstract: Intelligence is crucial to success in counter-terrorism, and successful intelligence work involves effective liaison between and within all the organisations involved. Scholars rarely address intelligence in counter-terrorism other than through case studies, while studies of intelligence in counter-insurgency and studies of international intelligence liaison emphasise the value of intelligence liaison with little attention to how it works in practice. This article substantially expands existing knowledge and understanding by focusing on intelligence coordination within Northern Ireland in the 1990s. It draws on heretofore unexploited, yet voluminous, original material. It analyses the contribution that computerisation made to inter-agency liaison, the contribution the Northern Ireland Prison Service made to intelligence work, the role played by intra- and inter-agency structures and the valuable work that the right individuals in the right posts can do. This article thereby provides a broader and deeper understanding of the challenges faced by state agencies and how some of these were overcome to facilitate inter- and intra-agency intelligence liaison in Northern Ireland in the 1990s. It therefore contributes to emerging theory that seeks to explain intelligence. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 687-713 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1853998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1853998 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:687-713 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seán Brennan Author-X-Name-First: Seán Author-X-Name-Last: Brennan Title: From warrior regimes to illicit sovereigns: Ulster loyalist paramilitaries and the security implications for Brexit Abstract: The United Kingdom’s (UK) decision to leave the European Union (EU) has been felt most acutely in Ireland. One group specifically impacted by this decision is Ulster Loyalism. With a historic ‘warrior regime’ role in defending its community, both from irredentist Irish Nationalism and British government subterfuge, how Loyalism responds to Brexit is uncertain. Historically, Loyalism has promoted political violence to stymie UK strategic objectives in Ireland. Therefore, any attempt to diminish the Union between Great Britain and Northern Ireland raises the prospect of a rejuvenated loyalist terror campaign being directed at those it deems a threat to the loyalist community and their territorial sovereignty in Northern Ireland. In its current ‘post-ceasefire’ guise, there appears to be no immediate threat of a loyalist return to violence. Yet, with Sea Border and a nascent ‘Shared Island’ approach enacted by the Irish Government, promoting a regulatory alignment with the EU, Northern Ireland is once again at a crossroads. How Ulster Loyalism responds to such developments then posits a key question for both UK and EU intelligence agencies, on how they respond to any upsurge in loyalist paramilitary violence in a post-Brexit era. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 747-771 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1895588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1895588 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:4-5:p:747-771 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clinton Fernandes Author-X-Name-First: Clinton Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes Title: Indonesia’s war against East Timor: how it ended Abstract: Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975 and occupied it for the next 24 years with the military and diplomatic support of major powers. Despite its insistence that its annexation was irreversible, Indonesia was forced to withdraw in 1999, resulting in an independent East Timor. This article explains how the 24-year war against East Timor ended by analysing the three pillars on which Indonesia’s control rested: its military superiority over the East Timorese resistance; the support of the international community; and its determination to retain the territory. Indonesia’s overwhelming military superiority persisted until the very end. East Timorese resistance and international solidarity weakened international support for the occupation. Indonesia’s determination to retain the territory underwent a complete reversal over the course of 1999. The East Timorese resistance was successful although they lacked a land border with a friendly state, an external supplier of weapons, or a liberated area in which to recover between guerrilla operations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 867-886 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1911103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1911103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:6:p:867-886 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Georgi Engelbrecht Author-X-Name-First: Georgi Author-X-Name-Last: Engelbrecht Title: The logics of insurgency in the Bangsamoro Abstract: Over sixty years of conflict in the Southern Philippines, between the government and separatist groups, have made Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago an area prone to violence. Armed groups in Bangsamoro and their historical antecedents have often local origins. Even the original rebellion of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) from which the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) emerged, the largest rebel force in the area and current leader of a transition government in the Bangsamoro, was a coalition of armed elements across Mindanao that organized together before becoming a stronger united front. The following article will describe the evolution of the armed rebellion in Mindanao and analyse its subsequent trajectory, proposing four reinforcing lenses to understand the various Moro insurgencies and explain local splintering and contradictions within the rebel movement. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 887-912 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1940424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1940424 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:6:p:887-912 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Derek McDougall Author-X-Name-First: Derek Author-X-Name-Last: McDougall Title: Concerns for the neighbours (and some others): international involvement in the conflicts in the Southern Philippines and West Papua Abstract: Focusing on the conflicts in the Southern Philippines and West Papua, this article uses a framework developed from the literature on the internationalisation of ethnic conflict to suggest insights into international involvement in both conflicts. In both cases there are succinct overviews of the relevant general background to the conflict, and international involvement in particular, followed by a characterisation in terms of typological features that covers motives for involvement, objectives, means of involvement, and impact. Insights into international involvement in the two conflicts can suggest ways in which aspects of the general literature might be developed further, but two cases are insufficient to develop more broad ranging generalisations. A key insight is the way in which specifically political factors can affect the way in which motives for involvement manifest themselves, the significance of Sabah politics in relation to Malaysian involvement in the Southern Philippines, and West Papuan lobbying in the Melanesian countries being cases in point. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 977-1011 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1956107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1956107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:6:p:977-1011 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Chauvel Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Chauvel Title: West Papua: Indonesia’s last regional conflict Abstract: This article explores three interrelated components of the independence movement in Papua – armed resistance, political struggle, and international lobbying. As an insurgency, the armed resistance in Papua is local, sporadic and does not threaten Indonesian control. Indonesia’s predominantly military response to both armed and peaceful resistance has given violence a greater significance in the Papua conflict than the capacity of the armed resistance groups would suggest. The significant Indonesian military deployment and the associated human rights abuses have provided ammunition for pro-independence international lobbying. Notwithstanding a highly constrained political environment, activists continue to demonstrate after nearly 6 decades of Indonesian rule the capacity to mobilise support for independence harnessing issues such as racism. The article examines the Government’s dilemma that the means it has chosen to sustain its authority – an overwhelming military superiority – is one of the factors that fuels Papuan support for independence. What form of governance is possible in democratic Indonesia, when a portion of Papuan society does not consent to Indonesian rule? Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 913-944 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1990491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1990491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:6:p:913-944 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hew Strachan Author-X-Name-First: Hew Author-X-Name-Last: Strachan Title: Fascist warfare, 1922-1945: aggression, occupation, annihilation Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1023-1025 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1951989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1951989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:6:p:1023-1025 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M.J. Fox Author-X-Name-First: M.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Fox Title: Child soldiers research: the next necessary steps Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1012-1022 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1990489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1990489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:6:p:1012-1022 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rungrawee Chalermsripinyorat Author-X-Name-First: Rungrawee Author-X-Name-Last: Chalermsripinyorat Title: Islam and the BRN’s armed separatist movement in Southern Thailand Abstract: This article examines the roles of religion in the contemporary separatist movement in southern Thailand, whose violent campaigns have dramatically surged since 2004. It locates Islam in the region’s own political and historical context rather than viewing it as an expression of transnational terrorism or casting Islam as of secondary importance in what is seen as primarily an ethno-nationalist struggle, as some scholars have done. I argue that Islam served as a powerful motivational frame that drove thousands of Malay Muslims to take part in the violent struggle led by the Patani Malay National Revolutionary Front (BRN), as a sacred justification for their violent actions and as a blueprint of a new socio-political order. The conflict was elevated into a cosmological battle and the fighters’ actions were fundamentally framed within Islamic theology. Islamic law was employed as a primary reference for the justification and regulation of violent attacks. This article also demonstrates that Islam is part of the BRN’s political agenda and fighters have turned their perceived Islamic beliefs and norms into military actions. However, its ideological orientation is at variance with that of the transnational jihadists. This article offers a more nuanced approach to understanding the religious dimensions of this conflict. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 945-976 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1915679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1915679 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:6:p:945-976 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Natasja Rupesinghe Author-X-Name-First: Natasja Author-X-Name-Last: Rupesinghe Title: Jihadists of North Africa and the Sahel: Local Politics and Rebel Groups Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1025-1028 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1908931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1908931 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:6:p:1025-1028 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Chauvel Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Chauvel Author-Name: Derek McDougall Author-X-Name-First: Derek Author-X-Name-Last: McDougall Title: Introduction: Maritime Southeast Asia’s encounter with Westphalianism Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 855-866 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1984731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1984731 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:6:p:855-866 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannah West Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: West Title: Camp follower or counterinsurgent? Lady Templer and the forgotten wives Abstract: British counterinsurgency thinking today remains strongly influenced by the Malaya Emergency (1948–1960) but little-known is the extensive women’s outreach program, pioneered by Lady Templer, involving the Women’s Institute and British Red Cross. Through discourse analysis of archival records, this article identifies four discourses characterizing British women’s participation, used, at the time, to make acceptable their presence whilst distancing them from the counterinsurgency campaign. By exploring how women’s presence has been negotiated and marginalized, I will reveal the blurred boundaries of counterinsurgency, questioning how the role of the counterinsurgent is constructed and sustained over time and for what purpose. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1138-1162 Issue: 7 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1860373 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1860373 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:7:p:1138-1162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Everything you have told me is true: the many faces of Al Shabaab Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1188-1191 Issue: 7 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.2000653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.2000653 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:7:p:1188-1191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco Javier Ullán de la Rosa Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Ullán de la Rosa Author-Name: Sylvester Tabe Arrey Author-X-Name-First: Sylvester Tabe Author-X-Name-Last: Arrey Title: Understanding Somalia’s multidimensional protracted war: an updated structural-processual analysis Abstract: Political violence has uninterruptedly afflicted Somalia since its independence. That amounts to 60 years of uninterrupted conflict, quite a record in contemporary history. For that reason, Somalia has been considered as one of the epitomes of what is known as an intractable conflict and Intractable Conflict Theory (ICT) has used the country as a laboratory to test its frameworks. However, we contend that systemic and very overarching frameworks such as ICT are not very useful to understand the intractability of Somalia’s conflict. This paper proposes instead a historically grounded structural-processual analysis that explains the conflict as the result of the chronological accumulation and dysfunctional overlapping of several sets of structures an actors within Somalia’s society itself and the Horn of Africa leading to the creation of very deep fault lines that create a criss-crossed fabric of conflicting interests, separating and pitting social actors against each other. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1056-1091 Issue: 7 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1880835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1880835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:7:p:1056-1091 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin D. Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Colin D. Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: A forgotten decade? Politicking and war for the ANC/FAZ 1967-1977 Abstract: The history of the Congo’s Armée nationale congolaise (1960–71) and Forces armées zairoïses (1971–97) between the ‘mercenaries’ mutinies’ of 1967 and the two Shaba incursions is worthy of further research. President Mobutu wished to make sure that the ANC/FAZ presented no threat to his rule, against the backdrop of scores of military coups going on across the breadth of Africa. Three key themes are evident in the history of the ANC/FAZ from 1967 to 1977, and are examined here for the first time. Mobutu controlled his armed forces mostly through divide and rule tactics, and most of the first theme discussions will focus on those affairs. The second theme is connected in a way to the first; the succession of favored praetorian guard formations. Thirdly the military linkages between the Zairian Angola incursion of 1975 and the following attempted Katangan exiles’ return to Shaba in 1977 and 1978 are sketched more strongly. A link between the second and third themes is provided by a solid background, for the first time, for the establishment of the Kamanyola Division, long an anomaly amongst Mobutu’s favored forces. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1117-1137 Issue: 7 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1895589 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1895589 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:7:p:1117-1137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tea Perinčić Author-X-Name-First: Tea Author-X-Name-Last: Perinčić Title: Small wars and the construction of the Venetian defence system from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries Abstract: In the early modern period, there were some parts of Europe that tensions never ended. As part of the great Ottoman expansion, skirmishes, robbery, and taking slaves occurred almost on a daily basis in Dalmatia from the 15th to 18th centuries. At the beginning, the Venetian defence of the Dalmatian coastal communities was based on small mercenaries’ troops and locally recruited men. The establishment of a complex defence system of Military Border i.e. Krajina based on new human power provided by Morlach immigrants was possible only after few great wars in the 18th century. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1163-1187 Issue: 7 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1923343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1923343 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:7:p:1163-1187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luciano Pollichieni Author-X-Name-First: Luciano Author-X-Name-Last: Pollichieni Title: A case of violent corruption: JNIM’s insurgency in Mali (2017–2019) Abstract: This article provides a new perspective on the logic of violence of the JNIM in the context of the Malian civil war. After a critical review of the literature on the Malian conflict, this article will apply Benjamin Lessing’s model on the logic of violence in criminal wars to JNIM. Through the adoption of Lessing’s model, this article will demonstrate how JNIM’s insurgency can be considered as a case of violent corruption in the context of a war of constraint. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, this paper will show firstly, how  the Malian civil war should be conceived as a war of constraint rather than a war of conquest; secondly, how JNIM is using violence in order to restrict the implementation of the rule of law in some regions which are strategic also for its financing activities. By adopting this new framework, it will be possible to overcome some conundrums characterising the debate on the Malian insurgency and to highlight some relevant topics for future research. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1092-1116 Issue: 7 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1902630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1902630 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:7:p:1092-1116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zi Yang Author-X-Name-First: Zi Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Securing the keystone: the suppression of anti-communist insurgents in Southern China, 1949–1952 Abstract: Following their victory in the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communists initiated a nationwide counterinsurgency. In Guangxi, a mountainous province at the China-Vietnam border, anti-communist rebels waged an insurgency from 1949 to 1952, hoping that foreign support and Cold War rivalries could eventually restore the ancien régime. This research investigates the counterinsurgency in Guangxi, one of the more mutinous provinces in post-Civil War China. By situating the Guangxi counterinsurgency in the global context, this article aims to contribute to the discussion of Chinese counterinsurgency strategy, experience and how the People’s Republic’s triumphed over the armed resistance. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1029-1055 Issue: 7 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1985691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1985691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:7:p:1029-1055 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lene Ekhaugen Author-X-Name-First: Lene Author-X-Name-Last: Ekhaugen Title: Discretion and military frontline workers: investigating civil-military relations policies in Afghanistan Abstract: This article explores how military ‘frontline workers’ use their discretion to interpret and then comply, breach or bypass policies that reach into the tactical level, and why. Based on extensive primary sources including in-depth interviews, end-of-tour reports and data from records, the case study explores the implementation of policies on civil-military relations by military commanders in the Norwegian-led Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Afghanistan in 2005–2012. This article finds that the commanders used their considerable discretion to implement policies that parted from national directives. In doing so, the Norwegian military strove to align their approach with close allies and NATO and became actual policy-makers. This article contributes to the debate on how western militaries behave at the tactical level by employing the concept of ‘discretion’. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1394-1417 Issue: 8 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1980185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1980185 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:8:p:1394-1417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ori Swed Author-X-Name-First: Ori Author-X-Name-Last: Swed Title: Implausible sovereigns and their organizational logic: violent non-state actors’ response to COVID-19 Abstract: The havoc and disarray among governments and societies caused by the COVID-19 outbreak also invited opportunities for violent non-state actors to exploit for their advantage governments’ failure to provide an adequate public health response or their denigration of security apparatuses due to the outbreak. Focusing on the early months of the outbreak, this study examines three courses of actions taken by those actors and the potential explanation for the variation in responses. The responses examined are actors offering COVID-related public health response as a surrogate for the state, the extension of hostilities, and the request for a ceasefire. Looking at a sample of 72 groups we suggest that the actors’ governance levels, which dictate their organizational logic and behavior, are strong predictors for the likelihood of them offering public health support, conduct attacks, or pursues a ceasefire during the period examined. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1302-1331 Issue: 8 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1956091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1956091 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:8:p:1302-1331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jelte Johannes Schievels Author-X-Name-First: Jelte Johannes Author-X-Name-Last: Schievels Author-Name: Thomas Colley Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Colley Title: Explaining rebel-state collaboration in insurgency: keep your friends close but your enemies closer Abstract: Insurgencies are routinely conceptualised using a binary opposition between states and rebels. However, this neglects the complexity of their interaction, especially their collaboration. Although rebel-state collaboration is found throughout the history of insurgency, we lack a full explanation of why it occurs. This article endeavours to take the first step in developing a comprehensive theory by analysing rebel-state collaboration in two heuristic case studies: Afghanistan and Syria. Through process tracing, we find four mechanisms that can explain collaboration: 1) to prevent a costly military stalemate, 2) to gain or maintain legitimacy, 3) because external threats incentivise a mutually beneficial alliance, and 4) because both have to operate under the constraints of the pre-existing political economy. The relative weight of each varies, reflecting the fluid and contextual nature of wartime political orders. Contrasting with more popular explanations, we argue rebels and states are willing to collaborate even when the other benefits too, providing they believe their relative gains would be higher than their opponents, or the costs of competing would be too large. In providing a fuller explanation of rebel-state collaboration, we advocate a rethink about how to capture and analyse the complex and dynamic interactions between rebels and states. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1332-1361 Issue: 8 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1827847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1827847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:8:p:1332-1361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nsemba Edward Lenshie Author-X-Name-First: Nsemba Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Lenshie Author-Name: Kelechi Okengwu Author-X-Name-First: Kelechi Author-X-Name-Last: Okengwu Author-Name: Confidence N. Ogbonna Author-X-Name-First: Confidence N. Author-X-Name-Last: Ogbonna Author-Name: Christian Ezeibe Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Ezeibe Title: Desertification, migration, and herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria: rethinking the ungoverned spaces thesis Abstract: While previous studies have focused on how political and economic factors fuel herder-farmer conflicts, there is a dearth of knowledge on how desertification-induced migration amidst ungoverned spaces affect herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. Using data from qualitative dominant mixed method, this study interrogates how desertification-induced migration and state failure to provide security governance affect herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. It argued that poor security governance escalates the southward migration of herders and contributes to the intensification of herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. These conflicts endanger livelihoods, fuel population displacements, and undermine human security. The study concludes that effective security governance amidst increased desertification in Northern Nigeria presents an opportunity for regulating southward migration of herders, mitigating herder-farmer conflicts, and promoting human security in Nigeria. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1221-1251 Issue: 8 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1811602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1811602 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:8:p:1221-1251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Christine Fair Author-X-Name-First: C. Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Fair Author-Name: Digvijay Ghotane Author-X-Name-First: Digvijay Author-X-Name-Last: Ghotane Author-Name: Parina Patel Author-X-Name-First: Parina Author-X-Name-Last: Patel Title: Did India’s demonetization policy curb stone-pelting in Indian-administered Kashmir Abstract: On 9 November 2016, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced his ‘demonetization’ policy which rendered all Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes null and void. His government claimed that this policy, among other things, would curb stone-pelting in India’s restive Jammu and Kashmir by rendering valueless the copious illegal currency that, according to India, Pakistan pumped into the state to pay protestors to throw stones. Subsequently, New Delhi claimed success despite countervailing evidence for this claim. Here, we assemble a novel dataset to evaluate these assertions. After controlling for other factors that may explain variation in stone-pelting, we find that demonetization corresponded to increased stone-pelting. This finding is important for at least two reasons. First, Indian efforts to depict all protests in Jammu and Kashmir as the result of Pakistani payments both delegitimize Kashmiris’ grievances by reducing them to anti-state behaviors and diminish public appetite for addressing those grievances. Second, the current populist Indian government, which caters to Hindu nationalists, selectively curates facts to justify its actions, big and small, to the detriment of democratic accountability and governance. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1418-1453 Issue: 8 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1915678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1915678 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:8:p:1418-1453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stanislav Malkin Author-X-Name-First: Stanislav Author-X-Name-Last: Malkin Title: Counterinsurgency in the Age of Enlightenment: military ethnography of the ‘Highland Problem’ Abstract: One of the first and closest ‘laboratories’ of the British Empire in terms of turning the British army into a colonial institution during protracted counterinsurgency was one of the inner Gaelic fringes of the United Kingdom, the Highlands of Scotland. It was there in the first half of the Eighteenth century that the army appeared as a corporate institution with its own views not just on its role in the defeating the Jacobite movement, but in resolving the ‘Highland Problem’, acquiring and applying militarily useable topographic and ethnographic knowledge as well as coercive power. The military presence in the Highlands of Scotland was based on intelligence, collaboration with local allies, social control and working civil-military relations, despite the lack of the unity of command during the whole period of the Jacobite movement. This was the dark side of the Enlightenment: the growth of knowledge about rebellious populations of the European empires that had been tested on the lines of ‘enlightened’ pacification and added to the toolbox of colonial counterinsurgency. It would help shape later methods of colonial counter-insurgency in the next century. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1252-1275 Issue: 8 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1904540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1904540 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:8:p:1252-1275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristin Smith Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Mass balance, accumulation dynamics and high-altitude warfare: the Siachen Glacier as a battlefield Abstract: Since 1984 the Indian and Pakistani armies have been locked in the world’s highest war on Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram Himalaya. This remote location is the world’s only nuclear trijunction as well as a source of drinking water for significant portions of India and Pakistan, and its possession is considered by both governments to be key to their national security. In the past, alpine battles were fought predominantly on glaciers with a precipitation-dominated accumulation type; Siachen, however, gains most of its new ice mass from avalanches and icefalls. This has presented unique challenges in tactics and logistics, rendering many of the strategies of modern conventional warfare useless, and the style of mountain warfare these challenges have produced has impacted both the combatants and the glacier itself. Existing literature on Siachen, while it discusses the verticality of the conflict, has done little to analyze the singular nature of warfare on a high-altitude glacier with an avalanche-heavy accumulation type. This paper draws on USGS Landsat data, glaciological mass balance studies, hydrological studies, firsthand combat accounts and historical reviews of the region to examine the unique tactics, logistics and impact of warfare on Siachen Glacier. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1193-1220 Issue: 8 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1877023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1877023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:8:p:1193-1220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrich Petersohn Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich Author-X-Name-Last: Petersohn Title: Onset of new business? Private military and security companies and conflict onset in Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2011 Abstract: The aim of this investigation is to answer the crucial question of whether private military and security companies (PMSCs) affect conflict onset. It draws on the recently released Private Security Events Database, containing data on PMSC-related events across Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Employing a Cox Proportional Hazard model, the article explores whether the presence of PMSCs, the duration of PMSC presence, the type of service provided, and the number and type of clients affect conflict onset. Overall, the presence of PMSCs increases the likelihood of conflict onset, although its substantial effect was slight. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1362-1393 Issue: 8 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1866404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1866404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:8:p:1362-1393 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kil Joo Ban Author-X-Name-First: Kil Joo Author-X-Name-Last: Ban Title: The power of cultural weapons in counterinsurgency: South Korea’s Jeong culture and its effectiveness in Vietnam Abstract: Cultural assets are equally important for COIN effectiveness. Despite the significant impact of culture on COIN outcomes, the extant literature pays too much attention only to strategic culture, not the inherent roles for culture to play. This paper examines what made South Korean COIN forces successful in Vietnam. First, they benefitted from cultural harmony driven by the shared belief in communalism culture, a common ground between both societies. Second, their own Jeong culture, which is part of the communalism-oriented idea, motivated South Korean soldiers to develop creative remedies to win the hearts and minds of the local population. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1276-1301 Issue: 8 Volume: 32 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1923344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1923344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:32:y:2021:i:8:p:1276-1301 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kaushik Roy Author-X-Name-First: Kaushik Author-X-Name-Last: Roy Title: Mercenaries and private military corporations in ancient and early medieval South Asia Abstract: In India, from the time of emergence of empires in circa 300 BCE till the rise of British power in eighteenth century, military mercenaries and private military companies dominated the politico-military landscape. Premodern India had both secular (military guilds) and religious (based on temples and akharas) military corporations. The mercenaries were mostly marginal peasants and demobilised soldiers. They were hired through the agency of their clan leaders, tribal chieftains or the zamindars (large landlords) in whose villages they resided. Historians argue that the presence of the mercenaries and extra state military corporations prevented the rise of strong states in premodern India. In this paper, based mostly on indigenous sources, I argue that the military mercenaries and the private military corporations of pre-British India were at the forefront of technological development. The mercenaries were the channel through which tools, techniques, and ideas of warfare were transferred. The rulers relied on the mercenaries because of their military skills and in the long run they also proved to be cheaper compared to the cost of maintaining permanently a large regular army. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 48-70 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2036051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2036051 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:48-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eugenio Cusumano Author-X-Name-First: Eugenio Author-X-Name-Last: Cusumano Author-Name: Christopher Kinsey Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Kinsey Title: Concluding comments Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 294-312 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2021487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2021487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:294-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jutta Joachim Author-X-Name-First: Jutta Author-X-Name-Last: Joachim Author-Name: Andrea Schneiker Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Schneiker Title: What does gender got to do with it? PMSCs and privatization of security revisited Abstract: While war and the military have been recognized as being gendered sites, Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) are only rarely studied through a gender lens. Compared to functional, political-instrumental or ideational explanations with respect to the privatization of security, such a lens captures, however, the micro-dynamic and political processes of PMSCs’ boom. We show that gender is, first, constitutive of companies’ corporate identities as hero warriors and professional security experts. Second, it is relational, (re-)producing hierarchical power relations among and within PMSCs and with state security actors. Third, gender is a legitimizing factor helping PMSCs to establish themselves as acceptable security actors vis-à-vis others. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 196-223 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1985690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1985690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:196-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Malte Riemann Author-X-Name-First: Malte Author-X-Name-Last: Riemann Title: Mercenaries in/and history: the problem of ahistoricism and contextualism in mercenary scholarship Abstract: The history of the mercenary seems little less than the history of organized warfare itself. From the dawn of recorded history to the recent rise of Private Military Companies, mercenaries appear as a historical constant that allows scholars to make grand historical claims about the organisation of force within world history. This article cautions against this view, arguing instead that the analysis of this actor has been compromised by the failure to adequately historicise and contextualize the concept of the mercenary due to the uncritical acceptance that mercenaries are a trans-historical occurrence. Informed by a historicist contextual approach, I show how two foundational characteristics of the mercenary concept, a Westphalian understanding of ‘foreignness’ and a modern account of ‘self-interest’, were absent in the periods preceding the 18th century. I demonstrate this absence through an analysis of ‘mercenaries’ in Ancient Greece and the Middle Ages, exposing how the problematization of these actors within their own historical context displays a radical difference if compared to our contemporary understanding of the mercenary. In doing so this article raises awareness to the historical specificity of this seemingly universal concept and cautions against the uncritical backward projection of this concept into the past. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 22-47 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1999679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1999679 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:22-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helene Olsen Author-X-Name-First: Helene Author-X-Name-Last: Olsen Title: The Social Construction of Mercenaries: German Soldiers in British Service during the Eighteenth Century Abstract: This article will explore the differing attitudes among British parliamentarians towards the use of German soldiers in 1756 and 1776. Utilising speech act theory, it will be shown that German soldiers were constructed as mercenaries in 1776 because they were being employed to fight against British subjects – the North American colonists. However, when nearly identical German soldiers were employed to fight against a French adversary in 1756, they were not constructed as mercenaries. It will be concluded that the mercenary as a figure of war is not a static, transhistorical concept with universal characteristics. Rather, the mercenary is socially constructed, and, as such, is only made possible in specific historical and socio-political contexts. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 92-111 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1978751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1978751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:92-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jingdong Yuan Author-X-Name-First: Jingdong Author-X-Name-Last: Yuan Title: China’s private security companies and the protection of Chinese economic interests abroad Abstract: China’s private security companies (PSCs) have become increasingly active actors in meeting the growing demands of Chinese companies operating in high-risk foreign environments for protection and security of both their assets and employees. While growing rapidly in recent decades, Chinese PSCs are relatively new in providing overseas services, remain constrained by lack of well-trained and fully-equipped personnel, and operate under legal uncertainties. Nonetheless, they perform critically important functions in protecting and promoting Chinese security and economic interests abroad. This article provides a preliminary analysis of Chinese PSCs’ introduction to the overseas markets and assesses their performances against opportunities and challenges. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 173-195 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1940646 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1940646 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:173-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Rookes Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Rookes Author-Name: Walter Bruyère-Ostells Author-X-Name-First: Walter Author-X-Name-Last: Bruyère-Ostells Title: Mercenaries in the Congo and Biafra, 1960-1970: Africa’s weapon of choice? Abstract: Often maligned by academics and international organisations alike, mercenaries are perceived as being a contributory factor to the worsening of conflict and as a threat to democracy. This chapter demonstrates that this reputation is not wholly deserved, and that in certain cases mercenaries have made a valuable contribution to creating stability in highly unstable contexts. Also, this chapter questions certain interpretations relating to the role and identity of mercenaries. Far from being cold-blooded avaricious killers, we show that there is a range of different reasons why someone becomes a mercenary and argue that the aforementioned categorisation has been used as a political tool. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 112-129 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1957535 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1957535 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:112-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas Krieg Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Krieg Title: The UAE’s ‘dogs of war’: boosting a small state’s regional power projection Abstract: This article suggests based on the case study of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) that mercenaries as commercial surrogates can become an integral part of an overall effort of military transformation helping regimes in the Middle East to increase military capacity and capability on the battlefield. As the most assertive Arab state post-Arab Spring, the UAE arguably shows the greatest discrepancy between ambitiousness of its strategic objectives and available in-house capacity and capability among states in the region. Consequently, despite its ongoing military transformation, the Emirates more than any other Arab state had to inevitably draw on external surrogates to maintain their military presence in Somalia, Yemen, and Libya. Thereby, the case study of the UAE is quite exceptional in the region, as it has set a new trend for the commercialization of military services at the higher end of the military spectrum when translating capital into military capability and capacity. This in turn confronts Abu Dhabi’s western partners with difficult choices as they rely increasingly on the UAE to bear the burden of conflict in the region. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 152-172 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1951432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1951432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:152-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eugenio Cusumano Author-X-Name-First: Eugenio Author-X-Name-Last: Cusumano Author-Name: Christopher Kinsey Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Kinsey Title: Advancing private security studies: introduction to the special issue Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-21 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2021486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2021486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:1-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Åse Gilje Østensen Author-X-Name-First: Åse Gilje Author-X-Name-Last: Østensen Author-Name: Tor Bukkvoll Author-X-Name-First: Tor Author-X-Name-Last: Bukkvoll Title: Private military companies – Russian great power politics on the cheap? Abstract: In a situation where the Russian national self-image and economic realities fail to add up, this article discusses whether Russian private military companies have become low-cost tools to restore Russian great power status. Our findings suggest that whenever these companies are used in a ‘power as outcome’ way, they appear less successful at adding great power status on the cheap and less useful at elite enrichment. In contrast, PMCs seem well suited to make power contributions, and for a low cost, in a ‘power as prestige’ way. In these settings they are also more suitable instruments for informal elite earnings. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 130-151 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1984709 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1984709 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:130-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Mercenaries at the movies: representations of soldiers of fortune in Mexico and the Congo in American and European cinema Abstract: This paper examines cinematic representations of mercenaries from the era of silent movies to the 1980s. It argues that cinema has been selective in the choice of historical periods to depict mercenaries and soldiers of fortune, ignoring for the most part the centuries of European state building in which mercenaries played a significant role. Most mercenary films are anchored in the near present and the paper focuses on Mexico and the Congo as terrains of political breakdown and external intervention. Since the 1950s, a range of films depict mercenaries in these terrains seeking money, adventure, and the thrills of killing, and the paper examines mercenary movies through the character structures of hero, anti-hero and villain. These three structures have shaped the portrayal of mercenaries in westerns and war movies as well as action and sci fi movies, where they have become hardened in the last two decades into range of stock stereotypes Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 224-249 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2029027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2029027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:224-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matteo C.M. Casiraghi Author-X-Name-First: Matteo C.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Casiraghi Title: ‘Useless and dangerous’? Mercenaries in fourteenth century wars Abstract: This article compares two military formats employed in late Medieval Europe. Italian cities contracted out entire military campaigns whereas European monarchies recruited mercenaries in their armies, led by national commanders. How effective were these private armies? When did mercenaries threaten their employers? The article investigates the enterprises of mercenary captains Castracani and Hawkwood in Italy, and mercenaries in France. Private armies were often effective on the battlefield, though public authorities were not always able to control them. Mercenaries’ military strength and governments’ ability to sanction them were decisive for the outcome of these embryonic forms of civil-military relations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 71-91 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1956109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1956109 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:71-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moritz Weiss Author-X-Name-First: Moritz Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss Title: The rise of cybersecurity warriors? Abstract: The increasing demand for cybersecurity has been met by a global supply, namely, a rapidly growing market of private companies that offer their services worldwide. Cybersecurity firms develop both defensive (e.g. protection of own networks) and offensive innovations (e.g. development of zero days), whereby they provide operational capacities and expertise to overstrained states. Yet, there is hardly any systematic knowledge of these new cybersecurity warriors to date. Who are they, and how can we differentiate them? This contribution to the special issue seeks to give an initial overview of the coordination between public and private actors in cyberspace. I thus explore these new private security forces by mapping the emerging market for these goods and services. The analysis develops a generic typology from a newly generated data set of almost one hundred companies. As a result of this stock-taking exercise, I suggest how to theorize public-private coordination as network relationships in order to provide a number of preliminary insights into the rise of this ‘brave new industry’ and to point out critical implications for the future of private security forces. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 272-293 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1976574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1976574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:272-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antonio Calcara Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Calcara Title: Contractors or robots? Future warfare between privatization and automation Abstract: Contemporary warfare is increasingly shaped by the complex relationship between the privatization of security and technologically driven automation. On the one hand, there is a growing tendency to employ private military and security companies for a range of military support tasks. On the other hand, the growing automation of security technologies is bound to make war less manpower intensive. Combat systems will have much more autonomy and humans will be working more closely with machines than they do today. The article provides an original analysis on the interplay between the privatization of security tasks and technologically driven automation and investigates their impact on the defence industry and the armed forces. These two sets of actors are arguably among the most impacted by the multi-faceted relations between privatization and automation. Technological progress creates the need for contractors to maintain and operate platforms that militaries do not have expertise to run. However, technologically driven automation - often developed in value chains far removed from the military-industrial pipeline - might also replace private contractors in non-core security tasks. The possibility to employ automated and autonomous systems will hence impact on the already delicate balance between private contractors and publicly-funded armed forces.  Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 250-271 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1957534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1957534 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:1-2:p:250-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Probert Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Probert Title: Psychiatric casualties and the British counter-insurgency in Malaya Abstract: The psychiatric cost of Britain’s post-war counter-insurgency campaigns have gone largely un-investigated. Focusing on the Malayan Emergency, this article will show that counter-insurgency operations were sufficiently intense to produce what were conceptualised as cases of mild psychoneurosis. These conditions were managed using convalescence and simple psychotherapy. Managing these conditions in this way risked leaving more serious conditions untreated and meant recorded cases of psychoneurosis were kept artificially low. That the stresses of the counter-insurgency in Malaya were reproduced elsewhere suggests there was a wider psychiatric cost of Britain’s post-war period of decolonisation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 528-549 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1935093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1935093 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:3:p:528-549 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Christine Fair Author-X-Name-First: C. Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Fair Title: Colonial institutions and civil war: indirect rule and maoist insurgency in India Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 550-552 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2051348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2051348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:3:p:550-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hamidreza Azizi Author-X-Name-First: Hamidreza Author-X-Name-Last: Azizi Title: Integration of Iran-backed armed groups into the Iraqi and Syrian armed forces: implications for stability in Iraq and Syria Abstract: Since 2018, an increasing number of Iran-backed armed groups have started to be integrated into the Syrian and Iraqi official armed forces. The integration of armed groups allows Tehran to enjoy a multi-layered, longer-term, and potentially less expensive influence in Iraq and Syria. Besides, underlying ideological and ideational ties between the armed groups and Iran continue to affect their strategic choices. Meanwhile, and in order to preserve its ability to directly impact the developments, Tehran continues to support an array of smaller militias outside the state structures. This indicates a shifting pattern in Iran’s regional network, from relying predominantly on non-state actors to enjoying a more complex set of non-state and semi-state allies. The consolidation of this model could have considerable implications for Iraq and Syria: 1- Dual loyalties in the Iraqi and Syrian states will make it difficult to form an inclusive government and promote national unity; 2- Anti-American and anti-Israeli ideological elements in the Iraqi and Syrian armed forces’ structure could prevent establishing better ties with the US or Israel; 3- The concern of Iran’s regional rivals over the expansion of Tehran’s influence in Iraq and Syria turns the two countries into a theater for regional confrontations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 499-527 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.2025284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.2025284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:3:p:499-527 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Weeda Mehran Author-X-Name-First: Weeda Author-X-Name-Last: Mehran Author-Name: Dominika Imiolek Author-X-Name-First: Dominika Author-X-Name-Last: Imiolek Author-Name: Lucy Smeddle Author-X-Name-First: Lucy Author-X-Name-Last: Smeddle Author-Name: Jack Springett-Gilling Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Springett-Gilling Title: The depiction of women in jihadi magazines: a comparative analysis of Islamic State, Al Qaeda, Taliban and Tahrik-e Taliban Pakistan Abstract: In its magazine, Sunnat-e Khola, Tahrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP) called upon women to rise because the ‘Time of Martyrdom has come’. This research addresses questions surrounding how women are framed in jihadi rhetoric and what roles they play within these frames. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analysed sixty-eight jihadi magazines by Islamic State (ISIS), TTP, Al Qaeda, and Taliban, generating 3,417 codes which were further sorted into relevant contextual categories. These data were analysed through the lenses of social movement framing theory, which highlight the nuances and fine-grain differences among the aforementioned jihadi extremist groups in how women are depicted and how women’s agency within these groups is constructed. A significant finding of this paper is that Al Qaeda and ISIS often show opposite trends in how they depict women within diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framings. Furthermore, while the TTP has a higher proclivity to follow similar patterns to ISIS, the Taliban shares more similarities with Al Qaeda than any other group. For example, both ISIS and TTP are more likely than the Taliban and Al Qaeda to encourage women to do hijra and join jihad. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 382-408 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1849898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1849898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:3:p:382-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Heyen-Dubé Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Heyen-Dubé Author-Name: Richard Rands Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Rands Title: Evolving doctrine and modus operandi: violent extremism in Cabo Delgado Abstract: A violent extremist group poses a significant threat to parts of Cabo Delgado province. Since its first major attack in October 2017, it has perpetuated a conflict to the detriment of sections of the population and government, as well as disrupting economic development. Little is known about the group and there is a considerable amount of confusion in policymaking and academic circles about the nature of the violent extremists (VE) and their relationship to the wider global Salafi-Jihadi community. By analysing the theological underpinnings of VE and their action in Cabo Delgado (CD), we bring clarity to this debate to enable international actors and policymakers in Mozambique navigate the complexities of the situation. From this analysis we conclude the following: VE are not Salafi-Jihadis as they do not share their ideological and theological understanding of the world. It is more accurate to present VE as challengers to the established order. Their struggle is best understood as a challenge to authorities to secure increased political and religious representation, and socio-economic benefits in CD. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 437-466 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1936956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1936956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:3:p:437-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stein Tønnesson Author-X-Name-First: Stein Author-X-Name-Last: Tønnesson Author-Name: Min Zaw Oo Author-X-Name-First: Min Author-X-Name-Last: Zaw Oo Author-Name: Ne Lynn Aung Author-X-Name-First: Ne Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Aung Title: Non-inclusive ceasefires do not bring peace: findings from Myanmar Abstract: Based on conflict data, interviews and media monitoring, this study of Myanmar’s non-inclusive ceasefires develops a four-step argument about the effect of ceasefires in complex conflict systems. First, non-state armed groups rarely co-ordinate their actions strategically. This makes it easy for governments to obtain ceasefires with some groups while fighting others. Second, when ceasefires ensure armed groups’ survival, they mostly hold. Third, non-inclusive ceasefires do not reduce a country’s overall level of violence, since fighting tends to escalate with excluded groups. On this basis we conclude that non-inclusive ceasefires do not present a viable alternative to an inclusive peace process. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 313-349 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1991141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1991141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:3:p:313-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohammed Ibrahim Shire Author-X-Name-First: Mohammed Author-X-Name-Last: Ibrahim Shire Title: Protection or predation? Understanding the behavior of community-created self-defense militias during civil wars Abstract: During civil wars, some communities raise self-defense militias to protect themselves from insurgent predation, but these militias can end up mutating into predatory organizations. The extant literature has focused chiefly on the predatory propensity of state-created self-defense militias and has mostly overlooked why some community-created self-defense militias segue into predatory organizations while others eschew predation altogether. This study explains this phenomenon, drawing on in-depth interviews with active members of two community-created self-defense militias (Ahlu Sunna Waljama’a and Macawiisley) in Somalia. In doing so, two sequential mechanisms (sponsorship and mobility) that determine the propensity of predatory behavior are introduced. Self-defense militias that conduct offensive operations engage in predatory behavior, irrespective of whether they are sponsored locally or have external patrons. Externally sponsored self-defense militias that engage in offensive operations attract opportunistic recruits and become motivated by material benefits, while community-sponsored self-defense militias that conduct offensive operations instrumentalize their position to settle old scores against rival communities. By contrast, self-defense militias that restrict their operations to defensive activities typically recruit dedicated homegrown members, and are regulated by community-managed accountability mechanisms that prevent predatory and abusive behavior. This community control remains crucial for defensive self-defense militias, who must balance external patrons’ strategic aims with their local objectives. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 467-498 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1937806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1937806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:3:p:467-498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stig Jarle Hansen Author-X-Name-First: Stig Jarle Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen Title: ‘Forever wars’? Patterns of diffusion and consolidation of Jihadism in Africa Abstract: The article will discuss the patterns that jihadism has followed when spreading throughout sub-Saharan Africa, addressing the major scholarly debates but also to bring forward the elements that various African cases seemingly have in common. The discussions over African Jihadism has seen several great debates, over the ungoverned space theory, a dichotomous discussion of the local and the global as opposing explanatory models, and a discussion of the role of ‘greed’ and economic incentives. The article argues that these discussions need to be transcended, and that dichotomous discussions fail to see more complex patterns of interaction between various factors, and the complexity of social relations that at times depend on the different contexts we study. Understanding how global networks can harness local conflicts to gain support is key to understanding African jihadist groups, and how those harnessing strategies can be limited. The article also suggests that there is an emerging consensus over several of the factors that do occur in sub-Saharan African jihadism and present the implications of these findings for the ongoing conflict in Mozambique and Tanzania. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 409-436 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1959130 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1959130 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:3:p:409-436 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ömer Faruk Cantenar Author-X-Name-First: Ömer Faruk Author-X-Name-Last: Cantenar Author-Name: Cyprian Aleksander Kozera Author-X-Name-First: Cyprian Aleksander Author-X-Name-Last: Kozera Title: Fighting ISIS in Syria: Operation Euphrates Shield and the lessons learned from the al-Bab Battle Abstract: This paper analyses the Operation Euphrates Shield (OES) al-Bab battle and presents the lessons learned. OES started with a mixed force of Free Syrian Army, Turkish special forces and armoured units. During the operation, the aims and the force structure gradually changed, yet not the command structure. When OES aimed to capture al-Bab, ISIS employed conventional active defence strategy. The OES commander’s insistence on employing special forces increased own casualties and al-Bab was seized only after resorting to a conventional urban attack. OES presents tactical and operational lessons for the militaries on structure and execution of operations against an irregular adversary employing conventional means. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 350-381 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1875308 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1875308 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:3:p:350-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lou Pingeot Author-X-Name-First: Lou Author-X-Name-Last: Pingeot Title: The multilateral production of global policing: UN peace operations as hubs for protest policing Abstract: This article argues that UN peace operations play a central role in the nexus between policing and counterinsurgency, and constitute one of the underappreciated sites and circuits of counterinsurgent knowledge. It posits that the convergence between peace operations and counterinsurgency has been driven not only (or even primarily) by these mission’s more assertive military posture under ‘stabilization’, but also by the turn to ‘polickeeping’, the growing role of police forces and increasing importance of policing tasks in peacekeeping. The stabilization/policekeeping mindset rests on the assumption of a continuum from minor instances of disorders to full-blown armed conflict, leading to an expansive understanding of what may constitute a threat to stability and require international intervention. The articles teases out the macro and micro manifestations of this mindset through the lens of UN peace operations’ response to civil unrest and demonstrations. It shows that, because peace operations are a point of cross-fertilization for the creation and transmission of global policing practices, UN protest policing reverberates beyond the specific countries in which peace operations are deployed. Peace operations create a global demand for and supply of specific skills and tools, in particular paramilitary police forces. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 846-867 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1961374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1961374 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:846-867 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Mesok Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Mesok Title: Counterinsurgency, community participation, and the preventing and countering violent extremism agenda in Kenya Abstract: Over the last six years, the P/CVE agenda has emphasized the need of preventative measures to augment kinetic counterterrorism security approaches. Based on field research in Kenya in 2019, this article analyzes the ‘police power’ of P/CVE, which compels populations to participate in their own security and ensure their own governability, otherwise marking them for elimination. P/CVE is read as a mode of civil counterinsurgency that operates to pacify populations seen as threats to a liberal international order through peacebuilding and development initiatives, curtailing the autonomy of civic space and securitizing the work of community organizations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 720-741 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2037908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2037908 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:720-741 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabian Bennewitz Author-X-Name-First: Fabian Author-X-Name-Last: Bennewitz Author-Name: Markus-Michael Müller Author-X-Name-First: Markus-Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Title: Importing the ‘West German model’: transnationalizing counterinsurgency policing in Cold War Costa Rica Abstract: In analyzing West German police assistance for Costa Rica, we uncover the transnational dynamics of Cold War counterinsurgency policing during the Central American conflicts of the 1980s. We scrutinize West Germany’s engagements with Costa Rica, demonstrating how technical police assistance by the self-fashioned West German ‘civilian power’ fed into a wider counterinsurgency turn in Costa Rican policing. Highlighting the role of local agency and transnational context conditions, we point towards the interest of the Costa Rican government in reaching out to West Germany to demonstrate its neutrality within the ongoing conflicts while simultaneously bolstering the counterinsurgency capacities of its police forces. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 581-606 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1961046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1961046 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:581-606 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan Hornbostel Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Hornbostel Title: 'Public order is the first business of government': The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and the making of a liberal counterinsurgent police-industrial complex Abstract: Recent studies of post-1968 U.S. policing have situated the neoliberal carceral state and the concomitant rise of mass incarceration within a liberal capitulation to conservative law-and-order ‘militarization’. At the putative domestic center of this story, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), established in 1968 by Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson and greatly expanded under Republican Richard Nixon, has often served as a useful, if underacknowledged, subject of police and criminal justice buildup. Instead of viewing Johnson and his administration as misled or miscalculated actors, however, this essay recontextualizes the bipartisan consensus of LEAA through a particularly liberal counterinsurgency project that synthesized police-military hardware and community software. As the state’s go-to response to the political-economic and racial-colonial crises brought on by urban rebellions, LEAA’s brand of liberal counterinsurgency was instrumental in mobilizing a police-industrial complex through partnerships between police, military, academia, and industry. Drawing on archival research into police periodicals, agency publications, and project reports, I consider how a revived analysis of LEAA’s police-industrial complex can help abolitionist scholars and organizers rethink this origin moment of mass incarceration and police ‘militarization’ as representative of a conjunctural fix to the fundamental counterinsurgent project of U.S. policing and state power. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 607-632 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1956108 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1956108 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:607-632 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Hollywood and the hourglass war: cinematic images of drug cartels and conflict on the US-Mexican border Abstract: This paper examines the cinema of the US-Mexican border in the context of an escalating drug war. It looks at movies released since the early 1980s and argues that Hollywood has supplied a large number of cinematic images of the ‘war on drugs’ that has more helped shape wider political and strategic debates. Using insights from strategic analysis, this paper seeks to show how cinema has represented the conflict between drug cartels, the Mexican state as well as various US security agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and DEA. The paper explores how these cinematic depictions straddle national boundaries and have evolved from being an extension of the western border genre in the 1980s into a more recent phase of action and war movies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 767-795 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2054112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2054112 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:767-795 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diren Valayden Author-X-Name-First: Diren Author-X-Name-Last: Valayden Title: Normalizing counterinsurgency in the United States: first responders as the first line of defense Abstract: In this article, I elaborate on the thesis that counterinsurgency has become a ‘new governing paradigm’ in the United States. I first argue that the DoD redefinition of terrorism blurred the conceptual boundaries between counterterrorism and counterinsurgency, to ease the latter’s transition from the field of military strategy to that of political governance. Second, I argue that counterinsurgency became a governing paradigm, based on political techniques that worked through the subjective capabilities of the population. After 9/11, those capabilities were associated with the first responder. I trace the conceptual evolution of the first responder as a technical category in the discourse and administration of public safety, to its re-emergence in the concept of homeland security after 9/11. I argue that the political architecture created by homeland security emphasized the awareness, preparedness and resilience of the first responder who was in turn defined as the first line of defense against potential attacks. Through the first responder, counterinsurgency achieves its fundamental goal: to prevent social transformation by securing societal ‘normalcy’. Lastly, I argue that, as a governing paradigm, counterinsurgency provides a frame of interpretation to understand and categorize social experience: a first responders/insurgents schism now guides how we interpret political divisions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 673-692 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1962089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1962089 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:673-692 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cameron Mailhot Author-X-Name-First: Cameron Author-X-Name-Last: Mailhot Author-Name: Michael Kriner Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Kriner Author-Name: Sabrina Karim Author-X-Name-First: Sabrina Author-X-Name-Last: Karim Title: International involvement in (re-)building police forces: a comparison of US and UN police assistance programs around the world Abstract: The US and UN are two of the largest patrons of police reform programs worldwide: between 2000 and 2020, the US provided approximately $160 billion in police assistance to more than 130 countries worldwide; simultaneously, the UN spent over $77 billion supplying police-oriented security sector reform to countries experiencing or having experienced armed conflict, doing so through the deployment of peacekeeping missions and within the offices of UN Police, the UN’s hub for police reform and training programs. Though these two providers seek the same overall objective, they often vary in their specific goals: the US often engages in foreign police reform to promote its own national security objectives by increasing institutional capacity, while the UN adopts police reform programs to promote institutional constraint. The two models have important implications for how we understand bilateral and multilateral reform programs, including activities performed and recipient countries targeted across both time and space. Using originally collected data on US security assistance programs as well as a careful analysis of original data on UN mandates, this article provides the first quantitative exploration of these two different modes of assistance, comparing and contrasting their objectives and where, when, and how they are provided. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 819-845 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2041367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2041367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:819-845 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kia Meng Boon Author-X-Name-First: Kia Meng Author-X-Name-Last: Boon Title: ‘The only thing is you have to know them first’: protest policing and Malaysia’s BERSIH protests (2011–2016) Abstract: This article critically examines the models of protest policing deployed by the Malaysian police during the BERSIH 2.0 wave of protests (2011–2016). Based on participant observation and critical ethnography of these protest events, it explains how the state and police adapted to the surge of street protests in Kuala Lumpur by bringing together various elements of policing practices in its attempt to contain dissent on the streets. I argue that the new ‘Peaceful Assembly assemblage’ of policing practices, though distinct and significantly different in its overall governing logic compared to its predecessor, it remains heavily connected to late colonial forms of public order and counterinsurgent policing, especially the Special Branch and the Federal Reserve Unit (riot police). In this sense, the article shows that colonial policing’s afterlife is a major factor for understanding how Malaysia’s protest policing experience complicates and departs from patterns of protest policing development observed in the Global North. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 868-901 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.2025287 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.2025287 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:868-901 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kaden Paulson-Smith Author-X-Name-First: Kaden Author-X-Name-Last: Paulson-Smith Title: ‘Police fire on rioters’: everyday counterinsurgency in a colonial capital Abstract: Many have shown how ‘the British way’, a doctrine of minimum force, was problematic in theory and practice, especially in the final decades of empire. While the role of the colonial police in suppressing uprisings is often overlooked, this article argues that the police carried out everyday counterinsurgency campaigns. Using British archival records, this article examines a 1950 dockworker strike in Dar es Salaam, the colonial capital of former Tanganyika. Workers’ resistance was perceived by colonial authorities as insurgency, which led to the crosspollination of new policing strategies throughout the British Empire to expand surveillance, control riots, and break strikes. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 633-653 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1990599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1990599 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:633-653 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Miller Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: Lisa Bhungalia Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Bhungalia Title: The fungible terrorist: abject whiteness, domestic terrorism, and the multicultural security state Abstract: Taking the Capitol riots of January 6 as a point of departure, this article queries the utility of abject white violence to the US security state through a focus on the latest push for domestic terrorism legislation. Drawing on the first-ever National Strategy for Countering Domestic Terrorism released by the White House in June 2021, we trace how the US security state constructs white supremacist violence as both abject and anachronistic, a creative project of history-making through which the liberal security state operationalizes that violence to bolster and expand US empire and counterinsurgency. Further, we explore how the fungibility of abject whiteness within contemporary US counterterrorism creates a metonymic power by which the foreign and domestic cohere, collapse, and diverge through the figure of the racialized terrorist to suit the needs of the imperial state. While the state’s current push for domestic terrorism legislation publicly portrays a stance of historical reconciliation and multicultural protectionism, the figure of the domestic terrorist functions as a conduit through which the violence of the state is rerouted. Through this vision of besieged multiculturalism, the liberal security state seeks to creatively refashion US empire domestically and at the global scale. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 902-925 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.2025285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.2025285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:902-925 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stuart Schrader Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Schrader Title: “Global counterinsurgency and the police-military continuum: introduction to the special issue” Abstract: This introduction to the special issue ”Global Counterinsurgency and the Police-Military Continuum” examines the emergence of global counterinsurgency in the twentieth century and introduces the critical concept of the police-military continuum. Through a review of the recent literature, it also provides a framework for analyzing the relationship of historical trends and contemporary developments in what is typically labeled ”police militarization.” It introduces and summarizes the fourteen original research articles in the special issue, which analyze United States, United Kingdom, Costa Rica, Haiti, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Tanganyika, and elsewhere. The introduction explains the genesis of the special issue in the aftermath of the rebellions of 2020, and it also considers new directions for research in the aftermath of the events of 6 January 2021 at the US Capitol, as well as what these events indicate about counterinsurgency’s possible future mutations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 553-580 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2054113 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2054113 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:553-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rhys Machold Author-X-Name-First: Rhys Author-X-Name-Last: Machold Title: India’s counterinsurgency knowledge: theorizing global position in wars on terror Abstract: Within recent critical debates about the geographies and circulations of counterinsurgency knowledge, scholars have focused primarily on dominant centres of power and authority in the global North. Building a framework drawn from critical geography, this article decentres these locations and actors by exploring the global production and circulation of counterinsurgency knowledge from the vantage point of Indian strategic thinkers. Focusing on the work of the Indian think tank the Institute for Conflict Management (ICM), the article traces how Indian counterinsurgency knowledge has been produced, packaged and circulated transnationally since the late 1990s. It argues the power and utility that forms of counterinsurgency knowledge command – Indian or otherwise – are never reducible to the essential features of what actors or texts say. Rather, it suggests that counterinsurgency knowledge is produced through particular relations and locations of power-knowledge that define what they represent and where they fit in. It theorizes forms of counterinsurgency knowledge as positions within broader transnational forces, entwined with colonial histories of pacification. In doing so, it illuminates the contestations and forms of work involved in staging or organizing the world through practices that make some forms, actors, and locations important and relegate others to the peripheries of global politics. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 796-818 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2034352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2034352 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:796-818 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erica De Bruin Author-X-Name-First: Erica Author-X-Name-Last: De Bruin Title: Policing insurgency: are more militarized police more effective? Abstract: Is militarized policing an effective way to combat insurgency? This article uses new global data on policing practices to evaluate whether states with militarized police perform better than those without them. The analysis provides no evidence that militarized police are an asset in counterinsurgency. Indeed, states with militarized units within their national or federal-level police are generally less likely to achieve favorable counterinsurgency outcomes. In explaining these findings, the article emphasizes that while militarization provides police with greater coercive capacity, it also impedes information collection and contributes to indiscriminate violence that can fuel additional dissent. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 742-766 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1980186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1980186 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:742-766 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julian Go Author-X-Name-First: Julian Author-X-Name-Last: Go Title: FROM CRIME FIGHTING TO COUNTERINSURGENCY: The Transformation of London’s Special Patrol Group in the 1970s Abstract: The Special Patrol Group (SPG) of the London Metropolitan Police was formed as a crime-fighting unit in 1965. Beginning in the early 1970s, however, it underwent a transformation of ‘colonial counterinsurgenization’. The SPG shifted its initial role and increasingly took on the characteristics of a colonial counterinsurgency police force operating in the metropolis. The change is seen in the SPG’s approach to public order policing and crime prevention, especially in London’s African-Caribbean communities. The new counterinsurgency tactics of the SPG in those communities in turn generated the conditions for the very sorts of metropolitan uprisings the SPG had sought to subdue. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 654-672 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1979714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1979714 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:654-672 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan McQuade Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: McQuade Author-Name: Lorax B. Horne Author-X-Name-First: Lorax B. Author-X-Name-Last: Horne Author-Name: Zach Wehrwein Author-X-Name-First: Zach Author-X-Name-Last: Wehrwein Author-Name: Milo Z. Trujillo Author-X-Name-First: Milo Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Trujillo Title: The secret of BlueLeaks: security, police, and the continuum of pacification Abstract: This paper reveals the secrets of BlueLeaks, a massive archive of documents hacked from police agencies, and intelligence centers in the United States. A September 2019 Intelligence Assessment by the Virginia Fusion Center cites counterinsurgency expert David Kilcullen to evaluate the ‘insurgency tactics and strategies’ of environmentalists. What is remarkable about the document is not the domestic application of counterinsurgency but how it reveals the biases of security. Read from an anti-security perspective, this document becomes a cipher to decode the political content of the BlueLeaks archive that is obscured by the deep acceptance of ‘security’ as an apolitical, unqualified social good. The analysis is grounded in document and network analysis of BlueLeaks documents from the New England region. It finds that practices commonly understood as ‘counterinsurgency’ span and animate the continuum of pacification. The secret of BlueLeaks is the secret of security: a ceaseless low-intensity class war that envelops and encompasses the continuum of pacification, protects property, administers poverty, depoliticizes social harms, and elicits participation in pacification. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 693-719 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.2001409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.2001409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:4-5:p:693-719 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2064701_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Koki Shigenoi Author-X-Name-First: Koki Author-X-Name-Last: Shigenoi Author-Name: Wakako Maekawa Author-X-Name-First: Wakako Author-X-Name-Last: Maekawa Title: Evaluating the effect of military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security Abstract: This article examines the effect of foreign military intervention on rebel governance in terms of disaggregated human security. Case studies reveal that, on the one hand, a ‘thirst for legitimacy’ influenced by military intervention has led rebel groups to engage in internal and external diplomatic activities. Moreover, their efforts to develop fundamental rebel governance structures have had clearly positive effects on human security. On the other hand, when repelled from a territory by military interventions, rebel groups have attempted to control their remaining territories through the imposition of fear, which can devastate human security in rebel-held areas. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1059-1084 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2064701 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2064701 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:6:p:1059-1084 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2067431_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Ryan C. Van Wie Author-X-Name-First: Ryan C. Author-X-Name-Last: Van Wie Author-Name: Jacob A. Walden Author-X-Name-First: Jacob A. Author-X-Name-Last: Walden Title: Troops or Tanks? Rethinking COIN mechanization and force employment Abstract: Are some conventional military units better equipped to conduct counterinsurgency (COIN) operations than others? COIN theorists and practitioners disagree about mechanization’s impact on COIN effectiveness. We suggest that mechanization is not the critical determinant of COIN effectiveness. Rather, mechanization’s effects vary based on a unit’s force employment approach within local scope conditions. To test our hypothesis, we explore how mechanization impacts COIN operations in Ramadi and Basra and find that force employment is the critical determinant in COIN effectiveness. We introduce an adaptive force employment hypothesis that outlines how mechanization includes costs to exposing dismounted troops and benefits in information-sharing, conditional on local insurgent strength. This hypothesis suggests that mechanized forces provide significant benefits to counterinsurgents when clearing high strength insurgents, outweighing benefits from dismounted civilian interaction. Following successful clearance operations when government control is increased and insurgent strength is reduced, requirements for armored protection decrease while civilian tips become increasingly important to target remaining insurgents. In the hold and build stages, counterinsurgents can increasingly rely on dismounted troops. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1032-1058 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2067431 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2067431 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:6:p:1032-1058 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2056392_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Benedetta Berti Author-X-Name-First: Benedetta Author-X-Name-Last: Berti Author-Name: Marika Sosnowski Author-X-Name-First: Marika Author-X-Name-Last: Sosnowski Title: Neither peace nor democracy: the role of siege and population control in the Syrian regime’s coercive counterinsurgency campaign Abstract: This article examines the role of siege warfare and population control in the coercive counterinsurgency strategy used by the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad to effectively crush the revolution that began in 2011. We extend the coercive counterinsurgency framework offered by Monica Duffy Toft and Yuri Zhukov to analyze the Syrian regime’s use of the twin tactical pillars of siege warfare and population control. We focus on how these two types of denial – military and political – proved essential to the regime’s military victory. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 954-972 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2056392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2056392 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:6:p:954-972 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2064152_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Christian Høj Hansen Author-X-Name-First: Christian Høj Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen Author-Name: Troels Burchall Henningsen Author-X-Name-First: Troels Burchall Author-X-Name-Last: Henningsen Title: Whose proxy war? The competition among Iranian foreign policy elites in Iraq Abstract: How do state sponsors of proxy groups in civil wars balance their support of non-state militias with the need for political transition towards stability? This article explores the inconsistencies in Iran’s priorities and proxy strategy that at times limited Iranian influence, and complicated Iraq’s transition from war to peace. It expands on current theories on proxy warfare by focusing on the impact of diverging interests among foreign policy elites in a sponsor state. Three policy dilemmas illustrate the difference among on the one side the Revolutionary Guard and on the other side the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Intelligence. First, whether the pro-Iranian proxies should maintain their influence after the war or Iran should strengthen its link to the representatives of the formal state. Second, whether repression by Shia militias or political reconciliation should prevent Sunni Arabs from (re)joining Islamic State. Third, whether Iraq should be part of a sectarian, transnational alliance or an inclusive state that might become an arbiter to deescalate regional tension. The study contributes to the literature on Iranian proxy warfare in the Middle East and proxy warfare literature in general, by considering the consequences of differences among foreign policy elites. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 973-998 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2064152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2064152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:6:p:973-998 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2057750_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Massaab Al-Aloosy Author-X-Name-First: Massaab Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Aloosy Title: Deterrence by insurgents: Hezbollah’s military doctrine and capability vis-à-vis Israel Abstract: Deterrence between states is a long-established theory in security studies, but it is rare, if not unique, that an insurgency would deter a state from attacking another country. Insurgencies in the Middle East are increasingly playing an international role, of which deterrence is only a part. This generates an interesting dynamic in which an insurgency uses non-traditional tools to dissuade an adversarial state from attacking the group or country in which it resides. Thus, the research topic is: How is Hezbollah able to deter Israel? Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 999-1016 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2057750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2057750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:6:p:999-1016 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2109888_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Nicola Mathieson Author-X-Name-First: Nicola Author-X-Name-Last: Mathieson Title: Foreign fighter experience and impact Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between prior conflict experience and the impact of foreign fighters on armed groups. This paper addresses the findings in existing research that describes foreign fighters as both assets and liabilities by disaggregating foreign fighters into first-conflict foreign fighters and veteran foreign fighters. While prior experience determines the potential impact of foreign fighters, I introduce the concept of foreign fighter integration to understand how this experience is utilized or leveraged by armed groups. The theory-building framework helps explain why we see certain groups leverage foreign fighters in ways that shape their repertoires of violence, tactics, or even ideology, while, in other instances, the influence of foreign fighters appears to be limited – with any consequent effects restricted to the small factions into which foreign fighters have been assigned. Using this theoretical framework of experience and integration, I re-examine in the cases Somalia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to demonstrate how and where foreign fighters impact armed groups. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 927-953 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2109888 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2109888 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:6:p:927-953 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2025286_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Miroslav Terzić Author-X-Name-First: Miroslav Author-X-Name-Last: Terzić Title: Critical review of the protection of aircraft defense forces during the conflict in Nagorno Karabah in 2020 Abstract: The conflict between the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the armed forces of Nagorno Karabakh in the Nagorno Karabakh region analyzed in this paper covers the period from 26 September 2020 to 11 October 2020. The Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan conducted an offensive operation with the maximum use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in order to achieve success in the initial phase of the operation by targeting land forces in prepared defensive positions, air-defence systems, and command posts. Effects of the actions of UAV shown on footage published by Azerbaijan Armed forces indicate that the Nagorno Karabakh armed forces failed to anticipate and to provide protection of the land forces against mass use of UAV, primarily the air defense systems. This paper analyzes the physical and military dimension of the conflict with focus on the shortcomings in the protection of the air defense systems from mass use of UAV. Based on the analysis, the paper presents recommendations for improving the protection of the air defense systems against UAV on tactical level. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1017-1031 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.2025286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.2025286 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:6:p:1017-1031 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2066305_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Athol Yates Author-X-Name-First: Athol Author-X-Name-Last: Yates Author-Name: Geraint Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Geraint Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Operation Intradon in the Musandam,1970-1971: what this counterinsurgency operation says about British military operations in the Arabian Gulf Abstract: This article examines Operation Intradon, a covert British counter-insurgency operation in the northern Omani enclave of Musandam. The operation, which ran from December 1970 to March 1971, was driven by the political aim of forcing the Sultan of Oman to take administrative control of this ungoverned enclave. This would then provide protection to the Strait of Hormuz oil route and remove a threat to the process of federating British protected states into what became the United Arab Emirates. We conclude by identifying what the operation says about how British military operations were crafted in Britain’s informal empire in the Gulf. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1236-1258 Issue: 7 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2066305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2066305 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:7:p:1236-1258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2120299_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Phil Williams Author-X-Name-First: Phil Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: US intervention in Afghanistan and the failure of governance Abstract: Several factors militated against successful counterinsurgency in Afghanistan, but the real failure was a failure of governance. The US and its allies created a central government which proved extremely powerful at resource extraction while dismally weak at service provision, Development aid, the opium economy and the lack of political accountability created new forms of highly pernicious corruption, akin to those in many African states. The result was that legitimacy of the Afghan government was eroded, thereby setting the scene for a Taliban victory. The article concludes with three lessons from Afghanistan for the future. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1130-1151 Issue: 7 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2120299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2120299 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:7:p:1130-1151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2111858_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Thomas R. Mockaitis Author-X-Name-First: Thomas R. Author-X-Name-Last: Mockaitis Title: Afghanistan and the COIN conundrum Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1085-1092 Issue: 7 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2111858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2111858 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:7:p:1085-1092 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_1990579_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Bryce G. Poole Author-X-Name-First: Bryce G. Author-X-Name-Last: Poole Title: Counterinsurgency and the rule of law in Afghanistan Abstract: A major aspect of the United States’ war efforts in Afghanistan over the past two decades has been the waging of a counterinsurgency campaign. This article analyzes the extent to which the United States and other Western intervening nations developed and implemented rule of law support missions as a component of the overarching counterinsurgency mission. This article evaluates the successes and failures of the rule of law missions, analyzing the lessons learned from two decades of conflict to provide a foundation for the policymakers and strategic planners who will be tasked with executing counterinsurgency campaigns in the future. The article focuses in particular on the social, political, and cultural factors of the Afghan people that impacted the viability of the Western counterinsurgency and rule of law missions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1093-1129 Issue: 7 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1990579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1990579 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:7:p:1093-1129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2113675_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Lawrence E. Cline Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence E. Author-X-Name-Last: Cline Title: The two surges: Iraq and Afghanistan in comparison Abstract: As the strategic environments worsened both in Iraq and Afghanistan, the US tried to improve security by sharply increasing the number of troops. In the case of Iraq, the US achieved at least operational success, but the results were seemingly minimal in Afghanistan. Two factors were critical in Iraq: surge forces were focused on a relatively small center of gravity, and the operations were greatly assisted by the rise of the Awakening movement. The additional forces in Afghanistan had a much broader geographical area for their operations, and although efforts were made to mobilize local security forces, the results were at best mixed. The public time constraints on the additional forces in Afghanistan also were more prominent, leading to a ‘good enough’ approach by necessity. Although not strictly part of the surge, the US was able to turn over more security responsibilities to Iraqi forces as the ‘clear-hold-build-transfer’ process than they were to the Afghanistan forces. The results in Afghanistan in particular lead to questions as to how well expeditionary counterinsurgency forces can succeed in widespread insurgencies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1152-1176 Issue: 7 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2113675 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2113675 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:7:p:1152-1176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2069970_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Haian Dukhan Author-X-Name-First: Haian Author-X-Name-Last: Dukhan Title: Tribal mobilisation during the Syrian civil war: the case of al-Baqqer brigade Abstract: As a result of the debilitating situation that the Syrian state reached during the Syrian Civil War, the government relies heavily on paramilitary groups to confront security challenges. Existing studies imply that all the paramilitary groups in Syria were formed in a largely top-down process. Focusing on the rise of al-Baqqer Brigade in Syria and relying on a series of in-depth interviews with members of the al-Baggara tribe who make up most of this militia, this paper challenges that assumption. The paper shows that the emergence of tribal militias is principally a grassroots phenomenon stemming from competition over local resources. It argues that the Syrian state has seized this opportunity and outsourced some of its security and counterinsurgency tasks to the group. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1216-1235 Issue: 7 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2069970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2069970 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:7:p:1216-1235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2118417_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Zahid Ullah Author-X-Name-First: Zahid Author-X-Name-Last: Ullah Title: Contextualising the Taliban redux (2021): is the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan a Pyrrhic Victory for Pakistan? Abstract: After the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, a Pakistan spy chief told journalists in Kabul: ‘don’t worry, everything will be okay’ in Afghanistan. What is interesting to note in this assertion is that Pakistan had consistently been accused of playing a ‘double game’ in the war on terror since 2001. This paper examines the return of the Taliban and Pakistan’s role in their victory in August-2021. In particular, it addresses the following questions: Why are Pakistan-Afghanistan relations so fraught? What is the pattern of Pakistan’s influence over the Afghan Taliban? How different is the post- 2021 Taliban regime from its Taliban predecessors (1996–2001)? What might the long-term implications of the Taliban victory be for Pakistan? This paper employs the security-cum-rentier state framework to explain Pakistan’s double game in the war on terror. Moreover, this paper aims to situate and contextualize the situation in Afghanistan (2001–2021) in the ongoing geopolitical rivalry, i.e. Quad/ Indo-Pacific Strategy (West) versus the Belt and Road Initiative (China). Methodologically, this study is based on secondary sources and some primary sources (official documents). Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1177-1202 Issue: 7 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2118417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2118417 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:7:p:1177-1202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2120306_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Carter Malkasian Author-X-Name-First: Carter Author-X-Name-Last: Malkasian Title: Modern war in an Ancient Land: a counterinsurgency review Abstract: At the end of 2021, the US Army published Modern War in an Ancient Land: The United States Army in Afghanistan, 2001–2014. It is a major two-volume history of the US Army in the war in Afghanistan. The primary authors are E.J. Degen, Director of the Army's Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) Study Group, and Mark Reardon, a senior civilian historian at US Army Center of Military History. The work has 836 total pages of text and covers most intense period of US combat operations of the war. It is the closest thing that we have yet to an official history of the war and is likely to remain the closest thing for some time. The work contains valuable insights into counterinsurgency in Afghanistan. The authors see the concept as an effective tactical approach if properly aligned with strategy. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1203-1215 Issue: 7 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2120306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2120306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:7:p:1203-1215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2109371_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Saimum Parvez Author-X-Name-First: Saimum Author-X-Name-Last: Parvez Author-Name: Justin V. Hastings Author-X-Name-First: Justin V. Author-X-Name-Last: Hastings Title: Understanding the role of digital media in female participation in terrorism: the case of Bangladesh Abstract: Notwithstanding the discernable participation of women in terrorist groups, empirical research on women in terrorism is very scant in Bangladesh. To fill this gap, our article examines women’s involvement in terrorism by analyzing the life stories of dozens of Bangladeshi women terrorists. We use a terrorist lifecycle approach to understand the role of digital media in female participation, particularly in terms of when in the lifecycle digital media becomes important, and in terms of how digital media interacts with other factors to shape women’s involvement in terrorist organizations. After analyzing female profiles and their socio-demographic traits, we provide an in-depth analysis of three female terrorist lifecycles. An analysis of the profiles of Bangladeshi terrorists who use digital media reveals that women were more likely to use digital media than men in the recruitment phase. The in-depth case studies of three female terrorist profiles find that multiple and different factors impact their terrorist life cycles. Social networks – families and friends – typically play a role in individuals’ decision to become involved and further engagement in terrorism. Specifically, digital media allows women to expand their social interactions beyond what is possible in person, thus allowing for virtual pathways into terrorism. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1345-1371 Issue: 8 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2109371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2109371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:8:p:1345-1371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2101331_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Patrick Afamefune Ikem Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Afamefune Author-X-Name-Last: Ikem Author-Name: Freedom C. Onuoha Author-X-Name-First: Freedom C. Author-X-Name-Last: Onuoha Author-Name: Herbert C. Edeh Author-X-Name-First: Herbert C. Author-X-Name-Last: Edeh Author-Name: Olihe A. Ononogbu Author-X-Name-First: Olihe A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ononogbu Author-Name: Chukwuemeka Enyiazu Author-X-Name-First: Chukwuemeka Author-X-Name-Last: Enyiazu Title: Decoding the message: understanding soldiers’ mutiny in Nigeria’s counterinsurgency fight Abstract: Since the commencement of the counterinsurgency fight against Boko Haram, the Nigerian Army has been faced with internal crises, such as corruption, poor welfare conditions for soldiers, among others, which have undermined efforts at defeating the insurgents. Military authorities have both down-played and denied these internal challenges. The result is frequent mutiny by soldiers. This paper examines the drivers, dynamics, and responses to mutiny within the Nigeria Army in the context of ongoing counterinsurgency (COIN) operation in the northeast. Anchored on the analytical framework of Tactical Communication Strategy, the paper contends that resort to mutiny is a strategy by soldiers to open up dialogue with the military authority and communicate to the public the internal factors that account for battlefield failures. Hence, the paper recommends that soldiers’ welfare be given high priority rather than resort to punitive measures. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1372-1397 Issue: 8 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2101331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2101331 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:8:p:1372-1397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2125224_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: William N. Holden Author-X-Name-First: William N. Author-X-Name-Last: Holden Title: Bullets not ballots: success in counterinsurgency warfare Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1444-1448 Issue: 8 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2125224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2125224 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:8:p:1444-1448 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2102306_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Stanislav Malkin Author-X-Name-First: Stanislav Author-X-Name-Last: Malkin Title: Transfers of colonial (dis)order: guerrilla warfare and the British military thought after the Great War Abstract: The article analyses the gaps and ties betweenthe doctrine and theory, in contrast with the practice, of countering subversive movements in the British Empire during the Interbellum. Contradictions between security services led to the articulation and promotion of different models of counterinsurgency. The research contains an analysis of the guerrilla warfare concept’ evolution within the military thought, through the second Boer war, Irish warof Independence and the second Arab rising in Palestine, reflecting different thoughts on interrelated problems of the ‘revolutionary movements’ and ‘sub-war’ after the Great War. Particular attentionis paid to military and political incentives and constrains of the counterinsurgency doctrine, reflecting the bureaucratic logic that stood behind the implementation of the guerrilla warfare concept at the levels of doctrine and theory in the context of the systemic crisis of empire and the growth of external pressure over the questions of the imperial defense and self-determination. Conflicting coexistence of internal security models tested within the British Empire during the Interbellum is observed in the conclusion,as well as perspectives of transfers of colonial (dis)order in front of the ‘sub-war’, as it was understood among the military circles through the prism of the guerrilla warfare concept. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1421-1443 Issue: 8 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2102306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2102306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:8:p:1421-1443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_1875310_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Zana Gulmohamad Author-X-Name-First: Zana Author-X-Name-Last: Gulmohamad Title: Munathamat Badr, from an armed wing to a ruling actor Abstract: Badr has become a key Shia socio-political-armed organisation in Iraq and has revamped its political and organisational structure. Previously, it was an Iran based and designed Iraqi Shia opposition force, the armed wing of the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq. Post-2003 it transformed into an incohesive political organisation with an armed wing and engaged in electoral politics. Badr has influenced the state’s apparatus and played a key role in the Popular Mobilisation Forces’ campaign against the Islamic State in Iraq. Primary resources, including interviews, Badr’s media and platforms and publications explain Badr’s approaches and decentralised structure. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1285-1313 Issue: 8 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1875310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1875310 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:8:p:1285-1313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2108277_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Anns George K G Author-X-Name-First: Anns Author-X-Name-Last: George K G Author-Name: Sanjay Kumar Jha Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay Kumar Author-X-Name-Last: Jha Title: Dynamic insurgencies and peace nuances in India’s northeast region Abstract: The intended purpose of this paper is to examine the viability of political resolution as a counterinsurgency strategy. We have selected numerous political negotiation processes between insurgents and government of India in general and Mizoram in particular. The political resolution with Mizo National Front is considered as the most successful counterinsurgency operation in India. Placing this as a model, the government of India employed the strategy of negotiation with various other insurgent groups. The degree of success in Mizoram was not replicated in other insurgency theatres. This was analyzed with the help of a comparative study with other insurgent groups in India, particularly within the state of Assam. It is found that the model of Mizo resolution has been influencing the peace process that came later. And also the strategy of negotiation has been evolving into incorporating civil society groups as signatories to the final peace settlement signed between insurgents and government. This analysis of the peace process is also based on the conceptualization developed from various authors. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1259-1284 Issue: 8 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2108277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2108277 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:8:p:1259-1284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2116182_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Matthew Bamber-Zryd Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Bamber-Zryd Title: Cyclical jihadist governance: the Islamic State governance cycle in Iraq and Syria Abstract: The rise and decline of the Islamic State’s (IS) caliphate between 2014 and 2018 have garnered significant policy and academic attention. Explanations for the group’s territorial demise have focussed on its internal group dynamics and external conflict processes. Although both explanations are valid, I adopt a historical approach to show that IS’s caliphate was just one cycle in a two-decade history of governance activity. IS has undertaken three governance cycles composed of phases of insurgency, gaining territory, establishing institutions, and losing territory. After each governance cycle, IS engaged in a process of critical self-reflection and adapted its governance strategy significantly. This resulted in a progressive history in which, with each cycle, IS governed greater amounts of territory, through more complex institutions, for a longer period of time. This article is based on fieldwork interviews conducted with both IS members and civilians who lived under IS control in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey, as well as archival research on IS historical and contemporary governing documents. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1314-1344 Issue: 8 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2116182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2116182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:8:p:1314-1344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2098662_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Subhasish Ray Author-X-Name-First: Subhasish Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Title: Party system change and internal security: evidence from India, 2005-2021 Abstract: Has the consolidation of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as the dominant party at the national level since the 2014 Lok Sabha election affected internal security outcomes in India? This question assumes particular significance because of the primacy accorded to the use of force in the BJP’s counter-insurgency (COIN) strategy. Using sub-national data on insurgency-related fatalities from 2005–2021, I examine whether states where the BJP received the largest share of votes in the 2014 Lok Sabha election subsequently experienced any significant changes in the pattern of fatalities. Implementing a difference-in-difference econometric specification, I show that the BJP states experienced a relatively sharper decline in security force fatalities from pre-2014 compared to non-BJP states. However, there was no such effect on civilian fatalities or the total number of insurgency-related incidents. Taken together, these findings show that the greater thrust towards militarism in COIN strategy under the BJP, has, paradoxically, increased the security of military/police personnel involved in COIN operations, without commensurate changes in the security of those whom they are mandated to defend. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1398-1420 Issue: 8 Volume: 33 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2098662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2098662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:33:y:2022:i:8:p:1398-1420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2152628_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Tiina Hyyppä Author-X-Name-First: Tiina Author-X-Name-Last: Hyyppä Title: Council in war: civilocracy, order and local organisation in daraya during the Syrian War Abstract: While scholars have focused on rebel governance in Syria and elsewhere, other forms of governance have been neglected. This article explores the local council established in the rebel-held city of Daraya, Syria. It informs the fields of rebel governance and civil resistance, specifically wartime order, during civil wars and proposes that the forms and practices of local governance in Daraya exhibited a type of governance best labelled as ‘civilocracy’. In contrast to councils in other opposition-held parts of Syria, the council was established and led by civilians who welcomed rebels to work with them. Based on findings from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with former council members, the article finds that four factors were crucial for this form of governance to emerge and to endure. Key wartime events – a massacre and a siege –, earlier experiences of nonviolent activists, local ties, and the creation of a military office created a space for the maintenance of civil-led order. Daraya offers a fascinating example of how community’s norms affected how rebel governance was created and maintained. This research introduces a new concept to explain wartime order and encourages researchers to find causal explanations for the emergence of this particular governance form in other conflicts. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 52-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2152628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2152628 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:52-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2114244_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Juan Albarracín Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Albarracín Author-Name: Juan Corredor-Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Corredor-Garcia Author-Name: Juan Pablo Milanese Author-X-Name-First: Juan Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Milanese Author-Name: Inge H. Valencia Author-X-Name-First: Inge H. Author-X-Name-Last: Valencia Author-Name: Jonas Wolff Author-X-Name-First: Jonas Author-X-Name-Last: Wolff Title: Pathways of post-conflict violence in Colombia Abstract: Violence in post-conflict settings is often attributed to a post-war boom in organized crime, facilitated by the demobilization of armed groups and the persisting weakness of the state. The article argues that this is only one pathway of post-conflict violence. A second causal pathway emerges from the challenges that peace processes can constitute for entrenched local political orders. By fostering political inclusion, the implementation of peace agreements may threaten subnational political elites that have used the context of armed conflict to ally with armed non-state actors. Violence is then used as a means to preserve such de facto authoritarian local orders. We start from the assumption that these two explanations are not exclusive or competing, but grasp different causal processes that may well both be at work behind the assassination of social leaders (líderes sociales) in Colombia since the 2016 peace agreement with the FARC guerrilla. We argue that this specific type of targeted violence can, in fact, be attributed to different, locally specific configurations that resemble the two pathways. The article combines fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis with the case studies of the municipalities of Sardinata and Suárez to empirically establish and illustrate the two pathways. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 138-164 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2114244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2114244 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:138-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2064702_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Deniz Kocak Author-X-Name-First: Deniz Author-X-Name-Last: Kocak Title: Rebel security governance in transition: the case of post-independence Timor-Leste Abstract: This article investigates the transformation of the FALINTIL guerrilla organisation into the national armed forces in post-independence Timor-Leste. It focuses on how these former rebels interpret and legitimise their role in a changed socio-political environment vis-à-vis other national security actors as well as the population. By tackling the issue of the evolution of guerrilla organisations into formal security actors, the paper speaks to the recent research trend on the legacies of rebel governance, as well as the field of civil-military relations. Based on a qualitative interview case study, it argues that the behaviour of the state security actors, and their respective understanding of their role within the Timorese state, have been determined by internalised socialisation practices of their past. It becomes clear, that particularly the armed forces struggled with their constitutionally limited role on matters of national defence but strove to expand their role into domestic security affairs. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 113-137 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2064702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2064702 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:113-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2097399_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Abdalhadi Alijla Author-X-Name-First: Abdalhadi Author-X-Name-Last: Alijla Title: Thorny identity? Non-state actors, service provision, identities, and Hamas in Gaza Abstract: When rebels and non-state actors provide services, do they have an effect on identities? The literature suggests that service provision by rebel’s influence identities, which affect post-conflict reconstruction and have some policy-implications on service provision. I argue that service provision has a potential effect on sub-identities and shape the preference of how people self-identify themselves. Based on a conjoint experiment in Gaza, I explore how Hamas’ governance has affected self-reported identities in the Gaza Strip after more than a decade of taking control of the Gaza Strip. The findings suggest that Hamas’s governance has influenced the self-reported identities in Gaza. It suggests that individuals with higher education, higher income and believes that Hamas provides less services tends to identify themselves in nationalistic sense as ‘Only Palestinian’, while individuals who identify themselves more as Muslims are less educated, have less income and more believes that Hamas provides more services than others. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 195-220 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2097399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2097399 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:195-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2144000_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Hanna Pfeifer Author-X-Name-First: Hanna Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeifer Author-Name: Regine Schwab Author-X-Name-First: Regine Author-X-Name-Last: Schwab Title: Politicising the rebel governance paradigm. Critical appraisal and expansion of a research agenda Abstract: The introduction to the special issue starts from the observation that the political nature of rebel governance is so far understudied. Moving beyond the functionalism and instrumentalism inherent in parts of the literature, we propose a politicisation of the rebel governance paradigm through a spatial and temporal widening of analytical approaches. To address the methodological localism of existing research, rebel governance should be studied across actors and scales, as well as through their interlinkages. Taking time seriously, it also has to be investigated as a sequential phenomenon, at different conflict stages and with regard to its legacies in post-conflict settings. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2144000 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2144000 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:1-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2173932_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 316-316 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2173932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2173932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:316-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2158615_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Megan A. Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Megan A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: Identity, networks, and learning in the study of rebel governance Abstract: The contributors to this special issue have put forth a research agenda that centers the politics of civil war, in contrast to what the introduction presents as the dominant rationalist paradigm. This paper anchors the special issue by first synthesizing the works contained therein. In particular, the articles in this issue focus on how individual and collective identity, networks and orders, and learning or socialization from previous experiences shape behaviors during and after conflict. Next, the conclusion to this special issue aims to move forward a perspective of civil wars that takes seriously the political in civil war by building upon the works contained in this collection and presenting a number of avenues for future research. In particular, this article advocates for taking seriously how individual experiences, identities, and relationships embedded within broader social processes shape and co-constitute civil war dynamics. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 305-315 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2158615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2158615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:305-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2113691_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Maria Ketzmerick Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Ketzmerick Title: The Anglophone crisis in Cameroon: local conflict, global competition, and transnational rebel governance Abstract: After years of peaceful demonstrations, the Cameroonian Anglophone conflict escalated in 2017. Since the outbreak, over 3,000 people have died and a further thousand Anglophones fled from clashes between state forces and separatist fighters. While activists in the diaspora bid for international support, organizational belonging on the ground changes quickly. The paper investigates the transnationalization of the conflict by looking at the complex set of actors involved. Overall, it is interested in the political sociology of transnational rebel governance. The paper highlights the effects of transnational conflict dynamics on the unity and fragmentation of the self-determination movement and its relation to violence. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 247-278 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2113691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2113691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:247-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2137282_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Tim Glawion Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Glawion Author-Name: Anne-Clémence Le Noan Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Clémence Author-X-Name-Last: Le Noan Title: Rebel governance or governance in rebel territory? Extraction and services in Ndélé, Central African republic Abstract: Rebel governance assumes a symbiotic relationship between coercion and public goods provision. However, in the rebel-held town of Ndélé, Central African Republic, we find that governance happens in rebel-held territory, but rarely by rebels. Rebels allowed other actors to provide services for the people only when this did not hinder rebels extracting political clout and economic benefit from the people and their lands. We show how rebels’ extractive ambitions and governance discourses evolved during successive stages of rebellion through a diachronic comparison rooted in multimethod fieldwork from 2018 to 2022. We ask, why were rebel groups able to set up their rule, then rule for seven years, before ultimately losing power? Rebels evoked public goods at the onset of rebellion to justify the use of coercive means. After rebel rule was established, rebels outsourced public goods to international and state actors allowing for governance in rebel-held territory while focussing their own efforts on extraction. When their rule was challenged, rebels targeted governance actors and spaces in their territory in pursuit of economic gain and political dominance. Our findings call for a re-evaluation of existing rebel governance studies and the ways in which rebel groups are engaged with. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 24-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2137282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2137282 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:24-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2104297_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sebastian van Baalen Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: van Baalen Author-Name: Niels Terpstra Author-X-Name-First: Niels Author-X-Name-Last: Terpstra Title: Behind enemy lines: State-insurgent cooperation on rebel governance in Côte d’Ivoire and Sri Lanka Abstract: This article examines the conditions that foster state-insurgent cooperation in rebel governance. State-insurgent cooperation is puzzling because it can alienate hardliners, undermine the parties’ legitimacy, reveal sensitive information, and cause autonomy losses. We propose that conflict parties are more likely to discount these costs when they have overlapping civilian constituencies with high governance provision expectations. Analysing rebel governance in Côte d’Ivoire and Sri Lanka using original data, we find that civilian expectations prompt cooperation even when the parties appeal to separate constituencies. The article nuances existing theories of rebel governance and contributes new knowledge on state-insurgent interactions in civil war. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 221-246 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2104297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2104297 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:221-246 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2117824_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Solveig Richter Author-X-Name-First: Solveig Author-X-Name-Last: Richter Author-Name: Laura Camila Barrios Sabogal Author-X-Name-First: Laura Camila Author-X-Name-Last: Barrios Sabogal Title: Dynamics of peace or legacy of rebel governance? Patterns of cooperation between FARC-ex-combatants and conflict-affected communities in Colombia Abstract: In the academic literature, it is widely accepted that one of the most difficult steps in a peace process is the reincorporation of former combatants. Colombia is a case in point. After the peace agreement with the former rebel group FARC-EP in 2016, the reintegration process of more than 13.000 ex-combatants has been marred with difficulties, be it half-hearted implementation of the stipulations of the accord from the side of the government or the re-armament of some dissident groups. However, the dynamics of the peace process differ considerably between the national and the local level, offering a wide range of pathways from even more violent confrontation up to successful reincorporation projects. In order to explain this variety, we integrate DDR and rebel governance studies and assume that socio-political orders need to be re-configurated when rebel groups have established strong forms of rebel governance, as was the case with the FARC-EP. We argue that patterns of interaction between local conflict-affected communities and ex-combatants are the key explanatory variables for the dynamics of peace processes at local level. We differentiate between clustered and entrenched post-war orders and demonstrate our argument with two case studies based on comprehensive field research. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 165-194 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2117824 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2117824 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:165-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2120324_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Alex Waterman Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Waterman Title: The shadow of ‘the boys:’ rebel governance without territorial control in Assam’s ULFA insurgency Abstract: This article leverages data from an oft-overlooked case of rebel governance – India’s United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) – to demonstrate the importance of de-centring territorial control as a prerequisite for rebel governance. ULFA neither controlled territory nor developed formalised bureaucratic institutions, yet its ‘parallel government’ held considerable sway over Assamese public life during 1985–1990, underpinned by its social embeddedness, influence upon media discourse and crucially its subversion of state structures, until its ability to limit state repression collapsed. The rise and fall of ULFA’s rebel governance illustrates the hybrid socio-political terrain upon which rebel governance is often laid. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 279-304 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2120324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2120324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:279-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2121389_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Francesco Buscemi Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Buscemi Title: ‘Blunt’ biopolitical rebel rule: on weapons and political geography at the edge of the state Abstract: This article analyzes the ways in which processes of weapons acquisition and armed collectives formation contribute to shape rebel polities – with their populations and attendant political geographies – in frontier spaces. It argues that the acquisition of weapons and the formation of an armed ensemble are shaped by political rationalities and techniques of governing the entanglements between humans and weapons that are diffused throughout society as a whole. Drawing on biopolitical governmentality, I also show that by governing weapons acquisition and the formation of an armed force rebel movements shape the rebel polity’s collective identity and political geographies of ‘vital’ space in frontiers. Harnessing fieldwork-based research to study Ta’ang rebel movements in Myanmar, I find that weapons acquisition and the formation of an armed ensembles have been inflected by govern-mentalities of narcotics eradication and ethnonationality. The article concludes that some forms of rebel rule at the edge of the state in Myanmar can be qualified as ‘blunt’ following work by anthropologist Elliott Prasse-Freeman. That is to say, rebel rule lacking the governmental apparatuses to intensively know and promote life at aggregate scales still operates massifications and divisions of biological populations and political space via the formation and governing of armed ensembles. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 81-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2121389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2121389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:1:p:81-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2139130_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Evert Kleynhans Author-X-Name-First: Evert Author-X-Name-Last: Kleynhans Author-Name: Anri Delport Author-X-Name-First: Anri Author-X-Name-Last: Delport Title: Urban counterinsurgency: the Union Defence Force and the suppression of the 1922 Rand Revolt Abstract: In early 1922, in the wake of a global depression followed by rapidly deteriorating labour and economic conditions, several thousand white mine workers on the Witwatersrand in the Union of South Africa went on strike. These miners armed and organised themselves into commandos and took to the streets. During the opening phases of the unrest, these paramilitary units clashed with the South African Police. By the beginning of March, the strikes transformed into a violent insurrection with railway workers also joining its ranks after negotiations between the mine workers, mine owners, and the government failed and new militant leadership assumed command. As chaos and disorder engulfed large tracts of the Johannesburg goldfields and levels of violence assumed new proportions, the state’s legitimacy increasingly came under threat. In response, martial law was declared, and elements of the Union Defence Force were deployed to quell the so-called 1922 Rand Revolt. Historically unaccustomed to urban warfare and without an appropriate doctrine, the defence force became involved in several high-intensity urban counterinsurgency operations against the strike commandos. Drawing from a variety of archival material, this article investigates the combat operations undertaken by the UDF to suppress the 1922 Rand Revolt. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 452-493 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2139130 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2139130 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:2:p:452-493 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_1815382_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: (ii)-(ii) Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1815382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1815382 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:2:p:(ii)-(ii) Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2119695_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: René Geyer Author-X-Name-First: René Author-X-Name-Last: Geyer Title: The 1914 South African industrial strike: the first internal deployment of the Union Defence Force Abstract: The first internal deployment of the Union Defence Force (UDF) since its inception in 1912 was to suppress a violent labour strike in January 1914. Because the inexperienced UDF was still assimilating various British and Boer military traditions, the Permanent Force was not yet sufficiently organised to quell the strike on its own. Therefore, the commandos of the Citizen Force Reserve were deployed. The traditional commando system of the former Boer republics and the Transvaal Colony was thus briefly revived to subdue the strike, in the unstable and complex South African socio-economic environment of 1914. This operation marked the end of the Boer commando system in its established format. It formed part of a vanishing military culture and was destined to be replaced by the modernising military systems of the early twentieth century. The deployment of burghers during the strike sets the background against which the article investigates both the customary and changing nature of military service for the long-established commandos. This article explores the conditions, abilities, and experiences of the ‘burghers’ on commando that participated in the crushing of the strike from a social-military history perspective. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 357-381 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2119695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2119695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:2:p:357-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2100621_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Evert Kleynhans Author-X-Name-First: Evert Author-X-Name-Last: Kleynhans Author-Name: Antonio Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia Title: The Union Defence Force and the suppression of the Bondelswarts Rebellion, 1922 Abstract: From the proclamation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the Union Defence Force (UDF) had been deployed to suppress several internal disturbances. These unrests varied in terms of their scale, intensity, and geographic location, and represented dissatisfied and disenfranchised parts of the population, both in the Union and South West Africa (now Namibia). The uprisings in turn tested the organisation, force structure and strategies of the defence force. The Bondelswarts Rebellion of 1922, although brave and tragic, provides a lens through which to investigate the first large scale rural counterinsurgency operation conducted by South African forces after the end of the First World War. These operations occurred only months after the quelling of the 1922 Rand Revolt on the Witwatersrand. The reputation of the Bondelswarts as guerrilla fighters, and the fear of further unrest breaking out across the territory, prompted the South African authorities to seek a rapid resolution to the simmering unrest in the desolate terrain of southern South West Africa. The result of this brief and violent conflict also held far reaching political consequences. This article investigates the uprising and rural counterinsurgency operations undertaken by the South African authorities in suppressing the Bondelswarts Rebellion of 1922. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 422-451 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2100621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2100621 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:2:p:422-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2138258_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: André Wessels Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Wessels Title: A Historical Overview of Boer Guerrilla and British Counterinsurgency Operations During the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902 Abstract: The year 1901 saw an upsurge in Boer guerrilla and concomitant British counterinsurgency operations during the Anglo-Boer (South African) War of 1899 to 1902 – especially in the wake of the failed Middelburg peace negotiations. One hundred and twenty years later, it is appropriate that these events should be revisited. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the Boer guerrilla and British counterinsurgency operations, including events in the Cape Colony, where the conflict had grave implications for the local white, brown and black inhabitants, who were caught up between the British and Boer forces, and where in certain areas of the war zone, a civil war was fought. The reactions and views of Lord Kitchener, the British Commander-in-Chief, receive particular attention, as he tried to bring the war to a close as soon as possible, and in the process laying waste to large areas of the war zone, thanks to the scorched-earth policy implemented by the British Army in South Africa. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 328-356 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2138258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2138258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:2:p:328-356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2153468_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Andries M. Fokkens Author-X-Name-First: Andries M. Author-X-Name-Last: Fokkens Title: The ovamboland expedition of 1917: the deposing of King Mandume Abstract: Mandume ya Ndemufayo, the last king of the Oukwanyama, resisted the subjugation of his people by colonial powers. To the Portuguese, Germans, and South Africans (and other missionaries), he was a recalcitrant, bloodthirsty, and murderous despot. But to the people of Namibia and Angola, he is a hero of the African people, with permanent remembrance at the Namibian National Heroes’ Acre, a university named after him in the City of Lubango, with street names, monuments, and memorials commemorating his acts of resistance against colonial rule. His demise at the hands of the Ovamboland Expeditionary Force on 6 February 1917 is the archetypal story of the colonial period in Africa – and elsewhere – that opposition to colonial rule was not tolerated and subdued, forcefully if necessary. European interests, along with superior firepower, facilitated the subjugation of many indigenous populations. It was no different in Ovamboland, yet in a period where kingdoms were tumbling, the Oukwanyama resisted. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 382-421 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:2:p:382-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2128279_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Fankie Monama Author-X-Name-First: Fankie Author-X-Name-Last: Monama Title: Enemy within the gates: militarism, sabotage, subversion and counter-subversion in South Africa, 1939-1945 Abstract: In September 1939, when the Union of South Africa entered what became the Second World War, the country was confronted with wide-spread political dissent and anti-war resistance which threatened internal security and stability. Incidents of violence, sabotage, riots, bomb explosions, cutting of tele-communication lines and constant militarism designed to thwart the country’s war effort were reported. These incidents were perpetuated by the disaffected radical Afrikaner nationalists who opposed the Union’s war policy, particularly the militant Ossewabrandwag (OB) led by Dr Johannes Frederik Janse (Hans) van Rensburg, in collaboration with Nazi espionage agents. The government of General Jan Christiaan Smuts implemented multi-faceted security arrangements, which included passing the War Measures Act, unleashing the security services and adopting the internment policy to subdue the militants and preserve internal security. This article examines the development of anti-war resistance and militarism in the Union and reflects on the counter-subversive efforts by the Smuts government to preserve internal security during the Second World War. Ultimately, given the magnitude of the anti-war destabilisation campaign, this analysis illustrates how and why the Smuts government survived a two-front war and managed to sustain the war effort. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 494-519 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2128279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2128279 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:2:p:494-519 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2167454_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Antonio Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia Author-Name: Evert Kleynhans Author-X-Name-First: Evert Author-X-Name-Last: Kleynhans Title: The evolution of resistance and counterinsurgency in the South African state, 1899-1948 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 317-327 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2167454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2167454 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:2:p:317-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2182580_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Insurgency, counter-insurgency, and the military and security dimensions of South African racial segregation Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 520-540 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2182580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2182580 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:2:p:520-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_1813937_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: (i)-(i) Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1813937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2020.1813937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:2:p:(i)-(i) Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2111497_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: James Bonk Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Bonk Title: Blown like cotton in the wind: women’s experiences of the White Lotus War (1796-1804) Abstract: This article explores women’s experiences during the White Lotus War (1796–1804), examining disparities related to the state’s calculation of women’s value as agents of institutional reproduction, sources of intelligence, and symbols of disorder. The state cared assiduously for widows of officers killed in battle, converting their grief into a commitment to raising sons as officers, while offering only meagre assistance to soldiers’ widows. Interrogators used female captives to verify identities of captured men, taking their emotions as evidence of attachment. Officials resettling female refugees treated them as threats to social order who need to be returned to families or remarried. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 670-692 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2111497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2111497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:3:p:670-692 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2098663_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Linh D. Vu Author-X-Name-First: Linh D. Author-X-Name-Last: Vu Title: Personal allegiances in nineteenth-century China’s southern borderland insurgencies Abstract: A coalition of Chinese, Vietnamese, and French authorities spent much of 1878–1879 putting down a thousands-strong revolt led by Li Yangcai, an officer dismissed from the Guangxi provincial army. Using Chinese and Vietnamese court records, newspapers, and memoirs, I argue that the Li Yangcai rebellion and the imperial reactions, albeit ephemeral and limited compared to other revolts and their responses in the tumultuous nineteenth century, underline the crucial element of personal connections in borderland insurgencies during the last decades of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Literature on these figures highlights how personal circumstances, particularistic connections, and the borderland setting played a key role in facilitating the growth of these small but influential insurgencies. My examination of Li Yangcai, focusing on similar elements, contributes to the growing scholarship on limited wars. Additionally, I show how the state, in addition to using official bureaucratic channels, relied on personal relationships with influential characters in the local communities to suppress the rebels. I demonstrate not only how people behaved within institutional constraints but also how the state incorporated personal ties into its institutional arsenal. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 725-746 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2098663 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2098663 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:3:p:725-746 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2114241_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sameetah Agha Author-X-Name-First: Sameetah Author-X-Name-Last: Agha Title: Roots of Afridi Insurgency in British India’s North-West Frontier: 1849-1897 Abstract: The North-West Frontier of British India, a semi-independent mountainous borderland, was the site of continuous Pukhtun armed struggle against colonial intrusion throughout the nineteenth century and into the first half of the twentieth. Persistent tribal armed attacks and major rebellions were followed by ‘butcher and bolt’ or ‘burn and scuttle’ British military expeditions, including one of the biggest Victorian small wars–the Tirah Campaign of 1897/98. Two features are particularly distinctive about the Pukhtun insurgencies: 1) The fierce and consistent nature of Pukhtun opposition to the encroaching British military state; 2) The insurgents’ success in warding off annexation and inflicting decisive military defeat time and time again propelled the colonial state into an ongoing reflexive about its failure to ‘pacify’ the region and control the tribes. Focusing on Afridi insurgency in the nineteenth century, this article examines some themes that draw attention to causes, grievances, and toward the insurgent actors. While our fleeting glimpses into insurgents motives and actions come largely from colonial accounts of counter-insurgency operations, by drawing on my extensive archival and field research in the North-West Frontier, including Afridi oral testimonies, this paper focuses its lens on the Pukhtun perspective of the North-West Frontier ‘small wars’. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 546-570 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2114241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2114241 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:3:p:546-570 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2174762_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Peter Lorge Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Lorge Title: Counterinsurgency in China and India: an Introduction Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 541-545 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2174762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2174762 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:3:p:541-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2127296_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Barend Noordam Author-X-Name-First: Barend Author-X-Name-Last: Noordam Title: Heart-minds and harquebuses: the Bozhou rebellion in China (1587-1600) Abstract: Many of the non-Chinese minorities inhabiting the south-western regions of the Ming empire (1368-1644) rebelled during the course of the dynasty’s existence, including the Miao, who at the end of the sixteenth century launched an uprising under the leadership of Yang Yinglong (1551-1600). The uprising and the resulting insurgency were eventually suppressed under the leadership of two civil officials, Guo Zizhang (1543-1618) and Li Hualong (1554-1611). During the early dynasty forceful suppression by the military together with the generous offering of amnesties and rewards to induce peaceful surrender had constituted the strategy for dealing with minority insurgencies. In contrast, civil officials, like Neo-Confucian thinker Wang Yangming (1472-1529), conceptualized mixed policies emphasizing moral exhortations and social engineering, in combination with military force using advanced technologies, as integrated solutions to the problem in the course of the sixteenth century. This paper will look at the extent to which these mixed policies were advocated and applied, and their relative measures of success. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 627-669 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2127296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2127296 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:3:p:627-669 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2067432_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Pum Khan Pau Author-X-Name-First: Pum Khan Author-X-Name-Last: Pau Title: Small wars as ‘savage warfare’: rethinking colonial counterinsurgency operations in Northeast India and Northwest Burma (1826–1919) Abstract: The paper probes colonial counterinsurgency operations in Northeast India and Northwest Burma from the First Anglo-Burmese War (1825–26) to the end of the First World War. While the nature and objective of insurgency movements differ from raid to resistance and then to a full-scale war or gal against the colonial ruler, colonial counterinsurgency operations also employed different strategies and tactics. The paper argues that in its desperate attempt to bring the opponents to submission, colonial rulers turned what they initially considered as ‘petty warfare’ into ‘savage warfare’, beyond the framework of the principles and practice of ‘small wars’. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 571-596 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2067432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2067432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:3:p:571-596 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2190217_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Weiting Guo Author-X-Name-First: Weiting Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Title: The logics of atrocities: a local official and the small wars in Taiping China, 1851–1864 Abstract: Using an autobiography written by a Qing local official, Duan Guangqing (段光清, 1798–1878), this article explores the personal experiences of local officials who developed ways of coping with atrocities, trauma, and various local affairs during the Taiping War (1851–1864). Contrary to studies that focus on large-scale combat operations in Taiping China, this essay adopts a decentered approach to explore the small-scale wars in which local officials and various actors strategized their actions and manipulated their relationships. This article argues that the strategies and actions of local figures during small-scale conflicts provide a vivid and decentered picture of Taiping China. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 693-724 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2190217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2190217 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:3:p:693-724 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2136922_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Kaushik Roy Author-X-Name-First: Kaushik Author-X-Name-Last: Roy Title: Sikh insurgency in pre-British India: origin, context and legacies Abstract: Sikh dominance in the Indian military started under the British in the late nineteenth century. The Sikh insurgency which rocked Punjab in the 1980s remains independent India’s most serious internal rebellion. In fact, the warrior ethos and military martyrdom in the Sikh community could be traced back to the precolonial era. This essay traces the history of the evolution of Khalsa’s military culture. I argue that the Sikhs were already a ‘martial race’ like the Marathas, Rajputs and the Gurkhas before the British imperial conquest. By making a case study of Sikh insurgency against the Mughal Empire, this essay shows that insurgency serves as a major educational and military mobilising tool in the creation of martial cultures/races. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 597-626 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2136922 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2136922 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:3:p:597-626 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2154435_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Harrison Akins Author-X-Name-First: Harrison Author-X-Name-Last: Akins Title: The strategic logic of policing in British India Abstract: Within British India, the police were used to suppress challenges to colonial authority. Yet, police actions in fulfilling this role varied by region. Within the provinces, the police were a coercive force to enforce internal security, augmenting military efforts. On the frontier, the aim of the police was to integrate locals into the local security framework and weld their interests to government control, rather than the direct application of force. Relying on Indian archival records, this comparative analysis demonstrates the importance of considering this variation for a more complete understanding of the strategic logic of colonial policing. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 828-852 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2154435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2154435 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:4:p:828-852 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2179809_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Christopher Tuck Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Tuck Title: ‘Shaping hearts and minds: claret operations in Borneo, 1965–1966’ Abstract: For Western militaries, the choice between enemy-centric and population-centric approaches to unconventional warfare is really no choice at all. Contemporary counterinsurgency doctrines are clear on the decisive importance of hearts and minds in delivering success: in these conflicts, the population is the prize. As this article identifies, however, context may limit in important ways the relevance of many hearts and minds activities. Despite the scale of Commonwealth military success against Indonesia during Operation Claret in 1965–66, and despite the declared importance of hearts and mind activities in support of this success, the specific context that existed during the campaign limited the extent to which hearts and minds could exert a decisive impact. In particular, the limited nature of Commonwealth objectives, which did not seek to change the political ownership of the border area, meant that the local population could not, in the long term, be protected from the consequences of choosing to side with Commonwealth forces. Therefore, despite often being well disposed to Commonwealth troops, rational concerns for their own well-being limited the willingness of border villagers to provide overt help. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 803-827 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2179809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2179809 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:4:p:803-827 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2175529_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Hubert Królikowski Author-X-Name-First: Hubert Author-X-Name-Last: Królikowski Title: ‘Destructors’ in action, support for insurgents: case study of the Third Silesian Uprising Abstract: After regaining independence in 1918, Poland faced many fundamental and strategic challenges. One of them was the issue of border crossings on the German-Polish border in Silesia. It was a region dominated by modern heavy industry, to which both the modern states laid claim. The course of the border was to be decided by a plebiscite, but the parties to the conflict resorted to violence and military means. In a complicated international situation and without the possibility of open military intervention, Poland effectively used the strategic tool of special operations – known more widely today as unconventional warfare. Thanks to their skillful application, the German military advantage was effectively eliminated and strategic goals were achieved. Poles effectively cut lines of communication, making it impossible to support pro-German organizations in Silesia, and successfully organized insurgent forces that achieved the goals important for Poland’s development policy. This paper tells the story of a special mission unit called the Destruction Group ‘Wawelberg’ and its use as a tool for implementing the state policy of unconventional warfare during the Third Silesian Uprising. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 853-881 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2175529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2175529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:4:p:853-881 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_1976573_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Federico Donelli Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Donelli Author-Name: Brendon J. Cannon Author-X-Name-First: Brendon J. Author-X-Name-Last: Cannon Title: Power projection of Middle East states in the Horn of Africa: linking security burdens with capabilities Abstract: The reported militarization of the Horn of Africa by Middle Eastern states has generated great interest among scholars and analysts alike. Their analyses and articles about the projections of power from the Middle East to the Horn of Africa are exaggerated, however, because they underappreciate the extant and enduring security burdens of the states in question and overestimate their national power capabilities. This is largely due to common misperceptions and faulty measures of military power. The question that this article answers is therefore not whether states such as Turkey or the United Arab Emirates (UAE) could redeploy limited military resources extra-regionally, but why would they and for how long? Using empirical data from interviews, defence statistics and data from recent deployments of the UAE and Turkey, we show how these key players are inhibited from prospective, long-term, and sustained deployments extra-territorially. This is supported by our analysis of the two states’ power capabilities (latent and actual) and their security burdens that constrain and limit options for the use of military tools abroad in the pursuit of foreign policy aims. This has led both Turkey and the UAE to engage in various forms of remote warfare involving local partners, allied militias, and mercenaries. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 759-779 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1976573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1976573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:4:p:759-779 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2159738_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Robert S. Snyder Author-X-Name-First: Robert S. Author-X-Name-Last: Snyder Title: ‘The Fall of Afghanistan: An American Tragedy’ Abstract: The conventional view has been that Trump and Biden made the correct decision to withdraw the US from Afghanistan, but the actual departure was flawed. On the contrary, the US should not have withdrawn and the actual departure was not a failure. The withdrawal was against the US’ larger strategic interests beyond counterterrorism. If it withdrew, it should not have done so unconditionally, for both its interests (including humanitarian) and assets were substantial. The US should not have negotiated with the Taliban absent the Afghan government, thereby undermining the government’s and its security forces’ will to fight. Thus, the success of the Taliban’s revolution owed more to the Afghan government’s collapse than its revolutionary mobilization. In withdrawing from Afghanistan, the US showed that it failed to learn lessons from its withdrawal from Iraq in 2011, which led to internal political decay in Iraq, the re-emergence of terrorism, and larger strategic setbacks for Washington. More broadly, the US failed to appreciate how its withdrawal of support for regimes dependent on it often facilitates the coming to power of hostile revolutionary movements. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 747-758 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2159738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2159738 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:4:p:747-758 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2104298_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Andrea Beccaro Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Beccaro Title: Non-state actors and modern technology Abstract: The paper focuses on how technology impacts on irregular conflicts, i.e. conflicts fought by non-state actors. The ability to inflict destruction and produce casualties is no longer directly related to the ability to organize large numbers of people and manage vast stores of resources that has been typical of large, organized state armies, and consequently smaller groups can now inflict more serious and extensive damage than their predecessors. It follows that the relationship between irregular fighters and technology is one of the most crucial elements in understanding contemporary conflicts. The paper is divided into five sections. The first is a brief paragraph focused on the definition problem, explaining why and how we use the term ‘irregular fighters’, and the second is a historical overview on how the relationship between ‘irregular fighters’ and technology has changed in the last two centuries. The third section is a study of current trends in the relationship between modern technology and current irregular warfare. The fourth section is intended to study current impacts of technology on irregular warfare, looking at ISIS’s operations in 2016–2017 and its use of drones. Finally, the conclusions section presents both lessons learned and findings. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 780-802 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2104298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2104298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:4:p:780-802 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2098666_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: J.B. Potter Author-X-Name-First: J.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Potter Title: Peace suspended by a sword: honor & justifications of violence in Breaker Morant Abstract: Breaker Morant dramatizes the historical trial of a trio of Australian lieutenants who were court-martialed for executing unarmed prisoners during the Second Boer War. The midpoint turned culmination of New Australian Cinema, this film serves as an instructive case study in how soldiers justify harsh acts of violence to themselves and others. The primary mouthpieces for such explanations are the title character and the defense attorney, Major Thomas. This article argues that these justifications are rooted in factors that both men cite repeatedly – the conduct of the enemy, the chain of command, and the nature of the conflict itself. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 942-961 Issue: 5 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2098666 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2098666 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:5:p:942-961 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2197671_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bo Arnold Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Arnold Author-Name: John Nagl Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Nagl Title: A light footprint in Syria: operational art in operation inherent resolve Abstract: Special Operations Forces (SOF) played an important role in defeating the Islamic State (ISIS) physical caliphate in Syria. Acting as a force multiplier, SOF successfully mobilized, armed, supplied, and directed an indigenous guerrilla force across northern Syria against a numerically superior entrenched enemy. This effort was underpinned by a flexible operational approach that adapted operational art to the unique characteristics of unconventional warfare. This paper provides a case study on the conflict with ISIS in Syria, focusing on the first phase of the campaign from 2014 until 2016, examining the elements of operational art which had the most significant impact on the outcome of the conflict. The application of operational art throughout the campaign sought to preserve and strengthen the friendly center of gravity – the Syrian Defense Forces, or SDF – by improving access to critical capabilities, controlling tempo, recognizing culmination criteria, and properly phasing operations and resources. SOF’s practice of sustained engagement garnered influence with the SDF and provided situational awareness to key decision makers, connecting tactics to strategy, engendering mutual trust, and allowing the agility that led to battlefield success. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1007-1039 Issue: 5 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2197671 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2197671 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:5:p:1007-1039 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2229183_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Introduction Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 883-895 Issue: 5 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2229183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2229183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:5:p:883-895 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2195339_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Louis Bester Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Bester Title: The utilization of special forces in peace missions: perspectives from South Africa Abstract: The fascination with special forces could be ascribed to the prominence of their use in contemporary conflicts across the globe. There is, however, a paradox of employing such a highly lethal force in order to pursuit peace. With peacekeeping evolving parallel with the strategic environment, especially in Africa, the trend towards more robust interventions has become prevalent since the end of the Cold War. As such, the requirement for accurate and timely intelligence in peace missions has become crucial. Admittedly, special forces would not necessarily be the soldiers expected to wear blue berets and participate in peace missions. It may come as a surprise to the uninformed, though, to learn that special forces have indeed participated, and are still involved, in peace missions across the globe. Drawing from a case study where special forces have been involved in peace missions under the umbrella of the United Nations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, this article investigates the utilization of special forces and the role they could play in peace missions in Africa. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 985-1006 Issue: 5 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2195339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2195339 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:5:p:985-1006 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2068330_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Samuel Schiffer Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Schiffer Title: Interrogating the myth of the Irish republican hero: a syntactic analysis of hunger (2008) and the wind that shakes the barley (2006) Abstract: This essay seeks to understand how since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, marking the end of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, filmic depictions of the conflict reinterpret and interrogate the traditional role of the ‘hero’ in the Irish republican cause. In an analysis of two films released after the Good Friday Agreement, Hunger (2008) and The Wind that Shakes the Barley (2006), this essay argues that both films feature a hero-type Irish republican waging a brave-but-futile campaign against British oppression, but critique the myth of the Irish republican hero by severing the cycle of mythical violence by sowing doubt in the hero myth that serves as its base. This essay suggests that film is a low-stakes arena for the interrogation of volatile narratives that plays an important role in the reconceptualization of a conflict and, maybe even, its resolution. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 919-941 Issue: 5 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2068330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2068330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:5:p:919-941 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2118416_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bianca Berman Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Berman Title: The soldier as victim and aggressor: subverting the hero soldier in Apocalypse Now, Dien Bien Phu, and White Badge Abstract: This article examines the subversion of the hero soldier figure in three Vietnam War films from three different nations that faced defeat in Vietnam: Coppola’s Apocalypse Now, Schoendoerffer’s Dien Bien Phu, and Jeong Ji-yeong’s White Badge. A close analysis reveals that all three films undermine the image of the virtuous and powerful hero soldier through recurring stylistic elements. Apocalypse Now, through the ‘Ride of the Valkyries’ helicopter sequence – as well as the opening and ending sequences – portrays the American soldier as a barbaric aggressor. Dien Bien Phu, meanwhile, visually undermines the image of the powerful hero soldier through cinematographic techniques which portray the French soldiers in the field as small and powerless. Finally, White Badge – which, unlike the two other films, takes place in the post-war period – subverts the image of the hero soldier through its use of auditory and visual elements to portray the Korean soldier as aggressor and, first and foremost, victim. The article concludes with a discussion of how the three films influence audiences’ perceptions of those who fought in Vietnam. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 962-984 Issue: 5 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2118416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2118416 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:5:p:962-984 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2067441_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Geraint Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Geraint Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Guerrillas in our midst: Reflections on the British experience of counter-insurgency in popular fiction Abstract: Over the past two decades the historical record of Britain’s wars against a series of insurgencies has experienced a fundamental academic re-assessment, challenging established beliefs about how the British state and its institutions – in particular the British Army – have waged counterinsurgency, and questioning traditional presumptions that Britain fought its insurgent enemies according to a doctrine guided by ‘hearts and minds’ and ‘minimum force’. This article shows that hints about the murky reality behind the ‘British way in counterinsurgency’ can be seen in novels published during the post-war era, some of which used recent conflicts as their subject matter, others of which referred tangentially to previous wars. Not only were these best-selling books with an international audience, but these authors had experience with Britain’s armed forces and intelligence services, and were either directly involved in counterinsurgency conflicts, or their works indicated insight and knowledge about them. Their books provided fictional illustrations of many of the themes – coercive tactics against civilians, special operations against insurgents, inter-departmental disputes, the lack of cultural understanding, the maltreatment of detainees and the excessive use of force against suspected insurgents and civilians – that have been identified and examined by military historians and other academic specialists covering Britain and counterinsurgency. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 896-918 Issue: 5 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2067441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2067441 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:5:p:896-918 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2232674_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nelson Kasfir Author-X-Name-First: Nelson Author-X-Name-Last: Kasfir Title: The insurgent’s dilemma: A struggle to prevail Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1040-1042 Issue: 5 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2232674 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2232674 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:5:p:1040-1042 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2131285_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Chukwuma Rowland Okoli Author-X-Name-First: Chukwuma Rowland Author-X-Name-Last: Okoli Author-Name: Bernard U. Nwosu Author-X-Name-First: Bernard U. Author-X-Name-Last: Nwosu Author-Name: Francis N. Okpaleke Author-X-Name-First: Francis N. Author-X-Name-Last: Okpaleke Author-Name: Ezenwa E. Olumba Author-X-Name-First: Ezenwa E. Author-X-Name-Last: Olumba Title: Security in the Lake Chad Basin and Sahel region after Idris Déby Abstract: Idris Déby’s counterinsurgency in the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) and the Sahel crafted imaginaries of Déby as a bulwark against terrorism in the region. Existing scholarship argues that Deby's death has accentuated insecurity in the region. The study adopts critical analysis and is anchored in the theory of security regionalism; it argues that the politics of Déby as a regional strongman constricted democratic spaces, invited violent opposition, and sustained rebellion in parts of the region. Although Déby provided occasional pushback when the terrorists inflicted harm on Chadian interests, he would not have won the war against terror unilaterally without regional cooperation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1130-1153 Issue: 6 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2131285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2131285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:6:p:1130-1153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2033497_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Rachel A. Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Rachel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Title: Rewriting the rules of land reform: counterinsurgency and the property rights gap in wartime Nicaragua Abstract: The use of agrarian reform within civil war to diminish insurgent support and violence has been a key topic within conflict scholarship, particularly in rural societies. Yet, this research has largely overlooked the ways in which the dynamics of counterinsurgency itself shapes land reform institutions – the procedures governing redistribution and legalization. Focusing on Nicaragua’s Contra War (1980–1990) and its longer-term effects, this article illustrates how counterinsurgent warfare can prompt state elites to refashion the rules of agrarian reform and titling in ways that ultimately undermine the state’s ability to regulate land tenure. As the perceived threat posed by the Contra insurgency deepened and peasant producers defected to rebels’ side, the highly centralized revolutionary coalition in power implemented alternative rules structuring land provision to recover rural support and preserve incumbent political power. These new rules permitted the individual and provisional titling of unregistered parcels, widening the property rights gap. The case thus illustrates that the obstacles to wartime agrarian reform may not emerge from state weakness or incompetence, but from how strategic wartime imperatives perversely remake the rules of land redistribution and titling. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1154-1179 Issue: 6 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2033497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2033497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:6:p:1154-1179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2231203_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michael Weddegjerde Skjelderup Author-X-Name-First: Michael Weddegjerde Author-X-Name-Last: Skjelderup Author-Name: Mukhtar Ainashe Author-X-Name-First: Mukhtar Author-X-Name-Last: Ainashe Title: Counterinsurgency as order-making: refining the concepts of insurgency and counterinsurgency in light of the Somali civil war Abstract: In this paper, we argue that the current insurgency and counterinsurgency discourse is dominated by concepts that are too narrow and too isolated from the wider civil war literature within which insurgency and counterinsurgency occur. Rather than accounting for the complex political processes and wide range of forces and actors that shape conflict dynamics, the dominant insurgency and counterinsurgency debate tends to reduce highly messy contexts to a competition between the often false dichotomy of insurgents and counterinsurgents, usually understood as the state versus one or more non-state violent actors. In order to understand civil war contexts like South-Central Somalia, we argue that orthodox reductionist concepts and assumptions underpinning the dominant insurgency and counterinsurgency discourse provide limited value. Building on recent critical literature, the paper proposes a refined conceptualization. Instead of understanding insurgency and counterinsurgency as peculiar forms of war, strategies, or sets of guerilla tactics, we follow Jaqueline Hazelton’s line of thought, suggesting that insurgency and counterinsurgency are mere elements of a broader process of violent order-making. Thus, insurgency and counterinsurgency are, in our view, comprehensive processes of organized challenge to and consolidation of established political order within the context of civil war. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1180-1203 Issue: 6 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2231203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2231203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:6:p:1180-1203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2226382_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ghaleb Krame Author-X-Name-First: Ghaleb Author-X-Name-Last: Krame Author-Name: Vlado Vivoda Author-X-Name-First: Vlado Author-X-Name-Last: Vivoda Author-Name: Amanda Davies Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Title: Narco drones: tracing the evolution of cartel aerial tactics in Mexico’s low-intensity conflicts Abstract: This study examines the evolution of drone tactics employed by drug cartels in Mexico from 2017 to 2022. The research traces the increasing sophistication of drone technology, payload capacities, and adaptability of cartels in employing airborne drones in low-intensity conflicts It also highlights the increasing reliance on drones for various purposes. The analysis reveals insights into how criminal organizations adapt to the changing technological landscape, incorporating drones into their operations and creating new challenges for law enforcement. The analysis outlines strategies and identifies specialized measures to counteract this asymmetric warfare. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1095-1129 Issue: 6 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2226382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2226382 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:6:p:1095-1129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2220503_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Peter H. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Peter H. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Katerina Tkacova Author-X-Name-First: Katerina Author-X-Name-Last: Tkacova Author-Name: Thomas Pert Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Pert Title: Mapping premodern small war: The case of the Thirty Years War (1618-48) Abstract: The example of the Thirty Years War (1618–48) demonstrates that small war was already integral to the conduct of premodern hostilities. Commanders employed these methods with a purpose and generally tried to limit the accompanying violence to preserve discipline and effectiveness, as well as their claims to be waging a just war. We explain why conventional histories have neglected the presence of small war in premodernity, and show how its importance, methods, and wider impact can be reconstructed through innovative digital mapping techniques, which have the potential to be applied to conflicts in other times and places. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1043-1071 Issue: 6 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2220503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2220503 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:6:p:1043-1071 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2227408_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Lawrence E. Cline Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence E. Author-X-Name-Last: Cline Title: Insurgencies & organized crime: the essential elements of information Abstract: Operational analysis of irregular warfare typically focuses on politically-based actions (typically violent) against governments. Intelligence services very often base their planning, collection efforts, and analysis on opposing insurgent or terrorist groups, proxy forces, and governments that might be supporting them. A key threat to stability in these complex security environments – organized criminal activities – has rarely received similar attention. Using commonalities revealed by patterns of organized crime in multiple regions as a basis for essential elements of information can provide a template for more comprehensive intelligence support and more sophisticated operational strategies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1072-1094 Issue: 6 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2227408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2227408 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:6:p:1072-1094 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2247518_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Danny Widiatmo Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: Widiatmo Author-Name: Abellia Anggi Wardani Author-X-Name-First: Abellia Anggi Author-X-Name-Last: Wardani Title: Chinese war in Southeast Asia’s Frontier: contesting Kokang’s Chinese identity on Myanmar-China Border conflict Abstract: Kokang is an ethnic minority group that settled along the Myanmar-China borderland with dual identity as it has long historical ties of nationalism and patronage with various political factions in China while located outside China’s border. This article explores how Kokang’s Ethnic Revolutionary Organization (ERO), the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, and their leaders construct Kokang’s identity to their benefit. Based on desk research method, the article found that Kokang’s dual identity allows them to self-categorize themselves as Chinese or separate-independent ethnic minorities in Myanmar while setting ethnic boundaries with various political entities to protect their interest. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1363-1381 Issue: 7 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2247518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2247518 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:7:p:1363-1381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2220501_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bianca Berman Author-X-Name-First: Bianca Author-X-Name-Last: Berman Title: Sergei Loznitsa, ethereal documentarian: untangling the Russia-Ukraine war in the Kiev Trial, Donbass, and Maidan Abstract: On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in a major escalation of a war that had been persisting since 2014. This article explores three of Sergei Loznitsa’s films set in Ukraine and examines the way in which their shared observational style informs the Russia-Ukraine war and may influence viewers’ perceptions of the complexities of the conflict. A close analysis reveals that the observational mode used in Maidan (2014), Donbass (2018), and The Kiev Trial (2022) has two primary effects. First, in Donbass and The Kiev Trial, the unfiltered style serves as a contrast to the often farcical and ‘staged’ content, thereby exposing the lies underpinning Soviet presence in Ukraine and the current Russian invasion. Second, in addition to exposing Russian misinformation, Loznitsa’s observational style in Maidan and Donbass facilitates identification with the Ukrainian people by visually and auditorily immersing the viewer in the world on the screen. The article concludes with a discussion of the significance of Loznitsa’s work in shaping the public’s perception of – and continued commitment to – the war in Ukraine. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1322-1342 Issue: 7 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2220501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2220501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:7:p:1322-1342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2233159_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Max Smeets Author-X-Name-First: Max Author-X-Name-Last: Smeets Title: The challenges of military adaptation to the cyber domain: a case study of the Netherlands Abstract: Whilst NATO speaks increasingly publicly about the military use of cyber operations, adaptation to the cyber domain has reportedly been challenging for most militaries. Little research has sought to understand the nature of these challenges. This study seeks to address this gap through a case study of the Netherlands. By utilizing a range of primary and secondary sources, this article reveals that the Dutch Defense Cyber Command has faced significant constraints in its adaptation to the cyber domain, primarily due to issues related to organizational structure, operational mandate, and the availability of skills and resources. A cyber command that lacks regular opportunities for day-to-day operations and where personnel may not have continuous learning opportunities to acquire and refine their skills will encounter difficulties in recruiting, training, and retaining a proficient workforce. These findings highlight the tendency of observers to mistakenly equate the mere establishment of a cyber command with the existence of a robust military cyber capability – namely, the ability to effectively carry out and sustain a range of cyber operations for tactical or strategic purposes. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1343-1362 Issue: 7 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2233159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2233159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:7:p:1343-1362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2185443_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Vicken Cheterian Author-X-Name-First: Vicken Author-X-Name-Last: Cheterian Title: Friend and Foe: Russia–Turkey relations before and after the war in Ukraine Abstract: The interaction between Russia and Turkey since 2015 suggests a new quality in foreign affairs combining tactical alliance and strategic competition. The Russian invasion of Ukraine did not change this. By studying the cases of Syria, Libya, and Nagorno-Karabakh, we observe not only elements of geopolitical competition and cooperation but also that the combination of the two contradictory approaches in foreign affairs created new opportunities beneficial to the two sides. Russian-Turkish interactions are a unique case study in international relations and are conditioned by their geopolitical competition with the west, a fact that the war in Ukraine did not alter. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1271-1294 Issue: 7 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2185443 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2185443 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:7:p:1271-1294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2187201_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sean M. Wiswesser Author-X-Name-First: Sean M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiswesser Title: Potemkin on the Dnieper: the Failure of Russian Airpower in the Ukraine war Abstract: Russia’s airpower failure in the Ukraine war was due to incompetent air campaigning and execution, coupled with the success of a highly effective Ukrainian ground-based air defense. The Russian Air Forces (VKS) attempted to execute what they term a ‘Strategic Air Operation’ based on a ‘non-contact’ doctrine, articulated widely in recent years. But they could not achieve this in practice. As a result, like the famous Potemkin Village of Catherine the Great’s time, Russia’s Air Force today is only a façade of a modern twenty-first-century Air Force. Throughout the first eight months of the invasion, Russia failed to achieve air superiority, failed at suppression of enemy air defense, and failed to deny the use of airpower to its adversary. The absence of Russian airpower was prominently on display during the September 2022 counterattack in the Kharkiv area, where Ukraine took back 3,000 plus square miles of its territory and again with the counteroffensives in the south, where Ukraine retook Kherson. This paper explores both the ‘how’ of Russia’s airpower failure along with ‘why’ it could not execute its own stated doctrine. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1205-1234 Issue: 7 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2187201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2187201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:7:p:1205-1234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2231198_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Justin Magula Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Magula Title: Exploring factors and implications of violence against civilians: a case study of the Soviet-Afghan war Abstract: The Soviet-Afghan War serves as a significant case study to understand why states resort to violent acts against civilians during war. This study takes a multidimensional approach, examining strategic, operational, and individual factors and applying theories of violence and mass killing. By analyzing the conditions that led the Soviets to target civilians, this investigation identifies a nexus of interconnected factors. At the strategic level, Soviet leaders pursued a swift victory to establish a Communist client regime while minimizing casualties and controlling information flow. Operationally, the ill-preparedness of the Red Army for counterinsurgency warfare, coupled with an entrenched organizational culture, led to the adoption of counterproductive enemy-centric tactics against Afghan noncombatants. Additionally, inadequate training, prolonged deployments, and a lack of disciplinary measures at the individual level contributed to the perpetration of violent acts. Understanding the underlying causes of violence against civilians, particularly in the context of Russian forces, holds practical importance. This knowledge can assist policymakers in devising strategies that mitigate wartime violence and enhance the protection of citizens. Drawing parallels to contemporary conflicts involving Russia, the study concludes by recommending future research directions and emphasizing the relevance of comprehending the targeting of noncombatants in ongoing conflicts, notably the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1295-1321 Issue: 7 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2231198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2231198 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:7:p:1295-1321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2122278_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Borys Kormych Author-X-Name-First: Borys Author-X-Name-Last: Kormych Author-Name: Tetyana Malyarenko Author-X-Name-First: Tetyana Author-X-Name-Last: Malyarenko Title: From gray zone to conventional warfare: the Russia-Ukraine conflict in the Black Sea Abstract: A gray zone conflict that emerged after the Russian annexation of Crimea was an element of the Russian strategy of establishing and consolidating a new and more favourable internationally recognized maritime order in the Black Sea, Kerch Strait, and the Sea of Azov. Empirical data shows that Russian superiority over Ukraine and inferiority vis-a-vis the West shaped a double asymmetry of its tactics of projecting power against Ukraine while avoiding confrontation with the West. Eventually, Moscow reached a point where the gray zone tactics could not secure its objectives. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 signalled the exhausting coercive potential of a gray zone conflict. Although, despite of transition to conventional warfare, we found continuity of ‘gray zone’ tactics of double asymmetry and denying responsibility in the Russian playbook. Hence, a possible de-escalation of the Russia – Ukraine war may likely return to a gray zone conflict. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1235-1270 Issue: 7 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2122278 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2122278 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:7:p:1235-1270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_1978750_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Jerónimo Ríos Author-X-Name-First: Jerónimo Author-X-Name-Last: Ríos Author-Name: Julio C. González Author-X-Name-First: Julio C. Author-X-Name-Last: González Author-Name: Mariano García de las Heras Author-X-Name-First: Mariano Author-X-Name-Last: García de las Heras Title: Environment and armed conflict in Colombia: terrorist attacks against water resources and oil infrastructure in Norte de Santander (2010-2020) Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of the armed conflict in Colombia on the environment, and in particular, terrorist attacks on the oil infrastructure and the phenomenon of oil spills in river basins in the department of Norte de Santander. The study covers the last decade, from 2010 to 2019, and is focused on one of the most violent departments in Colombia, through which the country’s most important oil pipeline runs, connecting Caño Limón in Arauca and Coveñas in Sucre. Based on governmental and other reports, the papersituates these acts violence within within the wider dynamics ofarmed confllict. A model is also proposed pointing to the urgency of finding new variables and risk probability factors so that this threat to security in Colombia, currently as unpredictable as it is unresolved, may be effectively managed. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1429-1457 Issue: 8 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1978750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1978750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:8:p:1429-1457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2265525_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Introduction Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1383-1399 Issue: 8 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2265525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2265525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:8:p:1383-1399 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2061149_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Ismail Bello Author-X-Name-First: Ismail Author-X-Name-Last: Bello Author-Name: Sophia Kazibwe Author-X-Name-First: Sophia Author-X-Name-Last: Kazibwe Title: Pastoralist, farmers and desertification induced conflict in North Central and Southern Nigeria Abstract: Desertification-induced conflict involving pastoralists and farmers is primarily driven by competition for water, forage, and land, other factors like ethnicity and religion also come into play. This paper utilizes descriptive analysis and secondary data, adopting the Economic & Migration Theory to explain the issue in the southern frontiers. Findings from the paper show that in the southward frontiers, the conflict has taken a different dimension due to differences in culture and religion. The migration from the core north which has been ravaged by desertification to the south has increased confrontation between these groups. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1486-1500 Issue: 8 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2061149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2061149 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:8:p:1486-1500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2256645_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Ricardo Pereira Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira Author-Name: Ana Luquett Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Luquett Author-Name: Rui Forte Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Forte Author-Name: Mohammad Eslami Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad Author-X-Name-Last: Eslami Title: Chinese Private Security Companies and the limit of coercion Abstract: This article analyses how China has overcome the limit of coercion through the use of Private Security Companies since the end of the Cold War until 2021. For this purpose, the Security Governance approach was applied to understand how the decentralisation and fragmentation of the security monopoly by the state could result in convenient coercive acts against societies. We point two paths of observation: an international path – the protection of the Chinese diaspora and the Belt and Road Initiative facilities; and a national path – the governmental interests that pave the monitoring and controlling mechanisms of Chinese society. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1532-1557 Issue: 8 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2256645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2256645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:8:p:1532-1557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2035098_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Kristina Hook Author-X-Name-First: Kristina Author-X-Name-Last: Hook Author-Name: Richard Marcantonio Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Marcantonio Title: Environmental dimensions of conflict and paralyzed responses: the ongoing case of Ukraine and future implications for urban warfare Abstract: Unique within the recent history of environmental hazards, eastern Ukraine illustrates the dangers arising from conflict in an urban landscape heavily modified by human action (including coal extraction and nuclear testing) and requiring active management. To analyze these dynamics and their implications, we examine industrialization in the Donbas region and warfare-accelerated environmental risks. Using primary data and ethnographic interviewing, we compare responses by state and international institutions tasked with monitoring and environmental redress in the context of larger mandates, noting widespread shortfall. This article contributes to emergent environment and warfare related literature by exploring how actors with divergent goals coalesce in downgrading environmental concerns, despite increasing risks, motivation to assist, and widening impact across country and continental divides. Significant for the study of small wars, a lack of international political will for ‘forgotten conflicts’ increases the likelihood of shared environmental risks being treated as simply another policy item to be negotiated. However, environmental disasters routinely cross international borders and pose long-lasting, compounding harm to direct, indirect, and even uninvolved parties. Furthermore, such dynamics may increasingly characterize warfare as urbanization and industrialization continue their global spread, with active war-time environmental management ushering in profound challenges and new areas of needed expertise. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1400-1428 Issue: 8 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2035098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2035098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:8:p:1400-1428 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2257591_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Nsemba Edward Lenshie Author-X-Name-First: Nsemba Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Lenshie Author-Name: Patience Kondu Jacob Author-X-Name-First: Patience Kondu Author-X-Name-Last: Jacob Author-Name: Confidence Nwachinemere Ogbonna Author-X-Name-First: Confidence Nwachinemere Author-X-Name-Last: Ogbonna Author-Name: Buhari Shehu Miapyen Author-X-Name-First: Buhari Author-X-Name-Last: Shehu Miapyen Author-Name: Paul Onuh Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Onuh Author-Name: Aminu Idris Author-X-Name-First: Aminu Author-X-Name-Last: Idris Author-Name: Christian Ezeibe Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Ezeibe Title: Multinational Joint Task Force’s counterinsurgency in the Lake Chad Basin and the consequences of Chadian exit for the Northeast, Nigeria Abstract: The Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), comprising soldiers from the Lake Chad Basin countries (Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, and Benin), has been countering insurgency in the region since 2015. Frictional relationships resulting from mutual distrust affected the commitments of MNJTF contributing countries in counterinsurgency operations in Lake Chad. Chad, notably, considered itself an arrowhead in the counterinsurgency due to the laxity of other coalition countries. The devastation its soldiers suffered and the waxing strength of the operation of Boko Haram and allied groups in the region motivated the late Chadian President Idriss Déby to declare in December 2019 the exiting of his soldiers from the MNJTF to concentrate on protecting the borders of the country. The study relied on extant literature and explorative qualitative techniques to investigate the consequences of such exit on northeast Nigeria. At the very least, it reveals that Chad’s exit betrayed the MNJTF counterinsurgency coalition and has negative consequences for the security complexity in northeast Nigeria. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1458-1485 Issue: 8 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2257591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2257591 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:8:p:1458-1485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2244740_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231203T183118 git hash: be90730853 Author-Name: Dagnachew Ayenew Yeshiwas Author-X-Name-First: Dagnachew Author-X-Name-Last: Ayenew Yeshiwas Author-Name: Gutema Imana Keno Author-X-Name-First: Gutema Author-X-Name-Last: Imana Keno Author-Name: Tsega Endale Etefa Author-X-Name-First: Tsega Author-X-Name-Last: Endale Etefa Author-Name: Tompson Makahamadze Author-X-Name-First: Tompson Author-X-Name-Last: Makahamadze Title: High-modernist intervention and the prolonged frontier conflict in Metekel, North-West Ethiopia: the case of the grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Abstract: This study explores the interface of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), a high-modernist hydraulic scheme, with the protracted frontier conflict in Metekel Zone of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State. Without downplaying the national technocratic ambitions that it invokes, based on fieldwork conducted in 2022, the study witnessed as the dam’s presence in Metekel has escalated the perennial state-local skirmishes, rekindled inter-group hostilities, and ultimately trans-nationalized the frontier mayhem in the area. Such impacts of the dam were rooted in the state’s long-held frontier imagination and coercive relocation program through which hegemonic high-modernist narratives contested locals’ lived experiences. Differential local impacts of the dam, its role in mounting competing territorialities, and the concomitance of the trans-national feud with local discords were also equally influencing. However, the interface between the GERD and frontier struggles in Metekel was broadly shaped by the frontier’s history and national governance policies. In revealing so, the study provides insights that complement debates about frontier dynamics and struggles in Ethiopia and Africa, which tend to concentrate on tensions related to land transfer for private investors. Indeed, frontier struggles seem too complex: one must interrogate multiple actors, the complex history, and a broader range of issues with local, national, and regional dimensions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1501-1531 Issue: 8 Volume: 34 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2244740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2244740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:34:y:2023:i:8:p:1501-1531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_10045654_J.xml processed with: repec_from_tfjats.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Matthew J. Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Matthew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Title: An Evolving View of Warfare: War and Peace and the American Military Profession Abstract: The Western way of warfare has not prepared the US Army or American society for appreciating an approach to national security that does not yield decisive and measurable outcomes. This proclivity may have significant consequences given the changing nature of the international security environment in the twenty-first century. In order to preserve national security and global stability, American strategic thinkers must understand the evolution of the national strategic culture. Then adjustments must be made to deal effectively with the challenges of a changed world order. Rather than limiting the use of force to decisive means and outcomes, the American military profession must be seriously prepared for success in less dramatic stability and support missions. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 147-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310500079908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310500079908 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:147-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_10045658_J.xml processed with: repec_from_tfjats.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Michael A. Innes Author-X-Name-First: Michael A. Author-X-Name-Last: Innes Title: Review Article: Reading Guerrilla Radio in Wartime Liberia Abstract: Numerous writers have acknowledged the importance of radio communications and hate propaganda in the Liberian civil war (1990–1997), but none have explored the subject in depth. A wide variety of related issues have been neglected, including military efforts to seize control of broadcast facilities, the deliberate manipulation of public information and perceptions, and the implications of both for wartime atrocities and post-war justice. In the following essay, I identify and discuss six general strands of thought on guerrilla radio broadcasting and communications in wartime Liberia. The first looks to the relationship between mass media and the state in the pre-civil war era. The second covers the cooption of the wartime free press. Three further themes – Charles Taylor's cultivation of personal power, the relevance of broadcasting for rebel command and control capabilities, and Taylor's media dominance during the 1997 Presidential campaign – demonstrate the strategic and public roles of radio communications and broadcasting. Finally, I look to written survivor memoirs for elite responses to wartime media monopolies, guerrilla propaganda, and psychological warfare. I conclude with some notes on indicators for future research, and their implications for historical and contemporary issues in Liberia. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 241-251 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310500130818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310500130818 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:241-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_10045653_J.xml processed with: repec_from_tfjats.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Philippe Pottier Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: Pottier Title: Articles: GCMA/GMI: A French Experience in Counterinsurgency during the French Indochina War Abstract: In 1951, the French created a special unit in Indochina, the Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (GCMA), to deal with the unconventional side of Vietminh strategy. Its initial purpose was to destroy Vietminh subversion of the rural population and not to harass Vietminh units. The GCMA developed an efficient process of swiftly taking control of large zones in the Vietminh rear areas through the use of native contact Special Mission teams. These infiltrated the population, gathered intelligence, and established guerrilla bands. This process enabled the GCMA to increase its strength dramatically through this specialised native recruitment to 14,000 men during the latter half of 1953. An important lesson from this experience is that the isolated teams were militarily weak and thus vulnerable to any concerted Vietminh offence. Counterinsurgency thus cannot be successful without an effective coordination between conventional and unconventional forces to counter this vulnerability. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 125-146 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310500079874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310500079874 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:125-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_10045657_J.xml processed with: repec_from_tfjats.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Avi Kober Author-X-Name-First: Avi Author-X-Name-Last: Kober Title: From Blitzkrieg To Attrition: Israel's Attrition Strategy and Staying Power Abstract: This article challenges the myth that Israel cannot afford to become involved in a draining war of attrition, arguing instead that Israeli society has repeatedly demonstrated a relatively high staying power. The article opens with a theoretical discussion that focuses on the difference between attrition and blitzkrieg and on the dilemmas Western democracies (WDs) face when coping with attrition. Following sections present Israeli aversion to attrition and the circumstances under which Israel eventually adopted an explicit attrition strategy, and analyse Israeli society's success in demonstrating a high cost tolerance during eight cases of attrition from the 1950s to the present. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 216-240 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310500080005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310500080005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:216-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_10045656_J.xml processed with: repec_from_tfjats.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Thijs Voskuilen Author-X-Name-First: Thijs Author-X-Name-Last: Voskuilen Title: Operation Messiah: Did Christianity Start as a Roman Psychological Counterinsurgency Operation? Abstract: Through examining the life and work of the man who is generally known as the Apostle Paul, I hope to challenge the idea that the founder of Christianity was a saint and replace it with the possibility that he really was an agent-provocateur working for the Roman administration in Palestine and various other parts of the Empire. Paul's biography and his own letters, both of which were taken up in the New Testament, hold numerous clues to the effect that this former persecutor, originally named Saul of Tarsus, never left the ranks of the government, but instead went undercover after his famous ‘conversion’ en route to Damascus. The self-proclaimed successor-to-Jesus was not only treated dramatically differently from Jesus by the Romans, but they were his friends and allowed him to live and work for 20 years instead of crucifying him. Jesus' original followers distrusted Paul, and made various attempts to kill him throughout his life. I will conclude by arguing that Paul's claim that Jesus, this candidate-king of the Jews, was the Messiah and had been crucified as the will of God (the prime assumption upon which Christianity is based) should be read as a sadistic mockery of Jewish faith, meant to divide a Jewish resistance organisation and pacify it. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 192-215 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310500079940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310500079940 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:192-215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_10045655_J.xml processed with: repec_from_tfjats.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Dan Henk Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Henk Title: The Botswana Defence Force and the War against Poachers in Southern Africa Abstract: ‘Semper aliquid novi Africa affert’ (out of Africa this is always something new) wrote the Roman scholar Pliny the Elder, and that has been all too true of catastrophe and misery in modern times. Yet despite Africa's problems, the continent also offers many examples of humankind's most commendable achievements. This is one such story. It is the account of the successful struggle by a small but well disciplined and well led African army to protect a vital national resource, a role performed with dedication and consistent success since 1987. The fight against poaching in Botswana is a peculiar form of low-intensity conflict that poses significant political, operational and technical challenges. This article identifies some of those challenges and notes how the Botswana Defence Force overcame them, providing an example that may profitably be emulated elsewhere. The article also calls attention to evolution of military roles and missions in reaction to the novel threats of post the Cold War world. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 170-191 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592310500079924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592310500079924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:170-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2302718_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2302718 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2302718 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2256039_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Clara Voyvodic Author-X-Name-First: Clara Author-X-Name-Last: Voyvodic Title: Negotiating ‘Hearts and Minds’: conflict, infrastructure, and community support in Colombia Abstract: Research has shown that the counterinsurgent proposition of ‘winning Hearts and Minds’ is more complex than building a road. This paper examines how project workers in three infrastructure projects in Colombia sought community support not for military intelligence or to improve government-community relations, but to intervene with armed groups on the project’s behalf. The findings highlight the role of community institutions in negotiating between two actors – rather than being ‘won over’ by either. This paper also indicates the limitations of community agency in the face of changing local orders, questioning the local empowerment of goods delivery in conflict areas. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 118-146 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2256039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2256039 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:118-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2278889_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Berkan Özgür Author-X-Name-First: Berkan Author-X-Name-Last: Özgür Title: Zone of rebellion: Kurdish insurgents and the Turkish state Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 184-186 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2278889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2278889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:184-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2293490_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Melvyn Fookes Author-X-Name-First: Melvyn Author-X-Name-Last: Fookes Title: Book review - proxy war in Yemen Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 181-183 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2293490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2293490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:181-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2292942_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Robert S. Burrell Author-X-Name-First: Robert S. Author-X-Name-Last: Burrell Author-Name: John Collison Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Collison Title: ‘A guide for measuring resiliency and resistance’ Abstract: This essay addresses the critical need to apply a more advanced human-centric model in assessing current levels of governmental and societal resilience and resistance to subversion and coercion, as well as internal and/or external aggression. It proposes a method of analysis and assessment of the will, potential, and sustainability for national and/or sub-national resilience, as well as the potential for resistance to malign indigenous governance or external aggression. Finally, it examines, from a prospective external supporter’s perspective, the likely success of support to a partner’s resiliency or the potential to enable resistance to inspire change in adversary behaviors. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 147-172 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2292942 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2292942 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:147-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2290744_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Botha, Smuts and the great war Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 186-190 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2290744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2290744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:186-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2289685_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Memory Makers: The politics of the past in Putin’s Russia, by Jade McGlynn and Russia against modernity, by Alexander Etkind Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 177-181 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2289685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2289685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:177-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2261400_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Ralph Shield Author-X-Name-First: Ralph Author-X-Name-Last: Shield Title: Rwanda’s War in Mozambique: Road-Testing a Kigali Principles approach to counterinsurgency? Abstract: Rwandan military behavior in Mozambique operationalizes Kigali’s rhetorical commitment to aggressively defend endangered civilians. The counterinsurgency doctrine applied in Cabo Delgado balances insurgent pursuit and civilian protection through a combination of contact patrolling and tactical restraint. This formula demonstrates learning from the country’s past experience with domestic rebellion and international peacekeeping but contrasts sharply with Rwandan army conduct in eastern Congo. The disparity suggests Rwandan battlefield demeanor is conditioned by institutional culture and role conception. The campaign underscores the influence of ideology on Rwandan soldiers' self-understanding and complicates the equivalence of nondemocratic regime type with repressive strategies of counterinsurgency. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 80-117 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2261400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2261400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:80-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2257592_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Thomas Ameyaw-Brobbey Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Ameyaw-Brobbey Title: Unholy alignment and boomerang civil conflicts: Examining how conflicts beget conflicts through external states support for rebels Abstract: This paper focuses on external state support for rebel movements by developing an analytical tool to explain how external support for rebels leads to civil conflict onset and intensification in the target state and how conflict reverses to the sponsoring state, engendering conflict diffusion and continuation. I present a two-fold argument that a cooperative relationship between external states and rebels triggers the remote causes of civil conflict, translating latent grievances into manifest conflict in the target state. Further, the resulting conflict has a boomerang effect. It has the potential to reverse to the sponsoring state. I do this by using a case studies method – cooperative relationships of governments of Sudan and Chad with each other’s rebels vis-à-vis Sudan Civil War (2000–2005) and Chad Civil War (2005–2010) – to provide a detailed explanation of the framework and its hypotheses. The explanations I offer here may help us understand some African conflict dynamics for us to take some recent developments, for example, in the Great Lakes, more seriously. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 51-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2257592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2257592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:51-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2291274_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Geraint Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Geraint Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Title: Uncivil war: the British army and the troubles, 1966-1975 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 173-176 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2291274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2291274 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:173-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2271244_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Federico Manfredi Firmian Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Manfredi Firmian Title: When Militias capture the state: evidence from Lebanon, Iraq, and Sudan Abstract: Studies on militias tend to focus on state policies, such as government collusion with militias during counterinsurgencies or post-conflict demobilization programs. This article examines militia strategies vis-à-vis the state, focusing on the case of militias engaged in ‘state capture’ – i.e. the covert and gradual penetration of state institutions aimed to shape public policy. The article provides an overview of key concepts and definitions, proposes a theoretical framework of state capture, and presents three fieldwork-based case studies: Hezbollah in Lebanon, Shia militias in Iraq, and the Rapid Support Forces in Sudan. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 1-26 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2271244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2271244 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:1-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2286705_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: James W. Houlihan Author-X-Name-First: James W. Author-X-Name-Last: Houlihan Title: Conflict in early medieval Ireland, Adomnán of Iona and the law of the Innocents (697 AD): an early Law of war Abstract: This article explores the making of the Irish Law of the Innocents that sought to protect women, children, clerics and other non-arms-bearing people in periods of conflict, people usually referred to in contemporary language as non-combatants. The law refers to them as ‘innocents’, coming from the Latin nocere, to hurt and innocere for those who do not hurt. The law stands alone for many centuries as an early form of jus in bello while western Christendom was preoccupied with jus ad bellum issues. The article examines the society from which the law emerged, and introduces the reader to the abbot of Iona, Adomnán, the inspirational figure in the law’s drafting. The article considers how the law contrasts with the dominant Augustinian Christian tradition that stressed the importance of when it was right to go to war while largely neglecting the issue of right conduct during the course of war. Finally, the article traces how the law evolved and was perceived in the following centuries until the final eclipse of the old Gaelic order in Ireland in the seventeenth century. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 27-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2286705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2286705 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:1:p:27-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2301712_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Arman Sert Author-X-Name-First: Arman Author-X-Name-Last: Sert Author-Name: Cenker Korhan Demir Author-X-Name-First: Cenker Korhan Author-X-Name-Last: Demir Title: The conceptual and doctrinal evolution on irregular warfare in Türkiye: 1919-1952 Abstract: This study investigates the evolution of concepts and doctrine on irregular warfare in Türkiye from 1919 to 1952, focusing on two primary research inquiries. It explores the conceptual approach towards irregular warfare and delves into the treatment of the subject and the development of doctrine. Using a qualitative research methodology, discourse and content analysis have been employed, drawing from various primary and secondary sources. The analysis reveals that concepts such as small war (harb-i sagir), banditry (eşkıyalık), committee (komita) and gang (çete) were acknowledged during the late Ottoman Empire, with early written examples contributing to doctrine development in the 1930s. It also accentuates inherent terminological differences to imply the actors of insurgents and government forces, although irregular warfare can be employed by both. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 284-311 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2301712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2301712 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:2:p:284-311 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2295012_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Mujeeb Kanth Author-X-Name-First: Mujeeb Author-X-Name-Last: Kanth Title: The counterinsurgent imagination: a new intellectual history Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 368-371 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2295012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2295012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:2:p:368-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2050652_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Kerry Chávez Author-X-Name-First: Kerry Author-X-Name-Last: Chávez Author-Name: Ori Swed Author-X-Name-First: Ori Author-X-Name-Last: Swed Title: Conflict contagion via weapons proliferation out of collapsed states Abstract: The Weberian definition of the state as the legitimate monopoly on the means of violence links arms to national power. In practice, the monopoly entails exchanging capital for arms to equip security forces with weapons of war. We examine what happens to these arms when a state collapses. Focusing on Libya, we explore the regional diffusion of small arms and light weapons ejecting out of the power vacuum in the wake of its breakdown. Before the 2011 uprising, the Libyan armed forces were considered one of the best equipped in Africa. When the regime collapsed, the country became the hub of an illicit arms market supplying rebels and extremist groups across the Sahara-Sahel and Middle East. We argue that upon collapse, a reversal of a specific, key aspect of state-making obtains in which uncertain and opportunistic nonstate actors with a sudden surplus of scavenged weapons exchange arms for capital. Using United Nations documentation on illicit arms smuggling and georeferenced Uppsala Conflict Data Program information on substate violence, we examine the links between state collapse and regional substate violence. We find that this exogenous material boost has been critical in the rise of violent groups and their consolidation into regional threats. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 191-227 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2050652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2050652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:2:p:191-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2246613_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Jimmy Sebastian Daimary Author-X-Name-First: Jimmy Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Daimary Author-Name: Pahi Saikia Author-X-Name-First: Pahi Author-X-Name-Last: Saikia Title: Insurgent movements and paths to negotiation: a case study of the National Democratic Front of Boroland (NDFB) in India’s northeast Abstract: What drives insurgent groups to negotiation? The paper examines the conditions that facilitate insurgents to negotiate with governments. It examines the case of National Democratic Front of Boroland (NDFB), in Assam, India’s northeast. Factors that may have contributed to the process of negotiation were change in relative costs and capabilities of insurgents. The paper argues that state’s unwillingness to concede to the insurgent demands of territorial separation affect the outcomes of insurgencies that further contribute to the fragile peace process. Drawing on qualitative interviews of former insurgents, civil society organizations and government officials, this article contributes to studies on peace negotiations. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 312-337 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2246613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2246613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:2:p:312-337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2295036_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Lawrence E. Cline Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence E. Author-X-Name-Last: Cline Title: The Iranian revolutionary guard corps: defining Iran’s military doctrine Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 362-364 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2295036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2295036 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:2:p:362-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2301713_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Oluwole Ojewale Author-X-Name-First: Oluwole Author-X-Name-Last: Ojewale Title: The bandits’ world: recruitment strategies, command structure and motivations for mass casualty attacks in northwest Nigeria Abstract: This study analyses the dynamics of banditry in northwest Nigeria through qualitative and quantitative research methodology. To populate their cells, bandits apply economic incentives and coercion. They also leverage existing social relationship with members of the communities. Banditry manifests through the deployment of large-scale violence, but it is strongly undergirded by a criminal economy. The organizational structures of bandits have developed over time by accident and by design depending on the evolution of each cell and the contexts in which they operate. The paper concludes that efforts to eliminate, neutralise and disrupt (END) banditry in northwest Nigeria must embrace three strategies – the peacebuilding approach, security sector reform, and development. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 228-255 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2301713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2301713 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:2:p:228-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2298707_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Jakub Zbytovsky Author-X-Name-First: Jakub Author-X-Name-Last: Zbytovsky Author-Name: Jan Prouza Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Prouza Title: Towards “modern” counterinsurgency in Sub-Saharan Africa: lessons learnt from Nigeria and Mozambique Abstract: This article investigates counterinsurgencies in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially those opposing insurgencies with an ethnic and/or sectarian character. Using a most-similar method of case selection, we select the cases of counterinsurgencies in Nigeria and Mozambique, which we examine in an exploratory way. We analyse the existing literature on counterinsurgency strategies and investigate possible problems with their application to contemporary Islamist insurgencies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Adopting trends and information from case studies as well as from the theoretical principles explored in several studies regarding the US counterinsurgency campaign in Iraq, we propose a new theoretical model of a possible counterinsurgency strategy for Sub-Saharan countries against ethnic and/or sectarian insurgencies. This model combines practices from classical counterinsurgency theory with suggestions regarding the ethnic and/or sectarian background of the particular insurgents and specific factors of the region of Sub-Saharan Africa. In conclusion, we discuss the broader issues of African counterinsurgency and propose a possible future enhancement to the model and its replicability for other cases. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 256-283 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2298707 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2298707 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:2:p:256-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2298493_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Marina Eleftheriadou Author-X-Name-First: Marina Author-X-Name-Last: Eleftheriadou Title: The Greek revolution: 1821 and the making of modern Europe Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 371-375 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2298493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2298493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:2:p:371-375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2291275_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Paul B. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Atrocity labelling: from crimes against humanity to genocide studies Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 364-368 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2291275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2291275 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:2:p:364-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2300092_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Joan Esculies Author-X-Name-First: Joan Author-X-Name-Last: Esculies Title: The Catalan separatist insurrection armament of 1926 in the shadow of the Irish armed decade Abstract: After general Miguel Primo de Rivera’s coup d’état in Spain in 1923, Francesc Macià went into French exile. The leader of the Catalan separatist movement and his political-military organization, Estat Català, organized an army. Macià’s aim was to penetrate with several columns of men into Catalonia to proclaim the Catalan Republic in Barcelona. This article exposes Macià’s difficulties in obtaining weapons and ammunition, describes the armament obtained and uses the conflicts which took place in Ireland between 1916 and 1923 as a frame to analyse the scope and prospects of the Catalan separatist insurrection in 1926. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 338-361 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 02 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2300092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2300092 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:2:p:338-361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2322677_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Andrea Beccaro Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Beccaro Title: Urban warfare in the middle East: the battle of Mosul and the operations in Syria Abstract: A change in modern warfare concerns the battlefield and the increasing urbanisation of conflicts. The article analyses the reason and consequences of conflict urbanisation comparing recent experiences, the American experience in the Battle of Mosul and the Russian experience in Syria. Through this comparative study, the essay’s goal is to emphasize the centrality of the concept of battle and attrition in modern warfare and to extrapolate some lessons learned in order to identify both elements of continuity and novelty in modern urban contexts. The conclusions highlight similarities of the two approaches, difficulties, and trends in current scenarios. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 377-398 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2322677 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2322677 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:3:p:377-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2278910_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Kaushik Roy Author-X-Name-First: Kaushik Author-X-Name-Last: Roy Title: Bollywood, Maratha imperialism and Hindu nationalism Abstract: Critical scholars assert that the Bharatiya Janata Party is using commercial Hindi films, controlled by the censor board, to portray a ‘Hindu’ version of Indian nationality. Left-liberal intellectuals and activists further claim that Bollywood is also pandering to the diktats of the ruling party by making films which depict a right-wing version of Indian history. Films to a great extent define our social consciousness. This article attempts to show that the two films Bajirao Mastani and Panipat make a conscious attempt regarding the presentist use of medieval Indian history for furthering the process of national integration. Further, these two films partially challenge the patriarchal depiction of women in Indian society. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 507-535 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2278910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2278910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:3:p:507-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2242624_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: C. Christine Fair Author-X-Name-First: C. Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Fair Title: Parmanu: the story of Pokhran (2018)- the saffronization of India’s quest for a nuclear weapon Abstract: Parmanu (2018) is a commercial action-cum-spy flick that recounts a highly stylized history of India’s efforts to become a Pokhrannuclear weapons state through the narrative device of the Mahabharat, one of India’s two great Sanskrit epics. In doing so, it renders India’s quest for nuclear weapons in explicitly communal terms rather than national terms. Parmanu exemplifies Modi’s co-optation of Bollywood for his personal gain and that of his party, the BJP. It also participates in the BJP’s communal agenda of forging new, muscular image of India at home and abroad. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 478-506 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2023.2242624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2023.2242624 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:3:p:478-506 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2311941_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Westphalia from below: humanitarian intervention and the myth of 1648 Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 536-541 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2311941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2311941 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:3:p:536-541 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2307599_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Lawrence E. Cline Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence E. Author-X-Name-Last: Cline Title: Mass atrocities and the police: A new history of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Herzegovina Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 541-543 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2307599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2307599 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:3:p:541-543 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2311913_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Michael Flavin Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Flavin Title: Was Gerry Adams a transformational leader? Abstract: Gerry Adams was the foremost Irish Republican leader in The Troubles (1968–1998). This paper analyses the extent to which he was a transformational leader, shifting Republicanism from armed struggle to politics. The paper analyses three texts by Adams at milestone points in the conflict. The first (1976) at the height of the armed campaign; the second (1986) as political engagement was increasing; and the third (2003), after the conflict had formally concluded. The paper uses four criteria to signify transformational leadership. The paper argues that, while Adams does not meet all four transformational leadership criteria equally, he transformed his organisation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 430-452 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2311913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2311913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:3:p:430-452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2304902_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Adeiza Isiaka Author-X-Name-First: Adeiza Author-X-Name-Last: Isiaka Title: ‘Only a tree stands still to be cut down’: discoursing legitimation in narratives of the Nigeria-Biafra war and the IPOB movement (1967 to present) Abstract: At sixty years, the Biafran movement has evolved, with actors and narratives shaped by new demographics, discourse modalities, and ideologies. While its most compelling leaders – Ojukwu and Kanu — share a secessionist goal, Kanu’s rhetoric is widely perceived as diverging from his forebear’s. With frameworks in discourse studies, I explore wide-ranging topoi of legitimation in Ojukwu’s chronicles of the Nigeria-Biafra war, and a corpus ofliberationist narratives by Kanu, leader of the present-day IPOB. I show that the resurged movement remains a clone of the old, united by insurrectionism and the various propagandist tools that have become indexical of the secessionist struggle. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 453-477 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2304902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2304902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:3:p:453-477 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2307064_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Daniel Gómez-Uribe Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez-Uribe Title: Autonomous cooperation: types of alliances between communities and combatants in civil wars Abstract: Civilian cooperation with armed actors has been widely studied by conflict scholars. However, one aspect remains conceptually overlooked: instances where civilian communities cooperate while retaining their autonomy. This article proposes alliance as the core concept to understand cooperative relationships between communities and armed groups, while communities maintain autonomous self-governance. The article introduces a descriptive typology of alliances and provides a theoretical framework explaining how civilian positions and types of territory shape the various forms that alliances take. Drawing on field-based original empirical material from three rural communities in Colombia, the article illustrates how community-combatant alliances work on the ground. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 399-429 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2307064 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2307064 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:3:p:399-429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2312957_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Levon Hovsepyan Author-X-Name-First: Levon Author-X-Name-Last: Hovsepyan Author-Name: Artyom A. Tonoyan Author-X-Name-First: Artyom A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tonoyan Title: From alliance to ‘soft conquest’: the anatomy of the Turkish-Azerbaijani military alliance before and after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war Abstract: Military cooperation has been one of the milestones in Turkish-Azerbaijani relations since the early 1990s. A qualitatively new phase began in 2010 after the signing of the strategic agreement which not only fixed the ʹcasus foederisʹ clause but also significantly increased the scope and volume of cooperation. Military cooperation underwent a qualitative change and Turkeyʹs participation in the modernization of the Azerbaijani army gained key importance. The goal of this article is to identify the qualitative changes and transformations in military cooperation and examine their direct and indirect impact on the process of transformation of the identity of Azerbaijani society. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 622-655 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2312957 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2312957 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:4:p:622-655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2322752_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Kaushik Roy Author-X-Name-First: Kaushik Author-X-Name-Last: Roy Title: Mughal amphibious counterinsurgency in the Bay of Bengal’s hinterland: 1572-1612 Abstract: During the later sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the Mughal attempt at empire building in eastern India was challenged by the Pathan chieftains and the Hindu zamindars. Besides the Mughals, the Kingdom of Arakan tried to fish in troubled waters to establish a maritime presence in the littoral regions of Bay of Bengal. Pursuit of a sophisticated amphibious counterinsurgency strategy in tune with the ecological environment of the theatre of military operations enabled the Mughals to emerge victorious in the struggle for control of the Bay of Bengal’s hinterland. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 710-735 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2322752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2322752 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:4:p:710-735 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2331986_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Paul B Rich Author-X-Name-First: Paul B Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Making the world safe for empire? Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 736-745 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2331986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2331986 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:4:p:736-745 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2312626_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Abdullah Al-Jabassini Author-X-Name-First: Abdullah Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Jabassini Title: From rebel leaders to post-war intermediaries: evidence from Southern Syria Abstract: This article investigates the distinct pathways and roles played by former rebel leaders in conditions of conflict transformation. Focusing on southern Syria, it offers a comparative analysis of the mediation undertaken by remobilised and demobilised rebel leaders to articulate the concerns and demands of local communities to state officials in the aftermath of insurgency. Drawing on multiple waves of fieldwork conducted in southern Syria between June 2018 and December 2023, it illustrates how factors such as legitimacy and effectiveness have shaped civilian preferences to engage with external powers through intermediaries. Furthermore, it reveals the underlying factors that shaped the diverse state approaches to rebels-turned-intermediaries, ranging from pragmatic collaboration to outright marginalisation. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 656-677 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2312626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2312626 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:4:p:656-677 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2324911_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Dejenie Fikremaryam Author-X-Name-First: Dejenie Author-X-Name-Last: Fikremaryam Title: Local circumstances matter: the story of two peasant resistances in northwestern Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991 Abstract: This paper aims to examine the strategies employed by the peasantry to defend their established rights and privileges against a dominant state. A careful analysis of archival and oral sources revealed that despite having common grievances, the peasants in northwestern Ethiopia have adopted a distinct approach to resistance that aligns with their local circumstances. Thus, this paper argues that local factors play a crucial role in determining the nature, content, and duration of resistance movements. Besides, it provides an opportunity to examine the central role played by the peasantry in shaping the course of history. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 678-709 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2324911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2324911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:4:p:678-709 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2319671_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Daniel Chesse Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Chesse Title: Hunting the watchmen the Ulster Defence Regiment and IRA strategy Abstract: The Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) were unique within the context of the Troubles-79% of their nearly 200 UDR casualties came while off-duty. This article frames these attacks, assesses their impact and concludes whether certain individuals (such as Catholics) were specifically targeted. I demonstrate that such tactics were ruthless pragmatism and were influenced by regionality. The IRA focused on eliminating security forces, although some pursued personal vendettas. I forward that overall, the IRA consistently demonstrated a concept of target legitimacy – ‘legitimacy frameworks’. I conclude that these practices are not only common, but should be anticipated in counterinsurgencies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 545-572 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2319671 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2319671 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:4:p:545-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2326600_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Anna M. Gielas Author-X-Name-First: Anna M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gielas Title: Prima Donnas in Kevlar zones. Challenges to the Unconventional Warfare efforts of the U.S. Special Forces during Operation Enduring Freedom Abstract: When Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) commenced in October 2001, the U.S. Special Forces (SF) were the first U.S. military unit on the ground in Afghanistan, utilising their Unconventional Warfare (UW) capabilities. Despite their significant role at the initial stage of the military campaign, SF began to encounter numerous challenges from as early as 2002 and throughout OEF. Based on an analysis of forty-five master’s theses authored by SF officers, this paper discusses the structural-organisational and cultural-conceptual challenges. These obstacles led to the marginalisation of SF’s UW efforts. Scholarship on special operations forces (SOF) often regards the period of the so-called global war on terrorism (GWOT) as U.S. SOF’s golden age focusing predominantly on the activities of SOF units linked to the U.S. Joint Special Operations Command rather than on SF. By examining the challenges faced by SF, this article aims to contribute to a more nuanced discussion of SOF efforts during GWOT. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 573-595 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2326600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2326600 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:4:p:573-595 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2331262_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Azar Babayev Author-X-Name-First: Azar Author-X-Name-Last: Babayev Author-Name: Kavus Abushov Author-X-Name-First: Kavus Author-X-Name-Last: Abushov Title: State survival vs leaders’ survival: how ethnic conflicts affect a state’s international alignment behavior Abstract: This article examines the underlying factors contributing to a more strategic and rational alignment behaviour exhibited by certain post-Soviet states compared to others in the region and beyond, despite the high stakes of domestic politics. Specifically, it focuses on Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova, suggesting their consistent, state-centric foreign policies arise from facing protracted ethnic conflicts threatening their territorial integrity. The notion of differential survival risks is proposed to explain this phenomenon. Consequently, resolving these conflicts becomes the paramount concern for these states’ leadership to avoid substantial territorial losses or even loss of sovereignty, relegating domestic issues to a secondary status. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 596-621 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2331262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2331262 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:4:p:596-621 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2336991_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Mushegh Ghahriyan Author-X-Name-First: Mushegh Author-X-Name-Last: Ghahriyan Author-Name: Veronika Torosyan Author-X-Name-First: Veronika Author-X-Name-Last: Torosyan Author-Name: Anush Harutyunyan Author-X-Name-First: Anush Author-X-Name-Last: Harutyunyan Title: Azerbaijan’s power plays: analyzing Baku’s policy towards Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh after 2020 Abstract: The article examines Azerbaijan’s policy towards Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh after the 44-day war of 2020. This research answers the questions: What is Azerbaijan’s strategy and policy following the 2020 war, and why has Azerbaijan been conducting them? The article’s argument is that Azerbaijan has been employing military coercion. It includes threats, territorial seizures, ultimatums, full-scale use of force, blackmailing, and other means to secure concessions and maintain a dominant position over its adversary. Applying the concept of coercion the article seeks to explain the article discusses several examples of how Azerbaijan employed these tactics against Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Applying the concept of coercion, the research tries to comprehensively explain Azerbaijan’s policy and reveal conducive factors that encourage the implementation of such a policy. In some senses, the post-2020 period can be seen as a continuation of the 44-day war, characterised by lower intensity. The analysis contributes to further understanding of militarized coercion. Although the history of the conflict has been thoroughly examined by scholars, there are still a handful of studies on the post-2020 situation, which makes this article’s contribution important. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 747-776 Issue: 5 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2336991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2336991 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:5:p:747-776 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2055410_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Pum Khan Pau Author-X-Name-First: Pum Khan Author-X-Name-Last: Pau Title: War within a war: Labour Corps and local response in Chin Hills during the First World War Abstract: The paper examines local response to the recruitment of Labour Corps in the Chin Hills during the First World War. It probes the tenability of colonial binary of dividing the local population into ‘loyal’ and ‘rebel’ groups. It argues that the so-called ‘loyal’ Zo (Chin) were rather coerced to join the Labour Corps through the influence of the Ukpi. On the other hand, those who resisted colonial wartime policy were not ‘rebel’ but warriors who fought a war within a war in order to free themselves from colonial bondage, albeit it was confined to a particular area. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 896-918 Issue: 5 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2022.2055410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2022.2055410 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:5:p:896-918 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_1904541_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Alcides Eduardo Dos Reis Peron Author-X-Name-First: Alcides Eduardo Author-X-Name-Last: Dos Reis Peron Author-Name: Tomaz Oliveira Paoliello Author-X-Name-First: Tomaz Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveira Paoliello Title: Fear as a product, continuum as a solution: the role of private companies in the transnational diffusion of zero tolerance policing to Brazil Abstract: This paper focuses on the diffusion of zero tolerance policing in Brazil. It argues that the global diffusion of security practices and technologies occurs through a multiplicity of channels operated by private security companies. Based on a multi-sited ethnography of electronic security fairs in São Paulo and a discourse analysis of publications distributed in these fairs, the paper discusses how these actors perform a semantic continuum between crime and existential threats. The consolidation of this continuum favors local attempts on the toughening of law enforcement and police intrusiveness, facilitating the marketing of transnational security models and technologies. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 838-864 Issue: 5 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2021.1904541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2021.1904541 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:5:p:838-864 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2333065_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Andrew Nickson Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Nickson Title: Armed opposition to the Stroessner regime in Paraguay: a review article Abstract: This review article addresses the little-known armed opposition to the Stroessner regime in Paraguay (1954–89) that remained virtually unreported during the dictatorship. It is based largely on first-hand accounts and official documents that have only recently become available. The Movimiento 14 de Mayo, led by radicals of the Liberal Party and the Frente Unido de Liberación Nacional, led by the Paraguayan communist party, together mobilized around 300 insurgents from Argentina during 1959–1962. Throughout the 1960s, the Columna Mariscal López, backed by the communist party, maintained a tenuous presence inside the country. The review shows that although substantial in scale, these insurgencies all failed. There were several reasons for this. The regime employed a harsh counter insurgency strategy of preventive repression that was adept at infiltration of movements with poor internal security. It was also skillful in manipulating nationalist sentiment against what was perceived as foreign aggression. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 919-939 Issue: 5 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2333065 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2333065 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:5:p:919-939 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2336635_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Oliver Dodd Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd Title: Uncovering the sources of revolutionary violence: the case of Colombia’s National Front (1958-1964) Abstract: Scholars often explain political violence by highlighting factors such as state weakness. This article shifts the analysis to a focus on state character. More specifically, the article analyses how the growth of revolutionary violence in 1960s Colombia was shaped by the earlier period of the National Front (1958–1964). This earlier period is crucial to understanding the outbreak of revolutionary violence because it gave rise to a project of state reorganization which refashioned the relationship between dominant and subaltern groups. The reorganization of alliances under the National Front helped to significantly reduce inter-party violence, but because of the way in which the form of state was reorganized, the National Front produced new conditions of conflict, which culminated in the growth of revolutionary violence. In making this case it is argued that the birth of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), reflected through the military offensive against Marquetalia in 1964, can only be effectively captured by appreciating how dominant forces implemented a state reorganization project, which produced new dynamics of conflict and ultimately failed to incorporate key subaltern groups. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 865-895 Issue: 5 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2336635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2336635 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:5:p:865-895 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2338079_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Lawrence E. Cline Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence E. Author-X-Name-Last: Cline Title: Review essay: proxy warfare and mercenaries Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 940-948 Issue: 5 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2338079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2338079 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:5:p:940-948 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2332165_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Jake Gasson Author-X-Name-First: Jake Author-X-Name-Last: Gasson Title: The application of ‘Small Wars’ theory and experience by the British Army in Macedonia during the First World War Abstract: Historians of the British Army during the First World War have emphasised the shift from the small pre-war professional army engaged in imperial policing to the mass citizen army capable of conducting modern industrialised warfare on the European continent. That the conflict’s global dimensions led British forces beyond the Western Front to operate in conditions which bore remarkable resemblance to those encountered during the ‘small wars’ of the nineteenth century and confront comparably irregular adversaries has remained understudied, not least in how earlier experiences affected how such challenges were met. This article redresses this omission by examining how the expeditionary force in Macedonia, the British Salonika Force, was guided by institutional and individual experiences of ‘small wars’ when approaching the challenges posed by the region, not least the hostile indigenous population and comitadji irregulars. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 777-806 Issue: 5 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2332165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2332165 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:5:p:777-806 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: FSWI_A_2336089_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Wilder Alejandro Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Wilder Alejandro Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: South America: small wars, insurgencies & aerial acquisition programs Abstract: While maintaining minimal deterrence capabilities, South America’s has not experienced inter-state warfare in almost three decades. Internal security challenges exist, while militaries are involved in various other missions, including humanitarian assistance, search-and-rescue, combating wildfires, and combating environmental crimes like illegal fishing and illegal mining. This analysis will discuss the evolving role of South American insurgencies vis-à-vis small wars, insurgencies, and other combat and non-combat missions by focusing on regional air fleets. The types of rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft Air Forces, Armies, and Navies are purchasing (or domestically manufacturing) explain what kinds of missions and threats armed services are focused on today and tomorrow’s priorities. Small case studies of helicopter and combat warplane fleets across South American militaries will help us understand what regional services spend their often-limited funds on. Moreover, we will address how regional air fleets may be composed a decade from now, by 2034, considering regional geopolitics, missions, and priorities (including environmental protection). Confidence-building mechanisms and the influence, or lack thereof, of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on recent acquisition programs and strategies will provide a more complete analysis. Journal: Small Wars & Insurgencies Pages: 807-837 Issue: 5 Volume: 35 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2024.2336089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/09592318.2024.2336089 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:fswixx:v:35:y:2024:i:5:p:807-837