Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lynette A. Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Lynette A. Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: Something out of nothing: a Bayesian learning computational model for the social construction of value Abstract: This article develops a formalism for the social construction of value. Using a model based on Bayesian agents, it demonstrates how “something” arises out of “nothing” via the emergence of durable value conventions and shows how the developed framework can be used to investigate socially constructed valuations under a variety of circumstances. The resulting analysis clarifies why assumptions that collectives will converge upon the “intrinsic” (i.e., non-socially originating) value of an object (e.g., market efficiency) may not hold for mixed social and non-social valuation regimes, explains the dependency of socially constructed valuations on early accidents, demonstrates the effects of confident actors on constructed values, and identifies the production of time-dependent ratcheting effects from the interaction of bubbles with value conventions. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 65-89 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1652173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1652173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:2:p:65-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juliano C. S. Neves Author-X-Name-First: Juliano C. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Neves Title: A fuzzy process of individuation Abstract: It is shown that an aspect of the process of individuation may be thought of as a fuzzy set. The process of individuation has been interpreted as a two-valued problem in the history of philosophy. In this work, I intend to show that such a process in its psychosocial aspect is better understood in terms of a fuzzy set, characterized by a continuum membership function. According to this perspective, species and their members present different degrees of individuation. Such degrees are measured from the membership function of the psychosocial process of individuation. Thus, a social analysis is suggested by using this approach in human societies. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 90-98 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1652908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1652908 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:2:p:90-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Li Wang Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Chenxiao Wang Author-X-Name-First: Chenxiao Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Qingpu Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Qingpu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: An acceleration-scale model of IING’s diffusion based on force analysis Abstract: The diffusion of Internet-based Intangible Network Goods (IINGs) shows new characteristics completely different from that of traditional material products. This paper aims to establish new models to describe and predict IING’s diffusion at the aggregate level. Firstly, we transform the key factors affecting IING’s diffusion into driving forces, resistant forces, and variable forces. Secondly, we analyse the dynamic changes of these forces in different diffusion stages and obtain the acceleration model of IING’s diffusion. Then, since acceleration is the second derivative of scale, we further establish the scale model of IING’s diffusion. As the scale model can predict the number of IING’s adopters at a particular time and the acceleration model can explain the dynamic changes of scale, we combine them as the acceleration-scale model to describe IING’s diffusion. Finally, we make comparisons between the acceleration-scale model and the Bass model based on three cases. Different from the previous studies, we found that IING’s diffusion rate is asymmetric. The diffusion rate of successful IING is right skewed while the diffusion rate of failed IING is left skewed. The results also shows that the acceleration-scale model has a better predictive performance than the Bass model, no matter the diffusion is successful or failed Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 99-127 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1642337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1642337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:2:p:99-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 128-128 Issue: 2 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1726089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1726089 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:2:p:128-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Kułakowski Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Kułakowski Author-Name: M. Stojkow Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Stojkow Author-Name: D. Żuchowska-Skiba Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Żuchowska-Skiba Title: Heider balance, prejudices and size effect Abstract: In a fully connected network of K individuals, links represent symmetric interpersonal relations with their signs – positive for friendly, negative for hostile ones. The network is balanced in the sense of Heider if it is divided into two, internally friendly but mutually hostile groups. A dynamics of the relations has been proposed which leads to balanced states; there, a separate differential equation is designed for each out of K(K-1)/2 links. Here we demonstrate that besides the balanced states, whole families of stable-unbalanced states exist, and the number of these states is limited only by the size of the network. Examples are given for three and four internally friendly, but mutually hostile groups. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 129-137 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1664509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1664509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:3:p:129-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oded Stark Author-X-Name-First: Oded Author-X-Name-Last: Stark Title: Relative deprivation as a cause of risky behaviors Abstract: Combining a standard measure of concern about low relative wealth and a standard measure of relative risk aversion leads to a novel explanation of variation in risk-taking behavior identified and documented by social psychologists and economists. We obtain two results: (1) Holding individual i’s wealth and his rank in the wealth distribution constant, the individual’s relative risk aversion decreases when he becomes more relatively deprived as a result of an increase in the average wealth of the individuals who are wealthier than he is. (2) If relative deprivation enters the individual’s utility function approximately linearly then, holding constant individual i’s wealth and the average wealth of the individuals who are wealthier than he is, the individual’s relative risk aversion decreases when he becomes more relatively deprived as a result of a decline in his rank. Our findings provide a theoretical support for evidence about the propensity of relatively deprived individuals to gamble and resort to other risky behaviors. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 138-146 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1664508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1664508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:3:p:138-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher R. Dishop Author-X-Name-First: Christopher R. Author-X-Name-Last: Dishop Title: A simple, dynamic extension of temporal motivation theory Abstract: Temporal motivation theory (TMT) has been criticized for its static representation and neglect of the environment. In this paper, I develop goal sampling theory (GST) to appease these criticisms and extend our understanding of goal choices beyond momentary preferences and into dynamic updating and sampling behavior across time. GST draws from temporal motivational theory, sampling models of impression formation, and organizational theory on how the environment constrains behavior and situates aspects of each into a formal model of goal sampling. Doing so addresses the limitations of our prior thinking, introduces new concepts and predictions, and provides a mathematical framework that lends itself to computational modeling. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 147-162 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1666268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1666268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:3:p:147-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eugenio Dacrema Author-X-Name-First: Eugenio Author-X-Name-Last: Dacrema Author-Name: Stefano Benati Author-X-Name-First: Stefano Author-X-Name-Last: Benati Title: The mechanics of contentious politics: an agent-based modeling approach Abstract: “Contentious politics” has become the main label to define a wide range of previously separated fields of research encompassing topics such as collective action, radicalization, armed insurgencies, and terrorism. Over the past two decades, scholars have tried to bring these various strands together into a unified field of study. In so doing, they have developed a methodology to isolate and analyze the common social and cognitive mechanisms underlying several diverse historical phenomena such as “insurgencies,” “revolutions,” “radicalization,” or “terrorism.” A multidisciplinary approach was adopted open to contributions from diverse fields such as economics, sociology, and psychology. The aim of this paper is to add to the multidisciplinarity of the field of Contentious Politics (CP) and introduce the instruments of Agent-Based Modeling and network game-theory to the study of some fundamental mechanisms analyzed within this literature. In particular, the model presented in this paper describes the dynamics of one process, here defined as “the radicalization of politics,” and its main underlying mechanisms. Their mechanics are analyzed in diverse social contexts differentiated by the values of four parameters: the extent of repression, inequality, social tolerance, and interconnectivity. The model can be used to explain the basic dynamics underlying different phenomena such as the development of radicalization, populism, and popular rebellions. In the final part, different societies characterized by diverse values of the aforementioned four parameters are tested through Python simulations, thereby offering an overview of the different outcomes that the mechanics of our model can shape according to the contexts in which they operate. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 163-198 Issue: 3 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1753187 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1753187 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:3:p:163-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lennon Ó Náraigh Author-X-Name-First: Lennon Author-X-Name-Last: Ó Náraigh Title: A differential-equation-based model of the glass ceiling in career progression Abstract: We introduce a model based on Ordinary Differential Equations to describe how two mutually exclusive groups progress through a career hierarchy, whether in a single organization, or in an entire economic sector. The intended application is to gender imbalance at the top of the academic hierarchy in European Universities; however, the model is entirely generic and may be applied in other contexts also. Previous research on gender imbalance in European universities has focused on large-scale statistical studies. Our model represents a point of departure, as it is deterministic (i.e., based on Ordinary Differential Equations). The model requires a precise definition of the progression rates for the different groups through the hierarchy; these are key parameters governing the dynamics of career progression. The progression rate for each group can be decomposed into a product: the proportion of group members at a low level in the hierarchy who compete for promotion to the next level a given year, multiplied by the in-competition success rate for the group in question. Either of these two parameters can differ across the groups under consideration; this introduces a group asymmetry into the organization’s composition. We introduce a glass-ceiling index to summarize this asymmetry succinctly. Using case studies from the literature, we demonstrate how the mathematical framework can pinpoint the proximate cause of the glass ceiling in European academia. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 42-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1611576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1611576 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:1:p:42-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jimit R. Majmudar Author-X-Name-First: Jimit R. Author-X-Name-Last: Majmudar Author-Name: Stephen M. Krone Author-X-Name-First: Stephen M. Author-X-Name-Last: Krone Author-Name: Bert O. Baumgaertner Author-X-Name-First: Bert O. Author-X-Name-Last: Baumgaertner Author-Name: Rebecca C. Tyson Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca C. Author-X-Name-Last: Tyson Title: Voter models and external influence Abstract: In this paper, we extend the voter model (VM) and the threshold voter model (TVM) to include external influences modeled as a jump process. We study the newly-formulated models both analytically and computationally, employing diffusion approximations and mean field approximations. We derive results pertaining to the probability of reaching consensus on a particular opinion and also the expected consensus time. We find that although including an external influence leads to a faster consensus in general, this effect is more pronounced in the VM as compared to the TVM. Our findings suggest the potential importance of external influences in addition to local interactions. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 1-11 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1625349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1625349 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:1:p:1-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paulo L. dos Santos Author-X-Name-First: Paulo L. Author-X-Name-Last: dos Santos Author-Name: Noé Wiener Author-X-Name-First: Noé Author-X-Name-Last: Wiener Title: By the content of their character? Discrimination, social identity, and observed distributions of income Abstract: This paper applies information-theoretic measures to consider the systemic effects on individual incomes of complex patterns of social and economic discrimination by race, ethnicity, and gender in the U.S. It estimates non-parametric indices of joint, conditional or incremental, and mutual information between income, social identity, and observable economic characteristics obtained using large-scale cross-sectional data from that economy. The paper advances new conceptual and empirical approaches to the nature and measurement of economic discrimination and inequalities of opportunity, founded on the formal informativeness of measures of social identity on economic outcomes. Estimated values for indices of informational association also cast new light on the effects of the intersections of gender and race/ethnicity on income, perverse patterns in the effects of education across different groups, and a few notable dynamic changes in patterns of income distribution in that economy over the past 40 years. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 12-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1630832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1630832 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:1:p:12-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Babak Heydari Author-X-Name-First: Babak Author-X-Name-Last: Heydari Author-Name: Pedram Heydari Author-X-Name-First: Pedram Author-X-Name-Last: Heydari Author-Name: Mohsen Mosleh Author-X-Name-First: Mohsen Author-X-Name-Last: Mosleh Title: Not all bridges connect: integration in multi-community networks Abstract: This paper studies structures for efficient and stable integration of multi-community networks where establishing bridges across communities incur additional link cost compared to those within communities. Building on the connections models with direct and indirect benefits, we show that the efficient structure for homogeneous cost and benefit parameters, and for communities of arbitrary size, always has a diameter no greater than 3. We further show that for non-trivial cases, integration always follows one of these three structures: single star, two hub-connected stars, and a new structure we introduce in this paper as parallel hyperstar, which is a special core/periphery structure with parallel bridges that connect the core nodes of different communities. Then we investigate stability conditions of these structures, using the standard pairwise stability, as well as post-transfer pairwise stability, a new stability notion we introduce in this paper, which allows for bilateral utility transfers. We show that while the parallel hyperstar structure can never be both efficient and pairwise stable, once post-transfer pairwise stability is used, efficiency guarantees stability. Furthermore, we show that all possible efficient structures can be simultaneously post-transfer pairwise stable. In the end, we provide some numerical results and discussion of empirical evidences. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 199-220 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1694519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1694519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:4:p:199-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. J. Haw Author-X-Name-First: D. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Haw Author-Name: S. J. Hogan Author-X-Name-First: S. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hogan Title: A dynamical systems model of unorganized segregation in two neighborhoods Abstract: We present a complete analysis of the Schelling dynamical system of two connected neighborhoods, with or without population reservoirs, for different types of linear and nonlinear tolerance schedules. We show that stable integration is only possible when the minority is small and combined tolerance is large. Unlike the case of the single neighborhood, limiting one population does not necessarily produce stable integration and may destroy it. We conclude that a growing minority can only remain integrated if the majority increases its own tolerance. Our results show that an integrated single neighborhood may not remain so when a connecting neighborhood is created. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 221-248 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1695608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1695608 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:4:p:221-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Bianchi Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Bianchi Author-Name: Andreas Flache Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Flache Author-Name: Flaminio Squazzoni Author-X-Name-First: Flaminio Author-X-Name-Last: Squazzoni Title: Solidarity in collaboration networks when everyone competes for the strongest partner: a stochastic actor-based simulation model Abstract: This article examines the emergence of solidarity from interactions between professionals competing for collaboration. Research on multiplex collaboration networks has shown that economic exchange can elicit solidarity when mediated by trust but did not consider the effect of competition. To fill this gap, we built an agent-based model that simulates the evolution of a multiplex network of collaboration, trust, and support expectations. Simulations show that while resource heterogeneity is key for collaboration, competition for attractive collaboration partners penalizes low-resource professionals, who are less connected and highly segregated. Heterogeneous resource distribution can trigger segregation because of preferential selection of resourceful peers and reciprocity. Interestingly, we also found that low-resource professionals can reduce their marginalization by building in-group mutual support expectations. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 249-266 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1704284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1704284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:4:p:249-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra González-Bailón Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: González-Bailón Title: Bit by bit: social research in the digital age Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 267-268 Issue: 4 Volume: 44 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1682802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1682802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:44:y:2020:i:4:p:267-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guillermina Jasso Author-X-Name-First: Guillermina Author-X-Name-Last: Jasso Title: New results linking inequality and justice Abstract: Recent work revives the classic idea that the sense of justice is the first line of defense against inequality and shows that the link depends, in part, on ideas of the just reward. This paper extends earlier work, making three new contributions: (1) it expands the just reward scenarios from the micro scenarios (which start with the individual's idea of the just reward) to six new macro scenarios (which start with the distribution of everyone's ideas of the just reward); (2) it expands the set of justice measures from three to four, including now the proportion underrewarded; and (3) it obtains results for all the new cases, identifying the conditions that lead to radically different connections between inequality and justice. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 1-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1715970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1715970 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:1:p:1-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oded Stark Author-X-Name-First: Oded Author-X-Name-Last: Stark Author-Name: Grzegorz Kosiorowski Author-X-Name-First: Grzegorz Author-X-Name-Last: Kosiorowski Title: Turning relative deprivation into a performance incentive device Abstract: The inclination of individuals to improve their performance when it lags behind that of others with whom they naturally compare themselves can be harnessed to optimize the individuals’ effort in work and study. In a given set of individuals, we characterize each individual by his relative deprivation, which measures by how much the individual trails behind other individuals in the set doing better than him. We seek to divide the set into an exogenously predetermined number of groups (subsets) in order to maximize aggregate relative deprivation, so as to ensure that the incentive for the individuals to work or study harder because of unfavorable comparison with others is at its strongest. We find that the solution to this problem depends only on the individuals’ ordinally measured levels of performance independent of the performance of comparators. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 22-36 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1787407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1787407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:1:p:22-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Schoch Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Schoch Title: Projecting signed two-mode networks Abstract: Signed two-mode networks have so far predominantly been analyzed using blockmodeling techniques. In this work, we put forward the idea of projecting such networks onto its modes. Two projection methods are introduced which allow the application of known dichotomization tool for weighted networks to obtain a simple signed network. It turns out, however, that resulting networks may contain ambivalent ties, defined as conjunctions of positive and negative ties. We show that this requires the reformulation of matrices related to the network and introduce the complex adjacency and Laplacian matrix. These matrices are used to prove some properties related to balance theory including ambivalence. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 37-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1711376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1711376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:1:p:37-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neng-Pin Lu Author-X-Name-First: Neng-Pin Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Title: A hierarchical walk-based measure of centrality based on reachability between strongly connected components in a digraph Abstract: For measuring the centrality in a digraph, Bonacich and Lloyd summarized a vector, from the power series of an attenuated adjacency matrix, as the alpha centrality. However, scores of alpha centrality are usually dominated by nodes in the strongly connected component, which owns the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix. In this paper, based on reachability between strongly connected components, we consider not only the largest eigenvalue but also the other smaller ones to attenuate the adjacency matrix hierarchically; and obtain a measure from the power series of the hierarchically attenuated adjacency matrix. Consequently, we propose the hierarchical alpha centrality, which can yield higher scores for nodes at higher hierarchies of reachability in a digraph. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 51-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1711753 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1711753 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:1:p:51-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Cornwell Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Cornwell Author-Name: Jake Burchard Author-X-Name-First: Jake Author-X-Name-Last: Burchard Title: Structural cohesion and embeddedness in two-mode networks Abstract: The detection of structural cohesion is a key utility of social network analysis, but little work has been done to refine the detection of structural cohesion in two-mode networks. Most work on cohesion in two-mode networks either: (1) attempts to detect cohesion in such networks using one-mode projections (which can be problematic for reasons we discuss); or (2) focuses on restrictive substructures like bi-cliques to identify cohesive subgroups. We propose a new strategy for two-mode networks that follows the general reasoning of approaches to detecting structural cohesion in one-mode networks. Our approach identifies the number of actors from one node set that may be removed before disconnecting actors in the opposite set. We also develop a definition of embeddedness that draws on Moody and White’s hierarchical nesting approach. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 179-194 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1606806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1606806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:43:y:2019:i:4:p:179-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arnout van de Rijt Author-X-Name-First: Arnout Author-X-Name-Last: van de Rijt Title: “How behavior spreads: the science of complex contagions Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 231-232 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1593522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1593522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:43:y:2019:i:4:p:231-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. A. W. Bradford Author-X-Name-First: R. A. W. Author-X-Name-Last: Bradford Title: Group Extinction in Iterated Two Person Games with Evolved Group-Level Mixed Strategies Abstract: The shift to a genetic basis of evolution in the 1960s, and away from group selection, created a problem in regard to the origin of cooperative behavior in human societies. The resolution essentially involves mutual recognition of individuals, thus permitting the phenomena of reputation, reciprocation, and retribution to arise, these being key to stable cooperative societies. The analysis presented, based on evolutionary game theory, serves to emphasize the crucial role of individual recognition by illustrating the consequences of assuming the opposite. It is shown that where tribal membership is apparent, but individuals are not recognizable, evolving mistrust leads to tribal extinction in an evolutionary game theory model. Moreover, a single tribe is also unstable to schism. Subsequently, the extinction of one schismatic group occurs. Failure to recognize individuals therefore facilitates a mechanism which leads to increasing conformity. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 195-212 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1602045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1602045 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:43:y:2019:i:4:p:195-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria T. Sanz Author-X-Name-First: Maria T. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanz Author-Name: Vicente Díaz Gandasegui Author-X-Name-First: Vicente Author-X-Name-Last: Díaz Gandasegui Author-Name: Begoña Elizalde-San Miguel Author-X-Name-First: Begoña Author-X-Name-Last: Elizalde-San Miguel Title: Sense and sensibility: using a model to examine the relationship between public pre-school places and fertility Abstract: This paper presents a stochastic dynamic mathematical model, in which a Family Policy Index (XFPI) is included to measure and compare two different models of provision of resources to support families with children from 0 to 3 years old. The main variables in this model are the XFPI, fertility, mortality, emigration and immigration rates. This mathematical model was validated in two different countries, Spain and Norway, during the 2007–2015 period. A sensitivity analysis was applied to simulate the future trend (2016–2030), examining the influence of providing public pre-school services (0 to 3 years) on (XISF). The results obtained show that these services may indeed have an influence on fertility rates, as long as they are developed extensively. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 213-230 Issue: 4 Volume: 43 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2019.1583226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2019.1583226 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:43:y:2019:i:4:p:213-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leonidas Sakalauskas Author-X-Name-First: Leonidas Author-X-Name-Last: Sakalauskas Author-Name: Vytautas Dulskis Author-X-Name-First: Vytautas Author-X-Name-Last: Dulskis Author-Name: Rimvydas Lauzikas Author-X-Name-First: Rimvydas Author-X-Name-Last: Lauzikas Author-Name: Arunas Miliauskas Author-X-Name-First: Arunas Author-X-Name-Last: Miliauskas Author-Name: Darius Plikynas Author-X-Name-First: Darius Author-X-Name-Last: Plikynas Title: A probabilistic model of the impact of cultural participation on social capital Abstract: This study attempts to construct a computer-based probabilistic model of the social impact of cultural events, which may be useful for simulating and measuring social impact in a community context. Changes in social capital as a result of actors’ participation in cultural events are modeled, assuming that links exist between cultural participation and social capital measured using the methodology of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The computer-based probabilistic model for simulation of the social impact of a cultural event flow is developed, and the model for a social impact assessment using statistical socio-cultural data is given. Finally, verification of the developed model is carried out by Monte Carlo-based computer-simulated case study, and the example of application to statistical cultural participation data is presented. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 65-78 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1725002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1725002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:2:p:65-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Weihua Ruan Author-X-Name-First: Weihua Author-X-Name-Last: Ruan Title: Markovian strategies with continuous and impulse controls for a differential game model of revolution Abstract: This paper is concerned with a piecewise-deterministic differential game model of political regime changes. We modify and study the model proposed by Boucekkine et al. in [7]. The original model does not allow all players to take full controls as the situation progresses. Hence, it does not lead to closed-loop strategies. We fix the problem by deriving and using a system of quasi-variational inequalities associated with the differential game, and proving a criterion for the regime change. As a result, we find Markovian strategies for all players. A numerical example for illustration of the method is given. Implications of the results to political changes in a society are discussed. Some results are extended to more general models that incorporate gradual and abrupt changes, as well as continuous and impulse controls. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 79-99 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1726344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1726344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:2:p:79-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshy Easaw Author-X-Name-First: Joshy Author-X-Name-Last: Easaw Author-Name: Saeed Heravi Author-X-Name-First: Saeed Author-X-Name-Last: Heravi Title: Public opinion as nowcast: consistency and the role of news uncertainty Abstract: The purpose of this note is to consider the effect of perception noise when voters form public opinions. We provide a simple theoretical framework that will form the basis to investigate empirically the effect of news uncertainty on voters’ attentiveness when forming public opinion, or nowcasts. An attentive voter will consistently update their information set. Therefore, if voters’ nowcasts are consistent, any revision of the nowcasts must only reflect new information. We specifically consider how news uncertainty may affect voter attentiveness. The paper focuses on US presidential competence and popularity indices. We find that the nowcasts are consistent during periods of low news uncertainty but highly persistent when news uncertainty is high. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 100-110 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1732371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1732371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:2:p:100-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muneta Yokomatsu Author-X-Name-First: Muneta Author-X-Name-Last: Yokomatsu Author-Name: Hitomu Kotani Author-X-Name-First: Hitomu Author-X-Name-Last: Kotani Title: Knowledge sharing, heterophily, and social network dynamics Abstract: This study formulates a model where (i) players are characterized by a knowledge set that changes endogenously by communication and (ii) some players have homophily preferences, while others have heterophily preferences. The study thus demonstrates that heterophilous players bridge different components and extend networks in an early stage and, subsequently, homophilous players take the role of a network hub that maintains network ties. It also illustrates the long-run knowledge distribution. Further, the model is embedded with new structural components that illustrate the strength of weak ties and the small-world phenomenon. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 111-133 Issue: 2 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1741575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1741575 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:2:p:111-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaolu Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xiaolu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Pricing through ambiguity: a flocking model of the inter-dynamics between pricing practices and market uncertainties Abstract: Pricing practices of firms are an important yet the least studied aspect of the price phenomenon in sociology. This paper answers the question: why do firms, even in the same market, tend to use different pricing practices – value-informed, competition-informed, or cost-informed pricing – to set prices? To that end, this study constructs a formal dynamic flocking model to investigate the inter-dynamics between market uncertainties and the viability of the three pricing practices. The model is a substantial revision and extension of Harrison White’s static W(y) market model by reformulating the latter into a dynamic one and by explicitly incorporating different market uncertainties into the model as variables. The study shows that each kind of pricing practice is only viable under certain distributions of market uncertainties. The theory is then used to explain the distribution of pricing practices among firms in the Burgundy wine market. Theoretical and methodological innovations and the implications for firms and for sociological research on markets and uncertainties are also discussed. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 148-182 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1746297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1746297 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:3:p:148-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 192-193 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1917928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1917928 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:3:p:192-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeroen Bruggeman Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen Author-X-Name-Last: Bruggeman Author-Name: Rudolf Sprik Author-X-Name-First: Rudolf Author-X-Name-Last: Sprik Author-Name: Rick Quax Author-X-Name-First: Rick Author-X-Name-Last: Quax Title: Spontaneous cooperation for public goods Abstract: Cooperation for public goods poses a dilemma, where individuals are tempted to free ride on others’ contributions. Classic solutions involve monitoring, reputation maintenance and costly incentives, but there are important collective actions based on simple and cheap cues only, for example, unplanned protests and revolts. This can be explained by an Ising model with the assumption that individuals in uncertain situations tend to conform to the local majority in their network. Among initial defectors, noise such as rumors or opponents’ provocations causes some of them to cooperate accidentally. At a critical level of noise, these cooperators trigger a cascade of cooperation. We find an analytic relationship between the phase transition and the asymmetry of the Ising model, which in turn reflects the asymmetry of cooperation and defection. This study thereby shows that in principle, the dilemma of cooperation can be solved by nothing more than a portion of random noise, without rational decision-making. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 183-191 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1756285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1756285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:3:p:183-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carter T. Butts Author-X-Name-First: Carter T. Author-X-Name-Last: Butts Title: Phase transitions in the edge/concurrent vertex model Abstract: Although it is well known that some exponential family random graph model (ERGM) families exhibit phase transitions (in which small parameter changes lead to qualitative changes in graph structure), the behavior of other models is still poorly understood. Recently, Krivitsky and Morris have reported a previously unobserved phase transition in the edge/concurrent vertex family (a simple starting point for models of sexual contact networks). Here, we examine this phase transition, showing it to be a first-order transition with respect to an order parameter associated with the fraction of concurrent vertices. This transition stems from weak cooperativity in the recruitment of vertices to the concurrent phase, which may not be a desirable property in some applications. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 135-147 Issue: 3 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1746298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1746298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:3:p:135-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ying Ying Keng Author-X-Name-First: Ying Ying Author-X-Name-Last: Keng Author-Name: Kiam Heong Kwa Author-X-Name-First: Kiam Heong Author-X-Name-Last: Kwa Author-Name: Christopher McClain Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: McClain Title: Convex combinations of centrality measures Abstract: Despite a plethora of centrality measures were proposed, there is no consensus on what centrality is exactly due to the shortcomings each measure has. In this manuscript, we propose to combine centrality measures pertinent to a network by forming their convex combinations. We found that some combinations, induced by regular points, split the nodes into the largest number of classes by their rankings. Moreover, regular points are found with probability $$1$$1 and their induced rankings are insensitive to small variation. By contrast, combinations induced by critical points are scarce, but their presence enables the variation in node rankings. We also discuss how optimum combinations could be chosen, while proving various properties of the convex combinations of centrality measures. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 195-222 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1765776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1765776 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:4:p:195-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tanu Wadhera Author-X-Name-First: Tanu Author-X-Name-Last: Wadhera Author-Name: Deepti Kakkar Author-X-Name-First: Deepti Author-X-Name-Last: Kakkar Title: Modeling risk perception using independent and social learning: application to individuals with autism spectrum disorder Abstract: The current study mathematically models key factors influencing Risk Perception (RP) that involves knowledge inferred from present situations and social learning, past information and priming effect. It is a generalized perception-based model and in the present paper, it is applied to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The computational model has been simulated for numerous rounds in two phases to find a quantitative value of the model factors. In the first phase, the model reflected dependency of RP upon recent past events and priming, while second phase revealed that social learning modulates RP, even in ASD. This further proves that peer-interaction plays a crucial role in building perception. Thus, our work provides a mathematical framework to evaluate perception objectively in any situation, such as risky/danger-situations. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 223-245 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1774877 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1774877 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:4:p:223-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carol Ann Downes Author-X-Name-First: Carol Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Downes Author-Name: Philip D. Waggoner Author-X-Name-First: Philip D. Author-X-Name-Last: Waggoner Title: Exploring ideological signals from cosponsorship Abstract: While cosponsorship is a useful tool for cosponsors, what is its impact on the bill? Adapting the mathematical concept of directed transportation networks for the American Congressional context, we suggest cosponsorship’s impact on a bill comes in the form of an ideological signal. We offer a model of policymaking where ideological “weight” is added to bills each time legislators sign on as cosponsors. In addition to policy substance, the bill’s final position in ideological space may also be considered as a function of all collaborators (i.e., initial sponsor and cosponsors). We conclude by extending and applying our model to two bills from the 115th U.S. House. Results comport with our model’s expectations, suggesting we are capturing ideological signals from cosponsorship. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 246-267 Issue: 4 Volume: 45 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1787406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1787406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:45:y:2021:i:4:p:246-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Accinelli Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Accinelli Author-Name: Filipe Martins Author-X-Name-First: Filipe Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Author-Name: Alberto A. Pinto Author-X-Name-First: Alberto A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pinto Author-Name: Atefeh Afsar Author-X-Name-First: Atefeh Author-X-Name-Last: Afsar Author-Name: Bruno M. P. M. Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Bruno M. P. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveira Title: The power of voting and corruption cycles Abstract: We introduce an evolutionary dynamical model for corruption in a democratic state describing the interactions between citizens, government and officials, where the voting power of the citizens is the main mechanism to control corruption. Three main scenarios for the evolution of corruption emerge depending on the efficiency of the institutions and the social, political, and economic characteristics of the State. Efficient institutions can create a corruption intolerant self-reinforcing mechanism. The lack of political choices, weaknesses of institutions and vote buying can create a self-reinforcing mechanism of corruption. The ambition of the rulers can induce high levels of corruption that can be fought by the voting power of the citizens creating corruption cycles. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 56-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1818077 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1818077 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:1:p:56-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Blex Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Blex Author-Name: Taha Yasseri Author-X-Name-First: Taha Author-X-Name-Last: Yasseri Title: Positive algorithmic bias cannot stop fragmentation in homophilic networks Abstract: Fragmentation, echo chambers, and their amelioration in social networks have been a growing concern in the academic and non-academic world. This paper shows how, under the assumption of homophily, echo chambers and fragmentation are system-immanent phenomena of highly flexible social networks, even under ideal conditions for heterogeneity. We achieve this by finding an analytical, network-based solution to the Schelling model and by proving that weak ties do not hinder the process. Furthermore, we derive that no level of positive algorithmic bias in the form of rewiring is capable of preventing fragmentation and its effect on reducing the fragmentation speed is negligible. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 80-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1818078 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1818078 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:1:p:80-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristoffer Jon Albers Author-X-Name-First: Kristoffer Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Albers Author-Name: Morten Mørup Author-X-Name-First: Morten Author-X-Name-Last: Mørup Author-Name: Mikkel N. Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Mikkel N. Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Author-Name: Fumiko Kano Glückstad Author-X-Name-First: Fumiko Kano Author-X-Name-Last: Glückstad Title: Predictive evaluation of human value segmentations Abstract: Data-driven segmentation is an important tool for analyzing patterns of associations in social survey data; however, it remains a challenge to compare the quality of segmentations obtained by different methods. We present a statistical framework for quantifying the quality of segmentations of human values, by evaluating their ability to predict held-out data. By comparing clusterings of human values survey data from the forth round of European Social Study (ESS-4), we show that demographic markers such as age or country predict better than random, yet are outperformed by data-driven segmentation methods. We show that a Bayesian version of Latent Class Analysis (LCA) outperforms the standard maximum likelihood LCA in predictive performance and is more robust for different number of clusters. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 28-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1811277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1811277 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:1:p:28-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carter T. Butts Author-X-Name-First: Carter T. Author-X-Name-Last: Butts Title: A dynamic process reference model for sparse networks with reciprocity Abstract: Many social and other networks exhibit stable size scaling relationships, such that features such as mean degree or reciprocation rates change slowly or are approximately constant as the number of vertices increases. Statistical network models built on top of simple Bernoulli baseline (or reference) measures often behave unrealistically in this respect, leading to the development of sparse reference models that preserve features such as mean degree scaling. In this paper, we generalize recent work on the micro-foundations of such reference models to the case of sparse directed graphs with non-vanishing reciprocity, providing a dynamic process interpretation of the emergence of stable macroscopic behavior. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 1-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1795652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1795652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:1:p:1-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ankita Dey Author-X-Name-First: Ankita Author-X-Name-Last: Dey Author-Name: Diganta Mukherjee Author-X-Name-First: Diganta Author-X-Name-Last: Mukherjee Author-Name: Sugata Sen Roy Author-X-Name-First: Sugata Author-X-Name-Last: Sen Roy Title: Modelling the influence of social network with a multiple group latent class analysis Abstract: Presence of social network among the respondents in a survey may have an influence on the patterns of response. Latent class analysis identifies hidden subgroups in the respondents in a survey and simplifies the structure of heterogeneity amongst them. In the present study, a new model of social network-informed multiple group latent class analysis is developed by introducing a parameter measuring the influence of a social network on a respondent. For suitable application of the proposed model, data from 75 Indian villages with detailed demographic characteristics and a diverse social and economic network are used. The present study examined the methodological aspect of the proposed model of multiple group latent class analysis adjusted for the impact of social network. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 99-119 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1821199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1821199 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:2:p:99-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guillermina Jasso Author-X-Name-First: Guillermina Author-X-Name-Last: Jasso Author-Name: Bernd Wegener Author-X-Name-First: Bernd Author-X-Name-Last: Wegener Title: An empirically based just linear income tax system Abstract: This paper develops and illustrates a method for empirically designing an income tax system that people will regard as fair. The paper begins with the classical Principles of Tax Justice, viz., as pretax income increases, three quantities should also increase – posttax income, tax amount, and tax rate. GSOEP data on residents’ pretax income and the posttax income they regard as fair are used to estimate a just linear income tax system. Analytic results include a signature standard form of the tax system showing the intertwined fates of poor and rich and the conditions which threaten fairness. Empirical results show that the estimated tax system lowers taxes for a majority of respondents, especially the relatively poorer, and substantially reduces inequality. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 195-225 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1859501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1859501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:2:p:195-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivan V. Kozitsin Author-X-Name-First: Ivan V. Author-X-Name-Last: Kozitsin Title: Formal models of opinion formation and their application to real data: evidence from online social networks Abstract: In this paper, we analyze data on the opinion dynamics of 1,660,927 users of an online social network using formal models of opinion formation. We have observed that moderate users have a tendency to follow the average opinion of their online friends, which we interpret as a presence of bounded confidence. Further, we have discovered that the probability of moving toward the average opinion goes down if the difference between it and the user’s opinion is too large. Another interesting feature uncovered is that if a user’s opinion and the average opinion of their online friends are very similar, the influence also decreases. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 120-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835894 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835894 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:2:p:120-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Malte Doehne Author-X-Name-First: Malte Author-X-Name-Last: Doehne Title: Incentive structures: quality competition and the production of fine Californian wines Abstract: When and for whom does it pay to make high-quality products? In this paper, I address this question through the lens of Harrison White’s socioeconomic models of production. The socioeconomic models relate economist incentives of cost-efficiency to sociological insights into the construction of quality on markets. Differences in firm size and quality sustain distinct market niches whose appeal to producers vary. The ordering of niches by quality and associated implications for profitability establish the incentive structure of the market. As illustration, I trace the evolution of the Californian wine industry from its nadir under prohibition to today. The account motivates a productive reading of the socio-economic models that tempers their analytical focus and broadens their scope of application. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 148-172 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835895 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1835895 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:2:p:148-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bokwon Lee Author-X-Name-First: Bokwon Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Yohan Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yohan Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: K.M Lee Author-X-Name-First: K.M Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Jae-Suk Yang Author-X-Name-First: Jae-Suk Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: An agent-based model of deliberative democracy and polarization Abstract: In this paper, we examined the effect of deliberative democracy on the polarization of opinion. Through three case analyses, we find that deliberative democracy has two major components – provision of information and group discussion. Polarization of opinion can be explained by several theories: social identity theory, social comparison, and confirmation bias. We constructed a deliberative democracy model that reflected these mechanisms of polarization. We found that deliberative democracy actually decreased polarization of opinion when group discussion was a strong factor. Our study provides guidelines for an institutional design incorporating deliberative democracy, with emphasis on the composition of unbiased group discussions. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 173-194 Issue: 2 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2020.1836625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2020.1836625 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:2:p:173-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neng-Pin Lu Author-X-Name-First: Neng-Pin Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Title: A measure of centrality based on a reciprocally perturbed Markov chainfor asymmetric relations Abstract: In digraphs representing asymmetric relations, the measured scores of previous spectral rankings are usually dominated by nodes in the largest strongly connected component. In our previous work, we proposed hierarchical alpha centrality to give higher scores for more reachable nodes not in the largest strongly connected component. However, without careful consideration of damping parameters, the scores obtained by this method may be unbounded. In this paper, we normalize the adjacency matrix to be stochastic, subsequently damping the resulting Markov chain with a reciprocal perturbation at each and every non-zero transition, and propose a new hierarchical measure of centrality for asymmetric relations. The proposed measure simplifies damping and ensures that the measured scores are bounded. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 246-265 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1885402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1885402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:3:p:246-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. A. Ashi Author-X-Name-First: H. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ashi Author-Name: Raneah M. Al-Maalwi Author-X-Name-First: Raneah M. Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Maalwi Author-Name: Sarah Al-Sheikh Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Sheikh Title: Study of the unemployment problem by mathematical modeling: Predictions and controls Abstract: One problem that has become a concern for governments around the world is unemployment. We illustrate the problem using a nonlinear system of differential equations considering three dynamical variables: the number of unemployed people, the number of employees and the number of available vacancies. We find that the system possesses one positive equilibrium point which is locally and globally stable under certain conditions. We identify the employment rate and the rate of creating new vacancies that is required to reach the unemployment rate of 7% in agreement with the efforts of governments to attain low unemployment levels.keywords: Unemployment; Stability; Routh Hurwitz; Lyapunov function; Numerical simulation Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 301-313 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1931173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1931173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:3:p:301-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisa Jayne Bienenstock Author-X-Name-First: Elisa Jayne Author-X-Name-Last: Bienenstock Author-Name: Phillip Bonacich Author-X-Name-First: Phillip Author-X-Name-Last: Bonacich Title: Eigenvector centralization as a measure of structural bias in information aggregation Abstract: The principal eigenvector of the adjacency matrix is widely used to complement degree, betweenness and closeness measures of network centrality. Employing eigenvector centrality as an individual level metric underutilizes this measure. Here we demonstrate how eigenvector centralization, used as a network-level metric, models the potential, or limitation, for the diffusion of novel information within a network. We relate eigenvector centralization to assortativity and core – periphery and use simple simulations to demonstrate how eigenvector centralization is ideal for revealing the conditions under which network structure produces suboptimal utilization of available information. Our findings provide a structural explanation for the persistence of “out of touch” business and political leadership even when organizations implement protocols and interventions to improve leadership accessibility. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 227-245 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1878357 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1878357 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:3:p:227-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth Joseph Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: Joseph Author-Name: Jonathan Howard Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Howard Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Title: Friend or Foe: A Review and Synthesis of Computational Models of the Identity Labeling Problem Abstract: We introduce the identity labeling problem – given an individual in a social situation, can we predict what identity(ies) they will be labeled with by someone else? This problem remains a theoretical gap and methodological challenge, evidenced by the fact that models of social-cognition often sidestep the issue by treating identities as already known. We build on insights from existing models to develop a new framework, entitled Latent Cognitive Social Spaces, that can incorporate multiple social cues including sentiment information, socio-demographic characteristics, and institutional associations to estimate the most culturally expected identity. We apply our model to data collected in two vignette experiments, finding that it predicts identity labeling choices of participants with a mean absolute error of 10.9%, a 100% improvement over previous models based on parallel constraint satisfaction and affect control theory. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 266-300 Issue: 3 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1923016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1923016 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:3:p:266-300 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1929968_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Tanzhe Tang Author-X-Name-First: Tanzhe Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Author-Name: Amineh Ghorbani Author-X-Name-First: Amineh Author-X-Name-Last: Ghorbani Author-Name: Caspar G. Chorus Author-X-Name-First: Caspar G. Author-X-Name-Last: Chorus Title: Hiding opinions by minimizing disclosed information: an obfuscation-based opinion dynamics model Abstract: In the field of opinion dynamics, the hiding of opinions is routinely modeled as staying silent. However, staying silent is not always feasible. In situations where opinions are indirectly expressed by one’s observable actions, people may however try to hide their opinions via a more complex and intelligent strategy called obfuscation, which minimizes the information disclosed to others. This study proposes a formal opinion dynamics model to study the hitherto unexplored effect of obfuscation on public opinion formation based on the recently developed Action-Opinion Inference Model. For illustration purposes, we use our model to simulate two cases with different levels of complexity, highlighting that the effect of obfuscation largely depends on the subtle relations between actions and opinions. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 315-341 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1929968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1929968 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:4:p:315-341 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1941002_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Avneet Kaur Author-X-Name-First: Avneet Author-X-Name-Last: Kaur Author-Name: Mahak Sadhwani Author-X-Name-First: Mahak Author-X-Name-Last: Sadhwani Author-Name: Syed Abbas Author-X-Name-First: Syed Author-X-Name-Last: Abbas Title: Law Enforcement: The key to a Crime-free Society Abstract: This paper intends to simulate a simple artificial society divided into two populations: criminal and non-criminal. The time evolution of the system is modeled using a set of differential equations, borrowing relevant features from the prey-predator, epidemic spread, and harvesting models. Each population can switch type upon interaction. The stability and equilibrium points of this system are examined, concluding that harvesting and interaction rates play an important role in the evolution of the system toward different stable equilibria between populations, which eventually coalesce into one. The results indicate that as long as the harvesting and conversion rates remain sufficiently small, the criminal population thrives. However, when either of the two crosses a certain value, the criminal population becomes extinct.   Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 342-359 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1941002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1941002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:4:p:342-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1873020_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 360-360 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1873020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1873020 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:46:y:2022:i:4:p:360-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1956918_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Scott Westenberger Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Westenberger Title: Drifting to the top? Disentangling mechanisms influencing the turnover rate of popular music Abstract: What causes turnover on the Billboard charts? The neutral model of cultural evolution, which assumes that taste is transmitted via an unbiased copying process, provides precise predictions regarding expected popularity distributions and turnover within a popularity-ranked list. Recent advances in this line make it possible to characterize the likelihood of music taste transmission mechanisms by investigating departures of observed turnover rates from neutral model predictions. Here, I bias the neutral model to investigate four alternative conceptions of individual music taste transmission (song quality, individual status, social network, and anticonformist) and use agent-based simulations to examine the impact on turnover. I then compare modeled with empirical turnover data from the Billboard Hot 100 over the period from 1958 to 2021 and find that observed turnover patterns are reproduced only in an anticonformist model simulating the systematic rejection of the most popular songs. This finding was unexpected and challenges the notion of a generalized “preference for the popular.” Overall, this study contributes to ongoing debates regarding the mechanisms involved in the transmission of taste and the mechanics of fashion change. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 42-74 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1956918 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1956918 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:1:p:42-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1956917_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Ivan V. Kozitsin Author-X-Name-First: Ivan V. Author-X-Name-Last: Kozitsin Title: Opinion dynamics of online social network users: a micro-level analysis Abstract: In this paper, we present an empirical study of the opinion dynamics of a large-scale sample of online social network users. We estimate users’ opinions as continuous scalars based on their subscriptions to information sources and analyze how friendship connections affect the dynamics of these estimations. Distinguishing between positive (toward friends’ opinions) and negative (away from friends’ opinions) opinion shifts, we find that the existence and magnitude of both types of shifts are positively related (largely through linear or inverted U-shaped form) to the distance in opinions between a user and their friends. The distance additionally moderates the balance between positive and negative movements: if the distance is within a certain moderate range, there is a relatively high chance of a positive shift. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 1-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1956917 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1956917 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:1:p:1-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1972417_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Atsushi Ishida Author-X-Name-First: Atsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Ishida Title: A model of income evaluation: income comparison on subjective reference income distribution Abstract: People’s evaluation of the relative position of their income is not as accurate as the relative income hypothesis assumes. It is observed from empirical survey data that income evaluation is concentrated in the middle. We develop a model that assumes income comparison on a subjective income reference distribution to explain the centralization phenomenon of income evaluation. We conduct theoretical analysis and empirical parameter estimation using Bayesian statistical modeling. The theoretical analysis shows that the centralization of income evaluation distribution occurs when the subjective reference distribution is more dispersed than the objective distribution. Empirical analysis using Japanese data from 2015 shows that the relationship between subjective and objective distributions differed depending on social categories with different social experiences. Women had a more ambiguous distribution than men. Among men, those aged 45–54 had a subjective distribution closest to the objective distribution. Thus, the subjective reference income distributions that potentially define people’s evaluation of their income and their differences based on social category were only clarified by constructing the model. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 75-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1972417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1972417 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:1:p:75-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1973456_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Emre Dil Author-X-Name-First: Emre Author-X-Name-Last: Dil Author-Name: Elif Dil Author-X-Name-First: Elif Author-X-Name-Last: Dil Title: Sociophysics of income distributions modeled by deformed fermi-dirac distributions Abstract: In order to model the income data, the physical distributions of Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein families have already been proposed in the literature. In this study, we generalize Fermi-Dirac distribution by using a q,p-deformed version of Fermi-Dirac distribution which provides the advantage of working with flexible free q, p deformation parameters as the regression parameters for modeling the income data. We analyze the accuracy of the generalized version, q,p-deformed Fermi-Dirac distribution, on describing the data of income share held by quintiles for countries, and household income for the states of U.S.A. in 2018. We also use $${\chi ^2}$$χ2 minimization routine for modeling the data which leads to the best fit parameters for the deformation parameters q and p. Subsequently, we plot the fitted q,p-deformed Fermi-Dirac distribution as income distribution with the obtained deformation parameters, then find the statistical confidence values $${r^2}$$r2 from the fitted curve. We figure out that our model properly describes the income data for the systems experiencing a high level of income inequality, and also $${r^2}$$r2 values are correlated with the Gini index for those of considered systems. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 97-122 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1973456 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1973456 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:2:p:97-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1981311_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Peng Lu Author-X-Name-First: Peng Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Dianhan Chen Author-X-Name-First: Dianhan Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: The life cycle model of chinese empire dynamics (221 BC–1912 AD) Abstract: The life cycle pattern is pervasive for both natural and social sciences, from human behaviors to social systems. Based on the life cycle model of collective actions, the man–land relationship governs the rise and fall cycles, namely dynastic cycles. We combine agent-based modeling, systemic dynamics, and numerical simulations, to build the life cycle model of empires. It aims to investigate the rise and fall process of 18 major dynasties (empires) in history of China, from BC 221 to AD 1912. The core aim is to find optimal solutions, which achieve the best matching between simulations and real history. According to our algorithm, the optimal solutions can be obtained, when we have the minimal span differences (gaps) between simulated and real empires. First, we traverse all related parameters, and select simulations with 18 empires. Second, we select the cases with the total ticks between 2122 and 2132 years (ticks). Third, we select cases whose differences (gaps) are within 20 years. Finally, we obtain three optimal solutions (combinations of parameters) whose validity (100 simulations) and robustness (1000 simulations) have been checked. It seems that our life cycle model has achieved the best fitness to real empires in the history of China. For distributive matching of durations (spans), both discrete and continuous forms can be matched. Besides, the simulate and real durations can be matched as well, under counterfactual inferences of 16–17, 18 & 19–20 pairs. Based on our model, the whole history process of China can be back-calculated. Therefore, it seems that the trend of human history (society) may be an automatic process, which cannot be altered by man’s will. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 170-206 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1981311 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1981311 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:2:p:170-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1981310_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: E. Iacomini Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Iacomini Author-Name: P. Vellucci Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Vellucci Title: Contrarian effect in opinion forming: Insights from Greta Thunberg phenomenon Abstract: In recent months, the figure of Greta Thunberg and the theme of climate changings quickly became the focus of the debate. This has led to a polarization effect in opinion forming about the climate subject. Starting from the analysis of this phenomenon, we develop an opinion dynamics model in which several types of contrarian agents are considered. Each agent is supposed to have an opinion on several topics related to each other; thus, the opinions being formed on these topics are also mutually dependent. The aim of the paper is to investigate the indirect effects of contrarian agents on the collective opinion about these topics. Several numerical tests are presented in order to highlight the main features of the model. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 123-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1981310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1981310 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:2:p:123-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1988946_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Andreas Tutić Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Tutić Title: Stochastic evolutionary dynamics in the Volunteer’s Dilemma Abstract: We study the evolution of cooperation in the Volunteer’s Dilemma using the stochastic Moran process, which models a birth/death dynamic on a finite population. Each period one player dies and is replaced by a copy of a player. Players are either matched in pairs or matched in groups to play the Volunteer’s Dilemma and their payoffs affect their probabilities of reproduction. This set-up allows to study how selection pressure, initial number of cooperators as well as the size of the groups playing the Volunteer’s Dilemma influence the evolution of cooperation. Our main result is that given sufficiently high selection pressure an equilibrium of full cooperation is certain in pairwise interactions but an impossibility in group interactions. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 207-226 Issue: 3 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.1988946 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.1988946 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:3:p:207-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2003795_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: John Angle Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Angle Title: Generalizing the Inequality Process’ gamma model of particle wealth statistics Abstract: The Inequality Process (IP) has been tested and confirmed against data on incomes that are approximately gamma distributed. The IP’s gamma pdf (probability density function) model expresses statistics of IP particle wealth algebraically in terms of IP parameters for the subset of IP parameters that generate approximately gamma distributions of particle wealth, a serious limitation, one leaving statistics of the many empirical distributions of income and wealth with heavier-than-gamma distribution right tails beyond algebraic expression in terms of IP particle parameters. This paper shows that an IP variance-gamma (VG) pdf model can do for the entire interval on which IP particle parameters are defined, (0,1), what the IP’s gamma pdf model does for only a subset. This paper thus generalizes the IP’s gamma pdf model, and it does so with no loss of parsimony since the IP’s VG pdf model is, like the IP’s gamma pdf model, expressed in terms of IP particle parameters. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 227-243 Issue: 3 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.2003795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.2003795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:3:p:227-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2004596_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Albin Mathew Author-X-Name-First: Albin Author-X-Name-Last: Mathew Author-Name: T. V. Shijin Author-X-Name-First: T. V. Author-X-Name-Last: Shijin Author-Name: Roshni T Roy Author-X-Name-First: Roshni T Author-X-Name-Last: Roy Author-Name: P. Soorya Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Soorya Author-Name: Shahul Hameed K Author-X-Name-First: Shahul Author-X-Name-Last: Hameed K Author-Name: K. A. Germina Author-X-Name-First: K. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Germina Title: Social balance - a signed detour distance analysis Abstract: In this paper, by defining two types of signed detour distances and corresponding detour distance matrices, we introduce the notion of detour distance compatibility for signed graphs and later applying these concepts, we give yet another characterization of balance in signed graphs. Further, we discuss signed detour spectra of certain classes of unbalanced signed graphs. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 244-254 Issue: 3 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.2004596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.2004596 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:3:p:244-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2021513_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Garry Sotnik Author-X-Name-First: Garry Author-X-Name-Last: Sotnik Author-Name: Thaddeus Shannon Author-X-Name-First: Thaddeus Author-X-Name-Last: Shannon Author-Name: Wayne Wakeland Author-X-Name-First: Wayne Author-X-Name-Last: Wakeland Title: A new agent-based model offers insight into population-wide adoption of prosocial common-pool behavior Abstract: New theoretical agent-based model of population-wide adoption of prosocial common-pool behavior with four parameters (initial percent of adopters, pressure to change behavior, synergy from behavior, and population density); dynamics in behavior, movement, freeriding, and group composition and size; and emergence of multilevel group selection. Theoretical analysis of model’s dynamics identified six regions in model’s parameter space, in which pressure-synergy combinations lead to different outcomes: extinction, persistence, and full adoption. Simulation results verified the theoretical analysis and demonstrated that increases in density reduce number of pressure-synergy combinations leading to population-wide adoption; initial percent of contributors affects underlying behavior and final outcomes, but not size of regions or transition zones between them; and random movement assists adoption of prosocial common-pool behavior. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 311-338 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.2021513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.2021513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:4:p:311-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2004597_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Matteo Alpino Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Alpino Author-Name: Halvor Mehlum Author-X-Name-First: Halvor Author-X-Name-Last: Mehlum Title: Two notions of social capital Abstract: We propose a model that reconciles two aspects of social capital: social capital as reciprocal sharing of favors within a selected group vs. social capital as trust that lubricates transactions in societies. The core assumption is that individuals have productive potentials, e.g., innovations, that can not be put at use autonomously. However, individuals can associate in a club to match productive innovator-implementor dyads among the members. For a given club, allowing one new member has the effect of a) an increased pool of innovations and b) an increased pool of potential implementers. Whether a particular member supports the expansion of the club depends on whether she expects to be an implementor or an innovator. When expansion of membership is decided by vote, both small exclusive clubs and open clubs encompassing the whole society can emerge. The outcome depends both on the voting protocol, on the distribution of innovator and implementer skills, and on the maximal potential club size. Moreover, identical environments may generate multiple equilibrium club sizes. In which of these the society ends up depends on the initial conditions and on the voting protocol. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 255-282 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.2004597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.2004597 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:4:p:255-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2012668_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: S. M. Amadae Author-X-Name-First: S. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Amadae Author-Name: Christopher J. Watts Author-X-Name-First: Christopher J. Author-X-Name-Last: Watts Title: Red Queen and Red King Effects in cultural agent-based modeling: Hawk Dove Binary and Systemic Discrimination Abstract: What endogenous factors contribute to minority (Red Queen) or majority (Red King) domination under conditions of coercive bargaining? We build on previous work demonstrating minority disadvantage in non-coercive bargaining games to show that under neutral initial conditions, majorities are advantaged in high conflict situations, and minorities are advantaged in low conflict games. These effects are a function of the relationship between (1) relative proportions of the majority and minority groups and (2) costs of conflict. Although both Red King and Red Queen effects can occur, we further show that agents’ increased initial propensity toward conflict advantages majorities. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 283-310 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2021.2012668 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2021.2012668 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:47:y:2023:i:4:p:283-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1545769_J.xml processed with: repec_from_tfjats.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Kim R. Sawyer Author-X-Name-First: Kim R. Author-X-Name-Last: Sawyer Author-Name: André F. Gygax Author-X-Name-First: André F. Author-X-Name-Last: Gygax Title: An option-theoretic model of a reputation network Abstract: This paper constructs a new theory of social networks based on reputation. The model assumes that reputation is an asset and that individuals connect by buying options on the reputation of others. In networking, individuals construct portfolios of call options to leverage the reputations of others and put options to hedge the connections with others. A network then consists of portfolios of reputation options. The option model confers advantages not present in existing models. First, the payoff to connecting is the payoff on a portfolio of reputation options. Second, the network forms as individuals take option positions; the network evolves as individuals adjust those positions. Third, networking strategies become option strategies. The model allows for insights into network structure, the price of connecting and the value of connecting. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 123-146 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2018.1545769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1545769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:43:y:2019:i:3:p:123-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1555827_J.xml processed with: repec_from_tfjats.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Neng-Pin Lu Author-X-Name-First: Neng-Pin Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Title: Using principal eigenvectors of adjacency matrices with added diagonal weights to compose centrality measures and identify bowtie structures for a digraph Abstract: Principal eigenvectors of adjacency matrices are often adopted as measures of centrality for a graph or digraph. However, previous principal-eigenvector-like measures for a digraph usually consider only the strongly connected component whose adjacency submatrix has the largest eigenvalue. In this paper, for each and every strongly connected component in a digraph, we add weights to diagonal elements of its member nodes in the adjacency matrix such that the modified matrix will have the new unique largest eigenvalue and corresponding principal eigenvectors. Consequently, we use the new principal eigenvectors of the modified matrices, based on different strongly connected components, not only to compose centrality measures but also to identify bowtie structures for a digraph. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 164-178 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2018.1555827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1555827 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:43:y:2019:i:3:p:164-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_1555828_J.xml processed with: repec_from_tfjats.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Benjamin R. Chisholm Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin R. Author-X-Name-Last: Chisholm Author-Name: Peter A. Muller Author-X-Name-First: Peter A. Author-X-Name-Last: Muller Author-Name: Amanda J. Horn Author-X-Name-First: Amanda J. Author-X-Name-Last: Horn Author-Name: Zachary S. Ellis Author-X-Name-First: Zachary S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ellis Title: A competing infection model for the spread of different viewpoints of a divisive idea Abstract: We develop a non-network, deterministic, competing infections model for the spread of two competing viewpoints of a divisive idea that incorporates external factors in addition to interpersonal interactions. We consider divisive ideas to have polarizing support, i.e. there are no “shades of grey.” The proposed model for the spread of the competing support and skepticism of such an idea within a population is based on both epidemiological and competing species models. The model is then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in a case study of the 2016 Republican primary polls. Parameter fitting to this data shows the proposed model is plausible for the spread of viewpoints of a divisive idea. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 147-163 Issue: 3 Volume: 43 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2018.1555828 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2018.1555828 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:43:y:2019:i:3:p:147-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2180000_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Hannah Marchi Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Marchi Author-Name: Christiane Fuchs Author-X-Name-First: Christiane Author-X-Name-Last: Fuchs Title: Hurdle-QAP models overcome dependency and sparsity in scientific collaboration count networks Abstract: Spatial proximity may facilitate scientific collaboration. We regress its impact within two German research institutions, defining collaboration strength and proximity by the number of joint publications and spatial distance between work places. The methodological focus lies on accounting for (i) the dependency structure in network data and (ii) excess zeros in the sparse target matrix. The former can be addressed by a quadratic assignment procedure (QAP), the second by a hurdle model. To offer a joint solution, we combine the methods to novel parametric and non-parametric hurdle-QAP models. The analysis reveals that proximity can facilitate collaboration, but significant effects get lost within building structures. Outcomes of this study may inform about how to target the promotion of interdisciplinary research. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 100-127 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2023.2180000 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2023.2180000 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:1:p:100-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2124246_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Beth M. Stokes Author-X-Name-First: Beth M. Author-X-Name-Last: Stokes Author-Name: Samuel E. Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Samuel E. Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Author-Name: Philip Garnett Author-X-Name-First: Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Garnett Author-Name: Jingxi Luo Author-X-Name-First: Jingxi Author-X-Name-Last: Luo Title: Extremism, segregation and oscillatory states emerge through collective opinion dynamics in a novel agent-based model Abstract: Using mathematics to model the evolution of opinions among interacting agents is a rich and growing field. We present a novel agent-based model that enhances the explanatory power of existing theoretical frameworks, corroborates experimental findings in social psychology, and reflects observed phenomena in contemporary society. Bespoke features of the model include: a measure of pairwise affinity between agents; a memory capacity of the population; and a generalized confidence bound called the interaction threshold, which can be dynamical and heterogeneous. Moreover, the model is applicable to opinion spaces of any dimensionality. Through analytical and numerical investigations, we study the opinion dynamics produced by the model and examine the effects of various model parameters. We prove that as long as every agent interacts with every other, the population will reach an opinion consensus regardless of the initial opinions or parameter values. When interactions are limited to be among agents with similar opinions, segregated opinion clusters can be formed. An opinion drift is also observed in certain settings, leading to collective extremisation of the whole population, which we quantify using a rigorous mathematical measure. We find that collective extremisation is likely if agents cut off connections whenever they move away from the neutral position, effectively isolating themselves from the population. When a population fails to reach a steady state, oscillations of a neutral majority are observed due to the influence exerted by a small number of extreme agents. By carefully interpreting these results, we posit explanations for the mechanisms underlying socio-psychological phenomena such as emergent cooperation and group polarization. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 42-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2022.2124246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2022.2124246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:1:p:42-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2036142_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Kit Ming Danny Chan Author-X-Name-First: Kit Ming Danny Author-X-Name-Last: Chan Author-Name: Robert Duivenvoorden Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Duivenvoorden Author-Name: Andreas Flache Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Flache Author-Name: Michel Mandjes Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Mandjes Title: A relative approach to opinion formation Abstract: Formal models of opinion formation commonly represent an individual’s opinion by a value on a fixed opinion interval. We propose an alternative modeling method wherein interpretation is only provided to the relative positions of opinions vis-à-vis each other. This method is then considered in a similar setting as the discrete-time Altafini model (an extension of the well-known DeGroot model), but with more general influence weights. Even in a linear framework, the model can describe, in the long run, polarization, dynamics with a periodic pattern, and (modulus) consensus formation. In addition, in our alternative approach key characteristics of the opinion dynamic can be derived from real-valued square matrices of influence weights, which immediately allows one to transfer matrix theory insights to the field of opinion formation dynamics under more relaxed conditions than in the DeGroot or discrete-time Altafini models. A few specific themes are covered: (i) We demonstrate how stable patterns in relative opinion dynamics are identified which are hidden when opinions are considered in an absolute opinion framework. (ii) For the two-agent case, we provide an exhaustive closed-form description of the relative opinion model’s dynamic in the long run. (iii) We explore group dynamics analytically, in particular providing a non-trivial condition under which a subgroup’s asymptotic behavior carries over to the entire population. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 1-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2022.2036142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2022.2036142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:1:p:1-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2179999_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Sunil Kumar Author-X-Name-First: Sunil Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar Author-Name: Apurba Dabgotra Author-X-Name-First: Apurba Author-X-Name-Last: Dabgotra Author-Name: Diganta Mukherjee Author-X-Name-First: Diganta Author-X-Name-Last: Mukherjee Title: Latent class analysis of multigroup heterogeneity in propensity for academic dishonesty Abstract: Latent class analysis (LCA) is a cross-sectional latent variable mixture modeling (LVMM) approach. Like all LVMM approaches, LCA aims to find heterogeneity within the population by identifying homogenous subgroups of individuals, with each subgroup (called latent class) possessing a unique set of characteristics that differentiate it from other subgroups. LCA can be carried out with categorical latent and indicator variables. But, LCA is unable to examine the association between respective items and the latent variable among categories of individuals. Multiple-group LCA, in particular, is a useful extension of LCA which enables the testing of homogeneity of the class patterns between groups of the individual through a series of constraints. In this paper, we have performed a multi-group latent class analysis for measuring self reported academic dishonesty among the students of University of Jammu. From the analysis, three general behaviors of academic cheaters are identified as rare, frequent, and instant cheaters. Further, from the multi-group LCA, it is envisaged that female students of University of Jammu are more instantaneous cheaters than male students. Students who are self-reported cheaters from sciences and humanities of the University of Jammu are persistent in cheating whereas from professional courses they are more occasional. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 81-99 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2023.2179999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2023.2179999 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:1:p:81-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2248645_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Oded Stark Author-X-Name-First: Oded Author-X-Name-Last: Stark Title: Can altruism lead to a willingness to take risks? Abstract: I study attitudes towards risk taking in cases where a person relates to others positively, namely altruistically. This study is needed because it is unclear how altruism influences the inclination of an altruistic person to take risks. Will this person’s risk-taking behavior differ if the utility of another person does not enter his utility function? Does being altruistic cause a person to become more reluctant to take risks because a risky undertaking turning sour will also damage his ability to make altruistic transfers? Or does altruism induce a person to resort to risky behavior because the reward for a successful outcome is amplified by the outcome facilitating a bigger transfer to the beneficiary of the altruistic act? Specifically, holding constant other variables, I ask: is an altruistic person more risk averse or less risk averse than a comparable person who is not altruistic? In response to this question, using a simple model in which preferences are represented by a logarithmic utility function, I show that an altruistic person who is an active donor (benefactor) is less risk averse than a comparable person who is not altruistic: altruism is a cause of greater willingness to take risks. The finding that the altruism trait causes greater willingness to take risks has not previously been noted in the existing literature. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 272-278 Issue: 2 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2023.2248645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2023.2248645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:2:p:272-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2180002_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Paramahansa Pramanik Author-X-Name-First: Paramahansa Author-X-Name-Last: Pramanik Author-Name: Alan M. Polansky Author-X-Name-First: Alan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Polansky Title: Semicooperation under curved strategy spacetime Abstract: Mutually beneficial cooperation is a common part of economic systems as firms in partial cooperation with others can often make a higher sustainable profit. Though cooperative games were popular in 1950s, recent interest in noncooperative games is prevalent despite the fact that cooperative bargaining seems to be more useful in economic and political applications. In this paper we assume that the strategy space and time are inseparable with respect to a contract. Furthermore, it is assumed that each firm’s strategy polygon is a geodesic polygon which changes its shape every point of time with the stubbornness strategy surface of firm’s executive board follow a Gaussian free field. This gives us more flexibility to deal with generalized geodesic cooperative games which is the main contribution of this paper. Under this environment we show that the strategy spacetime is a dynamic curved Liouville-like 2-brane quantum gravity surface under asymmetric information and that traditional Euclidean geometry fails to give a proper feedback Nash equilibrium. Cooperation occurs when two firms’ strategies fall into each other’s influence curvature in this strategy spacetime. Small firms in an economy dominated by large firms are subject to the influence of large firms. We determine an optimal feedback semicooperation of the small firm in this case using a Liouville-Feynman path integral method. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 172-206 Issue: 2 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2023.2180002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2023.2180002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:2:p:172-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2180001_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Carter T. Butts Author-X-Name-First: Carter T. Author-X-Name-Last: Butts Title: Continuous time graph processes with known ERGM equilibria: contextual review, extensions, and synthesis Abstract: Graph processes that unfold in continuous time are of obvious theoretical and practical interest. Particularly useful are those whose long-term behavior converges to a graph distribution of known form. Here, we review some of the conditions for such convergence, and provide examples of novel and/or known processes that do so. These include subfamilies of the well-known stochastic actor-oriented models, as well as continuum extensions of temporal and separable temporal exponential family random graph models. We also comment on some related threads in the broader work on network dynamics, which provide additional context for the continuous time case. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 129-171 Issue: 2 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2023.2180001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2023.2180001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:2:p:129-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2217324_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Jacob Dijkstra Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Dijkstra Author-Name: Brent Simpson Author-X-Name-First: Brent Author-X-Name-Last: Simpson Author-Name: Dieko M. Bakker Author-X-Name-First: Dieko M. Author-X-Name-Last: Bakker Title: Everybody herds, sometimes: cumulative advantage as a product of rational learning Abstract: We propose a model of cumulative advantage (CA) as an unintended consequence of the choices of a population of individuals. Each individual searches for a high quality object from a set comprising high and low quality objects. Individuals rationally learn from their own experience with objects (reinforcement learning) and from the observation of others’ choices (social learning). We show that CA emerges inexorably as individuals rely more on social learning and as they learn from more rather than fewer others. Our theory argues that CA has social dilemma features: the benefits of CA could be enjoyed with modest drawbacks provided individuals would practice restraint in their social learning. However, when practiced by everyone such restraint goes against the individual’s self-interest. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 207-271 Issue: 2 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 04 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2023.2217324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2023.2217324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:2:p:207-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2340136_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Eric Dignum Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Dignum Author-Name: Willem Boterman Author-X-Name-First: Willem Author-X-Name-Last: Boterman Author-Name: Andreas Flache Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Flache Author-Name: Mike Lees Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Lees Title: A data-driven agent-based model of primary school segregation in Amsterdam Abstract: Theoretical agent-based models of residential and school choice have shown that substantial segregation can emerge as an (unintended) consequence of interactions between individual households and feedback mechanisms, despite households being relatively tolerant. However, for school choice, existing models have mostly been highly stylized, leaving open whether they are relevant for understanding school segregation in concrete empirical settings. To bridge this gap, this study develops an empirically calibrated agent-based model focusing on primary school choice in Amsterdam. Consistent with existing models, results show that substantial school segregation emerges when schools are chosen based on a trade-off between composition and distance, and also when households are relatively tolerant. Additionally, findings of (hypothetical) policy simulations suggest that it is important to understand which preferences for school composition and distance households have and how these interact. We find that the effects of policies aiming to reduce school segregation through geographical restricting mechanisms are highly dependent on those interacting preferences. Also, we assessed the contribution of residential segregation to school segregation. Our findings may have implications for methodologies aiming to estimate school choice preferences, such as discrete choice models, as these methodologies do not explicitly control for implications of these interactions and feedback mechanisms, which might lead to incorrect inference. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 362-392 Issue: 3 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2024.2340136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2024.2340136 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:3:p:362-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2284431_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Peng Huang Author-X-Name-First: Peng Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Carter T. Butts Author-X-Name-First: Carter T. Author-X-Name-Last: Butts Title: California Exodus? A network model of population redistribution in the United States Abstract: Motivated by debates about California’s net migration loss, we employ valued exponential-family random graph models to analyze the inter-county migration flow network in the United States. We introduce a protocol that visualizes the complex effects of potential underlying mechanisms and perform in silico knockout experiments to quantify their contribution to the California Exodus. We find that racial dynamics contribute to the California Exodus, urbanization ameliorates it, and political climate and housing costs have little impact. Moreover, the severity of the California Exodus depends on how one measures it, and California is not the state with the most substantial population loss. This paper demonstrates how generative statistical models can provide mechanistic insights beyond simple hypothesis-testing. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 311-339 Issue: 3 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2023.2284431 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2023.2284431 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:3:p:311-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2271766_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Heinz Hanßmann Author-X-Name-First: Heinz Author-X-Name-Last: Hanßmann Author-Name: Angelina Momin Author-X-Name-First: Angelina Author-X-Name-Last: Momin Title: Dynamical systems of self-organized segregation Abstract: We re-consider Schelling’s (1971) bounded neighborhood model as put into the form of a dynamical system by Haw and Hogan (2018). The aim is to determine how tolerance can prevent (or lead to) segregation. In the case of a single neighborhood, we explain the occurring bifurcation set, thereby correcting a scaling error. In the case of two neighborhoods, we correct a major error and derive a dynamical system that does satisfy the modeling assumptions made by Haw and Hogan (2020), staying as close as possible to their construction. We find that stable integration is then only possible if the populations in the two neighborhoods have the option to be in neither neighborhood. In the absence of direct movement between the neighborhoods, the problem is furthermore equivalent to independent single neighborhood problems. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 279-310 Issue: 3 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2023.2271766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2023.2271766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:3:p:279-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: GMAS_A_2340134_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Gordana Marmulla Author-X-Name-First: Gordana Author-X-Name-Last: Marmulla Author-Name: Ulrik Brandes Author-X-Name-First: Ulrik Author-X-Name-Last: Brandes Title: Influence, inertia, and independence: a diffusion model for temporal social networks Abstract: In this work, we propose a diffusion model for temporal social networks and relate it to other well-known models of social influence by investigating its formal properties. The model establishes dyadic influence weights based on two antagonistic components: the susceptibility to be influenced (or, conversely, inertia with respect to the status quo) and becoming independent of prior influence. The proposed model generalizes the Friedkin-Johnsen model by the inertia with respect to the current influence relationships. We show that this generalization is an over-parameterization for static but not for dynamic influence networks. These findings suggest that the model at hand expands the set of existing social influence models in a non-trivial way. Journal: The Journal of Mathematical Sociology Pages: 340-361 Issue: 3 Volume: 48 Year: 2024 Month: 07 X-DOI: 10.1080/0022250X.2024.2340134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0022250X.2024.2340134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:gmasxx:v:48:y:2024:i:3:p:340-361