Abstract

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chester Hartman Author-X-Name-First: Chester Author-X-Name-Last: Hartman Author-Name: David Robinson Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: Evictions: The hidden housing problem Abstract: Abstract Although evictions are a major housing problem that disproportionately affects lower‐income and minority tenants, no systematic data about evictions are collected on a local or national level. This article presents the scattered available data on the magnitude and impact of the problem, along with existing model efforts to reduce its incidence and impact. Creating a national database on evictions—how many, where, who, why, and what happens to evictees—would be an important first step in focusing attention on this neglected issue. Definitional questions must be resolved as an initial step. In an effort to launch such a project, suggestions are offered on how to begin creating such a database. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 461-501 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521483 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:4:p:461-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael H. Schill Author-X-Name-First: Michael H. Author-X-Name-Last: Schill Title: Comment on Chester Hartman and David Robinson's “evictions: The hidden housing problem"—protection or protraction? Abstract: Abstract Since the 1960s, judges and legislatures have made it increasingly difficult for landlords to evict tenants even in those instances where tenants have breached their leases. Sometimes, the growth of tenant protections has actually harmed law‐abiding tenants by raising costs to landlords and allowing rule‐breakers to remain in their apartments. Most landlords and tenants should want a system of laws that provides for both fair and efficient eviction procedures. Tenants should be entitled to legal representation when they are threatened with eviction, but their attorneys should not use the legal system to obtain free accommodations for their clients. In the end, efforts to improve the housing of low‐ and moderate‐income households should rely not on setting up impediments to eviction, but rather on increasing tenants’ ability to afford housing and reducing the cost of housing development and operation. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 503-515 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521484 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521484 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:4:p:503-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W Dennis Keating Author-X-Name-First: W Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Keating Title: Comment on Chester Hartman and David Robinson's “evictions: The hidden housing problem” Abstract: Abstract Evictions and involuntary moves negatively affecting poor renters present a significant problem. Creating a national database to comprehensively document the magnitude of the problem, however, presents serious difficulties. Most local courts do not publish data on court actions involving evictions. To do this on a national level and to obtain all of the data needed by the authors would require special funding and the cooperation of courts; these are unlikely to materialize. To obtain comprehensive data on involuntary moves beyond the court system would present even greater difficulty. Improvements can be made in existing protections for tenants vulnerable to displacement without compiling comprehensive national data. Previous examples include the debates over displacement and homelessness. Since legislative and administrative reforms are more likely at the state and local levels, reform efforts, including any data collection, should be primarily focused there. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 517-528 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:4:p:517-528 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lenore Monello Schloming Author-X-Name-First: Lenore Monello Author-X-Name-Last: Schloming Author-Name: Skip Schloming Author-X-Name-First: Skip Author-X-Name-Last: Schloming Title: Comment on Chester Hartman and David Robinson's “Evictions: The hidden housing problem” Abstract: Abstract People have often flourished by wandering, so displacement and mobility are not inherently bad. The “hidden” problem is not evictions, but how homelessness has been caused by protections enacted in the name of helping the poor. The effect of eviction protections is to prolong the eviction process, causing income loss and expenses that small property owners, who own much private rental housing used by the poor, cannot absorb. Over the past few decades, a large segment of low‐cost private rental housing has been abandoned, and rooming houses have almost entirely disappeared—all coinciding with the enactment of eviction protections and the rise of homelessness. If rooming houses were made viable once more, as much as 80 percent of the homeless could be housed in private rental housing, allowing public resources to be redirected to the hard‐core homeless. Private rooming houses are especially critical for our growing elder population. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 529-540 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:4:p:529-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolf Pendall Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Pendall Author-Name: John I. Carruthers Author-X-Name-First: John I. Author-X-Name-Last: Carruthers Title: Does density exacerbate income segregation? Evidence from U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980 to 2000 Abstract: Abstract A fundamental goal of many smart growth efforts is to promote greater socioeconomic equity through more compact development. In this article, we point out that the connection between the built environment and socioeconomic outcomes may be more complex than it is generally portrayed to be, particularly in light of recent trends in urban and regional development. Through an empirical analysis involving two measures of income segregation, dissimilarity and isolation, in a national data set of metropolitan areas from 1980 to 2000, we illustrate that the relationship between density and income segregation follows a quadratic function, first rising, then falling, as densities increase. Moreover, changes in density—whether increases or decreases—always increased segregation. These findings suggest that, if greater socioeconomic equity is a goal, smart growth programs need to pay as much attention to market forces and the underlying political landscape as they do to the built environment. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 541-589 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:4:p:541-589 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorge Sousa Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Sousa Author-Name: Jack Quarter Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Quarter Title: The convergence of nonequity housing models in Canada: Changes to housing policy since 1990 Abstract: Abstract This study examines the impact of housing policy convergence on the nonequity housing system in Ontario, Canada. Ontario has four distinct nonequity housing models— public, nonprofit cooperative, municipal nonprofit, and private nonprofit. This article argues that since 1990, housing policy in Canada, and particularly in Ontario, has become increasingly influenced by the neoconservative agenda of downsizing and decentralization of government functions found in the United States. The findings reveal that changes to housing policy have caused the convergence of nonequity housing models in the areas of management and administration. Drawing on the present findings and on an experimental project in tenant management, this article argues that the trend toward convergence will continue and will likely result in one nonequity housing model in Canada. This pattern is interpreted in light of the neoconservative agenda of both countries that emphasizes private sector solutions to housing low‐income families. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 591-620 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:4:p:591-620 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sean Zielenbach Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Zielenbach Title: Assessing Economic Change in HOPE VI Neighborhoods Abstract: Abstract Neighborhoods surrounding large public housing developments have historically been economically distressed. The revitalization of many developments through the federal HOPE VI program, in conjunction with increased inner‐city lending and a strong economy for much of the 1990s, should theoretically lead to improvements in these neighborhoods. This study analyzes changes in selected HOPE VI neighborhoods since 1990 and compares them with changes in other high‐poverty communities, as well as with overall trends in their respective cities. At the beginning of the decade, conditions in HOPE VI communities were almost universally worse than in other high‐poverty areas. By the end of the decade, the relationship was reversed. The changes resulted from a number of interrelated factors, including the redevelopments themselves, other private market activity, specific commitments of resources by city governments, and increased attention to the communities by lenders. These neighborhoods still qualify as economically distressed, but economic development now seems a realistic possibility. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 621-655 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:4:p:621-655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin J. Krizek Author-X-Name-First: Kevin J. Author-X-Name-Last: Krizek Title: Transit supportive home loans: Theory, application, and prospects for smart growth Abstract: Abstract This article discusses mortgage lending programs aimed at lower‐income buyers looking to purchase homes in compact, transit‐accessible neighborhoods. Unlike traditional lending formulas, the transit supportive home loans consider the transportation cost savings from living in transit‐friendly neighborhoods and applies these savings to a larger mortgage calculation. However, little has been published positioning the concept against the broader goals of smart growth, describing the application of the product, or commenting on its prospects. The first part of this article therefore draws heavily from the literature on smart growth to present the theoretical foundations of the transit supportive home loans and how they address growth management program goals. The second part describes the application of the concept, and the third examines the prospects for this tool and briefly comments on circumstances likely to bedevil its widespread adoption or overall impact. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 657-677 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:4:p:657-677 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donald R. Haurin Author-X-Name-First: Donald R. Author-X-Name-Last: Haurin Author-Name: Hazel A. Morrow‐Jones Author-X-Name-First: Hazel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Morrow‐Jones Title: The impact of real Estate Market knowledge on tenure choice: A comparison of black and white households Abstract: Abstract Homeownership is an important social and financial achievement for most U.S. households. Various explanations have been offered for the large and persistent gap in the ownership rates of black and white households, but studies have consistently fallen short of identifying all of the causes. The data we used were derived from a survey of the residents of the Columbus, OH, area. We argue that differences in real estate market knowledge and information affect the tenure choice decisions of black and white households. We estimate a model that is augmented to include a measure of real estate knowledge and find that additional knowledge increases the likelihood of homeownership. This holds even when we account for the endogeneity of such knowledge. We conclude that differences in real estate knowledge contribute to explaining the racial gap in homeownership rates, a finding that can be addressed through public policy interventions such as counseling programs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 625-653 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521584 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:4:p:625-653 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marsha J. Courchane Author-X-Name-First: Marsha J. Author-X-Name-Last: Courchane Author-Name: Peter M. Zorn Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Zorn Title: Comment on Donald R. Haurin and Hazel A. Morrow‐Jones's “the impact of Real Estate Market knowledge on tenure choice: A comparison of black and white households” Abstract: Abstract Haurin and Morrow‐Jones analyze a sample of survey respondents from Columbus, OH, and find that additional knowledge about real estate markets increases the likelihood of homeownership. They conclude that differences in real estate knowledge contribute importantly to explaining some of the racial gap in homeownership rates; this finding leads to their conclusion that the racial gap can be addressed through public policy interventions, including financial counseling programs. Their research broadly addresses three questions: Why does the racial gap in homeownership exist? Why does it persist? What can be done to reduce it? We compare their findings with those of other researchers and conclude that improved financial literacy may well be an important tool for reducing the gap, but that the causes for its existence and persistence are complex and that improving financial literacy alone may not be sufficient to have a significant and lasting impact. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 655-669 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521585 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521585 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:4:p:655-669 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reynolds Farley Author-X-Name-First: Reynolds Author-X-Name-Last: Farley Title: Comment on Donald R. Haurin and Hazel A. Morrow‐Jones's “rhe impact of Real Estate Market knowledge on tenure choice: A comparison of black and white households” Abstract: Abstract Racial differences in tenure have been large and persistent, with white householders much more likely to own their homes than blacks. Haurin and Morrow‐Jones surveyed a sample of 1,002 in metropolitan Columbus, OH, in 2005 to determine the causes of the tenure gap between blacks and whites. Social and economic differences played a dominant role, but Haurin and Morrow‐Jones also identified a racial difference in real estate and financial knowledge, a difference they suggest could be reduced or eliminated with education. This comment raises questions about national homeownership goals and points out that Haurin and Morrow‐Jones overlook the consequences of pervasive racial residential segregation and the effects of both past and current discrimination. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 671-680 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521586 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521586 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:4:p:671-680 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John D. Landis Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Landis Author-Name: Heather Hood Author-X-Name-First: Heather Author-X-Name-Last: Hood Author-Name: Guangyu Li Author-X-Name-First: Guangyu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Thomas Rogers Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Rogers Author-Name: Charles Warren Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Warren Title: The future of infill housing in California: Opportunities, potential, and feasibility Abstract: Abstract This article presents a methodology for using county tax assessor records and other geographic information system and secondary source data to develop realistic estimates of community, county, and statewide infill housing potential in California. We first identify the number, acreage, average size, and spatial distribution of vacant and potentially redevelopable parcels within three types of infill counting areas. We then develop a schema for determining appropriate infill housing densities based on transit service availability, local land use mix and character, and initial neighborhood densities. We use this schema to generate local, county, and statewide estimates of infill housing potential. These are then carefully evaluated in terms of their parcel size and financial feasibility, the likelihood that construction will displace existing low‐income renters, and the contribution to cumulative overdevelopment. We conclude with a brief discussion of state‐level policy changes that would reduce barriers to market‐led infill housing construction. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 681-725 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521587 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:4:p:681-725 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily K. Snell Author-X-Name-First: Emily K. Author-X-Name-Last: Snell Author-Name: Greg J. Duncan Author-X-Name-First: Greg J. Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan Title: Child characteristics and successful use of housing vouchers: Estimates from the moving to opportunity demonstration Abstract: Abstract Voucher‐based programs have become the most common form of housing assistance for low‐income families in the United States, yet only a slim majority of households that are offered vouchers actually move with them. This article uses data from 2,938 households in the Moving to Opportunity demonstration program to examine whether child characteristics influence the probability that a household will successfully use a housing voucher to lease‐up. Our results suggest that while many child characteristics have little bearing on the use of housing vouchers, child health, behavioral, and educational problems, particularly the presence of multiple problems in a household, do have an influence. Households with two or more child problems are 7 percentage points less likely to move than those who have none of these problems or only one. Results suggest that such families may need additional support to benefit from housing vouchers or alternative types of affordable housing units. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 727-754 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521588 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:4:p:727-754 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vinit Mukhija Author-X-Name-First: Vinit Author-X-Name-Last: Mukhija Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen Author-X-Name-First: Paavo Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen Title: Federal colonias policy in California: Too broad and too narrow Abstract: Abstract In this article, we compare colonias in Texas and California and evaluate the federal policy relating to them. In Texas, designated colonias are recently subdivided but unregulated housing settlements that lack infrastructure. California's designated colonias are old communities, with varying demographics, infrastructure needs, and jurisdictional authority. Because subdivisions are strongly regulated in California, we did not expect to find designated colonias there. In actuality, there are over 30. However, federal policy is based on Texas colonias, and we argue that it is too broad because it fails to distinguish between inherently distinct areas and investment needs. Paradoxically, the federal criteria for defining colonias are also too narrow. Many locally designated colonias in California do not qualify for funding because they are not close to the Mexican border or exceed the population ceiling. Ironically, some of the colonias that fail to qualify have the worst housing conditions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 755-780 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521589 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521589 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:4:p:755-780 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ellen L. Bassuk Author-X-Name-First: Ellen L. Author-X-Name-Last: Bassuk Author-Name: Stephanie Geller Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Title: The role of housing and services in ending family homelessness Abstract: Abstract This article reviews what is known about the role of housing and services in reducing family homelessness. People in families comprise 33 percent of the homeless population, but few resources are available to fully meet their needs. Some researchers have suggested that the vast majority of these families do not need services and that housing vouchers alone can end most family homelessness. The literature on the effects of housing subsidies and services on homeless families is limited compared with the literature on homeless individuals. Evidence suggests that access to housing vouchers seems to increase residential stability and that case management and other services also contribute to residential stability and other desirable outcomes, including family preservation and reunification. Additional research is needed to better understand the role of housing and services in stabilizing different subgroups of families, as well as which approaches are most cost‐effective. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 781-806 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521590 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521590 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:4:p:781-806 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dennis P. Culhane Author-X-Name-First: Dennis P. Author-X-Name-Last: Culhane Author-Name: Stephen Metraux Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Metraux Author-Name: Jung Min Park Author-X-Name-First: Jung Min Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Maryanne Schretzman Author-X-Name-First: Maryanne Author-X-Name-Last: Schretzman Author-Name: Jesse Valente Author-X-Name-First: Jesse Author-X-Name-Last: Valente Title: Testing a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization in four U.S. jurisdictions: Implications for policy and program planning Abstract: Abstract This study tests a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization and examines whether family characteristics are associated with those patterns. The results indicate that a substantial majority of homeless families stay in public shelters for relatively brief periods, exit, and do not return. Approximately 20 percent stay for long periods. A small but noteworthy proportion cycles in and out of shelters repeatedly. In general, families with long stays are no more likely than families with short stays to have intensive behavioral health treatment histories, to be disabled, or to be unemployed. Families with repeat stays have the highest rates of intensive behavioral health treatment, placement of children in foster care, disability, and unemployment. The results suggest that policy and program factors, rather than family characteristics, are responsible for long shelter stays. An alternative conceptual framework for providing emergency assistance to homeless families is discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521591 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:1:p:1-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ellen L. Bassuk Author-X-Name-First: Ellen L. Author-X-Name-Last: Bassuk Title: Comment on Dennis P. Culhane et al.’s “Testing a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization in four U.S. jurisdictions: Implications for policy and program planning” Abstract: Abstract A comprehensive typology of homeless families would help us understand how to provide services and supports appropriate to particular subgroups. In their attempt to establish such a typology, Culhane and his colleagues employ administrative data sets to correlate shelter use with behavioral indicators. These data sets are limited in that they fail to incorporate the complex, intense, and sometimes traumatic experiences that characterize the lives of homeless families, causing this study to fall short of what is required to create an accurate typology. Among the areas overlooked by this approach are the high levels of traumatic stress and violence in the lives of homeless families, children's needs, and the interactions between parents and children. When only limited research is available, there is a danger that even modest findings will be used to support broad policy directions. Further research is needed to arrive at a defensible typology. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 29-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:1:p:29-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martha R. Burt Author-X-Name-First: Martha R. Author-X-Name-Last: Burt Title: Comment on Dennis P. Culhane et al.’s “Testing a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization in four U.S. jurisdictions: Implications for policy and program planning” Abstract: Abstract This comment discusses several implications of the shelter use patterns revealed in the article by Culhane and his colleagues. It takes issue with the premise that reducing shelter use by families will necessarily mean that fewer of them are or will become homeless. It discusses the limited evidence of the need for transitional and permanent supportive housing options for families and offers an alternative to eliminating transitional housing completely—a blended model of supportive housing that expects many families to move on but offers permanency for those that cannot. Finally, it discusses the difficulties of putting the authors’ recommendations into practice, since they would require a good deal of centralized control and major changes in homeless and mainstream systems of care. Few communities would have the commitment and the resources in the form of mainstream and homeless assistance agencies to approximate the type of system being suggested. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 43-57 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:1:p:43-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fred Karnas Author-X-Name-First: Fred Author-X-Name-Last: Karnas Title: Comment on Dennis P. Culhane et al.’s “Testing a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization in four U.S. jurisdictions: Implications for policy and program planning” Abstract: Abstract With this research, Culhane and colleagues have added to the understanding of homeless families and opened the door to an important discussion of the optimal public policies for addressing family homelessness. Because the eclectic nature of the data sets makes analysis challenging, this research should be viewed as an initial foray into understanding different types of homeless families. The typology will require further corroboration, but the policy questions raised by this research are an important contribution to the public policy discourse on family homelessness.pp. 59-67 This comment discusses three policy‐related issues raised either explicitly or implicitly by Culhane et al.’s research: the role of transitional housing in ending family homelessness, the challenge of implementing systems change, and the impact of federal mainstream programs and policies on family homelessness. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 59-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521594 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:1:p:59-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Immergluck Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck Title: Quantity, quality, or both? Explaining investment test scores in federal community reinvestment act examinations Abstract: Abstract Banks and thrifts are major actors in the affordable housing and community development arenas. They are often relied on to invest in low‐income housing tax credits and other projects as well as provide operating support. Banks and thrifts are explicitly encouraged to invest in such activities by the Community Reinvestment Act's (CRA's) Investment Test. Regulations require examiners to consider both quantitative and qualitative criteria in determining a large bank's Investment Test rating. The qualitative criteria are particularly important for organizations seeking investments for projects that are more innovative or complex or that offer less than stellar financial returns. An analysis of CRA performance evaluations reveals that, of the two qualitative criteria, only responsiveness to needs has a significant impact on Investment Test scores. Moreover, controlling for investment activity leads to higher Investment Test scores for larger banks. Implications for CRA policy and implementation are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 69-106 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:1:p:69-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pascale Joassart‐Marcelli Author-X-Name-First: Pascale Author-X-Name-Last: Joassart‐Marcelli Title: Closing the gap between places of work and residence: The role of rental housing assistance in southern California Abstract: Abstract This article describes the geographic distribution of federal rental housing assistance in Southern California and investigates how the spatial relationship between subsidized rental housing and employment opportunities is related to the average income of subsidized tenants. Assisted households are concentrated in distressed neighborhoods and do not live in close proximity to most employment opportunities, especially lower‐skill jobs. Public housing and units benefiting from supply‐side subsidies to owners/investors (the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit program and others) tend to be more concentrated than demand‐side support to tenants (Section 8 vouchers and certificates). Regression analyses that control for tenant and neighborhood characteristics indicate that the average income of subsidized tenants in a given tract is related to the type of rental subsidies received and the geographic access to jobs. Access to lower‐skill jobs is particularly important and ought to be systematically incorporated into the formation and evaluation of rental housing policy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 107-144 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521596 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:1:p:107-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marah A. Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Marah A. Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Title: Subsidized housing, housing prices, and the living arrangements of unmarried mothers Abstract: Abstract Although many studies estimate the effects of welfare benefits on mothers’ living arrangements, housing subsidies and prices are rarely the focus. This article uses a new longitudinal birth cohort study, the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, to examine the relationship between subsidized housing, housing prices, and the living arrangements of unmarried mothers three years after a nonmarital birth. Results suggest that the availability of subsidized housing is negatively associated with marriage relative to living alone. Eligibility criteria and means testing in subsidized housing may make marriage a costly choice. Housing prices are positively associated with marriage, cohabitation, and living with family members relative to living alone. Economies of scale may be particularly important for single‐earner households when housing prices increase. Failure to control for housing costs and subsidies leads to underestimates of the effects of welfare and unemployment rates on the living arrangements of unmarried mothers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 145-170 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521597 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:1:p:145-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Schwanen Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Schwanen Author-Name: Patricia L. Mokhtarian Author-X-Name-First: Patricia L. Author-X-Name-Last: Mokhtarian Title: Attitudes toward travel and land use and choice of residential neighborhood type: Evidence from the San Francisco bay area Abstract: Abstract Two issues have recently attracted increasing attention in the literature on New Urbanist‐type, higher‐density, mixed‐use neighborhoods: whether there is a direct causal link between the characteristics of the built environment and personal travel behavior and what kind of people want to live in New Urbanist developments. We apply logit modeling to data from the San Francisco Bay Area to analyze how predispositions toward travel and land use affect the choice of residential neighborhood type. We control for sociodemographics, personality/lifestyle, and auto availability. The findings suggest that people opt for higher‐density living in part because they are concerned about the environment and want to reduce their auto travel and because higher‐density living makes it easier to benefit from commuting to work. Lower‐density living is chosen in part because it is better geared to fast, flexible, and comfortable auto travel and makes it easier to display cars as status symbols. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 171-207 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:1:p:171-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Caplin Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Caplin Author-Name: James H. Carr Author-X-Name-First: James H. Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Author-Name: Frederick Pollock Author-X-Name-First: Frederick Author-X-Name-Last: Pollock Author-Name: Zhong Yi Tong Author-X-Name-First: Zhong Author-X-Name-Last: Yi Tong Author-Name: Kheng Mei Tan Author-X-Name-First: Kheng Mei Author-X-Name-Last: Tan Author-Name: Trivikraman Thampy Author-X-Name-First: Trivikraman Author-X-Name-Last: Thampy Title: Shared‐equity mortgages, housing affordability, and homeownership Abstract: Abstract Although the homeownership rate rose from 65 percent in 1995 to 69 percent in 2005, this rise appears difficult to sustain. We argue that the development of new shared‐equity mortgages (SEMs) that blur the lines between debt and equity would propel further advances in homeownership. The rationale for these mortgages is that the broad financial markets would value shares in individual housing returns more highly than hard‐pressed prospective homeowners do. We describe a new class of SEMs and provide survey evidence that most households would prefer them to interest‐only and other currently popular mortgages. Financial simulations confirm the value of the securitized SEMs to investors. We present computations suggesting that an increase in the overall U.S. homeownership rate of between 1% and 1.5% would likely result from the development of SEM markets. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 209-242 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521599 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:1:p:209-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael A. Stegman Author-X-Name-First: Michael A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stegman Author-Name: Roberto G. Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto G. Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Author-Name: Janneke Ratcliffe Author-X-Name-First: Janneke Author-X-Name-Last: Ratcliffe Author-Name: Lei Ding Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Ding Author-Name: Walter R. Davis Author-X-Name-First: Walter R. Author-X-Name-Last: Davis Title: Preventive servicing is good for business and affordable homeownership policy Abstract: Abstract This article documents the growing importance of preventive servicing—business practices that emphasize early intervention in delinquency and default management practices that also help financially troubled borrowers avoid foreclosure. We suggest that the loan servicing side of the affordable housing delivery system may be underappreciated and undercapitalized. We use a database of more than 28,000 affordable housing loans to test several preventive servicing‐related propositions and find that after we control for loan and borrower characteristics, the likelihood that a delinquent mortgagor within this universe will ultimately default varies significantly across servicers. This suggests that loan servicing is an important factor in determining whether low‐ and moderate‐income borrowers who fall behind in their mortgage payments will end up losing their homes through foreclosure. It also suggests a need for policy makers to incorporate preventive servicing into affordable homeownership programs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 243-278 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521600 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:2:p:243-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kurt Eggert Author-X-Name-First: Kurt Author-X-Name-Last: Eggert Title: Comment on Michael A. Stegman et al.’s “Preventive servicing is good for business and affordable homeownership policy”: What prevents loan modifications? Abstract: Abstract After discussing the article by Stegman et al., this comment describes the barriers to preventive servicing for securitized residential loans and assesses the importance of loan modifications, given the recent increases in default and foreclosure rates for subprime loans. Several hurdles slow or reduce such modifications, even those that help borrowers and investors alike. For example, self‐interest may reduce servicers’ willingness to modify loans rapidly. In addition, underlying securitization agreements may impede servicers’ ability and discretion in this area. Further, tax laws that govern a common securitization entity may limit modifications, as may accounting standards. Finally, “tranche warfare,” the sometimes contradictory fiduciary duties servicers have toward investors holding different tranches of securitized pools, may decrease their ability or their willingness to modify loans. This comment concludes that barriers to effective loan modifications should be reduced or eliminated where feasible, but that the securitization of subprime loans creates risks for borrowers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 279-297 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521601 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:2:p:279-297 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard K. Green Author-X-Name-First: Richard K. Author-X-Name-Last: Green Title: Comment on Michael A. Stegman et al.’s “Preventive servicing is good for business and affordable homeownership policy” Abstract: Abstract Stegman et al. show that high‐quality servicing can help keep borrowers who would normally be considered subprime from experiencing foreclosure. This comment discusses the results Stegman et al. present and also explains how loan modification helped alleviate past mortgage crises—specifically, how the housing finance crisis during the Great Depression was solved largely by the federal government, using its access to capital markets. The government purchased mortgages that had balloon payments and were in default, reinstated them, and then repackaged them to become long‐term, fixed‐payment, self‐amortizing mortgages. Similarly, after government policy created the S&L problem, government intervention helped alleviate the resulting mortgage crisis. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 299-309 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521602 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:2:p:299-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto G. Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto G. Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Author-Name: Michael A. Stegman Author-X-Name-First: Michael A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stegman Author-Name: Walter R. Davis Author-X-Name-First: Walter R. Author-X-Name-Last: Davis Title: The impact of predatory loan terms on subprime foreclosures: The special case of prepayment penalties and balloon payments Abstract: Abstract There are growing concerns about the way predatory mortgages erode housing equity. We examine another potential impact: the relationship between abusive loan terms and foreclosure. Do predatory characteristics increase the likelihood of foreclosure once other risk factors are taken into account? We use a national database of subprime refinance first‐lien loans originated in 1999 to analyze this question. Even after we control for other factors, refinance loans with prepayment penalties are 20 percent more likely and those with balloon payments are 50 percent more likely to experience a foreclosure than other loans. These findings suggest that predatory loans have the potential not only to erode household wealth, but also to heighten negative effects on individuals, households, and communities. Excluding losses to borrowers, we estimate that prepayment penalties and balloon payment requirements in 1999 refinance originations increased national foreclosure‐related losses to lenders and investors by about $465 and $127 million, respectively. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 311-346 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:2:p:311-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wei Li Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Keith S. Ernst Author-X-Name-First: Keith S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ernst Title: Do state predatory lending laws work? A panel analysis of market reforms Abstract: Abstract We examine the effects of 33 state predatory lending regulatory regimes on the flow and cost of subprime residential mortgage credit. We use the Loan Performance Subprime Asset‐Backed Securities Database to analyze almost 7 million subprime home loans originated between January 1998 and March 2005 to determine whether state laws are having their intended effect of decreasing the prevalence of loan terms targeted for reform without diminishing the overall number of loans or giving rise to undesirable increases in costs. Under current regulatory regimes, we generally find (1) no significant change in the overall flow of subprime residential mortgage credit, (2) a decrease in the proportion of loans with targeted terms, and (3) lower costs to consumers. These findings are important because they suggest that policy makers can address predatory lending in the subprime residential mortgage market without restricting access to credit. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 347-391 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521604 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521604 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:2:p:347-391 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Aurand Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Aurand Title: The impact of regional government structure on the concentration and supply of affordable housing Abstract: Abstract Public choice theory provides a basis for predicting that a fragmented regional government structure encourages municipalities to limit affordable housing for low‐income households, an action that in turn has consequences for the region's overall supply and distribution of such units. This research tests two hypotheses: First, greater fragmentation in a metropolitan region is expected to be associated with increased segregation of affordable rental housing. Second, greater fragmentation is expected to be associated with a smaller supply of affordable rental units relative to the need. Contrary to these hypotheses, the results show that greater fragmentation is associated with a greater relative supply of affordable housing for extremely low and very low income households, but does not affect its distribution. These findings suggest that a unified government structure may reduce the supply of, rather than the barriers to, affordable housing for low‐income households. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 393-430 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521605 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521605 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:2:p:393-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shannon Van Zandt Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Van Zandt Title: Racial/ethnic differences in housing outcomes for first‐time, low‐income home buyers: Findings from a National homeownership education program Abstract: Abstract Federal housing policies aimed at making homeownership more accessible through education and affordable lending have been successful in raising the homeownership rate among minorities. By marketing homeownership to underserved populations and helping them overcome financial and informational obstacles, such programs might be expected to promote equality in housing outcomes, including housing quality, neighborhood composition, and neighborhood conditions, for minority homeowners. This article examines the experience of participants in a national home‐ownership education program. While the transition to homeownership has been associated with modest progress, it does not overcome persistent disparities in housing quality. Homeownership appears to lead to poorer neighborhood conditions for all lower‐income buyers—not just minorities—and may be exacerbating social and spatial isolation rather than helping to overcome it. Differences in neighborhood outcomes, however, may be due to locational preference rather than discrimination in housing and mortgage markets. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 431-474 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521606 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:2:p:431-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward J. Blakely Author-X-Name-First: Edward J. Author-X-Name-Last: Blakely Title: Guest editor's introduction: Gated communities for a frayed and afraid world Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 475-480 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:3:p:475-480 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jill L. Grant Author-X-Name-First: Jill L. Author-X-Name-Last: Grant Title: Two sides of a coin? New urbanism and gated communities Abstract: Abstract Contemporary residential building trends reflect concerns about privacy, traffic, and managing difference. Despite the radically different premises behind New Urbanism and gated communities, I find on closer inspection that they both respond to similar perceived crises in our cities. New Urbanism answers urban challenges with bold efforts to recapture the strengths of older communities and to supplant unwanted suburban patterns with those believed to have greater resilience and public purpose. Gated communities reveal popular skepticism about the potential for improving urban conditions and a consequent desire to retreat to protected compounds. In both cases, the new suburbs generally provide housing primarily for the most affluent among us and represent the ascendance of private over public interests. By examining the Canadian urban context, this article explores some ways in which New Urbanism and gated communities differ, while also highlighting the characteristics and dilemmas they share. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 481-501 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521608 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:3:p:481-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karen A. Danielsen Author-X-Name-First: Karen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Danielsen Title: How the other half lives: Tenure differences and trends in rental gated communities Abstract: Abstract The current literature on gated communities characterizes residents as fearful, wealthy, white homeowners. Thus, researchers using recent American Housing Survey (AHS) data were surprised to find that many residents of gated communities live in apartments and that residents of walled or fenced communities were actually more likely to be renters than owners. This article uses the AHS to explore the characteristics of residents of rental gated communities (the other half). Factors leading to the growth of gated communities in general and gated apartments in particular are considered. Owned and rental gated communities are compared as a first step in defining the differences between these kinds of tenure, and existing research on subsidized gated housing is updated using descriptive and trend data. The housing opportunities and restraints that rental gated communities create for minorities are analyzed, and policy implications for the growth of rental gated communities are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 503-534 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521609 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:3:p:503-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christine Richter Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Richter Author-Name: Andrew R. Goetz Author-X-Name-First: Andrew R. Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz Title: Gated communities in the Denver‐boulder metropolitan area: Characteristics, spatial distribution, and residents’ motivations Abstract: Abstract This research examines gated communities in the Denver‐Boulder area to better understand the phenomenon at the metropolitan scale. To gain some insight into why they have proliferated, we examine the characteristics of gated communities and the areas in which they are located, as well as residents’ motivations for moving into one. The Denver area has most of the types of ownership‐based gated communities prevalent across the United States. We also studied rental gated communities. Ownership‐based communities are located in the suburban, exurban, and prestigious inner urban areas of Denver. Prestige, privacy, and maintenance are among the most important reasons for moving to a gated community, but the gates per se were among the most important considerations only for those residents who had previously lived in such a community. Spatial distribution within the area leads to the conclusion that competition among developers may help explain the clustering of these communities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 535-555 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:3:p:535-555 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Floresia Pessoa de Souza e Silva Author-X-Name-First: Maria Floresia Pessoa Author-X-Name-Last: de Souza e Silva Title: Gated communities: The new ideal way of life in natal, Brazil Abstract: Abstract Gated communities have been growing quickly in Brazil's urban and suburban areas since the 1980s, bringing challenges to society through their privatization of public space, conflict with planning norms, and interference with the integrated planning of the cities in which they are built. My article analyzes this phenomenon to establish a clear basis for purposeful public policies in Brazil. The analysis is based on a case study of the first three closed condominiums in Natal. It involves 31 semistructured interviews focusing on legal, urban/architectural, and segregational factors and their implications. Federal and local governments have contributed, deliberately or unwittingly, to the development of such enclosed complexes, which have social and spatial impacts and guarantee that the upper class will remain wealthy. There also seems to be a close relationship between the spread of fortified residences and the promotion of a “culture of fear.” Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 557-576 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:3:p:557-576 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisco Sabatini Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Sabatini Author-Name: Rodrigo Salcedo Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Salcedo Title: Gated communities and the poor in Santiago, Chile: Functional and symbolic integration in a context of aggressive capitalist colonization of lower‐class areas Abstract: Abstract In Santiago, Chile, the number of gated communities has increased significantly during the past few years. Although these communities are aimed at the elite, they are often located on the fringes of low‐income neighborhoods and thus change traditional segregation patterns in the city. In many cases, gated housing communities for the upper classes are accompanied by nonresidential development, such as shopping centers and office complexes, which bring jobs into the neighborhood. We analyze case studies of lower‐class neighborhoods located near upper‐class gated communities to study the effect on the poor. We find that the spatial dispersion of real estate developments for the elite promotes some forms of social integration and provides advantages to poorer residents by bringing jobs into the neighborhood, triggering improved public services, and even sparking a renewed sense of pride among lower‐class residents. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 577-606 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:3:p:577-606 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nora R. Libertun de Duren Author-X-Name-First: Nora R. Libertun Author-X-Name-Last: de Duren Title: Gated communities as a municipal development strategy Abstract: Abstract Gated communities have usually been studied from the perspective of the residents—their proclivities, economic status, and social ambitions. Moreover, these communities have also been associated with weakening states and market‐led urbanization. What role do public institutions play in the development of gated communities? This article examines the case of Buenos Aires, Argentina, where impoverished suburban municipalities have relied on gated communities as a local development strategy. Taking advantage of the decentralization of land use planning, municipalities with a high percentage of poor households have facilitated the development of gated communities as a way to increase local employment and real estate investment. As a consequence, these communities have been clustered in the poorest suburban municipalities, thus increasing social polarization within municipal boundaries and calling into question the effect of decentralization reforms on the formation of an inclusive, participatory polity. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 607-626 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:3:p:607-626 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert E. Lang Author-X-Name-First: Robert E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lang Author-Name: Arthur C. Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Arthur C. Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Title: Boomburb politics and the rise of private government Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 627-634 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:3:p:627-634 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shishir Mathur Author-X-Name-First: Shishir Author-X-Name-Last: Mathur Title: Do impact fees raise the price of existing housing? Abstract: Abstract This article uses 1991--2000 data on single‐family housing sales from King County, WA, to provide new evidence relating to the effects of impact fees on housing prices. The hedonic regression method is used to examine the effects of these fees on existing housing as well as their differential effects on price as determined by housing quality. Impact fees raise existing home prices by about 83 percent of the amount of the fee. The increase is 103 percent for high‐quality homes and is not statistically significant for low‐quality homes. The owners of high‐quality homes realize capital gains from impact fees. However, such fees do not raise the price of low‐quality homes. To the extent that low‐quality housing is more likely to be owned by low‐ and moderate‐income households, which are often composed of racial and ethnic minorities, this finding has significant policy implications for the supporters of impact fees. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 635-659 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:4:p:635-659 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy S. Chapín Author-X-Name-First: Timothy S. Author-X-Name-Last: Chapín Title: Comment on Shishir Mathur's “do impact fees raise the price of existing housing?” Abstract: Abstract Mathur finds that impact fees have different effects on affordability for “low‐quality” and “high‐quality” units. His study indicates that such fees increase prices for existing high‐quality homes, but not for existing low‐quality homes. He concludes that this finding is good news for those who support impact fees, because it would suggest that they do not affect affordability in lower‐income neighborhoods. In offering a different view, I first discuss the intent of impact fees and illustrate that certain types of fees should raise prices for low‐quality housing, regardless of whether it is new or existing. Noting that not all impact fees are created equal, I also suggest a key refinement for future research to explore this aspect. Finally, I identify different types of fees and describe two scenarios in which the price effects would be expected to differ from those Mathur describes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 661-667 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521616 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:4:p:661-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Crowe Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Crowe Title: Comment on Shishir Mathur's “do impact fees raise the price of existing housing?” Abstract: Abstract Impact fees raise the price of new homes, which pay the fee directly, and existing homes, which serve as substitutes for new homes. I argue that such fees are excessive because the net economic benefit of additional homes is not included in the calculation and because more efficient financing tools exist. An impact fee actually pushes prices higher than the fee because it is paid when construction begins but collected at the time of sale. Costs are increased by construction period interest and other costs determined as a percentage of the sale price. Local governments calculate impact fees incorrectly by not including the indirect and positive impacts from construction and occupancy. If these added net benefits were also considered, the fiscal impact would be less and little or no fee would be required. Moreover, other methods for financing infrastructure are available in most states, so impact fees are unnecessary. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 669-677 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521617 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:4:p:669-677 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory S. Burge Author-X-Name-First: Gregory S. Author-X-Name-Last: Burge Author-Name: Arthur C. Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Arthur C. Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: John Matthews Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Matthews Title: Effects of proportionate‐share impact fees Abstract: Abstract When it comes to paying for the significant costs of growth, local governments throughout the United States are usually the first line of financing. Yet because of a variety of factors, existing tax, fee, and inter jurisdictional transfer revenues may not be sufficient. Many hundreds (if not thousands) of communities rely in part on proportionate‐share impact fees to provide facilities concurrent with the effects of growth. Impact fees have numerous detractors, many of whom worry about their effect on affordable housing, economic development, and development patterns. A disparate literature has emerged addressing each of these concerns. This article synthesizes current knowledge about the market effects of proportionate‐share impact fees and finds that for the most part, they facilitate development in several important ways. Policy implications and guidance for future research are presented as well. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 679-710 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:4:p:679-710 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gerrit‐Jan Knaap Author-X-Name-First: Gerrit‐Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Knaap Author-Name: Stuart Meck Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Meck Author-Name: Terry Moore Author-X-Name-First: Terry Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Robert Parker Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Parker Title: Do we know regulatory barriers when we see them? An exploration using zoning and development indicators Abstract: Abstract Many studies have demonstrated that zoning by local governments can have adverse effects on housing production and, consequently, on housing affordability. Most of these studies, however, use coarse measures of zoning regulations and thus provide little information about the nature and patterns of zoning itself. As a result, these studies offer little information that is useful in identifying when and where regulatory barriers exist. Gerrit‐Jan Knaap is executive director of the National Center for Smart Growth Research and Education and Professor of Urban Studies and Planning at the University of Maryland. Stuart Meck is a faculty fellow and director of the Center for Government Services at the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Terry Moore is a vice president and the director of planning at ECONorthwest, an economics and planning firm based in Oregon. This article offers a detailed analysis of zoning patterns and housing market performance at the jurisdictional level in three metropolitan areas and provides further evidence that zoning can serve as a barrier to the construction of high‐density, multifamily housing. The analysis also demonstrates that such disaggregated information can be used to identify and perhaps address regulatory barriers to affordability. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 711-749 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:4:p:711-749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edwin Melendez Author-X-Name-First: Edwin Author-X-Name-Last: Melendez Author-Name: Lisa J. Servon Author-X-Name-First: Lisa J. Author-X-Name-Last: Servon Title: Reassessing the role of housing in community‐based urban development Abstract: Abstract In this article, we use a random sample of urban community development corporations (CDCs) to determine whether distinct types exist and, if so, to estimate their prevalence in the industry. The typical urban CDC has a diversified portfolio of economic and social development activities, including community organizing, and is likely to have a housing development program, although not necessarily a large one because relatively few are high producers. Large‐scale housing producers, defined in the study as having produced at least 500 units during the previous 10 years, comprise 18 percent of CDCs. A large organizational capacity, an affiliation with national intermediaries, the training of staff and the adoption of computers, the length of executive directors’ tenure, and the share of funding devoted to housing programs are the most important factors increasing the odds that a CDC will belong to the group of high producers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 751-783 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521620 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:4:p:751-783 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Author-Name: Dave E. Marcotte Author-X-Name-First: Dave E. Author-X-Name-Last: Marcotte Author-Name: Marvin B. Mandell Author-X-Name-First: Marvin B. Author-X-Name-Last: Mandell Author-Name: Hal Wolman Author-X-Name-First: Hal Author-X-Name-Last: Wolman Author-Name: Nancy Augustine Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Augustine Title: The impact of parental homeownership on children's outcomes during early adulthood Abstract: Abstract Whether children benefit from being raised in a home owned by their parents has important policy implications and has been the topic of much scholarly debate. We match Panel Study of Income Dynamics data with census tract data to examine the impact of childhood experiences on adult outcomes for children followed over three decades. This allows us to document a wide range of characteristics. For children born between 1968 and 1974, we analyze data on their first 18 years and also various outcomes when they are between 25 and 31 in 1999. We control for a comprehensive set of observable parental characteristics and develop a method to control for unobservable child characteristics together with an instrumental variable for the remaining selection problems. Parental homeownership status and children's college education and home‐ownership status are closely related, although the former is generated partially by the greater residential stability associated with homeownership. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 785-827 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521621 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:4:p:785-827 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John C. Weicher Author-X-Name-First: John C. Author-X-Name-Last: Weicher Title: Outlook: The subprime lending crisis: Focus on the problem: Subprime borrowers in trouble Abstract: Abstract Public policy should be directed at serving the large number of borrowers who have recently taken out subprime loans and who are at serious risk of losing their homes when their mortgages reset. Practicing forbearance and providing counseling for defaulting homeowners, as well as allowing them to refinance into a Federal Housing Administration loan, can be particularly helpful. Broad changes in housing programs and in the structure of the mortgage market should be considered on their merits as good or bad public policy for the long term, not simply as solutions to the subprime problem. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 829-836 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521622 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:4:p:829-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James H. Carr Author-X-Name-First: James H. Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Title: Responding to the foreclosure crisis Abstract: Abstract Regional economic downturns, speculation on skyrocketing home prices, and rampant unfair and deceptive mortgage lending practices have combined to create the perfect foreclosure storm in America. More than 2 million foreclosures are expected to occur during the next 12 to 18 months. Common to all three of these contributing factors is the reality that effective regulation of the mortgage market would have greatly limited damage from foreclosures. This article traces the origins of the subprime market crisis and the resulting impact of foreclosures on the housing market, minority households, and the economy. The article also reviews the effectiveness of current interventions to mitigate or limit foreclosures and recommends broader solutions to help families maintain their homes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 837-860 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521623 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:18:y:2007:i:4:p:837-860 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reid Ewing Author-X-Name-First: Reid Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing Author-Name: Fang Rong Author-X-Name-First: Fang Author-X-Name-Last: Rong Title: The impact of urban form on U.S. residential energy use Abstract: Abstract While the impact of urban form on transportation energy use has been studied extensively, its impact on residential energy use has not. This article presents a conceptual framework linking urban form to residential energy use via three causal pathways: electric transmission and distribution losses, energy requirements of different housing stocks, and space heating and cooling requirements associated with urban heat islands. Two of the three can be analyzed with available national data. After we control for other influences, residents of sprawling counties are more likely to live in single‐family detached houses than otherwise comparable residents of compact counties and also more likely to live in big houses. Both lead to higher residential energy use. Because of the urban heat island effect, residents of sprawling counties across the nation on average pay a small residential energy penalty relative to residents of compact counties. Implications for urban planning are explored. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521624 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:1:p:1-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel R. Staley Author-X-Name-First: Samuel R. Author-X-Name-Last: Staley Title: Missing the forest through the trees? Comment on Reid Ewing and Fang Rong's “the impact of urban form on U.S. residential energy use” Abstract: Abstract This article critically evaluates Ewing and Rong's analysis, which suggests that low‐density, single‐family housing is more energy intensive than higher‐density development and thus justifies more stringent antisprawl growth controls. While the empirical analysis is fundamentally sound, the data and methods that were used do not justify the conclusions. Four primary weaknesses in the analysis are the focus of this article: the unfortunate tendency to nest the work in environmental alarmism; the failure to recognize the importance of choice and the trade‐offs implicit in policy recommendations; the failure to consider the ways innovation and technological change influence energy consumption and the choice of policy tools; and the failure to recognize market‐based alternatives, particularly energy pricing reforms, that might more directly influence energy conservation. Low‐density, single‐family housing may in fact be consistent with policies that promote energy conservation and may spur innovations that improve energy efficiency and alternatives. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 31-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521625 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:1:p:31-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Randolph Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Randolph Title: Comment on Reid Ewing and Fang Rong's “The impact of urban form on U.S. residential energy use” Abstract: Abstract Using a complicated stepped analysis, Ewing and Rong study the impact of sprawl on household energy use. They argue that dispersed land use brings about larger houses and more detached units, which consume more energy than the smaller houses and attached units typical of more compact communities. This comment suggests that their conclusions are intuitive and obvious, but that their complex methodology linking three unrelated data sets renders their quantitative conclusions suspect. Further, a simple engineering analysis can show more meaningful results, sprawl is more likely to affect energy use through increased vehicle miles traveled than house size or type, and household energy use can be mitigated by increasing the efficiency of the building envelope, heating/cooling system, appliances, and lighting. Still, combining the effects of compact urban development with the effects of energy‐efficient vehicles and housing unit design can be a real winner in our quest for more energy‐efficient communities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 45-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521626 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:1:p:45-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xavier de Souza Briggs Author-X-Name-First: Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: de Souza Briggs Author-Name: Kadija S. Ferryman Author-X-Name-First: Kadija S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferryman Author-Name: Susan J. Popkin Author-X-Name-First: Susan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Popkin Author-Name: María Rendón Author-X-Name-First: María Author-X-Name-Last: Rendón Title: Why did the moving to opportunity experiment not get young people into better schools? Abstract: Abstract Educational failure is one of the costliest and most visible problems associated with ghetto poverty. We explore whether housing assistance that helps low‐income families move to better neighborhoods can also improve access to good schools. Research on the Gautreaux housing desegregation program indicated significant, long‐term educational benefits, yet results from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) experiment showed no measurable impacts on school outcomes for the experimental group. We use interviews and ethnographic fieldwork to explore this puzzle. Most MTO families did not relocate to communities with substantially better schools, and those who did often moved again after a few years. Where parents had meaningful school choices, these were typically driven by poor information obtained from insular social networks or by cultural logic centered on avoiding ghetto‐type school insecurity and disorder, not garnering academic opportunity. Those factors may not shift if poor families with less educated parents are served by a relocation‐only strategy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 53-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521627 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:1:p:53-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert L. Wagmiller Author-X-Name-First: Robert L. Author-X-Name-Last: Wagmiller Title: The changing geography of male joblessness in urban America: 1970 to 2000 Abstract: Abstract High rates of male joblessness not only drain communities of the social and economic resources that sustain neighborhood institutions, they also limit children's exposure to mainstream role models, reduce the pool of marriageable men, and make illicit activities more attractive to young males. This study uses tract‐level census data to examine how the geography of male joblessness changed in metropolitan areas between 1970 and 2000. The number of neighborhoods in which the majority of working‐age men are jobless has risen sharply over the past three decades. Metropolises in the Northeast, Midwest, and South and those with larger black populations have experienced the greatest increases in concentrated male joblessness. As the number of neighborhoods with low male employment has grown, their social and demographic characteristics have diverged from those of other neighborhoods, with increasing percentages of racial and ethnic minorities, female‐headed families, and impoverished people and more vacant residential properties. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 93-135 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521628 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:1:p:93-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Gladstone Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Gladstone Author-Name: Jolie Préau Author-X-Name-First: Jolie Author-X-Name-Last: Préau Title: Gentrification in tourist cities: Evidence from New Orleans before and after Hurricane Katrina Abstract: Abstract Tourism‐led redevelopment often provides city residents with increased opportunities for employment, leisure, and cultural enrichment, but it can also have dramatic and unpredictable effects on their lives. One of these effects involves the repercussions of redevelopment that transforms working‐class neighborhoods into middle‐ or upper‐class areas catering to tourists. We use the city of New Orleans as a case study to explore the connections between tourism and gentrification. We first discuss the growth of tourism in New Orleans, paying particular attention to its geographic scope. We then consider the ways in which gentrification and tourism are connected in New Orleans and what their relationship adds to theories of tourism development and urban revitalization. The analysis concludes with an in‐depth look at one of the nation's oldest black neighborhoods, Tremé, where both tourism and the nonblack population have been increasing in recent years. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 137-175 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:1:p:137-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell N. James Author-X-Name-First: Russell N. Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Jorge H. Atiles Author-X-Name-First: Jorge H. Author-X-Name-Last: Atiles Title: The transitioning nature of Hispanic renters Abstract: Abstract In the 1980, 1990, and 2000 censuses, Hispanic households had the lowest rate of homeownership of any major ethnic group. Since 2000, however, growth in Hispanic homeownership has outpaced that of other groups. This article uses a four‐stage transitional framework to examine Hispanic home‐ownership progression: renting without plans to buy; renting with plans to buy, but not actively saving; renting while saving for a home; and owning a home. Data from the Survey of Consumer Finances indicate that, after we control for other demographic factors, Hispanic renters are much more likely to be actively saving to buy a home than either non‐Hispanic white or non‐Hispanic black renters. However, Hispanic households are less likely to move from the saving to the owning stage. We find evidence of three explanations for this phenomenon: informational barriers to credit, purchase of foreign homes, and recent entry into the saving stage. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 177-206 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521630 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:1:p:177-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey J. Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Title: Outlook: Two views on Robert D. Putnam's “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century the 2006 Johan Skytte prize lecture”: Reflections on diversity and social capital: A critique of Robert D. Putnam's “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century the 2006 Johan Skytte prize lecture” Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 207-217 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521631 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:1:p:207-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xavier de Souza Briggs Author-X-Name-First: Xavier Author-X-Name-Last: de Souza Briggs Title: On half‐blind men and elephants: Understanding greater ethnic diversity and responding to “good‐enough” evidence Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 218-229 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521632 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:1:p:218-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert E. Lang Author-X-Name-First: Robert E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lang Author-Name: Katrin B. Anacker Author-X-Name-First: Katrin B. Author-X-Name-Last: Anacker Author-Name: Steven Hornburg Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Hornburg Title: The new politics of affordable housing Abstract: Abstract For decades, advocates have debated how to better position affordable housing on the national agenda. Over the past few years, organizations such as the National Association of Realtors (NAR) have sponsored surveys and hosted conferences to better understand which issues resonate with the public. This article analyzes NAR survey data on affordability and addresses what the findings mean for those seeking to promote housing concerns. The data show that the public sees affordability as a major problem on a par with health care and unemployment, but there seems to be a disconnect between affordability and the current subprime lending/foreclosure crisis. Therefore, affordable housing might not register as a political issue once the crisis is over. Unlike other major political issues, housing is not seen as universally broken. This article addresses the disconnect between politicians and the public on affordable housing and suggests new strategies that could raise its media profile. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 231-248 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521633 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:2:p:231-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chester Hartman Author-X-Name-First: Chester Author-X-Name-Last: Hartman Title: Comment on Robert E. Lang, Katrin B. Anacker, and Steven Hornburg's “the new politics of affordable housing” Abstract: Abstract This comment argues that reframing the issues of housing and housing affordability will not be enough to effect change. All Americans should have a decent, affordable place to live—and that is a profound moral issue. The fact that one‐third of the population is still ill‐housed means that a firm, direct, and possibly less‐than‐cagey approach is needed to address the nation's housing problems. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 249-254 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521634 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:2:p:249-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ronald D. Utt Author-X-Name-First: Ronald D. Author-X-Name-Last: Utt Title: Comment on Robert E. Lang, Katrin B. Anacker, and Steven Hornburg's “the new politics of affordable housing” Abstract: Abstract This comment offers an alternative explanation of why housing afford‐ability has little political traction and suggests that local zoning and regulations have a significant impact on housing costs. Because the postwar decline of central cities as population centers has made it less imperative for candidates to carry a major city to win a national or state election, few candidates address issues—such as affordability—that are perceived as unique to central‐city environments. Further, Lang, Anacker, and Hornburg fail to discuss an important aspect of affordability. More than two‐thirds of U.S. households own at least one house, and homeowners constitute an even larger percentage in most fast‐growing suburban communities. The already landed have used their political clout to discourage further development. Land use restrictions, zoning, impact fees, farm preservation, and growth boundaries create scarcity, which in turn raises the value of existing housing and significantly enhances owners’ net worth. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 255-259 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521635 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:2:p:255-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Author-Name: Edwin Meléndez Author-X-Name-First: Edwin Author-X-Name-Last: Meléndez Title: After year 15: Challenges to the preservation of housing financed with low‐income housing tax credits Abstract: Abstract The Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit, the nation's largest subsidy program for low‐income rental housing, has financed more than 1.4 million housing units since 1987. Like earlier federal programs that subsidized housing built by private owners, this program does not guarantee indefinite occupancy by low‐income households. This article examines the likelihood that tax credit housing will convert to market‐rate occupancy and the challenges confronting the long‐term physical viability of the housing if it is to remain affordable. The biggest threat to the long‐term viability of tax credit housing as a resource for low‐income households stems less from the expiration of income and/or rent restrictions and more from the need for major capital improvements. A relatively small segment of the inventory is likely to convert to market‐rate occupancy. Far more of this housing will continue to serve low‐income households but will need assistance to pay for essential renovations. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 261-294 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:2:p:261-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Todd Swanstrom Author-X-Name-First: Todd Author-X-Name-Last: Swanstrom Author-Name: Rob Ryan Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan Author-Name: Katherine M. Stigers Author-X-Name-First: Katherine M. Author-X-Name-Last: Stigers Title: Measuring concentrated poverty: The federal standard vs. a relative standard Abstract: Abstract How should concentrated poverty be measured? U.S. scholars have almost universally defined it as census tracts in which 40 percent or more of the population falls below the official federal poverty line. This standard, originally based on a minimally acceptable diet, has become increasingly divorced from the realities of our affluent society and ignores differences across metropolitan areas. We use instead a relative definition of poverty based on 50 percent of median income in each region. We find that the extent, geographic distribution, and trends in concentrated poverty between 1990 and 2000 are very different from those found using the federal poverty standard. For a small sample of metropolitan areas, we show that census tracts of relative concentrated poverty, excluded under the federal definition, rank among the most disadvantaged in their areas. We conclude by recommending that researchers studying concentrated poverty supplement the official federal standard with a relative approach. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 295-321 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521637 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:2:p:295-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel G. Bratt Author-X-Name-First: Rachel G. Author-X-Name-Last: Bratt Title: Nonprofit and for‐profit developers of subsidized rental housing: Comparative attributes and collaborative opportunities Abstract: Abstract This article presents background information on the growth, productivity, and unique focus of nonprofit housing producers and discusses the various government and private initiatives that support this sector. The article also explores the strengths and weaknesses of for‐profit and nonprofit organizations in developing and owning subsidized rental housing and questions the cost‐effectiveness of pursuing one strategy or the other and the long‐term viability of projects developed by each type of sponsor. Answers, however, are far from conclusive. Effective housing production and long‐term ownership of subsidized housing require the developer to address at least 12 broad areas of concern. In some, nonprofits appear to have the advantage, while in others, for‐profit developers generally have the edge. Nonprofits and for‐profits can join together in partnership arrangements, and some of the key requirements for such efforts are discussed. Recommendations for policy changes to enhance the role of nonprofit organizations are offered. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 323-365 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:2:p:323-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michelle Wood Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Author-Name: Jennifer Turnham Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Turnham Author-Name: Gregory Mills Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Title: Housing affordability and family well‐being: Results from the housing voucher evaluation Abstract: Abstract The Effects of Housing Vouchers on Welfare Families was an experimental evaluation that examined the effects of housing assistance on low‐income families eligible for or receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Household‐based rental vouchers were provided to participants under the Welfare to Work Voucher program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development from 2000 through 2004. Vouchers were randomly assigned to eligible program participants in six sites across the country, sample members were tracked over about five years, and the effects of vouchers on homelessness and crowding, household composition, housing mobility, neighborhood quality, employment and earnings, and other aspects of family well‐being were measured. Vouchers significantly reduced homelessness, crowding, household size, and the incidence of living with relatives or friends, but had no effect on marriage or cohabitation. Vouchers increased housing mobility, while reducing the number of subsequent moves, and resulted in small improvements in neighborhood quality. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 367-412 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521639 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:2:p:367-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrejs Skaburskis Author-X-Name-First: Andrejs Author-X-Name-Last: Skaburskis Title: Shame, guilt, and remorse: The policy drivers Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 413-417 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521640 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:2:p:413-417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward J. Blakely Author-X-Name-First: Edward J. Author-X-Name-Last: Blakely Title: Guest editor's introduction: Suburban planning—the future becomes the past Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 419-422 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521641 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:3:p:419-422 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bernadette Hanlon Author-X-Name-First: Bernadette Author-X-Name-Last: Hanlon Title: The decline of older, inner suburbs in metropolitan America Abstract: Abstract This article develops an index of suburban decline for 3,428 U.S. suburbs. The results of this index were used to measure the prevalence and extent of decline for older, inner suburbs and newer suburbs across the nation and in different regions from 1980 to 2000. The general pattern is one of decline in selected older, inner suburbs, especially those with housing built between 1950 and 1969 and those with increasing minority populations. Regional analysis reveals that the South and the Midwest had the highest proportion of older, inner suburbs in crisis. Suburbs with housing built before 1939 emerged as areas of continuing affluence. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 423-456 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521642 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521642 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:3:p:423-456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Dennis Keating Author-X-Name-First: W. Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Keating Author-Name: Thomas Bier Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Bier Title: Greater cleveland's first suburbs consortium: Fighting sprawl and Suburban decline Abstract: Abstract This article addresses the problems of older suburbs bordering central cities; these suburbs are now experiencing many of the same symptoms of decline as the central cities themselves. We analyze this issue by recounting the experience of the inner (or first) suburbs of Cleveland and the First Suburbs Consortium (FSC), which was formed in 1997 to counteract sprawl in the metropolitan region. We analyze the impact of FSC both on its suburban members and also on state policies affecting older suburbs. FSC can point to several programs that it has developed to improve housing and commercial development among its 16 members. It also has joined with other similar Ohio suburbs to advocate and to lobby for changes in state policies (so far unsuccessfully) to provide more assistance to older suburbs. Nevertheless, FSC has been recognized as a national role model. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 457-477 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521643 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521643 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:3:p:457-477 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas J. Vicino Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Vicino Title: The spatial transformation of first‐tier suburbs, 1970 to 2000: The case of metropolitan baltimore Abstract: Abstract The evolution of first‐tier suburbs has emerged as an important topic of scholarly and popular attention in the past decade, yet little is known about the diversity of neighborhood spatial structure. This article analyzes data on 152 census tracts in 21 first‐tier suburban census designated places in metropolitan Baltimore. A total of 49 socioeconomic variables are used to measure the population, income dynamics, nature of the housing, and structure of the labor force. The analysis provides evidence of spatial restructuring in 1970 and 2000. The racial composition, socioeconomic status, occupation, and nature of the housing stock differentiate the spatial structure of Baltimore's first‐tier suburban neighborhoods from one another over time. A typology of five neighborhoods in 1970 and six in 2000 is derived from a partitional clustering procedure that groups principal components analysis scores. The policy implications of suburban diversity and decline are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 479-518 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521644 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521644 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:3:p:479-518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katrin B. Anacker Author-X-Name-First: Katrin B. Author-X-Name-Last: Anacker Author-Name: Hazel A. Morrow‐Jones Author-X-Name-First: Hazel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Morrow‐Jones Title: Mature suburbs, property values, and decline in the midwest? The case of Cuyahoga county Abstract: Abstract For most U.S. homeowners, a home represents the biggest investment they will ever make, and until recently, most expected the value of their property to rise. If the mature suburbs in which many of these homeowners live have problems or are in decline, property values could decrease and investment value will be lost. We define mature suburbs for Cuyahoga County, OH (the Cleveland area), and analyze the property values of single‐family homes there. We examine how property values have behaved in mature suburbs compared with the central city and developing suburbs and analyze specific factors that have influenced the property value of single‐family homes in these three submarkets from 1985 to 2000. Our analyses show that there is no overall decline in nominal property values. Housing space, nearness to workplaces and transportation networks, and tax rates are important variables in the model, affecting mature suburbs and developing suburbs differently. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 519-552 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:3:p:519-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cristina Martinez‐Fernandez Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Martinez‐Fernandez Author-Name: Tavis Potts Author-X-Name-First: Tavis Author-X-Name-Last: Potts Title: Innovation at the edges of the metropolis: An analysis of innovation drivers in Sydney's peripheral suburbs Abstract: Abstract This article discusses using the concept of innovation ecosystems to assess innovation intensity in peripheral areas of metropolitan regions. Innovation is a significant driver of prosperity, industrial growth, and job creation. Emergent areas of new technology applications have their roots in entrepreneurial and innovative practices. However, studies have focused on the strengths that cities—and central business districts and inner suburbs in particular— have relative to the industries of the emerging knowledge economy, notably information technology and financial, property, and business services. Most of the time, the peripheral suburbs have been neglected. The results from a study of innovation drivers in Sydney, Australia, show that peripheral suburbs in metropolitan areas have local innovation processes that require specific planning measures to promote innovation intensity. Some of these processes are linked to local suburban characteristics that might not apply to the entire city or metropolitan region. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 553-572 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521646 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521646 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:3:p:553-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Paul Hutchinson Author-X-Name-First: T. Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchinson Title: Inconsistent effects of a feature on home prices—lang's two‐market explanation Abstract: Abstract In his 2005 article “Valuing the Suburbs: Why Some ‘Improvements’ Lower Home Prices,” Robert E. Lang proposes an explanation of why improvements to a home may either add to or detract from its value. He suggests a dual housing market: “one for conventional low‐density suburbs, and one for cities and denser suburbs” (8). The former values features implying a natural or less intense use, and the latter values features adding “intensity or utility to a property” (8). This article reinterprets Lang's explanation as an example of interaction (something having a different effect under one condition than it does under another) arising via summation followed by a nonlinear function of the result. An alternative explanation in terms of the fit between characteristics of a home and its location is also noted. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 573-582 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521647 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:3:p:573-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer Steffel Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Steffel Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Emily Talen Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Talen Title: Affordable housing in New Urbanist Communities: A survey of developers Abstract: Abstract Despite the unequivocal goal of income diversity as expressed in the Charter of the Congress for the New Urbanism, one of the more significant challenges facing the movement has been the creation of socially diverse neighborhoods, especially ones that include a mix of incomes. Although recent reports show that most New Urbanist developments are being built for upper‐middle‐class residents, some projects have managed to support income diversity. This article takes a closer look at those projects, reporting on the results of a nationwide survey of New Urbanist developers. We found that many developers have used complex, creative schemes to make affordable housing possible within the New Urbanist context. Developers created affordable opportunities by combining available government programs, partnerships with nonprofits, and innovative design solutions. These efforts have provided important sources of affordable housing within the context of walkable communities—serving as examples that should be emulated by future developers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 583-613 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521648 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:4:p:583-613 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John K. McIlwain Author-X-Name-First: John K. Author-X-Name-Last: McIlwain Title: Comment on Jennifer Steffel Johnson and Emily Talen's “affordable housing in New Urbanist Communities: A survey of developers” Abstract: Abstract A long‐time criticism of New Urbanism has been that the housing it provides is affordable only to middle‐ and upper‐income families. Johnson and Talen's survey of New Urbanist developers and developments is intended to see whether this criticism is justified. Although the methodology is limited, the results of this survey would seem to indicate that it is. Because Johnson and Talen's survey is restricted to New Urbanist developments, it is not possible to compare the results with those for other, more conventional developments to see whether New Urbanist developments may actually contain more affordable units than comparable conventional projects. Also, limiting the definition of affordability to the cost of housing alone prevents the authors from seeing whether the housing New Urbanist communities provide would be considered less expensive if housing and transportation costs were combined. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 615-619 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521649 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:4:p:615-619 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert D. Dietz Author-X-Name-First: Robert D. Author-X-Name-Last: Dietz Title: Comment on Jennifer Steffel Johnson and Emily Talen's “affordable housing in New Urbanist Communities: A survey of developers” Abstract: Abstract Johnston and Talen use survey data to investigate the experience of developers employing New Urbanist techniques. The authors conclude that for cases in which affordable housing has been included in New Urbanist projects, developers typically relied on complex arrangements or incentives to achieve this goal. Whether New Urbanist objectives and the promotion of affordable housing can be simultaneously incorporated in projects on a large scale remains an open question. This comment identifies the incentives available for affordable housing and community development and notes the problems that ensue when these incentives are used together. Further, this comment examines the market‐demand challenges faced by developers trying to construct affordable housing within a New Urbanist framework. The findings suggest that the most efficient way to further New Urbanist principles, where the market demands such techniques, is to increase the flexibility of tax incentive programs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 621-629 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:4:p:621-629 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael LaCour‐Little Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: LaCour‐Little Author-Name: Cynthia Holmes Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Holmes Title: Prepayment penalties in residential mortgage contracts: A cost‐benefit analysis Abstract: Abstract Prepayment penalties are ubiquitous in the commercial mortgage market yet reviled and highly restricted by law and regulation in the residential mortgage market. Considering the perspectives of both the borrower and the lender, we attempt a balanced cost‐benefit analysis of this controversial contract feature for residential mortgage loans. We will address the following questions: What is the economic value of the prepayment penalty feature? Why is it more prevalent in the subprime than the prime market segment? Do borrowers obtain an offsetting economic benefit when they contract for a loan containing a prepayment penalty? What is the average cost of a prepayment penalty to borrowers, and how often is this cost actually incurred? In general, although we find a significant reduction in interest rates for loans containing a prepayment penalty, the expected costs outweigh the benefits by a considerable margin. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 631-673 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:4:p:631-673 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan S. Spader Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan S. Author-X-Name-Last: Spader Author-Name: Roberto G. Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto G. Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Title: Mobility and exit from homeownership: Implications for community reinvestment lending Abstract: Abstract This study focuses on the transition out of homeownership among community reinvestment loan borrowers, documenting patterns among low‐income and minority households. We show that the higher rates of home‐ownership exit documented among low‐income and minority borrowers in the larger population do not hold for community reinvestment mortgage borrowers. We model the transition, separating the determinants of mobility and tenure choice. Our results show that low‐income and minority homeowners are less likely than their high‐income and white counterparts to move, but no less likely to purchase a new home when they do. These findings are contrasted with the results of a model that specifies the transitions out of homeownership as the purchase of a new home and the return to renting. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 675-709 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:4:p:675-709 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michal Grinstein‐Weiss Author-X-Name-First: Michal Author-X-Name-Last: Grinstein‐Weiss Author-Name: Jung‐Sook Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jung‐Sook Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Johanna K. P. Greeson Author-X-Name-First: Johanna K. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Greeson Author-Name: Chang‐Keun Han Author-X-Name-First: Chang‐Keun Author-X-Name-Last: Han Author-Name: Yeong H. Yeo Author-X-Name-First: Yeong H. Author-X-Name-Last: Yeo Author-Name: Kate Irish Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Irish Title: Fostering Low‐Income Homeownership through Individual Development Accounts: A Longitudinal, Randomized Experiment Abstract: Abstract For low‐income families, homeownership represents an important strategy for promoting long‐term social and economic development. Individual Development Account (IDA) programs facilitate saving toward assets such as a home through matching, financial education, and case management. Using longitudinal experimental data from the American Dream Demonstration, this study examines the impact of IDA participation on homeownership rates and on clearing old debts. Low‐income participants were interviewed after 18 months (Wave 2) and after program completion at 48 months (Wave 3). Logistic regression results indicate that among those who were renters at baseline, IDA participation significantly increases the clearing of old debts at Wave 2 and homeownership rates at Wave 3. IDA participants with cleared debt activity had the highest probability of becoming homeowners at Wave 3 (32 percent), while those who were not IDA participants and did not have such activity had only a 9.6 percent probability. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 711-739 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521653 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:4:p:711-739 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victoria Basolo Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Basolo Author-Name: Corianne P. Scally Author-X-Name-First: Corianne P. Author-X-Name-Last: Scally Title: State innovations in affordable housing policy: Lessons from California and New Jersey Abstract: Abstract Decades of diminishing federal leadership and support for affordable housing policy have opened up a gap in public response to housing needs. Filling this gap is critical if the long‐held goal of decent (and affordable) housing for every American is to be honored and communities are to thrive. This article investigates state governments in an era of federal retreat by examining the factors associated with innovations in housing policy in California and New Jersey, two reputed leaders in state housing policy. We collected data through interviews with key informants, as well as from meetings, reports, public documents, agency records, and other secondary sources. Our analysis indicates that state innovations in housing policy are influenced by bureaucratic (internal) factors, such as funding and agency structure, and by environmental (external) factors, such as local autonomy and interest group activity. We conclude with the policy and research implications of our findings. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 741-774 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521654 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:4:p:741-774 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto G. Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto G. Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Author-Name: Janneke Ratcliffe Author-X-Name-First: Janneke Author-X-Name-Last: Ratcliffe Title: The preventable foreclosure crisis Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 775-783 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2008.9521655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2008.9521655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:19:y:2008:i:4:p:775-783 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Haggerty Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Haggerty Author-Name: Margery Austin Turner Author-X-Name-First: Margery Austin Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Title: Housing Policy Debate Special Issue -- Editor's Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003599795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003599795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:1:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan F. Fanton Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan F. Author-X-Name-Last: Fanton Title: Foreword Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 5-6 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003599803 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003599803 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:1:p:5-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefanie DeLuca Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: DeLuca Author-Name: Greg J. Duncan Author-X-Name-First: Greg J. Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan Author-Name: Micere Keels Author-X-Name-First: Micere Author-X-Name-Last: Keels Author-Name: Ruby M. Mendenhall Author-X-Name-First: Ruby M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mendenhall Title: Gautreaux mothers and their children: an update Abstract: The Gautreaux program was one of the first major residential mobility programs in the United States, providing low-income black families from public housing with opportunities to relocate to more affluent white neighborhoods in the Chicago suburbs and in other city neighborhoods. This paper reviews the most recent research on the Gautreaux families, which uses long-term administrative data to examine the effects of placement neighborhoods on the economic and social outcomes of mothers and children. We find that both Gautreaux mothers and their now-grown children were remarkably successful at maintaining the affluence and safety of their placement neighborhoods. As to the long-run economic independence of the mothers themselves, however, the new research fails to confirm the suburban advantages found in past Gautreaux research, although it does show that these outcomes were worst in the most racially segregated placement neighborhoods. With regard to the criminal records of Gautreaux children, it is found that suburban placement helped boys but not girls. Based on these results, we review possible new directions for successful mobility programs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 7-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003599829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003599829 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:1:p:7-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James E. Rosenbaum Author-X-Name-First: James E. Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbaum Author-Name: Anita Zuberi Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Zuberi Title: Comparing residential mobility programs: design elements, neighborhood placements, and outcomes in MTO and Gautreaux Abstract: Reviewing prior studies of two residential mobility programs, the Gautreaux and Moving to Opportunity (MTO) programs, this paper examines whether program design elements may explain differences in neighborhood placements, which in turn may explain the programs' different individual outcomes. While MTO has a stronger research design than Gautreaux, it creates more modest changes in environment. Specifically, we find that the two programs create very different kinds of neighborhood placements. Compared with Gautreaux, MTO moves were shorter distances and to census tracts with higher poverty rates, larger minority populations, worse schools, and lower employment rates. These differences in neighborhood placements may explain why Gautreaux found larger impact than MTO in education and employment outcomes and in duration of moves. Although often ignored, design elements may be crucial to the success of programs, and several design elements may explain these different placements. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 27-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003599845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003599845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:1:p:27-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan J. Popkin Author-X-Name-First: Susan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Popkin Title: A glass half empty? New evidence from the HOPE VI Panel Study Abstract: The Chicago Housing Authority is midway through its ambitious Plan for Transformation. This paper presents new evidence about how residents have fared since the transformation began. Questions remain about where they are living, the circumstances of their new housing, and how relocation has affected their overall well-being. This paper presents new evidence on resident outcomes from the HOPE VI Panel Study, a national study that includes Chicago. The findings show that those residents who received vouchers are living in better housing in dramatically safer neighborhoods; many report improved mental health; and their children are having fewer behavior problems. But there are also very real reasons for concern. Voucher holders are experiencing economic hardship that may place them at risk for housing instability and the most troubled families are at risk for being left behind in traditional public housing, little better off than they were when the Plan began. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 43-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003599852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003599852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:1:p:43-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth A. Rasinski Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rasinski Author-Name: Lisa Lee Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Catherine Haggerty Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Haggerty Title: Functional and social neighborhood integration of leaseholders relocated into public and private housing by the Chicago Housing Authority's Plan for Transformation Abstract: Sociologists have theorized that one of the reasons why concentrated poverty has a negative effect on people living in such circumstances is because it limits social capital. We examine the extent to which different forms of social capital are utilized by leaseholders relocated during the early stages of the Chicago Housing Authority's (CHA) Plan for Transformation. We use data from a survey of CHA leaseholders who have relocated back into public housing or into the private housing market as part of the Plan for Transformation. The analyses showed that use of neighborhood amenities did not vary by housing status. Generally, the level of social interaction was less for those who moved into the private sector when compared to those who had relocated to the public sector. However, social interaction improved as tenure in the private sector increased. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 65-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003599860 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003599860 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:1:p:65-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark L. Joseph Author-X-Name-First: Mark L. Author-X-Name-Last: Joseph Title: Creating mixed-income developments in Chicago: developer and service provider perspectives Abstract: Mixed-income development has been embraced by policymakers across the country as a promising means of deconcentrating poverty and revitalizing inner-city neighborhoods. The unprecedented scale of Chicago's effort at mixed-income development provides an important opportunity to learn about the possibilities and challenges of this approach. Most of the new developments have completed at least one pre-occupancy phase of construction, marketing, and resident outreach. This paper explores the perspectives of two key actors in the mixed-income development process: private developers and social service providers. In-depth interviews were conducted with 26 individuals working on nine of Chicago's major new mixed-income developments. This qualitative analysis uses the perspectives of these key actors to identify some of the major early challenges of the mixed-income development process in Chicago. Implications for the future of mixed-income development and public housing transformation in Chicago and across the country are considered. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 91-118 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003599894 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003599894 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:1:p:91-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melody L. Boyd Author-X-Name-First: Melody L. Author-X-Name-Last: Boyd Author-Name: Kathryn Edin Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Edin Author-Name: Susan Clampet-Lundquist Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Clampet-Lundquist Author-Name: Greg J. Duncan Author-X-Name-First: Greg J. Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan Title: The durability of gains from the Gautreaux Two residential mobility program: a qualitative analysis of who stays and who moves from low-poverty neighborhoods* Abstract: This paper examines mobility in the Gautreaux Two Housing Mobility Program, which attempted to alleviate poverty concentration by offering vouchers to residents of highly distressed Chicago public housing developments. In contrast to the original Gautreaux program, placement moves in Gautreaux Two have proven far less durable -- most families quickly moved on from their placement neighborhoods to neighborhoods that were quite poor and very racially segregated. Based on in-depth interviews with 58 Gautreaux Two participants and their children, we find that the primary factors motivating secondary moves included substandard unit quality and hassles with landlords. Other factors included feelings of social isolation due to poor integration into the new neighborhood, distance from kin, transportation difficulties, children's negative reaction to the new neighborhood, and financial difficulties. Policy implications include the need for further pre- and post-move housing counseling for families in mobility programs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 119-146 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003599902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003599902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:1:p:119-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Polikoff Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Polikoff Title: Overview: Three remaining HOPE VI challenges Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 147-151 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003599910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003599910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:1:p:147-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Title: Are low-income housing tax credit developments locating where there is a shortage of affordable units? Abstract: Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) developments serve renter households with incomes between 30% and 60% of Area Median Family Income. Ideally, the program places units into neighborhoods where there is a shortage of units serving this cohort. LIHTC units are allocated to developers by state agencies through their Qualified Allocation Plans which should direct units to areas of need. Using a national database, this research examines where LIHTC developments were placed in service to determine whether these developments enter tracts experiencing shortages. The LIHTC program is not directing units to those census tracts where there is a latent demand for units in this rent range. Rather, it is placing units into tracts that have surpluses. Equally, the program is not placing units in tracts with little or no affordable housing. This suggests that the program is not breaking down the income separation that exists in the nation's housing markets. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 153-171 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003738260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003738260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:2:p:153-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Emrath Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Emrath Title: Comment on Kirk McClure's “Are low-income housing tax credit developments locating where there is a shortage of affordable units?” Abstract: McClure does a good job of describing the history, scope, magnitude, and significance of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program. McClure's investigation is based on identifying the location of LIHTC units placed in service from 2000 through 2004 by census tract. From these data McClure concludes that the state Housing Finance Agencies are not directing LIHTC allocations to areas where either a shortage or small number of affordable units exists. This comment will focus on the three aspects of the affordability criteria and tract-level census data that raise some questions about whether such strong conclusions are justified: (1) Units classified as affordable that may not actually be available to low-income renters, (2) Units classified as affordable that may be physically inadequate, and (3) The limitations of census tracts as units of analysis. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 173-179 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003738583 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003738583 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:2:p:173-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jill Khadduri Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Khadduri Title: Comment on Kirk McClure's “Are low-income housing tax credit developments locating where there is a shortage of affordable units?” Abstract: Kirk McClure's article makes important contributions to our understanding of the way in which state allocating agencies are using the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC). However, one of the premises of his analysis -- that allocating agencies should encourage the location housing developments in census tracts with a “surplus” of low-income renters -- is mistaken. Census tracts are too small to be considered closed-system housing markets. Additionally, the LIHTC program does not exist in isolation, but instead as part of a combined national rental housing policy that includes both supply-side programs (LIHTC) and demand-side programs (housing vouchers). A final flaw in the notion that LIHTC units should be built in census tracts with a surplus of renter households in the 30% to 60% of AMI range compared with the units affordable to them is that increasing the amount of affordable housing in those tracts could have the effect of further concentrating households by income and race. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 181-184 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003738500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003738500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:2:p:181-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hilary Botein Author-X-Name-First: Hilary Author-X-Name-Last: Botein Author-Name: Andrea Hetling Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Hetling Title: Permanent supportive housing for domestic violence victims: program theory and client perspectives Abstract: The US Violence Against Women Act of 2005 allocated $10 million to support collaborative efforts to create permanent housing options for domestic violence victims. Such programs are relatively new and rare, and up to now little research has examined their efficacy. This research investigates one permanent housing option, the permanent supportive housing model, through an exploratory case study of a Connecticut-based program currently being developed. The study compares the program design articulated by administrators and advocates with perspectives of domestic violence agency clients. Findings indicate important differences between the program activities and goals articulated by administrators, and those preferred by clients. Although everyone agreed that personal safety was a priority, administrators stressed independence and choice whereas clients sought a stricter, community-centered environment with time-limited stays. These themes can be used to develop hypotheses for larger studies and have important preliminary policy and program implications. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 185-208 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003738575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003738575 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:2:p:185-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward G. Goetz Author-X-Name-First: Edward G. Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz Author-Name: Karen Chapple Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Chapple Title: You gotta move: advancing the debate on the record of dispersal Abstract: This paper summarizes the social science research on the record of housing dispersal programs since 1995. The research shows a consistently disappointing record of benefits to low-income households. Households moved out of high-poverty neighborhoods, voluntarily and involuntarily, show few or no beneficial effects in terms of economic self-sufficiency, health benefits, or social integration. The benefits of dispersal are confined to feelings of greater safety and satisfaction with neighborhood environmental conditions. We offer a framework for understanding the disappointing record of dispersal, highlighting its translation from social science diagnosis to policy, problems in the policy's implementation, its underlying theory of poverty, and the political context within which dispersal has been applied. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 209-236 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003779876 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003779876 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:2:p:209-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra M. Curley Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra M. Author-X-Name-Last: Curley Title: HOPE VI--a viable strategy for improving neighborhood conditions and resident self-sufficiency? The case of Maverick Gardens in Boston Abstract: This article considers whether the HOPE VI program has achieved two of its key goals: improving neighborhood conditions and increasing resident self-sufficiency. Findings from the Maverick Gardens HOPE VI program in Boston, Massachusetts are presented and discussed in the context of other research on HOPE VI and other relocation initiatives. Evidence from the Boston site affirms that the combination of relocation and redevelopment can lead to dramatic improvements in neighborhood quality for many -- but not all -- residents. Self-sufficiency outcomes, on the other hand, were not achieved: employment did not change, job networks were not expanded to new neighbors, and some residents experienced a decline in economic stability as a result of the program. Why HOPE VI has failed to improve neighborhood conditions for all residents and why it has failed to impact resident self-sufficiency is discussed, and how program goals and strategies might be adjusted to make it more effective is considered. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 237-294 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003738542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003738542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:2:p:237-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andres Jauregui Author-X-Name-First: Andres Author-X-Name-Last: Jauregui Author-Name: Diane Hite Author-X-Name-First: Diane Author-X-Name-Last: Hite Title: The impact of real estate agents on house prices near environmental disamenities Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of real estate agents on the price of houses that are located close to an environmental disamenity. Our main hypothesis is that real estate agents obtain higher prices than those theoretically expected when the houses are located closer to an environmental disamenity. We attribute this result to agents' ability to effectively match potential buyers to house sellers as well as their influence on bargaining power. Estimates from a sample selection corrected hedonic model suggest that the percentage increase in the house price obtained by a real estate agent is greater than the commission rate. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 295-316 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003738419 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003738419 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:2:p:295-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Knox Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Knox Author-Name: Lisa Schweitzer Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Schweitzer Title: Design determinism, post-meltdown: urban planners and the search for policy relevance Abstract: This commentary explores the roles of planning and urban design in contemporary US urbanization following the global financial crisis in Fall 2008. We focus on the tendency to discuss the planning profession in recovery metaphors -- a perspective that has been emphasized in establishing how the profession's past and future relevance may be asserted. In the recent past the planning profession has sought to recover its standing and policy relevance through its contributions to real estate development. In doing so, the profession has gravitated toward design and determinism in order to satisfy pluralist demands within the loosely regulated political economy of neoliberal urban growth. But while design determinism offered numerous practical advantages to the planning profession for the short term, it also served to preclude the profession from engaging with social justice, the social construction of place, and civil society. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 317-327 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003738617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003738617 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:2:p:317-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harvey M. Jacobs Author-X-Name-First: Harvey M. Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobs Title: Social conflict over property rights: the end, a new beginning, or a continuing debate? Abstract: The ownership and control of private land is a core social value in the United States. Public planning can be seen as conflicting with this value. The long-standing tension between private property rights and public planning was heightened in the 1990s with the emergence of the so-called private property rights movement. This movement seeks to limit governmental authority over privately owned land through a multi-level strategy of legal, policy, political, and public relations actions. This paper explores the historical basis for this conflict, the legal framework within which it functions, and contemporary policy battles. The paper concludes that there may be no final outcome to this debate. Property rights activists are impassioned and believe their view of history and law is correct. I argue that it may be best to see debate about land use and property rights as one of the central vehicles for a continual reframing of core values in the American experience. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 329-349 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003788760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003788760 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:3:p:329-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamela Blumenthal Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Blumenthal Title: Comment on Harvey Jacobs' “Social conflict over property rights: the end, a new beginning, or a continuing debate?” Abstract: Jacobs draws on history, law, politics, and policy to examine the development and response of the private property movement and the social conflict over property rights and public planning. This comment suggests that the debate be broadened beyond the advocates of property rights and planning to include the interests of other members of the community, including minority and low-income households who are often affected by the outcomes. Otherwise, property will continue to be used to exclude people from democracy, rather than include them. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 351-353 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003788778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003788778 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:3:p:351-353 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Chatman Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Chatman Author-Name: Niels Voorhoeve Author-X-Name-First: Niels Author-X-Name-Last: Voorhoeve Title: The transportation-credit mortgage: a post-mortem Abstract: “Location-efficient mortgages” and “smart commute mortgages” were sponsored by Fannie Mae and made available by lenders in a large number of US cities beginning in 1999. Participants were given a credit to qualifying income that allowed them to borrow more for homes in neighborhoods with good transit access and high population density. We use the term “transportation-credit mortgage” (TCM) to refer to both programs. The TCM was intended to reduce auto use, decrease sprawl, and increase low- and moderate-income homeownership. But there was little demand. Only about 300 loans were made, and both programs had been discontinued by 2008. Some advocate the TCM's revival. Would this be a good idea? We draw upon interviews with lenders, Fannie Mae officials, and transit agencies; lending data from Fannie Mae; and relevant academic research and theory. The TCM likely generated little market interest because of implementation problems and competitive terms from other loan products. But even if the TCM could be revived, with its implementation problems resolved, it would still be unlikely to meet the intended social goals in most markets. The TCM could even make low- and moderate-income households worse off. More radical changes, and more research, are needed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 355-382 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003788786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003788786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:3:p:355-382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xavier de Souza Briggs Author-X-Name-First: Xavier de Souza Author-X-Name-Last: Briggs Author-Name: Jennifer Comey Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Comey Author-Name: Gretchen Weismann Author-X-Name-First: Gretchen Author-X-Name-Last: Weismann Title: Struggling to stay out of high-poverty neighborhoods: housing choice and locations in moving to opportunity's first decade Abstract: Improving locational outcomes emerged as a major policy hope for the nation's largest low-income housing program over the past two decades, but a host of supply and demand-side barriers confront rental voucher users, leading to heated debate over the importance of choice versus constraint. In this context, we examine the Moving to Opportunity experiment's first decade, using a mixed-method approach. MTO families faced major barriers in tightening markets, yet diverse housing trajectories emerged, reflecting variation in: (a) willingness to trade location -- in particular, safety and avoidance of “ghetto” behavior -- to get larger, better housing units after initial relocation; (b) the distribution of neighborhood types in different metro areas; and (c) circumstances that produced many involuntary moves. Access to social networks or services “left behind” in poorer neighborhoods seldom drove moving decisions. Numerous moves were brokered by rental agents who provided shortcuts to willing landlords but thereby steered participants to particular neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 383-427 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003788745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003788745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:3:p:383-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rayman Mohamed Author-X-Name-First: Rayman Author-X-Name-Last: Mohamed Title: Are profits from subdivision development higher in areas with more regulations? A case study of South Kingstown, Rhode Island and some implications for land use planning Abstract: Little is known about the relationship between land use regulations and profits from subdivision development. Using data from a heavily regulated market, this article presents analyses that for the first time determine actual profits from subdivision development. This study found an average profit, measured by internal rates of return, of 29%, which is statistically greater than what scholars consider normal. Profits decreased as time to complete the subdivision increased. Profits also decreased because of delays due to regulations and voluntary decisions by developers. The findings suggest that higher profits could be attainable in more-regulated areas because regulations may create amenities whose value exceeds the costs of providing them, while the same regulations may make it difficult for outside developers to enter the market thus limiting competition among developers. The findings suggest that policy makers should be cautious about regulations that create amenities when these regulations may inhibit competition among developers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 429-456 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003788703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003788703 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:3:p:429-456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua D. Ambrosius Author-X-Name-First: Joshua D. Author-X-Name-Last: Ambrosius Author-Name: John I. Gilderbloom Author-X-Name-First: John I. Author-X-Name-Last: Gilderbloom Author-Name: Matthew J. Hanka Author-X-Name-First: Matthew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hanka Title: Back to Black … and Green? Location and policy interventions in contemporary neighborhood housing markets Abstract: The post-war flight from US central cities led to widespread decay and devaluation in downtown housing markets. In a reversal of fortunes, distant housing prices soared while the dense urban core lagged. However, over the course of the 2000--2006 housing bubble, we find that the markets in often ignored mid-sized cities shifted back to the downtowns. This research examines the factors influencing neighborhood housing values, including location and public policy interventions. Our analysis period begins with 2000 and has two end points: one at the close of the national housing bubble in 2006 and another in 2008 during the housing market collapse. Based on OLS and spatial regression analyses of percent increases in neighborhood housing values for Louisville, Kentucky, we find that higher downtown property increases are due in large part to historic preservation districts, a university--community partnership, and a HOPE VI site. We confirm that our findings hold even through the 2007--2008 housing crisis. We ultimately theorize that higher downtown appreciation is due to three factors: green urbanism, planning/policy successes, and the surprising non-significance of the traditionally negative predictor race (nonwhite percentage). Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 457-484 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.487655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.487655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:3:p:457-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sean Zielenbach Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Zielenbach Author-Name: Richard Voith Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Voith Author-Name: Michael Mariano Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Mariano Title: Estimating the local economic impacts of HOPE VI Abstract: This study identifies and measures the demonstrable changes to local political economies that can be reasonably attributed to HOPE VI redevelopments. It examines the extent to which the developments have contributed to increases in surrounding property values, decreases in serious crimes, additional regional economic activity, and changes in local tax revenues. It weighs these benefits against the public costs associated with the program. Despite the expenses associated with HOPE VI, the redevelopments generate significant net social welfare benefits. In most cases, the collective tenant and neighborhood benefits exceed the net public costs of redevelopment. In addition, the redevelopments spark additional regional economic activity and contribute to an increase in the local tax base. HOPE VI's effects are far from uniform, however, and depend on the location of the redeveloped property, the characteristics of project funding, the strength of the local real estate market, and the presence of other development pressures. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 485-522 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003788794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003788794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:3:p:485-522 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William M. Rohe Author-X-Name-First: William M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe Author-Name: Spencer M. Cowan Author-X-Name-First: Spencer M. Author-X-Name-Last: Cowan Author-Name: Roberto Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Title: Supporting low-income homeowners: lessons from a program to coordinate weatherization and rehabilitation services Abstract: Homeownership is the primary way most families build wealth in this country. Low-income homeowners are less likely to get that benefit because they are more likely to own older houses that are more costly to operate and need more essential maintenance. Rapidly escalating home energy costs are straining the budgets of many low-income homeowners, increasing the likelihood of under maintenance and mortgage default. This paper presents an evaluation of a demonstration program designed to coordinate weatherization and rehabilitation programs in order to assist low-income households, decrease energy costs, and to improve the condition and value of their homes. The experience of 11 local non-profit organizations, funded to develop programs to coordinate weatherization and housing rehabilitation services, were studied over a five-year period. The results of the evaluation indicate that there are many obstacles to coordinating weatherization and rehabilitation programs, but that it can be accomplished under the right conditions. Major gaps exist between program eligibility thresholds and in the types of assistance available to low-income homeowners. Policy recommendations for facilitating coordination are presented. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 523-546 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511481003788687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511481003788687 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:3:p:523-546 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey J. Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Title: Introduction to the 20th Anniversary Issue of Housing Policy Debate Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 547-550 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.516607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.516607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:4:p:547-550 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James H. Carr Author-X-Name-First: James H. Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Author-Name: Michelle Mulcahy Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Mulcahy Title: Twenty years of housing policy: what's new, what's changed, what's ahead? Abstract: This paper reviews the current state of the housing market, particularly in the shadow of the foreclosure crisis, the collapse of the financial system, and persistent unemployment. The authors outline the policy priorities necessary to facilitate the recovery of the housing market in general and to encourage comprehensive revitalization of the hardest hit communities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 551-576 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.510988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.510988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:4:p:551-576 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Theodore Koebel Author-X-Name-First: Theodore Author-X-Name-Last: Koebel Title: Comment on James H. Carr and Michelle Mulcahy's “Twenty years of housing policy: what's new, what's changed, what's ahead?” Abstract: Housing policy in the post Great Recession (GR) era faces tremendous uncertainties, but clearly there will be more sensitivity around risk, quality, and transparency in capital markets. The post-GR domestic policy environment and economy are likely to impose several overarching constraints, including less access to world capital markets for financing housing, more restrictive assessments of risk, and increasing restraints on federal domestic spending particularly for non-entitlement programs. Carr and Mulcahy provide a substantial agenda of liberal-progressive policies that focus on the predatory and risky practices of loan originators and promote expansion of home ownership for low-income households. If we are indeed on the brink of an era of austerity, the housing policy debate will need to focus on priorities for contraction rather than expansion in housing programs, and on tenure-neutral policies rather than promoting home ownership. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 577-580 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.516608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.516608 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:4:p:577-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephanie Moulton Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Moulton Title: Originating lender localness and mortgage sustainability: an evaluation of delinquency and foreclosure in Indiana's mortgage revenue bond program Abstract: Originating lenders play a vital role in selecting and preparing borrowers for homeownership, directly and through partnerships with community entities. While previous research demonstrates the importance of originating lenders for mortgage access to low- and moderate-income borrowers, this analysis evaluates the influence of the originating lender, and in particular the localness of the lender, on mortgage sustainability (reduced delinquency and foreclosure). Employing data on more than 5,000 low- and moderate-income borrowers participating in Indiana's Mortgage Revenue Bond (MRB) program from 2004--2006, this analysis finds that the localness of the originating lender is significantly predictive of mortgage sustainability. After controlling for borrower, mortgage, and market characteristics, an increase in the localness of the lender is associated with a decrease in the probability of delinquency and foreclosure, particularly for higher risk (lower credit score) borrowers participating in the MRB program. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 581-617 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.505874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.505874 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:4:p:581-617 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Immergluck Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck Title: The accumulation of lender-owned homes during the US mortgage crisis: examining metropolitan REO inventories Abstract: A key concern among policymakers and community developers in recent years has been the extent to which lender-owned homes, often called real estate owned or “REO” properties, accumulate in different local housing markets during the mortgage crisis. This paper describes the accumulation of REO properties in 356 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) from August 2006 to August 2008. It examines differences in both changes and static levels of REO activity across MSAs and compares changes in REO levels to changes in home values over the same period. Special attention is paid to 12 large MSAs with substantial levels of REO as of August 2008. A model of REO volume at the metropolitan level is estimated that includes differences in state foreclosure legal processes and timing among the independent variables. Finally, cluster analysis is used to identify a simple typology of MSAs based on REO levels and home price changes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 619-645 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.505872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.505872 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:4:p:619-645 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Desiree Fields Author-X-Name-First: Desiree Author-X-Name-Last: Fields Author-Name: Kimberly Libman Author-X-Name-First: Kimberly Author-X-Name-Last: Libman Author-Name: Susan Saegert Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Saegert Title: Turning everywhere, getting nowhere: experiences of seeking help for mortgage delinquency and their implications for foreclosure prevention Abstract: The growing literature on financial, demographic, and institutional aspects of the foreclosure crisis largely neglects the experiences and actions of homeowners. This in-depth account of homeowners' responses to mortgage delinquency and the success of the strategies they employ to prevent foreclosure is based on focus groups conducted in 2006 with low- and moderate-income homeowners, and nonprofit housing professionals in five US cities. The events precipitating mortgage delinquency often set off a cascade of trouble placing multiple demands on homeowners' financial, emotional, and social resources. Homeowners pursued foreclosure prevention assistance from a variety of sources including their lender, social welfare agencies, and nonprofit homeownership organizations, but encountered many obstacles to resolving mortgage delinquency. Their unsuccessful attempts to secure assistance contributed to financial and emotional strain and sometimes worsened prospects of preventing foreclosure. Despite the numerous federal policies developed to address the problem of foreclosure, the experiences described by participants in this study continue, indicating the need for more systematic, enforceable, and preventive policies to address foreclosures in the future. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 647-686 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.503710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.503710 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:4:p:647-686 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William H. Rogers Author-X-Name-First: William H. Author-X-Name-Last: Rogers Title: Declining foreclosure neighborhood effects over time Abstract: According to previous studies, residential foreclosures reduce the value of neighboring residential units and the initial negative effects decay over time and space. This study attempts to investigate the temporal path of the initial effects by following cohorts of single-family housing distressed sales (foreclosures and real estate owned sales) over time. A hedonic model estimation of single-family housing sales in Saint Louis County, Missouri, produced larger marginal impacts for new distressed sales in the year 2000 compared with the marginal impact of new distressed sales in 2007, that is, the marginal impact of new distressed sales is declining in at least one housing market. This result holds true for the distressed sale neighborhood impact, the effect of distress on the same unit's future sales price, and the discount on a distressed unit's current “liquidation sale” price. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 687-706 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.505845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.505845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:4:p:687-706 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Maria Santiago Author-X-Name-First: Anna Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Santiago Author-Name: George C. Galster Author-X-Name-First: George C. Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Author-Name: Ana H. Santiago-San Roman Author-X-Name-First: Ana H. Author-X-Name-Last: Santiago-San Roman Author-Name: Cristina M. Tucker Author-X-Name-First: Cristina M. Author-X-Name-Last: Tucker Author-Name: Angela A. Kaiser Author-X-Name-First: Angela A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kaiser Author-Name: Rebecca A. Grace Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca A. Author-X-Name-Last: Grace Title: Foreclosing on the American dream? The financial consequences of low-income homeownership Abstract: Federal programs have consistently encouraged ever-lower-income households to buy homes, despite concerns about the long-term sustainability and desirability of homeownership from the perspective of wealth-building, especially since the recent housing market collapse and the epidemic of mortgage foreclosures. We ask in this paper: can very low-income households build wealth through sustainable homeownership, with the aid of an innovative public program? We answer this question by examining 122 very low-income households who purchased their homes between 1996 and 2007 after completing an extensive asset-building and homeownership education/counseling program offered by the Housing Authority of the City and County of Denver (DHA), called HOP. We analyze our own longitudinal surveys and focus groups, as well as data compiled from administrative agency sources, real estate records, and longitudinal census data from the Neighborhood Change Database and the Piton Foundation's Neighborhood Facts Database. We find that homeownership attained through HOP typically did provide very low-income households with opportunities to build home equity (both absolutely and relative to generic homeowner cohorts in Denver) and net wealth, although this was contingent on time of purchase and ethnicity. Our multivariate analyses revealed that changes in annualized home equity appreciation were associated with the ethnic composition of the neighborhood and age of property. Annualized wealth accumulation was associated with annualized home equity appreciation, being married throughout the tenure of homeownership, and year of home purchase. HOP homebuyers received exceptionally favorable initial mortgage terms and conditions, often enhanced with down-payment assistance from their own DHA escrow account or from local housing and neighborhood development organizations, resulting in a dramatically low rate of default and foreclosure to date. Moreover, HOP homebuyers were not immune to financial stresses, and the continuing lack of wealth for many makes them vulnerable to future interruptions in primary wage earner's employment or health. We discuss the implications for low-income homeownership policy and argue that the goal of expanding homeownership opportunities should not be abandoned. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 707-742 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.506194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.506194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:4:p:707-742 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto G. Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto G. Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Author-Name: Janneke Ratcliffe Author-X-Name-First: Janneke Author-X-Name-Last: Ratcliffe Title: The preventable foreclosure crisis Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 743-749 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.505848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.505848 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:20:y:2010:i:4:p:743-749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Talen Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Talen Author-Name: Julia Koschinsky Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Koschinsky Title: Is subsidized housing in sustainable neighborhoods? Evidence from Chicago Abstract: This article explores the connection between subsidized housing and sustainable urban form. Given the general disconnect between new market-rate housing in sustainable, walkable neighborhoods and affordable housing opportunities, we expect affordable housing to be located in less sustainable locations in terms of proximity to amenities, walkability, street connectivity, density, and diversity of urban form. A rich set of parcel and planning data for the city of Chicago was used to correlate sustainability indicators with the locations of both project- and tenant-based affordable housing programs. Difference-in-means tests and other descriptive statistical analysis suggest that project-based locations (with the exception of Chicago Housing Authority family units) actually score above average, especially in terms of accessibility and walkability, albeit it at the cost of concentrated poverty, racial segregation, and crime. In contrast, vouchers are located in less sustainable locations when it comes to accessibility and walkability, although they are in neighborhoods with more diversity and less poverty -- and, at lower voucher concentrations, with less segregation and crime -- than project units. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.533618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.533618 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:1:p:1-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Title: Comment on Emily Talen and Julia Koschinsky's “Is subsidized housing in sustainable neighborhoods? Evidence from Chicago” Abstract: Until now, the literature on sustainability and housing has paid little attention to low-income or to subsidized housing. In examining the sustainability of subsidized housing in Chicago, Talen and Koschinsky make an important contribution to the literature. Drawing on several data sets, they explore the extent to which housing subsidized in Chicago under a variety of programs is located in ``sustainable'' neighborhoods, neighborhoods that promote access, connectivity, safety, and diversity. Like many pathbreaking studies, Talen and Koschinsky's work raises many questions. I will focus on three. First, had the study focused on the greater metropolitan area rather than the city of Chicago, subsidized housing would appear significantly more sustainable. Second, while the limited geographic scope of the city probably caused subsidized housing to appear less sustainable than it is, some of the criteria used to define sustainability may not be valid or appropriate in some urban settings. As a result the study may exaggerate certain aspects of sustainability. Finally, notwithstanding my concerns about their accuracy, the findings could be used to justify exclusionary housing policies. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 29-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.534387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.534387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:1:p:29-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolf Pendall Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Pendall Author-Name: Joe Parilla Author-X-Name-First: Joe Author-X-Name-Last: Parilla Title: Comment on Emily Talen and Julia Koschinsky's “Is subsidized housing in sustainable neighborhoods? Evidence from Chicago”: “Sustainable” urban form and opportunity: frames and expectations for low-income households Abstract: Talen and Koschinsky demonstrate that Chicago's walkable, dense, mixed-use neighborhoods score poorly on measures of health, accessibility, safety, and social interaction. This comment raises and discusses several questions: How good a frame is ``sustainable'' for describing the urban form the authors measure? What are the connections between ``sustainable urban form'' (SUF) and good outcomes for assisted tenants in Chicago? Do SUF neighborhoods provide better conditions for assisted housing tenants? How does the scale at which we investigate this question influence the answer? More broadly, how do we expect SUF to work for assisted housing tenants and other low-income people? Finally, to what extent is SUF a necessary and sufficient condition for ensuring long-term income diversity through investment in affordable housing? The answers to all these questions are still open, making this is a promising time for more fine grained research supporting efforts to bring greater social justice to the city. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 33-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.534388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.534388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:1:p:33-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon McDonnell Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: McDonnell Author-Name: Josiah Madar Author-X-Name-First: Josiah Author-X-Name-Last: Madar Author-Name: Vicki Been Author-X-Name-First: Vicki Author-X-Name-Last: Been Title: Minimum parking requirements and housing affordability in New York City Abstract: Many cities throughout the United States require developers of new residential construction to provide a minimum number of accompanying off-street parking spaces. However, critics argue that these requirements increase housing costs by bundling an oversupply of parking with new housing and by reducing the number of units developers could otherwise fit on a given lot. Furthermore, the requirements reduce the subsequent direct costs of car ownership by forcing up-front, or subsidizing, consumption of parking spaces, which leads to increases in auto-use and its related externalities. Such critics advocate eliminating or at least reducing the requirements to be more responsive to locational context, particularly proximity to transit. In this article, we explore the theoretical objections to minimum parking requirements and the limited empirical literature. We then use lot-level data and GIS to analyze parking requirements in New York City to determine to what extent they are already effectively sensitive to transit proximity. Finally, we examine developer response to parking requirements by comparing the number of spaces that are actually built to the number required by applicable zoning law. Our results indicate that the per-unit parking requirement in New York is, on average, lower in areas near rail transit stations, but the required number of spaces per square foot of lot area is higher, on average, in transit accessible areas. We also find that by and large, developers tend to build only the bare minimum of parking required by zoning, suggesting that the minimum parking requirements are binding for developers, as argued by critics, and that developers do not simply build parking out of perceived marked need. Our results raise the possibility that even in cities with complex and tailored parking requirements, there is room to tie the requirements more closely to contextual factors. Further, such changes are likely to result in fewer parking spaces from residential developers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 45-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.534386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.534386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:1:p:45-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wendy A. Kellogg Author-X-Name-First: Wendy A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kellogg Author-Name: W. Dennis Keating Author-X-Name-First: W. Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Keating Title: Cleveland's EcoVillage: green and affordable housing through a network alliance Abstract: This article presents a case study of the inter-organizational network that formed to produce four housing projects in Cleveland's EcoVillage designed to integrate social equity and ecological stewardship as the basis for neighborhood redevelopment. Our paper builds on concepts of community development and housing production through inter-organizational networks spanning nonprofit, public, and private organizations that developed and supported four “green” and affordable housing projects. We are interested in understanding how development of the housing projects changed and connected traditional neighborhood development and ecologically-oriented organizations and how their interaction changed the practice of housing production and environmental and sustainability advocacy locally and regionally. The results of the study reveal that the marriage of green and affordable housing in Cleveland, despite some challenges, was viewed as important and beneficial by the organizations involved, and resulted in a range of demonstration projects that not only changed the EcoVillage, but affected other neighborhood housing projects in Cleveland as well. The projects resulted in enhanced capacity for green housing production through creation of a new network of organizations spanning the housing and environmental sustainability fields of practice that continues to support sustainable housing and neighborhood development in Cleveland. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 69-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.533614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.533614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:1:p:69-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth J. Mueller Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller Author-Name: Frederick Steiner Author-X-Name-First: Frederick Author-X-Name-Last: Steiner Title: Integrating equity and environmental goals in local housing policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 93-98 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.539778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.539778 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:1:p:93-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric J. Levin Author-X-Name-First: Eric J. Author-X-Name-Last: Levin Author-Name: Gwilym Pryce Author-X-Name-First: Gwilym Author-X-Name-Last: Pryce Title: The dynamics of spatial inequality in UK housing wealth Abstract: This paper investigates the dynamics of spatial inequality in gross housing wealth in the UK. Our results challenge recent research findings in the UK that suggest inexorable rises in housing wealth inequality. We argue that such findings are illusory, arising in part from the use of final period price levels to categorize areas into low and high house price locations. We use Monte Carlo simulations to illustrate the bias that final period categorization introduces and we then estimate how gross housing wealth inequality changes over time using a battery of measures. All our results indicate that there is evidence of cycles in housing wealth inequality but no evidence of an upward trend. Most surprisingly, the cycles in inequality are found to be of very large amplitude and this may have important effects on consumption, work incentives and business formation. We also find that the entire distribution of house values has shifted which is likely to imply a growing gulf in housing wealth between owners and renters over the period considered. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 99-132 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.534389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.534389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:1:p:99-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moon Jeong Kim Author-X-Name-First: Moon Author-X-Name-Last: Jeong Kim Author-Name: Hazel A. Morrow-Jones Author-X-Name-First: Hazel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Morrow-Jones Title: Intrametropolitan residential mobility and older inner suburbs: A case study of the Greater Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area Abstract: Despite signs of decline, older inner suburban areas have not drawn much attention as declining central cities in the United States. In this paper, we study intrametropolitan residential mobility in the greater Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area, focusing on older suburban areas. We organize our discussion around possible explanations for the decline of older suburbs associated with suburbanization, utilizing natural evolution and flight from blight theories. We found that there is a sequence of outward movement toward newer suburbs from older suburbs, and the households who moved to outer areas often cited the desire for a newer house. These results indicate that policies to help remodel older homes and/or construct new homes to replace older ones can be an initial step for those older suburbs to retain households. We conclude that natural evolution explains older suburban movers' outward movement, but there are signs that the flight from blight explanations may become more important in the future. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 133-164 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.534390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.534390 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:1:p:133-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly L. Patterson Author-X-Name-First: Kelly L. Author-X-Name-Last: Patterson Author-Name: Robert Mark Silverman Author-X-Name-First: Robert Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Silverman Title: How local public administrators, nonprofit providers, and elected officials perceive impediments to fair housing in the suburbs: an analysis of Erie County, New York Abstract: This article examines how local public administrators, nonprofit providers, and elected officials in the suburbs of Erie County, NY perceive impediments to fair housing. This article is based on research conducted from 2007--2008 for the Analysis of Impediments for Fair Housing Choice in Erie County, NY. The research involved an examination of trends related to fair housing and housing discrimination complaints between 2000 and 2006. It also involved a series of focus group interviews with local public administrators, nonprofit providers, and elected officials. The results from this research indicate that key stakeholders emphasize specific issues and groups when discussing impediments to fair housing. These predispositions result in uneven policy implementation. In particular, there is a tendency to emphasize impediments encountered by the elderly while paying less attention to those impacting minorities, families, the disabled, and the poor. The article concludes with our recommendations to promote a more balanced approach to fair housing in suburban communities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 165-188 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.534392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.534392 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:1:p:165-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Cloud Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Cloud Author-Name: Susan Roll Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Roll Title: Denver Housing Authority's Park Avenue HOPE VI revitalization project: community impact results Abstract: In 2002, the Denver Housing Authority1 received a HOPE VI grant from HUD in the amount of 20 million dollars to raze and rehabilitate three “severally distressed” public housing communities. Named the Park Avenue HOPE VI Revitalization Project, the purpose was to create both low-income and market-rate housing in an urban environment along with recreation and business opportunities. An evaluation of the community impact of the project has yielded favorable results. Employing a quasi-experimental research design, analyses of the data collected revealed impressive outcomes in three areas. These include a decrease in overall as well as violent crime, increased home-buying activity, and increased property values within a quarter-mile radius of the Park Avenue HOPE VI site. Adding to the many evaluations of HOPE VI projects nationally, this article offers community-level results to further our understanding of federal housing policy and its effects on urban centers. -super-1Data and support for the study were provided by The Denver Housing Authority. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily shared by the Denver Housing Authority. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 191-214 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.567288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.567288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:2:p:191-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Scott Holupka Author-X-Name-First: C. Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Holupka Author-Name: Sandra J. Newman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra J. Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Title: The housing and neighborhood conditions of America's children: patterns and trends over four decades Abstract: This paper uses national and metropolitan area data from American Housing Surveys over four decades to examine the patterns and trends in the housing and neighborhood circumstances of children. Children across the income distribution have experienced dramatic improvements in the physical adequacy of their dwellings and in crowding but significant deterioration in housing affordability. Poor children are often in greatest jeopardy, with the rate of complaints about crime 25 percent higher in 2005 than in 1975, and the rate of school complaints twice as high in 2005 than 1975. Poor children also experience little payoff from residential mobility in terms of physical dwelling adequacy, crowding, affordability, or adequacy of schools, though moves are associated with fewer complaints about crime. However, it is the near poor -- those between 101--200 percent of poverty -- and not the poor who appear to be most affected by the tightness or looseness of the housing market. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 215-245 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.567289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.567289 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:2:p:215-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert W. Wassmer Author-X-Name-First: Robert W. Author-X-Name-Last: Wassmer Title: The recent pervasive external effects of residential home foreclosure Abstract: The United States faced an ongoing foreclosure crisis in the late 2000s. Federal and state governments responded with public policies designed to reduce foreclosures. Such policies are economically appropriate if the cost to implement them is less than the negative private and public external effects of mortgage foreclosure. A hedonic home price regression calculates the value of these external effects for a large United States area (Sacramento, CA) hit particularly hard by the crisis over the period between January 2008 and June 2009. The selling price of an average non-real estate owned homes, due to the presence of real estate owned sales of neighboring homes, fell by $48,827 or 31.9 percent. This estimate of the external neighborhood effect far exceeds similar estimates from previous regression studies using data from before the late 2000s foreclosure crisis and likely justifies public intervention into the curtailment of a regional foreclosure crisis of this magnitude. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 247-265 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.567290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.567290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:2:p:247-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Judith R. Halasz Author-X-Name-First: Judith R. Author-X-Name-Last: Halasz Title: Fair and affordable? Racial and ethnic segregation and inequality in New York City rental housing Abstract: Using New York City as a case study, this article examines the extent to which current affordable rental housing programs and policies violate fair housing standards and exacerbate socio-economic inequality. New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey data are analyzed with Theil's entropy and information indices and logistic regression to pinpoint the sources of racial and ethnic segregation and inequality in specific types of rental housing. This study offers three major findings. First, despite increasing neighborhood diversity, Blacks and Latinos are significantly segregated from Whites, Asians, and other racial and ethnic groups in certain types of affordable housing. Second, race and ethnicity have a greater impact than socio-economic status on which type of housing a family occupies. Third, differences in employment, income, and poverty indicate that affordable housing located within mixed-income, multiple-family dwellings offers significant advantages over cluster developments such as public housing, which compound racial, ethnic, and socio-economic inequality. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 267-293 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.568892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.568892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:2:p:267-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dennis P. Culhane Author-X-Name-First: Dennis P. Author-X-Name-Last: Culhane Author-Name: Stephen Metraux Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Metraux Author-Name: Thomas Byrne Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Byrne Title: A prevention-centered approach to homelessness assistance: a paradigm shift? Abstract: Prevention has long been cited as an important part of any strategy to end homelessness. Nonetheless, effective prevention initiatives have proven difficult to implement in practice. The lack of a prevention-oriented policy framework has resulted in responses to homelessness that focus primarily on assisting those who have already lost their housing and, consequently, to the institutionalization of homelessness. Recent Federal legislation, however, signals an emergent paradigm shift towards prevention-based approaches to homelessness. This paper explores the conceptual underpinnings of successful prevention initiatives and reviews practice-based evidence from several successful prevention-oriented approaches to homelessness in the United States and Europe. We then outline a conceptual framework for a transformation of homeless assistance towards prevention-oriented approaches, with a discussion of relevant issues of program design and practice, data collection standards, and program performance monitoring and evaluation. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 295-315 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2010.536246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2010.536246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:2:p:295-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shannon Van Zandt Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Van Zandt Author-Name: William M. Rohe Author-X-Name-First: William M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe Title: The sustainability of low-income homeownership: the incidence of unexpected costs and needed repairs among low-income home buyers Abstract: Until the recent housing market crisis, the United States was producing first-time, low-income homeowners at an unprecedented rate. In a longitudinal study of low-income renters participating in a multi-site homeownership education program, we examine the ability of low-income homebuyers to pay housing related costs after home purchase, including maintenance or repairs costs. After less than two years of ownership, we find the sustainability of low-income homeownership in jeopardy for sizeable portion of home buyers. About half of the more than 350 new home owners surveyed face unexpected costs, and about a third confront home repairs they cannot afford. More than half carry greater non-housing debt, and about a quarter were 30 days late or more in debt repayment. The findings raise concerns about the long term sustainability of low-income homeownership and emphasize the importance of requiring effective pre-purchase services and effective and ongoing post-purchase counseling. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 317-341 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.576525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.576525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:2:p:317-341 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Editor's note: the impact of Housing Policy Debate Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 345-347 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.594553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.594553 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:3:p:345-347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justin B. Hollander Author-X-Name-First: Justin B. Author-X-Name-Last: Hollander Author-Name: Jeremy Németh Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy Author-X-Name-Last: Németh Title: The bounds of smart decline: a foundational theory for planning shrinking cities Abstract: Economic decline has led to a new wave of population decline throughout the US, meaning more and more cities are shrinking. Growing interest in using smart decline principles to respond to shrinkage has been met with controversy in cities such as Detroit and Cleveland. This paper advances a foundational theory of smart decline that takes as its starting point discussions of ethics, equity, and social justice in the planning and political theory literature, but is well grounded in observations of successful smart decline practice. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 349-367 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.585164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.585164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:3:p:349-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan Mallach Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Mallach Title: Comment on Hollander's “The bounds of smart decline: a foundational theory for planning shrinking cities” Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 369-375 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.594550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.594550 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:3:p:369-375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Jordan Greenlee Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Jordan Author-X-Name-Last: Greenlee Title: A different lens: administrative perspectives on portability in Illinois' Housing Choice Voucher Program Abstract: Over the last decade, the Housing Choice Voucher Program has grown to become the USA's primary strategy for providing safe, decent, and affordable housing. Annually serving more than 2 million low-income households, the program is designed to help low-income households afford private market rental housing. The program also allows for the “portability” of vouchers nationally between housing authority jurisdictions. Both features aim to mitigate the effects of concentrated poverty. Research on the Moving to Opportunity Program and the Gautreaux consent decree have produced data confirming that residential mobility can at times lead to positive opportunities for assisted households. This past research has been conducted on specific programs occurring outside of the general Housing Choice Voucher Program framework and has focused on household-level outcomes, paying little attention to the ways in which program administration may affect outcomes for voucher households. This article aims to understand voucher portability from the perspective of housing authority executive directors and program administrators, in order to better understand how program administration impacts the types of household outcomes observed in prior research. The results reveal that housing authority administrative practices and inter-housing authority relationships play a significant role in shaping the types of outcomes realized by porting voucher households. These findings suggest several changes to program administrative design and policy that may improve support for voucher households as they make portability moves. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 377-403 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.591409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.591409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:3:p:377-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Hanratty Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Hanratty Title: Impacts of Heading Home Hennepin's Housing First programs for long-term homeless adults Abstract: This paper evaluates the impact of Heading Home Hennepin’s Housing First programs for long-term homeless individuals with work-limiting disabilities. These programs combine subsidized housing and extensive case management services to help program participants maintain stable housing. Using a matched comparison of housing-first participants and nonparticipants residing in public shelters, this study finds that housing-first placement is associated with a substantial decrease in public shelter use, an increase in public health insurance coverage, and a decrease in arrests and incarceration. Most of the decline in arrests is due to decreases in arrests for livability and drug-related charges and not for violent or property crime. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 405-419 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.594076 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.594076 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:3:p:405-419 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael McQuarrie Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: McQuarrie Author-Name: Norman Krumholz Author-X-Name-First: Norman Author-X-Name-Last: Krumholz Title: Institutionalized social skill and the rise of mediating organizations in urban governance: the case of the Cleveland Housing Network Abstract: In this paper we build on an expanding literature that attempts to understand the changing organizational and institutional dimensions of contemporary urban governance. We do so by utilizing the Cleveland Housing Network as a lens through which salient characteristics of contemporary governance become visible. Doing so enables us to highlight the distinctive challenges of the multi-institutional nature of contemporary governance arrangements and “heterarchic” governance in particular. These challenges situate mediating organizations as central components of governance arrangements. Finally, by focusing on the distinctive characteristics of the organization's leaders, we demonstrate that mediating organizations are usefully thought of as institutionalized forms of the “social skill” of institutional entrepreneurs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 421-442 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.591408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.591408 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:3:p:421-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keren M. Horn Author-X-Name-First: Keren M. Author-X-Name-Last: Horn Author-Name: Katherine M. O'Regan Author-X-Name-First: Katherine M. Author-X-Name-Last: O'Regan Title: The low income housing tax credit and racial segregation Abstract: This paper addresses a critical but almost unexamined aspect of the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program -- whether its use (and in particular, the siting of developments in high-poverty/high-minority neighborhoods), is associated with increased racial segregation in the metropolitan area. Using data from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Census, supplemented with data on the racial composition of LIHTC tenants in three states, we examine three potential channels through which the LIHTC could affect segregation: where LIHTC units are built relative to where other low income households live, who lives in these tax credit developments, and changes in neighborhood racial composition in neighborhoods that receive tax credit projects. The evidence on each of these channels suggests that LIHTC projects do not contribute to increased segregation, even those in high poverty neighborhoods. We find that increases in the use of tax credits are associated with declines in racial segregation at the metropolitan level. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 443-473 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.591536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.591536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:3:p:443-473 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan White Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: White Title: Guest Editor's introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 475-479 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.616280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.616280 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:4:p:475-479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Renuart Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Renuart Author-Name: Jen Douglas Author-X-Name-First: Jen Author-X-Name-Last: Douglas Title: The limits of RESPA: An empirical analysis of the effects of mortgage cost disclosures Abstract: Congress passed the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) in 1974 based upon documented instances of kickbacks between settlement service providers, unearned fees, and expensive and unnecessary closing costs paid by buyers and sellers of residential real estate. It opted for a disclosure strategy accompanied by few substantive prohibitions. Over the last 37 years, only a handful of studies attempted to measure the success of the mortgage loan disclosures. This article uses a uniquely rich database to examine this question. We find evidence that closing costs increased since 1972 and fee types proliferated. The early cost estimate underestimated the final closing costs and projected cash to borrowers in a majority of cases, lending credence to complaints of baiting and switching. These observations call into question the efficacy of the RESPA disclosure scheme. Further, they point to the need for detailed data collection, routine monitoring of whether RESPA is meeting its legislative intent, and rigorous debate about whether RESPA's goals can be achieved more effectively by another strategy. This article is particularly timely because Congress instructed the new Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection to combine RESPA and related Truth in Lending Act disclosures into a single, integrated form by the summer of 2012. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 481-528 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.615849 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.615849 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:4:p:481-528 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elvin Wyly Author-X-Name-First: Elvin Author-X-Name-Last: Wyly Author-Name: C.S. Ponder Author-X-Name-First: C.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ponder Title: Gender, age, and race in subprime America Abstract: For almost 20 years, evidence from journalists' reports, Congressional testimony, and consumer protection litigation suggested that predatory practices in the subprime market were especially harmful for elderly African American women, many of them widows. Much of this evidence has been dismissed as anecdotal, however, and lending research has generally ignored feminist theory -- obscuring the relations among race/ethnicity, gender, and age. In this paper, we draw on two complementary datasets to test the hypothesis that subprime inequalities were intensified for African American women. Analysis of Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data confirms that gender inequalities exacerbate racial/ethnic inequalities in the segmentation of high-cost subprime credit, while the National Mortgage Data Repository provides limited circumstantial evidence of disproportionate representation of elderly African American women. Loan terms among subprime borrowers in the NMDR display only modest variations by gender and race/ethnicity, however, although there is some evidence of bait-and-switch tactics and persistently higher total fees among African American women. The veneer of equal treatment within an exploitative subprime market conceals the wider context of structural inequalities of race/ethnicity, gender, and age in housing and credit. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 529-564 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.615850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.615850 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:4:p:529-564 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Michael Collins Author-X-Name-First: J. Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: How good is the GFE? How truthful is the TILA? Comparing mortgage loan disclosures to settlement documents Abstract: Prior to 2010 regulatory changes, lenders faced few penalties for disclosing inaccurate mortgage closing costs to borrowers during the mortgage application process. Given this policy context, lenders might have intentionally understated closing costs in order to lure unsuspecting borrowers into mortgages with greater true costs than initially disclosed. Further, lenders might have been more likely to understate closing costs for borrowers perceived to be less financially capable. The extent to which lenders’ estimates actually deviate from final closing costs has not been extensively studied. Based on an analysis of 600 loan applications from the National Mortgage Data Repository, the Good Faith Estimate (GFE) slightly overestimates total closing costs by $359, or by 3.9 percent of the mean initial estimate. Broker fees for brokered loans, however, were underestimated by 11.7 percent on the GFE. It does not appear that borrower demographics predict differences between initial GFE estimates and actual closing costs, which suggests that the accuracy of lenders’ cost estimates do not vary according to the perceived financial sophistication of loan applicants. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 565-583 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.615851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.615851 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:4:p:565-583 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonia Garrison Author-X-Name-First: Sonia Author-X-Name-Last: Garrison Author-Name: Wei Li Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: The complicated transaction: Using net present value to weigh the costs and benefits of the cash-out refinance Abstract: Cash-out refinance transactions present unique challenges for borrowers as they involves a myriad of moving financial variables, making it difficult to evaluate the costs and benefits of the loans. While many states have passed legislation to protect borrowers from loan flipping by “net tangible benefit” requirements, no standard financial analysis has been utilized to effectively weigh the costs and benefits of these transactions. In this paper, we explore the appropriate measurements for “net tangible benefit” using simulated cash-out refinances as well as a unique dataset of subprime loans containing information not typically accessible to researchers. Our findings illustrate the complexity and potential pitfalls of these transactions, and suggest that a formal cost-benefit analysis for cash-out refinances should be considered as part of the larger mortgage reform currently underway. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 585-603 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.615853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.615853 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:4:p:585-603 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Signe-Mary McKernan Author-X-Name-First: Signe-Mary Author-X-Name-Last: McKernan Author-Name: Ida Rademacher Author-X-Name-First: Ida Author-X-Name-Last: Rademacher Author-Name: Caroline Ratcliffe Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Ratcliffe Author-Name: Kasey Wiedrich Author-X-Name-First: Kasey Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedrich Author-Name: Megan Gallagher Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Gallagher Title: Weathering the storm: How have IDA homebuyers fared in the foreclosure crisis? Abstract: This study is the first to compare the homeownership outcomes of Individual Development Account (IDA) homebuyers with other low-income homebuyers. The IDA homebuyers purchased homes in 16 states with IDA funds between 1999 and 2007. We compare both loan terms and foreclosure outcomes for the IDA homebuyer sample to comparison groups of other low-income homebuyers who purchased homes in the same counties and during the same time period. We find that IDA homebuyers were more likely to receive government-insured loans and less likely to receive high interest rate or subprime loans than other low-income homebuyers. Further, we find that cumulative foreclosure rates for IDA homebuyers were one-half to one-third the rate for other low-income homebuyers in the same communities. Overall, the findings suggest that low-income IDA program participants have fared better in the foreclosure crisis than other low-income homebuyers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 605-625 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.600698 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.600698 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:4:p:605-625 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan S. Spader Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan S. Author-X-Name-Last: Spader Author-Name: Roberto G. Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto G. Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Title: Refinancing transitions and equity extraction among CRA mortgage borrowers Abstract: Refinancing transitions can alter both the long-term cost and the sustainability of a homeownership tenure. However, because few datasets allow researchers to follow homeowners from one mortgage to the next, little research exists regarding the extent and nature of refinancing transitions. This article uses uniquely rich data from the Community Advantage Program (CAP) to examine the refinancing decisions of a sample of low-income borrowers with 30-year fixed-rate purchase mortgages. While the majority of refinancing CAP borrowers secured lower-cost prime loans, a minority refinanced into adjustable-rate mortgages and into products with above-prime interest rates. The empirical analysis documents the refinancing transitions made by CAP borrowers and explores the role of equity extraction in the refinancing decision. Refinancing motivated by a desire to secure a lower interest rate is shown to be substantively distinct from refinancing that includes equity extraction. This difference carries over into borrowers’ selection of refinancing products, as borrowers who extract equity transition more frequently into non-prime FRM and ARM products than borrowers that rate refinance. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 627-645 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.615852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.615852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:21:y:2011:i:4:p:627-645 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward J. Blakely Author-X-Name-First: Edward J. Author-X-Name-Last: Blakely Author-Name: Chester Hartman Author-X-Name-First: Chester Author-X-Name-Last: Hartman Title: Guest Editors' introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.663545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.663545 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:1:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leigh Graham Author-X-Name-First: Leigh Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Title: Advancing the human right to housing in post-Katrina New Orleans: discursive opportunity structures in housing and community development Abstract: In post-Katrina New Orleans, housing and community development (HCD) advocates clashed over the future of public housing. This case study examines the evolution of and limits to a human right to housing frame introduced by one non-governmental organization (NGO). Ferree's concept of the discursive opportunity structure and Bourdieu's social field ground this NGO's failure to advance aradical economic human rights frame, given its choice of a political inside strategy that opened up for HCD NGOs after Hurricane Katrina. Strategic andideological differences within the field limited the efficacy of this rights-based frame, which was seen as politically radical and risky compared with more resonant frames for seeking affordable housing resources and development opportunities. These divides flowed from the position of the movement-born HCD field within a neoliberal political economy, especially its current institutionalization in the finance and real estate sector, and its dependence on the state for funding and political legitimacy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 5-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.624527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.624527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:1:p:5-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shannon Van Zandt Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Van Zandt Author-Name: Walter Gillis Peacock Author-X-Name-First: Walter Gillis Author-X-Name-Last: Peacock Author-Name: Dustin W. Henry Author-X-Name-First: Dustin W. Author-X-Name-Last: Henry Author-Name: Himanshu Grover Author-X-Name-First: Himanshu Author-X-Name-Last: Grover Author-Name: Wesley E. Highfield Author-X-Name-First: Wesley E. Author-X-Name-Last: Highfield Author-Name: Samuel D. Brody Author-X-Name-First: Samuel D. Author-X-Name-Last: Brody Title: Mapping social vulnerability to enhance housing and neighborhood resilience Abstract: Social factors influence the ability of coastal communities and their populations to anticipate, respond, resist, and recover from disasters. Galveston, TX, offers aunique opportunity to test the efficacy of social vulnerability mapping to identify inequalities in the ways that different parts of the community may react to a disaster. We describe spatial patterns of social vulnerability prior to 2008's Hurricane Ike and compare them to outcomes related to response, impact, recovery resources, and early stages of the rebuilding. Households and neighborhoods identified using vulnerability mapping experienced negative outcomes: later evacuation, a greater degree of damage sustained, fewer private and public resources for recovery, and slower and lower volumes of repair and rebuilding activity. Findings support using community vulnerability mapping as a tool for emergency management, hazard mitigation, and disaster recovery planning, helping communities to reduce losses and enhance response and recovery, thereby strengthening community resilience and reducing inequalities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 29-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.624528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.624528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:1:p:29-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey S. Lowe Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey S. Author-X-Name-Last: Lowe Title: Policy versus politics: post-Hurricane Katrina lower-income housing restoration in Mississippi Abstract: Much of the discourse post-Hurricane Katrina focuses on recovery efforts in New Orleans. Meanwhile, the Mississippi Gulf Coast receives relatively little attention. Mississippi exemplifies how state political-economic ideology counters federal plans or policy intentions through a neoliberalism, accompanied by neoconservative values, favoring economic development and higher-income households over housing opportunities for lower-income groups. The particular case of East Biloxi describes how neoliberal and neoconservative interests influenced post-disaster land-use and other decisions threatening the lower-income and racially diverse community. Thinking broadly, a housing policy that includes restoration of lower-income households matters very little when state officials controlling implementation do not value government intervention that could further racial justice and social equity. Opportunities for racial justice and social equity may occur through a community sector that not only strengthens the social glue between area groups, but also builds social bridges with outside entities such as non-local community-based allies, academic units, advocacy organizations and federal legislators, while agitating for the provision of housing targeting lower-income households. Planners and policymakers must be visionary, courageous, and seek ways to enhance community sector efforts. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 57-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.624529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.624529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:1:p:57-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy F. Green Author-X-Name-First: Timothy F. Author-X-Name-Last: Green Author-Name: Robert B. Olshansky Author-X-Name-First: Robert B. Author-X-Name-Last: Olshansky Title: Rebuilding housing in New Orleans: the Road Home Program after the Hurricane Katrina disaster Abstract: The flooding in New Orleans that followed Hurricanes Katrina and Rita damaged hundreds of thousands of homes. In response, the State of Louisiana created the Road Home Program using billions of Federal and State dollars. The program provided homeowners with money and the choice to rebuild their home or to sell it. Although it has helped thousands to recover, the program has been criticized for paltry payments, unfair procedures, and program delays. Through analysis of individual applications provided by the Louisiana Recovery Authority, we identify spatial patterns in program implementation and rebuilding option. We then combine those data with others from the US Army Corps of Engineers and the US Census Bureau. With the resulting data set -- including information on damage levels, insurance payouts, award sizes, income, race, and location -- we estimate a model of the effect of damage and socioeconomic factors on rebuilding choices. Finally, we examine the differential impacts of the method of calculating awards in the RHP. Our findings confirm those of several reports. The vast majority of residents elected to rebuild their homes, but the method of calculating grants provided insufficient funds to do so, particularly in neighborhoods with lower housing values. We conclude that the RHP was successful in funneling billions of dollars to homeowners for rebuilding and mitigation, but that the unresolved tension between its role as a rebuilding program and a compensation program created significant barriers to recovery. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 75-99 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.624530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.624530 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:1:p:75-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michelle M. Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Michelle M. Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Title: The city of New Orleans blight fight: using GIS technology to integrate local knowledge Abstract: Planners have a unique ability to consume information and address both policy and practical issues on a variety of scales -- from neighborhood to regional to international. The use of information technology, specifically geographic information systems, continues to expand the planners' toolkit. Applying these tools requires planners to go beyond synchronous inductive and deductive reasoning and move towards ‘integrated thinking’. Spatial literacy allows citizen planners to question and advocate for public policies based upon community data that has not been readily available to decision makers in municipal government. This report identifies examples of how a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) increases engagement of stakeholders through increased access to and integration of municipal data. Post Hurricane Katrina, the Beacon of Hope -- University of New Orleans Community Recovery Project (BUCRP) led to a shift in citizen participation by a community-led PPGIS. The BUCRP follows standards and replicable training methods to improve accuracy and reliability of crowd sourcing data. The development of tools and traditions where community data complements municipal resources can be used in weak market cities and those urban areas devastated as a result of natural or man-made disasters. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 101-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.634427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.634427 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:1:p:101-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward J. Blakely Author-X-Name-First: Edward J. Author-X-Name-Last: Blakely Title: Recovery of the soul: rebuilding planning in post-Katrina New Orleans Abstract: Spates of new books and journal articles have attempted to capture the highs and lows of the Hurricane Katrina catastrophe. Some of this work has examined the physical characteristics of New Orleans and asked if the city was built in the wrong place. Is it now time to rectify this accident of geography? Other work has examined New Orleans as a cultural icon where the forces of good and evil have shaped a unique culture that is under threat from the potential of modern rebuilding paradigms that might disturb the crucible from which the rich music and art spring in New Orleans. Some work reflects the real pathos of New Orleans with a seemingly intractable set of social problems coexisting in a fragile environment for the restoration of housing and commerce. All of these emerge from different partially correct prisms from which one can asses this great old city in its time of crisis. But in essence, they miss the real New Orleans, which is often described as the Soul of America (Soul City). It is a city with a magnetic past and a character and charm that is unique. Almost everyone in the world has some form of exposure to New Orleans, through the countless jazz, rhythm and blues, Cajun, and other music that emanates from this cultural capital of the United States. On August 29, 2005 New Orleans suffered from over-exposure. As Hurricane Katrina hit, a new image of New Orleans was broadcast around the world. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 117-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.634428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.634428 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:1:p:117-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhiyong An Author-X-Name-First: Zhiyong Author-X-Name-Last: An Author-Name: Congyan Tan Author-X-Name-First: Congyan Author-X-Name-Last: Tan Title: Are the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) justified? Abstract: Recent studies provide evidence that the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) might not be justified under a rigorous and innovative framework of cost-benefit analysis. The policy implication is that the GSEs might have finished their historical mission of building the secondary mortgage market, but now with a mature secondary mortgage market, they might not be beneficial any more -- maybe it is the time for them to exit. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 133-139 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.648209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.648209 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:2:p:133-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George M. von Furstenberg Author-X-Name-First: George M. Author-X-Name-Last: von Furstenberg Title: Comment on “Are the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) justified?” Abstract: The article here extended reflects on the excessively narrow debate over the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)' cost-benefit transfer balance which had been raging for a quarter-century before the 2007--2009 financial crisis. That crisis has cast a new light on the actual costs of GSE operations and exposed the unsustainability of some of their benefits for homeownership. After injecting afew new findings into the traditional debate, this comment adds some of what has transpired in recent years and what may be inferred from it so far. Doing so brings additional analysis to bear on the article's conclusion that “the GSEs might not be justified” and “Maybe it is time for them to exit” although most politicians in the past have been disinclined to show them the door. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 141-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.656472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.656472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:2:p:141-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Author-Name: Mark Willis Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Willis Title: Comments on “Are the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) justified?” Abstract: In “Are the Government-Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) Justified?” the authors conclude that the benefits delivered by the GSEs (as structured prior to conservatorship) are minimal and do not exceed their costs. While many of the arguments made in the article have merit and raise serious questions about the structure of the GSEs prior to 2008, the article overlooks several important benefits and costs. More significantly, no one is arguing for a return of the GSEs as they were structured prior to conservatorship. Rather than debate the merits of a model that has already been rejected by policymakers, we argue that the far more important question is what the housing finance market should look like in the future. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 149-152 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.656473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.656473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:2:p:149-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Kopits Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Kopits Author-Name: Virginia McConnell Author-X-Name-First: Virginia Author-X-Name-Last: McConnell Author-Name: Daniel Miles Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Miles Title: Lot size, zoning, and household preferences Abstract: Urban density is a key feature of urban structure, and there is continuing interest in what determines density and how it might be influenced over time. Residential lot sizes are the underlying determinant of urban density, and lot sizes are determined by complex interactions of supply and demand forces. This article attempts to shed light on the extent to which lot size has been influenced by regulatory constraints, such as zoning rules or consumer preferences, drawing on data from the large metropolitan area surrounding Washington, DC. We find that new single-family development has been built on large lots, averaging in recent years between one half and one full acre, and that there is some evidence of convergence between inner and outer suburbs in lot sizes in new development over time. Our more detailed comparison of actual to allowable density using subdivision-level data reveals that developers only appear to be constrained by zoning rules in areas where regulations require that lots be larger than two acres. Finally, the hedonic analysis confirms that household preferences for larger lots are strong, but the value of additional acreage seems to be decreasing over time, in at least one inner suburban county. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 153-174 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.648203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.648203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:2:p:153-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bev Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Bev Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: An examination of electricity consumption patterns in manufactured housing units Abstract: For several decades, manufactured housing has been a crucial source of affordable housing, particularly for rural areas. However, electricity consumption per unit area and per capita are substantially higher for manufactured housing units relative to site built, single-family detached units. This article uses data from the federal Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) to examine patterns of electricity consumption in manufactured housing units over time and to draw comparisons with single-family detached housing units. Regression analysis is used to model annual electricity consumption for manufactured housing units in 1990 and 2005. Temporal trends in key predictors are discussed and contrasted with those for single-family detached units. Findings suggest that the most important predictors of electricity consumption are comparable across the housing types considered and that while manufactured housing units may be gaining in energy efficiency over time, consumption per unit area and per capita are increasing faster than in single-family detached units. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 175-199 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.648204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.648204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:2:p:175-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heather MacDonald Author-X-Name-First: Heather Author-X-Name-Last: MacDonald Title: Managing the consequences of financial crisis: a long view of housing disposition Abstract: Widespread housing foreclosures and the growth of real estate owned inventories impose significant negative externalities on local communities and their residents. An effective “disposition infrastructure” is needed to limit the damage, but historical efforts (in the HOLC and the RTC) and current experience (in the NSP and related programs) suggest this is a challenging task. Central among the challenges faced is that of managing private investor roles in the housing disposition process. Neither regulation nor funding alone is adequate to ensure that foreclosed homes are disposed of in a way that stabilizes rather than undermines neighborhoods. The article concludes by arguing that an effective disposition infrastructure may require a renewed discussion about lender responsibilities to local communities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 201-218 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.648205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.648205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:2:p:201-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Lucio Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Lucio Author-Name: Edgar Ramirez de la Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Edgar Ramirez Author-X-Name-Last: de la Cruz Title: Affordable housing networks: a case study in the Phoenix metropolitan region Abstract: The lack of regional housing coordination in metropolitan areas has led to a disparity in the distribution of affordable housing. In its place is a haphazard, ad hoc system for developing and supplying affordable housing. Through a descriptive analysis of the greater Phoenix metropolitan regional housing arena, this study explores the positions of public, nonprofit, and private agencies in a network of participants producing affordable housing and the implications of the structure of this network for the successful implementation of affordable housing policies. Results show that the number of contacts actors had in the network are on average low, that private organizations are few and yet becoming more involved through partnerships with NPOs, and that government agencies have the potential to be brokers in the affordable housing network but currently do not take or are unwilling to take advantage of that position. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 219-240 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.648206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.648206 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:2:p:219-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanjaya DeSilva Author-X-Name-First: Sanjaya Author-X-Name-Last: DeSilva Author-Name: Anh Pham Author-X-Name-First: Anh Author-X-Name-Last: Pham Author-Name: Michael Smith Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Racial and ethnic price differentials in a small urban housing market Abstract: This article examines whether the presence of blacks and Hispanics has a negative impact on prices in a small urban housing market in the US. To alleviate estimation biases associated with unobserved neighborhood heterogeneity, we focus on housing price differences across micro-neighborhoods in the small and relatively homogeneous city of Kingston, New York, introduce GIS-based spatial amenity variables as controls, and account for clustered errors, neighborhood fixed effects, spatial errors and spatial lags. Our results, with the exception of the spatial error model, conform with the consensus reached primarily from studies of large cities that the presence of blacks in a neighborhood is associated with lower housing prices and that the impact of the presence of Hispanics is considerably weaker. The spatial error model yields weaker and statistically insignificant results for blacks, providing some evidence that price discounts in relatively black neighborhoods may be caused not by preferences for segregation but by the correlation of race and the quality of neighborhood amenities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 241-269 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.648207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.648207 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:2:p:241-269 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolf Pendall Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Pendall Author-Name: Brett Theodos Author-X-Name-First: Brett Author-X-Name-Last: Theodos Author-Name: Kaitlin Franks Author-X-Name-First: Kaitlin Author-X-Name-Last: Franks Title: Vulnerable people, precarious housing, and regional resilience: an exploratory analysis Abstract: This article has two purposes. First, it explores the ideas of vulnerability, precariousness, and resilience as they apply to people, housing, neighborhoods, and metropolitan areas. People might be more vulnerable to shocks or strains, we propose, if they are members of racial/ethnic minorities, recent immigrants, non-high school graduates, are children or over 75 years old, disabled, recent veterans, living in poverty, or living in single-parent households. Housing may be more precarious, we propose, when it is rented, multi-family, manufactured, crowded, or subject to overpayment. The article goes on to document the relationships between potential personal or household vulnerability and potentially precarious housing conditions. Microdata from the 2005--2007 American Community Survey suggest that an important minority of people have multiple vulnerabilities; these vulnerabilities associate with residence in precarious housing. We suggest that policy be directed toward precarious situations most likely to afflict the most vulnerable populations, especially single-parent households and immigrants. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 271-296 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.648208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.648208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:2:p:271-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lance Freeman Author-X-Name-First: Lance Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Title: The impact of source of income laws on voucher utilization Abstract: Vouchers are lauded both for being the most efficient way of delivering housing assistance to needy households and for the potential to allow poor households to access better neighborhoods. The success of vouchers is of course predicated on recipients being able to successfully use a voucher. For a number of reasons, including discrimination by landlords on the basis of source of income (i.e. a voucher), voucher recipients frequently cannot find apartments to lease. Using a difference-in-differences approach the research reported here examines how Source of Income anti-discrimination laws affect the utilization of housing vouchers. The findings indicate that utilization rates are higher among Local Housing Authorities in jurisdictions with Source of Income anti-discrimination laws. These findings suggest such laws can be an effective tool for increasing the rate at which vouchers are successfully utilized. In a time of scarce resources for affordable housing this is an important policy tool that should not be over looked. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 297-318 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2011.648210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2011.648210 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2011:i:2:p:297-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander von Hoffman Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: von Hoffman Title: History lessons for today's housing policy: the politics of low-income housing Abstract: History offers valuable lessons to housing policymakers. For those who would devise new low-income housing programs during today's trying economic circumstances, it is helpful to study the strategies that succeeded in achieving low-income housing programs in past difficult times. This article, History Lessons for Today's Housing Policy, examines the political processes that led to the adoption of new low-income housing policies during four political crises. The four crises were the Great Depression of the 1930s, the post-World War II housing shortage, the urban crisis of the 1960s, and the policy crisis of the 1970s. Among other history lessons, the article reveals that well-organized political support, especially from large institutions, is crucial to achieving distinctly different new programs; that decentralized programs are more politically resilient than centralized programs; that programs that appeal to the nation's broad middle-class are most popular; and that policy research is valuable but that politics trumps research. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 321-376 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.680478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.680478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:3:p:321-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark L. Joseph Author-X-Name-First: Mark L. Author-X-Name-Last: Joseph Author-Name: Robert J. Chaskin Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Chaskin Title: Mixed-income developments and low rates of return: insights from relocated public housing residents in Chicago Abstract: In the largest poverty deconcentration effort in any city in the US, all high-rise public housing family developments in Chicago have been demolished and are being replaced by mixed-income developments. Advocates for public housing residents have worked hard to negotiate a “right to return” to the new mixed-income developments. Yet, as in other cities across the country, the rates of return to the new developments have been very low. Little is understood about residents' perceptions of their options or the factors that drive their relocation decisions. This article examines relocation decisions using data from in-depth interviews with a panel of relocating residents and a sample of “returners” at three mixed-income developments in Chicago. Our findings about relocation decisions include the relevance of attachment to people and place, challenges to the notion of resident “choice,” conceptions about the anticipated benefits of mixed-income communities that refute popular theories about the value of higher-income neighbors, and anticipated trade-offs and risks associated with a move to a mixed-income development. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 377-405 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.680479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.680479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:3:p:377-405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kurt Paulsen Author-X-Name-First: Kurt Author-X-Name-Last: Paulsen Title: The evolution of suburban relative housing-unit diversity Abstract: The diversity of housing-unit supply in suburban areas has been a central concern for planners and policy makers for at least 50 years. Absence of census cross-tabulation data on housing unit structure-type by unit-size (number of bedrooms), has limited our understanding of the historical and regional evolution of relative suburban housing-unit diversity. I use census microdata to estimate measures of relative housing diversity between cities and suburbs, including the housing-unit portfolio compositions, and availability ratios of diverse housing-unit types. Data are presented for the US, regions, metropolitan areas, and across different time periods. Effects of housing-unit supply on household structure and location are estimated. Results indicate that suburban areas, while growing in terms of the absolute number of diverse housing units constructed, are relatively undersupplying diverse housing units, thereby constraining households’ housing opportunities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 407-433 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.680480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.680480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:3:p:407-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Corianne Payton Scally Author-X-Name-First: Corianne Payton Author-X-Name-Last: Scally Author-Name: Richard Koenig Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Koenig Title: Beyond NIMBY and poverty deconcentration: reframing the outcomes of affordable rental housing development Abstract: Policies and research around affordable rental housing remain stuck between the “rock” of not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) fears and the “hard place” of deconcentrating poverty goals, leading to fragmented outcome measurement in contemporary project-based affordable rental housing programs. This article compares the motivations and results of existing research focused on NIMBY concerns around place to that of programs that promote the deconcentration of poor people. We suggest reframing the argument for project-based affordable rental housing by bolstering outcome measurement on neighborhoods and developments and expanding it to include tenants. Building upon current evaluation practices of mobility studies and the Low Income Housing Tax Credit program, we present a comprehensive framework for evaluating outcomes of project-based rental housing developments within their local context at three relevant scales: project, household, and community. We present an array of indicators and examine data collection needs and limitations, acknowledging the political and financial obstacles to comprehensive evaluation but arguing for the need to justify expenditures and prove results to the public. We recommend that government agencies stretch beyond NIMBY arguments and deconcentration of poverty goals to be proactive in targeting, measuring, publicizing, and redressing an expanded set of outcomes through better comprehensive planning for affordable housing. Through more rigorous and comprehensive evaluation of outcomes at all scales, it may be shown that affordable housing development yields a broad range of benefits for the people housed, projects financed, and the communities where it is built. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 435-461 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.680477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.680477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:3:p:435-461 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Harris Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Title: “Ragged urchins play on marquetry floors”: The discourse of filtering is reconstructed, 1920s--1950s Abstract: The idea of filtering has played a key role in our understanding of housing markets and in framing federal policy. The origins of the idea, however, and of the term itself, are poorly understood. Drawing loosely on the approach of discourse analysis, this article clarifies both issues, arguing that language shapes how we think about housing policy, and indeed policy itself. The concept of filtering emerged in Great Britain in the late nineteenth century where, by 1900, it informed arguments in favor of municipal (public) housing. It became influential in the United States in the 1920s but in 1938 was still referred to in different ways, notably as “hand-me-down housing.” Here, it was understood more narrowly, as an alternative to public housing. After 1939, the Federal Housing Administration, though not its leading consultant Homer Hoyt, popularized the term “filtering.” The neutral connotations of this metaphorical term suited the agency's goal of developing an apparently objective discourse of housing markets and market analysis. The term was normalized by the early 1960s. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 463-482 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.680481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.680481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:3:p:463-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine H. Shelton Author-X-Name-First: Katherine H. Author-X-Name-Last: Shelton Author-Name: Peter Mackie Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Mackie Author-Name: Marianne van den Bree Author-X-Name-First: Marianne Author-X-Name-Last: van den Bree Author-Name: Pamela J. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Pamela J. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Sarah Evans Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Title: Opening doors for all American youth? Evidence for federal homelessness policy Abstract: It is estimated that on a single night in January 2009, there were 643,067 sheltered and unsheltered homeless people in America (The 2009 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress 2010). The Obama administration recently published “Opening Doors,” the first federal plan to prevent and end homelessness. We argue that the strategy is based on a partial evidence base that raises questions about the potential of the strategy to meet its goals. In order to inform future iterations of the plan, data from 682 young adults (aged 18--27 years old; mean = 22.13 years old) who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to examine whether there is a typologys of young adults with a history of homelessness; one of the priority groups in the strategy. A priori selected variables previously associated with lifetime homelessness in non-random samples were mapped to survey items. Data were analyzed using cluster analysis. Comparisons were conducted with a randomly selected “never-homeless” sample from the same study. The cluster analysis revealed four subgroups. It appears that the Federal Plan currently prioritizes homelessness risk factors associated with two subgroups: the Young Offenders subgroup and the Abused Depressed subgroup. The needs of two other subgroups are not fully addressed: the Childhood Adversity subgroup and the Vulnerable African-American subgroup. The authors offer guidance on future directions for homelessness policy relevant to young adults. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 483-504 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.683034 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.683034 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:3:p:483-504 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Editor's introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 505-506 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.705082 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.705082 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:4:p:505-506 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philip M.E. Garboden Author-X-Name-First: Philip M.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Garboden Author-Name: Sandra Newman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Title: Is preserving small, low-end rental housing feasible? Abstract: This paper uses multiple national datasets to examine the financial, structural, neighborhood, and tenant characteristics of 1--4 unit low-end rental properties, which house 44 percent of all poor renters in US cities. We investigate the feasibility of two strategies to stabilize these properties: (1) outsourcing property management, and (2) transferring bundles of properties to large owners to generate economies of scale, cash reserves, and lower financing costs. We find that approximately five percent of small affordable rental properties are stable, 65 percent are salvageable but at risk, and about 30 percent are not salvageable. For roughly 19 percent of the salvageable properties, a key problem is high vacancy rates, which could be addressed by professional tenant placement services. Bundling has greater potential, but requires purchases at below market prices, amounting to a subsidy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 507-526 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.697909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.697909 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:4:p:507-526 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael R. Sosin Author-X-Name-First: Michael R. Author-X-Name-Last: Sosin Author-Name: Christine C. George Author-X-Name-First: Christine C. Author-X-Name-Last: George Author-Name: Susan F. Grossman Author-X-Name-First: Susan F. Author-X-Name-Last: Grossman Title: Social services in interim housing programs and shelters Abstract: This study investigates the effectiveness in delivering social services of interim housing programs compared to shelters. Interim housing programs represent a new approach to housing and serving homeless adults, one which provides emergency housing in apartment-like units, and in which use of services is voluntary. Shelters tend to provide congregate care and to expect or rely on clients to access needed services in order to secure resources required to obtain housing. Analyses of original survey data, which correct for sample selection utilizing propensity scores, suggest that clients in interim housing programs obtain more professional, advocacy, and employment services than do clients in shelters. This differential service use is found to reflect not client incentives, but the service offerings and referrals made by the programs. In general, the findings suggest that interim housing programs hold particular promise in service rich environments. They also suggest that program contingencies are more important than certain individual client incentives in affecting service use. Finally, the results begin to suggest the value of this new, interim housing-based approach. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 527-550 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.697911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.697911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:4:p:527-550 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Author-Name: Michael C. Lens Author-X-Name-First: Michael C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lens Author-Name: Katherine O'Regan Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: O'Regan Title: American murder mystery revisited: do housing voucher households cause crime? Abstract: Potential neighbors often express worries that Housing Choice Voucher holders heighten crime. Yet, no research systematically examines the link between the presence of voucher holders in a neighborhood and crime. Our article aims to do just this, using longitudinal, neighborhood-level crime, and voucher utilization data in 10 large US cities. We test whether the presence of additional voucher holders leads to elevated crime, controlling for neighborhood fixed effects, time-varying neighborhood characteristics, and trends in the broader sub-city area in which the neighborhood is located. In brief, crime tends to be higher in census tracts with more voucher households, but that positive relationship becomes insignificant after we control for unobserved differences across census tracts and falls further when we control for trends in the broader area. We find far more evidence for an alternative causal story; voucher use in a neighborhood tends to increase in tracts that have seen increases in crime, suggesting that voucher holders tend to move into neighborhoods where crime is elevated. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 551-572 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.697913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.697913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:4:p:551-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donald P. Hirasuna Author-X-Name-First: Donald P. Author-X-Name-Last: Hirasuna Author-Name: Ryan Allen Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Allen Title: The resurgence of denial rates for home loans: an examination of disparate effects on groups of applicants in the upper Midwest Abstract: Mortgage application denial rates have increased since 2002, but it is unclear to what extent this increase in denials has differentially affected “non-traditional” mortgage applicants that do not resemble “traditional” white, non-Hispanic opposite-sex couple applicants. This article uses augmented Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data to investigate disparities in denial rates between traditional and non-traditional mortgage applicants between 2004 and 2008 in the Federal Reserve Bank's ninth district. We find evidence that lenders became more cautious in lending decisions between 2004 and 2008, treating applicants with the same incomes and requested loan amounts differently over time. After accounting for a variety of loan, applicant, lender, and environmental characteristics, we find that many “non-traditional” applicant groups across the ninth district experienced persistently higher mortgage application denial rates when compared to white, non-Hispanic opposite-sex couples. In some cases, the gap in the mortgage application denial rates between non-traditional and traditional applicants has actually increased over time. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 573-603 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.697910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.697910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:4:p:573-603 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eileen Diaz McConnell Author-X-Name-First: Eileen Diaz Author-X-Name-Last: McConnell Title: House poor in Los Angeles: examining patterns of housing-induced poverty by race, nativity, and legal status Abstract: Housing affordability in the United States is generally operationalized using the ratio approach, with those allocating more than thirty percent of income to shelter costs considered to have housing affordability challenges. Alternative standards have been developed that focus on residual income, whether income remaining after housing expenditures is sufficient to meet non-housing needs. This study employs Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey data to consider racial/ethnic, nativity and legal status differences in one residual income standard. Logistic regression analyses of housing-induced poverty focus on whether there are differences among five distinct groups: US born Latinos, Non-Hispanic Whites, and African Americans, authorized Latino immigrants, and unauthorized Latino immigrants. Results suggest that: (1) Latino natives are significantly more likely to be in housing-induced poverty than African Americans and Latino immigrants, and (2) unauthorized Latino immigrants are not more likely to experience the outcome than other groups. The present work extends previous research. First, the results provide additional evidence of the value of operationalizing housing affordability using a residual income standard. Alternatives to the ratio approach deserve more empirical attention from a wider range of scholars and policymakers interested in housing affordability. Second, housing scholarship to date generally differentiates among Latinos by ethnicity, nativity, and citizenship. The present study contributes to emerging research investigating heterogeneity among Latinos by nativity and legal status. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 605-631 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.697908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.697908 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:22:y:2012:i:4:p:605-631 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathe Newman Author-X-Name-First: Kathe Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Author-Name: Alex Schafran Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Schafran Title: Assessing the Foreclosure Crisis From the Ground Up Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.755318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.755318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam J. Levitin Author-X-Name-First: Adam J. Author-X-Name-Last: Levitin Author-Name: Susan M. Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Title: Why Housing? Abstract: Asset bubbles come and go. Only the housing bubble, however, brought the economy to its knees. Why? What makes housing uniquely a cause of macroeconomic risk? This article examines the workings of the housing market as well as theories and empirical evidence about the housing bubble. It explains why housing is a particular source of macroeconomic risk and how changes in the housing finance channel were the critical element in the formation of the bubble. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 5-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.749936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.749936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:5-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elvin K. Wyly Author-X-Name-First: Elvin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wyly Title: Why (Not a Right to) Housing? Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 29-34 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.749937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.749937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:29-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel J. Hammel Author-X-Name-First: Daniel J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hammel Author-Name: Sujata Shetty Author-X-Name-First: Sujata Author-X-Name-Last: Shetty Title: Complexity and Change in the Foreclosure Process in Toledo, Ohio Abstract: This paper analyzes the characteristics of foreclosure cases in Lucas C ounty, Ohio, from 2004 to 2008. We use a rich source of secondary data to track foreclosure filings through the legal process to their ultimate result in either the loss of a home or the dismissal of the case. We supplement the secondary data with interviews from officials involved in the process and with a discussion of the changes that have occurred during the foreclosure crisis. Our analysis suggests that the process has accelerated slightly despite the increase in cases and that basic interventions have substantially reduced the number of foreclosure filings that eventually result in the loss of a home. Unexpectedly, the characteristics and results of the process seem to vary little across income categories and neighborhoods. In addition, while most foreclosure cases are straightforward in a legal sense, there is evidence of larger trends that are introducing increasing complexity into the process. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 35-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.751932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.751932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:35-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Strom Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Strom Author-Name: Steven Reader Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Reader Title: Rethinking Foreclosure Dynamics in a Sunbelt City: What Parcel-Level Mortgage Data Can Teach Us About Subprime Lending and Foreclosures Abstract: The dynamics of mortgage foreclosures can be studied by examining parcel-level sales and mortgage data, alongside aggregate data reporting on defaults. This research relies on such microlevel analysis to explore three issues in high-foreclosure census tracts located in Hillsborough County, Florida. First, it notes the prevalence of investor-owners in high-foreclosure areas. Second, it considers the high percentage of adjustable rate mortgages identified in these areas and the frequency with which mortgage defaults occur before interest rate adjustments take effect. Third, it suggests that high levels of investor ownership and extreme volatility of housing and mortgage markets in these neighborhoods complicate the analysis of, and solutions to, the foreclosure crisis. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 59-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.749935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.749935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:59-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deirdre Pfeiffer Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeiffer Author-Name: Emily Tumpson Molina Author-X-Name-First: Emily Tumpson Author-X-Name-Last: Molina Title: The Trajectory of REOs in Southern California Latino Neighborhoods: An Uneven Geography of Recovery Abstract: Although a rich literature exists on the determinants and effects of concentrated foreclosures, little is known about what drives variation in how long real estate owned (REO) properties take to sell and to whom, particularly in Latino communities heavily affected by the current foreclosure crisis. This research employs multilevel and event history modeling to assess the factors associated with recent REOs' likelihood of sale, sale to an investor, and sale to a Spanish-surname household in a sample of majority Latino Southern California neighborhoods. Properties in inner-city and exurban Latino neighborhoods with larger black population shares were less likely to sell and more likely to sell to investors if they did, while those located in lower poverty, largely Latino communities were more likely to sell to Spanish-surname households. These results suggest that the crisis is both exacerbating existing patterns of inequality and segregation while enabling Latinos' homeownership in potentially socioeconomic mobility-enabling areas. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 81-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.731655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.731655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:81-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Rosie Tighe Author-X-Name-First: J. Rosie Author-X-Name-Last: Tighe Title: Responding to the Foreclosure Crisis in Appalachia: A Policy Review and Survey of Housing Counselors Abstract: Existing research on the foreclosure crisis tends to focus on national trends or on metropolitan areas. Few studies focus on rural areas, and none look at Appalachia in particular. Existing research on rural housing issues suggests that rural communities face unique challenges in the wake of the foreclosure crisis due to capacity constraints, lack of qualified counselors in rural areas, and lack of funding availability. This study investigates the impact of existing policies upon Appalachian communities and households-analyzing whether communities suffering from widespread foreclosures lack the governmental and nonprofit resources necessary to adequately utilize funding and other resources to respond to the crisis. This paper presents findings from a survey of housing counselors serving the Appalachian region, which suggests that lack of directed federal funding is preventing counseling agencies from getting distressed homeowners aid in a timely manner or helping them to make modifications to their mortgages. I conclude with policy and planning recommendations designed to target assistance to these and other rural and distressed communities suffering from foreclosures. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 111-143 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.751931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.751931 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:111-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff Crump Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: Crump Title: The Housing Boom and Bust in the Twin Cities Abstract: This paper explores the U.S. housing crisis from the perspective of homeowners and communities that are experiencing foreclosure. Many existing foreclosure studies rely on large quantitative datasets that, although helpful in answering some questions about foreclosure, lack the depth and nuance to unpack how and why foreclosure happened within individual households and what it means to communities. This study brings to the forefront how people wound up in foreclosure, what foreclosure means to them, and what it means in their communities from their perspective. It adds a deeper perspective to our understanding of the disaster and reminds us of the human costs of the U.S. housing crisis and why transforming the system is necessary. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of moral hazard as applied to borrowers and financial institutions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 144-158 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.756821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.756821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:144-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Niedt Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Niedt Author-Name: Isaac William Martin Author-X-Name-First: Isaac William Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: Who Are the Foreclosed? A Statistical Portrait of America in Crisis Abstract: Data from the National Suburban Survey from September 2010 permit the first statistical portrait of Americans displaced by the mortgage foreclosure crisis. The average person who has experienced home mortgage foreclosure since September 2007 resembles the average American but is somewhat likely to be younger, Latino, and a parent. The foreclosed are also more likely to report various other measures of financial distress, including recent job loss. The experience of foreclosure is associated with more problems in the neighborhoods where respondents currently reside, including such problems as crime, unemployment, and a lack of affordable housing. Respondents who have not personally lost a home, but who know the foreclosed, are also experiencing more economic distress and more neighborhood problems than those who have not. These descriptive findings suggest the human costs of the foreclosure crisis and the limits of informal social safety nets for addressing those costs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 159-176 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.702119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.702119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:159-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Derek S. Hyra Author-X-Name-First: Derek S. Author-X-Name-Last: Hyra Author-Name: Gregory D. Squires Author-X-Name-First: Gregory D. Author-X-Name-Last: Squires Author-Name: Robert N. Renner Author-X-Name-First: Robert N. Author-X-Name-Last: Renner Author-Name: David S. Kirk Author-X-Name-First: David S. Author-X-Name-Last: Kirk Title: Metropolitan Segregation and the Subprime Lending Crisis Abstract: Unsustainable high-cost lending was a major contributor to one of the worst financial crises in U.S. history. While several studies examine individual- and community-level predictors of high-cost lending, little research has tested for the possible causal effect of racial segregation. Using two-stage least squares statistical models, we find evidence that even after controlling for percentage minority, poverty, unemployment, low credit scores, home value escalation, and bank branch accessibility, black/white segregation is a significant predictor of the proportion of subprime loans originated in the largest 200 U.S. metropolitan areas. We also find that increased black education levels are important protective factors, while greater shares of mortgages originated by independent mortgage companies increase the risk for subprime lending. We find no evidence for an effect of Hispanic/white segregation on subprime lending. This research suggests that policy initiatives aimed at limiting high-cost lending should address the context of black/white segregation, education, and financial reform. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 177-198 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.697912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.697912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:177-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Immergluck Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck Title: Too Little, Too Late, and Too Timid: The Federal Response to the Foreclosure Crisis at the Five-Year Mark Abstract: The primary federal policy responses to the foreclosure crisis, thus far, include programs to reduce foreclosures and efforts to mitigate the impacts of foreclosures on communities. This paper reviews policy responses between 2007 and 2012. While there is less information at this point on the outcomes of mitigation polices, the overall federal response is thus far lacking. The programs pale in comparison with the challenges they are intended to solve and suffer from other program design and implementation problems. Foreclosure prevention efforts, in particular, are faulted for being too reliant on marginal incentive payments, for failing to include a key policy, bankruptcy modification, which would have encouraged lenders to modify loans more aggressively, and for not sanctioning servicers more aggressively for poor performance and/or noncompliance. The overall federal response is also characterized as moving too slowly in some cases and being too captive to the policy preferences of the financial services industry. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 199-232 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.749933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.749933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:199-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ira Goldstein Author-X-Name-First: Ira Author-X-Name-Last: Goldstein Author-Name: Colin Weidig Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Weidig Author-Name: Charles Boateng Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Boateng Title: The City of Philadelphia's Residential Mortgage Foreclosure Diversion Program: Addressing the Rising Tide of Foreclosure Abstract: As the foreclosure crisis was intensifying in 2008, the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas stepped in and created the Philadelphia Residential Mortgage Foreclosure Diversion Program. Together with the City of Philadelphia and a steering committee of stakeholders, the particulars of this program were shaped and reshaped at various times after it began. Philadelphia was among the first cities to create a program, although there are many today. Diversion Programs vary greatly in structure and eligibility criteria, but what is common is the general lack of data descriptive of what the intervention has accomplished. Our analysis of 28,000 Court Orders on 16,000 foreclosure cases shows that (a) the program annually addresses more than 60% of Philadelphia's foreclosure case filings, (b) approximately 70% of eligible homeowners participated, (c) 35% of those who participated reached an agreement with their lender/servicer, and (d) of the first year's agreements, 85% of homeowners remained in their homes 20+ months post-agreement. All of this was accomplished without significant delay in case processing time or expenditure of Court resources. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 233-258 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.749934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.749934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:1:p:233-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michal Grinstein-Weiss Author-X-Name-First: Michal Author-X-Name-Last: Grinstein-Weiss Author-Name: Clinton Key Author-X-Name-First: Clinton Author-X-Name-Last: Key Author-Name: Shenyang Guo Author-X-Name-First: Shenyang Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Author-Name: Yeong Hun Yeo Author-X-Name-First: Yeong Hun Author-X-Name-Last: Yeo Author-Name: Krista Holub Author-X-Name-First: Krista Author-X-Name-Last: Holub Title: Homeownership and Wealth among Low- and Moderate-Income Households Abstract: Using data from a set of low- and moderate-income homeowners who received prime mortgages through the Community Advantage Program panel and a matched set of renters, we assess the effect of sustained homeownership on net worth and components of net worth. In this article, our aim is to test the claim that, all else being equal, investing in and maintaining ownership of a home yield higher short-term increases in net worth and other measures of economic well-being than do renting and choosing other forms of investment and consumption. We attempt to isolate the effect of homeownership from the factors that cause both homeownership and increases in wealth using three matching approaches that address sample selection and endogeneity in the data. After balancing renters and owners on observed characteristics and adjusting for influential outlying cases, we find that low- and moderate-income homeowners experience greater short-run increases in net worth, assets, and nonhousing net worth than renters do. These findings are particularly interesting because the period of study coincides with the housing crisis, periods of shrinking home values, and declining equity in the housing market as a whole. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 259-279 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.771786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.771786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:259-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arvin Garg Author-X-Name-First: Arvin Author-X-Name-Last: Garg Author-Name: Lori Burrell Author-X-Name-First: Lori Author-X-Name-Last: Burrell Author-Name: Yorghos Tripodis Author-X-Name-First: Yorghos Author-X-Name-Last: Tripodis Author-Name: Elizabeth Goodman Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Name: Anne K. Duggan Author-X-Name-First: Anne K. Author-X-Name-Last: Duggan Title: Maternal Mental Health during Children's First Year of Life: Association with Receipt of Section 8 Rental Assistance Abstract: Prior studies evaluating housing programs have found varied results for the impact of improved housing on maternal mental health. This study evaluated data from 169 families who participated in Hawaii's Healthy Start Program. The study's objective was to determine whether receipt of Section 8 rental assistance in the first year of a child's life decreased the risk of poor maternal mental health. Multivariable logistic regression was used to measure the association of Section 8 housing receipt with poor mental health. Overall, 50% of mothers had poor mental health at baseline, and 32% reported receipt of Section 8 housing at follow-up. Mothers who received Section 8 housing were significantly less likely to have poor maternal mental health at follow-up (adjusted odds ratio = .40; 95% confidence interval, .16--.97; p > .05). Receipt of Section 8 rental assistance in the first year of a child's life may reduce the risk of poor mental health for mothers in housing need. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 281-297 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.762033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.762033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:281-297 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric P. Baumer Author-X-Name-First: Eric P. Author-X-Name-Last: Baumer Author-Name: Ashley N. Arnio Author-X-Name-First: Ashley N. Author-X-Name-Last: Arnio Author-Name: Kevin T. Wolff Author-X-Name-First: Kevin T. Author-X-Name-Last: Wolff Title: Assessing the Role of Mortgage Fraud, Confluence, and Spillover in the Contemporary Foreclosure Crisis Abstract: This study explores three features of the contemporary foreclosure crisis that have been highlighted in the literature but relatively neglected in existing empirical research. First, the study evaluates the capacity for levels of mortgage fraud to serve as a potentially important leading indicator of significant foreclosure activity. Second, the study examines the possibility that high foreclosure rates may exhibit spatial dependence, affecting the foreclosure realities of surrounding areas in ways similar to how they have been shown to influence housing prices. Finally, the research considers whether key factors emphasized in scholarly and policy discussions interacted to produce particularly high rates of foreclosure in some areas of the United States. The findings indicate that foreclosure rates in 2008 were significantly higher in United States. counties where “profit-motivated” mortgage fraud was more prevalent several years earlier (i.e., 2004--2006). This study also reveals that, net of a wide variety of other factors, high rates of foreclosure can adversely affect nearby counties by elevating their foreclosure rates. Overall, spatial variation in foreclosure rates appears to be due to additive effects of selected factors rather than interactions of those factors, although the study does show that affordable housing can lessen the tendency for high levels of subprime lending to translate into high foreclosure rates. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 299-327 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.727843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.727843 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:299-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob W. Faber Author-X-Name-First: Jacob W. Author-X-Name-Last: Faber Title: Racial Dynamics of Subprime Mortgage Lending at the Peak Abstract: Subprime mortgage lending in the early 2000s was a leading cause of the Great Recession. From 2003 to 2006, subprime loans jumped from 7.6% of the mortgage market to 20.1%, with black and Latino borrowers receiving a disproportionate share. This article leveraged the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data and multinomial regression to model home-purchase mortgage lending in 2006, the peak of the housing boom. The findings expose a complicated story of race and income. Consistent with previous research, blacks and Latinos were more likely and Asians less likely to receive subprime loans than whites were. Income was positively associated with receipt of subprime loans for minorities, whereas the opposite was true for whites. When expensive (jumbo) loans were excluded from the sample, regressions found an even stronger, positive association between income and subprime likelihood for minorities, supporting the theory that wealthier minorities were targeted for subprime loans when they could have qualified for prime loans. This finding also provides another example of an aspect of American life in which minorities are unable to leverage higher class position in the same way as whites are. Contrary to previous research, model estimates did not find that borrowers paid a penalty (in increased likelihood of subprime outcome) for buying homes in minority communities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 328-349 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.771788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.771788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:328-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Manville Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Manville Author-Name: Alex Beata Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Beata Author-Name: Donald Shoup Author-X-Name-First: Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Shoup Title: Turning Housing Into Driving: Parking Requirements and Density in Los Angeles and New York Abstract: This article examines the idea that residential minimum parking requirements are associated with lower housing and population densities and higher vehicle densities (residential vehicles per square mile). Cities frequently use minimum parking requirements to manage traffic, but parking requirements accommodate vehicles, suggesting they should lead to more driving and congestion rather than less. If parking requirements reduce congestion, they likely do so not by reducing the number of vehicles in an area but by reducing the densities of housing and people. We support this idea by comparing the Los Angeles and New York urbanized areas. We show that differences in housing, vehicle, and population densities across and within these urbanized areas are closely correlated with differences in the share of housing units that include parking, and that the share of housing units that include parking is in turn correlated with the stringency of parking requirements. Compared with Los Angeles, New York shifts less of the cost of driving into its housing market. We further show that within New York City, a 10% increase in minimum parking requirements is associated with a 5% increase in vehicles per square mile, a 4% increase in vehicles per person, and a 6% reduction in both population density and housing density. These relationships remain even after controlling for street layout and proximity to the subway. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 350-375 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.767851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.767851 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:350-375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph F. Cabrera Author-X-Name-First: Joseph F. Author-X-Name-Last: Cabrera Title: New Urbanism and Selection Bias in the Formation of Social Capital Abstract: Over the past several decades, there has been a decline in social capital in American communities. New urbanism has been proposed as a tool to reverse some of this decline. This study seeks to understand the potential benefits of new urbanism in terms of social capital. Differences in social capital between a new urbanist subdivision (NUS) and a standard suburban subdivision (SSS) are compared. The findings of this study suggest that residents of NUSs have more social capital than residents of SSSs. However, many of the differences between the two communities disappeared when a social bias control was added to the model. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 376-394 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.766626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.766626 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:376-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Myron Orfield Author-X-Name-First: Myron Author-X-Name-Last: Orfield Author-Name: Thomas F. Luce Author-X-Name-First: Thomas F. Author-X-Name-Last: Luce Title: America's Racially Diverse Suburbs: Opportunities and Challenges Abstract: This article examines increasing racial diversity of suburban areas in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the United States, analyzes the stability of racially diverse areas, and proposes a variety of policies designed to promote stably integrated neighborhoods, municipalities, and schools. The more than 6,500 suburban communities and 22,000 census tracts in the 50 largest metropolitan areas are divided into four types based on their racial composition and urbanization, and data for the period 1980--2010 are used to examine racial change and to evaluate the stability of different types of communities. By 2010, just 39% of suburban residents in these metropolitan areas lived in “traditional” suburbs—predominantly white communities or developing exurban areas. This is much lower than in 2000 when 51% of suburban residents lived in these types of suburbs. At the same time, the percentage of suburban residents living in racially diverse suburbs increased from 38% to 44%, and another 17% lived in predominantly nonwhite suburbs by 2010. Racially diverse suburbs exhibit many strengths, but resegregation and economic decline represent very serious challenges. Many currently integrated areas are actually in the midst of social and economic change, and many communities that were once integrated have now resegregated. Fifty-six percent of the neighborhoods that were integrated in 1980 had become predominantly nonwhite by 2010, and only 40% of neighborhoods that were integrated in the 1980 remained in that category in 2010. A variety of housing, legal, and school policies are available to promote stable integration in these areas. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 395-430 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2012.756822 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2012.756822 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:395-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arnab Chakraborty Author-X-Name-First: Arnab Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty Author-Name: Dustin Allred Author-X-Name-First: Dustin Author-X-Name-Last: Allred Author-Name: Robert H. Boyer Author-X-Name-First: Robert H. Author-X-Name-Last: Boyer Title: Zoning Restrictiveness and Housing Foreclosures: Exploring a New Link to the Subprime Mortgage Crisis Abstract: In this article, we present an empirical analysis of the relationship between zoning restrictiveness and the risk of foreclosure in six metropolitan areas of varying regulatory frameworks across the United States. We measure zoning restrictiveness using the diversity of housing units allowed by right under different density types and by the proportion of low- and very low-density housing units allowed. We measure the risk of foreclosure as the percentage of total households in a geographic area that entered the foreclosure process during the period 2005--2008. Using local zoning maps, geographic information data, and multiple other sources, we develop two separate data sets—one at the municipal level and the other at the zip code level. Using ordinary least squares and spatial autoregressive methods and controlling for other factors, we find that at the municipal level, zoning restrictiveness is significant and positively related to a higher risk of foreclosure. We conclude that one strategy for municipalities to reduce the risk of foreclosure is to promote a diverse housing stock through zoning where all income groups can find affordable options. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 431-457 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.764916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.764916 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:431-457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arthur C. Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Arthur C. Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Title: Zoning Restrictiveness and Housing Foreclosures: Exploring a New Link to the Subprime Mortgage Crisis Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 458-459 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.772910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.772910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:458-459 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Selma Hepp Author-X-Name-First: Selma Author-X-Name-Last: Hepp Title: Zoning Restrictiveness and Housing Foreclosures: Exploring a New Link to the Subprime Mortgage Crisis Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 460-462 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.772911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.772911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:460-462 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kurt Paulsen Author-X-Name-First: Kurt Author-X-Name-Last: Paulsen Title: Zoning Restrictiveness and Housing Foreclosures: Exploring a New Link in the Subprime Mortgage Crisis Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 463-466 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.775173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.775173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:463-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Author-Name: Derek Hyra Author-X-Name-First: Derek Author-X-Name-Last: Hyra Title: Editors' Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 467-468 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.803492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.803492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:3:p:467-468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victoria Chaney Morckel Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Chaney Author-X-Name-Last: Morckel Title: Empty Neighborhoods: Using Constructs to Predict the Probability of Housing Abandonment Abstract: Housing abandonment contributes to neighborhood decline. It is a significant problem, especially in places facing population loss. One approach for dealing with abandonment is to prevent it from occurring in the first place. However, before we can implement successful prevention efforts, it is necessary to better understand what abandonment is and what factors predict it. Therefore, to assist planners and policymakers in allocating scarce resources, this study has three objectives. The first is to determine whether there are constructs that underlie abandonment. The second is to see whether those constructs predict abandonment. The third is to examine whether the effects of the constructs on the probability of abandonment are the same for two cities. The study finds that abandonment consists of four constructs: market conditions, gentrification, physical neglect, and socioeconomic conditions. The first three of these significantly predict the probability of a house being abandoned. The study also finds that the effects are similar for the two cities of interest. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 469-496 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.788051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.788051 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:3:p:469-496 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Selma Hepp Author-X-Name-First: Selma Author-X-Name-Last: Hepp Title: Foreclosures and Metropolitan Spatial Structure: Establishing the Connection Abstract: This article explores the link between foreclosures and costs of commuting. For metropolitan spatial form, the important question on spatial location of foreclosures is whether their concentration in suburbia stems from higher risk lending during the subprime boom alone or whether costs of commuting added additional risk because of their stress on household budgets. The analysis attempts to single out the impact of proximity to the central business districts and transit and employment accessibility in accumulation of distressed properties in Maryland, and the Washington and Baltimore metropolitan areas separately. The analysis shows that even after accounting for subprime lending and employment, distance to the central business district impacted levels of distressed properties, particularly in the Washington region. There were more foreclosures farther from the urban core and in areas with relatively lesser access to employment. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 497-520 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.771787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.771787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:3:p:497-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lei Ding Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Ding Title: Servicer and Spatial Heterogeneity of Loss Mitigation Practices in Soft Housing Markets Abstract: Although loan modifications are being widely used as a way to stabilize housing markets by preventing avoidable foreclosures, not much is known about the ways in which specific servicer-related factors affect the likelihood of modifications. Using a large sample of nonprime loans, this study examines recent loan modification practices adopted by different servicers in two types of soft markets, in neighborhoods differently affected by the foreclosure crisis, and among borrowers in different racial and ethnic groups. The results demonstrate striking variations in the incidence of loan modifications by servicers and significant differences between the servicers more likely to modify troubled loans and those who are less likely to do so. Loan modifications are less frequent where they are needed the most: among savable borrowers in the neighborhoods hardest hit by the crisis. This considerable variation in modification practices across servicers and neighborhoods likely reflects both structural obstacles to modifications and the absence of a uniform approach to loss mitigation. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 521-542 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.782886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.782886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:3:p:521-542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tamara G.J. Leech Author-X-Name-First: Tamara G.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Leech Title: Violence Among Young Adults Receiving Housing Assistance: Vouchers, Race, and Transitions Into Adulthood Abstract: Scholarly literature has been very attentive to violence among adolescents whose families receive vouchers. Yet, it provides little information about violence among the more than 400,000 very young adults who head households that receive vouchers. This article explores this relationship, paying particular attention to life course considerations and racial context. Data on 18--22-year-olds, numbering 208, who received housing assistance and participated in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 in 2002 indicate that normative theoretical models may not accurately capture the relationship between the transition to adulthood and violence within this group. Results also suggest that among those who experience violence, receipt of a voucher is associated with lower levels of violence, but not for Black recipients. Both voucher triage services for those experiencing violence, and housing advocate services for Black heads of household may be especially useful within this population of very young adults. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 543-558 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.800129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.800129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:3:p:543-558 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brent D. Mast Author-X-Name-First: Brent D. Author-X-Name-Last: Mast Author-Name: Ronald E. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Ronald E. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: Housing Choice Vouchers and Crime in Charlotte, NC Abstract: Recent media attention and research have focused on the effect of housing vouchers on crime, with different conclusions. The purpose of this study is to bring further evidence to the voucher--crime debate, using annual data from 2000 to 2009 for Charlotte-Mecklenburg County. We study the relationship between crime counts and housing vouchers with quantile regression models with year and census tract fixed effects. We found that voucher households are associated with increased crime, controlling for past crime levels. Estimates vary, however, with the concentration of vouchers in the neighborhood, with little impact in areas with low concentrations. Estimates also vary with the neighborhood crime level. We extend the literature by examining the effect of different voucher family types, finding no evidence that elderly households or nonelderly households without disabilities and without children are associated with more crime. However, we found a very significant positive association for nonelderly households without disabilities with children. Our results indicate that significant crime reductions could be accomplished by focusing U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, local housing agency, and criminal justice resources on the types of places and voucher families most at risk for crime problems when a family uses a voucher to move into a new neighborhood. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 559-596 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.794853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.794853 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:3:p:559-596 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine M. O'Regan Author-X-Name-First: Katherine M. Author-X-Name-Last: O'Regan Author-Name: Keren M. Horn Author-X-Name-First: Keren M. Author-X-Name-Last: Horn Title: What Can We Learn About the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program by Looking at the Tenants? Abstract: Using tenant-level data from 18 states that represent almost 40% of all Low-Income Housing Tax Credit units, this article examines tenant incomes, rental assistance, and rent burdens to shed light on key questions about our largest federal supply-side affordable housing program. Specifically, what are the incomes of the tenants, and does this program reach those with extremely low incomes? What rent burdens are experienced, and is economic diversity within developments achieved? We find that approximately 45% of tenants have extremely low incomes, and the overwhelming majority of such tenants also receive some form of rental assistance. Rent burdens are lower than that for renters with similar incomes nationally but generally higher than that presumed for housing programs of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Rent burdens vary greatly by income level and are lowered by the sizable share of owners who charge below federal maximum rents. Finally, we find evidence of both economically diverse developments and those with concentrations of households with extremely low incomes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 597-613 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.772909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.772909 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:3:p:597-613 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Accordino Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Accordino Author-Name: Fabrizio Fasulo Author-X-Name-First: Fabrizio Author-X-Name-Last: Fasulo Title: Fusing Technical and Political Rationality in Community Development: A Prescriptive Model of Efficiency-Based Strategic Geographic Targeting Abstract: Recognizing the challenges and shortcomings of community-based development to date, funders are increasingly requiring communities to target revitalization resources to achieve greater impact. Studies of one type of targeting approach-efficiency-based strategic geographic targeting-have demonstrated that it can restabilize a neighborhood's housing market, making it possible to remove revitalization resources and direct them to other neighborhoods. However, communities are still reluctant to use this approach. Analysis of several case studies of efficiency-based targeting efforts reveals the barriers to political stakeholder alignment around this type of resource targeting and suggests technical program features that may create the basis for stakeholder alignment. Using these findings, we propose a prescriptive model of efficiency-based strategic geographic targeting that funders might use to encourage this fusion of technical and political rationality. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 615-642 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.814070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.814070 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:4:p:615-642 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yanmei Li Author-X-Name-First: Yanmei Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Rebecca Walter Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Walter Title: Single-Family Housing Market Segmentation, Post-Foreclosure Resale Duration, and Neighborhood Attributes Abstract: During the recent economic recession, the foreclosure crisis drew vast attention from scholars and policymakers. Numerous studies focused on factors resulting in foreclosures, the impact of foreclosures, and the relationship between neighborhood attributes and foreclosures. Fewer studies investigated the foreclosure resale mechanism by focusing on buyer characteristics and the market duration of foreclosed properties. This research uses foreclosed residential properties in Broward County, Florida, between 2007 and 2011 to explore how market segmentation by assessed value relates to time on market of foreclosed properties. This research finds that extremely low-value properties and very high-value properties generally take longer to sell. Mid-value properties take a shorter time to sell. After controlling for housing attributes and market segmentation, certain neighborhood characteristics, such as lower percentage black population, lower percentage Hispanic population, lower educational attainment, and higher homeownership rate, are associated with increased likelihood of a real estate owned property being sold. These results will help policymakers determine better strategies for the foreclosure resale process. Special attention should focus on properties taking longer to sell or not able to sell during certain time frames to alleviate the negative effects of these properties on neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 643-665 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.835331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.835331 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:4:p:643-665 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Bogardus Drew Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Bogardus Author-X-Name-Last: Drew Author-Name: Christopher E. Herbert Author-X-Name-First: Christopher E. Author-X-Name-Last: Herbert Title: Postrecession Drivers of Preferences for Homeownership Abstract: The analysis presented in this article finds little evidence to suggest that individuals' preferences for owning versus renting a home have been affected by their exposure to recent house price declines and loan delinquency rates, or by knowing others in their neighborhood who have defaulted on their mortgages. Instead, this analysis finds individual characteristics, particularly current housing tenure, to be the strongest predictors of postrecession demand for homeownership. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 666-687 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.823880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.823880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:4:p:666-687 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Meltzer Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Meltzer Title: Do Homeowners Associations Affect Citywide Segregation? Evidence From Florida Municipalities Abstract: Homeowners associations (HOAs) have become one of the most popular housing options, offering residents supplemental services, amenities, as well as exclusivity and protection. HOAs are touted for their potential to improve the match between household preferences and local services, but denounced for, among other things, their tendency to facilitate residential segregation. Yet, despite growing claims, these propositions have not been rigorously tested. The expectation is that if households do sort into HOAs based on income or race/ethnicity, then these associations can affect segregation by encouraging exclusive and homogeneous living environments. However, HOAs may actually offer a unique vehicle for racial and/or economic mixing or, at the other extreme, they may not influence segregation if residents do not rely on HOAs to sort along racial or economic lines. Unlike previous studies, the current analysis observes jurisdictions over multiple decades in an attempt to better identify whether the growth in HOAs is driving changes in segregation. Using a unique, longitudinal database of HOAs in Florida and multiple measures of segregation, this article tests the effect of HOAs on jurisdiction racial/ethnic and economic segregation. Results from both ordinary least squares and instrumental variable regressions indicate that an increase in HOA presence exacerbates black-white and Hispanic-white residential segregation. Any segregation, however, is tempered by the concentration of HOA units in larger communities. On the contrary, there is no significant effect on income segregation; this suggests that HOAs do not intensify existing tendencies toward income sorting. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 688-713 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.812571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.812571 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:4:p:688-713 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hilary Botein Author-X-Name-First: Hilary Author-X-Name-Last: Botein Title: From Redlining to Subprime Lending: How Neighborhood Narratives Mask Financial Distress in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn Abstract: This article explores why and how homeowners in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York, took out subprime mortgage loans, and the effect of these loans on individuals and their community. It analyzes real estate histories for properties on four street blocks in Bedford-Stuyvesant by linking public data for real estate transactions with homeowners' descriptions of those transactions, gathered through interviews. Subprime lending flourished in a neighborhood that historically was redlined by conventional lenders, and created and exacerbated poverty, as it stripped equity from individuals and the neighborhood. Many homeowners in the study managed to combat this process of becoming poor, however. Homeowners are averting foreclosure while making sacrifices that are not apparent from data for mortgage foreclosures, neighborhood appearance, or initial conversations with residents and community leaders. Longtime homeowners' personal and neighborhood narratives of upward mobility and stability remain sacrosanct and attached to homeownership, even when belied by financial realities. More recent homeowners are more likely to focus on safety concerns and economic uncertainty and to consider leaving. These findings suggest that efforts to address the subprime lending and foreclosure crisis and to prevent its recurrence should include homeowners who are not in foreclosure, but may nonetheless be struggling, and that solutions must consider homeowners' relationships with their communities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 714-737 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.818052 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.818052 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:4:p:714-737 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannah Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Title: The Financial Crisis Hits Home: Foreclosures and Asset Exhaustion in Boston Abstract: This article reviews the depletion of financial assets that families in foreclosure experienced in Boston, Massachusetts. Drawing on 37 interviews with predominantly families of color in foreclosure around the City of Boston between 2007 and 2008, this article suggests that a critical process on the path to foreclosure is asset depletion that leads to asset exhaustion. Asset depletion is the process of using up savings and other liquid and nonliquid investment vehicles to cover day-to-day expenses when income is not enough to do so. In the case of foreclosure, asset depletion to the point of asset exhaustion is motivated by the significance of the home for the family. Even when a family does not lose its home to foreclosure, it loses critical stabilizing financial assets, leaving the family vulnerable to further economic shocks and less likely to achieve upward social mobility. This article explores the process of asset depletion that leads to asset exhaustion in foreclosure and the motivations that drive a family to deplete its assets to the point of exhaustion in foreclosure, providing key insights for policymakers considering the implications of foreclosure for affected families' economic security and social mobility. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 738-764 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.828766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.828766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:4:p:738-764 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vinit Mukhija Author-X-Name-First: Vinit Author-X-Name-Last: Mukhija Author-Name: John Scott-Railton Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Scott-Railton Title: The Importance of Design in Affordable Housing: Lessons From Mutual Self-Help Housing in California Abstract: We focus on three nonprofit organizations developing mutual self-help housing and analyze their projects to examine how they are addressing cost increases. We find that instead of using simpler designs, they are developing more elaborate homes through intricate financing. We are critical of this evolution. First, we suggest that the original modest house design of mutual self-help housing allowed for more affordable housing through post-occupancy improvements and de facto incremental development. Second, after the modest design was replaced with a larger model, development costs increased. Despite financial innovations, including longer loan terms and secondary financing, participation by poor households dropped. Third, we urge a return to the modest housing idea. Fourth, we call for policymakers to better integrate design-based thinking in housing policy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 765-780 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.835332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.835332 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:23:y:2013:i:4:p:765-780 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Author-Name: Derek Hyra Author-X-Name-First: Derek Author-X-Name-Last: Hyra Title: Housing Policy Debate Associate Editors and Editorial Advisory Board Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.861176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.861176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William M. Rohe Author-X-Name-First: William M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe Author-Name: George C. Galster Author-X-Name-First: George C. Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Title: The Community Development Block Grant Program Turns 40: Proposals for Program Expansion and Reform Abstract: The CDBG turns 40 this year. Thus, it is an appropriate time to take stock of this important program and consider how it can be improved. The purpose of this article is to introduce what we believe to be 6 key issues that must be addressed if the program is going to live up to its full potential. Those issues concern: the continuation of the program and funding levels; the formula for allocating funds to participating jurisdictions; the specification of the population groups targeted; the spatial targeting of funds; the programs role in furthering fair housing; and performance measurement. Each of these issues is discussed and the authors offer their recommendations for improving the efficiency and equity of the program. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 3-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.865973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.865973 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:3-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles J. Orlebeke Author-X-Name-First: Charles J. Author-X-Name-Last: Orlebeke Author-Name: John C. Weicher Author-X-Name-First: John C. Author-X-Name-Last: Weicher Title: How CDBG Came to Pass Abstract: After 40 years, it is hard to remember the context in which the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) was created and became an established program. Proposed by a Republican president, it was enacted by a Democratic Congress that was in the process of impeaching him. It replaced a program that had been in existence for 25 years and had strong political supporters, as well as half a dozen other categorical programs, each with its own constituency. This paper will describe the policy process by which the CDBG program came into existence in the early 1970s, identifying the major concerns and their resolution. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 14-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.852989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.852989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:14-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael J. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Title: Community Development Block Grants at 40: Time for a Makeover Abstract: This article reviews the origins and evolution of the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program, the federal government's largest program providing direct assistance to local governments. The article examines the program's changing national policy context over its 40-year history, as manifest in presidential, executive, and legislative deliberations over the program's national goals and objectives, as well as the key components of the program's policy design and administrative structure. The article also explores how the decisions affecting policy design adopted at the national level play out at the local level, through an examination of the choices communities have made regarding uses of CDBG funds and the social and geographic targeting outcomes that have been obtained. The article then revisits the extent to which the CDBG program conforms with the basic characteristics of block grants. The article concludes with several recommendations for revising CDBG that will provide a policy tool better aligned with the new community-building paradigm that has emerged over the past two decades, with its emphasis on collaborative, comprehensive, community-based initiatives. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 46-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.865656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.865656 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:46-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert A. Collinson Author-X-Name-First: Robert A. Author-X-Name-Last: Collinson Title: Assessing the Allocation of CDBG to Community Development Need Abstract: This article evaluates how well the current allocation formula for the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program allocates funds with respect to community development need. We assemble an index of community development need from a variety of demographic and economic indicators which capture the components of need that can be addressed directly by the CDBG program based on its statutory objectives. We use this index to estimate the relation between funding levels and community development need and how this relation has changed over time. In particular, we assess the effectiveness of targeting by examining the horizontal and vertical equity of the formula. Results suggest that the relation between the formula data inputs and community development need has deteriorated over the past two decades. The present formula is shown to underfund Formula A grantees conditional on need and to overfund a select number of high-income, slow-growth, older communities. Finally, we consider several alternative formula specifications, which we evaluate against the community development needs index. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 91-118 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.854945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.854945 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:91-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leah Brooks Author-X-Name-First: Leah Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks Author-Name: Maxim Sinitsyn Author-X-Name-First: Maxim Author-X-Name-Last: Sinitsyn Title: Where Does the Bucket Leak? Sending Money to the Poor via the Community Development Block Grant Program Abstract: Since the inception of the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program in 1975, cities and large urban counties have been entitled to funding based on a formula designed to approximate community need. As with any such federally funded and locally administered program, there is a tension between federal and local control. At the federal level, one of CDBG's main goals is to benefit low- and moderate-income (LMI) people and places. While a substantial literature assesses how well CDBG funds are targeted to needy recipient jurisdictions, evidence on how funds are distributed within recipient jurisdictions is much more limited. In this article, we examine the distribution of CDBG funds relative to the share of LMI people at the council-district and neighborhood levels in Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California, for 1998 - 2004. In Los Angeles, we find that relatively poorer council districts receive more than they would were funds distributed following the share of LMI people. In contrast, Chicago's relatively poorer council districts receive lower funding than predicted by their share of the LMI population. This difference across council districts within the cities is partially explained by the greater sensitivity of allocations in Chicago to the location of high-income households. Despite these disparities, policy answers are not obvious; any policy that aims to enhance CDBG's reach to LMI people must contend with the erosion of broad-based political support that this would engender. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 119-171 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.862560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.862560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:119-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karen Beck Pooley Author-X-Name-First: Karen Beck Author-X-Name-Last: Pooley Title: Using Community Development Block Grant Dollars to Revitalize Neighborhoods: The Impact of Program Spending in Philadelphia Abstract: Since the 1930s, federal housing policy has pursued an array of goals: addressing housing quality and affordability, neighborhood conditions, and residential segregation; and seeking to increase local employment opportunities and cities' tax bases. While the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program, established in 1974 to replace a number of categorical grants, was designed to be flexible and broad enough to include all of these goals, in most cases, local decision makers have focused program dollars on improving housing, not neighborhood-wide, conditions.Public community development and housing programs can play a central role in prompting positive neighborhood change and ultimately repositioning weaker neighborhoods. There is a growing consensus in the literature that subsidized housing investments are more likely to generate such spillover effects if they are geographically targeted. What is less well known is exactly how much spending is required-what the threshold amount is-to positively impact neighborhood-wide conditions and values.This project tests recent estimates of threshold spending amounts using data on investments funded by Philadelphia's Community Development Block Grants and Section 108 loans, and house value trends at the census-tract level. According to this analysis, Philadelphia census tracts receiving above-sample-median amounts of CDBG and/or Section 108 loan funds saw property values increase far more than those tracts receiving less subsidy or control group tracts receiving no subsidy at all. This suggests that geographically targeting subsidies can help maximize their neighborhood-wide effects. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 172-191 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.851100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.851100 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:172-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Fox Gotham Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Fox Author-X-Name-Last: Gotham Title: Reinforcing Inequalities: The Impact of the CDBG Program on Post-Katrina Rebuilding Abstract: Over the last two decades, the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program has repeatedly been adapted as a vehicle to respond to federal disasters, such as floods, hurricanes, and terrorist strikes. In this article, I describe the use of the CDBG program for disaster recovery, identify changes in rules governing the use of special disaster-related allocations, and explain the advantages and limitations of using the CDBG program to distribute funds to disaster-devastated areas. In particular, I analyze the operation of CDBG disaster-recovery assistance programs in Louisiana and Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. I examine how the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development-approved CDBG disaster-recovery programs in these states were designed and implemented in a class and racially discriminatory manner that violated the Fair Housing Act and the low-and-moderate-income rules of the Housing and Community Development Act. In conclusion, I critique the practice of granting waivers of CDBG rules and requirements and suggest policy recommendations to better address the needs of disaster-impacted communities in the future. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 192-212 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.840666 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.840666 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:192-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Spader Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Spader Author-Name: Jennifer Turnham Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Turnham Title: CDBG Disaster Recovery Assistance and Homeowners' Rebuilding Outcomes Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita Abstract: The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program has played an important role in the federal government's response to natural disasters, providing a tool for delivering disaster recovery assistance to affected states and localities. This article provides an overview of the CDBG program's role in disaster recovery. It then examines the use of CDBG funding to support housing recovery in Louisiana and Mississippi following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. We use FEMA damage assessments, state administrative program data, and on-site observation of properties' rebuilding outcomes to examine the coverage and sufficiency of CDBG grants as well as the rebuilding outcomes of grant recipients' properties. We find that a substantial share of CDBG recipients faced rebuilding or repair costs that exceeded their total funds from insurance, CDBG grants, and other sources. We also find that reception of a CDBG grant does not guarantee that a homeowner's property is rebuilt. Depending on the program option, anywhere from 7% to 48% of grant recipients who opted to rebuild had not done so as of early 2010. Finally, the results provide limited support for concerns about the use of compensation grants to provide CDBG assistance. Homeowners' responses to a telephone survey indicate that some grant recipients used CDBG funds for purposes other than rebuilding and that the use of compensation grants may have exposed homeowners to higher rates of contractor fraud. The article discusses the implications of these findings for the future use of the CDBG program for disaster recovery. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 213-237 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.862839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.862839 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:213-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keith Wiley Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Wiley Title: The Role of the CDBG Program in Rural America Abstract: The stated goal of U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program is "to develop viable urban communities by providing decent housing and a suitable living environment and expanding economic opportunities, principally for persons of low and moderate income." While it may be perceived that CDBG exclusively assists urban or inner-suburban communities, the program also makes funds available to many smaller and less populated portions of states under the rubric of "nonentitlement" areas. Some research suggests that CDBG is the largest community and economic development program in rural America. Overall, there has been very little study of the CDBG program in terms of rural geography or funding.This research explores several basic questions. (1) To what degree do nonentitlement CDBG service areas actually comprise rural population and land (as opposed to suburban and exurban communities)? (2) What proportion of nonentitlement CDBG funds reaches rural communities and, in particular, economically distressed areas? The results indicate that a majority of the nation's nonentitlement service areas are largely rural in nature. On the other hand, over 40% of the population in nonentitlement areas actually reside in the suburbs. Similarly, most CDBG nonentitlement funds go to rural and small-town communities, with over a third of funds supporting projects in high-poverty communities. However, the degree to which these awards are large enough to make an important and sustainable impact within a rural community is difficult to assess. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 238-257 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.859162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.859162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:238-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Priscila Prunella Author-X-Name-First: Priscila Author-X-Name-Last: Prunella Author-Name: Brett Theodos Author-X-Name-First: Brett Author-X-Name-Last: Theodos Author-Name: Alexander Thackeray Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Thackeray Title: Federally Sponsored Local Economic and Community Development: A Look at HUD's Section 108 Program Abstract: The Section 108 program operates the loan guarantee portion of the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program. Specifically, Section 108 allows CDBG grantees to transform a portion of their CDBG funds into federally guaranteed loans large enough to pursue physical and economic revitalization projects that can renew entire neighborhoods. This article presents findings from an analysis of Section 108 projects funded in fiscal years 2002-2007, including financing details, funded activities, and project outcomes. The study is designed to answer the following three core issues: (1) What types of projects are being funded, and what is the nature of those projects? (2) How are Section 108 projects funded, and how are they repaid? (3) What outcomes did the investments produce? In sum, the study team found that Section 108 is an important tool for community development because it allows jurisdictions to pursue larger projects with outcomes that cannot be funded through annual CDBG grants; yet, the complexity and size of Section 108 projects mean that local capacity and support are vital to the successful planning and completion of these projects. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 258-287 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.864320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.864320 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:258-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurence D. Pearl Author-X-Name-First: Laurence D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pearl Title: Community Development and Fair Housing: A Work Still in Progress Abstract: The U.S. Congress enacted the Fair Housing Act in 1968. It contained a cryptic provision stating that the secretary of housing and urban development was to administer programs and activities relating to housing and urban development in such a manner as to "affirmatively further fair housing." Congress enacted the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program in 1974. This article describes the halting steps of HUD and the courts to interpret "affirmatively furthering fair housing" as it applies to the CDBG program. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 288-296 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.845852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.845852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:288-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raphael W. Bostic Author-X-Name-First: Raphael W. Author-X-Name-Last: Bostic Title: CDBG at 40: Opportunities and Obstacles Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 297-302 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.866973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.866973 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:297-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xavier de Souza Briggs Author-X-Name-First: Xavier de Souza Author-X-Name-Last: Briggs Title: Looking Back and Looking Ahead: CDBG and the Future of Federal Urban Policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 303-309 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.865657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.865657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:1:p:303-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hye-Sung Han Author-X-Name-First: Hye-Sung Author-X-Name-Last: Han Title: The Impact of Abandoned Properties on Nearby Property Values Abstract: Previous research has shown that housing abandonment contributes to neighborhood decline by depressing nearby property values. However, most past research estimated the impact of abandonment through cross-sectional analysis without controlling for nearby foreclosures or local housing market trends. Therefore, it remains unclear whether abandoned properties reduce nearby property values or whether abandonment is more common in areas with already lower-valued properties. Prior research also has not explored how the duration of abandonment influences nearby property values. Therefore, to extend the current level of understanding of the impact of abandonment, this research examines the impact of abandoned properties on nearby property values in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1991 to 2010 using longitudinal data sets while simultaneously controlling for both nearby foreclosures and local housing market trends. This research finds that as properties are abandoned for longer periods of time, the impact on nearby property values not only increases in magnitude but also is seen increasingly farther away. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 311-334 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.832350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.832350 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:2:p:311-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jared M. Ragusett Author-X-Name-First: Jared M. Author-X-Name-Last: Ragusett Title: Is Urban Sprawl Good for Minorities? Abstract: This article investigates the effect of urban sprawl, as measured by employment decentralization, on minority housing consumption gaps since the housing bust. Previous research contends that sprawl contributes to reducing the Black-White housing consumption gap by increasing the supply of land in housing markets and thereby increasing affordability. Antisprawl policies may therefore exacerbate the Black-White housing disparity. This research makes two contributions to the literature. First, the article examines how changes in sprawl may have varying influences on the Black-White housing gap, a previously unexamined facet of this relationship. In the vast majority of metropolitan areas in this sample, sprawl is predicted to exacerbate the Black-White housing gap until sprawl reaches a threshold. Only in a limited number of high-sprawl metropolitan areas does sprawl contribute to reducing the Black-White housing gap. Second, the article examines differences in housing gaps for three distinct minority groups-Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics-using recent data from the 2009 American Housing Survey. For Blacks, sprawl continues to have varying effects on housing consumption. For Asians, urban sprawl yields significant gains in housing consumption relative to Whites. However, no significant results occur for Hispanics. This article demonstrates that the independent effect of urban sprawl on U.S. minority housing consumption is a highly uneven process in the post-Great Recession economy. As such, arguments that antisprawl policies reduce minority gains in housing should be treated with considerable skepticism. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 335-363 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.835333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.835333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:2:p:335-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin W. Fisher Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin W. Author-X-Name-Last: Fisher Author-Name: Lindsay S. Mayberry Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay S. Author-X-Name-Last: Mayberry Author-Name: Marybeth Shinn Author-X-Name-First: Marybeth Author-X-Name-Last: Shinn Author-Name: Jill Khadduri Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Khadduri Title: Leaving Homelessness Behind: Housing Decisions Among Families Exiting Shelter Abstract: Because homelessness assistance programs are designed to help families, it is important for policymakers and practitioners to understand how families experiencing homelessness make housing decisions, particularly when they decide not to use available services. This study explores those decisions using in-depth qualitative interviews with 80 families recruited in shelters across four sites approximately six months after they were assigned to one of four conditions (permanent housing subsidies, project-based transitional housing, community-based rapid re-housing, or usual care). Familiar neighborhoods near children's schools, transportation, family and friends, and stability were important to families across conditions. Program restrictions on eligibility constrained family choices. Subsidized housing was the most desired intervention, and families leased up at higher rates than in other studies of poor families. Respondents were least comfortable in and most likely to leave transitional housing. Uncertainty associated with community-based rapid re-housing generated considerable anxiety. Across interventions, many families had to make unhappy compromises, often leading to further moves. Policy recommendations are offered. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 364-386 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.852603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.852603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:2:p:364-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruby Mendenhall Author-X-Name-First: Ruby Author-X-Name-Last: Mendenhall Author-Name: Karen Z. Kramer Author-X-Name-First: Karen Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Kramer Author-Name: Ilana R. Akresh Author-X-Name-First: Ilana R. Author-X-Name-Last: Akresh Title: Asset Accumulation and Housing Cost Burden: Pathways to (Not) Saving Abstract: Asset accumulation is especially challenging for low- and moderate-income households, which often face fixed costs in their budgets that limit their ability to save. Key fixed costs include expenses associated with housing, such as rent, mortgage, taxes, and utilities. In 2011, 64% of households making $15,000-29,999 were cost-burdened (spent 30% or more of their income on housing). Data were collected in 2007 at two sites using a mixed-methods approach. A sample of 175 households were examined to determine how certain low- and moderate-income households with varying levels of cost burden managed to build savings and why others struggled with the same goal. Households with savings above the sample median of $112 saved an average of $2,304 (with a median of $803). Households with savings below the group's median had an average of $13 in savings, with a median of zero. Barriers to saving experienced by our asset-challenged households include unpredicted shocks, low incomes, unemployment and chronic sickness, large debt, multiple dependents, and prioritizing human capital investments and consumption over saving. Pathways to savings include coresidence, sharing business profits based on need, and financial assistance without obligation of repayment. Other pathways include financial literacy about budgets, savings, and other investments. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 387-414 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.838981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.838981 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:2:p:387-414 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shawn Moulton Author-X-Name-First: Shawn Author-X-Name-Last: Moulton Author-Name: Laura R. Peck Author-X-Name-First: Laura R. Author-X-Name-Last: Peck Author-Name: Keri-Nicole Dillman Author-X-Name-First: Keri-Nicole Author-X-Name-Last: Dillman Title: Moving to Opportunity's Impact on Health and Well-Being Among High-Dosage Participants Abstract: This article reports the health impacts of the Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration Program for the subset of participants who were most likely to spend more time in low-poverty neighborhoods. Using the methodological approach developed by Peck, we find that children whose profiles predict that they spent more time in lower-poverty neighborhoods experience higher neighborhood and housing quality, improved mental health outcomes, and better general health relative to their control-group counterparts. Moving to Opportunity's impact on these likely "high-dosage" participants is larger in magnitude than intention-to-treat impact estimates produced by prior studies. Further, while prior work found no evidence that neighborhoods affect overall child health, we find that parents who are likely to spend more time in lower-poverty neighborhoods are significantly more likely to report very good or excellent child health. In contrast, those who are not likely to spend more time in lower-poverty neighborhoods show some evidence of unfavorable health impacts. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 415-445 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.875051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.875051 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:2:p:415-445 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Fitzgerald Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald Author-Name: Samuel P. Vitello Author-X-Name-First: Samuel P. Author-X-Name-Last: Vitello Title: Impacts of the Community Reinvestment Act on Neighborhood Change and Gentrification Abstract: The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) encourages bank lending in low- and moderate-income areas. We use a regression discontinuity design that exploits the relative-income threshold that distinguishes CRA-eligible from ineligible neighborhoods (census tracts) and find little evidence that CRA has contributed to neighborhood changes associated with gentrification in eligible areas. Over the 1989-1999 period, we find that eligible tracts had greater increases in mean income relative to ineligible tracts, but we find little evidence that the CRA caused decreases in the proportion of long-term residents or increases in the proportion of White or college-educated residents. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 446-466 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.858364 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.858364 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:2:p:446-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine Quinn Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn Author-Name: Julia Dickson-Gomez Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson-Gomez Author-Name: Timothy McAuliffe Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: McAuliffe Author-Name: Jill Owczarzak Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Owczarzak Title: Exploring Multiple Levels of Access to Rental Subsidies and Supportive Housing Abstract: Despite the well-documented benefits of stable housing, there are myriad barriers that preclude low-income and homeless individuals from accessing housing support. This article examines which individual characteristics predict greater or more limited access to supportive housing and rental subsidy programs in Hartford, Connecticut. Although individuals with HIV/AIDS are most likely to access housing, options are limited for other vulnerable populations, including those with substance use disorders and mental illness. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 467-484 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.875052 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.875052 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:2:p:467-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philip Stoker Author-X-Name-First: Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Stoker Author-Name: Reid Ewing Author-X-Name-First: Reid Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing Title: Job-Worker Balance and Income Match in the United States Abstract: This study uses journey-to-work data from urban census tracts across the United States to investigate whether people living and working in the same area is related to job-worker balance or to the income from jobs. The results indicate that more people live and work in the same commute shed if there is job-worker balance and income matching. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 485-497 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.852604 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.852604 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:2:p:485-497 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Editor's Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 499-499 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.919948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.919948 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:499-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew J. Greenlee Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Greenlee Title: More Than Meets the Market? Landlord Agency in the Illinois Housing Choice Voucher Program Abstract: The federal Housing Choice Voucher Program currently serves as one of the nation's predominant strategies for providing affordable rental housing for low-income households. The program is designed around two goals: first, to uphold the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's mission to provide safe, decent, and affordable housing; and second, to facilitate household residential location choices, with the idea that such choices can leverage other types of nonhousing opportunities for assisted households. While scholarly research has described a range of positive and negative household outcomes associated with the voucher subsidy, less is known about how those outcomes are produced on the ground. This research describes findings from 72 in-depth interviews with Illinois landlords and other voucher program stakeholders regarding their experiences with the program, with the goal of linking landlord practices to tenant outcomes. Findings of this research underscore the substantial influence that landlords have on assisted-household residential location choice and tenure, and show the potential for voucher program design to more actively engage with landlords as providers of supports that extend beyond the housing unit. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 500-524 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.913649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.913649 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:500-524 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon McDonnell Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: McDonnell Author-Name: Colin C. Chellman Author-X-Name-First: Colin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Chellman Author-Name: David Crook Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Crook Title: Public Housing Residence and College Performance: Evidence From the Nation's Largest Urban Public University Abstract: Despite clear implications for human capital accumulation, there has been little research on the postsecondary educational experiences of students living in public housing. While there is significant and growing research exploring outcomes for public housing tenants, even in the education sphere, little of this work focuses on postsecondary outcomes and what role, if any, public housing plays in human capital accumulation. Our case study, New York City, is home to both the nation's largest urban public university system and the largest public housing authority. In this work, we use matching techniques to identify and describe the residential characteristics of students at the City University of New York. We explore how students who live in public housing developments differ from their peers in terms of characteristics associated with success in college, including demographics, neighborhood poverty, and high school preparation. We use regression techniques to test the relation between public housing residence, neighborhood income, and two indicators of early college performance: successful completion of credits attempted and one-year retention. In a naive model (including only residence and high school characteristics), public housing residence is negatively associated with our outcomes of interest, but less so when we control for other factors, including neighborhood income. Specifically, for students pursuing an associate's degree, we find a negative relation between public housing residence and credit completion and a less pronounced negative relation with retention. We find no significant relation between public housing residence and either baccalaureate outcome. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 525-543 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.886278 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.886278 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:525-543 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Molly W. Metzger Author-X-Name-First: Molly W. Author-X-Name-Last: Metzger Title: The Reconcentration of Poverty: Patterns of Housing Voucher Use, 2000 to 2008 Abstract: In theory, housing choice vouchers provide low-income families with increased neighborhood options. However, previous research is mixed regarding whether the program promotes integration. Examining the 50 most populous U.S. metropolitan areas, I find that households using vouchers are more economically and racially segregated than an extremely low-income comparison group. However, voucher households in areas with source-of-income protection laws are less racially segregated than voucher households in areas without such laws. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 544-567 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.876437 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.876437 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:544-567 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Immergluck Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck Author-Name: Jonathan Law Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Law Title: Investing in Crisis: The Methods, Strategies, and Expectations of Investors in Single-Family Foreclosed Homes in Distressed Neighborhoods Abstract: In the wake of the U.S. foreclosure crisis, the magnitude of homes flowing into investor ownership since 2007 has been unprecedented. Based on interviews with investors and other key informants active on the south and southwest sides of Atlanta, we describe the key aspects of the business models of such investors, including their methods of identifying properties, determining acquisition prices and renovation costs, and managing properties for rent. We also examine their expectations for financial return, including the sensitivity of returns to market and property uncertainties. We conclude with key findings and some recommendations for policymakers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 568-593 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.850733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.850733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:568-593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel G. Bratt Author-X-Name-First: Rachel G. Author-X-Name-Last: Bratt Author-Name: Abigail Vladeck Author-X-Name-First: Abigail Author-X-Name-Last: Vladeck Title: Addressing Restrictive Zoning for Affordable Housing: Experiences in Four States Abstract: Affordable housing development in suburban locales is often constrained by zoning and other municipal land-use restrictions. This article explores experiences in four states that have been recognized for exemplary interventions that address "exclusionary zoning." Using quantitative and qualitative methods, the article examines overall production levels resulting from the specific program, the extent to which such production is occurring in locales with more White residents and more higher-income residents, and the levels of compliance with state-specified goals, where such goals exist. When possible, cross-state comparisons are provided. Although there are clear signs of progress, with municipalities increasing their affordable housing stocks and with some of this production occurring in locales that probably would not have developed such housing without such state (or county) intervention, the pace has been slow. A number of recommendations are offered for these and other states contemplating strategies to address exclusionary land-use practices. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 594-636 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.886279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.886279 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:594-636 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John C. Weicher Author-X-Name-First: John C. Author-X-Name-Last: Weicher Title: FHA in the Great Recession: Rebalancing Its Role Abstract: The Federal Housing Administration's (FHA) Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund has a negative net worth as of FY2012, partly because of the weak economic recovery and partly because its policy has been directed to supporting homeownership at the risk of incurring more defaults. Although recently announced reforms should reduce losses, higher insurance premiums and lower loan-to-value ratios will still be necessary. But FHA faced and survived similar situations before, and should be able to do so again, without draconian limitations on its authority. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 637-643 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.812572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.812572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:637-643 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Van Order Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Van Order Author-Name: Anthony M. Yezer Author-X-Name-First: Anthony M. Author-X-Name-Last: Yezer Title: FHA: Recent History and Future Prospects Abstract: The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) deserves considerable credit for helping support the housing market during the recent financial crisis by increasing its own market share. However, as the recovery continues, the FHA can gradually return to its "traditional" role as an insurer of low-down-payment home mortgages for low-to-moderate-income and first-time homebuyers. A major concern going forward is susceptibility to increased adverse selection if it continues in nontraditional markets. Indeed, the modest market share of the FHA going into the housing collapse was important both in limiting its losses and in allowing it to maintain the market when other traditional secondary market makers failed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 644-650 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.849749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.849749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:644-650 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Rosen Wartell Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Rosen Author-X-Name-Last: Wartell Author-Name: Mark A. Willis Author-X-Name-First: Mark A. Author-X-Name-Last: Willis Title: FHA: Reforms to Protect Taxpayers and Borrowers Abstract: The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) has historically played a crucial role in supporting the housing market. The most recent financial and housing market crises would have been far worse if the FHA had not stepped in to provide mortgage credit. Providing that credit, however, required FHA to take on elevated levels of risk. FHA supports the housing market and homeownership in three ways. First, FHA helps to ensure that all those who can sustain homeownership have access to reasonably priced long-term, fixed-rate mortgages. Second, FHA helps to prevent the collapse of local, regional, or national housing markets when the private sector pulls back from offering mortgages. Third, FHA can promote innovation by piloting new products and underwriting and servicing practices. As the country looks to reform the housing finance system, this recent experience makes clear how important it is to both retain FHA and strengthen its ability to assess and manage risk. Addressing these issues immediately would help to further reduce risks to the Fund, protecting taxpayers and borrowers while allowing FHA to continue to serve its core missions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 651-662 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.866151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.866151 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:651-662 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Spader Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Spader Author-Name: Jill Khadduri Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Khadduri Title: Three Visions for the Future of the FHA Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 663-665 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.918046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.918046 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:663-665 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Title: The Essential if Problematic Role of FHA Mortgage Insurance Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 666-669 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.923925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.923925 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:3:p:666-669 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Lens Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Lens Title: Employment Accessibility Among Housing Subsidy Recipients Abstract: This article estimates the extent to which different types of subsidized households live near employment, measuring the extent of spatial mismatch between these households and employment. Using census tract-level data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development on housing subsidy locations and employment data from the U.S. Census Bureau, this article uses a distance-decay function to estimate job-accessibility indices for census tracts in metropolitan statistical areas with 100,000 people or more. I use these data to create weighted job-accessibility indices for housing subsidy recipients (public housing, Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, Section 8 New Construction, and housing voucher households) and the total population and renter households earning below 50% of area median income as points of comparison. I find that of all these groups, by a large margin, public housing households live in census tracts with the greatest proximity to low-skilled jobs. However, they also live among the greatest concentration of individuals who compete for those jobs, namely, the low-skilled unemployed. These findings suggest that we pay close attention to the trade-offs that public housing residents are making as these units are demolished and replaced with vouchers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 671-691 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.905966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.905966 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:4:p:671-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jake Wegmann Author-X-Name-First: Jake Author-X-Name-Last: Wegmann Title: Measuring What Matters: A Call for a Meaningful Metric of Affordable Rental Housing Production Cost-Efficiency Abstract: The metric commonly used in debates and research concerning the cost-efficiency of multifamily rental housing production, total development cost per unit, sacrifices too much analytical power in return for its ease of computation. This article proposes a replacement metric, the subsidy per housing affordability equivalent (SHARE) ratio. This measure is applied to a set of 399 nonprofit-sponsored rental housing developments completed in California over the past decade. Evidence suggests that the use of SHARE would evaluate deeply subsidized family projects and mixed-use projects with commercial space more favorably than total development cost per unit would. The reverse is true for projects restricted to seniors and for those financed with Low-Income Housing Tax Credits. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 692-716 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.944851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.944851 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:4:p:692-716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Talen Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Talen Author-Name: Julia Koschinsky Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Koschinsky Title: Compact, Walkable, Diverse Neighborhoods:Assessing Effects on Residents Abstract: What research supports the view that compact, walkable, diverse (CWD) neighborhoods are beneficial for urban residents? To make this assessment, we searched the literature to try to understand the current status of evidence regarding claims about the CWD neighborhood. We find that research linking CWD neighborhoods to effects on residents coalesces around three main topics: social relations, health, and safety. We conclude that on the basis of the literature reviewed, most of the intended benefits of the CWD neighborhood have been researched and found to have significant, positive effects for urban dwellers. While physical factors are but one element affecting behavior and outcomes, and the issues of self-selection and causality remain, overall, key dimensions of the CWD neighborhood have been found to positively affect social interaction, health, and safety. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 717-750 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.900102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.900102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:4:p:717-750 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas M. Laidley Author-X-Name-First: Thomas M. Author-X-Name-Last: Laidley Title: The Privatization of College Housing: Poverty, Affordability, and the U.S. Public University Abstract: Much of the research on housing policy over the past generation has focused on its relationship to affordability and the spatial demography of poverty. Here, I focus on a particular sector of the market that has largely gone unnoticed in the academic literature: college housing. I examine the relationships among college undergraduates residing off-campus, poverty rates, and housing cost and affordability measures. Using first-difference models of tract-level data from 2000 to 2008, I find robust, positive associations between off-campus populations and poverty rates, and more modest but still visible relations to housing outcomes. The results suggest that demographers should pay attention to the presence of college students in urban areas, and also hold implications for policy related to grant provisioning and housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 751-768 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.875053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.875053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:4:p:751-768 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan Mallach Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Mallach Title: Lessons From Las Vegas: Housing Markets, Neighborhoods, and Distressed Single-Family Property Investors Abstract: The collapse of the housing bubble and the ensuing wave of foreclosures have led to a dramatic increase in investor activity in distressed single-family markets, particularly in high-foreclosure areas such as Las Vegas, Nevada. Using a case study of investors in the Las Vegas market as the starting point, supplemented by research in the Detroit, Michigan, area and elsewhere, this article analyzes the strategies being followed by investors and the relationship between investor behavior and market conditions, presenting a market-based typology of single-family property investors and assessing the effects of investors on markets and neighborhood conditions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 769-801 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.872160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.872160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:4:p:769-801 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick J. Fowler Author-X-Name-First: Patrick J. Author-X-Name-Last: Fowler Author-Name: Dina Chavira Author-X-Name-First: Dina Author-X-Name-Last: Chavira Title: Family Unification Program: Housing Services for Homeless Child Welfare-Involved Families Abstract: The Family Unification Program-a U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development initiative to facilitate interagency collaboration between the child welfare and public housing service systems-aims to stabilize families at risk for parent-child separation by addressing housing needs. Findings from a randomized controlled trial suggest that families referred to the program experienced lower risk for homelessness and out-of-home placement compared with child welfare services as usual. The findings suggest that housing services offer an effective alternative to foster care. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 802-814 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.881902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.881902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:24:y:2014:i:4:p:802-814 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Housing Policy Debate's 25th Anniversary Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.983676 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.983676 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karen A. Danielsen Author-X-Name-First: Karen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Danielsen Title: "The Big Mo": The Early Days of Housing Policy Debate Abstract: On the occasion of the 25th anniversary year of Housing Policy Debate, this article details the circumstances and the political climate of the late 1980s that led to the origin of this journal. I review the influence and the confluence of the National Housing Task Force of 1987, Jim Rouse (CEO of the Rouse Corporation), the Senate Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs, and David O. Maxwell, then the chairman of Fannie Mae, to create the Office of Housing Research (OHR) within Fannie Mae. The article also highlights the role of the National Housing Task Force and the first Fannie Mae Housing Conference in expanding high-quality housing research in the 1990s through the MIT Housing Policy Project and the research and convening efforts of the OHR in Fannie Mae, which included this journal and a continuance of the Annual Housing Conference thereafter. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 2-15 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.968801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.968801 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:1:p:2-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas B. Foster Author-X-Name-First: Thomas B. Author-X-Name-Last: Foster Author-Name: Rachel Garshick Kleit Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Garshick Author-X-Name-Last: Kleit Title: The Changing Relationship Between Housing and Inequality, 1980-2010 Abstract: Inequality in both income and wealth has grown rapidly in the United States since the 1970s. Over the same period, homeownership rates increased in step with expansionist government policies and the development of subprime and other exotic loan products, and housing affordability challenges emerged as the most prevalent housing problem for owners and renters alike. The subprime lending and foreclosure crises of the 2000s stretched households financially, threatening the traditional economic benefits of homeownership, bringing into stark relief the ways in which housing and inequality mutually influence one another, and implicating homeownership, housing affordability, and subprime lending in the widening gap between the rich and the poor. This article examines the changing roles of homeownership, housing affordability, and subprime lending in contemporary U.S. inequality by, first, describing trends in county inequality and housing characteristics and, second, modeling inequality as a function of the previous decade's housing characteristics over the period of 1980-2010. We build upon past models of county inequality by more explicitly considering causal order, place characteristics, and state and regional fixed effects. The results confirm that homeownership, affordability, and subprime lending not only reflect existing inequalities but also perpetuate those inequalities over time. Homeownership promotes equality, affordability problems undermine it, and subprime lending has the potential to ameliorate inequality in certain contexts, but these effects shift significantly over time, particularly as a result of widespread foreclosures and economic recession. Our analysis establishes the importance of housing in explaining contemporary inequality, highlights how place characteristics and causal ordering may improve county inequality models, and provides a foundation for future studies examining inequality in light of the Great Recession and the foreclosure crisis. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 16-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.933118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.933118 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:1:p:16-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark R. Lindblad Author-X-Name-First: Mark R. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindblad Author-Name: Roberto G. Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto G. Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Author-Name: Melissa B. Jacoby Author-X-Name-First: Melissa B. Author-X-Name-Last: Jacoby Author-Name: Ling Wang Author-X-Name-First: Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Huifang Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Huifang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Title: Bankruptcy During Foreclosure: Home Preservation Through Chapters 7 and 13 Abstract: Filing for bankruptcy is the primary legal mechanism by which homeowners in foreclosure can exert control over ownership of their home, yet little is known about the interplay among bankruptcy types, mortgage servicers, state foreclosure laws, and home foreclosure auctions. We analyze 4,280 lower-income homeowners in the United States who were more than 90 days late paying their 30-year fixed-rate mortgages. Two dozen organizations serviced these mortgages and initiated foreclosure between 2003 and 2012. We identify wide variation between mortgage servicers in their likelihood of bringing a property to auction. We also show that when homeowners in foreclosure filed for bankruptcy, foreclosure auctions were 70% less likely. Chapters 7 and 13 filings both reduce the hazard of auction, but the effect is 5 times greater for Chapter 13, which contains enhanced tools to preserve homeownership. Bankruptcy's effects are strongest in states that permit power-of-sale foreclosure or withdraw homeowners' right-of-redemption at the time of auction. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 41-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.854267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.854267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:1:p:41-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deirdre Pfeiffer Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeiffer Author-Name: Danielle Wallace Author-X-Name-First: Danielle Author-X-Name-Last: Wallace Author-Name: Alyssa Chamberlain Author-X-Name-First: Alyssa Author-X-Name-Last: Chamberlain Title: Is Investor Purchasing of Foreclosures Related to Neighborhood Crime? Evidence From a Phoenix Suburb Abstract: Little is known about how investors purchasing foreclosures during the recent U.S. housing crisis are affecting neighborhood crime. While they may decrease crime by reducing vacancies or bettering neighborhood conditions, they may increase it by escalating neighborhood turnover. Combining local police department data on calls for service with foreclosure, home sales, and sociodemographic data, this research uses longitudinal modeling to assess the relation between the purchasing of foreclosures by investors and calls for service in neighborhoods in Chandler, Arizona, a Phoenix suburb where investors are renting former foreclosures. Neighborhoods where foreclosures were more often purchased by investors had more calls for service about violent crime the following year. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 67-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.923924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.923924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:1:p:67-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sungsoon Hwang Author-X-Name-First: Sungsoon Author-X-Name-Last: Hwang Title: Residential Segregation, Housing Submarkets, and Spatial Analysis: St. Louis and Cincinnati as a Case Study Abstract: This article considers how spatial analysis of housing submarkets can advance research into residential segregation. While an emphasis on housing submarkets has been proposed as a new construct for modeling housing prices, its use in analyzing residential segregation has been limited. Recent advances in spatial analysis and geographic information systems present new opportunities for researchers to exploit the potential of housing submarkets as constructs that offer a more precise way to examine residential segregation. The article synthesizes literature related to residential segregation and housing submarkets and demonstrates how to delineate housing submarkets using publicly available data. It examines the spatial distribution of housing submarkets and how the socially disadvantaged are represented across housing submarkets in St. Louis, Missouri, and Cincinnati, Ohio, to conclude that St. Louis's housing market is more polarized and racially segregated than Cincinnati's. Spatial analysis of housing submarkets, in conjunction with archival analysis, provides a promising avenue for identifying residential segregation as a multidimensional phenomenon, and a means to explore local processes of urban inequality. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 91-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.934703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.934703 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:1:p:91-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra J. Newman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra J. Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Author-Name: C. Scott Holupka Author-X-Name-First: C. Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Holupka Title: Housing Affordability and Child Well-Being Abstract: We test three hypotheses about the role of housing affordability in child cognitive achievement, behavior, and health. Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we apply both propensity-score matching and instrumental-variable modeling as identification strategies and test the sensitivity of results to omitted variable bias. The analysis reveals an inverted-U-shaped relation between the fraction of income devoted to housing and cognitive achievement. The inflection point at approximately 30% supports the long-standing rule-of-thumb definition of affordable housing. There is no evidence of affordability effects on behavior or health. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 116-151 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.899261 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.899261 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:1:p:116-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurie A. Walker Author-X-Name-First: Laurie A. Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: The Cost of Good Intentions: Thermal Discomfort in Traditional Public Housing Units With Preset Thermostats Abstract: Cold and hot housing environments are known correlates of physical and psychological health conditions, decreased productivity, and issues with quality of life. The purpose of this study is to establish whether the use of preset thermostats creates disproportionate thermal discomfort (a housing unit feeling hot or cold) for people in older housing (n = 296). In-depth qualitative interviews (n = 25) elaborate on resident experiences. Implications for evaluation, practice, and policy are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 152-178 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.924024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.924024 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:1:p:152-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vinit Mukhija Author-X-Name-First: Vinit Author-X-Name-Last: Mukhija Author-Name: David R. Mason Author-X-Name-First: David R. Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Title: Resident-Owned, Informal Mobile Home Communities in Rural California: The Case of Rancho Don Antonio, Coachella Valley Abstract: California's farmworkers are among the lowest-paid wage earners in the state. They often live in crowded or substandard housing. The Polanco Bill-state legislation enacted in the early 1990s-aimed to increase the supply of housing for farmworkers by encouraging the development of employee housing on land zoned for agriculture. This article discusses the implementation and effects of the Polanco Bill in the agricultural area of the eastern Coachella Valley. It finds, somewhat unexpectedly, that groups of farmworkers, often family members, have used the bill to collaborate and develop small, resident-owned, informal mobile home communities, called polancos, and focuses on one such case. Although the article's key contribution is to identify the informal approach and its key attributes, it also discusses whether a new housing model based on the collectively owned polancos is possible. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 179-194 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.921220 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.921220 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:1:p:179-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Housing Policy Debate Associate Editors and Editorial Advisory Board Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 205-207 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1031972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1031972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:205-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Where Has Housing Policy Debate Been? Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 208-214 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1006030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1006030 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:208-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Author-Name: Alex F. Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Alex F. Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Author-Name: Lydia B. Taghavi Author-X-Name-First: Lydia B. Author-X-Name-Last: Taghavi Title: Housing Choice Voucher Location Patterns a Decade Later Abstract: In 2003, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) prepared a study of the location patterns of the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program. This study became an important baseline for the evaluation of the HCV program and its ability to serve the goal of poverty deconcentration. The study examined the ability of HCV households in the 50 largest metropolitan areas to make entry to a broad array of neighborhoods and to locate in high-opportunity neighborhoods with low levels of poverty.New data from HUD and the American Community Survey permit the study to be replicated. We find that vouchers continue to consume only a small portion of the housing stock, with relatively small amounts of spatial concentration. Unfortunately, only about one in five voucher households locate in low-poverty neighborhoods, and this share is rising only very slowly. If the nation wants to pursue poverty deconcentration through the HCV program, we cannot rely on the program, as it is now structured, to accomplish this goal. Additional incentives and constraints will be needed, similar to those that were part of the Gautreaux and Moving to Opportunity programs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 215-233 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.921223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.921223 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:215-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tej Kumar Karki Author-X-Name-First: Tej Kumar Author-X-Name-Last: Karki Title: Mandatory Versus Incentive-Based State Zoning Reform Policiesfor Affordable Housing in the United States:A Comparative Assessment Abstract: To break the chain of exclusionary zoning and produce affordable housing, mandatory state zoning reform policies have been in place for a couple decades in the United States. Their success is often constrained by local resistance and noncompliance. Some scholars argue that the lack of incentives to communities for affordable housing production is one of the main reasons for their resistance to state mandates. At present, no incentive-based state zoning reform policy is at work except in Massachusetts. Inclusionary zoning policies do offer incentives to developers but not to communities. This article examines the strengths and weaknesses of mandatory state policies and Massachusetts's incentive-based policy and offers policy insights for the future. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 234-262 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.917691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.917691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:234-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark R. Lindblad Author-X-Name-First: Mark R. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindblad Author-Name: Roberto G. Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto G. Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Title: Why Is Homeownership Associated With Nonfinancial Benefits? A Path Analysis of Competing Mechanisms Abstract: Four mechanisms may underlie a homeownership effect: residential stability, perceived control, social identity, and financial interest. Path analysis of survey data collected from lower-income households suggests that the length of time lived in the dwelling and the participant's sense of control mediate the association of homeownership with civic engagement and health outcomes. The magnitude of this homeownership effect depends upon higher levels of home equity and increases after controlling for single-family detached housing. While much of the homeownership effect remains unexplained, the findings suggest that the nonfinancial benefits of owning a home are influenced by home equity and dwelling type yet are driven by residential stability and perceived control. These mechanisms could be leveraged to benefit renters. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 263-288 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.956776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.956776 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:263-288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ming Shann Tsai Author-X-Name-First: Ming Shann Author-X-Name-Last: Tsai Author-Name: Shu Ling Chiang Author-X-Name-First: Shu Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Chiang Title: A General Pricing Model for a Mortgage Insurance Contract Considering the Effects of Multivariate Random Variables on Termination Probabilities and Loss Rate Abstract: This article describes the derivation of a general closed-form formula for determining a fair premium for both Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and private mortgage insurance (MI). Our model incorporates the regulations appearing in MI contracts, the changes in economic situations, the termination hazard rates (i.e., prepayment and default), and the loss rate given default. We then give an example to show how one uses our model to calculate an MI premium with FHA regulations by using real mortgage data. Our pricing formula can also be used to calculate the implied default hazard rates given the FHA's current MI. The comparison of this implied rate with the actual rate should help mortgage insurers decide whether the current MI premium should be adjusted. Further analysis shows how sensitive MI premiums are to changes in the model parameters, such as the volatility of the interest rate and the house price appreciation rate. Our pricing formula should make it easier for mortgage insurers to determine fair MI premiums and employ sophisticated risk-management procedures. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 289-307 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.921222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.921222 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:289-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allison Freeman Author-X-Name-First: Allison Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Author-Name: Jeffrey J. Harden Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey J. Author-X-Name-Last: Harden Title: Affordable Homeownership: The Incidence and Effect of Down Payment Assistance Abstract: Using data from a panel study of low- and moderate-income homeowners, we assess the determinants of the use of several types of down payment assistance and the effect of using assistance on mortgage performance. Although we find differences in reliance on types of assistance, we find no difference in mortgage performance between those who used assistance and those who did not. Based on these findings, we urge caution in imposing down payment requirements that disproportionately restrict access to mortgage credit. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 308-319 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.915226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.915226 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:308-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Author-Name: S. Burkhauser Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Burkhauser Author-Name: B.A. Griffin Author-X-Name-First: B.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Griffin Author-Name: D.P. Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: D.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Author-Name: H.D. Green, Jr. Author-X-Name-First: H.D. Author-X-Name-Last: Green, Jr. Author-Name: A. Kennedy-Hendricks Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy-Hendricks Author-Name: C.E. Pollack Author-X-Name-First: C.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Pollack Title: Do the Joneses Help You Keep Up? A Natural Experiment in Exposure to Nonpoor Neighbors Abstract: This study capitalizes on a natural experiment in Montgomery County, Maryland, where low-income applicant families are randomly assigned to public housing that is either (a) clustered within seven public housing developments or (b) scattered into market-rate subdivisions via the county's inclusionary zoning policy. Through a survey of 453 public housing residents, we find that adults who lived in scattered public housing reported a lower proportion of low-socioeconomic status (SES) social ties generally and a lower proportion of low-SES neighbors specifically in their social networks. They also counted more high-SES individuals in their social networks, and this effect was related to the amount of time they lived in the neighborhood. Living in scattered public housing had no adverse effect on feelings of neighborhood belonging or satisfaction. The socioeconomic composition of respondents' social networks was associated with two health outcomes for respondents (smoking and depression) and modestly associated with respondents' household income. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 320-352 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.956324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.956324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:320-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Title: The Consequences of Gentrification for Racial Change in Washington, DC Abstract: This article looks at the effects of gentrification on the racial composition and transformation of urban neighborhoods. The investigation examines Washington, DC, a city that has undergone significant and contentious racial transformation in the past few decades. To provide for a more robust analysis of how gentrification is associated with measures of racial displacement and diversity, I employ two separate quantitative measures. Using U.S. Census Bureau long form, American Community Survey, and decennial census data, I compare tract-level changes in racial evenness and displacement between gentrifying and nongentrifying areas from 1990 to 2010. The findings suggest that gentrification is associated with the displacement of blacks, but this racial turnover is not consistently associated with greater levels of racial and ethnic diversity compared with nongentrifying neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 353-373 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.921221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.921221 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:353-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andres G. Blanco Author-X-Name-First: Andres G. Author-X-Name-Last: Blanco Author-Name: Jeongseob Kim Author-X-Name-First: Jeongseob Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Anne Ray Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Author-Name: Caleb Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Caleb Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Hyungchul Chung Author-X-Name-First: Hyungchul Author-X-Name-Last: Chung Title: Affordability After Subsidies: Understanding the Trajectories of Former Assisted Housing in Florida Abstract: Each year, thousands of units are lost from the assisted rental housing inventory through deterioration and default, subsidy expiration, and market-rate conversion. While a good deal of research and data collection has focused on identifying at-risk developments, less is known about what happens to former assisted developments after they exit income and rent restrictions. This article uses a survey of former assisted properties in Florida to identify their postsubsidy trajectories-that is, as to whether developments continue as rental housing, are converted to condominiums, or leave the housing stock through vacancy and demolition; and for those that continue as rental housing, whether they continue to offer affordable rents. Using logistic regression models, the article examines the property, housing market, and neighborhood characteristics that determine these trajectories. The results show that smaller properties, those that have been out of subsidy programs longer, and those in stronger neighborhood housing markets are more likely to be converted to condominiums. Among developments that continue as rental housing, those that previously had more stringent rent restrictions, those in strong rental submarkets, and those with better transit access tend to become unaffordable compared with previous rent limits. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 374-394 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.941902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.941902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:374-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noah J. Durst Author-X-Name-First: Noah J. Author-X-Name-Last: Durst Title: Second-Generation Policy Priorities for Colonias and Informal Settlements in Texas Abstract: Along the Texas border with Mexico, more than 400,000 people live in over 2,000 informal self-help settlements known as colonias. These exceedingly low-income, largely Latino settlements have historically suffered from severe health risks, poor infrastructure and housing conditions, and physical and social isolation. Researchers and policymakers have focused extensively on what I call "first-generation policy priorities." This has primarily entailed efforts to regularize title and infrastructure, support self-help home improvement for colonia homeowners, and prevent the growth of new informal settlements along the border region. I provide a comprehensive review of existing research on colonias to document the myriad ways in which housing and infrastructure conditions and titling practices have changed since these settlements first proliferated throughout the border region in the second half of the 20th century. These changes necessitate a rethinking of the policy priorities for colonias and informal settlements throughout the state. In particular, I argue that colonias must be recast to recognize the significant improvements that have taken place but also the long-term and sometimes severe problems that persist. These "second-generation policy priorities" include the development of sustainable forms of governance, regulation, and finance to address ongoing infrastructure investment needs in colonias; supporting access to and upkeep of safe and affordable renter- and owner-occupied housing through both self-help and contractor-led projects; ensuring long-term title clarity; and promoting community organizing in new and aging settlements. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 395-417 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2013.879603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2013.879603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:2:p:395-417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michal Grinstein-Weiss Author-X-Name-First: Michal Author-X-Name-Last: Grinstein-Weiss Author-Name: Clinton Key Author-X-Name-First: Clinton Author-X-Name-Last: Key Author-Name: Shannon Carrillo Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Carrillo Title: Homeownership, the Great Recession, and Wealth: Evidence From the Survey of Consumer Finances Abstract: The owned home is central to both the American Dream and the financial lives of U.S. households. This article explores the typical financial trajectories of homeowners during the Great Recession, assessing the viability of positioning home equity at the core of a household's balance sheet. Using the 2007-2009 reinterview panel of the Survey of Consumer Finances, we describe the diverse balance sheets of groups of homeowning households. While some homeowners lost equity and wealth in the Great Recession, we find that an owned home introduced severe risk of loss, but homeowners were less likely than renters to lose very large proportions of their wealth. The experience of homeowners' balance sheets during the downturn was diverse, and the typical experiences of different groups are compared and contrasted. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 419-445 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.971042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.971042 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:419-445 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guang Tian Author-X-Name-First: Guang Author-X-Name-Last: Tian Author-Name: Reid Ewing Author-X-Name-First: Reid Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing Author-Name: William Greene Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Greene Title: Desire for Smart Growth: A Survey of Residential Preferences in the Salt Lake Region of Utah Abstract: As an alternative to sprawling development, smart growth combines proximity to work, proximity to shopping and other destinations, neighborhood housing mix, shared and paid parking, complete street designs, and proximity to public transit. This article uses a stated-choice experiment to determine residents' attitudes toward these various aspects of smart growth in the Salt Lake region of Utah. Utah is a conservative state, where attitudes toward auto-oriented suburbia may be more positive than in other parts of the United States. So, one might wonder whether changing national attitudes toward smart growth, documented in several surveys, apply to residents of the Salt Lake region. In this stated-choice experiment, respondents were asked to choose between pairs of housing scenarios with different attributes and different prices. Mixed logit (random parameters logit) was used to relate individuals' choices to attributes, prices, and sociodemographic characteristics of respondents. The results show that, generally, respondents have positive attitudes toward most aspects of smart growth but still express preferences for single-family neighborhoods with free parking in their own driveways or garages. Different life cycle cohorts have different preferences. Proximity to work is more important for childless young adults. Young families with children place higher value on living in a neighborhood with only single-family homes and transit access. Retired empty nesters favor a mix of housing types over single-family housing on one-acre-plus lots. The results suggest that while residents of the Salt Lake region like suburban neighborhoods with primarily single-family houses, they would also like to have improved accessibility to amenities in the suburbs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 446-462 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.971333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.971333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:446-462 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Author-Name: Bonnie Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Bonnie Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Housing Programs Fail to Deliver on Neighborhood Quality, Reexamined Abstract: This article revisits the relative performance of housing programs in terms of delivering on neighborhood quality. Newman and Schnare examined this issue in 1997, and this article updates their work more than a decade later. Both efforts examine the neighborhood characteristics surrounding assisted rental housing and assess the direction of assisted-housing policy. The analysis is performed by exploring census data at the tract level for the tenant-based Housing Choice Voucher program plus a set of project-based programs, including public housing, the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program, and other HUD multifamily programs. We conclude that Newman and Schnare remain correct that rental housing assistance does little to improve the quality of the recipients' neighborhoods relative to those of welfare households and can make things worse. However, things have improved. The Housing Choice Voucher and Low-Income Housing Tax Credit programs have grown in importance over the intervening years and have improved their performance by moving more households into low-poverty, less distressed areas. Importantly, these active programs for assisted housing are beginning to find ways to overcome the barriers preventing entry into the suburbs, although more needs to be done. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 463-496 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.944201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.944201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:463-496 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Author-Name: Jae Sik Jeon Author-X-Name-First: Jae Sik Author-X-Name-Last: Jeon Author-Name: Rolf Pendall Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Pendall Title: Transportation Access, Rental Vouchers, and Neighborhood Satisfaction: Evidence From the Moving to Opportunity Experiment Abstract: The Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program is designed in part to expand the neighborhood choices of assisted households, thereby enabling assisted households to find a living environment that simultaneously meets their housing and neighborhood preferences. While several studies have examined the impact of rental subsidies on neighborhood satisfaction, few have examined whether access to adequate transportation enables HCV recipients to locate housing in more desirable locations. This article relies on data from the Moving to Opportunity experiment to examine the impact of transportation access, rental housing vouchers, and geographic constraints on neighborhood satisfaction. We find that access to both vehicles and public transit positively influences neighborhood satisfaction, and the influence of vehicle access varies with transit proximity. These findings point to the importance of transportation in helping low-income assisted renter households locate housing in more desirable neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 497-530 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.986662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.986662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:497-530 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa Rayle Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Rayle Title: Investigating the Connection Between Transit-Oriented Development and Displacement: Four Hypotheses Abstract: Transit-oriented development (TOD) has become a predominant planning model in many cities. However, although access to public transit is often seen as benefiting low-income groups, in some cities community groups have challenged TOD plans on the grounds that they could cause gentrification and displacement. Yet, empirical studies have found little evidence that gentrification actually causes displacement. This article examines the connection between TOD and displacement in urban areas and seeks to make sense of the apparent discrepancy between community opposition to TOD and the empirical findings on displacement. Four explanations are considered: methodological shortcomings in existing studies, insufficient attention to social and psychological forms of displacement, potential transportation cost savings, and use of TOD plans as a policy target. The fourth explanation is illustrated using an example from the San Francisco Bay Area of California. This article aims to synthesize literature on these previously separate topics and to illuminate paths for future research. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 531-548 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.951674 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.951674 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:531-548 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Indro Ray Author-X-Name-First: Indro Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Author-Name: Subhrajit Guhathakurta Author-X-Name-First: Subhrajit Author-X-Name-Last: Guhathakurta Title: The Impact of Housing Submarkets and Urban Form on the Foreclosure Crisis in U.S. Urban Counties Abstract: In this article, the authors introduce a novel way to define and measure housing submarkets in relation to foreclosures. Instead of the traditional methods of identifying submarkets a priori, this study uses an approach that empirically delineates housing submarkets based on spatial contiguity and housing attributes. The spatial clustering algorithm developed for this study identified submarkets in each of the urban counties. A spatial regression model was then used to assess the impact of submarket structure on foreclosure rates. In addition, the study also incorporates a measure of sprawl in its analysis. It was found that sprawling counties are not more likely to have higher rates of foreclosures compared with average rates. However, the counties with smaller and more fragmented housing submarkets are likely to have lower rates of foreclosures. The results suggest that urban form is less consequential than housing market structure in affecting U.S. housing market dynamics. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 549-573 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.971043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.971043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:549-573 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Myron Orfield Author-X-Name-First: Myron Author-X-Name-Last: Orfield Author-Name: Will Stancil Author-X-Name-First: Will Author-X-Name-Last: Stancil Author-Name: Thomas Luce Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Luce Author-Name: Eric Myott Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Myott Title: High Costs and Segregation in Subsidized Housing Policy Abstract: This article examines the public policies determining the distribution of subsidized housing in the Twin Cities metropolitan area of Minnesota, the resulting distribution of subsidized housing, and the comparative costs associated with building in the region's central cities or in suburbs. The analysis concludes that current policies are clearly not meeting the region's responsibility to affirmatively further fair housing. The metropolitan area abandoned its role as a national leader in this area decades ago. The result is an affordable housing system that concentrates subsidized housing in the region's poorest and most segregated neighborhoods. This increases the concentration of poverty in the two central cities, in the region's most racially diverse neighborhoods, and in the attendance areas of predominantly nonwhite schools. In the long run, this hurts the regional economy and exacerbates the racial gaps in income, employment, and student performance that plague the Twin Cities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 574-607 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.963641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.963641 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:574-607 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Goetz Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz Title: Poverty-Pimping CDCs: The Search for Dispersal's Next Bogeyman Abstract: There are three points made by Orfield et al. that I will address in my comments. The first is the authors' contention that housing policy should be driven by the obligation to integrate. Second, the authors suggest that higher costs of building affordable housing in Minneapolis and Saint Paul is due to the particular characteristics of the "poverty housing" industry in the two cities. Finally, the authors conduct an analysis of a specific affordable housing development in Minneapolis and purport to show that the project has produced no community level benefits. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 608-618 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1035012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1035012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:608-618 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Myron Orfield Author-X-Name-First: Myron Author-X-Name-Last: Orfield Author-Name: Will Stancil Author-X-Name-First: Will Author-X-Name-Last: Stancil Author-Name: Thomas Luce Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Luce Author-Name: Eric Myott Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Myott Title: Response to Poverty-Pimping CDCs: The Search for Dispersal's Next Bogeyman Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 619-633 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1039861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1039861 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:619-633 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Douglas S. Massey Author-X-Name-First: Douglas S. Author-X-Name-Last: Massey Title: The Social Science of Affordable Housing Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 634-638 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1039860 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1039860 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:634-638 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jill Khadduri Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Khadduri Title: The Affordable Housing Industry Needs to Develop Capacity to Work in High Opportunity Neighborhoods Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 639-643 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1035010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1035010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:639-643 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Title: Place-Based Housing Assistance and Access to Opportunity: Implications for Fair Housing in the Twin Cities Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 644-648 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1039859 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1039859 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:3:p:644-648 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannah Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Title: Preserving Community Assets: Do Foreclosure Sales Need to Negatively Impact the Neighborhood? Abstract: Research has linked concentrated foreclosures with negative neighborhood outcomes; for instance, increased crime and decreased property values. These outcomes drain community asset holdings and impact the longer term trajectory of the neighborhood. However, data reported in this article from a Boston study challenge the assumption that negative neighborhood outcomes are a foregone conclusion in the face of foreclosures. Analysis of interviews with real estate agents and other foreclosure professionals, neighborhood ethnographic observation, and citywide sales and foreclosure sales documents demonstrate that the distinct nature of the foreclosure sales process creates market disruptions heightening the risk for documented negative neighborhood outcomes. Attempts by the seller to reduce financial risks in the sale increase the likelihood of vacancy and create a market oriented toward investor-buyers. Understanding the risk preferences of key decision makers in the foreclosure sale process reveals new intervention points--such as intervening at the short sale, or expanding and updating foreclosure laws to reflect current foreclosure sales markets--to reduce market disruptions and preserve community assets in the face of foreclosures. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 649-683 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.1003574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.1003574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:649-683 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Wilkins Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkins Author-Name: Maya Brennan Author-X-Name-First: Maya Author-X-Name-Last: Brennan Author-Name: Amy Deora Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Deora Author-Name: Anker Heegaard Author-X-Name-First: Anker Author-X-Name-Last: Heegaard Author-Name: Albert Lee Author-X-Name-First: Albert Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Jeffrey Lubell Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Lubell Title: Comparing the Life-Cycle Costs of New Construction and Acquisition-Rehab of Affordable Multifamily Rental Housing Abstract: The cost of producing multifamily affordable housing may differ based on development type. Past attempts to compare the costs of producing multifamily housing through new construction or acquisition-rehab have been limited by an inability to adjust for variations in unit quality among different projects. The authors overcome this challenge by estimating the costs of developing and maintaining a property over a 50-year life cycle. Applying this approach to a convenience sample of 269 properties, the authors find new construction associated with life-cycle costs that are 25% to 45% higher than those of acquisition-rehab. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 684-714 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.1003141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.1003141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:684-714 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruoniu Wang, Author-X-Name-First: Ruoniu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang, Author-Name: Kristin Larsen, Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen, Author-Name: Anne Ray Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Title: Rethinking Locational Outcomes for Housing Choice Vouchers: A Case Study in Duval County, Florida Abstract: This study examines locational patterns of housing choice vouchers in Duval County, Florida, using the Housing Suitability Model (HSM), a newly developed geographic information system-based model that evaluates residential land parcels and neighborhoods in terms of their suitability for affordable housing. The HSM was used to characterize voucher locations and other residential parcels across the county in terms of opportunity and accessibility. The analysis explores the tradeoffs between opportunity and accessibility inherent in many neighborhoods throughout the county. It finds that voucher holders' locations lag substantially behind other residential locations in terms of opportunity measures but are more comparable in terms of accessibility. Further analysis finds differences in opportunity and accessibility among subgroups of voucher holders by various demographic characteristics. The study recommends the incorporation of opportunity and accessibility for voucher holders into local housing planning, including the implementation of proposed rules for Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 715-738 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.968182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.968182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:715-738 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Pierce Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Pierce Author-Name: Silvia Jimenez Author-X-Name-First: Silvia Author-X-Name-Last: Jimenez Title: Unreliable Water Access in U.S. Mobile Homes: Evidence From the American Housing Survey Abstract: Unreliable water access significantly impairs household health and welfare. While press and policy reports suggest that residents of mobile home communities in the United States experience unreliable water access, scholarly examination of this issue has been lacking. Using data from the 2011 American Housing Survey, we first present descriptive evidence of disparities in water service reliability and then construct a binary logit regression model assessing the correlates of reliable provision. We find that living in a mobile home unit, and especially in a mobile home park, is significantly and negatively correlated with water service reliability. Our findings demonstrate the need for future research to assess the mechanisms of water service reliability within mobile home parks, as well as the relationship between living in a mobile home and other dimensions of household water security. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 739-753 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.999815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.999815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:739-753 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaclene Begley Author-X-Name-First: Jaclene Author-X-Name-Last: Begley Author-Name: Lauren Lambie-Hanson Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: Lambie-Hanson Title: The Home Maintenance and Improvement Behaviors of Older Adults in Boston Abstract: Prior studies have found that older homeowners spend less money maintaining and improving their homes, which may reduce their quality of life and eventually pose larger, more costly housing problems. Delayed repairs and improvements may also have adverse spillover effects on neighborhoods. We explore the home maintenance expenditures, housing conditions, and credit access of older homeowners in Boston, Massachusetts, where many aging adults have limited incomes and live in older structures but also have substantial home equity that could be used as a financial resource. We find evidence that older homeowners spend less on home maintenance, and many live in low-income areas with high numbers of constituent complaints about housing conditions and less access to cheaper forms of credit. A particular policy intervention, the Boston Senior Home Repair Program, helps by providing home repair assistance to low- and moderate-income older homeowners. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 754-781 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1004097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1004097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:754-781 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez, Editor Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez, Editor Title: The Future of Housing Research: Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 782-782 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1043798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1043798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:782-782 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Title: Housing Low-Income Households: Lessons From the Sharing Economy? Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 783-784 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1042204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1042204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:783-784 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Derek Hyra Author-X-Name-First: Derek Author-X-Name-Last: Hyra Title: Greasing the Wheels of Social Integration: Housing and Beyond in Mixed-Income, Mixed-Race Neighborhoods Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 785-788 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1042206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1042206 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:785-788 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathe Newman Author-X-Name-First: Kathe Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Title: Globalization of Finance and the Future of Home Mortgage Finance Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 789-791 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1042209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1042209 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:789-791 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Immergluck Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck Title: The Effects of the Mortgage Crisis on Housing Policy Research Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 792-795 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1042208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1042208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:792-795 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mai Thi Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Mai Thi Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Title: The Intersection of Immigration and Housing Policies: Implications for the U.S. Housing Market and Economy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 796-798 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1043084 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1043084 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:796-798 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey M. Lubell Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey M. Author-X-Name-Last: Lubell Title: Laying the Foundation for the Next Generation of Rental Housing Policies Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 799-801 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1043085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1043085 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:799-801 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Title: The Future of Research on Assisted Housing for the Poor Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 802-805 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1043088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1043088 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:802-805 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra J. Newman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra J. Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Title: Back to Basics: The Whether, When, and How of Housing Effects Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 806-808 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1043699 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1043699 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:806-808 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa A. Sturtevant Author-X-Name-First: Lisa A. Author-X-Name-Last: Sturtevant Title: The Future of Housing Research: The Importance of Going Local Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 809-812 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1043700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1043700 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:809-812 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Title: Housing America: The Unequal Geography of Risk and Opportunity Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 813-816 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1043701 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1043701 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:25:y:2015:i:4:p:813-816 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Editor’s Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1105421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1105421 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John D. Landis Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Landis Title: Tracking and Explaining Neighborhood Socioeconomic Change in U.S. Metropolitan Areas Between 1990 and 2010 Abstract: This article addresses four fundamental questions about neighborhood change processes and outcomes among large U.S. metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2010: (a) Is it possible using census data and other secondary sources to come up with a consistent and robust method to measure gentrification and other forms of substantial neighborhood socioeconomic change (SNSEC) across all U.S. metropolitan areas? (b) To what degree are gentrification and other forms of SNSEC the result of metropolitan-scale economic and demographic forces versus more bottom-up and neighborhood-specific forces and dynamics? (c) To what degree are gentrification and other forms of SNSEC shaped by the actions of individual, and groups of, property owners, developers, and speculators versus the neighborhood service and location preferences of households? (d) To what extent are gentrification and other forms of substantial neighborhood change always accompanied by the displacement of existing residents? Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 2-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.993677 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.993677 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:2-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Insler Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Insler Author-Name: Kurtis Swope Author-X-Name-First: Kurtis Author-X-Name-Last: Swope Title: School Quality, Residential Choice, and the U.S. Housing Bubble Abstract: Using data from the American Housing Survey (years 2001--2009), we find that purchase prices for homes selected primarily to access self-identified “good schools” rose (relative to homes selected for other reasons) during the key U.S. housing bubble period, compared with the periods before and after the bubble. We observe a similar pattern in homebuyers' mortgage-to-income ratios. Various regression specifications and propensity score matching techniques show that these trends persist conditional on a range of household, demographic, and economic controls. Our results suggest that the strong, bubble-era pursuit of good schools may have played a role in the housing bubble's expansion. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 53-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.956777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.956777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:53-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Meltzer Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Meltzer Author-Name: Alex Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Title: Housing Affordability and Health: Evidence From New York City Abstract: It is generally understood that households make tradeoffs between housing costs and other living expenses. In this article, we examine the relationship between health-related outcomes and housing-induced financial burdens for renters in one of the most expensive cities in the world, New York, New York. Drawing from the Housing Vacancy Survey for 2011, a representative survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau of more than 16,000 households in New York City, we estimate the effect of housing cost burden on the overall health of renters and the extent to which they have postponed various types of medical services for financial reasons. Results show that higher out-of-pocket rent burdens are associated with worse self-reported health conditions and a higher likelihood to postpone medical services for financial reasons. This relationship is particularly strong for those households with severe rent burdens. In addition, housing cost burden is equally or more important than other physical housing characteristics in explaining the variation in self-reported general health status and health care postponement. These findings are robust across specifications with different degrees of household, unit/building, and neighborhood controls, and among longstanding and newer renters. Our findings point to the importance of considering health-related outcomes when designing housing policies, and that housing subsidies should target both renters' out-of-pocket costs and place-based repair and maintenance. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 80-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1020321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1020321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:80-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carissa van den Berk-Clark Author-X-Name-First: Carissa Author-X-Name-Last: van den Berk-Clark Title: The Dilemmas of Frontline Staff Working With the Homeless: Housing First, Discretion, and the Task Environment Abstract: This article examines staff discretion in permanent supportive housing facilities run by a nonprofit agency claiming to use a Housing First approach. Field observation, archival data, and individual and group interviews with staff and clients were examined to better understand agency processes involved in intake, sanctions, and disposal of clients to evaluate Housing First fidelity. In their day-to-day interactions with clients, frontline workers' discretion is affected by working conditions such as lack of resources and heavy workloads, as well as by demands placed on the agency by members of its task environment. Implications for Housing First programs and homeless clients are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 105-122 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.1003142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.1003142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:105-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca Walter Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Walter Author-Name: Aaron Evans Author-X-Name-First: Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Author-Name: Serge Atherwood Author-X-Name-First: Serge Author-X-Name-Last: Atherwood Title: Addressing the Affordable Housing Crisis for Vulnerable Renters: Insights From Broward County on an Affordable Housing Acquisition Tool Abstract: South Florida is experiencing an affordable rental crisis that is especially burdensome on those most vulnerable in society, low-income households. Rapid urbanization has resulted in inequitable land-use patterns that are a barrier to housing for the poor. As a solution to the crisis, local housing agencies seek to expand their affordable housing stock for vulnerable renters in opportunity-rich neighborhoods, but there is no standard framework for identifying properties for acquisition. Broward County serves as a case study to develop a housing acquisition tool. Using a combination of spatial statistics and principal components analysis, neighborhoods in which housing agencies may consider acquiring property are identified through the creation of an affordability surface in ArcGIS. Affordability is overlain by an opportunity surface derived from neighborhood quality and accessibility rankings. The results identify neighborhoods in Broward County that are both affordable and opportunity-rich, to better serve the county's most vulnerable renters. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 123-149 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2014.1003190 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2014.1003190 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:123-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hongwei Dong Author-X-Name-First: Hongwei Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: J. Andrew Hansz Author-X-Name-First: J. Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Hansz Title: The Geography of the Recent Housing Crisis: The Role of Urban Form Abstract: This study maps the geography of the recent housing crisis within and across American metropolitan areas, and evaluates how it is related to a series of spatial and socioeconomic variables at neighborhood and metropolitan levels. It finds that the spatial patterns of housing recessions vary widely by region. In general, fast-growing metropolitan areas in the Southwest and Florida experienced not only deeper but also longer housing recessions. In contrast, metropolitan areas in the South (except in Florida) saw shallower and shorter housing recessions. Metropolitan areas in the Midwest and Northeast had fewer price declines in the crisis, but their housing recessions tended to be longer. Housing recessions tend to be deeper and longer in larger metropolitan areas. Neighborhoods located closer to city centers experienced shallower and shorter recessions compared with those in fringe areas. Even after controlling for many other variables, automobile dependency is still a strong and positive predictor of housing recession depth and duration. The effects of other urban form variables, such as land-use density and mixed use, are mixed and vary by region. The significance of the effects of neighborhood demographic variables on recession depth is highly dependent on the inclusion of high-risk loan in the model, suggesting that predatory and high-risk lending is one major reason why lower income and minority neighborhoods were hit harder by the recent housing crisis. The effects of high-risk loan and neighborhood demographic variables on housing recession duration, however, are rather weak. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 150-171 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1038575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1038575 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:150-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathryn T. Bailey Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn T. Author-X-Name-Last: Bailey Author-Name: John T. Cook Author-X-Name-First: John T. Author-X-Name-Last: Cook Author-Name: Stephanie Ettinger de Cuba Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Ettinger de Cuba Author-Name: Patrick H. Casey Author-X-Name-First: Patrick H. Author-X-Name-Last: Casey Author-Name: Mariana Chilton Author-X-Name-First: Mariana Author-X-Name-Last: Chilton Author-Name: Sharon M. Coleman Author-X-Name-First: Sharon M. Author-X-Name-Last: Coleman Author-Name: Diana Becker Cutts Author-X-Name-First: Diana Becker Author-X-Name-Last: Cutts Author-Name: Timothy C. Heeren Author-X-Name-First: Timothy C. Author-X-Name-Last: Heeren Author-Name: Ruth Rose-Jacobs Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Rose-Jacobs Author-Name: Maureen M. Black Author-X-Name-First: Maureen M. Author-X-Name-Last: Black Author-Name: Deborah A. Frank Author-X-Name-First: Deborah A. Author-X-Name-Last: Frank Title: Development of an Index of Subsidized Housing Availability and its Relationship to Housing Insecurity Abstract: Housing insecurity is a known threat to child health understanding predictors of housing insecurity can help inform policies to protect the health of young children in low-income households. This study sheds light on the relationship between housing insecurity and availability of housing that is affordable to low-income households.We developed a county-level index of availability of subsidized housing needed to meet the demand of low-income households. Our results estimate that if subsidized units are made available to an additional 5% of the eligible population, the odds of overcrowding decrease by 26% and the odds of families making multiple moves decrease by 31%. Both of these are known predictors of poor child health outcomes. Thus, these results suggest that state and federal investments in expanding the stock of subsidized housing could reduce housing insecurity and thereby also improve the health and well-being of young children, including their families' food security status. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 172-187 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1015042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1015042 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:172-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Garshick Kleit Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Garshick Author-X-Name-Last: Kleit Author-Name: Seungbeom Kang Author-X-Name-First: Seungbeom Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Author-Name: Corianne Payton Scally Author-X-Name-First: Corianne Payton Author-X-Name-Last: Scally Title: Why Do Housing Mobility Programs Fail in Moving Households to Better Neighborhoods? Abstract: This article conceptualizes the relationship between housing instability, residential mobility, and neighborhood quality. We summarize the existing literature about residential mobility and housing instability and examine their potential interactions along three dimensions: (a) the reasons for a move, including a variety of push and pull factors; (b) mobility outcomes in terms of whether moves result in residing in a better or worse neighborhood than that of the prior residence; and, especially important for low-income households, (c) the degree to which the current move and past experiences of moving have been discretionary or forced. Housing instability is a cumulative concept, with involuntary moves at its center. This synthetic model of housing instability's impact on mobility outcomes suggests that the more instability a household has experienced, the less likely mobility moves are to occur, or, if they do occur, to be long lasting. Policy implementation may underestimate the interaction between cumulative housing instability and residential mobility in housing mobility policies. Thus, these interactions have implications for mobility policies, pointing toward a path for future research that inform policies to move low-income households toward both greater housing stability and better neighborhood outcomes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 188-209 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1033440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1033440 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:188-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Danya E. Keene Author-X-Name-First: Danya E. Author-X-Name-Last: Keene Title: “We Need to Have a Meeting”: Public Housing Demolition and Collective Agency in Atlanta, Georgia Abstract: The last two decades have witnessed widespread demolition of public housing and a large-scale relocation of public housing residents. Much of the current literature has examined the impact of demolition on relocated residents, focusing primarily on individual outcomes such as employment, housing quality, and health. This article examines the potential collective consequences of relocation by using data from 40 in-depth interviews conducted with relocated public housing residents in Atlanta, Georgia, to examine experiences of civic engagement and tenant activism before and after relocation. Participants describe frequent experiences of civic engagement and tenant activism in their public housing communities prior to demolition and also discuss how these collective actions often translated into meaningful gains for their communities. Participants also describe challenges associated with reestablishing these sources of collective agency in their new, post demolition, private-market rental communities where opportunities for civic engagement and tenant activism were perceived to be limited, where stigma was a barrier to social interaction, and where they experienced significant residential instability. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 210-230 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1043837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1043837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:210-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. Estiri Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Estiri Title: Household Energy Consumption and Housing Choice in the U.S. Residential Sector Abstract: Energy use in residential buildings accounted for 21% of U.S. CO₂ emissions in 2013. Efforts to reduce energy use in the residential sector have been overly focused on improving energy efficiency of buildings. This article incorporates housing policy debate into energy policy, hoping to provide new opportunities for planners to participate in residential energy policy. Using data from the latest Residential Energy Consumption Survey, structural equation modeling has been applied to isolate the direct and indirect effects of household and housing characteristics on residential energy use. Results show that more than 80% of a household's indirect effect on energy consumption happens through the building characteristics, which is characterized as the housing choice effect on energy consumption. Planners can participate in residential energy management efforts by influencing housing needs and priorities of communities towards more sustainable compact housing units. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 231-250 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1045388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1045388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:231-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Byrne Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Byrne Author-Name: Dan Treglia Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Treglia Author-Name: Dennis P. Culhane Author-X-Name-First: Dennis P. Author-X-Name-Last: Culhane Author-Name: John Kuhn Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Kuhn Author-Name: Vincent Kane Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Kane Title: Predictors of Homelessness Among Families and Single Adults After Exit From Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-Housing Programs: Evidence From the Department of Veterans Affairs Supportive Services for Veteran Families Program Abstract: This article assesses the extent and predictors of homelessness among veterans (both veterans in families with children and single adults veterans) exiting the Supportive Services for Veteran Families (SSVF) program, which is a nationwide homelessness prevention and rapid re-housing program geared primarily toward those experiencing crisis homelessness. Among rapid re-housing participants, 16% and 26% of single adult veterans experienced an episode of homelessness at 1 and 2 years post-SSVF exit; the comparable figures at those follow-up times for veterans in families were 9.4% and 15.5%, respectively. Relatively fewer single adult veterans and veterans in families receiving homelessness prevention services experienced an episode of homelessness at 1 and 2 years post-SSVF exit. veteran-level characteristics, including age, gender, prior history of homelessness, and recent engagement with U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care, were generally more salient predictors of homelessness following SSVF exit than variables measuring SSVF program factors or community-level housing market conditions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 252-275 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1060249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1060249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:1:p:252-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Editor’s Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 275-275 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1129092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1129092 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:2:p:275-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Title: The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, Community Development, and Fair Housing: A Response to Orfield et al. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 276-283 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1126469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1126469 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:2:p:276-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Myron Orfield Author-X-Name-First: Myron Author-X-Name-Last: Orfield Author-Name: Will Stancil Author-X-Name-First: Will Author-X-Name-Last: Stancil Author-Name: Thomas Luce Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Luce Author-Name: Eric Myott Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Myott Title: Taking a Holistic View of Housing Policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 284-295 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1126470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1126470 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:2:p:284-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuyuki Fujii Author-X-Name-First: Yasuyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Fujii Title: Spotlight on the Main Actors: How Land Banks and Community Development Corporations Stabilize and Revitalize Cleveland Neighborhoods in the Aftermath of the Foreclosure Crisis Abstract: Cleveland, Ohio provides a useful case for examining and contrasting property transfer practices among certain key actors before, during, and after the foreclosure crisis. Transfers among key actors—Cleveland’s two land banks, the State of Ohio, Fannie Mae, investors, and community development corporations (CDCs)—differed considerably. This article empirically shows that inappropriate property transfer practices by financial institutions and speculator-type investors negatively impacted neighborhoods, compounding the damage brought on by the foreclosure crisis. By contrast, a case study of one of the hardest hit neighborhoods in Cleveland finds that the land banks and CDC are producing positive outcomes. A proactive land bank as a conduit and robust CDCs as a project promoter are an effective combination to cope with vacant and abandoned properties. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 296-315 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1064460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1064460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:2:p:296-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noah J. Durst Author-X-Name-First: Noah J. Author-X-Name-Last: Durst Author-Name: Peter M. Ward Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Ward Title: Colonia Housing Conditions in Model Subdivisions: A Déjà Vu for Policy Makers Abstract: The informal self-help settlements in Texas known as colonias have received considerable attention as a public policy problem at both the state and federal levels. These settlements proliferated throughout the border region since the late 1970s and research has highlighted the extreme poverty, austere levels of infrastructure, exploitative land sale practices, and poor housing conditions that characterized these settlements. However, both scholars and policymakers have overlooked the continued spread of self-help settlements known as “model subdivisions,” which barring the presence of basic water, wastewater, and electricity services, are nearly identical to colonias. We present the results of household surveys conducted with residents in 24 model subdivisions in Hidalgo County, Texas, in June 2014. The results suggest that, unbeknown to legislators, many of the problems that characterized colonias are now being reproduced in hundreds of model subdivisions that have formed since the 1990s, and which now require concerted attention and intervention by policy makers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 316-333 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1068826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1068826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:2:p:316-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Hanratty Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Hanratty Title: Family Shelter Entry and Re-entry During the Recession in Hennepin County: The Role of Race, Residential Location, and Family Earnings Abstract: This article examines the extent to which shelter entry and re-entry increased during the Great Recession (December 2007--December 2009) in Hennepin County, Minnesota. Among successive cohorts of families entering the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP), Black families were 23% more likely to enter shelter if they were in the 2008--2009 cohort and 28% more likely to enter shelter if they were in the 2010 cohort than if they entered SNAP in 2004--2005. In addition, families who left shelter in 2009 were 39% more likely and families leaving shelter in 2010 were 63% more likely to re-enter shelter than those leaving shelter in 2004--2006. Only a small part of the increases in shelter entry and shelter re-entry was explained by reductions in family earnings. This suggests that the increases in shelter entry and re-entry may have been caused by other factors, such as the decline in the availability of affordable housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 334-345 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1072572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1072572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:2:p:334-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erin Graves Author-X-Name-First: Erin Author-X-Name-Last: Graves Title: Rooms for Improvement: A Qualitative Metasynthesis of the Housing Choice Voucher Program Abstract: This article synthesizes housing subsidy voucher research to explain why, when in theory vouchers enable users to move out of poor neighborhoods, in practice they often do not. This qualitative meta-analysis presents an examination of the assumptions of the program and their relationship to empirical findings.Two themes emerged from this synthesis: market barriers and product problems. Data from a variety of studies and contexts portray recipients struggling to use vouchers in the private rental market due to market barriers, including lack of public transportation and the presence of discrimination. Product problems constrained freedom of choice about where to move and when to make a housing transition. These constraints manifest as compromised housing quality and low voucher utilization. This synthetic view cannot account for all outcomes or exceptional cases, but results suggest where participant experiences are generalizable and attributable to features of the housing market and structure of the program itself. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 346-361 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1072573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1072573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:2:p:346-361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deirdre Pfeiffer Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeiffer Author-Name: Joanna Lucio Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Lucio Title: Section 8 Renters in the Phoenix, Arizona, Foreclosure Crisis: Implications for Poverty Deconcentration Abstract: How the recent U.S. foreclosure crisis affected federal housing mobility programs has not been well studied. This article explores the crisis’s impact on low-income renters receiving Section 8 vouchers in Phoenix, Arizona. We find that (a) 8% of voucher holders lived in homes that underwent foreclosure, (b) they were in comparably affluent neighborhoods, and (c) most eventually moved after foreclosure. Yet, those who moved after foreclosure were not overtly disadvantaged in the housing market. This unexpected finding may be explained by the opening up of new housing opportunities for voucher holders as foreclosures in more affluent areas were converted to rentals. Overall, this research suggests that the foreclosure crisis did not adversely affect the Section 8 program’s goal of deconcentrating poverty in Phoenix and may have even advanced it—a dynamic potentially occurring in other formerly booming and economically distressed Sunbelt regions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 362-379 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1091367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1091367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:2:p:362-379 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Tach Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Tach Author-Name: Sara Jacoby Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Jacoby Author-Name: Douglas J. Wiebe Author-X-Name-First: Douglas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiebe Author-Name: Terry Guerra Author-X-Name-First: Terry Author-X-Name-Last: Guerra Author-Name: Therese S. Richmond Author-X-Name-First: Therese S. Author-X-Name-Last: Richmond Title: The Effect of Microneighborhood Conditions on Adult Educational Attainment in a Subsidized Housing Intervention Abstract: The ACHIEVEability model of affordable housing aims to promote self-sufficiency by requiring enrollment in postsecondary education in exchange for subsidized housing. In this study, we exploit the quasi random assignment of ACHIEVEability participants (N = 84) to subsidized housing units to evaluate whether microneighborhood environments moderated participants’ progress in postsecondary education. Participants progressed in their educational pursuits in line with program requirements, earning about 12 college credits per year. Neighborhood block group characteristics moderated this progress. Participants who were assigned to housing located in poorer, more violent, and less educated block groups earned credits at a significantly slower rate than participants assigned housing in more advantaged block groups. Our results suggest that the micro environments immediately surrounding residents of subsidized housing matter, even if they are situated within broader contexts of spatial and personal disadvantage. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 380-397 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1107118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1107118 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:2:p:380-397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca J. Walter Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca J. Author-X-Name-Last: Walter Author-Name: Michael Caudy Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Caudy Author-Name: James V. Ray Author-X-Name-First: James V. Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Title: Revived and Discouraged: Evaluating Employment Barriers for Section 3 Residents With Criminal Records Abstract: Section 3 was established in the Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Act of 1968 to provide employment for public housing residents in distressed communities while rebuilding underserved neighborhoods. As a provision that recipients of HUD funding must comply with, Section 3 reporting agencies are having trouble securing employment for ex-offenders. This is problematic since low-income ex-offenders unable to secure stable employment are more likely to recidivate. Research evaluating the specific barriers to employment for Section 3 residents with criminal records and policy recommendations are sparse although the problem is prevalent in communities nationwide. This study uses San Antonio, Texas as an example for conducting a policy review to identify the barriers to employment for Section 3 ex-offenders. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate that at the national level, HUD and the Section 3 provision do not create barriers to employment but state and local policies and practices do. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 398-415 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1115775 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1115775 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:2:p:398-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Rongerude Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Rongerude Author-Name: Mônica Haddad Author-X-Name-First: Mônica Author-X-Name-Last: Haddad Title: Cores and Peripheries: Spatial Analysis of Housing Choice Voucher Distribution in the San Francisco Bay Area Region, 2000--2010 Abstract: This study uses spatial regressions and spatial statistics to examine the changes in the distribution of Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) households within an expanded San Francisco Bay Area region. From 2000 to 2010, the density of HCV households grew disproportionately across the region, and areas of significant increase emerged in both the region’s urban cores and its rural periphery. Furthermore, the destination communities shared a set of common characteristics. In 2010 HCV households were more likely to locate in areas with lower housing prices, lower percentages of educated people, higher rates of poverty, and higher percentages of African American households when compared with the region as a whole. These findings suggest that voucher holders locate where housing is affordable. We conclude that in regions with tight housing markets, supply matters. This study also introduces housing researchers and policy makers to a methodological approach that addresses what is known in geostatistics as a change of support problem. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 417-436 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1128958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1128958 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:3:p:417-436 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shima Hamidi Author-X-Name-First: Shima Author-X-Name-Last: Hamidi Author-Name: Reid Ewing Author-X-Name-First: Reid Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing Author-Name: John Renne Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Renne Title: How Affordable Is HUD Affordable Housing? Abstract: This article assesses the affordability of U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) rental assistance properties from the perspective of transportation costs. HUD housing is, by definition, affordable from the standpoint of housing costs due to limits on the amounts renters are required to pay. However, there are no such limitations on transportation costs, and common sense suggests that renters in remote locations may be forced to pay more than 15% of income, a nominal affordability standard, for transportation costs. Using household travel models estimated with data from 15 diverse regions around the United States, we estimated and summed automobile capital costs, automobile operating costs, and transit fare costs for households at 8,857 HUD rental assistance properties. The mean percentage of income expended on transportation is 15% for households at the high end of the eligible income scale. However, in highly sprawling metropolitan areas, and in suburban areas of more compact metropolitan areas, much higher percentages of households exceed the 15% ceiling. This suggests that locational characteristics of properties should be considered for renewal when HUD contracts expire for these properties, based on location and hence on transportation affordability. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 437-455 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1123753 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1123753 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:3:p:437-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob W. Faber Author-X-Name-First: Jacob W. Author-X-Name-Last: Faber Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Title: Race and the Housing Cycle: Differences in Home Equity Trends Among Long-Term Homeowners Abstract: During the past decade, housing markets across the United States experienced dramatic upheaval. Housing prices rose rapidly throughout much of the country from 2000 until the start of 2007 and then fell sharply during the next 2 years. Many households lost substantial amounts of equity during this downturn; in aggregate, U.S. homeowners lost $7 trillion in equity from 2006 to 2009. Aggregate home equity holdings had fallen back to 2000 levels by early 2009. Whereas this intense volatility has been well documented, there remain unanswered questions about the variation in experiences across racial groups, particularly among those who purchased their homes before the boom and kept them through the collapse of the market. Did this housing market upheaval widen the already large racial and ethnic gaps in housing wealth? Using the American Housing Survey, we analyze differences in the changes in home equity experienced by homeowners of different races and ethnicities between 2003 and 2009. We focus on homeowners who remained in their homes over this period, and find that blacks and Hispanics gained less home equity than whites and were more likely to end the period underwater. Black--white gaps were driven in part by racial disparities in income and education and differences in types of homes purchased. Latino--white disparities were most dramatic during the market’s bust. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 456-473 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1128959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1128959 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:3:p:456-473 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Kathleen Moore Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Kathleen Moore Title: Lists and Lotteries: Rationing in the Housing Choice Voucher Program Abstract: This article investigates how the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program rations subsidies. HCV is the largest low-income housing assistance program in the United States. Despite the program’s size, millions of HCV-eligible households go without subsidy each year. Because the demand for support exceeds the supply of subsidies, HCV assistance is rationed through several mechanisms. These mechanisms and their relationship with the HCV system from both the client and administrator perspectives will be discussed. Implications of HCV rationing will also be discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 474-487 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1129984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1129984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:3:p:474-487 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Darrel Ramsey-Musolf Author-X-Name-First: Darrel Author-X-Name-Last: Ramsey-Musolf Title: Evaluating California’s Housing Element Law, Housing Equity, and Housing Production (1990--2007) Abstract: Since 1969, California’s Housing Element Law has required that municipalities address housing equity and housing production. In California, housing equity means that a municipality has planned for the future production of low-income housing that is priced from 0 to 120% of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s median family income, and market-rate housing that is priced higher than 121%. For a purposive sample of municipalities (Sacramento and Los Angeles regions, 1990 to 2007, n = 53), this research found that as compliance with the law increased, the sample experienced deficient low-income housing production but surplus market-rate housing production. Mixed-effects models indicated that compliant municipalities were associated not only with increased low-income housing production but also with decreased annual housing production in comparison to noncompliant municipalities. While these associations contrast with Lewis, they suggest that municipal compliance may support California’s goal of providing housing equity but may also constrain California’s overall housing production. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 488-516 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1128960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1128960 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:3:p:488-516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas J. Fitzpatrick Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzpatrick Author-Name: Lisa Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Francisca G.-C. Richter Author-X-Name-First: Francisca G.-C. Author-X-Name-Last: Richter Author-Name: Stephan Whitaker Author-X-Name-First: Stephan Author-X-Name-Last: Whitaker Title: Can Local Ordinances Prevent Neighborhood Destabilization? Abstract: This article assesses the ability of local housing ordinances to prevent neighborhood destabilization, specifically that arising as a consequence of the most recent housing crisis. We evaluate the degree to which vacancy registrations and point-of-sale inspection requirements influenced housing market outcomes during the housing crisis. With comprehensive real property data from Cuyahoga County, Ohio, we measure outcomes that characterize housing market distress including foreclosures, sales below the tax-assessed value, bulk sales, flipping, and property tax delinquency. We evaluate outcomes across properties in regulated and unregulated municipalities using matching procedures on linked data containing property, neighborhood, loan, and transaction characteristics. We find evidence that vacancy registrations substantially reduce foreclosures. In contrast, we find little evidence that point-of-sale inspections reduce undesirable transactions. Rather, properties in cities with inspection requirements displayed higher levels of foreclosure and tax delinquency relative to the control group during the study period. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 517-535 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1123754 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1123754 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:3:p:517-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Wissoker Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Wissoker Title: Putting the Supplier in Housing Supply: An Overview of the Growth and Concentration of Large Homebuilders in the United States (1990--2007) Abstract: As housing production was ramping up in the 1990s and 2000s, some of the industry’s largest firms experienced remarkable growth primarily through mergers and acquisitions and the issuance of debt; the market share of the 10 largest firms tripled between 1995 and 2005. This article describes the role of financial firms in encouraging that growth and some of its consequences. Drawing on financial filings, news reports, investor analyses, and other relevant data, this article offers an overview of the relationship between homebuilders and investment firms, as well as a new explanation of the oversupply of housing in the 2000s. In doing so, this article seeks to bring attention to homebuilders as a missing feature in analyses of housing supply and housing markets, and proposes directions for future research. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 536-562 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1115418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1115418 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:3:p:536-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sisi Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Sisi Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Robert I. Lerman Author-X-Name-First: Robert I. Author-X-Name-Last: Lerman Title: Does Homeownership Protect Individuals From Economic Hardship During Housing Busts? Abstract: Does homeownership protect individuals from experiencing economic hardships even during housing busts? Does the relationship differ by race and ethnicity? Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation 2008 panel in the United States and controlling for income and various family characteristics, we find that the likelihood of experiencing any hardship is 5.6 percentage points lower for homeowners than for renters without rent subsidies, a reduction of about 25%. Owning a home for more than 10 years provides more protection than owning a home for less than 4 years. Homeownership’s role in shielding people from economic hardship is significant not only for non-Hispanic whites, but also for non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics. The negative relationship of homeownership to economic hardship offers additional evidence that it is beneficial to own your home, even during housing busts and even for households of color. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 522-541 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1532447 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1532447 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:4:p:522-541 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriel Piña Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Piña Author-Name: Maureen Pirog Author-X-Name-First: Maureen Author-X-Name-Last: Pirog Title: The Impact of Homeless Prevention on Residential Instability: Evidence From the Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-Housing Program Abstract: Millions of individuals and families in the United States do not have access to stable housing. Recent policies in the United States and the rest of the developed world emphasize programs intended to prevent homelessness through temporary financial assistance. This article explores the impact of the largest homelessness prevention program in U.S. history, the Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-housing Program (HPRP), on residential instability, using a national sample of families with children enrolled in school. The identification strategy exploits variations on the location of HPRP providers. Using data on the ratio of K–12 students experiencing homelessness in school districts, we find that HPRP is associated with reductions in the percentage of homeless students for districts closer to an HPRP provider. However, the impacts of HPRP fade out when program benefits end, bringing into question whether homeless prevention can help families achieve self-sufficiency in the long run. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 501-521 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1532448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1532448 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:4:p:501-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luz Mairena Semeah Author-X-Name-First: Luz Mairena Author-X-Name-Last: Semeah Author-Name: Sherry Ahrentzen Author-X-Name-First: Sherry Author-X-Name-Last: Ahrentzen Author-Name: Diane C. Cowper-Ripley Author-X-Name-First: Diane C. Author-X-Name-Last: Cowper-Ripley Author-Name: Leslie M. Santos-Roman Author-X-Name-First: Leslie M. Author-X-Name-Last: Santos-Roman Author-Name: Julia O. Beamish Author-X-Name-First: Julia O. Author-X-Name-Last: Beamish Author-Name: Kristine Farley Author-X-Name-First: Kristine Author-X-Name-Last: Farley Title: Rental Housing Needs and Barriers From the Perspective of Veterans With Disabilities Abstract: Housing is considered a social determinant of health, with poor housing conditions being associated with poor health. Veterans with disabilities are more likely to experience a housing crisis because of combat experiences and employment instability. We identified facilitators and barriers to finding and maintaining rental housing. We sought to understand the housing needs of Veterans with military-related disabilities using the biopsychoecological model (BEM) as an organizing framework. Our sample consisted of 39 Veterans who were renters. This qualitative descriptive study used an online or paper questionnaire to capture data on the Veterans’ experiences in searching for rental housing. Thematic analysis of responses resulted in the following themes based on the BEM: lack of quality housing, quality of the neighborhood, communication, policy, and reintegration. Findings provide insights that can assist agencies in tailoring services to Veterans to help them find quality homes that are accessible, affordable, and in safe and supportive communities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 542-558 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1543203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1543203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:4:p:542-558 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seungbeom Kang Author-X-Name-First: Seungbeom Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Title: Why Low-Income Households Become Unstably Housed: Evidence From the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Abstract: Because of a severe shortage of affordable housing in the United States, an increasing number of low-income households suffer from housing instability. However, little evidence exists as to why they experienced housing instability, although they were stably housed at other times. By applying hybrid models to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data, this study estimates the effects of potential household-level predictors on the likelihood of experiencing housing instability. The results show that changes in family employment structure, job insecurity, automobile ownership, and the number of adult family members within a household correlate with housing instability after controlling for changes in household income and housing costs. Moreover, I find that households with children are particularly vulnerable to housing instability. These results contribute to identifying valid household-level predictors of housing instability and developing preventive policy interventions that help unsubsidized low-income households achieve housing stability. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 559-587 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1544161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1544161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:4:p:559-587 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob William Faber Author-X-Name-First: Jacob William Author-X-Name-Last: Faber Title: On the Street During the Great Recession: Exploring the Relationship Between Foreclosures and Homelessness Abstract: During the Great Recession, policymakers and advocates for the poor raised concerns that the foreclosure crisis, which forced millions from their homes, was causally linked to the concurrent rise in homelessness. Despite these warnings—and the widespread consequences of the economic collapse on the housing market—no national-level research has evaluated the connection between foreclosures and homelessness. In this study, I combine homelessness data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) with foreclosure data from RealtyTrac to analyze changes over time in both phenomena on the metropolitan level. I find that foreclosures within a given year are significantly correlated with homelessness in the following year net of controls for demographic, housing, and economic characteristics, regional time trends, and metropolitan area fixed effects. This relationship is strongest among single homeless individuals (compared with families) and the unsheltered population. These descriptive findings carry important implications for our understanding of the Great Recession’s consequences and demonstrate the need for expanded data collection on homeless populations, with which we can better understand whether and how foreclosure leads to homelessness. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 588-606 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1554595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1554595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:4:p:588-606 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Ray Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Ray Author-Name: Ruoniu Wang Author-X-Name-First: Ruoniu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Diep Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Diep Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Author-Name: Jim Martinez Author-X-Name-First: Jim Author-X-Name-Last: Martinez Author-Name: Nicholas Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Jennison Kipp Searcy Author-X-Name-First: Jennison Kipp Author-X-Name-Last: Searcy Title: Household Energy Costs and the Housing Choice Voucher Program: Do Utility Allowances Pay the Bills? Abstract: Utility bills present a hidden threat to the affordability of a family’s housing—unknown before a household moves into a unit, and unpredictable from one month to the next. In theory, tenants receiving Housing Choice Vouchers are shielded from energy cost burdens through utility allowances built into rent subsidies. However, tenants may face actual energy costs that far outstrip allowances, effectively rendering their housing unaffordable. This study compares utility allowances with electric bills for over 19,000 Housing Choice Voucher households in four Florida cities and identifies household and unit characteristics associated with excessive costs. Nearly half of tenants in the sample faced bills in excess of posted allowances, with households renting single-family homes particularly at risk. On the other hand, state-sponsored affordable housing developments, such as those subsidized by the Low Income Housing Tax Credit, offered voucher tenants the chance to live in modern units with lower energy use and a better fit between costs and the utility allowance. The findings have implications for housing authorities and tenants seeking to reduce energy cost burdens. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 607-626 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1566158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1566158 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:4:p:607-626 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerry Anthony Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Anthony Author-Name: Thomas P. Verghese Author-X-Name-First: Thomas P. Author-X-Name-Last: Verghese Title: Does Foreclosure Prevention Counseling Work? Abstract: The United States experienced its worst housing market collapse since the Great Depression during 2006–2010. This collapse triggered the Great Recession. During the housing market collapse and the Great Recession, about 5.5 million homeowners in the United States lost their homes to foreclosure. In this article, we present findings about the effectiveness of foreclosure prevention counseling. Although many recent studies have examined this issue, almost all have major methodological shortcomings that render their findings less useful for policymakers than they could have been. Using data from a national sample and employing a before–after research design with pre- and postcounseling data for several months, our study avoids the pitfalls of other recent works. We find that counseling is effective in preventing foreclosure for about 39% of homeowners counseled. We identify a few factors that correlate with a positive postcounseling outcome. The findings of this study could improve ongoing foreclosure counseling programs, and thereby assist in stabilizing and reviving the U.S. housing market. Our findings could also improve the design of future foreclosure counseling programs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 627-644 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1568278 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1568278 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:4:p:627-644 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Garshick Kleit Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Garshick Author-X-Name-Last: Kleit Author-Name: Whitney Airgood-Obrycki Author-X-Name-First: Whitney Author-X-Name-Last: Airgood-Obrycki Author-Name: Anaid Yerena Author-X-Name-First: Anaid Author-X-Name-Last: Yerena Title: Public Housing Authorities in the Private Market Abstract: Decreasing federal resources since the 1980s, policy devolution to the local level, and expansion of market-based approaches for affordable housing delivery have resulted in public housing authorities (PHAs) evolving from public organizations to hybrid organizations that encompass public and private characteristics. Although federal rules guide their implementation of U.S. Department of Housing and Development (HUD) programs, PHAs are created locally under state authorizing legislation. Under what conditions do PHAs create new affordable housing using their ability to employ both public and private means of service delivery? Although PHAs have the ability to create new units outside the traditional assisted stock, no clear estimate of the number of units created using these newer means exists, or even a count of how many PHAs are engaging in such activities. Descriptive analysis allows for estimates of this basic information. A multivariate analysis using data from a national survey of PHAs, content analysis of state enabling legislation, and publicly available data sets suggests that whereas the local market context partially predicts affordable housing ownership outside of the public housing program, state enabling legislation and local institutional relationships also facilitate housing production. We estimate that in 2013, PHAs owned more than 150,000 units outside of the traditional HUD-assisted housing stock. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 670-692 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1582548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1582548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:4:p:670-692 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carolina K. Reid Author-X-Name-First: Carolina K. Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Title: Rethinking “Opportunity” in the Siting of Affordable Housing in California: Resident Perspectives on the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Abstract: In 2017, California revised its Qualified Allocation Plan to encourage more Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) development in high-opportunity neighborhoods, with the goal of improving residents’ economic mobility. However, very little research exists on LIHTC residents, their barriers to economic mobility, or their neighborhood preferences. In this article, I draw on qualitative surveys and interviews with residents living in 18 LIHTC developments across California to explore the linkages between housing affordability, neighborhood conditions, and access to educational and economic opportunity. Although largely exploratory, the research sheds light on the experiences of LIHTC residents and reveals both the benefits of affordable housing and the barriers households face to improving their economic circumstances. The findings problematize the idea of high-opportunity neighborhoods, revealing that residents’ barriers to opportunity are driven not necessarily by neighborhood factors but rather by the lack of a ladder in labor and housing markets. Further, residents’ own perceptions of desirable neighborhoods are significantly more nuanced than the opportunity maps—which will determine where California’s LIHTC investments go—can capture. The article discusses the policy implications of these findings, and calls for more research to specifically understand the linkages between LIHTC subsidy, neighborhood conditions, and access to opportunity for lower income households. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 645-669 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1582549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1582549 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:4:p:645-669 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Margery Austin Turner Author-X-Name-First: Margery Austin Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Title: Beyond People Versus Place: A Place-Conscious Framework for Investing in Housing and Neighborhoods Abstract: This article argues for a next generation of place-conscious strategies that recognize the importance of neighborhoods in the lives of families, but look beyond narrowly defined neighborhood boundaries to address market-wide opportunities and barriers, capitalize on demographic and market trends underway at the regional scale, and envision alternative models of how neighborhoods can function for their residents. It offers five principles for ongoing experimentation and knowledge building: (a) develop citywide strategies that promote both inclusion and redevelopment; (b) anticipate and plan for residential mobility and neighborhood change; (c) connect residents of poor neighborhoods to city and regional opportunities; (d) capitalize on the coming rental housing boom; and (e) use data for continuous learning and accountability. Advancing this agenda will require enhanced capacity for collaboration and governance at the local levels. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 306-314 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1164739 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1164739 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:306-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ann Owens Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Owens Title: How Do People-Based Housing Policies Affect People (and Place)? Abstract: Assisted housing programs in the United States aim to provide decent, safe, and affordable housing for low-income households. Increasingly, policymakers have also considered how assisted housing can provide access to lower poverty, income-diverse, and higher opportunity neighborhoods. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development currently balances two strategies. First, place-based programs—immoveable subsidies linked to particular units—can both revitalize distressed neighborhoods and provide access to higher opportunity neighborhoods. Second, people-based assistance—housing vouchers for use on the private rental market—can facilitate moves out of high-poverty, low-opportunity neighborhoods. During this policy moment with fair housing priorities receiving national attention, understanding the efficacy of each approach is critically important. This article synthesizes past research on housing vouchers to identify the impact of people-based assistance on four outcomes: residents’ neighborhood attainment, education, economic outcomes, and health. I also review the scant literature examining how vouchers affect place rather than people. I conclude by identifying aspects of special voucher programs that promote positive outcomes that could potentially be scaled up. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 266-281 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1169208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1169208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:266-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keri-Nicole Dillman Author-X-Name-First: Keri-Nicole Author-X-Name-Last: Dillman Author-Name: Keren Mertens Horn Author-X-Name-First: Keren Mertens Author-X-Name-Last: Horn Author-Name: Ann Verrilli Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Verrilli Title: The What, Where, and When of Place-Based Housing Policy’s Neighborhood Effects Abstract: Ever-scarce affordable housing production resources, in addition to their primary function of providing housing for those in need, are increasingly enlisted for the dual goals of strengthening distressed communities and increasing access to higher opportunity neighborhoods. Information on spillovers can inform investment decisions over time and across communities. We leverage recent, high-quality research on neighborhood effects of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) production, synthesizing evidence according to neighborhood context. We also summarize the evidence on project features moderating impacts of publicly subsidized, place-based rental housing, in general. We conclude that context matters. Producing LIHTC housing in distressed neighborhoods positively impacts the surrounding neighborhood—in terms of modest property value gains and increased safety. By contrast, higher opportunity neighborhoods experience small property value reductions, and no impacts on crime. Big questions remain, however, about impact heterogeneity—via tenant mix, property design, and ongoing property management, as examples—with the scarcity of systematic data representing one of the field’s largest constraints. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 282-305 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1172103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1172103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:282-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Title: People Versus Place, People and Place, or More? New Directions for Housing Policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 261-265 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1174432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1174432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:261-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erin Boggs Author-X-Name-First: Erin Author-X-Name-Last: Boggs Title: People and Place in Low-Income Housing Policy—Unwinding Segregation in Connecticut Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 320-326 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1175087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1175087 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:320-326 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine O’Regan Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: O’Regan Title: People and Place in Low-Income Housing Policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 315-319 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1175088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1175088 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:315-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sewin Chan Author-X-Name-First: Sewin Author-X-Name-Last: Chan Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Title: Housing for an Aging Population Abstract: We use the American Housing Survey to examine the distribution and occupancy of homes that have, or could be modified to have, accessibility features that allow seniors to successfully remain in the community as they age. Despite the aging population and the growing need for accessible housing, the U.S. housing stock is woefully inadequate: fewer than 4% of housing units could be considered livable by people with moderate mobility difficulties, and a miniscule fraction are wheelchair accessible. Recent construction is no more likely to be accessible than homes built in the mid-1990s, suggesting that the housing market is not responding to the aging demographic profile. Only a small fraction of seniors, even among those with mobility difficulties, and even among recent movers, live in suitable homes. Modifications that potentially improve accessibility are more likely undertaken by households with a senior, but only once that senior develops mobility difficulties. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 167-192 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1184696 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1184696 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:167-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jake Wegmann Author-X-Name-First: Jake Author-X-Name-Last: Wegmann Author-Name: Alex Schafran Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Schafran Author-Name: Deirdre Pfeiffer Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeiffer Title: Breaking the Double Impasse: Securing and Supporting Diverse Housing Tenures in the United States Abstract: What might be described as a double impasse characterizes debate on U.S. housing tenure with advocates fighting for rental or ownership housing on one side and Third Way or mixed-tenure solutions on the other. Breaking this impasse requires disengaging from conceptions of an idealized form of tenure and instead advocating making virtually all tenures as secure and supported as possible, so that diverse households are able to live in homes that best fit their changing needs over their life cycles. This essay (a) presents data on the variety of tenures in the United States; (b) conveys a new two-dimensional map of tenure according to their degrees of control and potential for wealth-building; and (c) shows how U.S. institutions shape their risks and subsidies. Most U.S. tenures are at least somewhat risky, including those that receive the greatest federal subsidies. A new housing system is needed to secure and support as many tenures as possible. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 193-216 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1200109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1200109 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:193-216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. J. Gabbe Author-X-Name-First: C. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gabbe Author-Name: Gregory Pierce Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Pierce Title: Hidden Costs and Deadweight Losses: Bundled Parking and Residential Rents in the Metropolitan United States Abstract: There is a major housing affordability crisis in many American metropolitan areas, particularly for renters. Minimum parking requirements in municipal zoning codes drive up the price of housing, and thus represent an important potential for reform for local policymakers. The relationship between parking and housing prices, however, remains poorly understood. We use national American Housing Survey data and hedonic regression techniques to investigate this relationship. We find that the cost of garage parking to renter households is approximately $1,700 per year, or an additional 17% of a housing unit’s rent. In addition to the magnitude of this transport cost burden being effectively hidden in housing prices, the lack of rental housing without bundled parking imposes a steep cost on carless renters—commonly the lowest income households—who may be paying for parking that they do not need or want. We estimate the direct deadweight loss for carless renters to be $440 million annually. We conclude by suggesting cities reduce or eliminate minimum parking requirements, and allow and encourage landlords to unbundle parking costs from housing costs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 217-229 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1205647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1205647 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:217-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heather L. Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Heather L. Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Author-Name: Kata Mihaly Author-X-Name-First: Kata Author-X-Name-Last: Mihaly Author-Name: Breann Gala Author-X-Name-First: Breann Author-X-Name-Last: Gala Title: Encouraging Residential Moves to Opportunity Neighborhoods: An Experiment Testing Incentives Offered to Housing Voucher Recipients Abstract: Substantial benefits can accrue from living in low-poverty neighborhoods, yet approximately 80% of the 2.2 million Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) recipients rent homes in moderate- or high-poverty census tracts. The Chicago Regional Housing Choice Initiative tested several ways to promote opportunity moves. It included the first experiment that tests whether two types of light-touch incentives induce opportunity moves for HCV recipients who had requested a moving voucher. Based on the 2,005 HCV recipients in the study, we found that neither the offer of a $500 grant nor the offer of a $500 grant coupled with free mobility counseling induced opportunity moves. The receipt of mobility counseling also did not boost opportunity moves. Regardless of the type of offer, 11%–12% of participants moved to opportunity neighborhoods. Despite requesting a moving voucher, half of the study participants remained in place, indicating significant barriers to moving. We offer potential reasons for the results and conclude with two recommended pilots to increase opportunity moves. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 230-260 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1212247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1212247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:230-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert E. Lang Author-X-Name-First: Robert E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lang Author-Name: Karen A. Danielsen Author-X-Name-First: Karen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Danielsen Title: Peak Millennials Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 327-330 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1274525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1274525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:327-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Talen Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Talen Title: Empower the Millennials Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 331-333 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1278655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1278655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:2:p:331-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristopher Rengert Author-X-Name-First: Kristopher Author-X-Name-Last: Rengert Title: Editor's introduction Journal: Pages: 449-451 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:449-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patricia McCoy Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: McCoy Author-Name: Elvin Wyly Author-X-Name-First: Elvin Author-X-Name-Last: Wyly Title: Guest editors’ introduction Journal: Pages: 453-466 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521510 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:453-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Renuart Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Renuart Title: An overview of the predatory mortgage lending process Abstract: This overview of the predatory lending process provides an introduction to the structure of the larger mortgage lending industry and the way predatory lending fits into it. The article begins with a description of the mortgage marketplace and its players. Next, it examines distinctions among the prime, subprime, and predatory segments of this market, particularly as they relate to risk, pricing, and borrower characteristics. The remainder of the article describes the characteristics of predatory loans and their life cycle, from marketing and origination to securitization and servicing. The article closes with a description of the revenue source(s) for each of the actors and the effect of that revenue stream on the actor's incentives. The conclusion summarizes observations about the goals of predatory lenders and notes that by accomplishing these goals, lenders undermine the wealth‐building capacity of affected homeowners. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 467-502 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521511 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:467-502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan White Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: White Title: Risk‐based mortgage pricing: Present and future research Abstract: The debate surrounding predatory lending laws and the subprime mortgage market revolves around two hypotheses. The efficient‐pricing hypothesis says that the market is providing broader access to credit, offering higher rates and fees to higher‐risk borrowers, and that prices relate directly to risk. The opportunity‐pricing hypothesis says that the high interest rates and fees charged in the subprime market are well in excess of risk‐related costs. A number of facts about the subprime mortgage market support the second hypothesis. Existing research includes price information, papers inferring a correlation between high prices and high risk of credit loss from observed default rates, theoretical discussions to explain pricing dispersion, and studies trying to determine whether laws that indirectly restrict prices have reduced the supply of mortgage credit. Information asymmetries, seller obfus‐cation, and search costs contribute to the inefficiencies in this market and suggest several policy responses. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 503-531 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:503-531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Howard Lax Author-X-Name-First: Howard Author-X-Name-Last: Lax Author-Name: Michael Manti Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Manti Author-Name: Paul Raca Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Raca Author-Name: Peter Zorn Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Zorn Title: Subprime lending: An investigation of economic efficiency Abstract: Subprime lending, a fast‐growing and controversial segment of the mortgage market, remains unevenly studied and poorly understood. Relying principally on a survey conducted for Freddie Mac by the Gallup Organization, we provide an overview of subprime lending, characterize the types of borrowers in this market segment, and assess the service they receive from lenders. We find that subprime borrowers generally are higher‐risk than their prime counterparts and pay higher rates and fees for their mortgages. They are disproportionately minority and lower income, older, less well educated, less financially sophisticated, and less likely to search for the best interest rate when applying for a mortgage. We use three measures to assess the efficiency of the subprime market. Although none of them is conceptually conclusive, and each has its flaws of execution, all three suggest that concerns over the relative efficiency of the subprime market may be warranted. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 533-571 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:533-571 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Author-Name: Michael Stegman Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Stegman Author-Name: Walter Davis Author-X-Name-First: Walter Author-X-Name-Last: Davis Title: Assessing the impact of North Carolina's predatory lending law Abstract: This article examines changes in subprime mortgage originations before and after the implementation of North Carolina's Predatory Lending Law. Previous studies have noted a decline in overall subprime lending. This was to be expected, since the law was intended to reduce the number of predatory or abusive subprime loans. But which components of subprime lending declined, which remained stable or increased, and what happened to those loans that the law defines as predatory? Using a database of 3.3 million loans from 1998 to 2002, we find that the reduction that occurred after the law took effect was entirely due to a decline in refinancing loans and that almost 90 percent of this decline can be traced to a reduction in predatory loans. The law is doing what it was intended to do: eliminate abusive loans without restricting the supply of subprime mortgage capital for borrowers with blemished credit records. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 573-601 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:573-601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Calem Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Calem Author-Name: Jonathan Hershaff Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Hershaff Author-Name: Susan Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Title: Neighborhood patterns of subprime lending: Evidence from disparate cities Abstract: This article estimates a model of prime versus subprime allocation of loans for seven cities in 1997 and 2002; the model is based on both individual loan and neighborhood attributes. Of immediate interest is the effect of neighborhood racial and ethnic composition on the likelihood of receiving a subprime loan. We also allow for the interaction of borrower race and ethnicity with neighborhood attributes. A unique feature of our study is that it provides additional neighborhood controls for the aggregate level of credit risk and the neighborhood level of equity risk. We find some evidence of tightening loan standards in the subprime market over this five‐year period. Even with risk controls, the neighborhood minority share is consistently significant and positively related to subprime share in both years. Furthermore, the neighborhood educational level is consistently significant and negatively related to subprime lending. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 603-622 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521515 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:603-622 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elvin Wyly Author-X-Name-First: Elvin Author-X-Name-Last: Wyly Author-Name: Mona Atia Author-X-Name-First: Mona Author-X-Name-Last: Atia Author-Name: Daniel Hammel Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hammel Title: Has mortgage capital found an inner‐city spatial fix? Abstract: For two generations, urbanists have analyzed how residential mortgage lending reflects and reinforces inner‐city inequality. Yet the basic dichotomies of this literature have been eroded by parallel developments in community organizing, public policy, and restructuring of financial services. Securitization, institutional structure, and increasingly sophisticated market segmentation have altered the relationship between mortgage capital and the inner city, redrawing patterns of exclusionary redlining into more complicated, stratified inclusion into prime and subprime reinvestment flows. In this article, we analyze lending dynamics in neighborhoods at the nexus between gentrified reinvestment and enduring poverty in 23 large U.S. cities. A strong, sustained resurgence of capital investment is woven together with enduring racial‐ethnic exclusion that cannot be blamed on borrower deficiencies. Institutional restructuring and secondary‐market linkages reinforce newer class and racial‐ethnic inequalities through subprime segmentation: Lenders’ willingness to serve black borrowers, for instance, is becoming closely associated with subprime specialization. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 623-685 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:623-685 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Farris Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Farris Author-Name: Christopher Richardson Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Richardson Title: The geography of subprime mortgage prepayment penalty patterns Abstract: Concern over abusive lending practices in the subprime mortgage market has grown in recent years. This article examines empirically the geographic variation in the use of prepayment penalties, a potentially abusive feature found in most subprime mortgage loans. While controlling for borrower and loan characteristics at the loan level, we use a comprehensive national database to estimate the effects of geography and minority concentration on the probability that subprime borrowers will receive mortgages with prepayment penalties of various lengths. Logistic regression model estimates indicate that, after controlling for a set of underwriting factors, loan type, and minority concentration, rural borrowers with subprime mortgage loans are generally more likely to receive prepayment penalties than their urban counterparts are. In addition, minority concentration shows a consistent, significantly positive correlation with the probability of receiving prepayment penalties. Our results call into question the use of such penalties in the subprime mortgage market. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 687-714 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521517 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:687-714 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen Engel Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: Engel Author-Name: Patricia McCoy Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: McCoy Title: Predatory lending: What does Wall Street have to do with it? Abstract: In this article, we examine the contention that the secondary market will exert sufficient market discipline to drive predatory home loan lenders from the subprime marketplace. Using a so‐called lemons model, we identify the potential risks that investors encounter if they buy securities backed by predatory home loans. We then explain how structured finance, deal provisions, pricing mechanisms, and legal protections shield investors from much of the risk that those loans entail. While the secondary market does impose some discipline on the subprime home loan market, it is not enough to bring predatory lending to a halt. We provide rationales for imposing liability on the assignees of predatory loans and describe the parameters of our proposed assignee liability legislation. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 715-751 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521518 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:715-751 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kurt Eggert Author-X-Name-First: Kurt Author-X-Name-Last: Eggert Title: Limiting abuse and opportunism by mortgage servicers Abstract: This article discusses the opportunistic and abusive behavior of some servicers of residential mortgages toward the borrowers whose loans they service. Such abuse includes claiming that borrowers are in default and attempting to foreclose even when payments are current, charging borrowers unwarranted late fees and other kinds of fees, force‐placing insurance even when borrowers already have a policy, and mishandling escrow funds. The causes of such practices and the market forces that can rein them in are discussed. A case study of one mortgage servicer describes its unfair treatment of borrowers and the reforms imposed by federal regulators and other market participants. Both regulatory agencies and ratings agencies appear to have increased their scrutiny of servicers’ behavior, and states have passed new legislation to limit abuse. The article concludes with a discussion of proposals for further reform should these steps prove inadequate. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 753-784 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:753-784 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Seifert Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Seifert Title: The demand side of financial exploitation: The case of medical debt Abstract: Debts resulting from medical expenses (that is, unpaid medical bills and/or income lost because of illness or injury) are a significant component of consumer debt. Medical debt is usually involuntarily acquired, frequently unexpected, and often large enough to affect other aspects of people's financial lives, housing among them. Medical debt may result in property liens and restricted access to credit, including mortgages. Research to date strongly indicates that medical debt is common and is a significant source of financial distress. As such, it may be a source of demand for exploitative loans. A number of intersections between medical debt and lending in general and predatory lending in particular are observed or hypothesized. These intersections suggest an agenda for further research to determine the strength of the link between medical debt and predatory lending, as well as the advisability of changes in health care and financial policies. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 785-803 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:3:p:785-803 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Changes to the Housing Policy Debate Board Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 693-693 Issue: 5 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1631607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1631607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:5:p:693-693 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul A. Jargowsky Author-X-Name-First: Paul A. Author-X-Name-Last: Jargowsky Author-Name: Lei Ding Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Ding Author-Name: Natasha Fletcher Author-X-Name-First: Natasha Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher Title: The Fair Housing Act at 50: Successes, Failures, and Future Directions Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 694-703 Issue: 5 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1639406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1639406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:5:p:694-703 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine M. O’Regan Author-X-Name-First: Katherine M. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Regan Title: The Fair Housing Act Today: Current Context and Challenges at 50 Abstract: As is true for most legislation, the Fair Housing Act (FHA) was a product of its time; the legislation’s content, and even passage, was formed by dominant issues in housing markets and the country at that time. The context shaped the goals of the FHA and the strategies and tools employed under its auspices. Fifty years after the passage of the FHA, much of that context has changed. This commentary argues that changes in the context not only raise new fair housing challenges and create new gaps in our knowledge, but also may necessitate a fresh look at fair housing strategies and tools if they are to be effective at achieving the goals of the act. This commentary begins with a brief background on the FHA itself, the social context at the time of its writing, and its main goals. Next it lays out a few key changes in housing markets relevant for fair housing, highlighting challenges they may create and where research could be of greatest value. It then considers challenges arising from threats to two specific U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) fair housing rules seen by many as critical fair housing tools. The commentary ends with two examples of a “refresh,” where current context has shaped, or reshaped, a strategy to address today’s fair housing challenges. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 704-713 Issue: 5 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1519907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1519907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:5:p:704-713 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hilary Silver Author-X-Name-First: Hilary Author-X-Name-Last: Silver Author-Name: Lauren Danielowski Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: Danielowski Title: Fighting Housing Discrimination in Europe Abstract: There is no exact European equivalent to the U.S. Fair Housing Act. The member states of the European Union (EU) have transposed into law the EU Racial Equality Directive of 2000 that prohibits discrimination in, among other things, access to the supply of goods and services, including housing, on the basis of race. Most housing discrimination case law so far comes from nonbinding decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and European Committee of Social Rights under the revised European Social Charter of the Council of Europe. This article explains how the European context of discrimination and segregation differs from the American, reviews the major legal conventions establishing equal rights in housing, protected classes, and key precedents. It discusses how mixing policies in social housing are the primary mechanism to reduce residential segregation in Europe. The special case of extreme discrimination against the Roma is presented, before concluding with some comparative observations. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 714-735 Issue: 5 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1524443 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1524443 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:5:p:714-735 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justin P. Steil Author-X-Name-First: Justin P. Author-X-Name-Last: Steil Author-Name: Nicholas Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Title: Survival of the Fairest: Examining HUD Reviews of Assessments of Fair Housing Abstract: In 2015, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) issued the Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) Rule, arguably the most significant federal effort in a generation to address place-based disparities in access to opportunity and to advance fair housing. In 2018, HUD suspended the rule, it said in part because of the resources it was expending to implement it and in part because of the large share of municipal plans that HUD determined had failed to meet the rule’s requirements. In this article, we present the first analysis of the fair housing plans that HUD did not accept, examining how municipalities failed to meet the rule's requirements, what those failures imply about advancing fair housing, and the extent to which HUD’s enforcement strategy was working before the suspension. Our analysis shows that HUD engaged in detailed reviews of municipalities’ Assessments of Fair Housing and provided constructive feedback. The most common issue with which municipalities struggled was setting realistic goals that would actually advance fair housing and creating measurable metrics and milestones to gauge progress. Several municipalities neglected to conduct thorough regional analyses or analyses of all relevant disparities in access to opportunity. Both shortcomings reflect broader challenges municipalities face in advancing fair housing, particularly in identifying strategies that address interconnected causes of disparities in access to opportunity and in building regional support to address those causes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 736-751 Issue: 5 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1524444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1524444 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:5:p:736-751 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John N. Robinson Author-X-Name-First: John N. Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: Fair Housing After “Big Government”: How Tax Credits Are Reshaping the Legal Fight Against Racial Segregation Abstract: In June 2015, the Supreme Court ruled, in a 5–4 split decision, that facially neutral state policies and practices that unintentionally segregated minorities could violate the Fair Housing Act. This article draws on the Texas fair housing litigation to engage broader debates on fair housing as a legal framework, and its potential for disrupting or transforming patterns of structural inequality. Specifically, it examines how shifts in the ways that society designs and implements housing policies may encourage courts, advocates, and legal actors to think about fair housing issues in new ways. Moving beyond the emphasis on disparate impact, my findings elaborate on two mostly overlooked ways that LIHTC reshapes the legal battleground in the fight for fair housing, by opening contentious debate on (a) the state level of government, and (b) passive government administration of policies. I interpret these effects as unintended consequences of the gradual shift toward market-driven policies that allow officials to govern at a distance. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 752-768 Issue: 5 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1524442 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1524442 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:5:p:752-768 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marsha J. Courchane Author-X-Name-First: Marsha J. Author-X-Name-Last: Courchane Author-Name: Stephen L. Ross Author-X-Name-First: Stephen L. Author-X-Name-Last: Ross Title: Evidence and Actions on Mortgage Market Disparities: Research, Fair Lending Enforcement, and Consumer Protection Abstract: In this article, we present an overview of the research on discrimination in mortgage underwriting and pricing, the experiences of minority borrowers both prior to and during the financial crisis, and federal efforts to mitigate foreclosures during the crisis. We next discuss the history of legal cases alleging disparate treatment of minority borrowers, and recent cases alleging disparate impact in the wake of the Supreme Court’s Inclusive Communities decision. Using these discussions as a background, we examine and discuss mortgage regulations issued by the Consumer Finance Protection Bureau following the financial crisis, describe recent developments in the FinTech industry and explore the implications for fair lending policy and minority borrowers more generally. Finally, we draw conclusions and make recommendations for improving the mortgage market outcomes of minority borrowers and increasing minority borrowers’ access to credit. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 769-794 Issue: 5 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1524446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1524446 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:5:p:769-794 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurie S. Goodman Author-X-Name-First: Laurie S. Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman Author-Name: Bing Bai Author-X-Name-First: Bing Author-X-Name-Last: Bai Author-Name: Wei Li Author-X-Name-First: Wei Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Real Denial Rates: A New Tool to Look at Who Is Receiving Mortgage Credit Abstract: The observed mortgage denial rate (ODR), calculated from Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, is often used to measure mortgage credit availability, but it does not account for shifts in applicants’ credit profiles. In this article, we develop an additional tool, which we call the real denial rate (RDR), as a way to account for credit differences and hence more consistently measure denial rates and mortgage credit accessibility. We match HMDA data with CoreLogic proprietary data to obtain both borrower demographic information (e.g., income and race and ethnicity) and mortgage credit characteristics (e.g., loan-to-value ratios, debt-to-income ratios, and credit scores). We account for shifts in applicants’ credit profiles by considering only the denial rate of low-credit-profile applicants. Our RDR results show that conventional mortgages have higher denial rates than government mortgages do, racial and ethnic differences are smaller than the ODR indicates but are not eliminated, and small-dollar mortgages have higher RDRs, particularly in the government loan channel. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 795-819 Issue: 5 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1524441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1524441 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:5:p:795-819 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent J. Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent J. Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Title: Do Small Area Fair Market Rents Reduce Racial Disparities in the Voucher Program? Abstract: A lawsuit that argued that the method used to calculate rent limits in the Housing Choice Voucher Program promoted racial segregation in Dallas, Texas, resulted in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development developing zip code-based voucher rent limits in Dallas in 2011. This rent calculation approach was then expanded to five other demonstration sites in 2012. This article analyzes whether adjusting voucher rent limits reduces a minority household’s likelihood of living in a high-minority neighborhood, improves their likelihood of living in a higher opportunity neighborhood, and reduces the disparity in location outcomes between minority and White households in the voucher program. This article finds evidence of improvements in the location outcomes of Black and Hispanic voucher households because of the use of zip code-based rent limits, but that these results are only marginal with respect to the persistent disparities in outcomes based on race within the voucher program. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 820-834 Issue: 5 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1524445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1524445 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:5:p:820-834 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Author-Name: Gerard Torrats-Espinosa Author-X-Name-First: Gerard Author-X-Name-Last: Torrats-Espinosa Title: Gentrification and Fair Housing: Does Gentrification Further Integration? Abstract: On the 50th anniversary of the Fair Housing Act, long-time residents of cities across the country feel increasingly anxious that they will be priced out of their homes and communities, as growing numbers of higher-income, college-educated households opt for downtown neighborhoods. These fears are particularly acute among black and Latino residents. Yet when looking through the lens of fair housing, gentrification also offers a potential opportunity, as the moves that higher-income, white households make into predominantly minority, lower-income neighborhoods are moves that help to integrate those neighborhoods, at least in the near term. We explore the long-term trajectory of predominantly minority, low-income neighborhoods that gentrified over the 1980s and 1990s. On average, these neighborhoods experienced little racial change while they gentrified, but a significant minority became racially integrated during the decade of gentrification, and over the longer term, many of these neighborhoods remained racially stable. That said, some gentrifying neighborhoods that were predominantly minority in 1980 appeared to be on the path to becoming predominantly white. Policies, such as investments in place-based, subsidized housing, are needed in many gentrifying neighborhoods to ensure racial and economic diversity over the longer term. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 835-851 Issue: 5 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1524440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1524440 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:5:p:835-851 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ann M. Hartell Author-X-Name-First: Ann M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hartell Title: Evaluating the Concept of Location Affordability: Recent Data on the Relationship Between Transportation, Housing, and Urban Form Abstract: The concept of location affordability holds that housing affordability should be augmented to include transportation cost as a related and substantial household cost burden. The recent United States foreclosure crisis of 2006–2008 offers an opportunity to evaluate location affordability as a concept for policy and practice by investigating the relationship between transportation cost burdens and negative housing outcomes. This article contributes to the growing literature on location affordability and the recent crisis with an analysis of default and foreclosure data for 70 metropolitan areas. The analysis includes transportation and housing cost burdens and demographic data, as well as multidimensional measures of urban form. High rates of automobility are associated with increased foreclosure. The urban form variables yield mixed results, suggesting the relationship between urban sprawl and affordability is complex. However, across a range of specifications, high levels of development intensity are associated with increased foreclosure rates. The results have implications for both the housing and transportation sectors and lend support for the notion of location affordability. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 356-371 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1220402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1220402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:356-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin A. Park Author-X-Name-First: Kevin A. Author-X-Name-Last: Park Title: Temporary Loan Limits as a Natural Experiment in Federal Housing Administration Insurance Abstract: The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 dramatically but temporarily increased the mortgage loan amount eligible for insurance through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). We use the implementation and expiration of these loan limits as a source of exogenous variation in the availability of FHA insurance to measure the impact on the overall mortgage market and conventional lending. We find that the introduction of higher loan limits increased the number of loan originations, but that the expiration of those loan limits roughly 6 years later did not significantly decrease affected loan originations. The substitution between loan products and small net impact on the overall mortgage market when the ESA loan limits expired may be explained by the return of a stronger conventional lending industry than existed during the housing crisis. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 449-466 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1234501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1234501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:449-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arlie Adkins Author-X-Name-First: Arlie Author-X-Name-Last: Adkins Author-Name: Andrew Sanderford Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Sanderford Author-Name: Gary Pivo Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Pivo Title: How Location Efficient Is LIHTC? Measuring and Explaining State-Level Achievement Abstract: A growing recognition that the cost of transportation should be included in calculations of housing affordability has led to efforts to promote location efficiency (LE) in affordable housing policy. Because the program is responsible for most new affordable housing in the United States, the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program has the potential to be a link between housing affordability and LE. This research analyzes the extent to which LIHTC units built between 2007 and 2011 were in location-efficient places. Ordinary least squares regression analysis was used to test the role of market, policy, developer, and urban form factors in determining state-level LIHTC LE. We find that for the nation as a whole, from a quarter to half of LIHTC units added during this period were in location-efficient places, depending on the LE criteria applied. State-by-state comparisons showed wide variation in both our absolute measures of LIHTC LE and our relative measures of LIHTC LE compared with overall housing in each state. State policy and nonprofit developers were associated with higher LIHTC LE and had a positive effect on a state’s ability to outperform its underlying urban form. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 335-355 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1245208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1245208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:335-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Greer Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Greer Author-Name: Sherri Brokopp Binder Author-X-Name-First: Sherri Author-X-Name-Last: Brokopp Binder Title: A Historical Assessment of Home Buyout Policy: Are We Learning or Just Failing? Abstract: Households face many difficult decisions after a disaster, including decisions about whether to rebuild their homes or relocate to a new area. These decisions are bounded by federal housing recovery policy and the ways it is interpreted and applied. In this article, we examine the use of home buyout programs as housing recovery policy tools and assess buyout policy using policy learning theory. According to policy learning theory, policies should evolve and improve over time. Instead, a historical review of buyouts implemented in the United States suggests that policy learning related to buyouts has been, at best, limited. Rather than showing evidence of learning from one iteration to the next, individual buyout programs continue to reflect unique objectives and features, lacking evidence of an iterative process. We propose a novel typology for organizing buyout programs and conclude by exploring implications of this finding and offering recommendations for moving forward. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 372-392 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1245209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1245209 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:372-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Quynh C. Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Quynh C. Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Author-Name: Dolores Acevedo-Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Dolores Author-X-Name-Last: Acevedo-Garcia Author-Name: Nicole M. Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Nicole M. Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Author-Name: Theresa L. Osypuk Author-X-Name-First: Theresa L. Author-X-Name-Last: Osypuk Title: The Effects of a Housing Mobility Experiment on Participants’ Residential Environments Abstract: We used the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) housing experiment to inform how Housing Choice Vouchers and housing mobility policies can assist families living in high-poverty areas to make opportunity moves to higher quality neighborhoods, across a wide range of neighborhood attributes. We compared the neighborhood attainment of the three randomly assigned MTO treatment groups (low-poverty voucher, Section 8 voucher, control group) at 1997 and 2002 locations (4–7 years after baseline), using survey reports, and by linking residential histories to numerous different administrative and population-based data sets. Compared with controls, families in low-poverty and Section 8 groups experienced substantial improvements in neighborhood conditions across diverse measures, including economic conditions, social systems (e.g., collective efficacy), physical features of the environment (e.g., tree cover) and health outcomes. The low-poverty voucher group, moreover, achieved better neighborhood attainment compared with Section 8. Treatment effects were largest for New York, New York, and Los Angeles, California. We discuss the implications of our findings for expanding affordable housing policy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 419-448 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1245210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1245210 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:419-448 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arthur Acolin Author-X-Name-First: Arthur Author-X-Name-Last: Acolin Author-Name: Xudong An Author-X-Name-First: Xudong Author-X-Name-Last: An Author-Name: Raphael W. Bostic Author-X-Name-First: Raphael W. Author-X-Name-Last: Bostic Author-Name: Susan M. Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Title: Homeownership and Nontraditional and Subprime Mortgages Abstract: This article documents the growth and geographic distribution of nontraditional mortgages (NTMs) and subprime mortgages during 2000-2006, and examines the association between these products and homeownership at the county level between 2000 and 2012. It finds a significant relationship between the origination of NTM and subprime mortgages during the boom and changes in the number of homeowners (positive during the 2000-2006 period and negative during the 2006-2012 period) but no significant relationship with the change in the homeownership rate. Looking at specific categories of the population, the results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of NTMs and subprime mortgages and increased numbers of homeowners for young households as well as for low income and minority households, but the relationship is smaller than for the general population. Overall, the relationship between NTMs and homeownership is stronger than the relationship between subprime mortgages and homeownership during the boom and it is less negative during the bust. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 393-418 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1249003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1249003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:393-418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David S. Bieri Author-X-Name-First: David S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bieri Title: Managing “Cataclysmic Money”: How Financial Regulation Matters for the Future of U.S. Housing Policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 476-482 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1298211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1298211 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:476-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Title: The Future of Housing Policy: Fungibility of Rental Housing Programs to Better Fit With Market Need Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 486-489 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1298212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1298212 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:486-489 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John L. Renne Author-X-Name-First: John L. Author-X-Name-Last: Renne Title: Make Rail (and Transit-Oriented Development) Great Again Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 472-475 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1298213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1298213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:472-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William M. Rohe Author-X-Name-First: William M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe Title: Tackling the Housing Affordability Crisis Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 490-494 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1298214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1298214 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:490-494 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arthur Acolin Author-X-Name-First: Arthur Author-X-Name-Last: Acolin Author-Name: Scott Bernstein Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Bernstein Author-Name: Susan Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Title: Opportunity, Housing Access, and Infrastructure Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 468-471 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1298215 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1298215 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:468-471 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elvin Wyly Author-X-Name-First: Elvin Author-X-Name-Last: Wyly Title: Make American Housing Great Again Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 483-485 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1298216 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1298216 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:483-485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey Lubell Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Lubell Title: Implementation—A Critical Step in Ensuring Housing Policy Success Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 495-498 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1299290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1299290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:495-498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: The Future of Housing Policy: Recommendations for the New HUD Administrator Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 467-467 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1302044 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1302044 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:3:p:467-467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:2:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Stegman Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Stegman Author-Name: Walter Davis Author-X-Name-First: Walter Author-X-Name-Last: Davis Author-Name: Roberto Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Title: The earned income tax credit as an instrument of housing policy Abstract: The federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), which was designed to aid low‐income working families and individuals, plays a role beyond that of income support. At a time when the availability of affordable housing is declining, the EITC also provides significant relief to households burdened by severe housing costs. This article examines the EITC's effect on housing cost burdens and analyzes and contrasts three proposals to increase its effectiveness as a housing tool. Because housing policy calculates affordability on a before‐tax basis, the positive effects of the EITC are often overlooked. If included in income, the current EITC, assuming full participation, reduces critical housing needs for working households by 18 percent. All three proposals analyzed would reduce the number of households with severe housing costs by considerably more, with our measure relieving these cost burdens the most. Finally, using the EITC as a housing tool specifically incorporates a work incentive into the assistance. Journal: Pages: 203-260 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:2:p:203-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cushing Dolbeare Author-X-Name-First: Cushing Author-X-Name-Last: Dolbeare Title: Comment on Michael A. Stegman, Walter R. Davis, and Roberto Quercia's “The Earned Income Tax Credit as an instrument of housing policy” Abstract: The article by Stegman, Davis, and Quercia is a careful, comprehensive analysis of the current impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on the housing cost burdens of working families. Its major proposal, a graduated supplement to the EITC to reflect housing costs, is compared with my broader concept of addressing severe cost burdens through supplements to major income support programs. Criticisms of my concept, chiefly administrative difficulties and incompatibility with the EITC benefit structure, are discussed. My primary concerns are that Stegman, Davis, and Quercia's proposal does not sufficiently target families with severe housing costs and that the formula for calculating the additional benefit does not reflect diverse housing costs throughout the country and provides the smallest increases to the recipients with the lowest incomes. However, it is more important to generate discussion of the reality that “income policy IS housing policy” than to argue about details. Journal: Pages: 261-277 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:2:p:261-277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Harkness Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Harkness Title: Comment on Michael A. Stegman, Walter R. Davis, and Roberto Quercia's “The Earned Income Tax Credit as an instrument of housing policy” Abstract: Using the housing affordability issue to advocate for an expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit as part of a broader working families agenda is politically shrewd. The American public strongly supports the idea that those who “work and play by the rules” (207) should be able to afford the basic essentials of life, and housing is obviously one of them. From a policy analysis standpoint, however, there are too many unanswered questions to recommend such an expansion as a means of reducing housing cost burdens, although it may have merit on other grounds. Remarkably little is known about the causes and consequences of unaffordable housing for lower‐income working families. It is puzzling, for example, why so many lower‐income renters are experiencing affordability problems when the rental vacancy rate is at an all‐time high. Without a solid understanding of the problem, premature efforts to fix it could have unintended consequences. Journal: Pages: 279-288 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521502 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:2:p:279-288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Carr Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Author-Name: Kristopher Rengert Author-X-Name-First: Kristopher Author-X-Name-Last: Rengert Author-Name: Kil Huh Author-X-Name-First: Kil Author-X-Name-Last: Huh Title: Comment on Michael A. Stegman, Walter R. Davis, and Roberto Quercia's “The Earned Income Tax Credit as an instrument of housing policy” Abstract: In their discussion of the relationship between the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and housing cost burdens for lower‐income families, Stegman, Davis, and Quercia propose to significantly modify the EITC's benefit structure based on housing cost burdens. But leveraging the EITC to better address housing cost burdens does not require that EITC become housing policy, that its legislative authority be substantially rewritten, or that its funding be increased by billions of dollars. Moreover, substantially shifting policy justification and rationale for the EITC could undermine its broad‐based political popularity while further marginalizing the authority of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development over lower‐income housing programs. A first step toward better leveraging the EITC to improve housing opportunities is to increase the program's claims rate while helping taxpayers to access lower cost tax preparation assistance. In addition, the manner in which households claim the EITC can be better managed to allow them to more effectively offset rent or mortgage payments. Finally, the EITC can serve as an important financial resource that could help many families establish banking relationships that lead to asset development and homeownership. Journal: Pages: 289-300 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521503 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:2:p:289-300 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Brown Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Douglas Perkins Author-X-Name-First: Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Perkins Author-Name: Graham Brown Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Crime, New housing, and housing incivilities in a first‐ring suburb: Multilevel relationships across time Abstract: Concepts deriving from criminology, housing policy, and environmental psychology are integrated to test two ways that housing conditions could relate to crime in a declining first‐ring suburb of Salt Lake City. For existing housing, we use a model to test whether housing incivilities, such as litter and unkempt lawns, are associated with later crime. For new housing, we test whether a new subdivision on a former brownfield creates spillover reductions in nearby crime and incivilities. Police‐reported crime rates were highest for residences near the brownfield and lowest for those farther away. After the subdivision was constructed, this linear decline disappeared, reflecting less crime adjacent to the new subdivision, but also more crime farther away. A multilevel analysis shows that incivilities, particularly litter and unkempt lawns on the block, predict unexpected increases in crime. Both brownfield redevelopment and reductions in incivilities may be important ways to improve declining suburban areas. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 301-345 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521504 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:2:p:301-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karen Chappie Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Chappie Author-Name: John Thomas Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Author-Name: Dena Belzer Author-X-Name-First: Dena Author-X-Name-Last: Belzer Author-Name: Gerald Autler Author-X-Name-First: Gerald Author-X-Name-Last: Autler Title: Fueling the fire: Information technology and housing price appreciation in the San Francisco Bay area and the Twin Cities Abstract: Fueled by the information technology industry, many regions saw rapid economic growth in the late 1990s, accompanied by upward pressure on housing prices. Yet housing price appreciation varies significantly within metropolitan areas. This article uses the San Francisco Bay Area and the Twin Cities to examine the variation in appreciation in order to determine the role of intrametropolitan sectoral location patterns in shaping hot and cold local housing markets. It first develops livability indicators at the ZIP code and city levels, as well as economic indicators based on each city's commute‐shed (a geographic region defined by the average travel time between homes and jobs). It then uses discriminant analysis to identify the key indicators that differentiate between rapidly appreciating and slower‐growth areas. Findings suggest the particular importance of information‐intensive start‐up firms in shaping price appreciation in the Bay Area; however, traditional amenities better explain appreciation in the Twin Cities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 347-383 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521505 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:2:p:347-383 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Popkin Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Popkin Author-Name: Diane Levy Author-X-Name-First: Diane Author-X-Name-Last: Levy Author-Name: Laura Harris Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: Jennifer Comey Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Comey Author-Name: Mary Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Larry Buron Author-X-Name-First: Larry Author-X-Name-Last: Buron Title: The HOPE VI Program: What about the residents? Abstract: During the 1990s, the federal government dramatically changed its policy on housing the poor. Under the HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) Program, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development intended to address the concentration of troubled low‐income households in public housing by moving away from its reliance on project‐based assistance and promoting instead the construction of mixed‐income housing and the use of housing subsidies. This article presents important evidence from two systematic, multicity studies on how the original residents of HOPE VI developments have been affected by this radical new approach to public housing. While many residents have clearly benefited, the findings raise critical questions about whether the transformation of public housing will achieve its potential as a powerful force for improving the lives of low‐income families. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 385-414 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521506 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:2:p:385-414 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Clampet‐Lundquist Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Clampet‐Lundquist Title: HOPE VI relocation: Moving to new neighborhoods and building new ties Abstract: Severely distressed public housing developments are being torn down and redeveloped through the HOPE (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) VI initiative in cities across the United States. This article examines how families from one HOPE VI site decided where to move and how they fared in building social ties with their new neighbors. Semistructured interviews from a random sample of 41 families with children were analyzed. Families that chose to move into public housing expressed concern about the unreliability of the Section 8 program and their own ability to pay the extra utility costs involved. Those who used Section 8 vouchers to relocate had more education on average and made this choice to improve the neighborhood for their families. Over the past two years, regardless of what kind of neighborhood they moved into, families have not rebuilt the close ties most of them had in their former neighborhood. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 415-447 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:2:p:415-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diana Hernández Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: Hernández Author-Name: Tiana Moore Author-X-Name-First: Tiana Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Sarah Lazzeroni Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Lazzeroni Author-Name: Uyen Sophie Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Uyen Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Title: “The ‘Projects’ Are Nice Now”: Resident Perspectives on the Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) Program Abstract: The Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) program, administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), seeks to improve and preserve affordable housing by converting traditional public housing (Section 9) to Section 8 rental assistance. This study examined a RAD conversion in California’s Central Valley, one of the first in the nation, to understand residents’ experiences and their perspective on the program. We conducted 30 in-depth interviews with residents across three RAD sites: a small city and two rural areas. Residents identified four main outcomes of the RAD conversion: (a) upgraded heating/cooling systems and appliances; (b) improved unit layout, aesthetics, and conditions; (c) perceived safety and connectedness; and (d) enhanced resident resources and pride of place. Areas for improvement included increased resident education throughout the RAD process, as well as improving social support and community-building efforts among residents. Our article demonstrates notable (and mostly positive) results associated with RAD conversions according to residents. This is especially relevant as housing authorities across the United States proceed to implement RAD, particularly in large urban areas. Future research should continue to evaluate the impact of the RAD program, with particular emphasis on resident outcomes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 853-864 Issue: 6 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1586746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1586746 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:6:p:853-864 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brett Theodos Author-X-Name-First: Brett Author-X-Name-Last: Theodos Author-Name: Christina Plerhoples Stacy Author-X-Name-First: Christina Plerhoples Author-X-Name-Last: Stacy Author-Name: Breno Braga Author-X-Name-First: Breno Author-X-Name-Last: Braga Author-Name: Rebecca Daniels Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Daniels Title: Affordable Homeownership: An Evaluation of the Near-Term Effects of Shared Equity Programs Abstract: We estimate the effect of nine shared equity programs on the short-term financial health and loan performance outcomes of participating households. Using both difference-in-difference and propensity score matching approaches, we compare the outcomes of shared equity home purchasers with the outcomes of other similar first-time home buyers in their metropolitan regions. We find that shared equity purchasers have, on average, significantly less mortgage debt and pay less on their credit accounts each month than other similar purchasers, and they are appreciably less likely to have a home equity line of credit. They also perform just as well on their mortgages as nonshared equity purchasers do, as defined by having any 90- to 180-day mortgage delinquencies. Finally, shared equity purchasers do not show appreciable differences in nonmortgage financial health measures compared with similar borrowers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 865-879 Issue: 6 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1596965 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1596965 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:6:p:865-879 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noah J. Durst Author-X-Name-First: Noah J. Author-X-Name-Last: Durst Author-Name: Esther Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan Title: The Contribution of Manufactured Housing to Affordable Housing in the United States: Assessing Variation Among Manufactured Housing Tenures and Community Types Abstract: Manufactured housing (MH) is a central component of affordable housing in the United States. Yet the MH tenure ranges from manufactured homes on privately owned property to rental units, to owned homes placed on rented lots in mobile home parks. Despite the widespread use of MH, no current research has analyzed the high level of internal variation within MH or documented how this variation impacts housing affordability between MH tenures. Moreover, little is known about the degree of segregation of manufactured homes, which are often clustered in mobile home parks and informal subdivisions. This study represents a first-time national analysis of demographic, spatial, and affordability characteristics with regard to variation between MH tenures, using data from the American Housing Survey. By disaggregating various MH tenures and clustered community arrangements, we detail the demographic and geographic characteristics of MH households by housing tenure, analyze how housing costs differ across MH tenures, and demonstrate that MH is highly segregated from the conventional housing stock in a way that impacts housing affordability. These findings offer policy prescriptions for MH policy specifically and may contribute to broader affordable housing policy in the United States. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 880-898 Issue: 6 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1605534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1605534 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:6:p:880-898 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeongjae Yoon Author-X-Name-First: Jeongjae Author-X-Name-Last: Yoon Author-Name: Chanam Lee Author-X-Name-First: Chanam Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Demands for Walkable Neighborhoods among Middle-aged and Older Adults: Do They Differ by Community Settings and Age Groups? Abstract: Walkable communities are increasingly promoted for their health, social, and environmental benefits. However, the extent to which the demand or preference for walkable communities accords with various other housing demands across different populations is still questionable. Using data sets from two research projects focused on nonmetropolitan communities in Texas, this study examined to whom neighborhood walkability and safety are important when selecting a residence. It further explored environmental attributes that explained the differences in neighborhood preferences of older versus middle-age and urban versus rural home buyers. Multivariate logistic regressions showed that race/ethnicity, adiposity, personal attitudes, regional home locations, and residential experiences explained the odds of considering walkability and safety in residential selection. Environmental characteristics such as land uses, destinations, and perceived safety were differently valued among the subgroups of home buyers. Further efforts are needed to better understand diverse residential demands within the larger context of the community environment and demographic shift. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 899-930 Issue: 6 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1621919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1621919 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:6:p:899-930 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robin Bartram Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Bartram Title: The Cost of Code Violations: How Building Codes Shape Residential Sales Prices and Rents Abstract: Existing literature suggests a positive correlation between building codes and housing prices. Yet studies rarely differentiate between resolved and unresolved code violations, or between residential sales prices and rent prices. As such, there are gaps in our knowledge about the landscape of housing regulations, which have particular relevance for understanding barriers to housing affordability and equity. To begin to fill these gaps, I present statistical analyses of building code violations data and housing market data in Chicago. Whereas resolving building violations does increase rents, I find no significant effect on residential sales price. And, although unresolved code violations decrease residential sales price, there is no significant effect on rent prices. Considering these results, I suggest that code violations reinforce the divide between wealthy and poor homeowners and exacerbate the existing lack of affordable housing options for renters. Overall, the article draws attention to the variation in effects of housing regulations in practice. I contend that it is crucial to understand the varied relationships between regulations and the housing market to make a dent in housing inequality. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 931-946 Issue: 6 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1627567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1627567 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:6:p:931-946 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tyler Haupert Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: Haupert Title: Racial Patterns in Mortgage Lending Outcomes During and After the Subprime Boom Abstract: The racial contours of the United States’ subprime lending boom, foreclosure crisis, and subsequent recovered market illustrate that the benefits and risks of homeownership were unevenly distributed. Existing studies reveal general lending patterns in these periods but fail to scrutinize racially homogeneous neighborhoods where outcomes often diverge from aggregate trends. Using 2005 and 2015 U.S. Home Mortgage Disclosure Act mortgage application data, I construct a series of logistic regression models estimating lending outcomes in neighborhoods grouped by racial composition to reveal new patterns of differences in borrower outcomes. In both time periods the gap between white borrowers’ comparatively high application approval rates and minority borrowers’ lower approval rates grows as the proportion of white residents in a target neighborhood increases. In 2005 the likelihood of a borrower of any race receiving subprime terms generally increased as the proportion of white residents in a target neighborhood decreased. However, Asian borrowers experience comparatively favorable outcomes in homogeneously nonwhite neighborhoods. Additionally, applicants in homogeneously white neighborhoods experience less favorable results than those in slightly more diverse neighborhoods. Collectively, these findings suggest that outcomes in homogeneously white and nonwhite neighborhoods do not uniformly align with previously identified trends and warrant closer inspection. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 947-976 Issue: 6 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1636286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1636286 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:6:p:947-976 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bryan P. Grady Author-X-Name-First: Bryan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Grady Title: Shelter Poverty in Ohio: An Alternative Analysis of Rental Housing Affordability Abstract: In the United States, housing is most commonly considered unaffordable when a household spends more than 30% of income on housing and utilities. Although easy to calculate, it fails to account for how other categories of essential expenses affect income available to spend on housing. This article compares the ratio-based approach with shelter poverty, a measure that accounts for these elements, evaluating differences in results between the two methods among renters in Ohio. Shelter poverty identifies a higher rate of households in economic distress due to housing market conditions. Further, the average “affordability gap” is four times higher using the shelter poverty than with the 30% threshold. Relative to shelter poverty, the ratio method underestimates the unaffordability of rental housing in economically distressed areas, as measured by median household income, and modestly overestimates it in high-income areas. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 977-989 Issue: 6 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1639065 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1639065 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:6:p:977-989 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ji-Yong Seo Author-X-Name-First: Ji-Yong Author-X-Name-Last: Seo Title: The Impact of the Regulation of LTV and DTI of Korean Policy Mortgage Loans on the Loans for Household in Commercial Banks Abstract: This study examined the effects of reinforcing the regulation of policy mortgage loans on household loans provided by Korean commercial banks when the interest rate went up alongside the climbing U.S. federal rate. The main results of this study are as follows: First, regarding the soundness of the policy of tightly regulating loans, lowering the loan-to-value (LTV) and the debt-to-income (DTI) ratios may increase the supply of loans for households. The current study infers that the reduction of policy loans results in expanding the housing loan supply in commercial banks. Second, the tight regulation of mortgage policy led to a rapid increase in household loans. This evidence is related to the theoretical underpinning that adjustment of loan portfolios in commercial banks is made flexible according to external shocks. Third, an increase in the capital buffer in commercial banks has a negative effect on the expanding supply of housing loans. Therefore, activity above the capital buffer level is associated with the growth of risky loans. In conclusion, the tight regulation of policy mortgage loans may increase the supply of mortgage loans within the household credit segment of commercial banks. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 990-1003 Issue: 6 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1641732 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1641732 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:6:p:990-1003 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert H. W. Boyer Author-X-Name-First: Robert H. W. Author-X-Name-Last: Boyer Author-Name: Suzanne Leland Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Leland Title: Cohousing For Whom? Survey Evidence to Support the Diffusion of Socially and Spatially Integrated Housing in the United States Abstract: Cohousing is a resident-led neighborhood development model that clusters private dwelling units around collectively owned and managed spaces, with potential to address long-term social and environmental challenges in American metropolitan regions. To date, however, the cohousing model has been slow to diffuse beyond a demographically narrow following. This limited following may signal to policymakers that cohousing is an unappealing housing model, and therefore an impractical policy objective. Drawing from a survey of 1,000 American residents, the results of a multivariate regression model suggest that (a) many of the characteristics of the current resident population of cohousing in the United States have no statistical association with the individuals who indicate interest in cohousing nationwide; (b) other characteristics serve as better predictors of interest in cohousing; and therefore (c) the slow diffusion of cohousing is likely the consequence of inaccessibility rather than low appeal. Overcoming these challenges demands shifts in policy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 653-667 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1424724 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1424724 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:5:p:653-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karna Wong Author-X-Name-First: Karna Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Title: Surviving the Great Recession: Nonprofit Housing Developers Through the Lens of Organizational Theory Abstract: This study identified factors that influenced California nonprofit housing development organizations’ (NHDO) survival and financial stability during the Great Recession. NHDO typically develop and manage affordable housing, while providing social services. During the recession, NHDO financial issues were exacerbated and compounded by the elimination of state redevelopment funds. This research tested organizational theories through bivariate and multivariate analyses from Internal Revenue Service 990 tax forms for nearly 800 NHDO. In many ways, the factors that influenced NHDO sustainability and performance were similar to those affecting for-profits and other nonprofits. For example, older and larger organizations with more staff and revenue fared better. Other factors were unique to this sector (e.g., the region and type of housing developed affected outcomes). An important finding was that reliance on government funding was negatively associated with survival and revenue. The lessons learned from NHDO inform other organizations about surviving and thriving during tough economic times. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 668-694 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1429480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1429480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:5:p:668-694 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: April Jackson Author-X-Name-First: April Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Title: Barriers to Integrating New Urbanism in Mixed-Income Housing Plans in Chicago: Developer, Housing Official, and Consultant Perspectives Abstract: This article explores the barriers to implementing mixed-income development plans that incorporate the social (income) and physical (new urbanism) mixing goals of HOPE VI. I examine a comparative case study of three HOPE VI planning efforts in Chicago, Illinois, that exhibit different results. I draw from 25 in-depth interviews across three primary types of actors involved in the development process: developers, housing officials, and consultants. This research uses the perspectives of these key actors to identify the barriers that constrain the implementation of new urbanist designs. Current research indicates that mixed-income developments vary in their degree of income mixing and how new urbanist strategies are implemented. However, there is little consensus on why this is so. Findings indicate implementation of new urbanism is constrained by limited interagency coordination, restrictive design policies, low community buy-in, and exclusive marketing and occupancy practices. Overall, the research offers lessons learned from which I recommend changes in planning practices to assist actors in the consistent implementation of new urbanism in mixed-income developments. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 695-726 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1433703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1433703 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:5:p:695-726 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Author-Name: Keren Mertens Horn Author-X-Name-First: Keren Mertens Author-X-Name-Last: Horn Title: Points for Place: Can State Governments Shape Siting Patterns of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Developments? Abstract: There is considerable controversy about the allocation of Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC). Some charge that credits are disproportionately allocated to developments in poor, minority neighborhoods without additional investments and thereby reinforcing patterns of poverty concentration and racial segregation. We examine whether Qualified Allocation Plans, which outline the selection criteria states use when awarding credits, can serve as an effective tool for directing credits to higher opportunity neighborhoods (or neighborhoods that offer a rich set of resources, such as high-performing schools and access to jobs) for states wishing to do so. To answer this question, we study changes in the location criteria outlined in allocation plans for 20 different states across the country between 2002 and 2010, and observe the degree to which those modifications are associated with changes in the poverty rates and racial composition of the neighborhoods where developments awarded tax credits are located. We find evidence that changes to allocation plans that prioritize higher opportunity neighborhoods are associated with increases in the share of credits allocated to housing units in lower poverty neighborhoods and reductions in the share allocated to those in predominantly minority neighborhoods. This analysis provides the first source of empirical evidence that state allocation plans can shape LIHTC siting patterns. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 727-745 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1443487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1443487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:5:p:727-745 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lawrence J. Vale Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence J. Author-X-Name-Last: Vale Author-Name: Shomon Shamsuddin Author-X-Name-First: Shomon Author-X-Name-Last: Shamsuddin Author-Name: Nicholas Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Title: Broken Promises or Selective Memory Planning? A National Picture of HOPE VI Plans and Realities Abstract: Government efforts to redevelop public housing often face a contentious gap between plans and realities. This paper compares 2014 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) administrative data on housing unit counts and unit mixes for all 260 developments receiving Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere (HOPE VI) revitalization grants with data provided in the original HOPE VI grant award announcements. We find that HUD records undercount approximately 11,500 once-proposed units. The biggest changes were a 29% decline in the number of market-rate units and a 40% decline in homeownership units. The chief shortfall during implementation, therefore, was not with public housing units (although the HOPE VI program as a whole did trigger an overall decline of such units). To help elucidate the dynamics at play when the unit allocation shifts between initial grant award and implemented project, we include a series of five brief case studies that illustrate several types of unit change. Interviews with HUD staff confirm the baseline for record-keeping shifted during implementation once project economic feasibility became clearer; adherence to original unit mix proposals remained secondary. HUD prioritized its accountability to Congress and developers over its public law accountability to build the projects initially proposed to local community residents. Although these changes have sometimes been interpreted as broken promises, it is even clearer that HUD’s monitoring system exemplifies what we call Selective Memory Planning: when planners and policy makers, willfully or not, selectively ignore elements of previous plans in favor of new plans that are easier to achieve. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 746-769 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1458245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1458245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:5:p:746-769 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lauren Lambie-Hanson Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: Lambie-Hanson Author-Name: Carolina Reid Author-X-Name-First: Carolina Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Title: Stuck in Subprime? Examining the Barriers to Refinancing Mortgage Debt Abstract: Despite falling interest rates and federal policy intervention, many borrowers who could financially gain from refinancing have not done so. We investigate the rates at which, relative to prime borrowers, subprime borrowers seek and take out refinance loans, conditional on not experiencing mortgage default. We find that starting in 2009, subprime borrowers are about half as likely as prime borrowers to refinance, although they still shop for mortgage credit, indicating their interest in refinancing. This disparity is driven in part by the tightened credit environment postfinancial crisis, and the fact that many subprime borrowers were ineligible for the Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP). In addition, we find that refinance rates have been significantly lower for black and Hispanic borrowers, even after controlling for borrower credit status. We argue that these barriers to refinancing for subprime borrowers have long-term implications for social stratification and wealth building. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 770-796 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1460384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1460384 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:5:p:770-796 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Immergluck Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck Title: Renting the Dream: The Rise of Single-Family Rentership in the Sunbelt Metropolis Abstract: In the aftermath of the foreclosure crisis, there has been a marked shift toward renting in the United States, with a large increase in households renting single-family homes. In the 50 largest metropolitan areas, the number of detached, single-family rental homes (SFRs) increased from 3.8 million to 5.8 million from 2006 to 2015. Single-family rentership rates increased in all 50 large metro areas, with the percentage of single-family units that are rented increasing from 11.3% to 16%. Notably, the nine metropolitan areas with the largest increases were all located in the Sunbelt. Given expected neighborhood sorting, it is important to consider neighborhood increases in SFRs. In one large Sunbelt metro area, Atlanta, increases in SFRs from 2010 to 2015 were particularly large in older, inner-county diverse suburbs. Regression results show that, controlling for other neighborhood characteristics, neighborhoods with larger Asian, Latino, and black populations saw larger increases in SFRs. The effects were particularly high in neighborhoods with larger Latino and, especially, Asian populations. Another key finding is that, in neighborhoods with lower property values, more foreclosures during the crisis were associated with sizeable increases in SFRs. However, more foreclosures in neighborhoods with high property values were not associated with increases in SFRs. This is possibly due to the exclusionary nature of high property-value suburbs and the strong demand in such neighborhoods for owner-occupied housing. Implications for policy and research are considered. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 814-829 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1460385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1460385 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:5:p:814-829 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claire W. Herbert Author-X-Name-First: Claire W. Author-X-Name-Last: Herbert Title: Squatting for Survival: Precarious Housing in a Declining U.S. City Abstract: Despite severely depressed property markets, housing in declining U.S. cities can be surprisingly unaffordable for poor residents. Yet the characteristics of decline, such as abundant vacant property and constrained economic/political conditions, also provide opportunity for squatting. This article explores survival squatting—illegal occupation of property as a means for procuring suitable housing by marginalized residents. Drawing on a 4.5-year ethnography in Detroit, I examine the mechanisms by which people strategically choose squatting as a method of sheltering in the context of local conditions, and the experiences and conditions of this practice. I situate these empirical findings within a broader discussion comparing squatting and other forms of housing that have received considerable attention by researchers (e.g., shelter use, sleeping rough, doubling up). Squatting is particularly risky and unstable, and often very hidden. Substandard housing conditions prevail, and substance abuse is common. Squatting may have negative implications for child welfare, but may also provide measures of independence, self-determination, and comfort for illegal occupiers. There is a critical need for further research in this area, both to inform comprehensive housing policies and to anticipate how squatters’ well-being is impacted by other urban initiatives, such as blight demolition. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 797-813 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1461120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1461120 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:5:p:797-813 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:1:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donald Krueckeberg Author-X-Name-First: Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Krueckeberg Title: The Lessons of John Locke or Hernando de Soto: What if Your Dreams Come True? Abstract: Hernando de Soto has presented the most powerful argument for the extension of property rights since John Locke's revolutionary Two Treatises of Government in 1689. De Soto calls for the legal titling of land for squatters and other illegal occupants of the informal economy on a promise of efficiency (increased productivity of land). However, efficiency arguments, which have dominated recent literature on property law and economics, fall short of an adequate basis for a just doctrine. Drawing on the theories of John Locke, this article addresses the need to understand the rules required to sustain the equity goals of society in the expansion of property ownership. These rules focus on the meaning of property, constraints on its use and accumulation, and delineation of the institutional embeddedness of these rights and obligations. Evidence from the impact of U.S. tax policy on housing illustrates the importance of property rules and their structure. Journal: Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Schaefer Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Schaefer Title: Comment on Donald A. Krueckeberg's “The Lessons of John Locke or Hernando de Soto: What if Your Dreams Come True?” Abstract: Krueckeberg summarizes Hernando de Soto's premise on property rights and offers a critical interpretation of de Soto's work, arguing that it emphasizes efficiency over equity and, ultimately, that enhanced property rights alone are unlikely to significantly improve housing stability or access to capital for households living in informal arrangements. I clarify several of Krueckeberg's discussions of de Soto's ideas from the perspective of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD). The ILD perspective, informed by de Soto's writings, contrasts with Krueckeberg's in the following five areas: access to utilities and services in squatter settlements, the criminal nature of these communities, the ability of the poor to fulfill the responsibilities of formal ownership, their ability to borrow against formally owned property, and the impact of formalizing property on rental housing. I close by considering how the ILD perspective on formalization might be brought to bear in the United States. Journal: Pages: 25-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:1:p:25-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Marcuse Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Marcuse Title: Comment on Donald A. Krueckeberg's “The Lessons of John Locke or Hernando de Soto: What if Your Dreams Come True?” Abstract: Krueckeberg's critique of de Soto's paean to homeownership in Third World countries is well taken; his use of John Locke's rationale for private ownership provides support for the critique. But then Krueckeberg puts forward a proposal to extend homeowner‐ship benefits through a National Homestead Trust, with Individual Development Accounts or a tax like Social Security, to help renters accumulate a down payment. Abandoning a broader approach, Krueckeberg reverts to supporting homeownership as a central tenet of U.S. housing policy and wants to extend its real and perceived benefits to low‐income households. He recognizes the shortcomings of U.S. property law and tax policy that may leave low‐income owners with threats to shelter security. To provide security for low‐income residents, fundamental changes are required. Attention should be paid to protection from evictions and from foreclosure; income/employment support; guarantee of services from utilities to schools; and, as needed, direct subsidies for housing. Journal: Pages: 39-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521494 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521494 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:1:p:39-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dolores Acevedo‐Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Dolores Author-X-Name-Last: Acevedo‐Garcia Author-Name: Theresa Osypuk Author-X-Name-First: Theresa Author-X-Name-Last: Osypuk Author-Name: Rebecca Werbel Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Werbel Author-Name: Ellen Meara Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Meara Author-Name: David Cutler Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Cutler Author-Name: Lisa Berkman Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Berkman Title: Does Housing Mobility Policy Improve Health? Abstract: This article summarizes the empirical evidence for the effect of housing mobility policies on health outcomes. Our focus derived from our interest in housing policies that might help reduce health disparities and our finding that, excluding policies concerned with the physical characteristics of housing (e.g., exposure to lead), only housing mobility has been evaluated for its effects on health. We reviewed 13 articles covering five housing mobility studies and ranked them according to their methodological strength. Although health data have been collected in just a few studies, our review finds that this policy may potentially contribute to improving the health of both adults and children. Yet the empirical evidence is sparse, and only a handful of studies are methodologically sound. To date, the strongest evidence derives from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) demonstration and from the Yonkers evaluation of scattered‐site public housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 49-98 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521495 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:1:p:49-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Title: Section 8 and Movement to Job Opportunity: Experience after Welfare Reform in Kansas City Abstract: This research addresses the extent to which tenant‐based rental assistance, before and after welfare reform, helps households move to areas with greater opportunities for employment. It was thought that the threat of losing their welfare benefits would encourage participants in the Section 8 program to use the mobility it offers to move to neighborhoods with greater opportunities for employment. Two samples of Section 8 program participants, one taken before welfare reform and the other taken after it was enacted, have been examined. With the strong economy after welfare reform, more Section 8 households are employed and fewer are on welfare. However, the analysis finds that, independent of welfare reform, households did not use their housing subsidy to move to areas with greater opportunities for employment. Program participants typically remained in racially concentrated areas of the central city, away from those neighborhoods with job growth or large numbers of jobs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 99-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521496 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:1:p:99-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Harkness Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Harkness Author-Name: Sandra Newman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Author-Name: James Reschovsky Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Reschovsky Title: The Financial Viability of Housing for Mentally Ill Persons Abstract: Although persons with serious mental illness experience significant unmet housing needs, basic information on how housing is successfully financed, developed, and operated for them is lacking. It is possible that standard housing rules of thumb may not apply to this population. (For example, community opposition may raise development costs.) This lack of information may be a stumbling block to policy makers, planners, and developers. This article attempts to close the gap by examining the financial profile of 153 properties developed for persons with serious mental illness by five nonprofit housing corporations between 1988 and 1992. Our analysis suggests that although this housing may require more management attention, it is not fundamentally different from market‐rate housing for low‐income tenants. After more than 10 years, the nonprofit housing developers continue to thrive, and virtually all of the properties continue to serve persons with mental illness, demonstrating that such housing can be successfully developed and operated. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 133-170 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:1:p:133-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hazel Morrow‐Jones Author-X-Name-First: Hazel Author-X-Name-Last: Morrow‐Jones Author-Name: Elena Irwin Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Irwin Author-Name: Brian Roe Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Roe Title: Consumer Preference for Neotraditional Neighborhood Characteristics Abstract: Much research on residential mobility relies on examining people's choices within the context of what is available in a local housing market. However, it is difficult to determine the demand for alternative housing or neighborhood types that may not be available or are available only in limited quantities. Hence, the market may not accurately reveal consumer preferences for such alternatives. We estimate a discrete choice model of neighborhood choice by using data from a choice‐based conjoint analysis survey that allows us to vary characteristics experimentally. The model is used to determine consumer preferences for neotraditional neighborhood design features, including neighborhood layout, housing density, surrounding open space, and commuting time, while holding other characteristics, including school quality and neighborhood safety, constant. The results indicate that the neotraditional design with higher density is less preferred on average, but that niche marketing, additional open space, or other amenities can overcome its negative effects. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 171-202 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:1:p:171-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donna Comrie Author-X-Name-First: Donna Author-X-Name-Last: Comrie Title: Linking Public Housing to Education: A Comparative Case Study of HOPE VI Abstract: This research examines the federally funded HOPE VI urban revitalization program’s influence on neighborhood public school performance. A comparative case study was conducted in two HOPE VI neighborhood public schools, one that improved significantly (Philadelphia), and one that experienced a decline (Washington DC). The analysis revealed several insights into neighborhood factors that may influence school performance: the most vulnerable residents were least likely to gain reentry, mixed income housing residents often opt out of traditional public schools, and partnerships between public housing and education officials have been historically overlooked. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 534-552 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1397725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1397725 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:4:p:534-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deirdre Pfeiffer Author-X-Name-First: Deirdre Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeiffer Title: Rental Housing Assistance and Health: Evidence From the Survey of Income and Program Participation Abstract: Interest in the health impacts of renter housing assistance has grown in the wake of heated national discussions on health care and social welfare spending. Assistance may improve renters’ health by offering (a) low, fixed housing costs; (b) protection against eviction; and (c) access to better homes and neighborhoods. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and econometric analysis, I estimate the effect of receiving assistance from the public housing or Section 8 voucher programs on low-income renters’ reported health status and spending. Assisted renters spent less on health care over the year than unassisted low-income renters did, after controlling for other characteristics. This finding suggests that assisted housing leads to health benefits that may reduce low-income renters’ need to purchase health services. Voucher holders’ lower expenditures are influenced by their low, fixed housing costs, but public housing residents’ lower expenditures are not explained by existing theory. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 515-533 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1404480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1404480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:4:p:515-533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca J. Walter Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca J. Author-X-Name-Last: Walter Title: Consolidating ZIP Codes for Small Area Fair Market Rents: A Method for Implementing the New Rule Abstract: Fair Market Rents (FMRs), calculated for an entire metropolitan region, are used to establish payment standards for the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program. In response to recent criticism that FMRs do not represent rent disparity and restrict households from moving to high-opportunity areas, a new rule introducing Small Area Fair Market Rents (SAFMRs) has been issued. SAFMRs are based on ZIP codes to reflect local market rents and increase the number of payment standards used to administer the HCV program. The purpose of this research is to determine whether the number of payment standards can be reduced by consolidating ZIP codes, while adhering to the primary objectives of the SAFMR rule. The ZIP code grouping process conducted offers one method for reducing the number of payment standards needed to implement the new rule; however, the rent analysis reveals the over- and underestimation of SAFMRs for some ZIP codes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 553-571 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1404481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1404481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:4:p:553-571 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Author-Name: Keren Mertens Horn Author-X-Name-First: Keren Mertens Author-X-Name-Last: Horn Author-Name: Yiwen Kuai Author-X-Name-First: Yiwen Author-X-Name-Last: Kuai Title: Gateway to Opportunity? Disparities in Neighborhood Conditions Among Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Residents Abstract: A key goal of housing assistance programs is to help lower income households reach neighborhoods of opportunity. Studies have described the degree to which Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) developments are located in high-opportunity neighborhoods, but our focus is on how neighborhood outcomes vary across different subsets of LIHTC residents. We also examine whether LIHTC households are better able to reach certain types of neighborhood opportunities. Specifically, we use new data on LIHTC tenants in 12 states along with eight measures of neighborhood opportunity. We find that compared with other rental units, LIHTC units are located in neighborhoods with higher poverty rates, weaker labor markets, more polluted environments, and lower performing schools, but better transit access. We also find that compared with other LIHTC tenants, poor and minority tenants live in neighborhoods that are significantly more disadvantaged. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 572-591 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1413584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1413584 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:4:p:572-591 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel G. Bratt Author-X-Name-First: Rachel G. Author-X-Name-Last: Bratt Title: Affordable Rental Housing Development in the U.S. For-Profit Sector: Implications of a Case Study of McCormack Baron Salazar Abstract: The question of how to build decent housing that is affordable to lower income households has challenged policymakers in the United States for decades. In response, the federal government has developed a variety of partnership approaches that involve private for-profit developers. Although these entities are currently the major producers of affordable housing in the United States, they have received relatively little attention from the academic and policy communities. This inquiry is aimed at filing a small portion of this gap by presenting a qualitative case study of one of the country’s leading for-profit developers that has a longstanding commitment to affordable housing, McCormack Baron Salazar. Using a modified version of the quadruple bottom line framework as the starting point, this exploration discusses the complexity and challenges facing the affordable housing sector and offers programmatic and policy recommendations that are applicable to both for-profit and nonprofit developers. In view of the results of the 2016 presidential election, and the likely continued retreat by the federal government from supporting affordable housing, the need to better understand, and form productive working alliances and collaborations with, private for-profit affordable housing developers is more compelling than ever. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 489-514 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1417884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1417884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:4:p:489-514 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. M. (Emily) Miltenburg Author-X-Name-First: E. M. (Emily) Author-X-Name-Last: Miltenburg Author-Name: H. G. (Herman) van de Werfhorst Author-X-Name-First: H. G. (Herman) Author-X-Name-Last: van de Werfhorst Author-Name: S. (Sako) Musterd Author-X-Name-First: S. (Sako) Author-X-Name-Last: Musterd Author-Name: K. (Koen) Tieskens Author-X-Name-First: K. (Koen) Author-X-Name-Last: Tieskens Title: Consequences of Forced Residential Relocation: Early Impacts of Urban Renewal Strategies on Forced Relocatees’ Housing Opportunities and Socioeconomic Outcomes Abstract: Policymakers have actively pursued urban renewal and dispersal programs to deconcentrate poverty in urban neighborhoods. Relocation strategies lead to new housing opportunities and may encourage employment opportunities for relocated residents if resourceful contacts and job information become more easily available after the move. This study provides an innovative evaluation of the early impacts of involuntary relocation programs in the Netherlands on the housing careers, earnings and employment rates of forced relocatees. It establishes a quasi-experimental design by employing unique longitudinal individual-level population registry data from Statistics Netherlands: forced relocatees are tracked and matched to a control group consisting of similar residents that were not forced to move. A difference-in-difference design shows that forced relocatees are living in less deprived neighborhoods after the move. However, we find no conclusive evidence that this upgrade in housing leads to more socioeconomic opportunities for the forced relocatees. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 609-634 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1424722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1424722 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:4:p:609-634 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer Darrah-Okike Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Darrah-Okike Author-Name: Sarah Soakai Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Soakai Author-Name: Susan Nakaoka Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Nakaoka Author-Name: Tai Dunson-Strane Author-X-Name-First: Tai Author-X-Name-Last: Dunson-Strane Author-Name: Karen Umemoto Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Umemoto Title: “It Was Like I Lost Everything”: The Harmful Impacts of Homeless-Targeted Policies Abstract: In response to housing crises across the country, many localities are implementing homeless-targeted policies that attempt to regulate public space by prohibiting sitting, lying, sleeping, and storing property in public places such as parks and sidewalks. We term these sociospatial control policies. Our research investigates the direct impacts of such policies in the city of Honolulu, which had become notorious for legal measures targeting homeless residents. We interviewed members of 70 households living in temporary shelters in public spaces, all of whom had experienced enforcement of city ordinances, such as receiving citations or being forcibly moved by city agents. Our data revealed three interconnected ways that enforcements of sit–lie and nuisance policies harmed homeless households. (a) Our respondents described feeling dehumanized and treated unfairly by city agents. We therefore argue that enforcement catalyzed both civic and social exclusion. (b) Second, the city’s confiscation of property spurred material hardship and posed obstacles to work, education, and access to services. And, finally, (c) respondents’ narratives revealed that enforcements provoked lasting worry, fear, anxiety, and despair. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 635-651 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1424723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1424723 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:4:p:635-651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Corinth Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Corinth Author-Name: Claire Rossi-de Vries Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Rossi-de Vries Title: Social Ties and the Incidence of Homelessness Abstract: Although almost all homeless people are poor, most poor people do not experience homelessness. We use a detailed national survey to explore the role of social ties—including connection to relatives, friends, and religious community—in explaining why only a subset of poor adults fall into homelessness. We find that lifetime incidence of homelessness is reduced by 60% for individuals with strong ties along each of these dimensions. Ties to relatives are most important, followed by ties to religious community, whereas ties to friends are not associated with reduced incidence of homelessness. We also find that among currently low-income individuals, social ties are not associated with income, providing evidence that our results are not explained by unobserved variation in historical depth of poverty that is potentially correlated with our measures of social ties. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 592-608 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1425891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1425891 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:4:p:592-608 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel G. Bratt Author-X-Name-First: Rachel G. Author-X-Name-Last: Bratt Title: Post-Foreclosure Conveyance of Occupied Homes and Preferential Sales to Nonprofits: Rationales, Policies, and Underlying Conflicts Abstract: This article explores the reasons why the conveyance of foreclosed homes with occupants makes sense, and why nonprofits should be given preferential treatment as purchasers, as well as the relevant policies and practices of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Federal Housing Administration (HUD/FHA) and the Federal Housing Finance Agency and the Government-Sponsored Enterprises (FHFA/GSEs). It also presents recommendations for revising current policies, and suggestions for further research. These issues also raise underlying questions about how the federal agencies view their public purpose roles and the implications for possible increased long-term public costs to shelter low-income households displaced because of foreclosure of their homes. Although HUD/FHA’s guidelines allow for conveyance of foreclosed homes with occupants, the evidence—interviews with key stakeholders in Boston and data obtained from HUD through a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request—reveal that the guidelines are largely irrelevant in practice. Although there has been a change in an FHFA policy that could soften the GSEs’ practice of no occupants at conveyance, it is not yet clear whether this will result in former owners and tenants being allowed to remain in their homes following foreclosure. Concerning preferential sales to nonprofits, whereas positive new policies have been issued by both the FHFA and HUD, the extent of implementation is not known. Finally, it appears that HUD/FHA and the FHFA/GSEs view foreclosed homes more as financial assets, whose value they seek to maximize, rather than as dwellings for financially strained households that, if evicted, may need additional housing subsidies and as part of a strategy to preemptively stabilize neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 28-59 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1143857 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1143857 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:1:p:28-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carolina K. Reid Author-X-Name-First: Carolina K. Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Author-Name: Carly Urban Author-X-Name-First: Carly Author-X-Name-Last: Urban Author-Name: J. Michael Collins Author-X-Name-First: J. Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: Rolling the Dice on Foreclosure Prevention: Differences Across Mortgage Servicers in Loan Modifications and Loan Cure Rates Abstract: Mortgage servicing has garnered increased attention since the foreclosure crisis. As the interface between borrowers and investors, servicers make the decision to either grant a loan modification or to foreclose. This study examines servicer loan modification practices for a national sample of delinquent subprime loans, and assesses the extent to which those practices are associated with foreclosures. The research reveals significant differences across servicers in loan cure rates, which are related to servicers’ propensity to offer loan modifications and to the level of relief offered to borrowers. The observed differences across servicers and the implications of this heterogeneity for foreclosure prevention underscore the importance of additional data, research, and policies that can increase the uniformity and transparency of servicing practices. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1151455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1151455 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:1:p:1-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Megan E. Hatch Author-X-Name-First: Megan E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hatch Title: Statutory Protection for Renters: Classification of State Landlord–Tenant Policy Approaches Abstract: There are many federal, state, and local laws governing the landlord–tenant relationship. Yet scholars know little about their variety and what impact differences among jurisdictions have on renters and rental housing markets. This article examines state-level landlord–tenant policy approaches to determine whether there is significant policy variation and whether states illustrate identifiable policy types. Using cluster and discriminant analysis, this research creates a typology of landlord–tenant policy approaches, finding three distinctive approaches: protectionist, probusiness, and contradictory. This research indicates there is significant variation among state landlord–tenant statutory policies, although states’ laws generally reflect one of three philosophies. These results are important for future studies on rental housing because treating all state rental environments the same masks important differences in rental experiences across states. As an illustration, this article finds that renters in protectionist and contradictory states move significantly more than renters in probusiness states do. Furthermore, understanding where renters have more or less legal protection allows policymakers and advocates to focus their efforts on areas where assistance is most needed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 98-119 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1155073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1155073 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:1:p:98-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregg Colburn Author-X-Name-First: Gregg Author-X-Name-Last: Colburn Title: Seasonal Variation in Family Homeless Shelter Usage Abstract: Seasonal surges in family homeless shelter usage occur in numerous communities around the United States. These surges are significant because they may place demands on shelter systems, require families to use lower quality shelter facilities, or impose significant costs on the municipalities that provide shelter services. This study uses empirical data from Hennepin County, Minnesota, to provide explanations for the seasonality of family homeless shelter usage. The results suggest that multiple factors may contribute to the surge, but that families with school-age children are the primary driver of seasonal increases in the family shelter population. This study provides initial findings that may help to improve the targeting of homelessness prevention resources. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 80-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1158200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1158200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:1:p:80-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eileen Díaz McConnell Author-X-Name-First: Eileen Author-X-Name-Last: Díaz McConnell Title: Rented, Crowded, and Unaffordable? Social Vulnerabilities and the Accumulation of Precarious Housing Conditions in Los Angeles Abstract: Inspired by the social vulnerability paradigm employed in hazard and disaster research and recent work connecting personal and housing vulnerabilities, this study uses the first wave of Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey data to: (a) examine immigrants’ legal status as an independent social vulnerability that increases the risk of two or more of the following situations deemed to be precarious: renting, crowding, and unaffordable housing; (b) identify the individual-, household-, and neighborhood-level vulnerabilities associated with overlapping housing problems; and (c) identify the distribution of housing disadvantages across social groups. The sample comprises those born in the United States who are Black, White, and Latino, and three distinct Latino immigrant groups categorized by citizenship and legal status. The descriptive and multivariate regression results have implications for expanding hazard, disaster, and housing research and practice. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 60-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1164738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1164738 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:1:p:60-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mary Ann Priester Author-X-Name-First: Mary Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Priester Author-Name: Kirk A. Foster Author-X-Name-First: Kirk A. Author-X-Name-Last: Foster Author-Name: Todd C. Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Todd C. Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: Are Discrimination and Social Capital Related to Housing Instability? Abstract: Existing studies examining social capital and housing instability have overlooked structural factors such as discrimination, providing an incomplete explanation of the relationship between social capital and housing instability. This study addresses this limitation by exploring how discrimination and social capital are related to housing instability. This study is a secondary analysis of data collected during the Atlanta Neighborhood Pilot study. The sample consists of mostly African American adults who resided in the Atlanta metropolitan area in 2013 (n = 691). After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, residential mobility, and public assistance, stepwise logistic regression identified social capital and discrimination as significant predictors of housing instability. Lower social capital and higher everyday discrimination scores were associated with increased odds for housing instability. Individuals 35 or older, those with annual incomes between $25,000 and $50,000, and those who reported receiving public assistance during their lifetime also had increased odds for housing instability. Findings identify characteristics of individuals vulnerable to housing instability and suggest that social capital development as a housing intervention warrants further exploration. These findings can be utilized by policymakers and practitioners to better target funding and to create efficient systems better equipped to deploy early homelessness prevention interventions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 120-136 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1180311 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1180311 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:1:p:120-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dale E. Thomson Author-X-Name-First: Dale E. Author-X-Name-Last: Thomson Author-Name: Harley Etienne Author-X-Name-First: Harley Author-X-Name-Last: Etienne Title: Fiscal Crisis and Community Development: The Great Recession, Support Networks, and Community Development Corporation Capacity Abstract: Community development corporations (CDC) are a cornerstone of neighborhood improvement in legacy cities. Yet they face challenges that threaten their financial sustainability, challenges that grew exponentially with the Great Recession. This article examines the impact of the Great Recession on the revenue and survival of CDC in Baltimore, Maryland; Cleveland, Ohio; and Detroit, Michigan. An analysis of financial data from the National Center for Charitable Statistics from 2004 to 2011 highlights issues of industry contraction, revenue concentration and loss, and CDC survival. Interviews and examination of multiple secondary sources of information on CDC activity and support networks in each city further our understanding of the financial results. We find that the CDC industry in all three cities was severely impacted by the Great Recession and that the CDC support networks in each city had a significant intervening effect on the ability of CDC to adapt to the fiscal and service pressures created by the recession. We discuss the implications of the shared trends and the city-specific dynamics for the role of CDC in neighborhood improvement in legacy cities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 137-165 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1196230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1196230 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:1:p:137-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiii-ebiv Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:3:p:ebiii-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jill Khadduri Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Khadduri Title: Should the housing voucher program become a state‐administered block grant? Abstract: The Bush administration has proposed that the current national Housing Choice Voucher Program, which has an essentially uniform program design and is administered largely by local public housing authorities, become a block grant administered by the states. This article examines the potential benefits and hazards of such a change. While this article does not support or analyze directly the administration's proposal, it concludes that state administration is fundamentally a good idea. However, the choice‐based nature of the voucher program should be preserved, and the early stages of implementation should permit changes to the program's subsidy structure and housing quality inspection only in selected states and with careful evaluation. The law enacting the new program should include clearly articulated goals and mandated reporting requirements. Also, the program should be funded and monitored to maintain the national commitment to meeting the housing needs of low‐income renters. Journal: Pages: 235-269 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521475 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:3:p:235-269 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Margery Turner Author-X-Name-First: Margery Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: Susan Popkin Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Popkin Title: Comment on Jill Khadduri's “should the housing voucher program become a state‐administered block grant?” A housing voucher block grant is a bad idea Abstract: Khadduri argues for a well‐designed voucher block grant, phased in over several years. But proposals under consideration are more likely to undermine the effectiveness of vouchers than address their limitations. The most important advantage of housing vouchers is that they give recipients the freedom to choose the kind of housing and the location that best meet their needs. Although the current program is not living up to its potential, strategies for making it work better can be implemented without a block grant. Supporters of block grants claim welfare reform as a model, but none of the factors that contributed to declining caseloads under Temporary Assistance to Needy Families apply to housing. The single biggest problem with the housing voucher program is that federal spending for affordable housing is woefully inadequate. Instead of addressing this issue, a block grant would make housing hardship a state rather than a federal problem. Journal: Pages: 271-281 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521476 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:3:p:271-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edgar Olsen Author-X-Name-First: Edgar Author-X-Name-Last: Olsen Title: Comment on Jill Khadduri's “should the housing voucher program become a state‐administered block grant?” Abstract: The stated goal of the Housing Act of 1949 is “a decent home and suitable living environment for every American family.” It is time that we delivered on that commitment. Contrary to popular opinion, this does not require spending more money on housing assistance. It can be achieved without additional funds by shifting all funds from less cost‐effective methods for delivering housing assistance to choice‐based vouchers as soon as current contractual commitments permit and by gradually reducing the large subsidies to current voucher recipients. The proposal to replace the Housing Choice Voucher Program with a block grant to states can contribute to this goal by precluding the use of the block grant funds for project‐based assistance, increasing the targeting of assistance to the poorest families, and including the fraction of recipients with extremely low incomes in the formula for determining the performance rating of state programs. Journal: Pages: 283-293 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:3:p:283-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Sidor Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Sidor Title: Comment on Jill Khadduri's “should the housing voucher program become a state‐administered block grant?” Abstract: Although the current voucher program may not be in crisis, it has several characteristics that can significantly weaken its effectiveness. The fundamental weakness of the program probably resides in the connection between the narrow geographic scope of most current administering agencies and the need for better access to higher‐quality neighborhoods with better employment opportunities. Examining current practices of the states that now administer a significant number of vouchers suggests that a state block grant can improve access to better communities, help overcome the diseconomies of scale and overlapping jurisdictions that substantially mark the current program, and facilitate linkage to other services for lower‐income people. Assuming that states are given the option to administer a block grant, transition rules need not be complex and time‐consuming. A successful transition may depend on the flexibility provided in a block grant and a successful resolution of administrative cost issues. Journal: Pages: 295-303 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:3:p:295-303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefanie DeLuca Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: DeLuca Author-Name: James Rosenbaum Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbaum Title: If low‐income blacks are given a chance to live in white neighborhoods, will they stay? Examining mobility patterns in a quasi‐experimental program with administrative data Abstract: After describing the distinctive features of various policy models of residential mobility, we examine the long‐term outcomes of the Gautreaux program. Administrative records provide baseline characteristics for all participants, and we located recent addresses for over 99 percent of a random sample of 1,506 participants an average of 14 years after original placement. Although 84 percent of the families made subsequent moves, the racial composition of the current address is strongly related to program placement, even among movers, and after family attributes and premove neighborhood characteristics are controlled. Combined with our prior findings, these results suggest that residential mobility has an enduring, long‐term impact on the residential locations of these families. Contrary to models that assume that families’ enduring preferences will quickly erase these moves, these results suggest the need for further research to consider whether mobility alters preferences or structural barriers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 305-345 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:3:p:305-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Varady Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Varady Author-Name: Carole Walker Author-X-Name-First: Carole Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: Using housing vouchers to move to the suburbs: How do families fare? Abstract: When families with Section 8 housing vouchers move from inner‐city communities to the suburbs, are they more likely to move to neighborhoods with higher socioeconomic status and to perceive improvements in housing and neighborhood conditions than those who make local moves or those who first move to the suburbs but then return to the central city? Both crosstabular and logistic regression analysis are applied to a telephone interview sample of 300 Section 8 voucher recipients in Oakland and Berkeley, CA. As predicted, compared with the other two groups, suburban‐bound movers were more likely to move to neighborhoods with higher socioeconomic status and to experience better residential conditions, even when relevant background characteristics were controlled. Furthermore, few suburban‐bound movers experienced adjustment problems with neighbors or landlords, and their children quickly and smoothly adjusted to their new schools. The implications of these results for the Section 8 housing voucher program are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 347-382 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:3:p:347-382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carl Abbott Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Abbott Author-Name: Sy Adler Author-X-Name-First: Sy Author-X-Name-Last: Adler Author-Name: Deborah Howe Author-X-Name-First: Deborah Author-X-Name-Last: Howe Title: A quiet counterrevolution in land use regulation: The origins and impact of Oregon's measure 7 Abstract: In November 2000, Oregon voters adopted Measure 7, the nation's most absolute definition of a regulatory “taking” and the compensation required for any and all loss of potential property value because of state or local regulations. Although the Oregon Supreme Court later invalidated Measure 7 on technical grounds, it is important to understand the origins and meaning of this drastic action. This article describes the proplanning consensus that has dominated Oregon since the 1970s, examines the Measure 7 campaign and its political consequences, and analyzes the emerging tensions within the Portland metropolitan area and across the state that led to this grassroots counterrevolution. We conclude that Measure 7 does not signal the end of Oregon's land use planning system, but that it is likely to force a rebalancing of the regulatory system to address the real hardships that regulations governing land development can impose. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 383-425 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:3:p:383-425 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Lang Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Lang Author-Name: Jennifer LeFurgy Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: LeFurgy Title: Edgeless cities: Examining the Noncentered metropolis Abstract: Edgeless Cities, a form of sprawling office development that never reaches the scale, density, or cohesiveness of Edge Cities, now account for the bulk of office space found outside of downtowns. The term draws on Garreau's Edge City, yet it is a new, albeit elusive, category. It captures the fact that most suburban office areas lack a physical edge. In contrast to Edge Cities, which combine large‐scale office development with major retail, Edgeless Cities feature mostly isolated office buildings spread across vast swaths of urban space. This article looks at the evolving geography of office space in 13 of the nation's largest office markets, which together contain more than 2.6 billion square feet of office space and 26,000 buildings. The data provide an empirical framework for examining competing theories of metropolitan form. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications resulting from the emergence of Edgeless Cities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 427-460 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:3:p:427-460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric A. Morris Author-X-Name-First: Eric A. Author-X-Name-Last: Morris Title: Is a Fixer-Upper Actually a Downer? Homeownership, Gender, Work on the Home, and Subjective Well-being Abstract: This article investigates whether homeownership provides psychological benefits, particularly as mediated through the act of working on the dwelling. It examines whether work on the home potentially increases subjective well-being (SWB) for home occupants because such work improves the dwelling or because the work is fulfilling and promotes feelings of mastery and control. It also investigates whether homeowners are more likely to perform such work compared with renters. The article finds that homeownership is associated with somewhat elevated life satisfaction, but that homeowners tend to experience less intense positive affect than renters. Homeowners spend much more time working on the home than renters. Strong links between work on the home and life satisfaction are not found, but certain types of home work activities—such as interior or exterior decoration and repairs and yard work—tend to be experienced as psychologically meaningful. Gender also plays a role in the division of home labor and the psychological costs and benefits of homeownership and work on the home. Women are much more likely than men to clean the interiors of dwellings, an activity associated with poor affect. Men perform more of most of the other types of work on the home; in homeowning households these burdens tend to balance each other out, but in renting households there tends to be a dramatic disparity in terms of work on the home, raising concerns about gender inequity. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 342-367 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1367317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1367317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:3:p:342-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan O’Flaherty Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: O’Flaherty Author-Name: Rosanna Scutella Author-X-Name-First: Rosanna Author-X-Name-Last: Scutella Author-Name: Yi-Ping Tseng Author-X-Name-First: Yi-Ping Author-X-Name-Last: Tseng Title: Using Private Information to Predict Homelessness Entries: Evidence and Prospects Abstract: Do people at risk of homelessness have private information—information that social service agencies cannot credibly obtain—that helps predict whether they will become homeless? This article asserts that the answer to this question is yes: homeless people and people at risk of homelessness know important things about their future. Data from Journeys Home (JH), a pathbreaking longitudinal study of people experiencing homelessness and people at risk of homelessness in Australia, are used in this article. In many cases, the private information that participants have predicts entries better than the public information that agencies can obtain. Ways in which this private information can be used to improve service delivery are suggested. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 368-392 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1367318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1367318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:3:p:368-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. J. Gabbe Author-X-Name-First: C. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gabbe Title: How Do Developers Respond to Land Use Regulations? An Analysis of New Housing in Los Angeles Abstract: There is strong evidence that land use regulations constrain housing production. We know less about how real estate developers respond to specific zoning provisions. I compare the characteristics of new multifamily housing with baseline land use regulations in two sets of rail station areas in Los Angeles. I supplement this building-scale analysis with expert interviews. I find that developers were most sensitive to density restrictions and parking requirements. The average development in the Vermont/Western area had 112% of the maximum allowable residential density and 94% of the minimum required parking. Koreatown’s average development had 99% of the maximum density and 88% of the required parking. But, there was variation by area and whether a building was affordable or market rate, apartment or condominium, and by development size. Additionally, regulatory implementation can matter as much as the written regulations themselves. I recommend that cities take an evidence-based approach to reforming regulations and implementation processes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 411-427 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1368031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1368031 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:3:p:411-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael J. Smart Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Smart Author-Name: Nicholas J. Klein Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Klein Title: Complicating the Story of Location Affordability Abstract: In recent years, researchers and advocates have turned their attention to the trade-offs between housing affordability and transportation expenses. They argue that were families to move to more compact, transit-accessible, and walkable neighborhoods, they would reduce their driving and, possibly, forego the need for one or more cars, thus saving them money. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to test this assumption with descriptive statistics and panel regression models, and we find little evidence to support it. We conclude that the location affordability literature may significantly overstate the promise of cost savings in transit-rich neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 393-410 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1371784 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1371784 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:3:p:393-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon McDonnell Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: McDonnell Author-Name: Pooya Ghorbani Author-X-Name-First: Pooya Author-X-Name-Last: Ghorbani Author-Name: Swati Desai Author-X-Name-First: Swati Author-X-Name-Last: Desai Author-Name: Courtney Wolf Author-X-Name-First: Courtney Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf Author-Name: David M. Burgy Author-X-Name-First: David M. Author-X-Name-Last: Burgy Title: Potential Challenges to Targeting Low- and Moderate-Income Communities in a Time of Urgent Need: The Case of CDBG-DR in New York State after Superstorm Sandy Abstract: New York State received $4.5 billion in Community Development Block Grant-Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) funds after Superstorm Sandy. A major CDBG-DR requirement is to prioritize assistance to low- and moderate-income (LMI) populations. The state is spending two fifths of funds on community-wide (e.g., infrastructure) recovery activities. For these activities to be documented as LMI, a specified percentage of residents benefiting from them must be LMI. We explore the potential tension between addressing community recovery needs and prioritizing LMI assistance. Specifically, we develop a series of scenarios to estimate the likelihood that any community-wide activities will be documented as LMI in New York State. We find that documenting these activities as LMI is largely dependent on the underlying demographics of disaster-impacted areas. Additionally, as recovery activities increase in size, thereby impacting larger populations, they are less likely to be documented as LMI, potentially disincentivizing larger, more impactful investments. We recommend empirically based LMI targets for CDBG-DR grantees. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 466-487 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1385504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1385504 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:3:p:466-487 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin A. Park Author-X-Name-First: Kevin A. Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Joshua J. Miller Author-X-Name-First: Joshua J. Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: Mortgage Choice in Rural Housing Abstract: Rural homeownership is promoted in the United States by mortgage insurance programs administered by the federal government. We analyze the choice between assistance offered by two such agencies: the Federal Housing Administration and the Rural Housing Service (RHS). We find applicants are sensitive to the relative annual mortgage insurance premiums and guarantee fees. However, there are also persistent racial differences as well as institutional effects. We also find the application and origination process is substantially longer in the RHS program, but variation in closing times does not clearly impact mortgage choice. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 443-465 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1389762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1389762 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:3:p:443-465 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerry Anthony Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Anthony Title: Economic Prosperity and Housing Affordability in the United States: Lessons from the Booming 1990s Abstract: The United States is facing an acute shortage of reasonably priced housing with over 35% of households paying more than 30% of their income for housing costs in 2015. As the U.S. economy recovers from the Great Recession, will housing become less unaffordable as incomes rise and households could potentially pay a lower share of their income for housing costs? To see if this is likely, I examined the change in housing affordability in the 100 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States between 1990 and 2000, a period of exceptional economic prosperity. I used the percentage of housing cost-burdened households (those that pay more than 30% of their gross income on ownership or rental costs) as a measure of the availability of reasonably priced housing. I used discriminant analysis techniques to detect statistically significant differences in the percentage of cost-burdened households in the 100 MSAs based on a variety of factors. I found that despite the phenomenal economic prosperity of the 1990s, about 30% of households were cost-burdened both in 1990 and 2000. High MSA median income was correlated with a greater shortage of reasonably priced housing. Neither economic growth rate nor poverty rate nor population growth rate distinguished high-shortage MSAs from low-shortage ones. Large MSAs and MSAs in the West had greater shortages than other MSAs. Economic prosperity did not alleviate the problem of lack of reasonably priced housing in the past, and is not likely to do so in the near future. Planners and policy-makers need to enact new policies at local, regional, state, and federal levels to effectively address America’s chronic affordable housing shortage. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 325-341 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1393689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1393689 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:3:p:325-341 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kurt Borth Author-X-Name-First: Kurt Author-X-Name-Last: Borth Author-Name: Robert Summers Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Summers Title: Segmentation of Homebuyers by Location Choice Preferences Abstract: Edmonton, Alberta, has been experiencing rapid population growth and its associated housing pressures for the past decade. Municipalities like Edmonton are attempting to promote compact, transit-oriented, and infill housing development with policy while accommodating large increases in a population that may demand traditional suburban housing options. This article examined homebuyers’ opinions and preferences regarding their home location choice and found three distinct segments of homebuyers. These segments were established using a Q methodology to group homebuyers by their shared opinions as opposed to traditional sociodemographic or socioeconomic variables. These groups illustrate different perspectives regarding the everyday transportation choices, home attributes, and neighborhood predilections that comprise a home location choice. The identification of these groups of homebuyers provides insights for municipalities attempting to attract and retain citizens in redeveloped housing areas and assists to dissuade greenfield sprawling development. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 428-442 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1393690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1393690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:3:p:428-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey J. Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Title: Putting Equality in Place: The Normative Foundations of Geographic Equality of Opportunity Abstract: This article explores the normative principles underlying the geography of opportunity perspective and provides a justification for equalizing the geographic dimensions of economic opportunity. The article proposes a conception of geographic equality of opportunity (GEO) that provides an account of: (a) why geographic equality matters; (b) why opportunities are the appropriate currency of geographic equality; and (c) how the geographic distribution of resources and residential mobility relate to equality of opportunity. GEO requires that certain geographic resources be spatially uniform or equally accessible, and that any differences in economic outcomes be traceable to autonomous choices and not morally arbitrary conditions such as one’s race or birth location. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 897-912 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1205646 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1205646 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:6:p:897-912 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Title: The Geography of Opportunity 20 Years Later Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 941-943 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1216745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1216745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:6:p:941-943 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna P. Ganning Author-X-Name-First: Joanna P. Author-X-Name-Last: Ganning Title: It’s Good but Is It Right? An Under-the-Hood View of the Location Affordability Index Abstract: In 2012, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) released the Location Affordability Index (LAI) as an online portal and downloadable data set. The LAI has elevated the U.S. conversation on affordability to include transportation and access to opportunities, and has been used in state and federal programming, by researchers, and by private households. However, although some researchers have noted concerns with and potential limitations of the data, none has provided practitioners and researchers with an under-the-hood view of the data, analysis of its reliability or validity, or its conceptual limitations. This article recommends methodological improvements dealing with issues of variable construction, aggregation, and modeling. A recreation of the LAI at the census-tract level suggests the LAI overestimates both costs and cost burden, but especially among renters, and especially in metropolitan areas. On the transportation side, model recreation requires partnership and resourcing to both gain access to restricted data and to develop a reliable database on transit supply and use. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 807-824 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1312478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1312478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:6:p:807-824 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason M. Rodriguez Author-X-Name-First: Jason M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rodriguez Author-Name: Tessa A. Eidelman Author-X-Name-First: Tessa A. Author-X-Name-Last: Eidelman Title: Homelessness Interventions in Georgia: Rapid Re-Housing, Transitional Housing, and the Likelihood of Returning to Shelter Abstract: Since 1987, billions of dollars in homeless assistance have been allocated annually by the U.S. federal government. Yet few evaluations of homelessness interventions exist. This study analyzes the likelihood that households in Georgia returned to shelter within two years of leaving one of three interventions: rapid re-housing (RRH), transitional housing (TH), and emergency shelter (ES), with the latter serving as a reference. Using propensity scores, RRH households were matched to comparable TH and ES households. Generalized linear mixed modeling then controlled for household characteristics as well as variation between intervention implementations. We find that the likelihood of returning to shelter did not seem to be affected by whether study households were gradually transitioned or rapidly placed into housing. Additionally, the effect of TH for households without children seems highly dependent on the intervention’s implementation, which deserves further study. Our findings are generalizable to a small, better resourced segment of the general homeless population. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 825-842 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1313292 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1313292 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:6:p:825-842 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kwan Ok Lee Author-X-Name-First: Kwan Ok Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Richard Smith Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Title: Subsidized Housing and Residential Trajectories: An Application of Matched Sequence Analysis Abstract: Scholars have long debated the relative merits of site-based, subsidized housing owned and operated by a public entity or by the private sector. This is the first study to classify long-term residential trajectories of nationally representative low-income households in the United States by their initial assisted housing status. We employ a matched sequence analysis of neighborhood poverty and racial trajectories of low-income households in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics who formed during 1988–1992. Among households carefully matched by their demographic and economic attributes, we find that those first forming households in public housing spend much longer durations over the subsequent 20 years in poorer, minority dominant neighborhoods than similar households first forming in market-rate housing do. In contrast, forming a household in private site-based subsidized housing is associated with superior neighborhood socioeconomic (but not desegregated racial composition) trajectories compared with starting in market-rate housing. Implications for housing policy are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 843-874 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1316757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1316757 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:6:p:843-874 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Goering Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Goering Author-Name: Christine M. E. Whitehead Author-X-Name-First: Christine M. E. Author-X-Name-Last: Whitehead Title: Fiscal Austerity and Rental Housing Policy in the United States and United Kingdom, 2010–2016 Abstract: After the 2008 global financial crisis, both the United States and the United Kingdom introduced austerity policies targeted at particular elements of their national budgets. The purpose of this article is to compare the nature of this retrenchment; the similarities and differences in how it was implemented; and its initial impacts on one of the expenditure areas particularly affected: affordable rental housing programs and housing support for low-income households. Using a wide range of data sources, we find evidence of political and fiscal policy analogies in the timing and forms of the initial policy choices and how these were modified in the face of economic and political pressures. There are considerable similarities both in the instruments used to reduce housing expenditures and in the early impacts on support mechanisms and recipients. However, we find different histories and trajectories of support between the two countries that suggest that the longer term differences in outcomes may be more important. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 875-896 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1321568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1321568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:6:p:875-896 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Corrigendum Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: x-x Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1323472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1323472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:6:p:x-x Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elijah Knaap Author-X-Name-First: Elijah Author-X-Name-Last: Knaap Title: The Cartography of Opportunity: Spatial Data Science for Equitable Urban Policy Abstract: As evidence of the contextual effects of place upon individual outcomes has become increasingly solid over time, so too have urban policies and programs designed to connect underserved people with access to spatial opportunity. To this end, many attempts have been made to quantify the geography of opportunity and quite literally plot it on a map by combining evidence from studies on neighborhood effects with spatial data resources and geographic information systems (GIS) technology. Recently, these opportunity maps have not only become increasingly common but their preparation has been encouraged and facilitated by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. A closer look at the foundations and methods that underlie these exercises offers important lessons I examine the practice of opportunity mapping from both theoretical and methodological perspectives, highlighting several weaknesses of the common methods. Following this, I outline a theoretical framework based on Galster’s categorization of the mechanisms of neighborhood effects. Using data from the Baltimore metropolitan region, I use confirmatory factor analysis to specify a measurement model that verifies the validity of the proposed theoretical framework. The model provides estimates of four latent variables conceived as the essential dimensions of spatial opportunity: social-interactive, environmental, geographic, and institutional. Finally, I develop a neighborhood typology using unsupervised machine learning applied to the four dimensions of opportunity. Results suggest that opportunity mapping can be improved substantially through a better connection to the empirical literature on neighborhood effects, a multivariate statistical framework, and more direct relevance to public policy interventions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 913-940 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1331930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1331930 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:6:p:913-940 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Acknowledgment of Reviewers Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 944-947 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1374589 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1374589 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:6:p:944-947 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1380153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1380153 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:6:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:1:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jack Goodman Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman Title: Houses, apartments, and the incidence of property taxes Abstract: The residential property tax is a major component of local government revenues and consumers’ housing costs. This study uses newly available data from the 2001 Residential Finance Survey to investigate the incidence of this tax. The study finds that for the nation as a whole, multifamily rental housing bears an effective tax rate (tax divided by property value) that is at least 18 percent higher than the rate on single‐family owner‐occupied housing. This gap appears to have arisen during the 1990s. The level of taxation and the apartment/house differential vary considerably by location. Much—but not all—of the differential is associated with the fact that apartments have a lower average property value per unit than houses. The residential property tax, as implemented, promotes low‐density development, disproportionately burdens lower‐value properties, and may impose higher taxes on apartment residents than on homeowners with identical incomes. Journal: Pages: 1-26 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521558 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521558 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:1:p:1-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Listokin Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Listokin Author-Name: Siona Listokin Author-X-Name-First: Siona Author-X-Name-Last: Listokin Author-Name: Ioan Voicu Author-X-Name-First: Ioan Author-X-Name-Last: Voicu Title: Comment on Jack Goodman's “houses, apartments, and the incidence of property taxes” Abstract: Goodman finds from his analysis of the 2001 Residential Finance Survey that multifamily housing bears a higher effective property tax rate (EPTR) than single‐family owner‐occupied housing and argues that much of the differential is associated with the lower average property value of apartments. We offer comments on how this important research can be enhanced and analyze the EPTR by using a different database, the Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) of the decennial census. Like Goodman, we find from the PUMS that the EPTR of multifamily housing is high relative to that of single‐family detached housing and that lower‐value multifamily housing has a higher EPTR relative to that of higher‐value multifamily units. We offer preliminary findings from the PUMS on the implications of the EPTR for development patterns (it may discourage smart growth), equity (the poor and minorities bear a higher tax burden), and housing (high EPTRs challenge affordability). Journal: Pages: 27-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:1:p:27-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Petersen Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Petersen Title: Comment on Jack Goodman's “houses, apartments, and the incidence of property taxes” Abstract: The growing differential between tax rates for single‐family dwellings and apartments is evidence of several accelerating trends. For single‐family housing, the rate has declined over the past decade as the role of the property tax has diminished and other forms of revenue have become more significant. Moreover, new suburban residential developments have seen rapidly increasing use of privatization to supplant local government services and taxes. Apartments tend to be concentrated in older, more densely settled urban areas that continue to rely on the property tax, grow more slowly, and depend more on local governments for services. Fiscal zoning, reinforced by fiscal impact analysis and homeowners’ economic self‐interest, has militated against building apartments in growing areas. Given policies that favor homeownership and foster single‐family housing as an investment, market forces will likely work to close the tax rate gap by restricting locally financed services to those who cannot afford to pay for them. Journal: Pages: 45-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:1:p:45-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Immergluck Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck Author-Name: Geoff Smith Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: The external costs of foreclosure: The impact of single‐family mortgage foreclosures on property values Abstract: To measure the impact of foreclosures on nearby property values, we use a database that combines data on 1997 and 1998 foreclosures with data on neighborhood characteristics and more than 9,600 single‐family property transactions in Chicago in 1999. After controlling for some 40 characteristics of properties and their respective neighborhoods, we find that foreclosures of conventional single‐family (one‐ to four‐unit) loans have a significant impact on nearby property values. Our most conservative estimates indicate that each conventional foreclosure within an eighth of a mile of a single‐family home results in a decline of 0.9 percent in value. Cumulatively, this means that, for the entire city of Chicago, the 3,750 foreclosures that occurred in 1997 and 1998 are estimated to have reduced nearby property values by more than $598 million, for an average of $159,000 per foreclosure. This does not include effects on the value of condominiums, multifamily rental properties, and commercial buildings. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 57-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:1:p:57-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Harkness Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Harkness Author-Name: Sandra Newman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Title: Recipients of housing assistance under welfare reform: Trends in employment and welfare participation Abstract: Between 1994 and 2001, the employment of low‐skilled single mothers increased dramatically and the welfare rolls shrank. Did these gains extend to single mothers who received federal housing assistance? This question is important because these women constitute a large, highly disadvantaged group and because housing assistance may work at cross‐purposes to welfare reform by fostering dependency on public support. The prospect of deep cuts in housing programs adds to the timeliness of this research. We find that employment increased as much for single mothers who received housing assistance as for those who did not. Although welfare participation appears to have declined somewhat less for single mothers getting housing assistance, this may be due to inadequate data. Demographic differences do not appear to matter. Gains from increased employment more than offset welfare losses, for an estimated annual net savings of approximately $265 million in government outlays for housing subsidies in 2001. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 81-108 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521562 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:1:p:81-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Boehm Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Boehm Author-Name: Paul Thistle Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Thistle Author-Name: Alan Schlottmann Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Schlottmann Title: Rates and race: An analysis of racial disparities in mortgage rates Abstract: We use a model based on the 1991–2001 American Housing Survey to determine whether differences in mortgage rates among whites, blacks, and Hispanics are due to differences in the property and loan characteristics of the borrowers themselves or to racial differences in how those characteristics are priced into rates. We separate loans into major market categories and present decompositions to assess the differences and distinguish between them. Very little information on mortgage pricing has been generally available to researchers, and the literature that discusses what information there is has not used a scheme that allows rate differences to be classified by characteristics and pricing. We find that significant differentials are more likely in the conventional mortgage market. The largest occur among blacks, who pay a much higher annual percentage rate than whites for both purchases and refinancing. For government‐insured loans, Hispanics do slightly better than whites. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 109-149 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521563 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521563 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:1:p:109-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Stone Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Title: What is housing affordability? The case for the residual income approach Abstract: This article seeks to increase the awareness of and support for the residual income approach to housing affordability indicators and standards, especially in the United States. It begins with an overview of various semantic, substantive, and definitional issues relating to the notion of affordability, leading to an argument supporting the conceptual soundness of the residual income approach. The concept is then briefly set into the historical context of U.S. and British debates on affordability measures. This description is followed by a discussion of two of the principal issues involved in crafting an operational residual income standard: the selection of a normative standard for nonhousing items and the treatment of taxes. The article concludes by considering some of the potential implications of the residual income paradigm for the analysis of housing problems and needs, for housing subsidy policy, and for mortgage underwriting practice. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 151-184 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521564 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521564 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:1:p:151-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rick Nevin Author-X-Name-First: Rick Author-X-Name-Last: Nevin Author-Name: David Jacobs Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobs Title: Windows of opportunity: Lead poisoning prevention, housing affordability, and energy conservation Abstract: We used housing demolition and window replacement rates to forecast prevalence trends for childhood lead poisoning and lead paint hazards from 1990 to 2010 for the President's Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children. The mid‐point of that forecast has now been validated by national blood lead data and the 1998–2000 National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. The validation of the task force model and new analysis of these survey data indicate that window replacement explains a large part of the substantial reduction in lead poisoning that occurred from 1990 to 2000. A public‐private effort to increase window replacement rates could help eliminate childhood lead poisoning by 2010. This effort would also improve home energy efficiency and affordability, in addition to reducing air pollution from power plants, and a broader initiative could reduce other housing‐related health risks as well. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 185-207 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521565 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:1:p:185-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521538 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Title: Can State Review of Local Planning Increase Housing Production? Abstract: To increase housing production and make the distribution of affordable housing more equitable, several states subject local land use planning to review by state agencies or courts. Focusing an empirical analysis on California, this article considers the potential efficacy of these reviews in contributing to the overall supply of housing. Past studies of other intergovernmental mandates suggest that their institutional design helps determine their success. A comparison of four states indicates that approaches differ considerably in how they determine local housing needs, evaluate local efforts prospectively or retrospectively, and penalize noncompliance. California's housing element law, which mandates prospective local planning for quantifiable housing goals, gives state staff the power to review local plans for compliance with statutory requirements. However, multivariate analysis indicates that the compliance status of California municipalities in 1994 did not predict the number of single‐family or multifamily housing permits issued from 1994 to 2000. Journal: Pages: 173-200 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521539 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:173-200 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arthur Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Arthur Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Title: Comment on Paul G. Lewis's “Can state review of local planning increase housing production?” Abstract: Paul G. Lewis finds that California's mandatory housing element does not predict new housing starts. This is unfortunate but not surprising for California. Lewis offers important lessons for all states—lessons that must be heeded before the housing crunch gets worse. This comment highlights the pending housing crunch, embellishes on Lewis's California findings through the lens of hazard mitigation, offers some anecdotal evidence of what appears to be a successful mandatory housing element (Portland, OR), elaborates on lessons we have learned about effective institutional arrangements, and calls on state legislatures to provide more than lip service in meeting the nation's housing needs. Journal: Pages: 201-209 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521540 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:201-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Puentes Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Puentes Title: Comment on Paul G. Lewis's “Can state review of local planning increase housing production?” Abstract: Many are looking to California and its state housing law for advice on how to deal with the affordability challenges affecting many metropolitan areas throughout the nation. It is thus critically important to go beyond the laws themselves and examine how state and municipal governance structure affects affordability, supply, and production. Some states give broad freedom to localities to develop policies that can potentially meet a range of goals and objectives. Others directly undermine those efforts by limiting local ability to pursue policy reforms while simultaneously failing to engage on the state level. The redefinition of federalism on the national level, coupled with continued resistance to growth from some localities, establishes the state as at least an equal partner in dealing with housing supply and affordability issues. Understanding these distinctions is important, and the housing community needs to take them into account as it moves on the state front. Journal: Pages: 211-222 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521541 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:211-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Harkness Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Harkness Author-Name: Sandra Newman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Title: Housing affordability and children's well‐being: Evidence from the national survey of America's families Abstract: Affordability is a major housing problem for many families. However, no research has documented the harmful effects of unaffordable housing on children. It could hurt poor children by restricting the consumption of other basic necessities or stressing parents’ emotional reserves. This article takes a first look at whether poor children living in areas with more affordable housing fare better than their counterparts in less affordable areas. Results suggest that they do. But some models also suggest that the best educational outcomes are found in the most and least affordable housing markets, the latter likely because of unmeasured variables. Affordable housing has a stronger impact on older children than on younger ones, indicating that the effects may be cumulative. Consistent with studies on the effects of income, affordability appears to affect poor children's well‐being primarily through its impact on the material consumption of basic necessities when they are young. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 223-255 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521542 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:223-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nancey Leigh Author-X-Name-First: Nancey Author-X-Name-Last: Leigh Author-Name: Sarah Coffin Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Coffin Title: Modeling the relationship among brownfields, property values, and community revitalization Abstract: The main focus in redeveloping brownfields is on the most marketable properties, typically found in the healthiest urban neighborhoods. As evidenced by the rapid redevelopment that many communities are experiencing, this approach is helping to return brownfields to productive use. Yet not all brownfields are being cleaned up, nor are there enough resources to do so soon. Thus, from the perspective of community revitalization and of economic justice, we need to ask whether it matters which properties in which neighborhoods are receiving these scarce funds. That is, does the existence of brownfields in a neighborhood affect residential property values and capacity for revitalization? To answer these questions, we use hedonic modeling to determine the impact of brownfields on property values in Atlanta and Cleveland. Our results suggest that short‐term economic efficiency is neither the most appropriate nor the only criterion on which to base public investment decisions for remediation. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 257-280 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521543 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521543 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:257-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhu Di Author-X-Name-First: Zhu Author-X-Name-Last: Di Title: Does housing wealth contribute to or temper the widening wealth gap in America? Abstract: Does housing help to increase or temper the widening gap in the distribution of wealth? Paradoxically, it may do both. Housing wealth is still the cornerstone of household wealth, and homeowners hold almost all of the nation's wealth. The uneven distribution of household net wealth is worsening, even though housing helped homeowners increase net wealth during the last recession. Because housing wealth is more balanced than other types of wealth and home equity is more important to low‐income and minority households, it helps create a more egalitarian overall distribution of wealth. This article demonstrates that the relationship between housing wealth and the distribution of household net wealth and other types of wealth is significant and should be included in the criteria that frame future debates on housing policy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 281-296 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521544 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:2:p:281-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Author-Name: Lei Ding Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Ding Title: The Past, Present, and Future of the Community Reinvestment Act Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1665838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1665838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:1:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin A. Park Author-X-Name-First: Kevin A. Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Roberto G. Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto G. Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Title: Who Lends Beyond the Red Line? The Community Reinvestment Act and the Legacy of Redlining Abstract: Redlining occurs when financial institutions refuse to serve particular neighborhoods, often based on their racial and ethnic composition. Maps like those infamously created by the New Deal’s Home Owners’ Loan Corporation in the Great Depression rated and color-coded neighborhoods, assigning red to those considered the greatest credit risk. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) was passed in 1977 to combat the legacy and practice of redlining. However, we find neighborhoods rated declining or hazardous in the 1930s are still associated with worse economic conditions eight decades later. Moreover, although we find evidence that CRA encourages local banks and thrifts to lend to lower income borrowers, we find no difference in the market share of CRA-regulated lenders in lower income neighborhoods. In fact, these institutions lag the market in historically redlined neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 4-26 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1665839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1665839 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:1:p:4-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lei Ding Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Ding Author-Name: Carolina K. Reid Author-X-Name-First: Carolina K. Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Title: The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) and Bank Branching Patterns Abstract: This article examines the relationship between the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) and bank branching patterns, measured by the risk of branch closure and the net loss of branches at the neighborhood level, in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Between 2009 and 2017, there was a larger decline in the number of bank branches in lower income neighborhoods than in more affluent ones, raising concerns about access to mainstream financial services. Once we control for supply and demand factors that influence bank branching decisions, we find evidence that the CRA is associated with a lower risk of branch closure, and that the effects are stronger for neighborhoods with fewer branches, for larger banks, and for major metropolitan areas. The CRA also reduces the risk of net bank losses in lower income neighborhoods. The evidence from our analysis is consistent with the notion that the CRA helps banks meet the credit needs of underserved communities and populations by ensuring the continued presence of brick-and-mortar branches. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 27-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1665836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1665836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:1:p:27-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Calem Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Calem Author-Name: Lauren Lambie-Hanson Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: Lambie-Hanson Author-Name: Susan Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Title: Is the Community Reinvestment Act Still Relevant to Mortgage Lending? Abstract: The market share of conforming-size, home purchase mortgage originations has shifted from banking institutions to nonbank lenders. In 2017, nonbanks originated more than 1.8 million purchase mortgages (53% of the market), compared with 1.4 million by banks. Nonbanks originated 30% of purchase-money mortgages in 2000 and 24% in 2007. Does the declining role of banking institutions imply that the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) is becoming less relevant to mortgage lending, since only they are subject to the requirements of the CRA? We address this question by exploring the changing composition of home purchase mortgage originations since 2000. We focus on the share of FHA and conforming-sized conventional loans to low- or moderate-income (LMI) households or to finance properties in LMI neighborhoods, and provide a more detailed examination of shifts in market composition than previous studies. Our analysis suggests that the CRA continues to be relevant to maintaining broad access to mortgage credit. We find that the overall share of loans to LMI borrowers has decreased compared with pre-2004, which we view as a reasonable benchmark period. However, this decrease has mostly been offset by an increased share to borrowers (broadly distributed by income) purchasing properties in LMI neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 46-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1665831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1665831 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:1:p:46-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carolina K. Reid Author-X-Name-First: Carolina K. Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Title: Quantitative Performance Metrics for the Community Reinvestment Act: How Much Reinvestment Is Enough? Abstract: Since the passage of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) in 1977, regulators have grappled with the question of how best to evaluate a bank’s performance in meeting the credit needs of its communities. This article contributes to the debate on how to determine a bank’s CRA rating by presenting an analysis of which activities are currently reported as fulfilling a bank’s CRA obligation. Using data on mortgage, small business, and community development lending, investment, and service activities from performance evaluations (PEs) released in 2011 and 2016 for all banks in California, the article answers three questions. First, what are the inconsistencies in what is reported across PEs, and how do they complicate efforts to develop a single metric of CRA activities? Second, how do banks’ CRA-motivated loans and investments vary by markets and economic cycles? Third, to what extent are these loans and investments aligned with the intent of CRA? The results suggest that regulators should focus on reorienting the exam toward giving credit for the loans and investments that promote community development, rather than moving to a single metric based on dollar volumes that could incentivize banks to do less—or even worse, to do harm. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 61-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1666552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1666552 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:1:p:61-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurie Goodman Author-X-Name-First: Laurie Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman Author-Name: Jun Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Author-Name: John Walsh Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Walsh Title: The Community Reinvestment Act: What Do We Know, and What Do We Need to Know? Abstract: The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) was enacted in 1977 to encourage depository institutions to meet the credit needs of their communities. In 2018, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency put out an advance notice of proposed rulemaking to gather feedback on how the CRA could be modernized. The 1,485 comment letters make clear there is no consensus on what modernization means. We argue that any revision of the regulations would be more effective if it had strong grounding in facts about current CRA lending. Using 2016 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data and 2016 Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council loan files, we assess what we know about CRA lending from existing data sources and what we could analyze if we had more data and increased transparency on the data that are already collected. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 83-100 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1665837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1665837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:1:p:83-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Willis Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Willis Title: Updating the Community Reinvestment Act Geography: It’s Not Just About Assessment Areas Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 101-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1665833 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1665833 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:1:p:101-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lawrence J. White Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence J. Author-X-Name-Last: White Title: The Community Reinvestment Act at 40: Why Is It Still Necessary to Lean on Banks? Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 110-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1665832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1665832 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:1:p:110-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael S. Barr Author-X-Name-First: Michael S. Author-X-Name-Last: Barr Title: Concluding Observations on Community Reinvestment Act Reform Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 116-119 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1665835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1665835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:1:p:116-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Author-Name: John Landis Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Landis Title: The Future of U.S. Housing Policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1530505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1530505 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Landis Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Landis Author-Name: Vincent Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Title: Eleven Ways Demographic and Economic Change Is Reframing American Housing Policy Abstract: In this article we identify 11 contemporary housing market and policy trends that will frame the next 10 years of federal housing policy. In each case, we review the relevant numbers before summarizing the policy issues raised by those realities. In some cases, these issues prompt specific policy recommendations. In other cases, they point to the need for greater research and debate. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 4-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1492739 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1492739 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:4-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra J. Newman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra J. Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Title: Affordable Rental Housing Policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 22-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506393 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:22-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vicki Been Author-X-Name-First: Vicki Author-X-Name-Last: Been Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Author-Name: Katherine O’Regan Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: O’Regan Title: Supply Skepticism: Housing Supply and Affordability Abstract: Growing numbers of affordable housing advocates and community members are questioning the premise that increasing the supply of market-rate housing will result in housing that is more affordable. Economists and other experts who favor increases in supply have failed to take these supply skeptics seriously. But left unanswered, supply skepticism is likely to continue to feed local opposition to housing construction, and further increase the prevalence and intensity of land-use regulations that limit construction. This article is meant to bridge the divide, addressing each of the key arguments supply skeptics make and reviewing what research has shown about housing supply and its effect on affordability. We ultimately conclude, from both theory and empirical evidence, that adding new homes moderates price increases and therefore makes housing more affordable to low- and moderate-income families. We argue further that there are additional reasons to be concerned about inadequate supply response and assess the evidence on those effects of limiting supply, including preventing workers from moving to areas with growing job opportunities. Finally, we conclude by emphasizing that new market-rate housing is necessary but not sufficient. Government intervention is critical to ensure that supply is added at prices affordable to a range of incomes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 25-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1476899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1476899 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:25-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen Author-X-Name-First: Paavo Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen Title: The Elephant in the Zoning Code: Single Family Zoning in the Housing Supply Discussion Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 41-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506392 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:41-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Author-Name: Arthur Acolin Author-X-Name-First: Arthur Author-X-Name-Last: Acolin Author-Name: Raphael W. Bostic Author-X-Name-First: Raphael W. Author-X-Name-Last: Bostic Title: Section 8 Vouchers and Rent Limits: Do Small Area Fair Market Rent Limits Increase Access to Opportunity Neighborhoods? An Early Evaluation Abstract: One critique of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)’s Housing Choice Voucher program is that its maximum rent limit is set at the metropolitan level, making more expensive neighborhoods effectively off limits to households who receive rental assistance. As a result, the design of the program limits a voucher household’s access to opportunity neighborhood. In response, HUD created the Small Area Fair Market Rent (SAFMR) demonstration program, which calculates the maximum voucher rent at the zip code level so that HUD’s rent limits more closely align with local neighborhood rents. In theory, this program should improve a voucher household’s choice set and location outcomes. Looking at changes in the location of beneficiaries in the six sites that participated in the SAFMR demonstration program, we find a significant amount of regional variation in the results. Specifically, introduction of the SAFMR rent calculations results in voucher households living in higher opportunity neighborhoods in Dallas, Texas, in lower opportunity neighborhoods in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and mixed effects in other areas. These mixed results highlight some of the potential incremental benefits of the program and reinforce the importance of viewing this policy over a longer period of time, and in the context of other constraints voucher households face in accessing neighborhood opportunity. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 44-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1476897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1476897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:44-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Title: Necessary But Not Sufficient: Small Area Fair Market Rents and Voucher Access to Neighborhoods Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 62-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506396 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506396 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:62-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Title: What Should Be the Future of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program? Abstract: This research examines the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) developments in metropolitan areas nationwide. The results indicate that the LIHTC program contributes to the spatial concentration of poverty as well as of racial and ethnic minorities. The program is not promoting mixed-income housing. The program is serving an income category with very little need for additional units and is not serving those with a need. Finally, the program is increasing the rental housing stock in soft markets and failing to increase the supply in tight ones. It is recommended that states adopt allocation standards that would deconcentrate poverty and affirmatively further fair housing. The benefits of the program should be reconfigured to promote mixed-income housing. The LIHTC program should permit states to exchange tax-credit authority for vouchers, to better serve the poorest households. The program should exercise greater rigor in market analysis so that new units are added only in tight markets and deteriorated units are rehabilitated elsewhere. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 65-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1469526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1469526 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:65-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carolina K. Reid Author-X-Name-First: Carolina K. Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Title: Should We Fix What’s Not Broken? Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 82-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506394 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506394 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:82-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justin Steil Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Steil Author-Name: Nicholas Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Title: The Fairest of Them All: Analyzing Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing Compliance Abstract: The Department of Housing and Urban Development’s 2015 Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing Rule requires municipalities to formulate new plans to address obstacles to fair housing and disparities in access to opportunity. Although the rule provides a more rigorous structure for plan compliance than previously, as a form of metaregulation, it still gives substantial flexibility to localities. Are municipalities creating more robust fair housing plans under the new rule, and what types of municipalities are creating more rigorous goals? Analyzing the plans filed thus far, we find that municipalities propose significantly more robust goals under the new rule than they did previously. Local capacity is positively correlated with goals containing measurable objectives or new policies. Measures of local motivation are positively associated with goals that enhance household mobility or propose place-based investments. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 85-105 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1469527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1469527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:85-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Goetz Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz Title: The Fairest of Them All Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 106-107 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:106-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arthur Acolin Author-X-Name-First: Arthur Author-X-Name-Last: Acolin Author-Name: Laurie Goodman Author-X-Name-First: Laurie Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman Author-Name: Susan M. Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Title: Accessing Homeownership With Credit Constraints Abstract: The tightening of mortgage credit in the aftermath of the global financial crisis has been identified as a factor in the decline of homeownership in the United States to 50-year lows. In this article, we review findings about the role of borrowing constraints and tightened credit in lowering access to homeownership. We also discuss how institutional changes could hinder or support this access going forward. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 108-125 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1452042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1452042 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:108-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dowell Myers Author-X-Name-First: Dowell Author-X-Name-Last: Myers Author-Name: Gary Painter Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Painter Author-Name: Julie Zissimopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Zissimopoulos Author-Name: Hyojung Lee Author-X-Name-First: Hyojung Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Johanna Thunell Author-X-Name-First: Johanna Author-X-Name-Last: Thunell Title: Simulating the Change in Young Adult Homeownership Through 2035: Effects of Growing Diversity and Rising Educational Attainment Abstract: In this article we highlight the scope of public policy and demographic change for the future path of homeownership. In so doing, we review the literature on the scope of impact of certain policy tools, estimate housing tenure choice models that highlight how sensitive households are to various factors in different time periods to highlight how credit conditions can influence the future path of homeownership, and then simulate the future paths of homeownership in light of prospective changes in young-adult race/ethnicity, education, income, and wealth. The study focuses on prospective changes between 2015 and 2035 to the rate of homeownership among young adults age 25 to 44, prime ages for first-time homebuying. We find that rising education levels—even if minority-white college education gaps were eliminated completely—would only partially reverse the steep declines in young-adult homeownership attainment witnessed since the onset of the housing bust. However, our findings also suggest that the common narrative, which predicts that young-adult homeownership rates will inevitably decline due to increasing racial/ethnic diversity, does not take into account the positive effect of rising educational attainment among minorities on homeownership rates. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 126-142 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1452045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1452045 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:126-142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher E. Herbert Author-X-Name-First: Christopher E. Author-X-Name-Last: Herbert Title: Realizing the Potential for Increased Educational Attainment to Support Higher Homeownership Rates Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 143-145 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:143-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akira Drake Rodriguez Author-X-Name-First: Akira Drake Author-X-Name-Last: Rodriguez Title: Housing Preservation as a Means Toward Social Justice Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 146-147 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506395 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:146-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathryn L. Howell Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn L. Author-X-Name-Last: Howell Author-Name: Elizabeth J. Mueller Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller Author-Name: Barbara Brown Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Brown Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: One Size Fits None: Local Context and Planning for the Preservation of Affordable Housing Abstract: Affordable housing stock has diminished as communities face often-conflicting contexts of rising costs and rapid gentrification, and deteriorating housing quality and challenging neighborhood conditions. Research has focused on the loss of subsidized housing, typically in gentrifying neighborhoods. Yet efforts to prevent the loss of affordable housing encompass the broader range of conditions faced across cities. Cities with declining markets may lose units because of a lack of investment in maintenance and/or oversight of conditions Market-affordable housing represents more than three times the number of units of subsidized stock. In this article, we examine the cases of Chicago, Illinois, Washington, DC, and Austin, Texas, to better understand the role of local markets, community conditions, and governance structures in framing the need and developing plans and policies for preservation. We find that preservation policies must be nested within the local context to be effective, responsive, and efficient. Success requires the collaboration of multiple city- and state-level agencies, and must be based on local knowledge and understanding of the market and community at multiple scales. Moreover, through the development of local sources of data and funding, local organizations and agencies shape the mechanisms, focus, and scale of the policies developed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 148-165 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1476896 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1476896 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:148-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly L. Kinahan Author-X-Name-First: Kelly L. Author-X-Name-Last: Kinahan Title: The Neighborhood Effects of Federal Historic Tax Credits in Six Legacy Cities Abstract: Since the program’s inception in 1976, the Federal Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credit (RTC) has supported more than 42,000 projects and $84 billion of rehabilitation work. Through 2016, this tax incentive created or retained nearly 550,000 housing units. Despite its role as an important housing redevelopment incentive, the effects of Historic Tax Credit projects on neighborhood change are largely unknown. This research uses data from Federal Historic Tax Credit projects between 1998 and 2010 to examine the neighborhood-level effects of these investments in six legacy cities (Baltimore, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Providence, Richmond, and St. Louis). The difference-in-differences regression model reveals minimal significant changes in socioeconomic characteristics and no significant changes in racial or housing composition. Although neighborhood change is limited overall, RTC housing activity does significantly increase median household income. There is also evidence of significant increases in the share of low-income households where the RTC creates or rehabilitates affordable units. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 166-180 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1452043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1452043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:166-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian J. McCabe Author-X-Name-First: Brian J. Author-X-Name-Last: McCabe Title: Protecting Neighborhoods or Priming Them for Gentrification? Historic Preservation, Housing, and Neighborhood Change Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 181-183 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:181-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chenoa A. Flippen Author-X-Name-First: Chenoa A. Author-X-Name-Last: Flippen Title: Toward Research-Driven Policies on Neighborhood Change Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 184-185 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:184-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew J. Greenlee Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Greenlee Title: Assessing the Intersection of Neighborhood Change and Residential Mobility Pathways for the Chicago Metropolitan Area (2006–2015) Abstract: Residential mobility processes remain largely a black box for housing policy researchers. Whereas neighborhood sociodemographic indicators provide insight into the types of push and pull factors that are associated with residential mobility, connecting the behavior of individual households to patterns of neighborhood change remains a challenge. At the same time, displacement and replacement are core tenets of theorized neighborhood change processes. Using household-level longitudinal data on residential location choice for Cook County, Illinois, this article connects residential mobility flows to origin and destination neighborhood change trajectories. This approach highlights the ways in which income plays an important role in mediating flows between neighborhood change types, as well as the neighborhood change dynamics experienced by nonmovers. Findings from this work are particularly important for engaging with longstanding housing policy concerns—namely, how to balance organic processes of neighborhood change with the need for stability. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 186-212 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1476898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1476898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:186-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefanie DeLuca Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: DeLuca Title: Residential Mobility and Neighborhood Change in Chicago Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 213-216 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1524447 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1524447 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:213-216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George C. Galster Author-X-Name-First: George C. Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Title: Neighborhoods and National Housing Policy: Toward Circumscribed, Neighborhood-Sensitive Reforms Abstract: This article provides a holistic analysis of why and how federal assisted housing policy (specifically, public housing, Low-Income Housing Tax Credit [LIHTC], and voucher programs) should be reformed in ways that would be more conducive to socially desirable outcomes at the neighborhood level. First, I argue that past research has documented mutually causal interrelationships between assisted housing policy and neighborhoods that have been couched as having negative connotations for both. Second, I argue that there is there a rationale on grounds of both efficiency and equity for altering assisted housing policy so it would encourage the creation and preservation of neighborhoods that are physically of good quality and economically diverse. Third, I advocate a circumspect menu of programmatic reforms that would be gradualist, option enhancing, and relatively budget neutral, yet would garner these positive impacts. As overarching reforms, I propose regional housing institution-building, fair housing law revisions, impaction standards, and diversity incentives built into Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing. As reforms to site-based assistance programs, I propose: a new formula for disbursing LIHTC, to repeal and replace the Qualified Census Tract bonus, diversification/preservation incentives for existing assisted private developments, and preserving assisted housing in revitalizing neighborhoods. As reforms to tenant-based assistance programs, I propose: Small Area Fair Market Rents, premove and postmove mobility counseling, ancillary family supports postmove, reducing barriers to lease-up, and diversification incentives in U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development regulations. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 217-231 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1452044 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1452044 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:217-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael C. Lens Author-X-Name-First: Michael C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lens Title: Bolster the Strength of States in Housing Policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 232-234 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506390 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:1:p:232-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lan Deng Author-X-Name-First: Lan Author-X-Name-Last: Deng Author-Name: Eric Seymour Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Seymour Author-Name: Margaret Dewar Author-X-Name-First: Margaret Author-X-Name-Last: Dewar Author-Name: June Manning Thomas Author-X-Name-First: June Author-X-Name-Last: Manning Thomas Title: Saving Strong Neighborhoods From the Destruction of Mortgage Foreclosures: The Impact of Community-Based Efforts in Detroit, Michigan Abstract: Mortgage foreclosures hit Detroit, Michigan hard between 2005 and 2014, especially in what we define as strong neighborhoods; there, more than one third of homes experienced foreclosure. Before the crisis hit, these selected tracts had largely intact physical environments and higher owner occupancy, household income and property value than the citywide median. In some of them residents worked intensely to abate the neighborhood effects of mortgage foreclosures. This study examines those efforts’ effectiveness. We selected neighborhoods with the most extensive efforts, as measured, for instance, by creation of community-based plans and applications for grants, and we conducted interviews and field observations to examine those efforts. To assess strengthening of neighborhood housing markets, we applied a modified adjusted interrupted time-series approach to evaluate changes in prices as one measure of neighborhood change. We found that strong resident initiative supported by community development organizations and external assistance led to increased neighborhood housing prices, compared with comparable neighborhoods. However, when initiative, context, and support were weaker, community-based efforts could not prevent considerable decline. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 153-179 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1331366 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1331366 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:2:p:153-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Palm Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Palm Author-Name: Deb Niemeier Author-X-Name-First: Deb Author-X-Name-Last: Niemeier Title: Does Placing Affordable Housing Near Rail Raise Development Costs? Evidence From California’s Four Largest Metropolitan Planning Organizations Abstract: California spent over a billion dollars supporting the construction of subsidized affordable housing in rail-adjacent neighborhoods through its transit-oriented development program. We test whether placing affordable housing close to rail or in jobs-rich communities increases development costs on a per-unit basis. We constructed budget and land-use data for nearly 500 tax credit-financed affordable housing sites which applied for tax credits in the state between 2008 and 2016. Through hedonic cost modeling and spatially lagged regression, we fail to find a significant effect of proximity to rail on development costs. Only by interacting proximity to transit with a project being higher than four stories do our models yield a significant effect of 8% higher total development costs. But in these models, a negative 16% interaction term suggests this cost impact is completely absorbed by developers by building above four stories. Beyond this, we find that only jobs–housing balance correlates significantly with per-unit development costs: as the number of jobs relative to housing within a five-mile radius of a site increases by 1, per-unit development costs increases by a mere 5%, on average. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 180-198 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1331367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1331367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:2:p:180-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Danya E. Keene Author-X-Name-First: Danya E. Author-X-Name-Last: Keene Author-Name: Alana Rosenberg Author-X-Name-First: Alana Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenberg Author-Name: Penelope Schlesinger Author-X-Name-First: Penelope Author-X-Name-Last: Schlesinger Author-Name: Monica Guo Author-X-Name-First: Monica Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Author-Name: Kim M. Blankenship Author-X-Name-First: Kim M. Author-X-Name-Last: Blankenship Title: Navigating Limited and Uncertain Access to Subsidized Housing After Prison Abstract: An emerging literature has documented the challenges that formerly incarcerated individuals face in securing stable housing. Given the increasingly unaffordable rental market, rental subsidies represent an important and understudied source of stable housing for this population. The existing literature has described substantial discretion and a varied policy landscape that determine former prisoners’ access to housing subsidies, or subsidized housing spaces that are leased to members of their social and family networks. Less is known about how former prisoners themselves interpret and navigate this limited and uncertain access to subsidized housing. Drawing on data from repeated qualitative interviews with 44 former prisoners, we describe the creative and often labor-intensive strategies that participants employed to navigate discretion and better position themselves for subsidized housing that was in high demand, but also largely out of reach. Our findings also illustrate the potential costs associated with these strategies for both participants and members of their social and family networks. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 199-214 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1336638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1336638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:2:p:199-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob William Faber Author-X-Name-First: Jacob William Author-X-Name-Last: Faber Title: Segregation and the Geography of Creditworthiness: Racial Inequality in a Recovered Mortgage Market Abstract: The subprime boom and subsequent foreclosure crisis highlighted risk associated with pursuit of the American Dream of homeownership. People of color and those living in segregated areas were particularly harmed by the dramatic rise and fall of the housing market. Almost a decade after the economy’s collapse, questions remain about racial and spatial disparities in access to mortgage credit. I leverage Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data to explore mortgage application outcomes in 2014. Well into the economy’s recovery, minority borrowers remained at a disadvantage in the mortgage approval process. Whereas 71% of White applicants were approved for home loans, approval rates were lower for Asians (68%), Latinos (63%), and Blacks (54%). Black and Latino borrowers were also significantly more likely to receive higher cost loans than Whites, a practice that has accelerated since the foreclosure crisis. Results suggest that segregation exacerbated racial disparities as lenders funneled expensive credit into isolated minority communities. Furthermore, the differences between White and minority outcomes were largest in census tracts where subprime lending was common in 2006 and foreclosures accumulated during the Great Recession. Together, these findings indicate how spatially organized markets have racialized consequences in a highly segregated society. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 215-247 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1341944 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1341944 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:2:p:215-247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Debra L. Brucker Author-X-Name-First: Debra L. Author-X-Name-Last: Brucker Author-Name: Veronica Helms Author-X-Name-First: Veronica Author-X-Name-Last: Helms Author-Name: Teresa Souza Author-X-Name-First: Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Souza Title: Health and Health Services Access Among Adults With Disabilities Who Receive Federal Housing Assistance Abstract: Using newly available U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) administrative data linked with National Health Interview Survey data, this study estimates the prevalence of disability among HUD-assisted adults and examines health disparities for this population. The linked data suggest a much higher prevalence of disability among HUD-assisted adults than previously suggested by HUD administrative data. Controlling for individual characteristics and HUD program type, assisted-housing residents who have disabilities experienced higher rates of self-reported fair or poor health, asthma, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and cigarette smoking. Adults with disabilities had more frequent use of emergency rooms and increased concerns with affording the necessary health care. HUD-assisted adult residents with disabilities were more likely than residents without disabilities to be connected to the health-care system, having higher rates of insurance coverage and more frequent contact with specialists, general doctors, and mental health-care providers. Policy implications are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 248-266 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1357048 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1357048 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:2:p:248-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John L. Ligon Author-X-Name-First: John L. Author-X-Name-Last: Ligon Title: A Contrarian View on the Influence Fannie Mae’s Housing Research Had During the 1990s to Reset Policy and Remake Cities Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 320-323 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1358967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1358967 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:2:p:320-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Listokin Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Listokin Title: Fannie Mae and Other Influences on Housing Policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 317-319 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1358968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1358968 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:2:p:317-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas J. Marantz Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Marantz Author-Name: Harya S. Dillon Author-X-Name-First: Harya S. Author-X-Name-Last: Dillon Title: Do State Affordable Housing Appeals Systems Backfire? A Natural Experiment Abstract: Several U.S. states have supplemented traditional judicial review of local land-use regulation with a state affordable housing appeals system (SAHAS). Empirical evidence indicates that a SAHAS can increase the proportion of housing that is affordable to low- and moderate-income households. But some scholars have suggested that an effective SAHAS will ultimately backfire, by producing incentives to prohibit market-rate development, thereby rendering a state’s housing stock less affordable overall. We test this “backfire” hypothesis with a longitudinal comparison of single-family housing development from 1980 through 2007 in municipalities located in adjacent areas of Connecticut (which adopted a SAHAS in 1989) and New York State (which did not have a SAHAS during the study period). Contrary to the predictions of the backfire hypothesis, our fixed effects regression indicates that Connecticut's SAHAS was associated with increased single-family development relative to the New York State jurisdictions in our sample. This result suggests that a SAHAS can increase below-market rate and mixed-income development without impeding market-rate development. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 267-284 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1362021 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1362021 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:2:p:267-284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne K. Rufa Author-X-Name-First: Anne K. Author-X-Name-Last: Rufa Author-Name: Patrick J. Fowler Author-X-Name-First: Patrick J. Author-X-Name-Last: Fowler Title: Housing Decisions Among Homeless Families Involved in the Child Welfare System Abstract: The present study embedded a qualitative substudy within a randomized controlled trial of housing services for child welfare-involved families to examine housing decisions made in the face of homelessness and child protection. Participants included a representative sample of caregivers (n = 19) randomized to receive the Family Unification Program—a permanent housing intervention for inadequately housed families under investigation for child abuse or neglect—or child welfare services as usual. Qualitative interviews 12 months after randomization assessed housing decision-making processes involved in keeping families safe and stable. Results indicated a push–pull dynamic that constrained housing choices regardless of whether permanent housing was made available. Caregiver housing decisions were constrained by time limitations, affordability, and access to services, whereas child and family safety was perceived as less important. Findings emphasize the need for housing-informed child welfare services to ensure the long-term safety of children in families experiencing homelessness. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 285-298 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1365256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1365256 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:2:p:285-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karen A. Danielsen Author-X-Name-First: Karen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Danielsen Author-Name: Robert E. Lang Author-X-Name-First: Robert E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lang Title: Confronting Urban Crisis and Opportunity in the 1990s: An Insiders’ View on How Fannie Mae’s Housing Research Helped Reset Policy and Remade Cities Abstract: In response to the urban crisis of the early 1990s, the government-sponsored enterprise known as Fannie Mae used what would become the Annual Housing Conference (AHC) to influence urban and housing policy. This article traces the history of the AHC in relation to Housing Policy Debate as part of a concerted effort of Fannie Mae to invest in and upgrade the quality of urban and housing policy research during the 1990s. The impact of these conferences on the policy community in universities, Washington DC, the states, and indeed the world is analyzed by highlighting some of work that came out of the more influential conferences including the 1991 Homeless Conference, the 1994 Access to Opportunity Conference, and the 1997 Social Capital Conference. The article is concluded with an appraisal of the AHC’s legacy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 299-316 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1372333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1372333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:2:p:299-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 1-2 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521465 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521465 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:1-2:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Rohe Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe Author-Name: Rachel Bratt Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Bratt Title: Failures, downsizings, and mergers among community development corporations Abstract: Over the past 30 years, community development corporations (CDCs) have become increasingly important actors in low‐ and moderate‐income communities. One prominent view of CDCs is that they have experienced uninterrupted growth since the 1970s. Despite their growth and productivity, however, many are facing serious challenges to their continued viability. When confronted by such challenges, CDCs are likely to respond in one of three ways: go out of business, downsize, or merge with one or more other groups. The major goal of this research was to assess the causes of these failures, downsizings, and mergers. First, we found that these changes do not appear to be isolated instances; rather, they are prevalent across the country. Second, we identified a number of contextual and organizational factors leading to CDC failures, downsizings, and mergers. Finally we suggest a series of actions CDCs, support communities, and policy makers can take in response. Journal: Pages: 1-46 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521466 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:1-2:p:1-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Randy Stoecker Author-X-Name-First: Randy Author-X-Name-Last: Stoecker Title: Comment on William M. Rohe and Rachel G. Bratt's “failures, downsizings, and mergers among community development corporations”: Defending community development corporations or defending communities? Abstract: An overemphasis on preserving community development corporations (CDCs) may confuse the ends with the means. The end is empowered, self‐sustaining communities of place and identity. CDCs are one means of trying to get there, and there are many communities in which CDCs are helpful, and, indeed, empowering. However, the trends we are seeing—failures, downsizings, and mergers—may tell us that it is time to look for alternatives to CDCs. If we truly care about poor communities, those of us with the resources to find the best community development models should be searching for them. We do not have good data to show whether community organizing is a better strategy than CDCs for achieving community development, but it is a strategy that merits exploration. Journal: Pages: 47-56 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521467 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:1-2:p:47-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Piana Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Piana Title: Comment on William M. Rohe and Rachel G. Bratt's “Failures, downsizings, and mergers among community development corporations”: Merger does not mean failure Abstract: In response to the article by Rohe and Bratt in which mergers among community development corporations (CDCs) were viewed as one type of response to organizational “failures,” this comment makes the case that many nonprofit mergers arise from a variety of motivations other than organizational crisis. Mergers are increasingly strategic partnerships in which two or more nonprofits seek mutual advantages, such as a larger market share, better access to capital, and other longer‐term goals. Mergers are most successful when relatively strong organizations analyze their circumstances and determine that they can best advance their missions through working together. A merger has limited utility in saving an organization in crisis. Rather, it is a tool for advancing the missions of different organizations by combining their strengths. The relationship is best entered into freely, after a great deal of consideration, and with reasonable expectations for both the work ahead and the potential payoff. Journal: Pages: 57-68 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:1-2:p:57-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy Helling Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Helling Author-Name: David Sawicki Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Sawicki Title: Race and residential accessibility to shopping and services Abstract: Predominantly black, upper‐income census tracts in the 10‐county Atlanta region have lower accessibility to certain personal consumption opportunities than comparable white tracts do; black residents are more likely to have to leave their neighborhoods to eat out (other than at fast food restaurants), grocery shop, or see movies. Accessibility is calculated as a function of travel time to providers of local goods and services. Such accessibility is a desirable attribute and contributes to neighborhood quality and housing value. We find that differences in residential accessibility to shopping and services by race are not explained by income differences, but could result from real differences in consumption patterns, though these are more likely due to demographic differences between black and white populations of comparable incomes; inaccurate information on neighborhood attributes and personal consumption preferences; or racially biased business decisions. We conclude by summarizing the policy implications of our findings. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 69-101 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521469 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:1-2:p:69-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lance Freeman Author-X-Name-First: Lance Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Title: The impact of assisted housing developments on concentrated poverty Abstract: The common wisdom is that assisted housing developments have both a direct and an indirect impact on concentrated poverty. The indirect effects are based on the notion that the negative stereotypes associated with such developments spill over into the surrounding neighborhoods, causing people who can leave to do so or avoid the neighborhood and leaving behind only the more disadvantaged segments of society. An increase in concentrated poverty in the neighborhood surrounding the development results. Prior studies, relying on aggregated data, are consistent with this thesis. The overwhelming majority of the statistical models in my study, however, found these relationships to be spurious. Once individual and macrolevel characteristics were controlled for, the relationships disappeared. These findings imply that assisted housing developments will not typically contribute to concentration of poverty in surrounding neighborhoods and suggest that much of the negative reaction to assisted housing developments is unwarranted. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 103-141 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521470 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:1-2:p:103-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victoria Basolo Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Basolo Title: Local response to federal changes in the housing voucher program: A case study of intraregional cooperation Abstract: The desire to increase residential choice for Section 8 voucher clients resulted in the adoption of portability by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Portability allows voucher holders to move between the jurisdictions of local housing authorities (HAs). InterHA cooperation could ease the administrative and financial burdens imposed by portability and improve service to voucher recipients. However, voluntary regional cooperation is rare. This article presents a case study of a successful, voluntary, intraregional cooperative agreement among HAs. Theoretical and empirical analyses suggest that a cooperative agreement is more likely to develop voluntarily if two conditions are present: rational self‐interest and shared norms and trust among the managers. Agreements can ease the burdens associated with portability, but it is important for the parties to regularly assess implementation issues to ensure the agreement's continuing effectiveness. The article concludes with policy implications based on the findings from this research. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 143-168 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:1-2:p:143-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Weber Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Weber Author-Name: Janet Smith Author-X-Name-First: Janet Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Assets and neighborhoods: The role of individual assets in neighborhood revitalization Abstract: Asset‐building strategies—including individual development accounts, homeownership programs, and microenterprise development—became increasingly popular in the 1990s. Although research has demonstrated how assets produce individual benefits, less is known about the extent to which these benefits induce positive place‐based effects. We develop a model of the relationship between individual asset‐building strategies and neighborhood revitalization in order to inform future empirical work and help ensure that asset accumulation and neighborhood revitalization are mutually reinforcing. Our model emphasizes the conditions and programmatic factors that may encourage and discourage the transfer of benefits from individuals to neighborhoods. Examples from case studies of four community‐based organizations suggest that the likelihood of neighborhood spillovers may be increased if policies and practices aim to “manage” the returns from the individual asset, retain asset holders, provide reinvestment conduits, track local purchasing power, and create additional opportunities for collective action. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 169-202 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:1-2:p:169-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Evan McKenzie Author-X-Name-First: Evan Author-X-Name-Last: McKenzie Title: Common‐interest housing in the communities of tomorrow Abstract: This article offers a broad conceptual framework for understanding the rise of common‐interest housing developments (CIDs), including gated communities, townhouse and condominium projects, and other planned communities. The article begins by describing the CID as an institution and the essential characteristics and varieties of CIDs. Second, the rapid spread of CIDs is attributed to the incentives currently operating on real estate developers, municipal governments, and consumers. Third, this institution is placed in the context of definitions of public and private, and the categories of state, market, and civil society. The article then presents the eight different “big‐picture” interpretations of this overall phenomenon that could inform the public policy framework within which CIDs are situated. They can be seen as an imperfectly realized version of the “rational choice” or “public choice” model, and reform efforts should be aimed at making choice mechanisms more effective. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 203-234 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 14 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2003.9521473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:1-2:p:203-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Author-Name: Anna Maria Santiago Author-X-Name-First: Anna Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Santiago Title: Do Neighborhood Effects on Low-Income Minority Children Depend on Their Age? Evidence From a Public Housing Natural Experiment Abstract: We analyze data from a natural experiment involving Denver public housing that quasirandomly assigns low-income Latino and African American youth to neighborhoods. Intent-to-treat and treatment-on-treated models reveal substantial effects of neighborhood socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and safety domains on youth and young adult educational, employment, and fertility outcomes. Effects are contingent on when a youth was first assigned to public housing and the neighborhood characteristic in question. Benefits from neighbors of higher occupational prestige are stronger if a child begins experiencing them at a younger age, whereas negative consequences of neighborhood crime are only manifested for teens. Neighborhood effect sizes apparently depend on the interaction among exposure duration, disruption effects of mobility, and developmental stage-specific differences in vulnerability to the given neighborhood effect mechanism operative. Our results hold powerful and provocative implications for where assisted housing should be developed and how applicants should be assigned to neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 584-610 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1254098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1254098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:4:p:584-610 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Hanlon Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Hanlon Title: The Origins of the Rental Assistance Demonstration Program and the End of Public Housing Abstract: The Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) Program is designed to address a $26 billion public housing capital needs backlog. New investment is leveraged by converting public housing to project-based assistance, with ownership transferred to nonprofit and private entities. In other words, RAD is expediting the end of the country’s 80-year-old public housing program. While this may seem like a dramatic policy shift, there is actually little about RAD that is new. This investigation of RAD’s origins reveals it to be the coalescence of existing programs, established policies, and longstanding trends multiple decades in the making. This in turn helps explain why RAD has expanded so quickly and why its expansion is likely to continue. There exists a great need for more research on and monitoring of RAD’s implementation, and for a reassessment of the policy priorities that produced both the program itself and the problem it attempts to solve. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 611-639 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1262445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1262445 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:4:p:611-639 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Author-Name: Mark Miller Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Title: The Characteristics and Unmet Housing Program Needs of Disabled HUD-Assisted Households Abstract: The mismatch between the housing needs of persons with a disability and the housing programs designed to accommodate those needs is an important housing policy concern. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) sponsors several programs designed to improve the housing conditions of persons with a disability, but we know little about the characteristics of persons with a disability, among those receiving federal housing assistance, or the degree to which persons with a disability are served by HUD-sponsored housing programs that are designed to meet the needs of persons with a disability. Our study relies on administrative data from HUD and the U.S. Census Bureau to address this research gap. We find that many persons with a disability are served by HUD-sponsored programs that are not designated for persons with a disability, even when disability accommodations have been requested, and a similarly large share of persons with a disability live in potentially eligible low-income households that do not receive HUD assistance. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 499-518 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1266372 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1266372 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:4:p:499-518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Youngme Seo Author-X-Name-First: Youngme Author-X-Name-Last: Seo Author-Name: Brian Mikelbank Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Mikelbank Title: Spatially and Sequentially Heterogeneous Discounts of Distressed Property Values in Cuyahoga County, Ohio Abstract: One of the most persistent public policy debates is over the aftermath of the foreclosure crisis and its continuing impact on housing markets. Distressed properties – including foreclosure and real estate-owned properties – tend to be sold at much lower prices than nearby comparable properties, often pulling down both surrounding property values and neighborhood morale. Recent findings show that these discounts for distressed properties are associated with various factors, but three important dimensions of these discounts remain relatively unexplored. First among these is the degree of variation in these discounts, even within the same regional market. Second is how discounts vary through the typical sequence of the distressed property transaction cycle. The final factor is the nature by which discounts vary according to the market participants – are the buyers/sellers individuals or institutions? This study examines these major factors affecting discounts, and estimates the spatially and sequentially heterogeneous discounts for distressed properties in the housing submarkets of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Findings indicate that the discounts of distressed properties in the strong and weak submarkets substantially vary based on all three of these previously overlooked factors, yielding a more complex and nuanced housing context for practitioners and policymakers to consider. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 570-583 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1272475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1272475 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:4:p:570-583 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hayden Shelby Author-X-Name-First: Hayden Author-X-Name-Last: Shelby Title: Why Place Really Matters: A Qualitative Approach to Housing Preferences and Neighborhood Effects Abstract: The idea that a person’s neighborhood or zip code can predict his or her life outcomes has motivated a host of housing policies aimed at redressing racial segregation and breaking up areas of concentrated poverty. This article critically examines underlying assumptions about high-poverty neighborhoods that motivate those policies. Using ethnographic methods, I present the location preferences of residents living in a low-income neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio, and show the ways in which their perceptions of their neighborhood run counter to common portrayals. This analysis provides clues as to why the underlying logic of dispersal and mobility may be flawed. I conclude that place matters very much to people living in this neighborhood, just not in the way commonly implied by dispersal and mobility policy advocates. The implication is that stability, rather than mobility, ought to be the focus of more housing discussions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 547-569 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1280691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1280691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:4:p:547-569 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefanie DeLuca Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: DeLuca Author-Name: Peter Rosenblatt Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenblatt Title: Walking Away From : Housing Mobility and Neighborhood Opportunity in Baltimore Abstract: Families using the Housing Choice Voucher Program rarely experience large gains in neighborhood or school quality when compared with unassisted poor renters. Research on housing mobility programs has reached mixed conclusions about whether vouchers can improve neighborhood and school quality, especially in the long term. We revisit these findings using new data from the partial remedy to the Thompson v. HUD desegregation case in Baltimore, known as the Baltimore Housing Mobility Program (BHMP). Through targeted vouchers, intensive counseling and innovative policy features, the BHMP helped families move to low-poverty, nonsegregated neighborhoods with higher performing school districts. We examine residential outcomes for the first 1,800 families that moved through the program for a period of up to 9 years. We find that BHMP families moved to more integrated and affluent neighborhoods, in school districts with more qualified teachers and fewer poor students—and most families stayed in these neighborhoods beyond their initial lease-up period. Eventually, a small proportion of families moved to neighborhoods that are less white, but still significantly less poor and less segregated than their original communities. We interpret these findings in light of past mobility programs and discuss policy implications for the Housing Choice Voucher Program. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 519-546 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1282884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1282884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:4:p:519-546 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Hanratty Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Hanratty Title: Do Local Economic Conditions Affect Homelessness? Impact of Area Housing Market Factors, Unemployment, and Poverty on Community Homeless Rates Abstract: This article estimates the impact of local housing and labor market conditions on area homelessness using the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD’s) annual point-in-time counts of homelessness from 2007 to 2014. In cross-sectional models, the median rent, the share of households in rental housing, and the poverty rate have strong positive impacts on homelessness. Once area-fixed effects are included, only the median rent remains positive and significant. However, fixed-effect models find a positive relationship between poverty and homelessness in communities that maintain right-to-shelter policies, suggesting constraints in shelter bed supply may limit responses of homelessness to changes in economic conditions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 640-655 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1282885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1282885 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:4:p:640-655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Rosenblatt Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenblatt Author-Name: Steven J. Sacco Author-X-Name-First: Steven J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sacco Title: Investors and the Geography of the Subprime Housing Crisis Abstract: In this article we investigate the connections between home purchases by individual investors and urban space by exploring the spatial dimension of investor lending in Chicago and Cook County, Illinois, during the first decade of the 2000s. Previous research on investors (nonoccupant homebuyers) links them to foreclosures and the wave of real-estate owned purchases following the crisis, but leaves relatively unexamined their connection to subprime lending and the housing bubble, particularly the way that the crisis occurred unevenly in cities. We find that investor lending in Chicago increased during the housing boom and that subprime mortgages played a sizable role in overall levels of investor lending. We also show that there were geographically distinct submarkets for prime and subprime investor loans, with subprime investor loans significantly clustered in low-income, majority Black neighborhoods. Our analysis reveals that racial segmentation in the housing market and different types of credit helped produce an uneven geography of investor lending in the years before the housing crisis. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 94-116 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1242021 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1242021 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:1:p:94-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhao Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Zhao Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Niamh Moore-Cherry Author-X-Name-First: Niamh Author-X-Name-Last: Moore-Cherry Author-Name: Declan Redmond Author-X-Name-First: Declan Author-X-Name-Last: Redmond Title: A Crisis of Crisis Management? Evaluating Post-2010 Housing Restructuring in Nanjing, China Abstract: In less than 20 years the housing system in China has been transformed from one based predominantly on the public provision of housing to a market-based system, to the extent that more than 80% of households in urban China are homeowners. The sheer scale of this change, compressed into such a short time, is impressive. However, the move to a commodified system has not been problem free. Indeed, the twin issues of displacement and, more generally, affordability are coming increasingly to the fore, resulting in significant policy shifts since 2010 toward the promotion of low-end housing for lower middle- and low-income groups. This article examines these issues through a detailed analysis of the implementation of the indemnificatory housing policy in Nanjing, and highlights the complex and often contradictory nature of this policy in practice. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 29-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1247104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1247104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:1:p:29-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xuefei Ren Author-X-Name-First: Xuefei Author-X-Name-Last: Ren Title: Governing the Informal: Housing Policies Over Informal Settlements in China, India, and Brazil Abstract: Informal settlements in cities in the global South have been increasingly targeted for redevelopment led by public–private coalitions, especially if they are in central locations. Previous scholarship often characterizes housing policies targeting informal settlements as examples of entrepreneurial governance geared toward recapturing land value by private and public elites. This understanding, however, glosses over the disparate policy choices that local governments use to address informal settlements. This article proposes an analytical framework to explain the variations in policy responses to informal settlements, and it argues that the various policy initiatives are largely shaped by four factors—intergovernmental relations, electoral politics, municipal finance, and the capacity of the civil society. With examples from China, India, and Brazil, this study comparatively examines how these forces have produced distinct informal housing policies, such as urban village removal in Guangzhou, slum rehabilitation in Mumbai, and favela upgrading in Rio de Janeiro. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 79-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1247105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1247105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:1:p:79-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Byrne Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Byrne Author-Name: Michelle Norris Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Norris Title: Procyclical Social Housing and the Crisis of Irish Housing Policy: Marketization, Social Housing, and the Property Boom and Bust Abstract: This article analyzes the role of social housing in Ireland’s property bubble and its experience of the global financial crisis. The article argues that over recent decades social housing has been transformed from a countercyclical measure which counterbalances the market into a procyclical measure which fuelled Ireland’s housing boom. The reform of social housing financing and acquisition mechanisms has embedded social housing in the boom/bust dynamics of the private housing system. Analyzing the shifting relationship between social and private housing is crucial to understanding the role of housing policy in Ireland’s property bubble as well as the current housing crisis. Despite being caused by problems in the private housing and financial systems, the crisis has had very negative consequences for social housing, thus producing a crisis across the housing system as a whole. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 50-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1257999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1257999 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:1:p:50-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy T. Khare Author-X-Name-First: Amy T. Author-X-Name-Last: Khare Title: Privatization in an Era of Economic Crisis: Using Market-Based Policies to Remedy Market Failures Abstract: Prior to the 2008 global financial crisis, Chicago’s agenda to privatize public housing had begun its ascent. As over 20,000 residents relocated, 10 mixed-income housing developments started to replace the areas where high-rise buildings once stood. In the postrecession context, however, the promised transformation proved financially difficult—if not impossible in certain geographic areas—to complete at the scale intended or with the continuum of socioeconomic diversity expected. That shift in the economic context, along with subsequent political responses, thoroughly altered the policy strategy. Sixteen years into Chicago’s public housing reforms, the former public housing sites remained underdeveloped. Chicago’s reforms provide a worthwhile case for empirical observation and theoretical extension about the nature of privatization within a city considered America’s testing ground for neoliberal urbanism. Drawing from nearly 2 years of ethnographic research, this article contributes to the literature by explaining how, in the context of extreme volatility, the mixed-income development strategy premised on market logics became untenable. When the tools and rationales for privatization no longer held up, Chicago’s reforms had to be reconstituted. It is shown that whereas the financial crisis resulted in disastrous impacts that called into question the reliance on private-sector actors and finance capital, local political actors nonetheless continued to seek new strategies dependent on the private market for the provision of affordable housing. The mixed-income strategy needs to be restructured so that it more equitably generates a mix of housing tenures, rather than subsidizing private development in gentrifying neighborhoods where market-rate populations are already attracted to move. Alternative policy options are needed, especially during inevitable periods of economic downturn and in more distressed, racially segregated neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 6-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1269356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1269356 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:1:p:6-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cesare Di Feliciantonio Author-X-Name-First: Cesare Author-X-Name-Last: Di Feliciantonio Author-Name: Manuel B. Aalbers Author-X-Name-First: Manuel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Aalbers Title: The Prehistories of Neoliberal Housing Policies in Italy and Spain and Their Reification in Times of Crisis Abstract: In this article we analyze the historical roots of neoliberal housing policies, mottos, and principles in Italy and Spain, two countries with a Mediterranean welfare regime, showing how they are embedded in the twentieth-century fascist–dictatorial regimes of Mussolini and Franco. To stimulate economic growth in a situation of autarchy, both regimes saw the construction sector and the promotion of homeownership as keys to fuel the accumulation process while believing this guaranteed social order. After acknowledging these long-standing roots, we show how the current phase of neoliberalism, characterized by severe austerity policies, relies on similar principles, the main reforms approved in both countries proceeding mainly toward cuts to service provisions and resources, whereas the promotion of homeownership remains unchallenged. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 135-151 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1276468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1276468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:1:p:135-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Georgia Alexandri Author-X-Name-First: Georgia Author-X-Name-Last: Alexandri Author-Name: Michael Janoschka Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Janoschka Title: Who Loses and Who Wins in a Housing Crisis? Lessons From Spain and Greece for a Nuanced Understanding of Dispossession Abstract: The emerging postcrisis geographies in Southern Europe are intrinsically related to debt and dispossession. In Spain, mortgage homeownership and indebtedness led to housing dispossessions, while in Greece, skyrocketing private indebtedness is eventually arranged through housing foreclosures. Building upon the notion of accumulation by dispossession, i.e., on the way capital accumulates wealth in the era of neoliberal globalization, this article elaborates two novel concepts to understand the housing crises in both countries. The perception of dispossession by odious taxation describes the process of wealth extraction facilitated by financial mechanisms in Greece, and dispossession by political fraud is conceived as a characterization of fraudulent political arrangements and financial tools used for orchestrating housing stealth in Spain. This nurtures the perception that a comparative insight on the processes of dispossession in the Spanish and Greek housing markets may facilitate a nuanced understanding over the interrelated processes of contemporary housing restructuring. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 117-134 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1324891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1324891 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:1:p:117-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Gillespie Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Gillespie Title: Collective Self-Help, Financial Inclusion, and the Commons: Searching for Solutions to Accra’s Housing Crisis Abstract: Accra is experiencing a housing crisis caused by the failure of both the state and the market to provide affordable shelter for the city’s low-income population. The launch of a new National Housing Policy in 2015 indicated a growing interest on the part of policymakers to support an alternative approach to low-income housing pioneered by civil society that is based on the principles of collective self-help and financial inclusion. This article conceptualizes this approach as an attempt to incorporate previously excluded surplus populations into the circuits of capital by extending finance to low-income city dwellers. However, this approach diverges from more conventional market-based approaches by promoting collective forms of organization, tenure and resource management—or “commons.” To scale this approach up beyond isolated pilot projects and ensure that it is genuinely affordable to the poorest groups, it is argued that collective self-help must be accompanied by subsidies from the state. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 64-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1324892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1324892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:1:p:64-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Desiree J. Fields Author-X-Name-First: Desiree J. Author-X-Name-Last: Fields Author-Name: Stuart N. Hodkinson Author-X-Name-First: Stuart N. Author-X-Name-Last: Hodkinson Title: Housing Policy in Crisis: An International Perspective Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1395988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1395988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:1:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giselle Routhier Author-X-Name-First: Giselle Author-X-Name-Last: Routhier Title: Beyond Worst Case Needs: Measuring the Breadth and Severity of Housing Insecurity Among Urban Renters Abstract: Many indicators of renter household insecurity remain widespread or have shown signs of worsening in the past decade, including unaffordability, poor unit conditions, overcrowding, and evictions. Most research to date has examined each of these conditions as a standalone problem, without examining the extent and severity of simultaneously occurring housing problems. This study closes that gap by examining the suitability of measuring housing insecurity as an index of multiple variables within four identified dimensions: unaffordability, poor conditions, overcrowding, and forced moves. Results show that dimensions of housing insecurity are highly correlated and suitable for measurement as an index. The proposed index shows that housing insecurity is widespread among U.S. renters, but varies greatly in severity and type. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 235-249 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1509228 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1509228 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:235-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Schwegman Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Schwegman Title: Rental Market Discrimination Against Same-Sex Couples: Evidence From a Pairwise-Matched Email Correspondence Test Abstract: I present the results of a randomized matched-pair email correspondence test of 6,490 unique property owners in 94 U.S. cities to provide a nationally representative estimate of the level of discrimination that same-sex couples experience when inquiring about rental housing. I find that same-sex male couples, especially non-White same-sex male couples, are less likely to receive a response to inquiries about rental units. I also find that same-sex Black male couples are subject to more subtle forms of discrimination than heterosexual Black couples are. I then examine whether state and local antidiscrimination laws covary with rates of housing discrimination against same-sex couples. Although my results are not causal, I find that antidiscrimination laws have an ambiguous relationship with rates of discrimination faced by same-sex couples. State-level housing protections, for example, covary positively with response rates for same-sex Black male couples, whereas local-level laws covary negatively with response rates for these couples. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 250-272 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1512005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1512005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:250-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Eckerd Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Eckerd Author-Name: Yushim Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yushim Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Heather Campbell Author-X-Name-First: Heather Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell Title: Gentrification and Displacement: Modeling a Complex Urban Process Abstract: To shed some light on longstanding questions around gentrification, in this research we model environmental gentrification and gentrification-related displacement of residents. We do this through the development of an agent-based model of a simple urban region, considering different urban contexts and policy approaches to polluted facilities and the relationship of these policies with subsequent gentrification and displacement. We find that gentrification-related displacement is most likely, and most impactful, in urban regions characterized by high levels of density and low levels of residential segregation preferences. Displacement is far less prevalent in low-density regions, particularly those with high segregation preferences. We discuss the potential for different policy implications in these different urban contexts. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 273-295 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1512512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1512512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:273-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyungsoon Wang Author-X-Name-First: Kyungsoon Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Neighborhood Housing Resilience: Examining Changes in Foreclosed Homes During the U.S. Housing Recovery Abstract: The surge in foreclosures in the United States that began in 2007 reached a peak in mid-2011, and since then, the rate of foreclosures has been decreasing, providing evidence of the housing market recovery. This study examines factors that affected changes in ZIP code-level foreclosure rates in more than 300 U.S. metropolitan areas during the national housing recovery. Using multivariate analyses of the long- and short-term effects of foreclosures simultaneously, this finding shows that certain characteristics of the mortgage and housing markets led to more rapid neighborhood recovery. Results also indicate, however, that most urban-form variables led to neighborhood resilience over the long term, that high shares of mixed land use were strongly associated with fewer foreclosures, and that high shares of auto dependency were associated with high foreclosure rates. Finally, findings suggest that low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, particularly in cities, were more vulnerable and less resilient to economic shock, and the accumulated effects of foreclosures worsened over the long term. However, low- and moderate-income neighborhoods surrounded by suburban affluent neighborhoods recovered more rapidly than those in cities did. Understanding such resilience to economic crises will provide policymakers with insights that they can leverage to establish housing policies for sustainable neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 296-318 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1515098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1515098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:296-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yumiko Aratani Author-X-Name-First: Yumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Aratani Author-Name: Sarah Lazzeroni Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Lazzeroni Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Name: Diana Hernández Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: Hernández Title: Housing Subsidies and Early Childhood Development: A Comprehensive Review of Policies and Demonstration Projects Abstract: In this article, we ask how housing subsidies might influence young children. We examine two national housing policies – public housing assistance and the Section 8 vouchers program – and two demonstration projects that aimed to improve the administration of providing housing subsidies – HOPE (Homeownership Opportunities for People Everywhere) VI and Moving to Opportunity. This article is a critical examination of these policies and demonstration projects in relation to the following housing dimensions that promote the healthy development of young children: income supplements residential stability, physical environment, access to services and amenities, housing choice, neighborhood safety, and social capital. We compared advantages and limitations of each of these national housing policies and demonstration projects and examined ways in which they might influence children in these housing dimensions. The article concludes with implications and future research directions for U.S. housing policy by discussing its most recent U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) initiative, Rental Assistance Demonstration, in addressing limitations of housing policies and demonstration projects we examined. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 319-342 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1515099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1515099 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:319-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert W. Wassmer Author-X-Name-First: Robert W. Author-X-Name-Last: Wassmer Author-Name: Imaez Wahid Author-X-Name-First: Imaez Author-X-Name-Last: Wahid Title: Does the Likely Demographics of Affordable Housing Justify NIMBYism? Abstract: NIMBYism (not in my backyard) decreases the amount of affordable housing construction. A possible motivator for this is an existing homeowner’s fear that proximity to affordable housing depresses property value. Using a hedonic regression analysis of the sales prices of homes in Sacramento County, California, this study finds that increases in the demographic characteristics in a census tract that are likely to increase if more affordable housing is built there lower the sales price of a home. This finding holds even after controlling for the percentages of racial/ethnic groups more likely to face discrimination. Policymakers should recognize this economic element of NIMBYism as they consider instruments to increase the amount of affordable housing built. We conclude with a suggestion for a knowingly controversial policy mechanism based upon cap and trade with the hope it will spur further debate on this issue. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 343-358 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1529694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1529694 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:343-358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel MacDonald Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: MacDonald Title: The Effect of the 2014 Federal Housing Administration Loan Limit Reductions on Homeownership Decisions Abstract: Using data from the American Community Survey, this article assesses the effects of the 2014 Federal Housing Administration (FHA) loan limit reductions on homeownership decisions. Employing a difference-in-differences identification strategy, we find little evidence that the loan limit reductions caused an overall decline in homeownership rates. However, we do find that overall homeownership rates (as well as African American homeownership rates more specifically) increased in low-price parts of metropolitan statistical areas that experienced a loan limit reduction relative to high-price areas, suggesting that the lack of an overall effect may be because of changing decisions on where to own a home, not whether to own a home. This thesis is further supported by evidence of an increase in commuting times for residents in areas that experienced a limit reduction. Our findings contribute to the debate over how individuals respond and adapt their homeownership decisions to policy changes and credit constraints. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 380-396 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1532446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1532446 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:380-396 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philip M. E. Garboden Author-X-Name-First: Philip M. E. Author-X-Name-Last: Garboden Author-Name: Prentiss A. Dantzler Author-X-Name-First: Prentiss A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dantzler Title: A Methodological Critique of Wassmer and Wahid Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 359-362 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1574375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1574375 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:359-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Rosie Tighe Author-X-Name-First: J. Rosie Author-X-Name-Last: Tighe Author-Name: Edward G. Goetz Author-X-Name-First: Edward G. Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz Title: Comment on “Does the Likely Demographics of Affordable Housing Justify NIMBYism?” Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 369-373 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1574376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1574376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:369-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mai Thi Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Mai Thi Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Author-Name: Corianne Payton Scally Author-X-Name-First: Corianne Author-X-Name-Last: Payton Scally Title: Affordable Housing and Its Residents Are Not Pollutants Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 363-368 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1574377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1574377 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:363-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert W. Wassmer Author-X-Name-First: Robert W. Author-X-Name-Last: Wassmer Title: Does the Likely Demographics of Affordable Housing [Motivate] NIMBYism Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 374-379 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1574378 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1574378 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:2:p:374-379 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521545 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victoria Basolo Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Basolo Author-Name: Mai Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Mai Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Title: Does mobility matter? The neighborhood conditions of housing voucher holders by race and ethnicity Abstract: Mobility is one mechanism used to address the federal goals of deconcen‐trating poverty and minorities. The Housing Choice Voucher Program relies on participants to make residential location decisions consistent with these goals. Our research investigates the level and impact of mobility on the neighborhood quality of voucher holders, their neighborhood conditions by race and ethnicity, and perceived obstacles to mobility within the jurisdiction of a Southern California housing authority. About one‐third of the sample moved during the study, and moving resulted in improved neighborhoods for only one subset of movers. Minorities live in more impoverished, overcrowded neighborhoods than nonminorities, even when controlling for mobility status, contract rent, and other factors. Further, most voucher holders see the lack of rental units as a major obstacle to mobility. These findings suggest that current policy is not uniformly achieving deconcentration and that real and perceived barriers to mobility exist, especially for minorities. Journal: Pages: 297-324 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521546 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521546 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:297-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jill Khadduri Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Khadduri Title: Comment on Victoria Basolo and Mai Thi Nguyen's “Does mobility matter? The neighborhood conditions of housing voucher holders by race and ethnicity” Abstract: Creating the opportunity for minorities to move away from poor, racially concentrated neighborhoods to better ones is an important goal of the Housing Choice Voucher Program. However, mobility is not its only—or even its primary—objective. Rather, it aims to reduce severe rent burdens for very low income families and individuals. Basolo and Nguyen imply that the voucher program by itself can overcome entrenched patterns of racial discrimination. This is unrealistic, even when families receive search assistance. Instead, the test is whether a minority family with a voucher is more likely to live in a low‐poverty, low‐minority neighborhood than the same family without a voucher. The program passes that test. However, Basolo and Nguyen's analysis points to the need for more research on voucher use in localities like Santa Ana where overcrowded housing is an issue, in neighborhoods with a mixed minority population, and in specific metropolitan areas. Journal: Pages: 325-334 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:325-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Bratt Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Bratt Title: Comment on Victoria Basolo and Mai Thi Nguyen's “Does mobility matter? The neighborhood conditions of housing voucher holders by race and ethnicity” Abstract: Basolo and Nguyen discuss the role that housing vouchers play in enabling low‐income households to pay affordable prices for housing and raise questions about the extent to which vouchers promote opportunities for recipients to improve their neighborhoods. This comment suggests that researchers explore the broader implications of the study. Specifically, I discuss the use of language in naming public policies, the importance of providing counseling assistance to voucher holders, the necessity of a robust stock of housing, and the extent to which vouchers may be undermining the revitalization of low‐income neighborhoods for long‐time residents. I conclude by arguing that it is time to stop viewing housing policies as oriented to either “people” or “place.” Journal: Pages: 335-345 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:335-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Title: Comment on Victoria Basolo and Mai Thi Nguyen's “Does mobility matter? The neighborhood conditions of housing voucher holders by race and ethnicity” Abstract: Basolo and Nguyen examine the variation in the quality of neighborhoods where households in the Santa Ana, CA, Housing Choice Voucher Program reside. They find that the program is not helping most participating households move to significantly better neighborhoods. The authors identify obstacles confronted by participating households—obstacles indicating that it may be time to rethink the workings of the program. For the voucher program to address the goals of deconcentrating poverty and racial minorities, intensive housing placement assistance is needed. Such assistance would guide households out of their impoverished neighborhoods and into neighborhoods where an influx of poor households would do no harm. While this may mean some reduction in the freedom of choice participating households enjoy, it could greatly improve the capacity of the program to serve the national goals of deconcentration of poverty and minorities. Journal: Pages: 347-359 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521549 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:347-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer Pashup Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Pashup Author-Name: Kathryn Edin Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Edin Author-Name: Greg Duncan Author-X-Name-First: Greg Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan Author-Name: Karen Burke Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Burke Title: Participation in a residential mobility program from the client's perspective: Findings from Gautreaux Two Abstract: In 2002, the Gautreaux Two housing mobility program provided low‐income families living in Chicago public housing with the opportunity to move to more affluent, less racially isolated communities. This article presents findings on their complex search and moving process. Only about one‐third of enrolled families actually moved through the program ("leased‐up"). In‐depth interviews with a randomly chosen sample of 71 families and an additional 20 “likely mover” families showed that movers fell into four groups distinguished by personal characteristics that made it easier for them to move or by residence on Chicago's North Side. Nonmovers faced a variety of obstacles, both external (a tight rental market, discrimination, and bureaucratic delays) and internal (limited experience and program comprehension, large household size, and health problems). Also, some nonmovers were too busy with work or school to engage in what proved to be an onerous process of identifying a suitable unit and moving. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 361-392 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521550 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:361-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qing Shen Author-X-Name-First: Qing Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Author-Name: Thomas Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Residential location, transportation, and welfare‐to‐work in the United States: A case study of Milwaukee Abstract: This article addresses two questions about spatial barriers to welfare‐to‐work transition in the United States. First, what residential and transportation adjustments do welfare recipients tend to make as they try to become economically self‐sufficient? Second, do these adjustments actually increase the probability that they will become employed? Analysis of 1997–2000 panel data on housing location and automobile ownership for Milwaukee welfare recipients reveals two tendencies: (1) to relocate to neighborhoods with less poverty and more racial integration and (2) to obtain a car. Results from binary logit models indicate that residential relocation and car ownership both increase the likelihood that welfare recipients will become employed. These findings suggest that policies should aim to facilitate residential mobility for low‐income families and improve their neighborhoods, rather than simply move them closer to job opportunities. The findings also suggest a critical role for transportation policy in reducing unemployment. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 393-431 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521551 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521551 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:393-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wang Lee Author-X-Name-First: Wang Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Erik Beecroft Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Beecroft Author-Name: Mark Shroder Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Shroder Title: The impacts of welfare reform on recipients of housing assistance Abstract: This article uses data from randomized evaluations in Indiana and Delaware to address three questions: (1) Are welfare recipients who receive federal housing assistance less employable than recipients who do not? (2) How does the impact of welfare reform compare for families with and without housing assistance? (3) Does welfare reform increase or decrease the use of such assistance? Although public housing residents may be more disadvantaged than welfare recipients who do not get housing assistance, voucher users and Section 8 project‐based recipients were not. Welfare reform had similar impacts on the earnings and welfare benefits of families that received housing assistance and those that did not. Where impacts did differ, they were larger for families receiving assistance. Welfare reform also reduced the receipt of housing assistance. Families that receive assistance appear to have less financial strain than families that do not, suggesting that assistance may increase overall financial stability. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 433-468 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521552 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:433-468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lan Deng Author-X-Name-First: Lan Author-X-Name-Last: Deng Title: The cost‐effectiveness of the low‐income housing tax credit relative to vouchers: Evidence from six metropolitan areas Abstract: How expensive is the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program relative to vouchers? Are there any market conditions under which the supply‐based LIHTC could be more cost‐effective than demand‐based vouchers? This article examines these questions in six metropolitan areas—Boston, New York, San Jose (CA), Atlanta, Cleveland, and Miami. Controlling for family income and unit size, I compare the development subsidies of new‐construction LIHTC projects with the alternative 20‐year voucher cost in each area. In general, the LIHTC is found to be more expensive than vouchers. The premium, however, varies significantly by voucher payment standard and local housing market. Assuming a payment standard of 100 percent of fair market rent, the LIHTC is only 2 percent more expensive than vouchers in San Jose, but more than twice as expensive as vouchers in Atlanta. Many factors account for these regional variations. This study emphasizes two: local market conditions and program administration. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 469-511 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521553 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:469-511 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raphael Bostic Author-X-Name-First: Raphael Author-X-Name-Last: Bostic Author-Name: Breck Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Breck Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: What makes community reinvestment act agreements work? A study of lender responses Abstract: One response to the incentives provided by the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (CRA) has been for lenders and community groups to enter into CRA agreements, which involve pledges to provide prescribed levels of service to targeted neighborhoods. This article examines whether lenders actually change their behavior after entering into these agreements. Using data on CRA agreements and on mortgage lending, we find that institutions increase their lending activity with each year an agreement is in force and that increased lending persists after an agreement expires. Additional analysis shows that agreements that include provisions for mortgage counseling and technical assistance are associated with increased targeted lending. By contrast, agreements with provisions requiring small business counseling and technical assistance and periodic meetings by review committees are associated with somewhat depressed lending levels. Further research is needed to draw definitive implications from this second set of results. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 513-545 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521554 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521554 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:513-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristen Crossney Author-X-Name-First: Kristen Author-X-Name-Last: Crossney Author-Name: David Bartelt Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Bartelt Title: The legacy of the home owners’ loan corporation Abstract: The appraisal practices of the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) and its Residential Security Maps are often cited as major contributors to later redlining and the perpetuation of segregation through unequal access to mortgage credit. This article focuses on whether there was a relationship between the HOLC's neighborhood assessments and mortgage outcomes. Our results indicate that the agency was clearly instrumental in restructuring the home finance system and permitting far greater access to homeowner‐ship, but it is important to consider other factors in examining the HOLC's legacy in the reshaping of the mortgage market and the operation of the financial sector after the Great Depression. Specifically, the issue of increasing segregation in older cities in the late 20th century remains inextricably linked to both the shifting nature of real estate finance after the HOLC era and the demographic, economic, and residential changes affecting U.S. cities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 547-574 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521555 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521555 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:547-574 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hugo Priemus Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Priemus Author-Name: Peter Kemp Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Kemp Author-Name: David Varady Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Varady Title: Housing vouchers in the United States, great Britain, and the Netherlands: Current issues and future perspectives Abstract: We compare the current U.S. housing voucher program with the British housing benefit and the Dutch housing allowance programs. After presenting the theory behind income‐related housing support, which underpins both the U.S. and European systems, we compare the three programs with respect to their scope (the budgeted versus the entitlement approach), the relationship between housing support and rent levels, the poverty trap, moral hazards, and administrative problems. The United States can learn from Great Britain and the Netherlands that a full entitlement program can best promote equity, but given the present political and economic climate, it is unlikely that Congress will adopt such a program anytime soon. Great Britain and the Netherlands can learn from the United States how to design a more efficient tenant subsidy program, one that provides incentives to find less expensive units and promotes family self‐sufficiency through enhanced job‐seeking behavior. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 575-609 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521556 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:3-4:p:575-609 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521575 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:3:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Title: The low‐income housing tax credit program goes mainstream and moves to the suburbs Abstract: The Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program is now 20 years old. With the maturing of the program, the use of tax credits has become commonplace in the development of rental housing across the nation. This article examines how the program has changed both financially and spatially. Specifically, the article asks whether it provides a mechanism that can help deconcentrate impoverished renters by providing access to low‐poverty neighborhoods. This research finds that as the price for tax credits rises, the program becomes increasingly popular with developers who are helping it make inroads in low‐poverty suburbs. By entering the suburbs, the LIHTC program is meeting and even exceeding the performance of the Housing Choice Voucher Program in terms of offering opportunities to live in low‐poverty settings. Journal: Pages: 419-446 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521576 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:3:p:419-446 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lance Freeman Author-X-Name-First: Lance Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Title: Comment on Kirk Mcclure's “The low‐income housing tax credit program goes mainstream and moves to the suburbs” Abstract: As McClure's article notes, the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program has indeed gone mainstream. Given the tarnished reputation of many other federal low‐income housing programs, this is good news. It is also surprising in some ways considering the many programmatic flaws inherent in the LIHTC program. As a point of departure, I look at why McClure and others are able to describe the program in a positive light despite its many flaws. I attribute this to the unique political culture of the United States, for which the LIHTC program is well suited. In addition, it sidesteps one of the thorniest problems that have bedeviled low‐income housing programs—the spatial isolation of poor minorities. Until the LIHTC program explicitly addresses this issue, however, any praise must be tempered by a great deal of caution. Journal: Pages: 447-459 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:3:p:447-459 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Varady Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Varady Title: Comment on Kirk McClure's “The low‐income housing tax credit program goes Mainstream and moves to the suburbs” Abstract: The news that the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program has gone mainstream and moved to the suburbs is to be welcomed, but we should not have unrealistic expectations. The program is likely to lead to only a limited amount of income mixing in the surrounding area. These developments work against social mixing since so many of the residents have low incomes. Also, it would be a mistake to view the program as a substitute for the Housing Choice Voucher Program because it outperforms the latter as a device for deconcentrating poverty in the nation as a whole. In places like Alameda County, CA, voucher recipients have been subur‐banizing in large numbers, and this model needs to be replicated. Finally, suburban LIHTC developments will achieve their full potential only if community groups are involved early in the application process and if tenants are carefully screened and rules are strictly enforced. Journal: Pages: 461-472 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521578 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521578 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:3:p:461-472 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristopher Rengert Author-X-Name-First: Kristopher Author-X-Name-Last: Rengert Title: Comment on Kirk McClure's “The low‐income housing tax credit program goes Mainstream and moves to the suburbs” Abstract: McClure provides a useful and interesting analysis of how the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program, the primary federal vehicle supporting the creation of new affordable housing for very low income families, has evolved over its first 20 years. He finds that it has grown more financially efficient and that it places an increasing share of its units in suburban and low‐poverty census tracts. I examine the same LIHTC activity, but aggregated to the state rather than the national level. I identify and discuss differences among states with regard to how well they use the LIHTC program to support affordable housing in suburban and low‐poverty census tracts. I advocate for more detailed research into the underlying factors and administrative practices that lead to this variation, as well as for the creation of a clearinghouse on best practices to help states learn from one another. Journal: Pages: 473-490 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521579 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:3:p:473-490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Masnick Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Masnick Author-Name: Zhu Xiao Di Author-X-Name-First: Zhu Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Di Author-Name: Eric Belsky Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Belsky Title: Emerging cohort trends in housing debt and home equity Abstract: Financial and market conditions in the 1990s caused a sharp increase in the housing debt (in constant dollars) of households now approaching or just past normal retirement age. Households now in middle age have also set new records for housing debt and will likely continue to carry high housing debt when they reach old age in 10 or 20 years. In the future, this housing debt burden is likely to lead to financial and housing adjustments that suggest a qualitative change in behavior when these households reach the later stages of their working life. Many will need to work longer to service housing debt. When facing a life‐cycle downturn in annual income, households will be increasingly motivated to tap into their home equity, both by borrowing, for those who stay in their homes, or by downsizing and liquidating some equity, for those who choose to move. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 491-527 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521580 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:3:p:491-527 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen McGovern Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: McGovern Title: Philadelphia's neighborhood transformation initiative: A case study of mayoral leadership, bold planning, and conflict Abstract: This article examines the Neighborhood Transformation Initiative (NTI), Mayor John F. Street's plan to revitalize Philadelphia's distressed neighborhoods by issuing $295 million in bonds to finance the acquisition of property, the demolition of derelict buildings, and the assembling of large tracts of land for housing redevelopment. Despite its resemblance to the discredited urban renewal programs of the past, this plan offered real potential for reducing blight by leveraging substantial private investment at a time when public subsidies for affordable housing and community development have been steadily diminishing. However, NTI did not promote equitable development that might have fostered broader support for an inherently controversial plan. Moreover, Street's initial leadership in proposing this bold initiative was followed by a reluctance to promote NTI aggressively after it was adopted in 2002. The result was a watered‐down effort that achieved some goals but has fallen short of what might have been accomplished. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 529-570 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521581 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:3:p:529-570 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Greenberg Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Greenberg Author-Name: Henry Coleman Author-X-Name-First: Henry Author-X-Name-Last: Coleman Author-Name: Henry Mayer Author-X-Name-First: Henry Author-X-Name-Last: Mayer Author-Name: Kristen Crossney Author-X-Name-First: Kristen Author-X-Name-Last: Crossney Title: Property taxes and residents’ housing choices: A case study of Middlesex County, New Jersey Abstract: In February 2005, we surveyed 650 homeowners in Middlesex County, NJ, to determine the relative importance of property taxes, crime, physical decay, and other negative factors in resident‐declared decisions to leave their homes and neighborhoods. We also asked about positive attributes and inertial forces that keep people in their neighborhoods. Respondents most often cited high property taxes as the factor that would “very likely” cause them to leave. Fourteen percent said they would leave for this reason versus 4 percent because of “motor vehicle noise and heavy traffic"—the second most frequently mentioned factor. Notably, those likely to leave because of property taxes were disproportionately 45 to 64 years old, were college graduates and relatively affluent, and had no children living at home. They rated their neighborhoods as high quality, but did not depend on local services. We consider policy options for retaining this group. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 571-594 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521582 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:3:p:571-594 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan Title: Assessing residents’ opinions on changes in a gentrifying neighborhood: A case study of the Alberta neighborhood in Portland, Oregon Abstract: In this article, I use survey data to examine residents’ opinions about changes in the gentrifying Alberta neighborhood of Portland, OR. This neighborhood is diverse in terms of race, socioeconomic status, tenure status, and length of residence, and there has been an influx of educated white residents, some of whom have been instrumental in creating the new “Alberta Arts” identity, coupled with a decline in black residents, businesses, and cultural institutions. I evaluate which of the residents are most likely to approve of these changes. The majority of the residents like the way the neighborhood is evolving. However, homeowners and longtime white residents are more likely to approve of the changes. Further analysis reveals that homeowners and white residents have more relations with—and are more trusting of—their neighbors and shop more at the neighborhood's new grocery store. Homeowners are also less likely to feel vulnerable to being displaced. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 595-624 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521583 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521583 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:3:p:595-624 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tammy Leonard Author-X-Name-First: Tammy Author-X-Name-Last: Leonard Title: Housing Upkeep and Public Good Provision in Residential Neighborhoods Abstract: Neighborhood condition is a public good in part provided by neighborhood residents’ private property maintenance. Considering neighborhood condition as an impure public good provides a theoretical basis for understanding how the level of neighborhood quality may affect residents’ home maintenance decisions. Empirical results in a low-income neighborhood, where formulating public policy to improve neighborhoods is of significant concern, indicate a positive substitution effect. When neighborhoods improve, residents respond by increasing exterior home upkeep. This result is robust to both changes in the neighborhood condition generated by other neighbors’ increase in maintenance and exogenous public investment in the neighborhood. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 888-908 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1137966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1137966 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:6:p:888-908 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William M. Rohe Author-X-Name-First: William M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe Author-Name: Michael D. Webb Author-X-Name-First: Michael D. Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Author-Name: Kirstin P. Frescoln Author-X-Name-First: Kirstin P. Author-X-Name-Last: Frescoln Title: Work Requirements in Public Housing: Impacts on Tenant Employment and Evictions Abstract: In recent years, many have debated adopting work requirements in the public housing program, and a limited number of public housing agencies (PHA) have implemented these policies through the flexibility provided by the Moving to Work program. One such agency—the Charlotte Housing Authority (CHA)—has implemented a work requirement across five (of 15) public housing developments that mandates households to work 15 hr weekly or face sanctions. This article evaluates this policy and presents the first empirical analysis on the outcomes of a work requirement on employment and evictions. We find that, following work requirement enforcement, the percentage of impacted households paying minimum rent (a proxy for nonemployment) decreased versus a comparison group. Analysis of additional data on both employment and hours worked indicates similar results regarding employment gains, but no increase in average hours worked. We find no evidence that work requirement sanctions increased evictions, and very modest evidence that enforcement increased the rate of positive move-outs such as moves to unsubsidized housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 909-927 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1137967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1137967 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:6:p:909-927 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dowell Myers Author-X-Name-First: Dowell Author-X-Name-Last: Myers Title: Peak Millennials: Three Reinforcing Cycles That Amplify the Rise and Fall of Urban Concentration by Millennials Abstract: The rise and fall of the Millennial generation congregating in central cities is a product of life course meeting unique historical context. Three reinforcing cycles harmonized before 2010 to maximize Millennial presence, and then will harmonize in 2020 to reduce presence. In 2015, the peak Millennial birth cohort passed age 25, with smaller cohorts to follow. Job opportunity that had sharply worsened following the Great Recession is reversing, with renewed job growth opening entry positions, and with less competition from smaller cohorts. In housing, Millennials were doubled up at entry levels of their housing life cycle, blocked by older peers who were unable to turn over their apartments for better homes. With renewal of new construction and home buying, stronger vacancy chains will again stimulate outflow. The combined effect of the three reversed cycles will reduce central concentrations of young adults. Preferences may persist for urban walkability but, freed of their former constraints, preferences will now be expressed through choice from a broader range of locales. Cities and suburbs can compete for Millennials passing age 30 with walkable districts, transit, and better schools and housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 928-947 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1165722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1165722 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:6:p:928-947 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Editor’s Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 887-887 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1232515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1232515 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:6:p:887-887 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Acknowledgment of Reviewers Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 948-951 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1234103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1234103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:6:p:948-951 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1243342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1243342 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:6:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Title: Future Prospects for Public Housing in the United States: Lessons From the Rental Assistance Demonstration Program Abstract: This article provides an overview of the Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) program in the United States and examines its early implementation from its start in 2013 through April 6, 2016. RAD was devised to address the physical deterioration of public housing and secure a more stable funding stream. It requires public housing authorities to shift properties out of the public housing program into a different subsidy program (project-based Section 8) which enables them to obtain mortgages on more favorable terms and to secure tax-credit investment. The program is currently limited to 185,000 housing units. As of April 6th, the program was fully subscribed, and had generated more than $2 billion in new investment. Extrapolating from the early results, RAD has the potential to yield more than $15 billion for fund the redevelopment and renovation of public housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 789-806 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1287113 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1287113 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:5:p:789-806 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Maria Santiago Author-X-Name-First: Anna Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Santiago Author-Name: George C. Galster Author-X-Name-First: George C. Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Author-Name: Richard J. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Richard J. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Evaluating the Impacts of an Enhanced Family Self-Sufficiency Program Abstract: We conduct an impact analysis of the Denver, Colorado, Housing Authority’s Home Ownership Program (HOP) employing quasi experimental methodologies (i.e., nearest-neighbor matching, inverse probability weighting with regression adjustment) that permit causal inferences of program impacts with substantial confidence. HOP is an unusual, enhanced variant of the Family Self-Sufficiency program that incentivizes and assists participants’ purchase of a home. We analyze whether, compared with the control group, HOP participants exhibited significantly greater earnings growth during the program, enhanced economic security, and rates of home buying. We find that participants with a high intensity of treatment showed significant improvement in all outcomes. Results are robust to model specification and insensitive to omitted variable bias typically found in the social sciences. We conclude that a well-conceived and well-executed public housing authority program aimed at building the financial, human and social assets of low-income households receiving housing assistance can yield substantial benefits to participants. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 772-788 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1295093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1295093 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:5:p:772-788 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John D. Landis Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Landis Title: The End of Sprawl? Not so Fast Abstract: This article takes a careful look at the recent state of sprawl among America’s 178 largest metropolitan areas through the lens of four sets of questions: (a) Measured at the metropolitan level, is sprawl really declining? Is it declining everywhere, or just in selected metropolitan areas? (b) If sprawl is indeed declining, are more compact growth forms on the rise? (c) If sprawl is indeed declining, is it the result of antisprawl land use and development policies? (d) Which metropolitan-level land market, demographic, and economic factors are most associated with changes in sprawl? It concludes that sprawl is indeed declining when measured by average population densities, but that the decline has been much less widespread if measured in terms of population growth in core-area neighborhoods, changing density gradient intercept and slope estimates, and increased employment clustering. In terms of policy, it finds no evidence that local regulatory regimes or growth management programs have had any effect on sprawl, but finds that the consistent administration of local regulatory programs in ways that incentivize infill development and send consistent signals to developers does contribute to reduced sprawl. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 659-697 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1296014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1296014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:5:p:659-697 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew R. Sanderford Author-X-Name-First: Andrew R. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanderford Author-Name: Dustin C. Read Author-X-Name-First: Dustin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Read Author-Name: Weibin Xu Author-X-Name-First: Weibin Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Kevin J. Boyle Author-X-Name-First: Kevin J. Author-X-Name-Last: Boyle Title: Obtaining Differentiation Premiums in the Presence of Fee Regulation in the Residential Real Estate Appraisal Industry Abstract: In the context of the customary and reasonable pricing standard imposed by the Dodd–Frank Act, this article considers whether residential real estate appraisers are able to obtain differentiation premiums for their services. Regression models estimated using data from the Commonwealth of Virginia offer some evidence that professional certifications and the complexity of an appraisal task are positively associated with fee levels in this type of regulatory environment. However, differentiation premiums appear more difficult to obtain across geographies and when an appraisal is procured by an appraisal management company. The findings suggest appraisers can differentiate themselves from competitors, but also that policymakers should be mindful of the potential for commodification on the residential appraisal industry in select market settings. Since appraisals are a critical component of the mortgage underwriting process, and the majority of housing transactions utilize mortgage debt, developing new understanding of how policies influence appraisers and how the appraisal process makes an important contribution to the housing policy literature. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 698-711 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1305979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1305979 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:5:p:698-711 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca J. Walter Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca J. Author-X-Name-Last: Walter Author-Name: Jill Viglione Author-X-Name-First: Jill Author-X-Name-Last: Viglione Author-Name: Marie Skubak Tillyer Author-X-Name-First: Marie Skubak Author-X-Name-Last: Tillyer Title: One Strike to Second Chances: Using Criminal Backgrounds in Admission Decisions for Assisted Housing Abstract: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has changed its position toward housing individuals with criminal records from strict one-strike policies in the 1980s to providing second chances to returning citizens. Many public housing authorities have not updated their admission policies for using criminal backgrounds and still adhere to the one-strike philosophy. In response to new guidance from HUD, housing agencies are trying to find a balance between screening practices to identify demonstrable risk but avoid discrimination and violation of the Fair Housing Act. This research examines several questions critical to assisting housing providers to address the new guidance from HUD. Findings provide direction for housing providers on understanding recidivism risk rates, using useful lookback periods, considering risk and harm across crime types, and verifying rehabilitation and other evidence to design informed policies and procedures for using criminal records in admission decisions for assisted housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 734-750 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1309557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1309557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:5:p:734-750 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cengiz Tunc Author-X-Name-First: Cengiz Author-X-Name-Last: Tunc Author-Name: Abdullah Yavas Author-X-Name-First: Abdullah Author-X-Name-Last: Yavas Title: Collateral Damage: The Impact of Mortgage Debt on U.S. Savings Abstract: This article contributes to the literature on saving by empirically investigating the determinants of the saving rate in the United States, with a special focus on the role of mortgage debt. Using data from 1987 to 2013, we find that mortgage payments have a substantial negative impact on both personal and private saving rates in the United States. An increase of 10 percentage points in mortgage payments leads to a 9.1-percentage-point drop in the personal saving rate and a 12.4-percentage-point drop in the private saving rate. In addition, including mortgage debt as an explanatory variable leads to significant changes in the impact of other variables, which further reinforces our claim that mortgage debt is important for the analysis of the saving rate. Comparing mortgage payments with nonmortgage consumer debt payments, we find that mortgage payments have a larger impact on the private saving rate whereas nonmortgage consumer debt payments have a larger impact on the personal saving rate. We also find a partial but robust crowding-out effect of public saving rate on the two saving rates. Our results have implications for monetary policy and government policies that encourage mortgage borrowing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 712-733 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1311274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1311274 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:5:p:712-733 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra J. Newman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra J. Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Author-Name: C. Scott Holupka Author-X-Name-First: C. Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Holupka Title: Race and Assisted Housing Abstract: This article explores racial disparities between assisted housing outcomes of black and white and white households with children. We compare the assisted housing occupied by black and white households with children, and examine whether young adult education, employment, and earnings outcomes in 2011 differ between blacks and whites who spent part of their childhood in assisted housing in the 2000s. We use a special version of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) that has been address-matched to federally assisted housing, and the PSID’s Transition to Adulthood supplement, along with geocode-matched data from the U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS), CoreLogic real estate data, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Statistical methods include difference in means, logit and general linear models. We find no evidence of racial disparities in the type of assisted housing program, the physical quality of project-based developments, or the management of public housing developments in the 2000 decade. But black households with children are more likely to live in assisted housing that is located in poorer quality neighborhoods. Multivariate tests reveal that the worse outcomes of black young adults compared with whites disappear once socioeconomic differences are taken into account. The discrepancy in assisted housing neighborhood quality experienced by black and white children makes no additional contribution to predicting young adult outcomes. Nonetheless, black children living in relatively better assisted housing neighborhoods tend to have better outcomes in young adulthood than those who live in poorer quality assisted housing neighborhoods. We discuss sources of racial disparity in neighborhood quality, and the policies enacted and proposed to address it. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 751-771 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1311275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1311275 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:5:p:751-771 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Changes to the Associate Editors and Editorial Advisory Board Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 657-658 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2017.1348008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2017.1348008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:27:y:2017:i:5:p:657-658 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephanie A. Farquhar Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie A. Author-X-Name-Last: Farquhar Author-Name: Roxana Chen Author-X-Name-First: Roxana Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Alastair Matheson Author-X-Name-First: Alastair Author-X-Name-Last: Matheson Author-Name: John Forsyth Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth Author-Name: Maria Ursua Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Ursua Title: Seattle’s Yesler Terrace Redevelopment: Assessing the Impact of Multisector Strategies on Redevelopment Plans and Community Health Abstract: There is growing evidence supporting comprehensive community development efforts that focus on multiple determinants of well-being. Yet evaluation has been limited by a lack of longitudinal studies, difficulty tracking displaced residents, and limited data on diverse cultural communities. The Yesler Terrace Redevelopment Project analyzes longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional data to evaluate the impact of redevelopment on a low-income, ethnically diverse cohort of residents in Yesler Terrace. Yesler Terrace is a 30-acre publicly subsidized housing community in downtown Seattle, Washington, owned and operated by the Seattle Housing Authority. To evaluate the redevelopment strategies and related programs on resident well-being, we are examining multiple sources of data, linking housing and healthcare data, and collecting contextual data about residents’ experiences. Here we describe the participating agencies and residents, study objectives and methods, and preliminary results. Early study results include shifts in resident demographics, health outcomes, and community social cohesion and perception of safety measures. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 489-500 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1490795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1490795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:3:p:489-500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Derek Hyra Author-X-Name-First: Derek Author-X-Name-Last: Hyra Author-Name: Dominic Moulden Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Moulden Author-Name: Carley Weted Author-X-Name-First: Carley Author-X-Name-Last: Weted Author-Name: Mindy Fullilove Author-X-Name-First: Mindy Author-X-Name-Last: Fullilove Title: A Method for Making the Just City: Housing, Gentrification, and Health Abstract: A gentrification wave is sweeping across metropolitan America, yet we know very little about the health consequences of this current neighborhood redevelopment trend across different community contexts. This article describes an interdisciplinary, comparative, community-based participatory action (CBPA) research project investigating how housing, community change, and health are connected. We first discuss the linkages among America’s affordable housing crisis, increased rates of gentrification, and health concerns for low-income people in revitalizing neighborhoods. We then lay out our initial hypotheses of how early- and late-stage gentrification processes might affect the health of low-income residents. This is followed by an explanation of how our CBPA approach influenced and altered our gentrification-related research questions and methods. This article contributes to the housing and community development literature by explaining an innovative theoretical and methodological framework for understanding the complex relationships among housing, neighborhood change, and health. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 421-431 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1529695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1529695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:3:p:421-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leslie Dubbin Author-X-Name-First: Leslie Author-X-Name-Last: Dubbin Author-Name: Susan Neufeld Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Neufeld Author-Name: Ellen Kersten Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Kersten Author-Name: Irene H. Yen Author-X-Name-First: Irene H. Author-X-Name-Last: Yen Title: Health Effects After Renovation (HEAR) Study: Community-Engaged Inquiry Into the Health and Social Impacts of the Rental Assistance Demonstration Program Implementation in San Francisco Abstract: In this article, we share our mixed-methods community-engaged approach to study the association between public housing renovation funded through the Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) program and the health status and outcomes of the residents living in RAD developments. RAD addresses the nationwide backlog of deferred maintenance at public housing properties. Using address-based queries of electronic health records from 2006–2019, this study will measure the healthcare utilization and clinical health status of residents living in RAD sites pre and post renovation and compare them with nonpublic housing residents living in proximity to RAD developments over the same time period. Applying the principles of community-engaged research, we use in-depth interviews to explore the lived experience of renovation and its impacts on residents’ health and how policymakers and housing developers factor considerations of resident health into their decisions around renovation and redevelopment. Using a prospective, mixed-methods approach that captures both clinical and experiential data will bring into clearer focus the actual health burdens that public housing residents bear, and the health benefits that investment in public housing renovation may bring. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 432-439 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1530273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1530273 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:3:p:432-439 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Safiya George Dalmida Author-X-Name-First: Safiya Author-X-Name-Last: George Dalmida Author-Name: George C. T. Mugoya Author-X-Name-First: George C. T. Author-X-Name-Last: Mugoya Author-Name: Billy Kirkpatrick Author-X-Name-First: Billy Author-X-Name-Last: Kirkpatrick Author-Name: Kyle Rhoads Kraemer Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Rhoads Author-X-Name-Last: Kraemer Author-Name: Frenshai Bonner Author-X-Name-First: Frenshai Author-X-Name-Last: Bonner Author-Name: Jasmine Merritt Author-X-Name-First: Jasmine Author-X-Name-Last: Merritt Author-Name: Pamela Payne Foster Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Payne Author-X-Name-Last: Foster Author-Name: Jamie F. Satcher Author-X-Name-First: Jamie F. Author-X-Name-Last: Satcher Author-Name: Lauren B. Neal Author-X-Name-First: Lauren B. Author-X-Name-Last: Neal Author-Name: Wambui Muiga Author-X-Name-First: Wambui Author-X-Name-Last: Muiga Title: Interdisciplinary, Community, and Peer Leadership Approach to Addressing Housing Among People Living With HIV in the Rural South Abstract: Housing remains the greatest unmet need for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). Homelessness and unstable or marginal housing strongly predict poor health outcomes among PLWH, and they complicate the medical management of HIV. The majority of extant research has focused on urban areas; very few studies target areas in the rural South. Rural areas face distinct issues related to housing including a lack of structured housing programs. Further, the communal nature of life within the rural South presents an additional burden for PLWH as the disease is still highly stigmatized in these areas. The goal of this article is to: (a) describe issues related to housing needs among PLWH in the rural South and the effect of these factors on health outcomes; (b) highlight a community-based participatory research project, known as Project CHAP (Case management, Housing, Advocacy and Policy) and evaluate the impact of housing and case management on health outcomes among rural residents living with HIV in West Alabama; and (c) summarize the impact for future research or policy work in the area of housing among PLWH in the rural South. The findings have implications for PLWH and for those who provide care or services to this population. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 462-474 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1530274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1530274 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:3:p:462-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Revathi I. Hines Author-X-Name-First: Revathi I. Author-X-Name-Last: Hines Author-Name: Leslie Taylor-Grover Author-X-Name-First: Leslie Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor-Grover Title: Making Baton Rouge Better: A Detailed Narrative of Synergy, Partnership, and Evolution of a Community-Based Research Project Abstract: Research on housing goes beyond simply examining the physical structures. It represents access to public and private markets, markets that sort themselves based on race, income, health status, and other social determinants. The final goal of our project is to examine how housing affordability, neighborhood conditions, and housing conditions affect the health of residents in the city of Baton Rouge. The Interdisciplinary Research Leadership model is unique in that it encourages a framework where the rigors of methodology and research intersect with the power of community voices. Our research project provides these emotions fertile soil through the articulation of narratives and stories via our community conversation platform. Among the many takeaways from this study, there is one that needs immediate attention. Whereas some from the policy community recognized the need of the community to gain access to resources, mostly they viewed the link between health and housing through a structural and regulatory lens. However, community residents viewed housing more as a context than as a structure. This finding clearly shows us why it is important to bring community narratives and voices to the research and policy table in defining a problem and designing workable policy solutions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 452-461 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1530275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1530275 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:3:p:452-461 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Plerhoples Stacy Author-X-Name-First: Christina Plerhoples Author-X-Name-Last: Stacy Author-Name: Joseph Schilling Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Schilling Author-Name: Ruth Gourevitch Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Gourevitch Author-Name: Jacob Lowy Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Lowy Author-Name: Brady Meixell Author-X-Name-First: Brady Author-X-Name-Last: Meixell Author-Name: Rachel L. J. Thornton Author-X-Name-First: Rachel L. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Thornton Title: Bridging the Housing and Health Policy Divide: Lessons in Community Development From Memphis and Baltimore Abstract: Governments and nonprofits routinely partner to launch place-based initiatives in distressed neighborhoods with the goal of stabilizing real estate markets, reclaiming vacant properties, abating public nuisances, and reducing crime. Public health impacts and outcomes are rarely the major policy drivers in the design and implementation of these neighborhood-scale initiatives. In this article, we examine recent health impact assessments in Baltimore, Maryland, and Memphis, Tennessee, to show how public health concepts, principles, and practices can be infused into existing and new programs and policies, and how public health programs can help to improve population health by addressing the upstream social determinants of health. We provide a portfolio of ideas and practices to bridge this classic divide of housing and health policy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 403-420 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1539858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1539858 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:3:p:403-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mina Silberberg Author-X-Name-First: Mina Author-X-Name-Last: Silberberg Author-Name: Donna J. Biederman Author-X-Name-First: Donna J. Author-X-Name-Last: Biederman Author-Name: Emily Carmody Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Carmody Title: Joining Forces: The Benefits and Challenges of Conducting Regulatory Research With a Policy Advocate Abstract: Community-engaged research (CEnR) is experiencing a resurgence as a way of informing community-level change and policymaking. Yet the rules and regulations that are crucial to policy implementation and success are relatively understudied through CEnR. This case study of CEnR on a Medicaid service definition for tenancy supports illustrates the benefits of engaging a policy advocate in regulatory research. These include the advocate’s relationships with stakeholders; her knowledge of the regulatory domain, process, and context; and her visibility as a team member. The case also illustrates challenges to advocate–researcher collaboration, including time demands, differing goals, risks to advocate relationships, and the politicized nature of advocacy. The case depicts strategies that address these challenges, including advocate compensation time, early engagement, discussions of motivations and expectations, and proactive attention to the advocate’s role. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 475-488 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1541923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1541923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:3:p:475-488 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Irán Barrera Author-X-Name-First: Irán Author-X-Name-Last: Barrera Author-Name: Sabrina Kelley Author-X-Name-First: Sabrina Author-X-Name-Last: Kelley Author-Name: Yumiko Aratani Author-X-Name-First: Yumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Aratani Title: “I Would Say It’s Almost Like a Crime Against, You Know, the Soul”: Building a Culture of Health in Low-Income Housing Communities Through Addressing Childhood Trauma Abstract: The purpose of this article is to examine parental perceptions of child maltreatment to inform services that target families living in low-income housing communities in Fresno, California, through focus group interviews. We identified three main themes across all focus group interviews that describe the child maltreatment among our participants: (a) acknowledging child maltreatment as a problem, and its negative consequences; (b) normalizing or justifying child maltreatment as part of growing up; and (c) seeing child maltreatment as intergenerational. Additionally, parents discussed types of help to address child maltreatment. We then propose a prevention model using a public health framework along with other policy recommendations that highlight the importance of culturally and linguistically appropriate services for diverse families living in low-income housing communities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 440-451 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1553057 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1553057 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:3:p:440-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah E. Gollust Author-X-Name-First: Sarah E. Author-X-Name-Last: Gollust Author-Name: Nora M. Marino Author-X-Name-First: Nora M. Author-X-Name-Last: Marino Author-Name: Kathleen T. Call Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen T. Author-X-Name-Last: Call Author-Name: Irene H. Yen Author-X-Name-First: Irene H. Author-X-Name-Last: Yen Title: Unlocking Opportunities to Create a Culture of Health in Housing: Lessons From Interdisciplinary, Community-Engaged Research Teams Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 397-402 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1568083 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1568083 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:29:y:2019:i:3:p:397-402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:4:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Grigsby Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Grigsby Author-Name: Steven Bourassa Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Bourassa Title: Section 8: The time for fundamental program change? Abstract: We argue that Section 8 low‐income rental assistance—now called the Housing Choice Voucher Program—needs to be restructured and integrated with the other elements of the federal safety net for low‐income households. Since the program was introduced in 1974, the quality of the nation's housing stock has continued to improve, to the point that only a very small percentage of it is severely inadequate. Yet low‐income households continue to face problems such as affordability, neighborhood decline, limited access to economic opportunity, and involuntary mobility. While the Section 8 program has partially addressed some of these problems, it has a number of shortcomings, primarily the fact that it does not materially improve housing conditions for most recipients. Instead, it is little more than a poorly disguised income supplement. Housing vouchers should be directly integrated into the federal safety net as an entitlement to households that qualify for assistance. Journal: Pages: 805-834 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:4:p:805-834 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Sard Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Sard Title: Comment on William G. Grigsby and Steven C. Bourassa's “Section 8: The time for fundamental program change?” Abstract: Grigsby and Bourassa claim that the major problems with the housing voucher program are that most families with affordability problems are not served and that housing assistance is not part of the federal safety net. They propose replacing the program with a housing entitlement for most very low‐income renters, with eligibility linked to receipt of safety‐net benefits. Resources to serve additional families would be generated in part by changes like those found in the Department of Housing and Urban Development's recent block grant proposals. The Grigsby‐Bourassa proposal lacks a clear assessment of likely costs. Also, there is a risk that the means the authors propose will be heard, but that their call for expansion will not. Finally, their proposal does not intersect with other ideas to modify a basically successful program to better achieve its goals, and questions about rental markets and family and landlord behavior also must be answered. Journal: Pages: 835-849 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521523 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:4:p:835-849 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Armstrong Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Armstrong Author-Name: Ophelia Basgal Author-X-Name-First: Ophelia Author-X-Name-Last: Basgal Title: Comment on William G. Grigsby and Steven C. Bourassa's “Section 8: The time for fundamental program change?” Abstract: Grigsby and Bourassa suggest that the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program is no longer needed in its current form and that it should become an entitlement program for low‐income families and be integrated with other federal safety‐net programs. We disagree. We believe that the reform Grigsby and Bourassa propose fails to appreciate the program's purpose, effectiveness, and importance in providing decent and affordable housing for low‐income families. While we agree that the program needs to be changed, we also believe that the fundamental elements that address housing policy goals should be preserved. Rather than merge the program into the existing network of income support programs and eliminate its major housing components, we argue that its eligibility requirements and rent structure should be simplified and that it should return to a true budget‐based funding system. Journal: Pages: 851-863 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521524 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:4:p:851-863 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samantha Friedman Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Friedman Author-Name: Emily Rosenbaum Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbaum Title: Nativity status and racial/ethnic differences in access to quality housing: Does homeownership bring greater parity? Abstract: In this article, we use data from the 2001 American Housing Survey to evaluate whether nativity‐status differences in housing conditions vary by tenure and whether nativity status or race/ethnicity plays a more important role in determining housing conditions. Overall, when compared with native‐born households, recently arrived immigrant households are significantly more likely to be crowded, but either as likely or significantly less likely to live in poorer‐quality housing. Further analysis revealed, however, that race/ethnicity is a stronger indicator than immigrant status in predicting housing outcomes. Among homeowners, black and Hispanic households, regardless of nativity status, exhibited lower‐quality housing outcomes than native‐born and, frequently, foreign‐born whites. Thus, we find that minorities are doubly disadvantaged: They are less likely to attain homeownership than whites, and once they do, they are almost always significantly more likely to live in poorer‐quality housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 865-901 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:4:p:865-901 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Author-Name: Christopher Walker Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Author-Name: Christopher Hayes Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes Author-Name: Patrick Boxall Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Boxall Author-Name: Jennifer Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Measuring the impact of community development block grant spending on urban neighborhoods Abstract: Regression analysis of Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) spending in 17 large cities reveals strong statistical associations between spending from 1994 to 1996 and changes in three indicators of neighborhood conditions: the home purchase mortgage approval rate, the median amount of the home purchase loans originated, and the number of businesses. However, there is no consistent association between spending and indicators of subsequent neighborhood change unless CDBG spending is sufficiently spatially targeted that it exceeds a threshold of the sample mean expenditure and is measured relative to the number of poor residents. In addition, associations vary according to neighborhood trajectories before investment and changes in the local economy. Nevertheless, even in the least hospitable contexts—highly concentrated neighborhood poverty, preexisting declines in home values, weak city job growth—our estimates are consistent with the hypothesis that above‐threshold CDBG spending produces significant neighborhood improvements. We discuss the implications for such spatially targeted spending and connections between our work and the emerging literature on the dynamics of poor neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 903-934 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521526 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:4:p:903-934 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Mikelbank Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Mikelbank Title: A typology of U.S. suburban places Abstract: Suburbs are becoming increasingly diverse as they continue to comprise larger portions of the metropolitan population and employment. Former perceptions of suburban uniformity are being eroded by the variance in form and function that now characterizes them. This article analyzes data collected on 3,567 non‐central‐city, incorporated, metropolitan places in the United States along the dimensions of population, place, economy, and government. Specifically, a hierarchical clustering procedure, combined with discriminant analysis, identifies 10 distinct types of suburbs in the data. Level, composition, and combinations of wealth, employment, and race drive the distinctions among suburban clusters, many of which do not fit our traditional characterizations of suburbia. In fact, only about half of all the suburbs considered are strongly characterized by these traditional traits, and these suburbs contain less than one out of every three residents considered in the analysis. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 935-964 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:4:p:935-964 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harold Wolman Author-X-Name-First: Harold Author-X-Name-Last: Wolman Author-Name: Edward Hill Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Author-Name: Kimberly Furdell Author-X-Name-First: Kimberly Author-X-Name-Last: Furdell Title: Evaluating the success of urban success stories: Is reputation a guide to best practice? Abstract: Do the reputations of central cities that have reportedly revitalized match reality? Can reputation alone be used to select best practices in urban public policy? In replicating research conducted a decade ago, we asked a panel of urban and economic development experts to identify, out of the universe of large, distressed central cities in 1990, those that had successfully revitalized between 1990 and 2000. We compared the performance of these successful cities with the performance of cities not perceived to be successful on a composite index of the change in the economic well‐being of residents from 1990 to 2000, as well as on a weighted index of economic, social, fiscal, and demographic change between 1990 and 2000. Regardless of which index was used, there was a low correlation between reputation and reality. We draw lessons from this experiment on relying on best practice reputations in formulating and propagating public policies. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 965-997 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2004.9521528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:15:y:2004:i:4:p:965-997 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:1:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Carr Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Title: A tribute to cushing N. Dolbeare Journal: Pages: 5-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521530 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:1:p:5-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Popkin Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Popkin Author-Name: Mary Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Martha Burt Author-X-Name-First: Martha Author-X-Name-Last: Burt Title: Public housing transformation and the hard‐to‐house Abstract: The transformation of public housing will necessarily have profound effects on the lives of thousands of very vulnerable families. For three decades, public housing served as the housing of last resort, with federal regulations increasingly favoring the neediest households. But this transformation has meant dramatic changes in federal policy for housing the poor by promoting mixed‐income housing and the use of vouchers to prevent the concentration of troubled, low‐income households. This transformation has largely failed to address the needs of the hard‐to‐house residents who have relied on public housing for stable, if less than ideal, housing. We use data from two studies of developments targeted for HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) revitalization to estimate the size of the hard‐to‐house population. We conclude that public housing authorities will need to develop a range of alternative options to ensure that all residents obtain stable, secure housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521531 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Kelly Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Title: Comment on Susan J. Popkin, Mary K. Cunningham, and Martha Burt's “public housing transformation and the hard‐to‐house” Abstract: I agree with the underlying premise of the article that it is important for public housing to provide for the housing and supportive service needs of the hard‐to‐house—to the extent that this is practical and possible. However, I also note some important caveats to put potential public housing and HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) support for this population into perspective. The needs of the hard‐to‐house go beyond the transformation of public housing. Although Popkin, Cunningham, and Burt are correct in noting that this population requires specialized services, public housing authorities have neither the capacity nor the resources to deliver them. The problem is not public housing or its transformation, but rather the lack of adequate resources for both the shelter and the services that residents require. The diverse needs of this population ultimately demand the coordinated efforts and resources of many public, private, and nonprofit providers. Journal: Pages: 25-35 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521532 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521532 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:1:p:25-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carla Javits Author-X-Name-First: Carla Author-X-Name-Last: Javits Title: Comment on Susan J. Popkin, Mary K. Cunningham, and martha burt's “public housing transformation and the hard‐to‐house” Abstract: I agree with Popkin, Cunningham, and Burt that public housing agencies (PHAs) must assume at least some responsibility for providing housing to those whom the article defines as hard‐to‐house. I provide some historical context for private and public sector efforts to support these vulnerable populations, as well as an overview of different operational definitions of the hard‐to‐house. However, I suggest that positive outcomes for the households in question also depend on the federal government and PHAs providing development and operational resources for supportive housing and helping private sector organizations provide housing and services. However defined, this is a diverse group with diverse needs for both housing and supportive services. I consider the appropriate roles for public, private, and nonprofit sector actors in addressing those needs. Drawing on our experience at the Corporation for Supportive Housing, I outline what the optimal provision of these housing and services might be, as well as challenges impeding progress toward this goal. Journal: Pages: 37-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521533 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:1:p:37-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dowell Myers Author-X-Name-First: Dowell Author-X-Name-Last: Myers Author-Name: Gary Painter Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Painter Author-Name: Zhou Yu Author-X-Name-First: Zhou Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Sung Ryu Author-X-Name-First: Sung Author-X-Name-Last: Ryu Author-Name: Liang Wei Author-X-Name-First: Liang Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Title: Regional disparities in homeownership trajectories: Impacts of affordability, new construction, and immigration Abstract: In contrast to the 1980s, we find substantial increases in the homeownership rates of young adults in the 1990s. Focusing on the younger half of the baby boom generation, aged 35 to 44 in 2000, we explore the factors that caused steeper trajectories into homeownership in some metropolitan areas. Factors include prices and incomes, housing construction relative to employment growth, and rates of household formation and immigration. Homeownership gains are modeled separately for whites, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics. Our findings highlight the importance of household formation on regional homeownership rates. Evidence shows greater homeownership gains in areas with greater rent increases, indicating lower relative costs of owning, and with greater price increases, indicating greater investment incentives. Our findings also underscore the importance of keeping housing construction consistent with employment growth. Finally, the effect of immigration was especially important for Hispanics, sharply depressing homeownership in regions with more recently arrived immigrants. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 53-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521534 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:1:p:53-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Marr Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Marr Title: Mitigating apprehension about section 8 vouchers: The positive role of housing specialists in search and placement Abstract: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has found that Section 8 voucher recipients are often unable to secure apartments outside of high‐poverty areas in tight urban rental markets. However, intensive housing placement services greatly improve the success and mobility of voucher holders. Drawing on ethnographic research in the housing placement department of a private, nonprofit community‐based organization, I first describe how fundamental problems in implementing the public subsidy program in a tight private rental market generate apprehension among landlords and voucher recipients that can prevent the successful use of vouchers. Second, I demonstrate how housing placement specialists can dispel and overcome this apprehension through a variety of tactics that require extensive soft skills and a deep commitment to the mission of housing poor families. These findings provide support for the increased use of housing placement services to improve success and mobility rates for Section 8 vouchers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 85-111 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521535 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521535 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:1:p:85-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nandinee Kutty Author-X-Name-First: Nandinee Author-X-Name-Last: Kutty Title: A new measure of housing affordability: Estimates and analytical results Abstract: Affordable housing has often been described in terms of rent burden or owner cost burden. This article introduces the concept of housing‐induced poverty to describe the situation that arises when a household, after paying for housing, cannot afford the poverty basket of nonhousing goods. This is similar to Stone's shelter poverty concept, except that it is linked to a better‐known measure—the official poverty thresholds. On the basis of the 1999 American Housing Survey, it is estimated that 3.8 million households that were above the official thresholds could not afford the poverty basket of nonhousing goods. In 1999, the housing‐induced poverty rate in the United States was 2.7 percentage points higher than the official rate. Results from an analytical model reveal that regional and locational variables are significant determinants of the probability of housing‐induced poverty. Housing assistance significantly decreases the probability that near‐poor renters will fall into housing‐induced poverty. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 113-142 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:1:p:113-142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Avery Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Avery Author-Name: Raphael Bostic Author-X-Name-First: Raphael Author-X-Name-Last: Bostic Author-Name: Glenn Canner Author-X-Name-First: Glenn Author-X-Name-Last: Canner Title: Assessing the necessity and efficiency of the community reinvestment act Abstract: A number of researchers have recently questioned whether the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) is still needed. In addition, economic analysis has explored the efficiency of many regulations, but not the CRA. This article seeks to address both issues to shed light on the necessity and efficiency of the CRA. On the basis of data from a survey on the performance and profitability of CRA‐related lending activities, we reach three main conclusions. First, consistent with the view that the CRA is needed, we find evidence that the majority of surveyed institutions engaged in some lending activities that they would not otherwise have done in the absence of the law. Second, in terms of efficiency, the results are mixed: The vast majority of institutions increased credit flows profitably, but a significant minority incurred costs, albeit small ones. Third, quantitative evidence suggests that marginal CRA‐related lending tended to be small. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 143-172 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2005.9521537 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:16:y:2005:i:1:p:143-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Rosie Tighe Author-X-Name-First: J. Rosie Author-X-Name-Last: Tighe Author-Name: Joanna P. Ganning Author-X-Name-First: Joanna P. Author-X-Name-Last: Ganning Title: Do Shrinking Cities Allow Redevelopment Without Displacement? An Analysis of Affordability Based on Housing and Transportation Costs for Redeveloping, Declining, and Stable Neighborhoods Abstract: Plans and policies to combat or mitigate gentrification typically pursue affordable housing production and preservation as the primary mechanism to avoid displacement. However, it is unclear whether affordable housing financing mechanisms function as designed in weak market cities. As such, we question whether the housing-only approach is a complete one and whether increased transportation investments in redeveloping neighborhoods in shrinking cities can be leveraged to improve the lives of the poor. Our results suggest that funding for subsidized housing does not produce units affordable to the poor in declining cities, limiting the efficacy of a housing-only approach. Furthermore, we find that transportation costs make up a larger proportion of household budgets among families living in declining neighborhoods. These results suggest that transportation improvements—particularly those aimed at bicycling and pedestrian accessibility—may be the most efficient approach to mitigating displacement and improving quality of life for low-income households in shrinking cities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 785-800 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1085426 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1085426 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:785-800 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nick Revington Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Revington Author-Name: Craig Townsend Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Townsend Title: Market Rental Housing Affordability and Rapid Transit Catchments: Application of a New Measure in Canada Abstract: In high-income cities, the availability of affordable rental housing in locations served by fast and frequent public transportation enables low-income households access to more opportunities, including jobs, without the costs of owning and operating automobiles. This study operationalizes a residual income approach to identify market rental housing that is affordable to two household configurations (couples with children and couples without children) in two categories below the median income. The study is carried out on Canada’s least and most expensive major metropolitan housing markets, Montreal and Vancouver. In addition to spatially disaggregating the results into inside and outside rapid transit walking catchments, the results are spatially disaggregated into four zones (Urban Core, Inner City, Inner Suburbs, and Outer Suburbs). Implications of the uneven distribution of affordable rentals with respect to transit access are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 864-886 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1096805 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1096805 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:864-886 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Koschinsky Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Koschinsky Author-Name: Emily Talen Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Talen Title: Location Efficiency and Affordability: A National Analysis of Walkable Access and HUD-Assisted Housing Abstract: As walkable neighborhoods are rapidly gaining popularity, these location-efficient areas are becoming less affordable to low-income tenants. We ask to what extent project- and tenant-based federal housing assistance is keeping these areas affordable and whether tradeoffs exist. Using descriptive statistical and logistic regression analysis for a data set of 3.8 million U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) tenants and a variety of neighborhood-level indicators, we find that HUD assistance provides tenants with differential access to walkable neighborhoods. Tenants who are senior, Asian, White, or have disabilities have higher chances of living in higher opportunity walkable areas. However, for those tenants with the greatest disadvantages (African American and Hispanic tenants), neighborhood quality remains compromised by higher poverty, segregation, and worse school quality, even in walkable neighborhoods. We identify the type of assistance (public housing, project-based rental assistance, and Housing Choice Vouchers) that is associated with compromised or higher opportunity access for these groups. This information can help prioritize assisted housing counseling, preservation, and siting to reduce existing spatial inequalities related to walkable amenity access, especially for African American and Hispanic tenants. This research also helps advance emerging research on the conceptualization and measurement of neighborhoods that integrates urban form and socioeconomic indicators. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 835-863 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1137965 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2015.1137965 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:835-863 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Author-Name: Rolf Moeckel Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Moeckel Title: Transit-Induced Gentrification: Who Will Stay, and Who Will Go? Abstract: Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been promoted by planners and policy advocates as a solution to a variety of urban problems, including automobile traffic congestion, air pollution, and urban poverty. Since the enhanced accessibility offered by transit proximity is often capitalized into land and housing prices, many express concern that new transit investments will result in the displacement of the low-income populations likely to benefit most from transit access, a phenomenon which we term transit-induced gentrification. Whereas policy advocates have proposed a variety of interventions designed to ensure that affordable housing for low-income households is produced and preserved in areas proximate to transit stations, little is known about the effectiveness of these policy proposals. This article relies on an integrated land use/transportation model to analyze how TOD-based affordable housing policies influence the intraurban location of low-income households. We find that affordability restrictions targeted to new dwellings constructed in TODs are effective tools for promoting housing affordability and improving low-income households’ access to transit while simultaneously reducing the extent of transit-induced gentrification. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 801-818 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1138986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1138986 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:801-818 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrée Tremoulet Author-X-Name-First: Andrée Author-X-Name-Last: Tremoulet Author-Name: Ryan J. Dann Author-X-Name-First: Ryan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dann Author-Name: Arlie Adkins Author-X-Name-First: Arlie Author-X-Name-Last: Adkins Title: Moving to Location Affordability? Housing Choice Vouchers and Residential Relocation in the Portland, Oregon, Region Abstract: Location affordability measures a household’s combined cost of housing and transportation. Low-income households have the most to gain from housing with lower transportation costs. This research analyzes whether Housing Choice Voucher Program households—participants in a program designed to provide low-income households with a greater degree of housing choice—are able to choose housing that lowers their transportation costs in a metropolitan region with a compact, vital urban core. A mixed-methods approach is used to investigate the differences in location affordability and efficiency among 2,026 voucher recipients who moved within the Portland, Oregon, region during 2012–2013. Location mattered to movers, but in some unexpected ways. Urban movers relocated to less location efficient areas, whereas suburban movers’ location efficiency remained stable. In tight housing markets, voucher holders may be edged out of location-efficient neighborhoods and thus incur increased transportation costs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 692-713 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1150314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1150314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:692-713 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. M. Haas Author-X-Name-First: P. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Haas Author-Name: G. L. Newmark Author-X-Name-First: G. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Newmark Author-Name: T. R. Morrison Author-X-Name-First: T. R. Author-X-Name-Last: Morrison Title: Untangling Housing Cost and Transportation Interactions: The Location Affordability Index Model—Version 2 (LAIM2) Abstract: It is now accepted that to have an understanding of housing affordability one must consider not only housing costs, but also the transportation costs associated with that household location. To make this information readily accessible to the public, the United States government created an Internet resource, the Location Affordability Portal – Version 2 (www.locationaffordability.info), to provide housing and transportation costs for every neighborhood in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Although the statistical model at the heart of this resource was designed for predictive accuracy, its design and parameter estimates can provide additional insights into the interaction of housing cost and transportation choices (and thus its cost). This study describes the development and explores the policy implications (and limitations) of this structural equations model, the Location Affordability Index Model – Version 2 (LAIM2). Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 568-582 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1158199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1158199 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:568-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nikhil Kaza Author-X-Name-First: Nikhil Author-X-Name-Last: Kaza Author-Name: Sarah F. Riley Author-X-Name-First: Sarah F. Author-X-Name-Last: Riley Author-Name: Roberto G. Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto G. Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Author-Name: Chao Yue Tian Author-X-Name-First: Chao Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Tian Title: Location Efficiency and Mortgage Risks for Low-Income Households Abstract: Household energy expenditures, especially for transportation, are fairly inelastic. Their effects on low-income households may be significant, due to the potential for energy consumption to displace other types of consumption when energy prices rise. Using accessibility as a proxy for lower transportation costs, we test the hypothesis that low- and moderate-income residents are less likely default when they are located in more accessible places. We find that regional accessibility has almost no effect on risks of default, but local job diversity has moderate mitigating effect. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 750-765 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1159972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1159972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:750-765 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca J. Walter Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca J. Author-X-Name-Last: Walter Author-Name: Ruoniu Wang Author-X-Name-First: Ruoniu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Searching for Affordability and Opportunity: A Framework for the Housing Choice Voucher Program Abstract: Affordability, a key factor in the housing search process, becomes critical when locating rental housing in opportunity-rich areas. The Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program accommodates low-income households searching for housing and encourages recipients to reside in low-poverty areas. Affordable neighborhoods that are accessible to public transportation are often found in distressed areas, and not all HCV recipients succeed in locating qualified housing. To address these challenges, a housing search framework is developed to assist HCV households in the housing search process. This framework builds on the methodology of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for the Location Affordability Index and Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing assessment tool by creating multivariate indices that incorporate housing supply, accessibility to opportunity, and neighborhood conditions. The framework serves as a foundation for an online housing search application for public housing authorities to further fair housing goals, HCV recipients to locate qualified housing units, and local governments to assess affordability and opportunity. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 670-691 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1163276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1163276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:670-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew McMillan Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: McMillan Author-Name: Arnab Chakraborty Author-X-Name-First: Arnab Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty Title: Who Buys Foreclosed Homes? How Neighborhood Characteristics Influence Real Estate-Owned Home Sales to Investors and Households Abstract: This study examines the trajectory of real estate-owned (REO) sales in the Chicago metropolitan statistical area from 2009 to 2013, roughly the first few years of the housing market recovery. Using a data set of property transactions, it tracks property sales to investors and owner-occupiers, and examines the neighborhood characteristics that contribute to an investor’s decision to purchase an REO property. Neighborhood characteristics include social and physical variables as well as housing and transportation affordability variables. Findings are consistent with previous studies in that investor activity is high in neighborhoods with higher proportions of African American and older residents. In addition, investors are more likely to purchase homes in neighborhoods that offer more affordable transportation options. Our findings can help planners identify areas where they may need to target programs that help reduce barriers to REO sales, particularly to owner-occupiers. By understanding the neighborhood-level determinants of REO dispositions, planners can help promote an equitable recovery and affordable homeownership for low- and moderate-income families. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 766-784 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1163277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1163277 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:766-784 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew J. Greenlee Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Greenlee Author-Name: Beverly K. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Beverly K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: Where Does Location Affordability Drive Residential Mobility? An Analysis of Origin and Destination Communities Abstract: Despite an overall decrease in residential mobility after the 2007 housing crisis, many households, particularly those that are low income, continue to move in pursuit of a better life. Traditional theories of residential mobility suggest that mobility will occur when housing and transportation costs are cumulatively greater than the cost of moving to a new location. At the same time, the influence of these factors is not likely to be uniform across geographic contexts or for moves up or down the metropolitan hierarchy. Our analysis examines how well affordability measures explain patterns of county-level residential mobility. Specifically, we contrast conventional measures of affordability focused on the ratio of income to housing expense with measures of location affordability that factor in both housing and transportation costs. We find that whereas households tend to move from lower to higher cost locations, transit affordability at the destination plays an important role in mobility decisions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 583-606 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1163611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1163611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:583-606 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Erratum Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: xi-xi Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1173936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1173936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:xi-xi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David S. Bieri Author-X-Name-First: David S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bieri Author-Name: Casey J. Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Title: Quality of Life, Transportation Costs, and Federal Housing Assistance: Leveling the Playing Field Abstract: Federal housing subsidies are allocated without regard to spatial differences in the cost of living or quality of life. In this article, we calculate housing subsidy payments for participants in the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program and demonstrate that these subsidies are significantly related to metropolitan quality-of-life differentials. We then estimate amenity-adjusted subsidies and compare these estimates with data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Location Affordability Portal. Our analysis yields three insights regarding the relationship between federal housing assistance payments (HAP), metropolitan quality-of-life differentials, and transportation cost burdens. First, HCV HAP show a strong inverse correlation with household transportation expenditures, and this is particularly pronounced for low-income households. Thus, HAP do not address location affordability because those living in high-transportation cost metropolitan areas receive the lowest housing subsidies. Second, we present evidence that HAP are positively related to metropolitan quality-of-life differentials. This suggests that high-amenity metropolitan areas also tend to be the most affordable from a transportation cost perspective. Third, our proposed amenity-adjusted HAP strongly reduce the inverse relationship between HAP and transportation cost burdens. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 646-669 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1188844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1188844 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:646-669 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John L. Renne Author-X-Name-First: John L. Author-X-Name-Last: Renne Author-Name: Tara Tolford Author-X-Name-First: Tara Author-X-Name-Last: Tolford Author-Name: Shima Hamidi Author-X-Name-First: Shima Author-X-Name-Last: Hamidi Author-Name: Reid Ewing Author-X-Name-First: Reid Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing Title: The Cost and Affordability Paradox of Transit-Oriented Development: A Comparison of Housing and Transportation Costs Across Transit-Oriented Development, Hybrid and Transit-Adjacent Development Station Typologies Abstract: This study presents a comparison of housing and transportation costs (H+T) in 4,399 fixed-route transit station areas across the United States. Each station area is classified as a transit-oriented development (TOD), hybrid, or transit-adjacent development (TAD) based on walkability and housing density targets. Station areas with a Walk Score of 70 or greater and a gross housing density of 8 units per acre or more are classified as TOD. Station areas that meet just one of these criteria are classified as hybrids, and those that do not meet either of these criteria are categorized as TAD. The findings reveal a paradox that whereas TOD are more expensive places to buy and rent housing, they are more affordable than hybrids and TAD because the lower cost of transportation offsets housing costs. We argue that policies to increase the density and walkability of hybrid and TAD station areas, which account for two thirds of all station areas across the United States, should be a top priority for both housing and transportation officials. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 819-834 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1193038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1193038 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:819-834 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael C. Lens Author-X-Name-First: Michael C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lens Author-Name: Vincent Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Title: Preserving Neighborhood Opportunity: Where Federal Housing Subsidies Expire Abstract: Rent burdens are increasing in U.S. metropolitan areas while subsidies on privately owned, publicly subsidized rental units are expiring. As a result, some of the few remaining affordable units in opportunity neighborhoods are at risk of being converted to market rate. Policy makers face a decision about whether to devote their efforts and scarce resources toward developing new affordable housing, recapitalizing existing subsidized housing, and/or preserving properties with expiring subsidies. There are several reasons to preserve these subsidies, one being that properties may be located in neighborhoods with greater opportunity. In this article, we use several sources of data at the census tract level to learn how subsidy expirations affect neighborhood opportunity for low-income households. Our analysis presents several key findings. First, we find that units that left the project-based Section 8 program were – on average – in lower opportunity neighborhoods, but these neighborhoods were improving. In addition, properties due to expiry from the Section 8 program between 2011 and 2020 are in higher opportunity neighborhoods than any other subsidy program. On the contrary, new Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) units were developed in tracts similar to those where LIHTC units are currently active, which tend to be lower opportunity neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 714-732 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1195422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1195422 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:714-732 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mai Thi Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Mai Thi Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Author-Name: Michael Webb Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Author-Name: William Rohe Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe Author-Name: Estefany Noria Author-X-Name-First: Estefany Author-X-Name-Last: Noria Title: Beyond Neighborhood Quality: The Role of Residential Instability, Employment Access, and Location Affordability in Shaping Work Outcomes for HOPE VI Participants Abstract: This article examines the relationship between neighborhood quality, residential instability, employment access, location affordability, and work outcomes among individuals relocated as part of the Boulevard Homes HOPE VI redevelopment in Charlotte, North Carolina. We found that, contrary to expectations, relocation to private-market units with vouchers, as compared with public housing, did not always result in better neighborhood outcomes. Whereas voucher holders relocated to better quality neighborhoods, relocatees who moved to other public housing lived in neighborhoods with better employment access and lower costs. We also found a positive correlation between locational affordability (housing + transportation costs) and work outcomes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 733-749 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1195423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1195423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:733-749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dolores Acevedo-Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Dolores Author-X-Name-Last: Acevedo-Garcia Author-Name: Nancy McArdle Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: McArdle Author-Name: Erin Hardy Author-X-Name-First: Erin Author-X-Name-Last: Hardy Author-Name: Keri-Nicole Dillman Author-X-Name-First: Keri-Nicole Author-X-Name-Last: Dillman Author-Name: Jason Reece Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Reece Author-Name: Unda Ioana Crisan Author-X-Name-First: Unda Ioana Author-X-Name-Last: Crisan Author-Name: David Norris Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Norris Author-Name: Theresa L. Osypuk Author-X-Name-First: Theresa L. Author-X-Name-Last: Osypuk Title: Neighborhood Opportunity and Location Affordability for Low-Income Renter Families Abstract: We use the Location Affordability Index (LAI) and the newly developed Child Opportunity Index (COI) to assess, for the first time, the tradeoff between neighborhood opportunity and housing/transportation affordability facing low-income renter families in the 100 largest metropolitan areas. In addition to describing the opportunity/affordability relationship, we explore the level of balance between neighborhoods’ relative cost burden and their corresponding opportunity levels to determine whether children of different racial/ethnic groups are more (or less) likely to experience cost-opportunity imbalance. Our multilevel analyses show that housing affordability is largely accounted for by the neighborhood opportunity structure within each metropolitan area. The metropolitan characteristics examined account for only a small proportion of the between-metro variance in the opportunity/affordability gradient for housing, presumably because the neighborhood opportunity structure already reflects metro area factors such as fragmentation and segregation. On the other hand, transportation affordability shows a weaker association with neighborhood opportunity. The COI/LAI association is much weaker for transportation than for housing, and a large part of the variation in the transportation gradient occurs at the metropolitan area level, not the neighborhood level. Sprawl is particularly associated with transportation affordability, with lower sprawl areas having lower transportation-cost burden. We discuss the implications of the empirical findings for defining affordability in housing assistance programs. We recommend that housing policy for low-income renter families adopt an expanded notion of affordability (housing, transportation, and opportunity) and explicitly consider equity (e.g. cost-opportunity imbalance) in the implementation of this expanded affordability definition. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 607-645 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1198410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1198410 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:607-645 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Corrigendum Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: x-x Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1198615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1198615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:x-x Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John L. Renne Author-X-Name-First: John L. Author-X-Name-Last: Renne Author-Name: Lisa A. Sturtevant Author-X-Name-First: Lisa A. Author-X-Name-Last: Sturtevant Title: Background, Outline, Emerging Themes, and Implications for Housing and Transportation Policy Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 563-567 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 26 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2016.1199639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2016.1199639 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:26:y:2016:i:4-5:p:563-567 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Pages: ebiv-ebiv Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:2:p:ebiv-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Joseph Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Joseph Title: Is mixed‐income development an antidote to urban poverty? Abstract: I critically assess the potential for mixed‐income development as a means of helping lift families in U.S. inner cities out of poverty. I identify four main propositions for the promise of mixed‐income development, provide a conceptual framework that delineates the pathways through which mixed‐income development can be hypothesized to improve the quality of life for the urban poor, and review the evidence from existing research on the relevance of these propositions. Because of the scale and possible elimination of the HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) program, I pay particular attention to what we have learned from it. The most compelling propositions are those that do not rely on social interaction to promote a higher quality of life for low‐income residents and instead predict benefits through greater informal social control and higher‐quality goods and services. I consider the limitations of this strategy and policy implications for future mixed‐income development. Journal: Pages: 209-234 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521567 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:2:p:209-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan Berube Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Berube Title: Comment on Mark Joseph's “Is mixed‐income development an antidote to urban poverty?” Abstract: If, as Joseph argues, there is so little evidence that mixed‐income development alleviates poverty, why does it enjoy such wide acceptance as a method of delivering affordable housing? I argue that such development, while still small in scale, is largely faithful to the economic integration that occurs organically in most urban neighborhoods today. Moreover, the greater degree of social control and higher quality of public and private services in mixed‐income versus high‐poverty neighborhoods provide benefits for residents and local governments alike. For these and other reasons, many European nations have embraced mixed‐income strategies even more actively than the United States has. Although additional research is surely needed, Joseph's findings on mixed‐income urban developments should be viewed in the wider context of what we know about “dispersal” and “inclusionary” housing strategies that embrace economic integration as a viable antidote to concentrated urban poverty. Journal: Pages: 235-247 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:2:p:235-247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Costigan Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Costigan Title: Comment on Mark L. Joseph's “Is mixed‐income development an antidote to urban poverty?” Abstract: In his thoughtful analysis, Joseph realistically points to what a mixed‐income housing development can and cannot offer its low‐income residents. Observed benefits include greater informal social controls over the development, likely proximal modeling opportunities for youth, and participation in a political‐economic subgroup that can demand more responsive public services. Yet without offering more comprehensive, structured supports to its residents, no form of housing alone can be an antidote to poverty. However, if we expand Joseph's analysis to include the impact of large‐scale developments on distressed urban neighborhoods, we can see mixed‐income housing catalyzing other benefits for low‐income residents. These benefits include a reduced housing cost burden; more structured supportive services; dramatically improved surroundings; high‐quality housing and community design; faster‐paced complementary investments in public systems and amenities; and strategically restored market functioning that offers more choices, lower prices, new jobs, and additional tax revenues to support service delivery. Journal: Pages: 249-258 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521569 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521569 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:2:p:249-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lawrence Vale Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence Author-X-Name-Last: Vale Title: Comment on Mark Joseph's “Is mixed‐income development an antidote to urban poverty?” Abstract: Joseph's analysis of the literature on mixed‐income developments reveals different motives and casts significant doubt on key assumptions about the presumed benefits of that approach. This literature provides more support for the ability of mixed‐income developments to enhance social control and help leverage neighborhood political and economic gains. However, some of those advantages could be achieved for low‐income households through well‐managed housing, careful tenant selection, and good design—without income mixing. Revisiting the early history of public housing suggests some parallels with HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) initiatives and casts doubt on the ability of policy makers to sustain socially engineered communities. The inconclusive endorsement for mixed‐income housing proffered by Joseph's analysis suggests the need for further ethnographic research on these communities, including an analysis of the importance of homeownership, the pattern of engagement with public schools, and the advantages of different kinds of income mixing. Journal: Pages: 259-269 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521570 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521570 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:2:p:259-269 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Kleit Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Kleit Author-Name: Lynne Manzo Author-X-Name-First: Lynne Author-X-Name-Last: Manzo Title: To move or not to move: Relationships to place and relocation choices in HOPE VI Abstract: As the HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) program redevelops public housing, residents must relocate. Little is known about how they make the choice to stay or to go, if they are given one. Survey interviews with 200 residents of Seattle's High Point HOPE VI project provide the data to address four questions about such moves. First, what factors predict residents’ initial choice to stay on site during redevelopment or to move permanently away? Second, how does the initial choice predict actual behavior? Third, what is the role of place attachment and place dependence on residents’ relocation choices? Fourth, what is the role of other trade‐offs in decision making? Findings suggest that family situations and place‐dependent considerations shape initial relocation preferences of public housing residents and that their family situations may be a more important influence on the actual move. Implications for the HOPE VI program are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 271-308 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521571 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:2:p:271-308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto Quercia Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Quercia Author-Name: Lucy Gorham Author-X-Name-First: Lucy Author-X-Name-Last: Gorham Author-Name: William Rohe Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe Title: Sustaining homeownership: The promise of postpurchase services Abstract: The practice of providing postpurchase assistance to homeowners once they are in their homes has been generating increased interest in efforts to preserve the homeownership gains of the past few years. In this article, we document the current state of the postpurchase services industry and identify the essential components of foreclosure prevention and sustainable homeownership programs—the two major types. Taken together, these essential components provide a framework for the full range of services these programs can provide and identify what needs to be measured in order to evaluate them. This article is based on insights gathered from interviews with national experts and site visits to or extensive phone interviews with nine nonprofits that operate postpurchase homeownership programs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 309-339 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:2:p:309-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harriet Newburger Author-X-Name-First: Harriet Author-X-Name-Last: Newburger Title: Foreclosure filings and sheriff's sales experienced by low‐income first‐time home buyers Abstract: This article examines how well a group of low‐income households that became first‐time homeowners in Philadelphia in 1995 met their mortgage obligations over the seven years after purchase, as reflected in key indicators such as rates of foreclosure filings and sheriff's sales. It also considers whether participation in low‐income homeownership programs operated by the Delaware Valley Mortgage Plan (DVMP)—a local bank consortium—and the Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency (PHFA) affected these rates. The overall incidence of foreclosure filings and sheriff's sales among sample households is quite high for both program participants and nonparticipants. However, DVMP and PHFA participants had a lower incidence of foreclosure filings and sheriff's sales than nonparticipant households did. Program effects, particularly in the case of sheriff's sales, are concentrated among that part of the sample whose 1995 incomes were above 125 percent of the poverty line. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 341-387 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:2:p:341-387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caterina Roman Author-X-Name-First: Caterina Author-X-Name-Last: Roman Author-Name: Jeremy Travis Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy Author-X-Name-Last: Travis Title: Where will I sleep tomorrow? Housing, homelessness, and the returning prisoner Abstract: This year, over 630,000 prisoners will be released from state and federal prisons across the country—more than four times as many as were released in 1980. In this article, we examine the scope of the prisoner reentry issue—what is known about the intersection of housing, homelessness, and reentry and about the barriers returning prisoners face in securing safe and affordable housing. Although the housing challenges are formidable, progress is being made on numerous fronts. We seek to frame the dynamics of the reentry housing discussion by highlighting the promising strategies that are emerging. These strategies, taken to scale, could help create a very different national policy on prisoner reentry. Ultimately, effective reentry strategies have the potential not only to reduce re‐arrest and increase public safety, but also to reduce homelessness. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 389-418 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2006.9521574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2006.9521574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:17:y:2006:i:2:p:389-418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nikos Kourachanis Author-X-Name-First: Nikos Author-X-Name-Last: Kourachanis Title: Homelessness Policies in the Liberal and the Southern European Welfare Regimes: Ireland, Portugal, and Greece Abstract: This article compares homelessness policies in representative countries of the liberal and Southern European welfare regimes: Ireland, Portugal, and Greece. These are countries where austerity policies were implemented by the Troika during the crisis. After a brief review of the literature on welfare regimes and homelessness, the characteristics of homelessness policies in the liberal and Southern European model are studied. Subsequently, using the scholarly bibliography, research reports, and primary data, homelessness policies in the three countries are compared. In terms of methodology, this is achieved by developing three axes of analysis: the historical development of homelessness policies, the impact of austerity policies on the deterioration of homelessness, and the characteristics of the homelessness policies being developed during the crisis. It is established that the three countries consolidate a residual model of social intervention that fails to adequately address increasing homelessness. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 121-136 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1641733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1641733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:2:p:121-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin A. Park Author-X-Name-First: Kevin A. Author-X-Name-Last: Park Title: Choice, Capital, and Competition: Private Mortgage Insurance Application and Availability Abstract: The financial health of the mortgage insurance industry is vital for the flow of mortgage credit to low-wealth borrowers. Private mortgage insurance competes with insurance offered through the federal government, particularly the Federal Housing Administration. This article employs a Heckman selection model and a database of mortgage insurance applications to examine the impact of capital reserves and federal competition on the credit decisions of private mortgage insurance companies while accounting for applicants’ decisions to seek private insurance. I find private insurers became more likely to deny applications as their capital ratios fell during the Great Recession. However, loans eligible for insurance through the Federal Housing Administration were less likely to be denied than higher loan amounts were. These findings are important for understanding how the conventional mortgage market, including government-sponsored enterprises, functions through a severe housing crisis. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 137-163 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1645036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1645036 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:2:p:137-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew D. Baird Author-X-Name-First: Matthew D. Author-X-Name-Last: Baird Author-Name: Heather Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Heather Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Author-Name: Gerald P. Hunter Author-X-Name-First: Gerald P. Author-X-Name-Last: Hunter Author-Name: Tiffany L. Gary-Webb Author-X-Name-First: Tiffany L. Author-X-Name-Last: Gary-Webb Author-Name: Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar Author-X-Name-First: Bonnie Author-X-Name-Last: Ghosh-Dastidar Author-Name: Tamara Dubowitz Author-X-Name-First: Tamara Author-X-Name-Last: Dubowitz Author-Name: Wendy M. Troxel Author-X-Name-First: Wendy M. Author-X-Name-Last: Troxel Title: Does Large-Scale Neighborhood Reinvestment Work? Effects of Public–Private Real Estate Investment on Local Sales Prices, Rental Prices, and Crime Rates Abstract: During the 1990s, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development awarded over $6 billion in competitive grants (HOPE VI) to spur neighborhood redevelopment. We add to HOPE VI research by examining the impacts of a large set of public–private real estate investments, including HOPE VI, made over a 16-year period in a distressed neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Hill District). We estimate the effects of $468 million additional public–private investments that Hill District received compared with a demographically similar neighborhood on sales prices, rental prices, and crime. We find large, statistically significant impacts of these investments on residential sales prices, commercial sales prices, and on rental prices, and a marginally significant yet meaningful decline in nonviolent arrests. For each $10 million of public–private investment, we find a 0.95%, 2.7%, and 0.55% increase in residential sales prices, commercial sales prices, and rental prices, respectively. Given the accumulated difference over 16 years of $468 million in these investments across the two neighborhoods, the percentage increases amount to large changes in prices over that time. Cities should anticipate the potential impacts of major neighborhood investment on low-income households, especially unsubsidized renters who most directly experience the brunt of rising rents. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 164-190 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1655468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1655468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:2:p:164-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew H. Whittemore Author-X-Name-First: Andrew H. Author-X-Name-Last: Whittemore Title: The Roots of Racial Disparities in Residential Zoning Practice: The Case of Henrico County, Virginia, 1978–2015 Abstract: This article examines the distribution of conditional rezonings for residential development in Henrico County, Virginia, from 1978 through 2015. It finds that prior to the mid-1990s, racial characteristics, relative to homeownership, income, and educational characteristics, most markedly distinguish the census tracts where the county approved conditional rezonings for residential development: both from tracts where it approved rezonings without conditions and from the county as a whole. The study uses evidence from planning commission minutes and interviews to explore the reasons for this disparity, arguing that it likely resulted from a combination of developers’ perceptions and the historically differing extent of political representation and advocacy between white and African American communities. The study thus provides further evidence of racial disparities in the geography of zoning practice, although it also explains that the reasons for these disparities are far from straightforward. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 191-204 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1657928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1657928 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:2:p:191-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Suzanne Lanyi Charles Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Lanyi Author-X-Name-Last: Charles Title: A Latent Profile Analysis of Suburban Single-Family Rental Housing (SFR) Neighborhoods Abstract: Single-family rental housing (SFR) is an increasingly prevalent form of housing tenure in U.S. suburban neighborhoods, representing a paradigm shift in how households gain access to a suburban single-family home. This article uses latent profile analysis (LPA) to classify the types of suburban neighborhoods in the 20 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in which high rates of SFR are located. Findings indicate that concentrations of SFR are located in the following types of suburban neighborhoods: diverse middle-class, older white middle-class, low-income Hispanic, low-income black, and affluent. The study finds that the composition of high-SFR neighborhoods among and within metropolitan areas varies substantially. The article examines the variation in the types of high-SFR neighborhoods for the 20 metropolitan areas, then presents a detailed analysis of the spatial distribution of high-SFR neighborhood types in three metropolitan areas. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 205-227 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1657927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1657927 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:2:p:205-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cengiz Tunc Author-X-Name-First: Cengiz Author-X-Name-Last: Tunc Title: The Effect of Credit Supply on House Prices: Evidence From Turkey Abstract: This article examines the effect of exogeneous credit supply shocks on house prices in an emerging economy, Turkey, using bank deposits, the number of branches, and financial literacy as instruments to estimate exogenous credit supply. Utilizing data for 26 regions and from 2010 to 2017, I find that an exogenous expansion in housing credits as well as consumer credits utilized has a large and significant effect on prices. A similar effect holds for quality-adjusted hedonic house prices. The results have important policy implications for credit-driven emerging economies. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 228-242 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1661266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1661266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:2:p:228-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sana Malik Author-X-Name-First: Sana Author-X-Name-Last: Malik Author-Name: Ruhizal Roosli Author-X-Name-First: Ruhizal Author-X-Name-Last: Roosli Author-Name: Fariha Tariq Author-X-Name-First: Fariha Author-X-Name-Last: Tariq Author-Name: Nor’aini Yusof Author-X-Name-First: Nor’aini Author-X-Name-Last: Yusof Title: Policy Framework and Institutional Arrangements: Case of Affordable Housing Delivery for Low-Income Groups in Punjab, Pakistan Abstract: Provision of affordable housing for low-income groups is constrained precariously in Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan, because of a complex institutional framework and overlapping roles of government authorities at federal, provincial, and local levels. This article is a reflexive study that covers a broader aspect of the Punjabi Housing system, drawing a framework of current institutional arrangements in practice for affordable housing provision. Although it draws on an institutional analytical framework, the article is grounded in applying structural analysis to the study of public institutions within the housing sector, which provides a much-needed theoretical framework for analyzing housing institutional arrangements under the current dynamic political environment within the country. The study is an effort to fill gaps in the literature in understanding the intricate practices and processes of public housing institutions with overlapping jurisdictions and roles. The article argues for streamlining the federal, provincial, and local governments to provide an enabling environment to deal with affordable housing policy and provision issues by reexamining the respective institutional structures. Some previous studies relevant to housing policies and projects are also reviewed, followed by an empirical analysis of institutional arrangements; finally, ways forward are suggested toward key policy and empirical implications. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 243-268 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1681018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1681018 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:2:p:243-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhenpeng Zou Author-X-Name-First: Zhenpeng Author-X-Name-Last: Zou Title: Examining the Impact of Short-Term Rentals on Housing Prices in Washington, DC: Implications for Housing Policy and Equity Abstract: As on-demand short-term rentals (STRs) grow popular with the rise of sharing platforms like Airbnb, regulations for the STR market have become the center of a debate among policymakers, housing interest groups, the hotel and lodging industry, and STR platforms. Washington, DC, the nation’s capital and one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States, is on the front lines of legalizing and regulating the STR business. With the heated policy debate over whether STRs disrupt the rental housing market in DC, a concrete discussion about what STRs impose on the owner housing market is left out. Using web-scraped data from Airbnb and property-level data from the city, I investigated the net impact of STRs on single-family property prices through a series of hedonic analyses. The results suggest that having Airbnb establishments in the neighborhood can significantly inflate property prices. Because of the uneven spatial market penetration of STRs, such price impact could inequitably affect low-income homebuyers and add another hurdle to resolving the housing affordability issue faced by policymakers in Washington, DC. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 269-290 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1681016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1681016 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:2:p:269-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deden Rukmana Author-X-Name-First: Deden Author-X-Name-Last: Rukmana Title: The Causes of Homelessness and the Characteristics Associated With High Risk of Homelessness: A Review of Intercity and Intracity Homelessness Data Abstract: Two different city-level homelessness data types have been used by many homelessness studies in the United States: intercity data and intracity data. Intercity homelessness data are collected through cross-sectional surveys to estimate the number of persons experiencing homelessness in each city or metropolitan area. Intracity homelessness data are collected through prior address information reported by persons experiencing homelessness within a city’s jurisdiction. This article reviews and compares both city-level homelessness data types. The comparison of intercity and intracity data offers insight into the strength and weaknesses of each data type in identifying the causes of homelessness and the characteristics associated with a high risk of homelessness. Intercity homelessness data examine the effect of policy and institutional variables and community-level variables that vary across cities on the prevalence of homelessness. Meanwhile, intracity homelessness data focus on the spatial variation of demographic, socioeconomic, housing, and other neighborhood factors that contribute to the incidence of homelessness within a jurisdiction that has the same policy and institutional variables. The findings from intracity and intercity homelessness data are not contradictory but complementary. The complementary findings between intercity and intracity homelessness data provide important information for planners to address homelessness at local levels. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 291-308 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1684334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1684334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:2:p:291-308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Editor’s Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 309-310 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1741256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1741256 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:3:p:309-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Margaret Dewar Author-X-Name-First: Margaret Author-X-Name-Last: Dewar Author-Name: Lan Deng Author-X-Name-First: Lan Author-X-Name-Last: Deng Author-Name: Melissa Bloem Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: Bloem Title: Challenges for Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Projects at Year 15 and Beyond in a Weak Housing Market: The Case of Detroit, Michigan Abstract: Projects financed through the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program, the largest producer of affordable housing in the United States, face ownership transition after 15 years in service when tax-credit investors leave. In Detroit, Michigan, projects whose transitions were complete but that were subject to additional affordability restrictions fared much worse than national surveys showed. Many projects continued to provide affordable housing, but a share experienced mortgage or tax foreclosure, and many units became permanently uninhabitable, increasing disinvestment in neighborhoods. Projects reaching year 15 from 2016 through 2022 were under considerable financial stress as of 2015 and would likely need financial restructuring. Few high-capacity nonprofit developers existed to assume property ownership. The intervention of mission-driven syndicators helped stabilize numerous projects. Detroit’s experience illustrates the challenges LIHTC projects are likely to face in weak-market cities. Additional studies should investigate the year-15 challenges in diverse housing markets and the efforts to address those challenges. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 311-334 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1688375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1688375 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:3:p:311-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Margaret M. C. Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Margaret M. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Author-Name: Amar J. Mehta Author-X-Name-First: Amar J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mehta Author-Name: Johnna S. Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Johnna S. Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Author-Name: Ellen Childs Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Childs Author-Name: Brena Figueiredo Sena Author-X-Name-First: Brena Figueiredo Author-X-Name-Last: Sena Author-Name: Noelle Dimitri Author-X-Name-First: Noelle Author-X-Name-Last: Dimitri Author-Name: Daniel P. Dooley Author-X-Name-First: Daniel P. Author-X-Name-Last: Dooley Author-Name: John Kane Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Kane Author-Name: Aileen Shen Author-X-Name-First: Aileen Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Author-Name: Eugene Barros Author-X-Name-First: Eugene Author-X-Name-Last: Barros Author-Name: Margaret Reid Author-X-Name-First: Margaret Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Author-Name: Sara S. Bachman Author-X-Name-First: Sara S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bachman Title: Associations Between Public Housing Residency and Health Behaviors in a Cross-Sectional Sample of Boston Adults Abstract: This study aims to provide improved estimates of the association between public housing development (PHD) residency and health behavior outcomes, accounting for sources of confounding frequently overlooked in prior research. We combined novel data from two health surveys fielded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2015–2016. We fit a propensity score model of PHD residency to generate inverse probability of treatment weights, which work to synthesize as-good-as random assignment to PHD residency. We estimated sample average treatment effects using weighted logistic regression for PHD residency and amount of water consumption, primary water source, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption, and current smoking. Our main results indicate that compared with non-PHD residents, PHD residents in our sample have statistically significantly higher probabilities of adverse health behaviors, including a 9% lower probability of consuming tap water (vs. bottled), 12% greater probability of consuming any SSB monthly (vs. none), and 6% greater probability of currently smoking. Our findings indicate that PHD residency may be associated with adverse health behaviors and therefore suggests the urgency of better understanding this association to develop housing policy that supports the health of PHD residents. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 335-347 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1707703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1707703 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:3:p:335-347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zicheng Wang Author-X-Name-First: Zicheng Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Jiachun Liu Author-X-Name-First: Jiachun Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Juan Ming Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Ming Title: Owned a House in an Urban Destination or Made Housing Investments in the Hometown? Determinants of Rural Migrants’ Housing Attainments in China Abstract: Purchasing a house in origin cities or towns has become a new trend in housing trajectories for rural migrants in China, whereas previous studies focus mainly on determinants of housing tenure for rural migrants in urban destinations. Using a recent national survey called the National Migrants Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey (NMPDMS), the present study applies a recursive multivariate probit model to explore the determinants of migrants’ housing trajectories in the nexus of quasitransnationalism and integration. The results indicate that ties to urban destinations and ties to the hometown have a significant effect on housing attainments between urban destinations and the hometown. Rural migrants with closer ties to urban destinations and weaker ties to the hometown are more likely to be homeowners in the urban destinations. Conversely, they are more prone to make housing investments in the hometown. Both hometown housing activities of having bought a house in the origin city or town and having rebuilt a house in the origin village have significantly negative effects on homeownership in urban destinations, and the housing activity of having rebuilt a house in the origin village also has a significant negative effect on housing purchase in the origin city or town. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 348-369 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1712611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1712611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:3:p:348-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas J. Marantz Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Marantz Author-Name: Huixin Zheng Author-X-Name-First: Huixin Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng Title: State Affordable Housing Appeals Systems and Access to Opportunity: Evidence From the Northeastern United States Abstract: In many U.S. states, local governments exercise extensive control over land-use regulation. Much scholarly research indicates that local restrictions on multifamily residential development have contributed to rapid housing cost increases, particularly in the West Coast and the Northeast. Such evidence has led scholars and policymakers to advocate state intervention in local land-use regulation, in order to constrain local discretion over permitting multifamily housing. This article provides the most comprehensive comparison to date of housing outcomes associated with state affordable housing appeals systems (SAHASs) in the northeastern U.S. SAHASs enable developers of certain below-market-rate and mixed-income housing projects to request an override of local land-use regulation. We describe the essential attributes of a SAHAS and provide empirical data to assess housing outcomes in the four northeastern states where such systems have been adopted – Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. Our findings are consistent with previous claims that a SAHAS can increase access to opportunity, and that the Massachusetts system has been particularly effective. We conclude by discussing features of the Massachusetts system that may explain its relative efficacy, and we describe how state and federal policymakers could improve data collection practices related to state intervention in local land-use regulation. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 370-395 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1712612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1712612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:3:p:370-395 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ann Elizabeth Montgomery Author-X-Name-First: Ann Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Montgomery Author-Name: Dorota Szymkowiak Author-X-Name-First: Dorota Author-X-Name-Last: Szymkowiak Author-Name: Jack Tsai Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Tsai Title: Housing Instability and Homeless Program Use Among Veterans: The Intersection of Race, Sex, and Homelessness Abstract: This study describes race/sex differences in housing instability among veterans and examines whether there are disparities in their access of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) homeless programs. The sample comprised 5,355,858 veterans who responded to VHA’s universal screen for housing instability (Homelessness Screening Clinical Reminder) between October 2012 and March 2016. We compared rates of housing instability and VHA homeless program use by race/sex categories; multivariate logistic regressions modeled positive screens for housing instability and use of VHA homeless programs within 6 months. Veterans representing racial groups other than white—regardless of sex—have greater odds of reporting housing instability and using VHA homeless programs. Women veterans have lower odds of screening positive for housing instability. Findings suggest that groups of veterans with the highest rates of housing instability may experience multiple layers of disadvantage; disparities in accessing care among racial minority groups are not apparent. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 396-408 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1712613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1712613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:3:p:396-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Byrne Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Byrne Author-Name: Meagan Cusack Author-X-Name-First: Meagan Author-X-Name-Last: Cusack Author-Name: Gala True Author-X-Name-First: Gala Author-X-Name-Last: True Author-Name: Ann Elizabeth Montgomery Author-X-Name-First: Ann Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Montgomery Author-Name: Megan Smith Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: “You Don’t See Them on the Streets of Your Town”: Challenges and Strategies for Serving Unstably Housed Veterans in Rural Areas Abstract: Research on policy and programmatic responses to homelessness has focused largely on urban areas, with comparatively little attention paid to the rural context. We conducted qualitative interviews with a nationwide sample of rural-serving agencies receiving grants through the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’ Supportive Services for Veteran Families program to better understand the housing needs, available services, needed resources, and challenges in serving homeless and unstably housed veterans in rural areas. Respondents discussed key challenges—identifying unstably housed veterans, providing services within the rural resource context, and leveraging effective collaboration—and strategies to address these challenges. Unmet needs identified included emergency and subsidized long-term housing options, transportation resources, flexible financial resources, and additional funding to support the intensive work required in rural areas. Our findings identify promising programmatic innovations and highlight the need for policy remedies that are responsive to the unique challenges of addressing homelessness and housing instability in rural areas. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 409-430 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1716823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1716823 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:3:p:409-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Seymour Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Seymour Title: From REO to Ruin: Post-Foreclosure Pathways and the Production of Decline in Detroit, Michigan Abstract: Although much has been written about the localized impacts of foreclosed properties, few studies have examined the role of the main actors handling mortgage-reverted properties, particularly the parties responsible for their disposition. Fewer still have examined these trends in historically stable but hard-hit neighborhoods where owner practices are implicated in current conditions. This study examines the likelihood of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the government-sponsored enterprises selling real estate owned homes in the historically stable neighborhoods of Detroit, Michigan, to investors, as well as the likelihood of tax foreclosure following sales to homebuyers and investors. Whereas federal entities were less likely to sell homes to investors, all parties sold a high percentage of homes to investors. Once sold to an investor, the probability of tax foreclosure is extremely high. These results suggest federal and non-federal entities alike are associated with destabilizing and dispossessory outcomes that irreversibly altered these neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 431-456 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1725094 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1725094 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:3:p:431-456 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward G. Goetz Author-X-Name-First: Edward G. Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz Author-Name: Yi Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Overriding Exclusion: Compliance With Subsidized Housing Incentives in the Massachusetts 40B Program Abstract: Exclusionary land-use policies implemented by local governments over decades have contributed to the spatial concentration of publicly subsidized housing in central cities and the development and preservation of affluent, racially homogeneous communities elsewhere. Various policy responses have been developed to overcome local regulatory barriers. In this article we examine one of the longest-standing initiatives, the Chapter 40B permit override policy of the State of Massachusetts, and the pattern of subsidized housing development across all municipalities in the state. Between 1997 and 2017, the subsidized housing stock in Massachusetts increased by 58,975 units, rising from 7.8% of the housing stock statewide to 9.2%. Within the Boston metropolitan area, the subsidized stock increased by 37,417 units over this time period, increasing from 9.2% to 10.3% of the metro area’s housing. Cities and towns in Massachusetts made steady progress in subsidized housing production over these years but did so unevenly. Boston metro area cities made the most progress. Multivariate analysis indicates that cities with higher percentage white population produced the least subsidized housing over the study period. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 457-479 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1726984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1726984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:3:p:457-479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Suzanne Lanyi Charles Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Lanyi Author-X-Name-Last: Charles Title: A Typology of Mansionization in the Inner-Ring Suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, 2000–2015 Abstract: Mansionization—the process in which original single-family houses are demolished and replaced with larger houses—in the older inner-ring suburbs of U.S. cities is a contentious and important driver of physical, social, and economic neighborhood change, yet little is known about how the mansionization process varies across the diverse inner-ring suburban landscape. With a focus on the inner-ring suburbs of Chicago located in Cook County, Illinois, this study presents a typology of mansionization based upon the housing, population, and household characteristics; economic status; and race and ethnicity of the neighborhoods in which mansionization occurs. Principal components analysis followed by cluster analysis are used to identify five distinct types of mansionization in the inner-ring suburbs of Chicago: highly affluent, upper middle class, postwar ethnoburb, white middle class, and diverse working class. Although mansionization is often perceived as a single process, findings reveal that it occurs in a variety of places and manifests in a variety of ways. The regulatory approaches of municipalities with differing types of suburban mansionization are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 832-853 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1469528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1469528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:832-853 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Han Bum Lee Author-X-Name-First: Han Bum Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Paul E. McNamara Author-X-Name-First: Paul E. Author-X-Name-Last: McNamara Title: Achieving Economic Self-Sufficiency Through Housing Assistance: An Assessment of a Self-Sufficiency Program of the Housing Authority of Champaign County, Illinois Abstract: This study examines the early impact of a Local Self-Sufficiency (LSS) program of the Housing Authority of Champaign County (HACC), Illinois, on recipients’ total annual household income and earnings, and employment. In 2013, HACC, through LSS, mandated work requirements for households with working-age, able-bodied adult members and imposed sanctions on those who did not meet the program requirements. We find that, between 2012 and 2014, the LSS program led to an average increase of $2,283 in earnings for an individual household. In aggregate, this allowed HACC to serve an additional 98 (9%) LSS-eligible households for a year. Also, LSS-eligible households experienced an increase in the employment–adult ratio by 11.6 percentage points. The LSS program also had a larger impact for more economically disadvantaged households with no prior work history. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 876-900 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1474123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1474123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:876-900 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Bélec Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Bélec Author-Name: Richard Harris Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: Geoff Rose Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Rose Title: The Federal Impact on Early Postwar Suburbanization Abstract: Researchers agree that, in Canada and the United States, federal policy with respect to mortgage finance encouraged suburbanization in the early postwar period. However, direct evidence has been lacking. Unique mortgage file data for 1951 for two Canadian cities, Hamilton, Ontario, and Vancouver, British Columbia, make it possible to assess this claim, and related claims. They show that the impact of federal mortgage assistance was similar in direction in both cities, but much more striking in Hamilton: federal involvement encouraged suburbanization, reinforced existing broad patterns in the social geography of the city, and increased the amount of income segregation at the scale of specific neighborhoods and suburban subdivisions. The broad generalizations that previous researchers have made about the impact of federal mortgage policy are confirmed, but the magnitude of that impact could vary enormously and cannot be assumed in particular cases. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 854-875 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1474124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1474124 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:854-875 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jae Sik Jeon Author-X-Name-First: Jae Sik Author-X-Name-Last: Jeon Author-Name: Casey Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Author-Name: Rolf Pendall Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Pendall Title: How Vehicle Access Enables Low-Income Households to Live in Better Neighborhoods Abstract: Transportation influences residential location choices generally, but low-income households often face unique constraints because of a lack of access to automobiles. This article examines how vehicle access influences the type of neighborhoods in which low-income households are able to secure housing following a move to a new neighborhood. We rely on data from the Moving to Opportunity program to estimate locational attainment models, including a wide range of variables capturing various dimensions of neighborhood opportunity. Our findings suggest that auto access enables low-income households to secure housing in neighborhoods that exhibit a wide range of positive neighborhood attributes, including lower poverty rates, lower housing vacancy rates, higher median household income, higher labor-force participation, and higher adult high school graduation rates. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 920-939 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1494023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1494023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:920-939 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolf Pendall Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Pendall Author-Name: Jake Wegmann Author-X-Name-First: Jake Author-X-Name-Last: Wegmann Author-Name: Jonathan Martin Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Dehui Wei Author-X-Name-First: Dehui Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Title: The Growth of Control? Changes in Local Land-Use Regulation in Major U.S. Metropolitan Areas From 1994 to 2003 Abstract: Amid concerns that increasingly stringent local land-use regulations are constraining housing development across the United States, there is a need for an empirical investigation into whether, how, and where such regulations are being enacted. In this article, we report the results of a nationwide (n = 728 jurisdictions, representing almost a quarter of the U.S. population) survey of local land-use regulation, unprecedented for having been conducted at two distinct points in time (1994 and 2003). Using descriptive statistics and logistic modeling, we arrive at four main findings. First, we find that regulations are in flux to an underappreciated degree, being frequently enacted but also often abandoned. Second, we find a strong regional orientation to the use of certain regulatory tools. Third, we find more evidence in support of land-use regulations being used to solve local problems than to intentionally exclude new residents. Finally, we find that high levels of education are frequently associated with the use of tools that have a redistributive or proaffordable housing intent. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 901-919 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1494024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1494024 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:901-919 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian J. McCabe Author-X-Name-First: Brian J. Author-X-Name-Last: McCabe Title: Costly, Regressive, and Ineffective: How Sensitive Is Public Support for the Mortgage Interest Deduction in the United States? Abstract: Although the mortgage interest deduction enjoys broad public support, critics argue that the policy disproportionately benefits wealthy households, fails to expand homeownership opportunities to households on the margins, and costs the federal government an extraordinary amount of money in foregone tax revenue. Drawing on data collected through an online experiment, this analysis tests the sensitivity of public support to these critiques. The findings reveal that support for the mortgage interest deduction declines when respondents are presented with information about the cost, effectiveness, or distribution of benefits associated with the deduction. Support among renters is more sensitive to framing effects than that among homeowners. Republicans are less sensitive to framing effects than Democrats when the deduction is framed as distributing benefits unequally, but more sensitive to these effects when the issue is framed as costly. However, all groups register their lowest level of support when told that the mortgage interest deduction is not an effective tool for expanding ownership opportunities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 963-978 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1494025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1494025 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:963-978 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Aujean Lee Author-X-Name-First: C. Aujean Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Heterogeneity in Income: Effects of Racial Concentration on Foreclosures in Los Angeles, California Abstract: The United States continues to be defined by racial concentration, where most racial/ethnic groups live apart from each other. For homeownership, neighborhoods with large proportions of racial minorities are often linked to negative outcomes for minority homeowners; this was particularly the case during the Great Recession. However, middle and upper income ethnic neighborhoods, or resurgent neighborhoods, have grown in numbers because of a concentration of immigrants, federal policies favoring professionals, ethnic-specific resources, and affluence. In 2007, about 37% of Los Angeles, California, Latino tracts were resurgent and 53% of Asian tracts were resurgent. This study finds that homeowners in resurgent neighborhoods had lower default/foreclosure rates and predicted probabilities than those in low-income neighborhoods. Asian resurgent neighborhoods had the lowest predicted probabilities of default or foreclosure, followed by Latino resurgent and White middle-class neighborhoods. There were also discrepancies among Asian neighborhoods based on nativity. Consequently, it is important to recognize that minority neighborhoods are heterogeneous, with differing impacts on homeownership opportunities when examined by class. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 940-962 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1494026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1494026 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:940-962 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philip M. E. Garboden Author-X-Name-First: Philip M. E. Author-X-Name-Last: Garboden Author-Name: Eva Rosen Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Rosen Author-Name: Stefanie DeLuca Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: DeLuca Author-Name: Kathryn Edin Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Edin Title: Taking Stock: What Drives Landlord Participation in the Housing Choice Voucher Program Abstract: To succeed, the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program must be attractive to rental property owners. When landlords refuse to accept subsidized renters, lease-up rates decline, administrative costs increase, and options become limited to high-poverty neighborhoods where owners are most desperate. This article examines what motivates landlords’ decisions to accept subsidized tenants. We use 127 interviews with a random and field sample of landlords, combined with administrative data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development on property ownership in Baltimore, Maryland, Dallas, Texas, and Cleveland, Ohio. We find that landlords’ perspectives on the HCV program, including rents, tenants, and inspections, are highly dependent on context; landlords weigh the costs and benefits of program participation against the counterfactual tenant that a landlord might otherwise rent to in the open market. We argue that policymakers can boost landlord participation by better understanding how landlords think about their alternatives within each local context. Finally, we consider what drives nonparticipation in the program. Our results show that the majority of landlords who refuse voucher holders had accepted them previously. We suggest that policy reform should be dually focused on improving bureaucratic inefficiencies that deter landlord participation, and providing training and education to landlords. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 979-1003 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1502202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1502202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:979-1003 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yonah Freemark Author-X-Name-First: Yonah Author-X-Name-Last: Freemark Title: Challenges in the Creation of Mixed-Use Affordable Housing: Measuring and Explaining Its Limited Prevalence Abstract: Mixed-use affordable housing buildings collocate residences and commercial uses. The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program provides one mechanism to fund such structures. But the literature offers little insight into the frequency of mixed-use LIHTC buildings, partly because of a lack of data identifying them, and it does not pinpoint conditions that facilitate their development. I explore these issues through a Chicago, Illinois, case study. First, I analyze imagery to create the first database of mixed-use LIHTC buildings. I show that only 5% of LIHTC structures incorporate commercial uses, and that these are concentrated in wealthier, whiter, and already retail-heavy neighborhoods. Second, I use stakeholder interviews to explain the low rate and selective location of mixed-use projects; I find that the stiffest barriers are conflicting governmental policies, difficulties securing financing in the context of a perception of weak retail demand and investor desires for reliable returns, and design constraints. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1004-1021 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1506813 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1506813 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:1004-1021 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Acknowledgment of Housing Policy Debate Reviewers Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1022-1025 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1529810 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1529810 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:1022-1025 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Editor’s Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 831-831 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2018.1534401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2018.1534401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:28:y:2018:i:6:p:831-831 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Manuel B. Aalbers Author-X-Name-First: Manuel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Aalbers Author-Name: Raquel Rolnik Author-X-Name-First: Raquel Author-X-Name-Last: Rolnik Author-Name: Marieke Krijnen Author-X-Name-First: Marieke Author-X-Name-Last: Krijnen Title: The Financialization of Housing in Capitalism’s Peripheries Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 481-485 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1783812 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1783812 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:481-485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandra Reyes Author-X-Name-First: Alejandra Author-X-Name-Last: Reyes Title: Mexico’s Housing Paradox: Tensions Between Financialization and Access Abstract: The main aim of this article is to analyze the participation of different government levels and institutions in promoting the financialization of housing in Mexico. Furthermore, it examines some of the implications of following this logic, particularly at the local and household levels, such as surmounting mortgage debt, the clustering of vacant and abandoned housing, and, ultimately, the reproduction of poor housing conditions. Since the late 1990s, millions of households have acquired mortgages to buy homes in the periurban fringes of Mexican cities. Such new sprawling housing developments, however, have offered limited access to economic opportunities, and have imposed a significant burden on local governments to provide infrastructure and services. Many families have also seen their mortgage debt increase, forcing many of them to leave their dwellings behind. By 2010, Mexico had the highest vacancy rate among member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and about a third of Mexicans still live in precarious housing conditions. Such paradoxical coexistence, I argue, exposes a tension between the financialization of and the right to housing, and the extent to which the former has trumped the latter. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 486-511 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1709879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1709879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:486-511 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susanne Heeg Author-X-Name-First: Susanne Author-X-Name-Last: Heeg Author-Name: Maria Verónica Ibarra García Author-X-Name-First: Maria Verónica Author-X-Name-Last: Ibarra García Author-Name: Luis Alberto Salinas Arreortua Author-X-Name-First: Luis Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Salinas Arreortua Title: Financialization of Housing in Mexico: The Case of Cuautitlan Izcalli and Huehuetoca in the Metropolitan Region of Mexico City Abstract: For more than 30 years, housing in Mexico has been undergoing a transformation that is best studied using INFONAVIT and FOVISSSTE as starting points. Both funds were established in 1972 to implement the constitutional right to decent housing for workers and state employees in Mexico. In their first few years, both funds were responsible for, among other things, granting loans and investigating ways to achieve low-cost but high-quality housing. However, in the aftermath of the debt crisis of 1981, a comprehensive reconfiguration of housing provision was pushed forward. The aim of this contribution is to characterize changes in housing policy and ask whether and in what way they can be described as financialization. We argue that financialization is a political-economic project that has developed in a particular, stepwise form. Building on the stylized distinction between destructive (roll-back) and creative (roll-out) moments of financialization, we try to understand how financialization took hold. Two projects—Cuautitlan Izcalli from the 1970s and Huehuetoca from the 2000s—symbolize this change. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 512-532 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1781227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1781227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:512-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melih Yeşilbağ Author-X-Name-First: Melih Author-X-Name-Last: Yeşilbağ Title: The State-Orchestrated Financialization of Housing in Turkey Abstract: This study presents an assessment of the political economy of housing in contemporary Turkey in conversation with the main issues of the financialization of housing (FoH) debate. Since the early 2000s, the built-environment scene in Turkey has been undergoing a radical transformation toward a situation characterized by growing penetration of financial concerns into the housing sector. FoH in Turkey, however, is remarkably different from typical Global North examples in terms of the current depth of the process, prevalent mechanisms, leading components, and driving actors. The Turkish case is characterized by a relatively small financial footprint generating an unprecedented construction boom, under the command of a decisive and persistent state strategy. Going well beyond the enabling/facilitating role of states covered in the existing literature, this strategy represents a case in which the state itself effectively drives the housing–finance nexus. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 533-558 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1670715 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1670715 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:533-558 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emre Ergüven Author-X-Name-First: Emre Author-X-Name-Last: Ergüven Title: The Political Economy of Housing Financialization in Turkey: Links With and Contradictions to the Accumulation Model Abstract: Financialization influenced the Turkish economy and housing industry mostly through financial liberalization moves and soaring capital inflows. It both increased household liabilities and mortgage loans dramatically and offered various facilities for the housing industry. Relevant legal regulations not only helped the Turkish housing industry prosper but also eased its integration into the national and global financial system. In addition, political implications constituted a strong motivation for governments to attach special importance to the housing industry. I examine housing financialization as an integral part of the accumulation model of the Turkish economy and argue that the housing industry lies at the very heart of the contradictions of this model. The large-scale capital inflows both intensified the dependency on foreign resources and increased the role of the domestic demand. This is the main contradiction of the accumulation model; it manifests itself in the interest rate dilemma and is also critical for housing financialization in Turkey because the characteristics of this model are especially valid for the housing industry. Moreover, not only do the contradictions of the accumulation model disrupt the housing industry, but also the characteristics of the housing industry contribute to the disruption of this model. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 559-584 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1681017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1681017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:559-584 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: I. Socoloff Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Socoloff Title: Subordinate Financialization and Housing Finance: The Case of Indexed Mortgage Loans’ Coalition in Argentina Abstract: Housing financialization research has aimed at explaining the links between financial macrodynamics and urban phenomena. But as this article argues, a focus on the Global South’s variegated trajectories demands both a consideration of the effects of the subordinate character of financialization in these economies and an attentive look at the changing coalitions pushing for new financial reforms. In this article, I take the case of an urban–financial coalition in Argentina responsible for setting up a new housing finance system revolving around inflation indexed mortgage loans. By looking at developers’ associations’ key role in coproducing consensus over indexed loans despite hyperinflation, I highlight the importance of studying the stability of the coalition to better comprehend housing financialization and the contradictions arising when attempting to subsume housing credit to the logic of finance capital—that is, creating a financialized financial infrastructure—in unstable financialized economies. The findings of this article are based on a macroanalysis of the major transformations in the real estate and financial sectors in Argentina and a microanalysis of developers’ collective action. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 585-605 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1676810 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1676810 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:585-605 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sílvia Jorge Author-X-Name-First: Sílvia Author-X-Name-Last: Jorge Title: The Financialization of the Margins of Maputo, Mozambique Abstract: With different contours than those of the Global North, financialization logic enters and consolidates itself progressively in the African Continent, namely in the sub-Saharan region, changing the relations of power and real estate property in the urban scenario. Following this recolonization process, this article aims, from a sociourbanistic point of view, to contribute to the knowledge of its specificities in the Mozambican context and, particularly, that of the capital city, Maputo. The analysis and critical reflection focus especially on the production and transformation of the urban margins, where the majority of the urban population lives, taking as a case study the neighborhood of Polana Caniço A, paradigmatic because of the interventions that have been occurring there over the last few decades. There, a new order, simultaneously local and global, erects symbolic and physical borders, reinforcing historical processes of exclusion and segregation, through a strong alliance between the state and new urban actors. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 606-622 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1714690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1714690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:606-622 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yi-Ling Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yi-Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: “Housing Prices Never Fall”: The Development of Housing Finance in Taiwan Abstract: This article deals with the path-dependent features of financialization of housing in Taiwan, an East Asian developmental state. The levels of foreign capital and securitization in Taiwan’s housing market remain relatively low, meaning domestic capital, of which there is an abundance, is the major financial source of such speculation. The process does not include the retrenchment of the welfare state, because Taiwan has been a homeowner society. After financial liberalization in the 1980s, Taiwan’s state intervention in the housing and financial sectors has actually intensified via the enactment of more regulations to decrease the role of the informal financial and housing sectors. As a result of neoliberalization giving precedence to market mechanisms, various low-interest mortgage programs in the 1990s, all subsidized by public funding, have increased the rate of homeownership and sustained housing prices. Even though this varied the development of housing financialization, housing in Taiwan has largely become a tool of speculation, and housing affordability has become a serious problem. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 623-639 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1714691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1714691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:623-639 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julien Migozzi Author-X-Name-First: Julien Author-X-Name-Last: Migozzi Title: Selecting Spaces, Classifying People: The Financialization of Housing in the South African City Abstract: Focusing on Cape Town, this article investigates how financialization unfolds in the South African housing market. I use a mixed method that combines in-depth field research conducted among key market players with an analysis of georeferenced residential transactions. Connecting financial and urban geography, the article retraces the institutional and social anatomy of financialization. I demonstrate how financialization unfolds in metropolitan areas through the classification of people and the selection of spaces, by staying away from the urban poor, and instead incorporating the middle- and upper-income sections of society. In that regard, the article unpacks the urban and class structures of housing financialization in South Africa, which challenges narratives from the urban Global North. Two market segments drive financialization in South Africa: the rental market, which became a new financial frontier with the emergence of corporate landlords; and the owner-occupied market, with the rise of the mortgage industry and the limited implementation of securitization, underpinned by highly restrictive lending practices. In both segments, financial institutions and corporate landlords rely on credit scoring to classify and select tenants or mortgage beneficiaries; they target specific areas within the post-apartheid city to develop residential portfolios and allocate mortgages. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 640-660 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1684335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1684335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:640-660 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriel Fauveaud Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Fauveaud Title: The New Frontiers of Housing Financialization in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: The Condominium Boom and the Foreignization of Housing Markets in the Global South Abstract: This article investigates housing financialization processes in low-income countries (LICs). Considering housing as both capital and commodity, the article excavates the roots of housing financialization in LICs since the 1960s, and shows how financialization has been used, since the 1990s, to circumvent long-standing obstacles to the marketization and commodification of LICs’ housing markets. Focusing on the recent development of the condominium market in Phnom Penh, the capital city of Cambodia, the article then investigates the role of various stakeholders (e.g., development agencies, public institutions, foreign and international investors, transnational developers, brokers) in the contemporary financialization of local housing markets. Detailing their strategies, discourses, and actions, I argue that in economic contexts where the financial sector remains underdeveloped, local and international developers and brokers act as agents of financialization by creating specific channels of real estate capital circulation and landing. I argue that the case of Phnom Penh reveals how foreign and transnational stakeholders, mainly originating from Asia, have created a specific regime of capital accumulation through housing financialization, which I name the foreignization of housing markets. This regime emphasizes the significant capacity of financialization to penetrate markets that have long remained out of its reach by establishing capital extraversion mechanisms. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 661-679 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1714692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1714692 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:661-679 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rodrigo Fernandez Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez Author-Name: Manuel B. Aalbers Author-X-Name-First: Manuel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Aalbers Title: Housing Financialization in the Global South: In Search of a Comparative Framework Abstract: The financialization of housing in the Global South (GS) and peripheries of the Global North (GN) develops in different ways than in the GN because the mechanisms underlying and pushing financialization are fundamentally different. We argue that subordinated financialization in the GS is the contemporary form of uneven and combined development, shaped by the financialization of the GN. The recycling of GN excess liquidity in countries lower in the global money hierarchy has contributed to the growth of mortgage lending in the GS and peripheries of GN. With the macrocomparative perspective in our article we provide a framework to rethink the relations between GN and GS in shaping distinct patterns of uneven and combined financialization, but also to rethink the varieties of capitalism and residential capitalism approaches. In the GS we can distinguish between at least two additional types: state-led market economies and less-financialized market economies. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 680-701 Issue: 4 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1681491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1681491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:4:p:680-701 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atticus Jaramillo Author-X-Name-First: Atticus Author-X-Name-Last: Jaramillo Author-Name: William M. Rohe Author-X-Name-First: William M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe Author-Name: Michael D. Webb Author-X-Name-First: Michael D. Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Title: Neighborhood Opportunity and Satisfaction Among Housing Choice Voucher Recipients: A Subjective Well-Being Perspective Abstract: This study analyzes how different neighborhood opportunity characteristics are associated with Housing Choice Voucher recipients’ subjective well-being, as measured by neighborhood satisfaction. We focus on this topic because subjective well-being is linked to a variety of important outcomes, such as health, productivity, and social relationships. Thus, a complete understanding of how opportunity neighborhoods impact low-income households’ lives requires consideration of subjective well-being. Relying on a sample of Housing Choice Voucher recipients living in Charlotte, North Carolina, we find that neighborhood opportunity indicators are not strong predictors of neighborhood satisfaction after controlling for perceptions of neighborhood conditions and household composition. This result suggests that mobility to opportunity neighborhoods may not result in corresponding increases in neighborhood satisfaction and, thus, subjective well-being. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 703-717 Issue: 5 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1737830 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1737830 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:5:p:703-717 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nora Libertun de Duren Author-X-Name-First: Nora Author-X-Name-Last: Libertun de Duren Author-Name: Rene Osorio Author-X-Name-First: Rene Author-X-Name-Last: Osorio Title: The Effect of Public Expenditure on the Housing Deficit in Peru at the Municipal Level Abstract: What impact does public expenditure on housing have on the deficit in a municipality? This article answers this question for Peru for the period 2001–2013. Municipalities with high expenditure levels saw a reduction in the number of households lacking access to water, sanitation, and electricity. There was no significant change in cohabitation, overcrowding, or lack of documents of ownership. The analysis was based on the empirical association between mineral exploitation and housing deficit at the municipal level. Municipalities that benefited from the mineral boom after 2007 saw housing expenditures increase dramatically, which reduced the housing deficit associated with poor materials to 18% from 33% (the national average). In addition, the housing deficit related to lack of water, sanitation, and electricity decreased from 26% to 22%. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 718-740 Issue: 5 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1739107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1739107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:5:p:718-740 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Foell Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Foell Author-Name: K. A. Pitzer Author-X-Name-First: K. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pitzer Title: Geographically Targeted Place-Based Community Development Interventions: A Systematic Review and Examination of Studies’ Methodological Rigor Abstract: Targeted interventions to improve specific geographic areas have been a significant policy and intervention tool for the past 50 years. However, few reviews provide a comprehensive examination of studies’ methodological rigor that assesses the effects of geographically targeted place-based community development interventions across intervention types. Accordingly, this review synthesizes research on geographically targeted place-based community development interventions to identify strategies utilized, outcomes measured, methodological strengths and limitations, and intervention effectiveness. A systematic search yielded 31 articles representing 29 unique studies for review. The methodological quality of each study was assessed, and intervention effects were examined. Workforce and economic development programs are the most commonly evaluated intervention in this review, whereas property value is the most common outcome measured. Geographically targeted interventions are effective at increasing property values but achieve mixed results across other indicators. Recommendations include measurement of consistent outcomes and conducting program-wide and site-specific analyses to assess intervention effectiveness. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 741-765 Issue: 5 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1741421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1741421 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:5:p:741-765 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samantha Teixeira Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Teixeira Author-Name: Dabin Hwang Author-X-Name-First: Dabin Author-X-Name-Last: Hwang Author-Name: Bryn Spielvogel Author-X-Name-First: Bryn Author-X-Name-Last: Spielvogel Author-Name: Katie Cole Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Cole Author-Name: Rebekah Levine Coley Author-X-Name-First: Rebekah Levine Author-X-Name-Last: Coley Title: Participatory Photo Mapping to Understand Youths’ Experiences in a Public Housing Neighborhood Preparing for Redevelopment Abstract: Many public housing communities are undergoing redevelopment into mixed-income communities, with researchers raising concerns that the redevelopment process may reinforce exclusionary practices and inadequately involve residents in the planning process. These concerns highlight the need to better understand residents’ views of public housing communities and the redevelopment process. To fill this gap, we elicited a detailed view of youths’ lived experiences within a Boston, Massachusetts, housing development preparing to undergo conversion into a mixed-income community. Using participatory photo mapping and interviews, we partnered with youth co-researchers in an assessment of important community spaces and neighborhood strengths and stressors. Results highlight neighborhood strengths such as social cohesion and stressors such as gun violence. Results also elucidate youths’ wishes for the redevelopment, including the creation of formal and informal youth-centered spaces. We discuss implications for policy and practice and consider youths’ suggestions in the context of current community development approaches. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 766-782 Issue: 5 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1741422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1741422 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:5:p:766-782 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristie Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Kristie Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Author-Name: Jill T. Messing Author-X-Name-First: Jill T. Author-X-Name-Last: Messing Author-Name: Allison Ward-Lasher Author-X-Name-First: Allison Author-X-Name-Last: Ward-Lasher Author-Name: Allie Bones Author-X-Name-First: Allie Author-X-Name-Last: Bones Title: No Easy Decisions: Developing an Evidence-Informed Process to Allocate Housing Choice Vouchers to Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence Abstract: This article describes the development of an evidence-informed screening tool and process to allocate 25 Housing Choice Vouchers (HCVs) to homeless and unstably housed survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) through an innovative pilot program called SASH (Survivors Achieving Stable Housing). Informed by empirical and community-defined evidence, the screening tool comprised two forms, a survivor self-referral form and a form completed by a domestic violence (DV) advocate on the survivor’s behalf. Responses were scored such that higher scores indicated fewer barriers to the SASH definition of housing success (i.e., to lease up with and maintain an HCV). We received 92 applications, primarily from survivors living in DV shelters. Of those, 31 were excluded; the remaining 61 were randomized into either the voucher or the queue group. Survivors needed considerable advocacy from the SASH team to move through the public housing authority application process as well as financial assistance to lease up. Lessons learned during the SASH project have important implications for DV and housing practitioners, especially those involved in developing coordinated entry procedures. These lessons include the utility and feasibility of screening questions and tools, moral dilemmas of resource allocation, and challenges of working across siloed systems and policies. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 783-805 Issue: 5 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1755336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1755336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:5:p:783-805 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas J. PlaHovinsak Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: PlaHovinsak Title: Exclusionary Zoning: Policy Design Lessons From the Mount Laurel Decisions Abstract: Exclusionary zoning takes many forms, but always aims to limit economic integration within certain communities. Understanding the effectiveness of programs designed to reduce exclusionary zoning yields insight for future policy design, and the program that followed the Mount Laurel decisions in New Jersey remains relatively unexplored. The program created the Council on Affordable Housing (COAH), which used an incentive-based structure to implement affordable housing requirements. Municipalities that volunteered to meet their requirement received legal protection from zoning lawsuits. They could also engage in a regional contribution agreement (RCA), which allowed them to pay another municipality to complete up to 50% of their affordable housing obligation. Using probit and multinomial logit models, I investigate two questions concerning the program’s design: (a) Did COAH’s incentive-based structure succeed in attracting those municipalities with the greatest need for affordable housing? And (b) Did RCAs exhibit a pattern of high-income municipalities sending their affordable housing obligations to low-income municipalities? I find that the program succeeded in attracting high-income municipalities to participate, but that these municipalities were also likely to use RCAs to send housing units to low-income municipalities. I argue that the program’s design undermined the Mount Laurel decision’s original intent by limiting economic integration in high-income municipalities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 806-822 Issue: 5 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1761856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1761856 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:5:p:806-822 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katharine Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Katharine Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: James DeFilippis Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: DeFilippis Author-Name: Richard Kruger Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Kruger Author-Name: Olivia Williams Author-X-Name-First: Olivia Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Joseph Pierce Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Pierce Author-Name: Deborah Martin Author-X-Name-First: Deborah Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Azadeh Hadizadeh Esfahani Author-X-Name-First: Azadeh Author-X-Name-Last: Hadizadeh Esfahani Title: The Commodity Effects of Decommodification: Community Land Trusts and Neighborhood Property Values Abstract: This article explores the impacts of community land trust (CLT) properties on the real estate prices of nearby homes through a case study of a relatively large CLT in Minneapolis, Minnesota. We use hedonic regression and a difference-in-difference estimation with spatial error correction to measure price effects. The number of developments citywide is insufficient to yield significant results. However, we find evidence that clustering CLTs stemmed the decline in sales prices during the foreclosure crisis. The introduction of the first nearby CLT had no measurable price impact, but each additional CLT was associated with a 5% higher sales price in North Minneapolis, and 3% higher in Central Minneapolis. In the postrecession period, we estimate that the introduction of CLTs in North Minneapolis was associated with a 10.9% increase in nearby sales prices. These results suggest that, contrary to common assumptions, price effects are strongest when affordable properties are spatially clustered. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 823-842 Issue: 5 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1768573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1768573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:5:p:823-842 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. J. Gabbe Author-X-Name-First: C. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gabbe Author-Name: Gregory Pierce Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Pierce Title: Extreme Heat Vulnerability of Subsidized Housing Residents in California Abstract: Extreme heat is the leading weather-related cause of mortality in the United States, but there is little evidence about how this climate hazard affects residents of different housing types. In this study, we examine whether Californians living in subsidized housing are more vulnerable to extreme heat than those living in unsubsidized housing. We create a tract-level data set combining housing characteristics, downscaled climate projections, and an index of adaptive capacity and sensitivity to heat. We analyze exposure and vulnerability to heat by housing type and location. We find that subsidized housing is disproportionately located in the hottest tracts that simultaneously also have the most sensitive populations and barriers to adaptation (high-high tracts). Whereas 8% of California’s housing units are in high-high tracts, these tracts contain 16% of public housing units, 14% of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit units, and 10% of Section 8 Housing Choice Vouchers. Our findings indicate the need for targeted housing and land-use policy interventions to reduce heat vulnerability. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 843-860 Issue: 5 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1768574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1768574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:5:p:843-860 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Qianyi Wang Author-X-Name-First: Qianyi Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Kee Cheok Cheong Author-X-Name-First: Kee Cheok Author-X-Name-Last: Cheong Author-Name: Yurui Li Author-X-Name-First: Yurui Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Who Benefits From Development? Analyzing the Stakeholder Contestations in a Traditional Settlement of Malaysia Abstract: Urban–rural renewal is an instrument not only to manage urbanization but also for sustainable development. In this process, major stakeholders are affected differentially. The case studied here shows how the most vulnerable stakeholders are deprived of benefits in the urban–rural renewal process. Through an analysis of Mantin, a small Malaysian town, the study depicts conflicts among stakeholders. Beyond the traditional stakeholder analysis framework stressing the role of government, developers, and the community affected by development, this research delves into an extended nexus of related stakeholders (the nongovernmental organization sector and media) that complicates the confrontation between the developer with legal right to the land and residents who claim hereditary occupation rights. It also reveals the stance of the government, often neglected in discussions of private–public partnerships. Here, politicians from both opposition and government saw opportunities to gain political advantage from the contest. The result of these stakeholder interfaces was a conflict that dragged on for a protracted period. The events show that the involvement of third-party stakeholders can increase the likelihood of and prolong conflict. Generally, the case also illustrates the failure of top-down policies that can be subverted at local levels. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 861-877 Issue: 5 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1769154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1769154 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:5:p:861-877 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victoria Basolo Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Basolo Title: The Impacts of Intercity Competition and Intergovernmental Factors on Local Affordable Housing Expenditures Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 659-688 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.12097373 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.12097373 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:10:y:1999:i:3:p:659-688 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arthur Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Arthur Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Thomas Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Debunking the Exurban Myth: A Comparison of Suburban Households Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 689-709 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.12097374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.12097374 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:10:y:1999:i:3:p:689-709 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: ebiii-ebiv Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.1999.9521340 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.1999.9521340 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:10:y:1999:i:3:p:ebiii-ebiv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karen A. Danielsen Author-X-Name-First: Karen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Danielsen Author-Name: Robert E. Lang Author-X-Name-First: Robert E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lang Author-Name: William Fulton Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Fulton Title: Retracting suburbia: Smart growth and the future of housing Abstract: Metropolitan areas throughout the United States increasingly experience sprawl development. States such as Oregon and Maryland have enacted land use legislation that curbs sprawl by promoting denser urban growth. Smart growth, a new method of metropolitan development leading to more compact regions, offers an alternative to sprawl. Given that housing comprises a major share of the built environment, policies that promote denser residential development form a key component of smart growth.This article provides an analytic review of the ways housing can be used to support successful smart growth policies. It focuses on three areas: the market for higher density housing, land use issues associated with denser housing development, and methods for financing higher density and mixed‐use housing. The literature on the link between smart growth and housing remains underdeveloped. We offer this synthesis as a way to advance the state of knowledge on smart growth's housing dimension. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 513-540 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.1999.9521341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.1999.9521341 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:10:y:1999:i:3:p:513-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregg Easterbrook Author-X-Name-First: Gregg Author-X-Name-Last: Easterbrook Title: Comment on Karen A. Danielsen, Robert E. Lang, and William Fulton's “Retracting suburbia: Smart growth and the future of housing” Abstract: Hypocrisy abounds in the smart growth movement. Many of its biggest advocates maintain the sprawling suburban lifestyle that the movement seeks to curtail. Smart growth is just the latest label for an exclusionary impulse that divides those Americans who already are enjoying the good life from those seeking to obtain it. Furthermore, smart growth threatens to derail one of the key engines of the national economy: suburban sprawl. Despite its negative image, sprawl is efficient and reflects consumer preference. In a nation where so much developable land remains, sprawl is hardly the environmental threat it is made out to be. The real threat is that the nation might adopt policies that halt development and frustrate the millions of people who seek their share of the suburban dream. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 541-547 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.1999.9521342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.1999.9521342 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:10:y:1999:i:3:p:541-547 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael S. Carliner Author-X-Name-First: Michael S. Author-X-Name-Last: Carliner Title: Comment on Karen A. Danielsen, Robert E. Lang, and William Fulton's “Retracting suburbia: Smart growth and the future of housing” Abstract: The prescription to end sprawl that Danielsen, Lang, and Fulton propose includes regulatory changes to allow higher densities and requires consumers to choose to live in higher density housing. Most suburbanites are unwilling to swallow that pill. The market continues to demand low‐density development. Surveys conducted by a number of institutions show time and time again that consumers are unwilling to relinquish their large lots and single‐family homes. Not only do most suburbanites prefer to live in housing built at limited densities, but they want their neighbors to do so as well. This is reflected in land use regulations that mandate even lower densities than market demand would dictate. In addition to social prejudices, desires to limit noise and traffic, and other quality‐of‐life concerns, there are financial advantages, for both communities and current residents, in maintaining low‐density, exclusionary land use regulations. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 549-553 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.1999.9521343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.1999.9521343 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:10:y:1999:i:3:p:549-553 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elvin K. Wyly Author-X-Name-First: Elvin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wyly Author-Name: Steven R. Holloway Author-X-Name-First: Steven R. Author-X-Name-Last: Holloway Title: “The Color of Money” revisited: Racial lending patterns in Atlanta's neighborhoods Abstract: In 1988, the Atlanta Journal‐Constitution published “The Color of Money,” an influential series examining mortgage redlining in Atlanta. The articles documented wide lending disparities between white and black neighborhoods of similar income levels. Given sweeping changes in housing finance since 1988, we seek to determine whether Atlanta's racial geographic disparities in mortgage lending have changed.Analysis of 1992 to 1996 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data reveals slight improvement. Atlanta's depository lenders made 4.2 times as many conventional home purchase loans per owner‐occupied unit to middle‐income white neighborhoods as they did to middle‐income black neighborhoods; a decade earlier, this ratio was 5.2. Nondepositories post lower ratios, particularly for Federal Housing Administration‐insured loans, but this market segment raises concerns because of potential abuses. By the indicator of most enduring theoretical and policy interest—conventional home purchase lending by depositories—the patterns that aroused concern a decade ago are still evident today. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 555-600 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.1999.9521344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.1999.9521344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:10:y:1999:i:3:p:555-600 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael R. Greenberg Author-X-Name-First: Michael R. Author-X-Name-Last: Greenberg Title: Improving neighborhood quality: A hierarchy of needs Abstract: A sample of 306 residents of New Jersey stratified by type of neighborhood was gathered in order to measure the association of residents’ ratings of neighborhood quality with neighborhood attributes and residents’ characteristics. Poor neighborhood quality was strongly associated with crime/vandalism and physical decay, as well as with mistrust of authority, negative emotions, pessimism, and a lack of sense of mastery of the environment.The policy implications of these findings are important. First, improving schools, controlling locally unwanted land uses, and improving other neighborhood conditions will help improve neighborhood quality only if crime and blight are controlled. Second, many residents of poor and fair quality neighborhoods mistrust authority, including the local officials and potential investors who will spearhead neighborhood redevelopment. This destructive form of mistrust must be addressed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 601-624 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.1999.9521345 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.1999.9521345 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:10:y:1999:i:3:p:601-624 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Rosenbaum Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbaum Author-Name: Samantha Friedman Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Friedman Author-Name: Michael H. Schill Author-X-Name-First: Michael H. Author-X-Name-Last: Schill Author-Name: Hielke Buddelmeyer Author-X-Name-First: Hielke Author-X-Name-Last: Buddelmeyer Title: Nativity differences in neighborhood quality among New York city households Abstract: This article adds to the literature on locational attainment of immigrants by evaluating how immigrant households in New York City compare with native‐born households with respect to neighborhood characteristics. It also examines whether the relationship between immigrant status and neighborhood quality varies by race/ethnicity and place of birth.Overall, foreign‐born households are more likely than native‐born households to live in neighborhoods with less access to medical care, higher rates of tuberculosis, and higher concentrations of poverty. Multivariate analyses reveal that all but one of these disadvantages disappear for foreign‐born households as a group. However, island‐born Puerto Ricans and immigrants—especially Dominicans, Caribbeans and Africans, and Latin Americans—are more likely to reside in lower‐quality neighborhoods than native‐born white households. Equally important, native‐born blacks and Hispanics are also disproportionately disadvantaged relative to native‐born whites, suggesting that a racial hierarchy exists in the locational attainment of households in New York City. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 625-658 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.1999.9521346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.1999.9521346 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:10:y:1999:i:3:p:625-658 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mengkai Chen Author-X-Name-First: Mengkai Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yidong Wu Author-X-Name-First: Yidong Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Guiwen Liu Author-X-Name-First: Guiwen Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Xianzhu Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xianzhu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: The Effect of the Housing Provident Fund on Income Redistribution: The Case of China Abstract: Long-term collective saving schemes are widely adopted in many emerging economies to support residents’ housing consumption. This article evaluates the effect of the Housing Provident Fund (HPF), one of the most prominent housing policies in China, on income redistribution beyond its housing support role. Based on micro survey data, our results suggest that the current HPF policy design widens the income gap between HPF participants and nonparticipants and aggravates income inequality across the whole population; further simulation results suggest that expanding HPF coverage has an alleviating effect. However, in the event of housing purchases through HPF loans, lower income participants can leverage more benefits, and the floor-and-ceiling policy design decreases the marginal benefits for higher income participants, resulting in mitigated income inequality among HPF participants. One notable risk of the HPF’s widening of the income gap among participants is the unavailability of HPF loans for low-income participants. Our findings indicate that optimizing the HPF system might be a better option than its abolishment, from the perspective of its income redistribution function. We also provide some valuable recommendations for gradual future reform of the HPF. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 879-899 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1769155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1769155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:6:p:879-899 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandeep K. Agrawal Author-X-Name-First: Sandeep K. Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal Author-Name: Varkki Pallathucheril Author-X-Name-First: Varkki Author-X-Name-Last: Pallathucheril Author-Name: Pradeep Sangapala Author-X-Name-First: Pradeep Author-X-Name-Last: Sangapala Title: Affordable Housing for Emiratis in the United Arab Emirates: The Case Study of Ras Al Khaimah Abstract: Adequate and affordable housing is a basic human need, and in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a federation composed of seven emirates, housing is treated as a constitutional right of every Emirati national. Using interviews with municipal and housing officials and a survey of the housing beneficiaries, the study evaluates the efficacy of the two national housing programs in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah that provide subsidies for affordable homeownership—the Sheikh Zayed Housing Program and the President’s Initiative. The study found that the UAE is shifting back to a provider approach to housing for its citizens. The program beneficiaries seemed satisfied with the design of their homes but raised concerns about their locations. The locations and growth spurred by the two programs have significantly shaped the current sprawling urban form of the Ras Al Khaimah municipality. The question of the long-term sustainability of the two programs looms large, funded as they are entirely by the government, with limited participation from the private, nonprofit, or informal sectors. To make housing programs financially and environmentally sustainable, every stakeholder must play a role: the federal government, the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, the Ras Al Khaimah Municipality, and the individual program beneficiaries. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 900-925 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1772336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1772336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:6:p:900-925 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rahim Kurwa Author-X-Name-First: Rahim Author-X-Name-Last: Kurwa Title: The New Man in the House Rules: How the Regulation of Housing Vouchers Turns Personal Bonds Into Eviction Liabilities Abstract: Whereas federal aid to the poor has traditionally focused on support for families, a central contradiction in these policies is the degree to which the state employs antifamily modes of regulation and punishment, a finding consistent across welfare, health, and child services. I extend this analysis to Housing Choice Vouchers, the nation’s largest rental assistance program. Interviews with voucher renters show how, like welfare’s early man in the house rules, the public–private regulation of the program turns personal bonds into eviction liabilities. I trace these vulnerabilities to two rules: one banning unauthorized tenants from residing in the home, and another banning drug- and crime-related activity. After documenting how the enforcement of these rules forces tenants to choose between family and housing, I suggest that these dynamics illustrate similarities between the punitive regulation of housing and other safety net programs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 926-949 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1778056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1778056 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:6:p:926-949 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richmond Juvenile Ehwi Author-X-Name-First: Richmond Juvenile Author-X-Name-Last: Ehwi Author-Name: Lewis Abedi Asante Author-X-Name-First: Lewis Abedi Author-X-Name-Last: Asante Author-Name: Nicky Morrison Author-X-Name-First: Nicky Author-X-Name-Last: Morrison Title: Exploring the Financial Implications of Advance Rent Payment and Induced Furnishing of Rental Housing in Ghanaian Cities: The Case of Dansoman, Accra-Ghana Abstract: Across the globe, private rental housing performs a critical role within modern housing systems. However, the nature of the sector, the households it serves, and the contractual landlord–tenant relationships are markedly different. In this article, we explore Ghana’s informal rental housing market, which provides accommodation to most renters because of limited housing in the formal housing sector. Drawing on exploratory research and survey data from renters in Dansoman, Accra, we contend that landlords’ practice of requiring renters to pay 2 years’ advance rent and to furnish their property imposes significant financial burden on the renters. We further demonstrate the extent to which different categories of renters are made worse off by these financial commitments. As government regulatory powers remain weak, private landlords’ unscrupulous practices have become an accepted social norm. The younger segments of society that are heavily dependent on this sector are, in particular, made considerably worse off, with knock-on consequences for labor mobility and the ability to create well-functioning housing systems. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 950-971 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1782451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1782451 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:6:p:950-971 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fei Li Author-X-Name-First: Fei Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Zhan Guo Author-X-Name-First: Zhan Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Title: Will Mandatory Inclusionary Housing Create Mixed-Income Communities? Evidence From London, UK Abstract: Mandatory inclusionary housing, which requires market-rate housing developments to include a proportion of affordable housing units, has the potential to deliver affordable housing in more affluent neighborhoods and create mixed-income communities. This study evaluates this potential effect in London, United Kingdom, where mandatory inclusionary housing has been implemented in all local authorities since the early 2000s. Comparing the spatial concentration and average neighborhood characteristics of affordable housing delivered under inclusionary housing and those created via conventional means (i.e., in the public or nonprofit sector), we find that a higher percentage of inclusionary affordable units are concentrated in a small number of neighborhoods, and both types of affordable units are more likely to be placed in disadvantaged neighborhoods than market-rate units are. We explore the ways in which local implementation of inclusionary housing could have allowed developers to shift some of the inclusionary affordable housing toward disadvantaged neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 972-993 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1787482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1787482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:6:p:972-993 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Konstantin Kholodilin Author-X-Name-First: Konstantin Author-X-Name-Last: Kholodilin Title: Long-Term, Multicountry Perspective on Rental Market Regulations Abstract: This study introduces a new international longitudinal database of governmental rental market regulations. The regulations are measured using binary variables based on a thorough analysis of real-time, country-specific legislation. Three major restrictive policies are considered: rent control, protection from restriction, and housing rationing. The database covers 101 countries and states between 1910 and 2020. This allows comparisons of regulation intensity across both time and space. The analysis reveals a surge in restrictive policies in the first half of the 20th century. However, following World War II, the evolution of policies diverged: whereas rent control became more flexible or was phased out, tenure security stabilized at a high level or even increased, and housing rationing became used less frequently. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 994-1015 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1789889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1789889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:6:p:994-1015 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Esther Yeboah Danso-Wiredu Author-X-Name-First: Esther Yeboah Author-X-Name-Last: Danso-Wiredu Author-Name: Adjoa Poku Author-X-Name-First: Adjoa Author-X-Name-Last: Poku Title: Family Compound Housing System Losing Its Value in Ghana: A Threat to Future Housing of the Poor Abstract: The family compound housing system in Ghana ensures both nuclear and extended family live in the same house and have reciprocal relationships. It is a social safety net that prevents homelessness in Ghana. The rent-free compound housing remains predominant in rural areas and indigenous parts of the cities. However, many Ghanaians prefer to live in single-family houses rather than the family compounds, resulting in a gradual reduction in the number of family compound houses. Based on a study conducted in four communities, the article uses a qualitative approach, with social capital theory as the analytical basis for the research, to investigate why most Ghanaians now wish to live outside their family homes. Based on the findings, the article questions the future of housing the poor in Ghana if the family compound housing system collapses and suggests a rental form of compound housing as a new policy for the state. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1016-1032 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1792529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1792529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:6:p:1016-1032 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carrie Makarewicz Author-X-Name-First: Carrie Author-X-Name-Last: Makarewicz Author-Name: Prentiss Dantzler Author-X-Name-First: Prentiss Author-X-Name-Last: Dantzler Author-Name: Arlie Adkins Author-X-Name-First: Arlie Author-X-Name-Last: Adkins Title: Another Look at Location Affordability: Understanding the Detailed Effects of Income and Urban Form on Housing and Transportation Expenditures Abstract: Findings from a study using the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (PSID) and detailed urban environment and transit data support the location affordability hypothesis. Households in location-efficient places spent significantly less on household transportation, enough to offset high housing costs. Walkable blocks and good transit especially contribute to these savings. But households with very low incomes (below 35% AMI) do not see significant enough savings. Authors recommend investments in transit, sidewalks, and economic development in disinvested areas; the preservation and creation of affordable housing of all types and tenures; and more supports for households with very low incomes.For decades, researchers have explored how location efficiency (LE) affects housing affordability, including incorporating transportation costs into a holistic housing affordability measure known as location affordability. Others have argued that estimated transportation savings from LE may be overstated because of limits in data and methods. Smart and Klein’s 2018 article in Housing Policy Debate analyzed the PSID and found “no evidence to support the location affordability hypothesis.” Considering their study’s policy implications, as well as its methodological limitations, we tested the PSID data at a smaller geography using more detailed household and urban form variables, per the LE literature. With this approach, we find statistically significant and meaningful transportation cost differences that are enough to offset higher housing prices for several income groups. However, the transportation savings for households in the lowest-income group in urban areas do not offset high housing costs. Because location-affordable places are in short supply, and the extreme shortage of affordable housing, both housing and transportation investments are needed to support households with low and moderate incomes. Expanding location affordability regionally will also help to address climate change and expand access to job opportunities, goods, services, and other amenities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1033-1055 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1792528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1792528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:6:p:1033-1055 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Courtnee Melton-Fant Author-X-Name-First: Courtnee Author-X-Name-Last: Melton-Fant Title: Relationship Between State Preemption of Inclusionary Zoning Policies and Health Outcomes: Is There Disparate Impact Among People of Color? Abstract: This study examines the relationship between state preemption of inclusionary zoning policies and health outcomes among different demographic groups. Controlling for state- and individual-level controls, preemption of inclusionary association was negatively associated with health outcomes, particularly among Black adults. Adults living in states that preempt inclusionary zoning were more likely to have poor or fair self-rated health status. Additionally, Black adults were more likely to report delaying medical care because of cost in preemption states. Study findings suggest that changes to land-use regulation and zoning policy are important policy levers for improving health and longstanding racial health inequities. Policy interventions should be race-conscious and account for the historical and systemic barriers experienced by Black people. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1056-1065 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1798488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1798488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:30:y:2020:i:6:p:1056-1065 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Editor’s Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1859072 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1859072 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurie S. Goodman Author-X-Name-First: Laurie S. Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman Author-Name: Susan Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Title: The Mortgage Market in the Time of COVID Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 2-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1850017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1850017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:2-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jim Parrott Author-X-Name-First: Jim Author-X-Name-Last: Parrott Author-Name: Bob Ryan Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan Author-Name: Mark Zandi Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Zandi Title: FHFA’s Capital Rule Is a Step Backward Abstract: In this article, the authors summarize and critique the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s recent capital proposal for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, concluding that it misapplies the bank capital regime in a way that would ultimately take the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) and the housing finance system in the wrong direction, unnecessarily leading to higher mortgage rates, riskier GSEs, and a less stable housing finance system. Note that after this article was written, FHFA finalized their capital rule. While they modified it somewhat from the proposal critiqued here, the final rule is largely subject to the same criticisms. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 4-15 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1850018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1850018 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:4-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Golding Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Golding Author-Name: Laurie S. Goodman Author-X-Name-First: Laurie S. Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman Author-Name: Jun Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Title: Analysis of the Proposed 2020 FHFA Rule on Enterprise Capital Abstract: This article examines the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA)’s 2020 notice of proposed rulemaking (2020 NPR) for the government-sponsored enterprises’ capital standards and finds that there are several issues of concern that will distort the relationship between capital and risk. We urge FHFA to better tailor its proposed risk-based capital requirements to the risk and mission of these monoline entities and rely less heavily on a Basel-like framework. We offer a package of specific adjustments that will better align capital with risk, without reducing the overall rigor or stringency of the capital standard. Better tying capital to risk will result in a better regulated and stronger mortgage finance system. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 16-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1850016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1850016 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:16-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Cooperstein Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Cooperstein Author-Name: Ken Fears Author-X-Name-First: Ken Author-X-Name-Last: Fears Author-Name: Susan Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Title: Government-Sponsored Enterprises: Their Viability as Public Utilities Abstract: This article offers a vision of the future of the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) as mortgage utilities. The designation of the GSEs as systemically important mortgage market utilities preserves recent reforms that enable the entities to carry out their congressionally chartered mission while protecting taxpayers. We show that mortgage utilities can generate the stable profits necessary to attract private investors. If the GSEs are simply privatized, it will be difficult for these entities both to be profitable enough to pay for sufficient capital to protect the taxpayer and to do so at mortgage rates low enough to maintain broad access to the 30-year fixed-rate mortgage. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 33-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1850013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1850013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:33-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristopher Gerardi Author-X-Name-First: Kristopher Author-X-Name-Last: Gerardi Author-Name: Lara Loewenstein Author-X-Name-First: Lara Author-X-Name-Last: Loewenstein Author-Name: Paul S. Willen Author-X-Name-First: Paul S. Author-X-Name-Last: Willen Title: Evaluating the Benefits of a Streamlined Refinance Program Abstract: Mortgage borrowers who have experienced employment disruptions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic are unable to refinance their loans to take advantage of historically low market rates. In this article, we analyze the effects of a streamlined refinance program for government-insured loans that would allow borrowers to refinance without needing to document employment or income. In addition, we consider a cash-out component that would allow borrowers to extract some of the substantial housing equity that many have accumulated in recent years. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 51-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1850014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1850014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:51-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Golding Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Golding Author-Name: Laurie S. Goodman Author-X-Name-First: Laurie S. Author-X-Name-Last: Goodman Author-Name: Richard Green Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Green Author-Name: Susan Wachter Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Wachter Title: The Mortgage Market as a Stimulus Channel in the COVID-19 Crisis Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic mortgage forbearance programs are valuable, providing relief to approximately 2 million homeowners. At the same time, aggressive Federal Reserve intervention has decreased mortgage rates substantially, encouraging refinancing. However, mortgage rates remain elevated, as the industry is capacity constrained, and mortgage underwriting has become more restrictive, limiting the potential gains to borrowers from the Fed’s actions. This article proposes a streamlined refinance program for Federal mortgages. We estimate the impact of this program, showing that it would reduce mortgage defaults by allowing approximately 3 million families to refinance, who would otherwise be unable to do so because of tight underwriting requirements. It would also provide a further stimulus of $53 billion per year to the economy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 66-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1850015 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1850015 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:66-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Don Layton Author-X-Name-First: Don Author-X-Name-Last: Layton Title: GSE Reform: The Path Forward Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 81-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1860487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1860487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:81-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mike Calhoun Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Calhoun Title: Reform of the GSEs’ Operation and Structure Must Address the Widespread Affordable Housing Crisis and the Persistent Racial Homeownership Divide Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 83-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1860486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1860486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:83-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gerron S. Levi Author-X-Name-First: Gerron S. Author-X-Name-Last: Levi Title: The Scale of the Nation’s Affordable Housing Challenge Requires Enterprises Ready to Meet It Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 86-87 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1860488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1860488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:86-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tan Yigitcanlar Author-X-Name-First: Tan Author-X-Name-Last: Yigitcanlar Title: Smart City Beyond Efficiency: Technology–Policy–Community at Play for Sustainable Urban Futures Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 88-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1846885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1846885 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:88-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Willow Lung-Amam Author-X-Name-First: Willow Author-X-Name-Last: Lung-Amam Author-Name: Ariel H. Bierbaum Author-X-Name-First: Ariel H. Author-X-Name-Last: Bierbaum Author-Name: Sheri Parks Author-X-Name-First: Sheri Author-X-Name-Last: Parks Author-Name: Gerrit-Jan Knaap Author-X-Name-First: Gerrit-Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Knaap Author-Name: Gail Sunderman Author-X-Name-First: Gail Author-X-Name-Last: Sunderman Author-Name: Lauren Stamm Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: Stamm Title: Toward Engaged, Equitable, and Smart Communities: Lessons From West Baltimore Abstract: Smart city investments are happening in many cities around the United States. All too often, however, smart city interventions are solutions in search of problems, rather than solutions that seek to meet the needs of cities and their most vulnerable residents. This study asks how the engagement of communities can help to improve smart city investments that aim to address the needs and concerns of low-income communities of color. Through focus groups and surveys in West Baltimore, Maryland, the research showed how smart city technologies can aid residents in navigating uneven regional geographies of opportunity, addressing the existing digital divide, and developing plans that leverage their creative problem-solving capacities and existing uses of technology to address critical community needs and priorities. The study reveals how engaging communities at the front end of planning switches the focus away from technology-driven solutions to more equitable, community-centered, and place-based smart city plans and investments. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 93-111 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1672082 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1672082 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:93-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoff Boeing Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Boeing Author-Name: Max Besbris Author-X-Name-First: Max Author-X-Name-Last: Besbris Author-Name: Ariela Schachter Author-X-Name-First: Ariela Author-X-Name-Last: Schachter Author-Name: John Kuk Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Kuk Title: Housing Search in the Age of Big Data: Smarter Cities or the Same Old Blind Spots? Abstract: Housing scholars stress the importance of the information environment in shaping housing search behavior and outcomes. Rental listings have increasingly moved online over the past two decades and, in turn, online platforms like Craigslist are now central to the search process. Do these technology platforms serve as information equalizers or do they reflect traditional information inequalities that correlate with neighborhood sociodemographics? We synthesize and extend analyses of millions of U.S. Craigslist rental listings and find they supply significantly different volumes, quality, and types of information in different communities. Technology platforms have the potential to broaden, diversify, and equalize housing search information, but they rely on landlord behavior and, in turn, likely will not reach this potential without a significant redesign or policy intervention. Smart city advocates hoping to build better cities through technology must critically interrogate technology platforms and big data for systematic biases. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 112-126 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2019.1684336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2019.1684336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:112-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shomon Shamsuddin Author-X-Name-First: Shomon Author-X-Name-Last: Shamsuddin Author-Name: Sumeeta Srinivasan Author-X-Name-First: Sumeeta Author-X-Name-Last: Srinivasan Title: Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology Abstract: Housing issues, including affordability, instability, and the search for available units, present ongoing challenges for urban inhabitants. Supporters claim information and communication technology (ICT) can solve housing problems through increased efficiency, transparency, and the creation of smart cities. However, little is known about the actual use and application of ICT data on housing issues. This article reviews and assesses recent empirical research involving housing and ICT data. Using Web of Science to identify relevant articles, we find most studies focus on housing search and prices or home sharing, which partly reflects the availability of data in these domains. Few articles use ICT data to explore housing challenges for economically vulnerable, historically disadvantaged, or marginalized groups. We discuss concerns about representation in ICT data related to housing and argue for more attention to the needs of vulnerable groups to help build more inclusive smart cities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 127-150 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:127-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adriana Bruno Author-X-Name-First: Adriana Author-X-Name-Last: Bruno Author-Name: Federico Fontana Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Fontana Title: Testing the Smart City Paradigm in Italian Mid-Sized Cities: An Empirical Analysis Abstract: Urban management in the South of Europe is a very complex issue. The smart city model can offer an innovative response to this complexity, both by improving quality of life and by furthering sustainable development. Implementing an effective smart city model requires its inclusion in urban strategic planning in an integrated and comprehensive manner, sometimes backed by regional, national, and international support policies. Within this framework, the aim of this article is twofold. It intends to clarify the definition of the smart city model as it is applied in the Southern European context, and it aims to contribute to the development of the smart city as an effective model for urban management and to the assessment of its planning in mid-sized cities. This in-depth assessment will bring into focus some critical considerations involved in smart city planning initiatives and will offer useful recommendations for future policymakers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 151-170 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1800777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1800777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:151-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Goodspeed Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Goodspeed Title: Smart Cities in Community Development: From Participation in Cybernetics to Building Knowledge Infrastructures Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 171-173 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1735725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1735725 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:171-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas J. Marantz Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Marantz Title: Promoting Housing Affordability by Making Cities Smarter About Land-Use Regulation Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 174-177 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1777725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1777725 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:1:p:174-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Sanchez Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez Title: Editor’s Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 179-180 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1890379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1890379 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:179-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ann Forsyth Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth Author-Name: Jennifer Molinsky Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Molinsky Title: What Is Aging in Place? Confusions and Contradictions Abstract: Aging in place is a policy goal for many governments and a personal goal for numerous older people. But what does it mean? Drawing on both scholarly and gray literature, this article outlines seven themes underlying definitions of aging in place. Some are descriptive: never moving, staying put for as long as possible, or remaining in the same vicinity. Two are related to care: staying out of a nursing home or receiving progressively higher levels of care in the same residential care facility without moving. Others are more normative approaches: aging in place as a policy ideal or as an exercise of choice. Definitions have implications for policy debates, urban planning activities, development approaches, and personal decisions. Recognizing that the term has many different definitions and nuances will help clarify policy, planning, and development options. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 181-196 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1793795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1793795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:181-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Joseph van Holm Author-X-Name-First: Eric Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: van Holm Author-Name: Jake Monaghan Author-X-Name-First: Jake Author-X-Name-Last: Monaghan Title: Eviction and the Dissolution of Neighborhoods Abstract: Research has documented the negative impacts of eviction on individuals, particularly the resulting financial insecurity, health challenges, and increased likelihood of homelessness. In this article we study a potential unintended impact on the neighborhoods that experience evictions: a decrease in community engagement with neighborhood problems. Using data from the Eviction Lab and calls to 311 collected from seven cities’ online depositories, we study the level of participation in neighborhoods, as well as how changes in eviction impact changes in public engagement. We find evidence that eviction is a predictor of the number of service calls within a census block group and a clearer indication that increases in eviction reduce calls to 311. These results demonstrate that the costs of eviction may extend beyond the individuals who are forced from their residences and can be reflected throughout a neighborhood. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 197-213 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1800780 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1800780 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:197-213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nadezhda Kosareva Author-X-Name-First: Nadezhda Author-X-Name-Last: Kosareva Author-Name: Tatiana Polidi Author-X-Name-First: Tatiana Author-X-Name-Last: Polidi Title: Housing Affordability in Russia Abstract: Given Russia’s public policy of increasing affordable housing, this study estimates its achievements. It highlights future obstacles and argues for modernization. Statistical estimates of housing affordability indicators in Russia generally and in major Russian metropolitan areas specifically show trends of substantial increase for the past 15 years. Although the housing affordability indicators are imperfect measures of actual levels, they are useful for monitoring trends. The affordability indicator trend in Russia differs from similar indicators for other countries. The main influencing factors for growth in housing affordability in Russia include a reduction in real housing prices, which declined faster than per capita real income, and a decrease in mortgage interest rates. Moreover, market housing pricing is influenced by housing supply. Nonetheless, extending the potential of housing affordability through lower interest rates has been largely exhausted, and further housing affordability may be achieved by increasing the stock and tenure types of affordable housing, including affordable renting. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 214-238 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1800778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1800778 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:214-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rafael González-Val Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: González-Val Title: The Effects of the 2012 Spanish Law Reform to Protect Mortgage Debtors Abstract: We examine the effects of the legal reform passed in 2012 in Spain to protect mortgage debtors. Under the new regime, it is difficult for low-income debtors who meet certain requirements to be evicted. In the case of default, the bank is forced to offer the debtor a restructuring of the debt, or the debtor can even, as a last resort, transfer the property to the bank as an alternative to having the lender foreclose on it, thus being allowed to stay in the property as a tenant and paying a reduced rent, and avoiding eviction even after foreclosure. We consider quarterly data from 50 Spanish provinces (NUTS III regions) from 2001 to 2019(Q3). We use panel data models with regional, year, and quarter fixed effects, linear and quadratic region-specific time trends, and other relevant control variables at the regional level (house prices, inflation, and unemployment rates), and our results reveal that the reform significantly reduced the number of foreclosures, but that this effect was transitory, fading 6 years after the reform. However, the negative effect on the mortgage loans market was permanent throughout the period under consideration. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 239-253 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1805488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1805488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:239-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tam Perry Author-X-Name-First: Tam Author-X-Name-Last: Perry Author-Name: Lisa Berglund Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund Author-Name: Julie Mah Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Mah Author-Name: Claudia Sanford Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Sanford Author-Name: Pamela Schaeffer Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Schaeffer Author-Name: Evan W. Villeneuve Author-X-Name-First: Evan W. Author-X-Name-Last: Villeneuve Title: Advocating for the Preservation of Senior Housing: A Coalition at Work Amid Gentrification in Detroit, Michigan Abstract: As cities become increasingly gentrified, the experiences of their oldest and longest residents often go underrecognized in favor of class-based and racialized concerns about displacement. Underrepresented in both scholarship and organizing efforts, eviction and displacement pose unique threats to seniors because of the link between their health and housing needs. To uncover possible strategies for coalition building and senior housing policy advocacy in quickly changing neighborhoods, this article examines the strategic efforts of Senior Housing Preservation-Detroit (SHP-D). Originally formed in 2013 to address the displacement of a single building of seniors, SHP-D aims to raise awareness of and advocate to preserve housing in a city whose core is rapidly changing. In this article, we offer an overview of the coalition’s advocacy as a way to highlight the role of community mobilization toward preserving affordable senior housing. We outline (a) the formation of the coalition, (b) recent developments, (c) strategic planning processes, and (d) lessons learned by this coalition that may be useful for other senior housing advocacy efforts. We conclude by addressing SHP-D's attention to immediate health needs of older adults in congregate housing due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 254-273 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1806899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1806899 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:254-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atticus Jaramillo Author-X-Name-First: Atticus Author-X-Name-Last: Jaramillo Author-Name: William M. Rohe Author-X-Name-First: William M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rohe Author-Name: Michael D. Webb Author-X-Name-First: Michael D. Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Title: Predicting Labor-Force Participation Among Work-Able Public Housing Residents Abstract: Critics of U.S. public housing often argue that the program discourages nonemployed residents from looking for work, yet little research has actually explored how public housing residents make decisions about whether to look for work. Thus, this article explores what factors distinguish nonemployed residents who are in the labor force (actively looking for work) from those who are out of the labor force (not actively looking for work). Relying on a sample of nonelderly, nondisabled public housing residents from Charlotte, North Carolina, we find that nonemployed residents who were older and showed signs of depression were more likely to be out of the labor force. In contrast, residents who were younger, had previously completed jobs training, or had some college education were more likely to be in the labor force. These findings suggest that health, education, and life-course stage may play an important role in determining nonemployed residents’ decision to look for work. Our conclusion discusses how these factors may influence labor-force participation and the relevance of our findings to housing policymakers and scholars. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 274-289 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1808041 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1808041 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:274-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Spader Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Spader Title: Can Changing Demographics or Refinancing Behaviors Explain the Rising Levels of Housing Debt Among Older Americans? Abstract: The share of older households with debt secured by their primary residence more than doubled between 1995 and 2016. This study uses the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) to examine the sources of this shift. The empirical analyses first use a series of regressions to examine the relative influence of several hypothesized demographic contributors. The results suggest that these factors explain approximately one quarter of the increase in housing debt. The remainder is shown to be attributable to factors that affect the incidence of housing debt conditional on homeownership and the number of years that households have owned their homes, such as equity extraction, refinancing, and extended financing terms. The detailed loan information in the SCF further suggests that rate refinancing and associated term extensions may be an overlooked contributor to the rise in housing debt. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 290-305 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1810098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1810098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:290-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Gibbons Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Gibbons Title: Measuring Gentrification’s Association With Perceived Housing Unaffordability: A Philadelphia Case Study Abstract: Gentrification, the growing presence of middle- and upper-income residents in previously low-income communities, is associated with unaffordable housing. However, there is a lack of research examining gentrification’s relationship to perceived housing unaffordability across all city neighborhoods. This study addresses this limitation by pooling three waves of the Philadelphia Health Management Corporation’s Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey—2010, 2012, 2014/15—and nesting them within census tracts measuring gentrification with U.S. Census 2000 and 2010/14 American Community Survey data. Using hierarchical linear models, we find that gentrification overall has a negative relation with residents’ sense of their housing unaffordability. This association is likely driven by gentrification accompanied by increases in non-Whites. Gentrification marked by increases in Whites but decreases in non-Whites has no measurable relationship with perceived housing unaffordability, although these places have the most expensive housing among gentrifying neighborhoods. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 306-325 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1810097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1810097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:306-325 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth C. Delmelle Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth C. Author-X-Name-Last: Delmelle Author-Name: Isabelle Nilsson Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle Author-X-Name-Last: Nilsson Author-Name: Alexander Bryant Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Bryant Title: Investigating Transit-Induced Displacement Using Eviction Data Abstract: This article uses eviction data to test the transit-induced displacement hypothesis—that the placement of new transit stations will lead to elevated property values, gentrification, and displacement. We use a case study of four cities in the United States that built or extended rail lines between 2005 and 2009: Newark, New Jersey; San Diego, California; Seattle, Washington; and St. Louis, Missouri. We employ a combination of propensity score matching and difference-in-differences modeling to compare eviction filing rates in gentrifiable neighborhoods near new transit stations with a set of similar neighborhoods not close to the station. We find very limited evidence that new transit neighborhoods experienced heightened rates of evictions compared with the controls. In three of the four cities, the effect of the opening of the station on eviction rates was insignificant. Eviction rates did spike in St. Louis immediately following the opening of the line, but this time period also coincided with the financial crisis. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 326-341 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1815071 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1815071 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:326-341 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin A. Park Author-X-Name-First: Kevin A. Author-X-Name-Last: Park Title: Housing Choice Under Borrowing Constraints Abstract: A dramatic decline in the maximum loan amount eligible for Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage insurance in the Salt Lake City, Utah, metropolitan statistical area between 2013 and 2014 provides a natural experiment in the impact of borrowing constraints on housing decisions. Using a difference-in-differences design within a seemingly unrelated regression model, we estimate the impact of this constraint on the size and location of homes purchased by FHA borrowers. We find that borrowers likely constrained by the new loan limits purchased smaller homes with larger downpayments than similar borrowers prior to the loan limit decline. Likely constrained borrowers do not appear to compromise on location, including the quality of local schools. The net effect of the housing choices compelled by the reduction in loan limits does not appear to change the credit risk of borrowers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 342-372 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1815069 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1815069 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:2:p:342-372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Seymour Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Seymour Author-Name: Joshua Akers Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Akers Title: “Our Customer Is America”: Housing Insecurity and Eviction in Las Vegas, Nevada’s Postcrisis Rental Markets Abstract: In the wake of the foreclosure crisis, investors purchased large numbers of single-family residential properties and converted them to rentals. Activists and scholars have documented investor practices of withholding maintenance while raising rents to maximize profits. Increased demand for rental housing since the crisis has constrained the options of low- and moderate-income households, tilting power toward investor-landlords and raising the odds of abuse. A similar although less-discussed dynamic plays out in motels, which are often the last stop before homelessness. Leveraging 10 years of property ownership and eviction records, this article first examines differences among institutional investors and other landlords of single-family rentals in the scale of their holdings and the likelihood of their properties having an eviction record in Las Vegas, Nevada. Second, this article examines the scale of residential motel properties and their association with evictions. Through statistical analysis, we find institutional investors in single-family rentals are associated with higher rates of evictions, although these odds are highest for local actors expanding existing portfolios of rental properties. Large residential motel operators are similarly associated with extremely high eviction rates. We offer a number of recommendations for policy and research. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 516-539 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1822903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1822903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:516-539 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Megan E. Hatch Author-X-Name-First: Megan E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hatch Author-Name: Jinhee Yun Author-X-Name-First: Jinhee Author-X-Name-Last: Yun Title: Losing Your Home Is Bad for Your Health: Short- and Medium-Term Health Effects of Eviction on Young Adults Abstract: U.S. cities are increasingly adopting antieviction policies predicated on the belief that evictions have negative consequences for families and communities. Yet the nature and duration of many of these consequences are relatively unknown. We add to the literature on the consequences of evictions by assessing the enduring effects of eviction on the self-reported health of young adults. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we find evictions have both short-term (12 months) and medium-term (7–8 years) negative impacts on multiple measures of health. Individuals who experience an eviction are more likely to report being in poor general health or experiencing mental health concerns, even many years after an eviction. As state and local governments develop policies to reduce evictions, it is worth noting that any resulting decrease in evictions may have a positive impact on population health, making health professionals effective potential policymaking partners. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 469-489 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1812690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1812690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:469-489 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julie Mah Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Mah Title: Gentrification-Induced Displacement in Detroit, Michigan: An Analysis of Evictions Abstract: A growing number of studies have used evictions data as a way to address the methodological challenges to measuring gentrification-induced displacement. The spatial and temporal dimensions of evictions data enable researchers to potentially trace the movement of tenants over time. This article explores the role of evictions in gentrification-led displacement in Detroit, Michigan, by conducting a spatiotemporal analysis of eviction filings in the city between 2009 and 2015, and by addressing the question Where do displaced households go? This is a question that often goes unanswered in gentrification studies. Using a mixed-methods approach, this article documents the relocation of tenants from a project-based Section 8 building and traces the movement of tenant households out of a gentrifying downtown to the periphery of the city. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 446-468 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1800781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1800781 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:446-468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lindsey Rose Bullinger Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey Rose Author-X-Name-Last: Bullinger Author-Name: Kelley Fong Author-X-Name-First: Kelley Author-X-Name-Last: Fong Title: Evictions and Neighborhood Child Maltreatment Reports Abstract: Each year, nearly 2.5 million evictions are filed in the United States. Recent research links evictions to a host of negative outcomes, but effects on child well-being are less studied, even as evictions are disproportionately experienced by families with children. In this article, we investigate the relationship between evictions and reports of child abuse and neglect, a key indicator of child well-being. Drawing on 5 years of block-group-level administrative data in Connecticut, we find that as eviction notices increase within a neighborhood, reports of maltreatment also increase, even net of zip-code-level factors and time-invariant block group characteristics. The relationship is driven by reports of neglect and is strongest among adolescents (children ages 10–17). These results suggest that mitigating housing insecurity has the potential to reduce child abuse and neglect reports. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 490-515 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1822902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1822902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:490-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Porton Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Porton Author-Name: Ashley Gromis Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Gromis Author-Name: Matthew Desmond Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Desmond Title: Inaccuracies in Eviction Records: Implications for Renters and Researchers Abstract: Administrative court records are increasingly used to study the prevalence of eviction. Yet inaccuracies in court records bias estimates of eviction and distort tenants’ true rental histories. This is the first study to systematically assess the prevalence of inaccuracies across jurisdictions. Drawing on over 3.6 million administrative eviction court records from 12 states, we find that, on average, 22% of eviction records contain ambiguous information on how the case was resolved or falsely represent a tenant’s eviction history. Adjusting for multiple inaccuracies in the data produces significantly different eviction rate estimates. Cases with increased complexity, such as those involving multiple tenants and lawyers, are more likely to contain inaccuracies. However, inaccuracies vary most prominently between states, indicating that state court system characteristics fundamentally shape the official record of the evicted population. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 377-394 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1748084 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1748084 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:377-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin F. Teresa Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin F. Author-X-Name-Last: Teresa Author-Name: Kathryn L. Howell Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn L. Author-X-Name-Last: Howell Title: Eviction and Segmented Housing Markets in Richmond, Virginia Abstract: This article examines the relationship between housing market segmentation and eviction in Richmond, Virginia. Housing market segmentation conceptualizes housing consumption through multiple distinct submarkets instead of a unitary regional market. To examine the production of housing segmentation we rely on an original large-building database for all multifamily buildings in Richmond with more than 25 units, which we complement with qualitative interviews with more than 25 Richmond tenants who have experienced at least one eviction. Our analysis makes three key contributions. First, by placing two different scholarly traditions in conversation—urban economics and critical urban political economy—we foreground the importance of understanding what institutions and actors create and maintain submarkets. Second, the article takes a novel methodological approach to segmentation by analyzing ownership of rental housing and tenant experience. Finally, these approaches allow us to move beyond framing eviction as simply a feature of some rental submarkets and to pose the question about what role eviction plays in creating and maintaining submarkets and class-monopoly rents. We offer evidence that through eviction and the threat of eviction landlords create targeted housing scarcity for specific groups of tenants. We argue for understanding eviction as a formative institution of housing submarkets. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 627-646 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1839937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1839937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:627-646 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Robinson Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Justin Steil Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Steil Title: Eviction Dynamics in Market-Rate Multifamily Rental Housing Abstract: Evictions are a pressing issue facing many low-income renters. The growing scholarship on evictions generally groups together all types of evictions across multiple property and owner types. Eviction dynamics may differ, however, between publicly subsidized affordable housing providers and private, market-rate rental landlords, or between evictions filed for different reasons, such as non-payment of rent or for no-fault. We examine the neighborhood, property and owner characteristics of evictions in private market-rate rental housing. Analyzing all evictions filed in Boston Housing Court between 2014 and 2017, we find that in market-rate multifamily rental housing, eviction filings are more likely in more recently constructed or renovated nonowner-occupied properties with higher assessed values compared with other properties in the same neighborhood. Eviction filings are also more likely in neighborhoods with a higher share of Black renters, and lower average educational attainment, above and beyond neighborhood economic characteristics. Nonpayment and no-fault eviction filings show more similarities than they do differences. These findings suggest that policies designed to mitigate evictions and their impacts on low-income renters should take into account the salience of owner-occupancy status, property age and value, and the particularly precarious situation of low-income renters in neighborhoods where a majority of renters are Black. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 647-669 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1839936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1839936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:647-669 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Austin Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Austin Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Author-Name: Dan Immergluck Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck Author-Name: Jeff Ernsthausen Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: Ernsthausen Author-Name: Stephanie Earl Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Earl Title: Housing Stability, Evictions, and Subsidized Rental Properties: Evidence From Metro Atlanta, Georgia Abstract: Evictions cause substantial harm to lower income families. Housing subsidy might be expected to reduce eviction rates and provide greater stability. However, little research has examined the eviction rates of subsidized, affordable rental properties. We examine eviction filings for multifamily rental buildings in five-county metropolitan Atlanta, using a data set of eviction filings, property characteristics, and ownership information. We find that senior, subsidized multifamily properties have substantially lower eviction rates than market-rate properties do. A senior, subsidized multifamily rental building is expected to have an annual eviction rate that is 10.7 percentage points below that of a nonsenior, market-rate property; this result is significant (p < .01) and compares with a mean eviction filing rate of 16.3% (16.3 evictions per 100 rental units). On the other hand, a nonsenior subsidized building is expected to have an eviction rate that is 1.4 percentage points lower than a nonsenior market-rate building; this result is not statistically significant. We do not have data on the economic characteristics of tenants, and that may account for some of the relatively high eviction rates of the nonsenior-affordable properties. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and housing policy and practice. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 411-424 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1798487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1798487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:411-424 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Wynne Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Wynne Author-Name: Dallas Rogers Author-X-Name-First: Dallas Author-X-Name-Last: Rogers Title: Emplaced Displacement and Public Housing Redevelopment: From Physical Displacement to Social, Cultural, and Economic Replacement Abstract: This article reports on a study of the Waterloo public housing estate in Sydney, Australia. In 2015, the state government announced the inner-city estate would be redeveloped to accommodate some affordable/social dwellings (30%) but with the majority of new dwellings being private market housing (70%). Based on ethnographic research conducted with residents of Waterloo between 2010 and 2017, we analyze the Waterloo redevelopment as an example of emplaced displacement. We draw on the work of geographer Doreen Massey and legal scholar Sarah Keenan to understand place as more than physical space, allowing us to conceptualize displacement as something more than simply the movement of people from one physical place to another. We bring to the fore the subjective experience of place, as articulated by public housing tenants, demonstrating that although they remain physically in place, the threat of eviction posed by the redevelopment significantly alters tenants’ spatial, sociocultural, and temporal relationship to place (i.e., the spaces tenants carry with them). The concept of embodied displacement seeks to capture the spatiotemporal diversity of low-income public renters’ experiences of loss of place. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 395-410 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1772337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1772337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:395-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathryn Howell Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Howell Author-Name: Daniel William Immergluck Author-X-Name-First: Daniel William Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck Title: Evictions: Shedding Light on the Hidden Housing Problem Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 374-376 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1929342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1929342 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:374-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Breanca Merritt Author-X-Name-First: Breanca Author-X-Name-Last: Merritt Author-Name: Morgan D. Farnworth Author-X-Name-First: Morgan D. Author-X-Name-Last: Farnworth Title: State Landlord–Tenant Policy and Eviction Rates in Majority-Minority Neighborhoods Abstract: This article assesses (a) the extent to which state landlord–tenant legislation may influence local evictions and (b) whether those laws may influence eviction-related outcomes within communities of color. This analysis uses an original data set combining 2016 state- and block group-level data from Princeton University’s Eviction Lab, the American Community Survey, and landlord-tenant policy typologies, based on state statutes related to landlord-tenant law. Using multilevel mixed-effects models, we find that neighborhoods in states with more tenant-friendly policy environments were associated with lower eviction and filing rates compared with those in states with more landlord–friendly policies. However, compared with majority-White neighborhoods, eviction and filing rates in communities of color and majority-Black neighborhoods remained significantly higher—even in states with more tenant-friendly policies. In other words, tenant-friendly policies appear to support the reduction of eviction disparities but not the elimination of them. These findings suggest state housing policy environments matter for eviction-related outcomes broadly and for communities of color. We propose that eliminating racial disparities should include a focus on the implicitly racialized nature of housing and landlord–tenant policy, specifically. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 562-581 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1828989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1828989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:562-581 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyle Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Philip Garboden Author-X-Name-First: Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Garboden Author-Name: Brian J. McCabe Author-X-Name-First: Brian J. Author-X-Name-Last: McCabe Author-Name: Eva Rosen Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Rosen Title: Evictions: The Comparative Analysis Problem Abstract: Since 2003, when Hartman and Robinson identified eviction as “the hidden housing problem,” a growing body of research has provided detailed, empirical analyses of the eviction process in specific locations. However, there has been little effort to systematically compare the legal regimes and institutional contexts governing eviction proceedings. Drawing on our research in four cities—Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Los Angeles, California; and Washington, DC—we consider how the legal regimes of landlord–tenant courts shape the eviction process for tenants and landlords. Specifically, we draw on fieldwork and administrative records from these four cities to identify how procedural and legal contexts differ by place, and the ways that these processes shape both eviction’s institutional life and its underlying social meanings. Although the problem of eviction is no longer hidden in the housing literature, the explosion of eviction research has introduced a comparative analysis problem. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 696-716 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1867883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1867883 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:696-716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Title: In Memoriam: Robert Lang Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 373-373 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1951953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1951953 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:373-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keuntae Kim Author-X-Name-First: Keuntae Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Ivis Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Ivis Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia Author-Name: Simon Brewer Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Brewer Title: Spatial Relationship Between Eviction Filings, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Proximity to the Central Business District: A Case Study of Salt Lake County, Utah Abstract: There has been an increasing body of literature analyzing eviction in different cities and contexts in urban studies, public health, sociology, geography, and housing studies. Still, little has been known about the underlying spatial point process of how housing evictions are generated. After geocoding eviction filing cases in Salt Lake County in 2015, this study analyzed factors affecting the intensity of eviction using the inhomogeneous Poisson point process (IPP) model. The IPP model result identified demographic, economic, and housing covariates associated with the high intensity of eviction filings. This study also found a significant relationship between eviction filings and the built environment characteristics—such as proximity to central business district (CBD) and light rail transit stations, intersection density, and land use mix score. Particularly, this study found that the intensity of housing evictions is negatively associated with an increase in the distance to CBD when CBD was transformed into gentrified areas led by new high-end apartment constructions during the housing boom since 2000. The article ends with some recommendations for policymakers, including the implementation of an “anti-eviction zone” in CBD areas to reduce the high intensity of housing evictions led by new high-end apartment constructions. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 601-626 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1838598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1838598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:601-626 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Author-Name: Katherine O’Regan Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: O’Regan Author-Name: Sophia House Author-X-Name-First: Sophia Author-X-Name-Last: House Author-Name: Ryan Brenner Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Brenner Title: Do Lawyers Matter? Early Evidence on Eviction Patterns After the Rollout of Universal Access to Counsel in New York City Abstract: One of the primary eviction prevention measures jurisdictions across the country have taken is to expand access to free legal counsel for low-income tenants facing eviction. In 2017, New York City became the first jurisdiction to enact universal access to counsel (UAC), guaranteeing free legal representation to all low-income tenants facing eviction in the city’s housing courts, and other cities are also starting to channel significant resources into programs designed to increase representation in eviction proceedings. Proponents argue that access to counsel will reduce the incidence of evictions and decrease levels of homelessness. Research, however, has yet to evaluate these claims rigorously. We aim to address this gap by examining the effectiveness of legal representation in preventing evictions. Specifically, we study the early implementation of UAC in New York City and use its sequential rollout across ZIP Codes to study impacts on both individual case outcomes and broader eviction patterns. We find relative increases in legal representation for treated ZIP Codes after the adoption of UAC. We also see small relative (and absolute) reductions in the share of filings resulting in executed warrants after UAC was implemented in the earliest ZIP Codes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 540-561 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1825009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1825009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:540-561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Revel Sims Author-X-Name-First: J. Revel Author-X-Name-Last: Sims Title: Measuring the Effect of Gentrification on Displacement: Multifamily Housing and Eviction in Wisconsin's Madison Urban Region Abstract: Gentrification research is often based on aerial units that function as proxies for neighborhoods. Despite the applicability of this approach, the method is susceptible to the modifiable aerial unit problem that obscures sociospatial patterns of interest both within and across units. This research seeks to complement and problematize findings from aerial unit-based approaches to gentrification through the use of georeferenced temporal data representing two specific processes that are generally understood to occur in real estate-led gentrification processes: new multifamily housing development and displacement in the form of recorded eviction filings. Interrupted time series analysis is used to compare two time points in the development process for various types of new multifamily housing projects with different distance thresholds of recorded eviction filings in the City of Madison, Wisconsin. Findings demonstrate that large multifamily housing developments produce increased eviction filings within a small radius (a tenth of a mile). Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 736-761 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1871931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1871931 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:736-761 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivis García Author-X-Name-First: Ivis Author-X-Name-Last: García Author-Name: Keuntae Kim Author-X-Name-First: Keuntae Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: “Many of Us Have Been Previously Evicted”: Exploring the Relationship Between Homelessness and Evictions Among Families Participating in the Rapid Rehousing Program in Salt Lake County, Utah Abstract: This study is concerned with homeless families that returned to the shelter and qualified to participate in the Rapid Rehousing Program (RRHP) again. Because RRH is a short-term voucher where families rent in the private market, one of the main barriers to finding housing is having an eviction record. Focus groups with tenants and case managers/service providers, as well as interviews with landlords participating in The Road Home’s RRHP in Salt Lake County, found that families tend to find housing in buildings where other homeless families with multiple evictions and criminal records are concentrated. Tenants often encounter lenient landlords, only to be evicted at a later time. Families returned to the shelter for various reasons, but mainly because after their RRH voucher ends, households end up violating their leases due to nonpayment. The article offers recommendations to those administering RRHP about how evictions and becoming homeless again can be prevented. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 582-600 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1828988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1828988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:582-600 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory Preston Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Preston Author-Name: Vincent J. Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent J. Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Title: Sheltered From Eviction? A Framework for Understanding the Relationship Between Subsidized Housing Programs and Eviction Abstract: Housing affordability and eviction are intertwined, yet much remains unknown about how policy responses to increase affordable housing affect the local dynamics of eviction. This article establishes a framework for understanding how supply-side housing subsidy programs in the United States may impact the incidence of eviction filing. We apply this novel framework in a descriptive analysis of 9 years of eviction filing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Overall, we find theoretical and practical support for the hypothesis that tenants in subsidized multifamily housing are less vulnerable to eviction than tenants in similar unsubsidized properties, but we find those protections vary between subsidy programs. Namely, we find public housing and project-based rental assistance properties are associated with decreases in the incidence of eviction filing, whereas the findings for Low-Income Housing Tax Credit properties are inconclusive. We cannot treat subsidized housing programs as a universal solution to eviction, but both theory and our analysis suggest it is an important tool for lowering eviction and eviction filing rates. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 785-817 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1879202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1879202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:785-817 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Balzarini Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Balzarini Author-Name: Melody L. Boyd Author-X-Name-First: Melody L. Author-X-Name-Last: Boyd Title: Working With Them: Small-Scale Landlord Strategies for Avoiding Evictions Abstract: This study draws on 71 indepth, semistructured interviews with landlords and property managers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We find that the perceived burdens associated with evictions often make evictions less desirable for small-scale landlords than finding ways to work with tenants to keep them in their homes, including developing payment plans to help tenants catch up on back rent, adjusting rental rates, accepting services in lieu of rent, and aiding in referrals to housing and social service programs. Some landlords employ a technique of paying tenants to vacate, a practice referred to as cash for keys, which is an informal, off-the-books eviction. Our findings suggest that off-the-books evictions are far more prevalent than has been measured in official eviction data; therefore, the prevalence of residential displacement is more severe than previously documented. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 425-445 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1800779 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1800779 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:425-445 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Goodspeed Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Goodspeed Author-Name: Elizabeth Benton Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Benton Author-Name: Kyle Slugg Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Author-X-Name-Last: Slugg Title: Eviction Case Filings and Neighborhood Characteristics in Urban and Rural Places: A Michigan Statewide Analysis Abstract: A growing body of evidence documents the negative impacts of eviction case filings on U.S. tenants, including forced moves, additional costs, and obstacles tenants face in finding future housing. Existing research relating evictions or eviction cases to neighborhood characteristics is geographically limited, often to metropolitan regions. In this article, we analyze nearly all eviction case filings in Michigan from 2014 to 2018 at the census tract level, allowing us to analyze how eviction filings differ in urban and rural places. Statewide, a negative binomial regression model confirms eviction case filings are related to previously hypothesized variables, including the presence of children and mortgage foreclosures. The use of interaction terms for urban tracts shows eviction filings in these tracts are more strongly related to the percentage of the population with an associate’s degree or higher, vacancy rate, and mortgage foreclosures than in rural tracts. In rural areas, variables related to eviction case filings include job accessibility and the presence of mobile homes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 717-735 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1867882 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1867882 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:717-735 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elora Lee Raymond Author-X-Name-First: Elora Lee Author-X-Name-Last: Raymond Author-Name: Ben Miller Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: Michaela McKinney Author-X-Name-First: Michaela Author-X-Name-Last: McKinney Author-Name: Jonathan Braun Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Braun Title: Gentrifying Atlanta: Investor Purchases of Rental Housing, Evictions, and the Displacement of Black Residents Abstract: Displacement of Black communities through gentrification is a major concern among policymakers, community groups, and advocates. This research investigates whether investor purchases of multifamily rental housing predict evictions and the displacement of Black residents from Atlanta, Georgia, between 2000 and 2016. In a series of quantitative analyses, we identify the financialization of rental housing and subsequent eviction-led displacement as key neighborhood-level processes in racial transition and the gentrification of Atlanta. We find that eviction judgments grew by 8% annually in the Atlanta region, and same-site apartment sale prices increased by an average of $5.5 million. Investor purchases of rental housing in a neighborhood predict a spike in eviction judgments in the same year, and presage racial transition. Neighborhoods with investor purchases of apartment buildings lose 166 Black residents and gain 109 White residents over a 6-year period compared with adjacent neighborhoods with no investor purchases. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 818-834 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1887318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1887318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:818-834 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francisca García-Cobián Richter Author-X-Name-First: Francisca García-Cobián Author-X-Name-Last: Richter Author-Name: Claudia Coulton Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Coulton Author-Name: April Urban Author-X-Name-First: April Author-X-Name-Last: Urban Author-Name: Stephen Steh Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Steh Title: An Integrated Data System Lens Into Evictions and Their Effects Abstract: This study uses linked administrative records to examine the disruptive effects of eviction on adults and children in low-income households. By linking eviction filings for the City of Cleveland, Ohio, with administrative records, we depict residential mobility, homeless shelter use, and children’s school attendance for households, spanning a period of 2 years before and after the filings. Using difference-in-differences models, we find that eviction orders further erode housing stability, with differential impacts for tenants of private and public housing. Children of evicted households have lower rates of lead testing relative to children of nonevicted households, despite the extremely high levels of poisoning both groups exhibit. These findings point to the need to focus on eviction prevention, in conjunction with an overall strategy to address the weaknesses in our social safety net and housing programs. Throughout the analyses we discuss the potential and challenges of using linked administrative data to understand the consequences of evictions with the goal of informing social and housing policy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 762-784 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1879201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1879201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:762-784 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyle Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Ashley Gromis Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Gromis Author-Name: Yiwen Kuai Author-X-Name-First: Yiwen Author-X-Name-Last: Kuai Author-Name: Michael C. Lens Author-X-Name-First: Michael C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lens Title: Spatial Concentration and Spillover: Eviction Dynamics in Neighborhoods of Los Angeles, California, 2005–2015 Abstract: The lack of sufficient affordable housing in Los Angeles, California burdens many renter households with the threat of an eviction. Research has identified individual- and neighborhood-level sociodemographic correlates of eviction, but the uneven distribution of sociodemographic characteristics and housing conditions across neighborhoods likely produces broader patterns of spatial clustering in eviction prevalence across local areas. We use spatial autoregressive models to explain the spatial concentration and spillover effects for two types of formal eviction filings—court-based and no-fault Ellis Act petitions—within and across census tracts in Los Angeles. Court-based filings show greater and more persistent spatial concentration, particularly in neighborhoods with higher percentages of Black residents. We find evidence of spatial correlation for both types of eviction, however, suggesting that identifying the spatial distribution of eviction prevalence across local areas is important to understanding how location shapes eviction risk in metropolitan areas. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 670-695 Issue: 3-5 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 09 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1847163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1847163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:3-5:p:670-695 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey Lubell Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Lubell Title: Federal and State Policymakers, Community Development Intermediaries, and Philanthropic Organizations Should Encourage and Support Local Housing Policymaking Efforts Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1056-1057 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1909239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1909239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:1056-1057 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan Mallach Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Mallach Author-Name: Austin Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Austin Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Title: Leaving the Old Neighborhood: Shifting Spatial Decisions by Black Home Buyers and Their Implications for Black Urban Middle Neighborhoods in Legacy Cities Abstract: Homebuying by African American households in the United States dropped sharply after the foreclosure crisis but has rebounded since 2013. As Black homebuyers have returned strongly to the homebuying market, however, their spatial decisions have shifted significantly. Using Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data for a cluster of large legacy cities, we found that in comparison to earlier periods, recent Black homebuyers are significantly more likely today to be buying homes in suburban rather than central-city locations and less likely to buy in predominantly African American rather than racially mixed census tracts within central cities. These preference shifts have particularly problematic implications for the predominantly Black middle-income neighborhoods that emerged in these cities in the 1960s and 1970s. Building on previous research that has documented a significant decline in socioeconomic and housing market conditions in those neighborhoods since 2000, we suggest that these shifts in homebuying patterns, although not causing those declines and arguably reflecting rational decisions by homebuyers, nonetheless represent an existential threat to these neighborhoods’ viability. To succeed in stabilizing or reviving these neighborhoods, efforts by public agencies or community organizations must address the reasons for their loss of homebuyers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 891-923 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1867611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1867611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:891-923 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ramesh Ghimire Author-X-Name-First: Ramesh Author-X-Name-Last: Ghimire Title: Homeownership and Community Involvement: Results From the 2019 Metro Atlanta Speaks Survey Abstract: While the relationship between homeownership and community involvement is mixed and unclear, this study aims to contribute to this debate by further examining the relationship between these two. Using data from the 2019 Metro Atlanta Speaks survey, we find that homeowners and residents with longer community tenure have higher odds of being involved in the community compared with renters in the metro Atlanta region of the U.S. state of Georgia. Among various community activities examined, homeowners are associated with higher odds of participating in parent–teacher association meetings, neighborhood association meetings, and public meetings held by local governments. Because housing needs of and challenges faced by residents are different, a balanced and comprehensive housing policy ensuring safe, decent, and affordable housing options—rental housing and homeownership opportunities—is crucial in stabilizing homeownership rates and in keeping residents in their communities longer. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 837-861 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1828990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1828990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:837-861 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timo Olugbenga Oladinrin Author-X-Name-First: Timo Olugbenga Author-X-Name-Last: Oladinrin Author-Name: Oluwole Abayomi Soyinka Author-X-Name-First: Oluwole Abayomi Author-X-Name-Last: Soyinka Author-Name: Jayantha Wadu Mesthrige Author-X-Name-First: Jayantha Author-X-Name-Last: Wadu Mesthrige Title: Investigating the Influence of Associated Risks, Rewards, and External Intervention on Homeownership in Hong Kong, China Abstract: Homeownership approach differs across the global south and north. Several factors influence the decision to own a house, and the impact varies in the different economy. Housing stakeholders struggle with balancing the aspiration to own a house within the pressured market based on diverse factors associated with such choices. This study provides a comprehensive empirical investigation of the factors influencing homeownership in Hong Kong from three broad categories of associated risks, rewards, and external intervention factors. Literature review evidence identifes seven associated-risk, eight rewards, and seven external intervention factors as the basis of the variance based, partial least square structural equation model (V PLS-SEM) analysis of the study. A case study methodology with 502 valid responses was analyzed using mean item score (MIS), standard deviation (SD) and V-PLS-SEM. The result shows that the observed factors have a significant positive influence at 1.000 threshold level and have substantial predictive power and influence on homeownership. This study, therefore, recommends the integration of empirical factor analysis with other strategies for homeownership decision and policy statements to guide homeownership issues in Hong Kong. The approach adopted is useful for individuals, organizations, academicians, facilities managers, and policymakers to implement homeownership strategies. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1009-1031 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1931932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1931932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:1009-1031 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Cary Collins Author-X-Name-First: M. Cary Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Keith D. Harvey Author-X-Name-First: Keith D. Author-X-Name-Last: Harvey Author-Name: Peter J. Nigro Author-X-Name-First: Peter J. Author-X-Name-Last: Nigro Title: Mortgage Broker Loan Pricing Leading Up to the Financial Crisis: Were Yield Spread Premiums the Only Problem? Abstract: This article examines mortgage broker pricing in New York during the years leading up to the financial crisis. Broker compensation practices in 2005 through 2007, primarily the use of yield spread premiums (YSPs), led the Federal Reserve to promulgate new rules in 2011 that disallowed loan originators who receive compensation directly from the consumer from also receiving compensation from the lender or another party. This consumer testing rule passed because the board found that consumers were not aware of the payments lenders make to originators and how those payments can affect the consumer’s total loan cost. Focusing on total costs paid by the borrower, we find that minority borrowers paid more in total fees as a percentage of the loan amount when including or excluding YSPs. Moreover, white borrowers were more successful in substituting YSPs for up-front cash fees, resulting in a reduction in total loan fees compared with minority borrowers. This may reflect information advantages for white borrowers that allow them to more accurately assess the total cost of loans. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 875-890 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1862892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1862892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:875-890 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Honghao Ren Author-X-Name-First: Honghao Author-X-Name-Last: Ren Author-Name: Fengyun Liu Author-X-Name-First: Fengyun Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: How Private Housing Buyers Respond to Housing Policy: Evidence from Xi’an, China Abstract: Private housing buyers’ perceptions of housing policies and responses are key determinants of the effectiveness of policies, yet little attention has been paid to them. This article establishes a cognitive-behavioral model to explore how private housing buyers perceive housing policy and respond. Based on a survey conducted in Xi’an, China, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is applied to empirically analyze policy perception and response. The results show that individuals’ perception and response vary across homeownership status. About 50% of renters and single-home owners postpone their housing purchase plan whereas 37.40% of multihome owners postpone housing purchase and 10.69% intend to sell their own houses after the implementation of the policy in question. Higher housing policy perception brings about lower housing price expectation, which in turn leads to delay of housing purchase or sale of self-owned houses. In addition, individuals who are female, working in a government sector, public institution or state-owned company, or paying more attention to the housing market are more likely to have higher housing policy perception, whereas older individuals are more likely to have lower housing policy perception. Education level, household income, and housing conditions positively affect the modification of the housing plan. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 967-987 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1909629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1909629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:967-987 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent J. Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent J. Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Title: Editor Notes Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 835-836 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.2002607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.2002607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:835-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elvin Wyly Author-X-Name-First: Elvin Author-X-Name-Last: Wyly Title: Build Back Boldly Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1058-1060 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1909241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1909241 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:1058-1060 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ramesh Ghimire Author-X-Name-First: Ramesh Author-X-Name-Last: Ghimire Title: Homeownership and Students’ Achievement in Public Schools in the U.S. State of Georgia Abstract: We investigate the impact of neighborhood homeownership rates on students’ achievement in public schools in the U.S. state of Georgia. Homeownership and students’ achievement are likely to be endogenously determined at the neighborhood level. We correct for this endogeneity concern using population growth as the instrument for the neighborhood homeownership rate. The findings suggest that a 1-percentage-point increase in homeownership rate at the census tract level increased the percentage of proficient learners and above in third-grade reading by 0.24 percentage points, and the effects are stronger—economically and statistically—in estimates that correct for the endogeneity of neighborhood homeownership rates. Further, the effects of homeownership are much larger in the sample of low-income, less affluent, or more black or African American-dominated neighborhoods, compared with the overall sample. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 988-1008 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1931931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1931931 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:988-1008 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luz Mairena Semeah Author-X-Name-First: Luz Mairena Author-X-Name-Last: Semeah Author-Name: Shanti P. Ganesh Author-X-Name-First: Shanti P. Author-X-Name-Last: Ganesh Author-Name: Xinping Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xinping Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Diane C. Cowper Ripley Author-X-Name-First: Diane C. Author-X-Name-Last: Cowper Ripley Author-Name: Zaccheus James Ahonle Author-X-Name-First: Zaccheus James Author-X-Name-Last: Ahonle Author-Name: Mi Jung Lee Author-X-Name-First: Mi Jung Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Tatiana Orozco Author-X-Name-First: Tatiana Author-X-Name-Last: Orozco Author-Name: Jennifer Hale-Gallardo Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Hale-Gallardo Author-Name: Huanguang Jia Author-X-Name-First: Huanguang Author-X-Name-Last: Jia Title: Home Modification and Health Services Utilization by Rural and Urban Veterans With Disabilities Abstract: Inaccessible home environments that create barriers to the enjoyment and the approachability of the living space impact some U.S. Veterans. Injuries acquired while serving in the military or developed through the aging process complicate matters for Veterans with disabilities. Home modifications (HM) afforded by the Home Improvements and Structural Alterations (HISA) program can increase accessibility. We examine the difference between urban and rural Veterans in their health service utilization (hospitalization versus outpatient encounters) 12 months before and 12 months after their HISA use. All the study patients were Veterans with disabilities who use the HISA program. There is a significant decrease in hospitalization post-HM as compared with pre-HM provision for all HM users. There is a significant increase in outpatient encounters post-HM as compared with pre-HM provision for all users. Rural vs. urban status was only significant in outpatient encounters 12 months pre-provision of HM. Provision of HM is associated with favorable clinical outcomes such as decreased hospitalization and increased preventative outpatient care visits. Our findings suggest some subset of hospitalizations could be prevented or delayed if timely and appropriate outpatient care is accessible to patients along with HM. Increasing the provision of HM services such as HISA can free up hospital beds, reduce cost to both individuals and institutions, decrease the risk of hospital acquired morbidity, and promote community integration. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 862-874 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1858923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1858923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:862-874 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yung Chun Author-X-Name-First: Yung Author-X-Name-Last: Chun Author-Name: Stephanie Casey Pierce Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Pierce Author-Name: Andrew J. Van Leuven Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Van Leuven Title: Are Foreclosure Spillover Effects Universal? Variation Over Space and Time Abstract: Government intervention in the housing market in response to the 2007–2010 mortgage crisis was driven in part by research showing that foreclosures lower neighboring housing values and thus increase neighbors’ risk of foreclosure. Researchers have consistently identified a negative spillover effect of foreclosures on nearby housing values, but the magnitude of the effect varies widely across studies. Although this variation is due, in part, to differences in the geographic region, time period, and empirical strategy of prior research, we argue that the spillover effect on nearby housing prices exhibits hyper-local variation, which may be obscured by models that aggregate spillover effect estimates within existing geographic units. In this article, we employ geographically weighted regression to capture the extent of spatial and temporal variation of foreclosure spillover effects in three Ohio metropolitan statistical areas. We find extensive heterogeneity of foreclosure spillover effect estimates over time and across space, suggesting that such spillovers perhaps should not be thought of as universal phenomena. These findings raise the possibility that policies and programs designed to intervene in the housing market should analyze and use local variation in the negative externalities of foreclosure to best target scarce resources within and across communities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 924-946 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1882533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1882533 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:924-946 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Title: Needed Changes to Rental Housing Affordability Programs Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1054-1055 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1909240 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1909240 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:1054-1055 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jinyhup Kim Author-X-Name-First: Jinyhup Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Casey Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Title: Aging, Property Taxes, and Housing Adjustments: Lessons From the Health and Retirement Study Abstract: The U.S. housing market is being reshaped by the housing decisions of seniors aged 65 and older. This study examines the reasons why senior homeowners choose to move, downsize, and transition out of homeownership, placing particular emphasis on the role of property taxes and property tax abatement programs. Our findings suggest that although rising property taxes increase the probability that senior homeowners will become renters or downsize, property tax abatement programs seem to have largely failed to help low-income senior homeowners remain in their homes. High-income seniors receive a modest transfer from property tax abatement programs and continue owning their homes when moving, whereas low-income seniors transition from owning to renting when moving, even in places with generous property tax abatement programs. The U.S. senior population will grow significantly over the next several decades, and policymakers will need to design effective policies to create stable, affordable housing environments for seniors aged 65 and older. Our findings provide evidence to inform this effort. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 947-966 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1887319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1887319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:947-966 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Immergluck Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Immergluck Title: Housing Policy Recommendations for the Biden/Harris Administration Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1050-1053 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1909238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1909238 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:1050-1053 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arthur Acolin Author-X-Name-First: Arthur Author-X-Name-Last: Acolin Author-Name: Alex Ramiller Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Ramiller Author-Name: Rebecca J. Walter Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca J. Author-X-Name-Last: Walter Author-Name: Samantha Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Ruoniu Wang Author-X-Name-First: Ruoniu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Transitioning to Homeownership: Asset Building for Low- and Moderate-Income Households Abstract: This article assesses the asset building of households that take part in shared-equity homeownership (SEH) models. The contribution of this article is a comparison of outcomes for households participating in shared-equity programs with other low- and moderate-income households who rent or own properties without restrictions on appreciation. We matched participants in SEH programs to households with similar characteristics from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) over the 1997–2017 period. The findings indicate that in real terms, median SEH homeowners accumulated about $1,700 in housing wealth annually or around $10,000 during their holding period. This amount is lower than the $2,100 median annual gain in home equity experienced by similar PSID owners but statistically and economically significantly larger than the $16 in annual gain experienced by similar PSID renters. The findings provide evidence that households participating in SEH programs experienced positive, but modest, wealth gains that were slightly lower than those of homeowners in unrestricted units but substantially higher than those of renters. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1032-1049 Issue: 6 Volume: 31 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1949372 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1949372 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:31:y:2021:i:6:p:1032-1049 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Martín Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Martín Title: Exploring Climate Change in U.S. Housing Policy Abstract: Housing is an established channel for U.S. climate policy. Local and national environmental policymakers have attempted to mitigate the contributions of home energy use and residential sprawl to the greenhouse gas emissions that cause global climate change for almost a half-century. More recently, hazard and planning officials are also exploring how to adapt housing to the multiple environmental effects that are already being realized as a consequence. But how is contemporary housing policy responding to the opportunities and needs of the climate crisis? The wide terrain of housing policy—including local land-use regulations, public subsidies for affordable housing production and maintenance, direct aid to households for their housing costs, the enforcement of fair housing laws, and the promotion of secure and affordable lending institutions among many relevant policy interventions—has struggled with integrating climate mitigation and adaptation strategies for a host of reasons. Resource constraints abound. Housing policymakers continue to focus on other persistent challenges such as the housing affordability crisis. The challenge of integrating climate response in this already complex social, economic, and environmental system may even be overwhelming. This special issue of Housing Policy Debate explores the ways in which the range of contemporary housing-relevant policy addresses climate change or, as the submissions suggest, ignores it. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2012030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2012030 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marla Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Marla Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Renia Ehrenfeucht Author-X-Name-First: Renia Author-X-Name-Last: Ehrenfeucht Author-Name: Traci Birch Author-X-Name-First: Traci Author-X-Name-Last: Birch Author-Name: Anna Brand Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Brand Title: Getting By and Getting Out: How Residents of Louisiana’s Frontline Communities Are Adapting to Environmental Change Abstract: Scholars argue that U.S. programs and policy designed to help households adapt to or move away from environmental risk were not designed to address climate change. Others demonstrate that disaster response upholds and produces structural inequality. This article examines how existing mitigation and adaptation policies fail to respond to lived conditions of residents and communities on the front lines of environmental change and perpetuate inequality. Based on interviews with residents in the lower bayou communities of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, and professionals working in the study area, we identified three factors that influence the outcomes of mitigation and relocation initiatives. First, we found that adaptation is a dynamic, ongoing process which can lead to the need for multiple types of assistance for a given property or household over time. Second, program timing and how residents make decisions about whether and how to rebuild or relocate are misaligned. Third, current programs deny resources to frontline communities by creating participation barriers for low- and moderate-income households. The findings affirm the need for more flexible policy guidelines if assistance programs are to transform communities in ways that respond to resident priorities and the realities of environmental change. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 84-101 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1925944 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1925944 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:84-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alex Greer Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Greer Author-Name: Sherri Brokopp Binder Author-X-Name-First: Sherri Author-X-Name-Last: Brokopp Binder Author-Name: Elyse Zavar Author-X-Name-First: Elyse Author-X-Name-Last: Zavar Title: From Hazard Mitigation to Climate Adaptation: A Review of Home Buyout Program Literature Abstract: With the onset of climate change resulting in more frequent hazard events and coastal inundation, communities are considering buyouts as a tool for climate adaptation. Despite a growing body of research, there has never been a systematic review of the literature on buyout programs, although our ability to implement buyouts successfully relies on a thorough understanding of buyout policy, design, implementation, and impacts. In this systematic literature review of voluntary buyouts in the United States, we distill key learnings, identify remaining gaps, present avenues for future research, and make policy recommendations. We find that the buyout literature is nascent, but coalesces around the topics of buyout experience, buyout practice and implementation, housing policy, flood reduction, and justice and equity. Recommendations for future research include an increased emphasis on theory, the contexts in which buyouts occur, longitudinal studies, and more explicit recognition of researcher and disciplinary bias. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 152-170 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1931930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1931930 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:152-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivis García Author-X-Name-First: Ivis Author-X-Name-Last: García Title: Deemed Ineligible: Reasons Homeowners in Puerto Rico Were Denied Aid After Hurricane María Abstract: In Puerto Rico, after Hurricane María, about 60% of all applications received by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)’s Individuals and Households Program (IHP) were declared ineligible. Why would such a large number of households in Puerto Rico have been unable to obtain assistance from FEMA? To answer this question, interviews with 10 disaster survivors and 15 stakeholders were conducted. The author found that individuals were denied based on their inability to prove homeownership, no contact for inspection, and duplicate application, among other reasons. The article offers recommendations for how nonprofit groups can participate in postdisaster recovery efforts as well as how to advocate at the local and federal level for disaster victims effectively. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 14-34 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1890633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1890633 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:14-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. L. Raymond Author-X-Name-First: E. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Raymond Author-Name: T. Green Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Green Author-Name: M. Kaminski Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Kaminski Title: Preventing Evictions After Disasters: The Role of Landlord-Tenant Law Abstract: Disaster recovery is not a time of exception, it is a time when existing social, economic, and racial inequalities are reproduced and exacerbated. Housing institutions can amplify inequality during disaster recovery. We use quantitative methods to ask whether evictions increase during disaster recovery periods in four states. We stratify our case selection by the type of statutory protections for landlords and tenants in state law. In three cases that have pro-business or a mixture of pro-business and tenant protections, we find strong, significant increases in eviction rates in disaster-affected neighborhoods relative to neighborhoods in adjacent areas with no disaster declaration. By contrast, in the case that has primarily tenant protections, there is no statistically significant rise in evictions following the disaster. We conclude that tenant protections are not sufficient to prevent swift increases in evictions following disasters in states with a policy environment that is also characterized by landlord protections. We close with policy recommendations to prevent evictions after disasters, and suggestions for further research. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 35-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1931929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1931929 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:35-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kijin Seong Author-X-Name-First: Kijin Author-X-Name-Last: Seong Author-Name: Clare Losey Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Losey Author-Name: Donghwan Gu Author-X-Name-First: Donghwan Author-X-Name-Last: Gu Title: Naturally Resilient to Natural Hazards? Urban–Rural Disparities in Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Assistance Abstract: The American public generally sees its rural communities as autonomous and self-sufficient—inherently resilient. Accordingly, research on federally funded hazard mitigation has disproportionately focused on urban areas, as rural communities rebuild largely by themselves. Our exploratory research challenges this overarching narrative on rural communities by examining disparities in the mitigation process—specifically, the amount of Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) assistance awarded per recipient and the duration of HMGP projects—between urban and rural counties from 1989 to 2018. Our analysis reveals vast inequities in the distribution and duration of HMGP assistance between urban and rural counties. Controlling for characteristics of the mitigated properties and corresponding counties, social and physical vulnerability, and climate change factors, we find (a) the amount of HMGP assistance awarded per recipient is higher in urban counties, and (b) projects are completed more quickly in rural counties. Ultimately, our findings indicate that the current structure of the HMGP leaves rural counties in the dust. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 190-210 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1938172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1938172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:190-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shomon Shamsuddin Author-X-Name-First: Shomon Author-X-Name-Last: Shamsuddin Author-Name: Ginger Leib Author-X-Name-First: Ginger Author-X-Name-Last: Leib Title: Weather or Not: Tracking Hurricanes and Changes to Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program Plans Abstract: Climate change poses many threats to residential communities throughout the United States, including by contributing to the increased intensity and duration of disasters like hurricanes and other weather events. Government housing policies may either reduce or amplify vulnerability to storm damage. This article explores how state governments guide affordable housing development to address the risk and damage from hurricanes through the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program. Using document review, we examine LIHTC plans for states most severely and less severely affected by major hurricanes in the past 20 years by comparing plans before and after a hurricane event. The results indicate that severely affected states make relatively few changes to their plans after a hurricane, compared with neighboring less affected states, regarding siting and location, construction techniques, disaster preparedness, or other storm-related responses. The findings suggest a missed opportunity to redirect affordable housing resources to better protect vulnerable residents from the risks of climate change. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 128-151 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1919909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1919909 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:128-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Galia Shokry Author-X-Name-First: Galia Author-X-Name-Last: Shokry Author-Name: Isabelle Anguelovski Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle Author-X-Name-Last: Anguelovski Author-Name: James J. T. Connolly Author-X-Name-First: James J. T. Author-X-Name-Last: Connolly Author-Name: Andrew Maroko Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Maroko Author-Name: Hamil Pearsall Author-X-Name-First: Hamil Author-X-Name-Last: Pearsall Title: “They Didn’t See It Coming”: Green Resilience Planning and Vulnerability to Future Climate Gentrification Abstract: As cities strive to protect vulnerable residents from climate risks and impacts, recent studies have identified a challenging link between these measures and gentrification processes that reconfigure, but do not necessarily eliminate, climate insecurities. Green resilient infrastructure (GRI) may especially increase the vulnerability of lower income communities of color to gentrification, an issue that remains underexplored. Drawing on the forerunner green city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as our case study, this article adopts a novel intersectional approach to assess overlapping and interdependent factors in generating vulnerability and resilience using spatial quantitative data and qualitative interviews with community-based organizers, nonprofits, and municipal stakeholders. More specifically, this article develops a new methodology to assess vulnerability to future climate gentrification and contributes to debates on the role of urban development, housing, and sustainability practices in climate justice dynamics. It also informs strategies that can reduce social and racial inequities in the context of climate adaptation planning. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 211-245 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1944269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1944269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:211-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Loughran Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Loughran Author-Name: James R. Elliott Author-X-Name-First: James R. Author-X-Name-Last: Elliott Title: Unequal Retreats: How Racial Segregation Shapes Climate Adaptation Abstract: Recent research on climate adaptation points to the need to take flood control seriously as a state-led process that organizes and responds to the racial and environmental spaces of cities. The present study advances that agenda by focusing on the federally funded retreat of homes and residents from flood-prone urban neighborhoods. While officially organized by rational engineering and technocratic calculations, its implementation cannot escape the racialized landscapes of U.S. cities. To illustrate, we review how a century of unequal environmental planning and housing policy has forged today’s racialized urban landscapes. Then, we turn to the federal government’s entrance into those landscapes via its policy of managed retreat that purchases flood-prone homes and returns them to nature. Here we draw on nationwide data to reveal the policy’s increasing urban orientation. We then present evidence from Houston to reveal how the racial composition and turnover of local neighborhoods influence program implementation and subsequent relocation. While not every city may experience the same racialized patterns as Houston, they will exhibit some patterns due to the powerful social and environmental force that race has long exerted in U.S. cities. Failing to account for that force will compromise efforts to adapt effectively to climate change. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 171-189 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1931928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1931928 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:171-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Martín Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Martín Author-Name: Daniel Teles Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Teles Author-Name: Nicole DuBois Author-X-Name-First: Nicole Author-X-Name-Last: DuBois Title: Understanding the Pace of HUD’s Disaster Housing Recovery Efforts Abstract: Disaster-affected communities often describe national recovery aid as delayed. Yet local governments increasingly rely on the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Community Development Block Grants for Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR)—the primary, federal long-term recovery program. This article describes completion times for housing activities across 88 CDBG-DR grants from FY2005 to FY2015; the grants’ housing activities took an average of 3.8 years from declaration to completion, although acceleration occurred over the study years. The authors also identify qualitative contributors to delay, including grant administration type, grantees’ capacity, and CDBG-DR rules, and quantitatively assess their contributions to delays. Although local capacity is a critical qualitative factor, ultimately, CDBG-DR’s lack of permanent statutory authority within the national emergency framework contributes to local governments’ inability to standardize recovery goals and implementation, which, in turn, leads to recovery lags. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 102-127 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1875258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1875258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:102-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Brennan Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Brennan Author-Name: Tanaya Srini Author-X-Name-First: Tanaya Author-X-Name-Last: Srini Author-Name: Justin Steil Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Steil Author-Name: Miho Mazereeuw Author-X-Name-First: Miho Author-X-Name-Last: Mazereeuw Author-Name: Larisa Ovalles Author-X-Name-First: Larisa Author-X-Name-Last: Ovalles Title: A Perfect Storm? Disasters and Evictions Abstract: Stable housing is a fundamental platform for individual and collective well-being, and research indicates that a significant disruptive effect of severe environmental disasters is residential displacement. Despite extensive research on the intersection of disasters and housing, the effect of major disasters on evictions remains understudied. How do landlords and renters respond to the economic dislocation that accompanies disasters and to what extent do major disasters lead to evictions? To answer these questions, we adopt a mixed methods approach. Analyzing county-level data on evictions and disasters between 2000 and 2016, we find that disasters are associated with significant increases in evictions in the year of a disaster and the two years following a disaster and that increases in the housing cost burden are associated with higher eviction rates. We complement these quantitative findings with qualitative interviews and archival analysis from Panama City, Florida in the year after Hurricane Michael. The qualitative findings suggest that eviction dynamics may differ by landlord size and identify challenges for small landlords accessing federal assistance, particularly because of clouded titles from unrecorded property transfers. Together, the findings indicate that disasters increase evictions and lead to significant disruption for many low-income tenants for years after the disaster. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 52-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1942131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1942131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:1:p:52-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent J. Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent J. Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Title: Editor’s Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 247-248 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2037885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2037885 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:2:p:247-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Huiyun Kim Author-X-Name-First: Huiyun Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Failing the Least Advantaged: An Unintended Consequence of Local Implementation of the Housing Choice Voucher Program Abstract: Although scholars have acknowledged that shrinking federal resources for low-income housing programs increase economic inequality across the U.S. society as a whole, the question of how the allocation of these resources affects inequality among the poor has received little attention. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study examines local administrative practices of distributing scarce housing resources and the potential redistributive effects of those choices. Analyses of administrative and qualitative data collected from local housing agencies suggest that local administrative practices of managing a waitlist disadvantage residentially unstable applicants. Juxtaposing this finding with results from the Survey of Income and Program Participation suggests that among those who are income-eligible for program participation, poorer individuals have a greater likelihood of experiencing residential instability, thus compounding their disadvantage in the competition for a housing voucher. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 369-385 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1834429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1834429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:2:p:369-385 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaya Dey Author-X-Name-First: Jaya Author-X-Name-Last: Dey Author-Name: Lariece M. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Lariece M. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: The Role of Credit Attributes in Explaining the Homeownership Gap Between Whites and Minorities Since the Financial Crisis, 2012–2018 Abstract: Homeownership rates have been slow to recover since the financial crisis. Minority groups such as Blacks and Hispanics have been particularly slow to transition to homeownership. Using uniquely constructed anonymized household panel data obtained from a credit bureau, we find that Blacks and Hispanics were, respectively, one half and two thirds as likely as Whites to transition to mortgage ownership between 2012 and 2018. We analyze the role of credit attributes, among other factors, in explaining the racial/ethnic gap in transition to mortgage ownership by 2018 for a sample of individuals who were nonmortgage holders in 2012. Using the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique for nonlinear equations, we find that racial/ethnic differences in credit attributes explain a large portion of the White–minority gap in the transition rates. However, there are key differences in experience across the two minority groups. Whereas racial/ethnic differences in geographic location contribute substantially to the White–Hispanic gap in the mortgage transition rate, racial/ethnic differences in household composition and income growth matter more in explaining the White–Black gap in the mortgage transition rate. Lastly, we find there is considerable heterogeneity across states in the contribution of credit attributes and geography to the White–minority gap in the transition rate. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 275-336 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1818599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1818599 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:2:p:275-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jongho Won Author-X-Name-First: Jongho Author-X-Name-Last: Won Title: Exploring the Heterogeneous Effects of Ecological and Structural Factors on Intensifying Neighborhood Economic Polarization Abstract: Scholars have recently reported the rise of neighborhoods at the extremes of the income distribution—both affluent and poor neighborhoods—and the loss of middle- or mixed-income neighborhoods. As the majority of studies on neighborhood change have focused on the cyclical process of neighborhood change, especially for poor or disadvantaged neighborhoods, this study contributes to the literature by exploring the mechanisms of affluent and poor neighborhoods’ persistence in their economic status over time. First, this research descriptively shows that affluent and poor neighborhoods within the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) as of 2010 were likely to retain their economic status during the 2000s, whereas other, relatively middle-income neighborhoods presented more diverse economic transitions. Second, by employing multilevel regression models, this research finds that several ecological and structural factors heterogeneously affect affluent and poor neighborhoods. The results suggest that affluent neighborhoods tend to respond more effectively to the decline process generated by ecological, economic, and structural forces than poor neighborhoods do. This study contributes to the urban neighborhood change scholarship by integrating different theoretical perspectives from the social science literature to understand how neighborhoods at the extremes of the income distribution are likely to persist in their economic status. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 386-409 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1834428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1834428 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:2:p:386-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tyler Haupert Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: Haupert Title: The Racial Landscape of Fintech Mortgage Lending Abstract: Little is known about racial patterns in fintech mortgage lending, despite evidence of racial disparities in the broader mortgage market. This study leverages 2015–2017 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data to assess disparities in lending outcomes between White and non-White applicants and between neighborhoods of varying racial composition in the United States’ 200 largest metropolitan areas at fintech and traditional lenders. Results of a series of binary logistic regression models suggest disparities in rates of loan approvals between White and similarly qualified non-White applicants are substantively small overall, but lower at fintech lenders relative to traditional lenders, most substantially for Latinos. Non-White applicants are more likely to receive subprime terms relative to similarly qualified White applicants at both lender types, and disparities in rates of subprime loan receipt between Black and similarly qualified White applicants are greater at fintech lenders than traditional lenders. Neighborhood racial composition has a mixed but substantively small impact on approval rates at both lender types. However, both lender types distribute subprime credit to non-White neighborhoods at significantly higher rates than to White neighborhoods. Findings suggest fintech lending contributes to racial and spatial disparities in subprime mortgage lending and warrants increased scrutiny from regulators. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 337-368 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1825010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1825010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:2:p:337-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenfei Xu Author-X-Name-First: Wenfei Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Title: Legacies of Institutionalized Redlining: A Comparison Between Speculative and Implemented Mortgage Risk Maps in Chicago, Illinois Abstract: How did institutionalized discriminatory lending policies implemented under the guidance of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)’s mortgage risk maps impact neighborhood trajectories? Have these spatially restrictive credit designations influenced home value, homeownership, and racial segregation? Using the FHA mortgage risk map of Chicago, Illinois, for new loan guarantees as a case study, I measure outcomes between credit zones and compare these risk regions with the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) Residential Security Maps, which represent post hoc measures of mortgage risk and were likely not directly used in loan activities. For areas excluded from FHA loan guarantees, the results suggest a negative impact on home values and homeownership rates and weakly decreased segregation between 1940 and 1980. They also suggest an overcorrection of home values, an undercorrection of homeownership, and an increase in racial segregation in excluded neighborhoods between 1980 and 2010 when these areas may have experienced capital reinvestment. In comparison with the HOLC map, the effects on tracts in Chicago rated worst by the FHA are clearer and suggest a more significant impact during the period of discriminatory mortgage lending. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 249-274 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1858924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1858924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:2:p:249-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Allen Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Allen Title: The Relationship Between Legal Status and Housing Cost Burden for Immigrants in the United States Abstract: In recent decades, the number of unauthorized immigrants in the United States has increased substantially, while simultaneously housing affordability has become a crisis. Despite these trends and the role that immigrant legal status plays in stratifying immigrants over a range of social and economic outcomes, little research focuses on the relationship between immigrant legal status and housing affordability. Using a nationally representative data set and a logical imputation method that estimates immigrant legal status in the data, this article explores the relationship between immigrant legal status and housing cost burden. Results from logit regression models indicate that unauthorized immigrant and mixed legal status renter households are more likely to experience housing cost burden than are households comprised of immigrants living in the United States lawfully or native-born residents, even after controlling for a variety of factors. Among owner households, households of unauthorized and mixed legal status are more likely to experience housing cost burden than are native-born households. As a result, unauthorized immigrants and their families likely experience a disadvantage in the housing market of the United States. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 433-455 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1848898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1848898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:3:p:433-455 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Fenelon Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Fenelon Title: Does Public Housing Increase the Risk of Child Health Problems? Evidence From Linked Survey-Administrative Data Abstract: Research on the effects of federal housing assistance programs on children’s outcomes has produced mixed results. Although housing assistance programs provide a rare source of affordable and stable housing for low-income families, there remains concern that living in public housing developments increases children’s risk of poor health. This paper uses a unique survey-administrative linked dataset to examine the effect of living in public housing on children’s risk of health problems, including frequent diarrhea, headaches, skin allergies, asthma, and fair/poor health status. Children living in public housing have more health problems than children who do not live in public housing. However, the analysis develops several comparison groups to demonstrate that the excess health problems reflect unobserved selection into public housing. The main selection adjustment compares children living in public housing to children who enter public housing in the near future. Results indicate that public housing does not increase the risk of child health problems, and it is important to consider selection into public housing on factors that are correlated with health. The effects of public housing may be mixed, but policymakers should not confuse the economic and health challenges of public housing residents for the effects of the program itself. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 491-505 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1905027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1905027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:3:p:491-505 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shomon Shamsuddin Author-X-Name-First: Shomon Author-X-Name-Last: Shamsuddin Author-Name: Colin Campbell Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell Title: Housing Cost Burden, Material Hardship, and Well-Being Abstract: Millions of households face housing affordability problems as house prices and rents rise faster than incomes. Yet little is known about how high housing expenditures affect well-being. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine the relationship between housing cost burden, material hardship, and residential satisfaction after the Great Recession. We find that households with higher housing cost burdens were more likely to experience some form of material hardship, controlling for other variables. The probability of material hardship increased with cost burden for households spending up to 50% of their income on housing. However, households that spend more than half of their income on housing are no more likely to experience material hardship than households who spend around 50%. We find some evidence that families with children trade high housing costs for improvements in housing conditions. The findings provide empirical support for using housing cost burden as a measure of affordability and suggest higher housing cost burdens may contribute to decreased well-being through multiple forms of material hardship but also may have threshold effects. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 413-432 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1882532 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1882532 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:3:p:413-432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Damian Collins Author-X-Name-First: Damian Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Esther de Vos Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: de Vos Author-Name: Joshua Evans Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Author-Name: Meryn Severson Mason Author-X-Name-First: Meryn Author-X-Name-Last: Severson Mason Author-Name: Jalene Anderson-Baron Author-X-Name-First: Jalene Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson-Baron Author-Name: Victoria Cruickshank Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Cruickshank Author-Name: Kenna McDowell Author-X-Name-First: Kenna Author-X-Name-Last: McDowell Title: “When We Do Evict Them, It’s a Last Resort”: Eviction Prevention in Social and Affordable Housing Abstract: Evictions are a common contributing factor to homelessness and are experienced overwhelmingly by vulnerable populations, including low-income households, single parents, and minority groups. At the same time, social and affordable housing providers serve increasingly vulnerable populations. Although all evictions are potentially problematic, those that occur in social and affordable housing can carry particularly severe consequences. Little research exists on evictions in social and affordable housing, and there is even less on eviction prevention practices in this sector. This project seeks to fill this research gap by exploring emerging eviction prevention practices in social and affordable housing in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Our findings show that evictions are a complicated process for both tenants and housing providers, and most commonly occur because of rent arrears. Housing providers try to prevent evictions, and toward this end, they have adopted four broad eviction prevention practices, centered on financial management, regular communication with tenants, provision of tenant supports, and community development. However, housing providers are often constrained in their ability to prevent evictions, in particular by human resource and financial limitations. These challenges lead to complex negotiations between housing providers’ social mandates to provide affordable housing to vulnerable households and their regulatory and operational environments. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 473-490 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1900890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1900890 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:3:p:473-490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Adade Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Adade Author-Name: Elias Danyi Kuusaana Author-X-Name-First: Elias Danyi Author-X-Name-Last: Kuusaana Author-Name: Walter Timo de Vries Author-X-Name-First: Walter Author-X-Name-Last: Timo de Vries Author-Name: Emmanuel Kofi Gavu Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel Kofi Author-X-Name-Last: Gavu Title: Housing Finance Strategies for Low-Income Households in Secondary Cities: Contextualization Under Customary Tenure in Ghana Abstract: High mortgage repayment-to-income ratios and unavailability of adequate and secured collateral are major setbacks for low-income households in accessing housing finance. This notwithstanding, few studies have examined housing finance strategies that are available to low-income households within a secondary city context amidst the complexities of customary land tenure. This study examined the housing finance strategies adopted by low-income households in Kumasi, Ghana and suggested alternative strategies under informal tenure. The mixed methods approach was adopted, using a survey of randomly selected households and semi-structured interviews of financial institutions. From the data analyses, the findings suggest that low-income households are priced out of formal mortgage markets, and hence they relied on the incremental building process. This approach is unsustainable and inefficient because it takes longer periods to complete, and such houses lack basic sanitary amenities. To mitigate the situation, there is the need for government social housing drives using cheaper and locally produced building materials as a long-term measure. In the short-term, urban poor can rely on rental housing options for their housing needs. There is also the need to create serviced neighborhoods in the peri-urban fringes of the city to supply cheaper and accessible housing parcels for the poor. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 549-572 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1905026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1905026 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:3:p:549-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erez Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Erez Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Title: Regulating Demand or Supply: Examining Israel’s Public Policy for Reducing Housing Prices During 2015–2019 Abstract: The considerable rise in housing prices in Israel from 2008 to 2018, after the stagnation (and drop) in their prices in the early 2000s, placed concern about a real estate bubble in the Israeli economy on the public agenda. This study examines the effects of Israeli public policy on the real estate industry in general and on housing prices in particular during 2016–2020 to try to determine the most efficient way to regulate housing prices in an economy whose demographics create a gradually increasing natural demand for housing. Is it desirable to promote policy steps that act to curb and regulate demand, or would it be more efficient to promote a plan to increase the supply of housing? The findings show that the public policy formulated and implemented in Israel in these years did not achieve its long-term goal of reducing housing prices; rather, it only halted the price rise in the short term. The policy was clearly affected by shortsighted political considerations. It is therefore possible that the choice between regulating demand and regulating supply in the housing industry may in fact reflect the choice between the wide public interest and the narrow personal interest of policy designers. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 533-548 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1895277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1895277 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:3:p:533-548 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent J. Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent J. Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Title: Editor’s Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 411-412 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2062171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2062171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:3:p:411-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca Schapiro Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Schapiro Author-Name: Kim Blankenship Author-X-Name-First: Kim Author-X-Name-Last: Blankenship Author-Name: Alana Rosenberg Author-X-Name-First: Alana Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenberg Author-Name: Danya Keene Author-X-Name-First: Danya Author-X-Name-Last: Keene Title: The Effects of Rental Assistance on Housing Stability, Quality, Autonomy, and Affordability Abstract: Federal rental assistance is an important source of affordable housing for low-income households, given a growing and severe affordable housing crisis. However, few studies have examined the extent to which rental assistance may improve housing access. This article examines associations between rental assistance receipt and four dimensions of housing: quality, stability, autonomy, and affordability. We draw on data from a longitudinal cohort study of low-income adults in New Haven, Connecticut, and use generalized estimating equations to examine associations between rental assistance receipt and housing measures. We find that participants receiving rental assistance had lower odds of reporting housing instability, low-quality housing, lack of autonomy related to housing, and some measures of housing unaffordability compared with those not receiving assistance. The large and highly significant effects remain after adjusting for demographic variables and factors that can impact access to rental assistance. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 456-472 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1846067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1846067 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:3:p:456-472 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Wetzstein Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Wetzstein Title: Toward Affordable Cities? Critically Exploring the Market-Based Housing Supply Policy Proposition Abstract: This article confronts the global affordable urban housing crisis by critically examining what has arguably become the dominant policy rhetoric in advanced economies: the accelerated market-based housing supply. This approach promotes efficient land and housing markets, fashions an enabling approach to planning, aims to deregulate development and building processes, and seeks to curtail local government and planning systems’ powers. These claims are juxtaposed here with heterodox literature strands, and—utilizing a multicity comparative ethnographical methodology—urban stakeholders’ perspectives in the Australasian housing crisis hotspots of Sydney and Auckland. The findings suggest a convergence of sobering stakeholders’ perspectives and critical, multifaceted literature claims. They thus demonstrate the fallacies of the market supply fetish in relation to generating affordability, and expose its status-quo-reproducing nature. The concluding reflections call for an intellectual and political engagement with the affordable city imaginary and associated policy strategies toward affordable futures for all. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 506-532 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1871932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1871932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:3:p:506-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver8777546661099906987.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Jie Chen Author-X-Name-First: Jie Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Xin Qi Author-X-Name-First: Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Qi Author-Name: Zhenguo Lin Author-X-Name-First: Zhenguo Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Yidong Wu Author-X-Name-First: Yidong Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: Impact of Governments’ Commitment to Housing Affordability Policy on People’s Happiness: Evidence from China Abstract: Although government-led housing affordability policy is an important issue worldwide, there has been little research on how local governments’ commitment to such policy affects people’s subjective well-being or happiness. By combining the analysis of textual information from provincial governments’ annual working reports and microdata from four waves of the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), this article empirically explores the relationship between political discourses of provincial governments’ committment to housing affordability policies (HAPC) and residents’ self-reported happiness. Our results suggest that Chinese urban residents’ happiness is higher when the local government promises greater dedication to housing affordability improvement; however, this phenomenon existed only in the early 2010s, and the relationship between HAPC and residents’ happiness was insignificant in the mid-2010s, and even became negative in the late 2010s. In addition, we also find that the the association between HAPC and residents’ happiness differs among population groups. We conclude the article with discussions of the implications of the findings for housing policymaking and urban governance. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 622-641 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1921826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1921826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:622-641 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver2031110535931551856.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Gerardo Bonilla Alguera Author-X-Name-First: Gerardo Author-X-Name-Last: Bonilla Alguera Author-Name: Raúl Gutiérrez Meave Author-X-Name-First: Raúl Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez Meave Title: Zoning Out Robbery? An Empirical Study in Mexico City Abstract: This research article seeks to identify how the type of land use affects the number of robberies and burglaries in Mexico City. Also, it searches for the factors that promote and prevent these crimes in urban settlements, specifically at the neighborhood level in two places: street and home, which are public and private spaces. We run a log-linear ordinary least squares regression model, and some of the results are interesting. With slight differences in the significance of the control variables, it can be inferred that neighborhoods with a predominantly mixed land use tend to concentrate higher rates of street robbery (violent and nonviolent) but lower rates of home burglaries. Additionally, our model’s evidence suggests that public transport stops, public schools, convenience stores, clandestine garbage dumps, and bars and restaurants are attractors of pedestrian robbery; meanwhile, convenience stores are detractors of home robberies and burglaries. Against what many studies suggest, the variable of pawnshops per square kilometer had no statistically significant effect on any robbery or burglary rate. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 730-749 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1915357 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1915357 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:730-749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver2807542690231713934.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Jiang Chang Author-X-Name-First: Jiang Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: Tingting Lu Author-X-Name-First: Tingting Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Dixiang Xie Author-X-Name-First: Dixiang Author-X-Name-Last: Xie Author-Name: Zihan Lin Author-X-Name-First: Zihan Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Title: Neighborhood Characteristics, Deprivation, and Attachment: Evidence From Guangzhou, China Abstract: Housing reform since the 1990s has created a new sociospatial structure in Chinese cities. However, neighborhood deprivation remains one of the key challenges for urban housing policies. This study investigates the relationship among perceived neighborhood characteristics, deprivation, and attachment, based on a survey of 59 neighborhoods across Guangzhou, China. We adopt an objective approach to measure the index of multiple deprivation (IMD) on the neighborhood scale. The descriptive statistics indicate that while residents in deprived neighborhoods generally report lower level of perceived neighborhood physical environments and neighborhood attachment, their evaluations of neighborhood social environments are not necessarily lower. Results from the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) show that perceived housing conditions, perceived neighborhood environment, neighborhood ties, and sense of security are significantly correlated with neighborhood attachment. Furthermore, the moderation analysis reveals that the effect of perceived housing conditions on neighborhood attachment is stronger in more deprived neighborhoods. We propose that residents’ subjective feelings, timely and direct measurement of IMD, and context-based strategies should be used in urban housing policies to reduce the negative impacts of neighborhood deprivation. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 661-677 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2055613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2055613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:661-677 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-6141773494698946037.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Vincent J. Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent J. Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Title: Editor’s Note Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 573-573 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2087941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2087941 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:573-573 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver7368922316321100673.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Youqin Huang Author-X-Name-First: Youqin Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Jianyu Ren Author-X-Name-First: Jianyu Author-X-Name-Last: Ren Title: Moving Toward an Inclusive Housing Policy?: Migrants’ Access to Subsidized Housing in Urban China Abstract: China is rapidly urbanizing, with hundreds of millions of migrants leaving villages for cities. Under the discriminatory Household Registration (Hukou) System, migrants have been denied urban welfare benefits. The Chinese government has been promoting inclusive urbanization with significant policy changes in recent decades, yet its impact on migrants is not clear. This article examines whether housing is becoming more inclusive to migrants in Chinese cities. A review of recent policy changes at both central and local levels shows that although central housing policy is becoming more inclusive of migrants, local governments have largely remained exclusionary and exercise selective inclusion—allowing only migrants who meet additional, strict requirements to access subsidized housing. The empirical analyses, using two waves of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey, reveal that few migrants have access to subsidized housing despite the policy changes. Institutional barriers continue to exclude migrants from subsidized housing, although many barriers have become less important over time. It is clear that housing discrimination persists, and housing inclusion remains a distant dream for most migrants in China. This research highlights exclusion based on an important but uncommon birth-ascribed status defined by the government and provides a multiscalar perspective on the inclusion of domestic migrants. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 579-606 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1996430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1996430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:579-606 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-1829498129205072222.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Yi Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Edward G. Goetz Author-X-Name-First: Edward G. Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz Title: No Place in the City: The Segregation of Affordable Formal Private Rentals in Beijing Abstract: Residential segregation by income has become an emerging concern in Chinese cities. Existing literature on residential segregation has mostly focused on the informal rental market, and little is known about the formal private rentals. Nevertheless, with the continued removal of informal settlements, formal private rentals are likely to play a more pivotal role in the provision of affordable housing in the upcoming years. Using data from online rental listings, this article examines changes in the spatial distribution of affordable formal private rentals in Beijing between 2015 and 2018. Our study finds that the availability of affordable formal private rentals decreased drastically in the central city area in the 3-year period, whereas the remaining affordable units in the central-city subdistricts became increasingly segregated from other higher priced rentals. When compared across rentals of different price ranges, the affordable rentals ended up being the most segregated in both 2015 and 2018, with a city-level index of dissimilarity of 0.71 and 0.75, respectively. The research findings necessitate policies that promote affordable rental provision in central locations. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 607-621 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1858925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1858925 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:607-621 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver3452653008288754068.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Emmanuel Kofi Gavu Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel Kofi Author-X-Name-Last: Gavu Title: Conceptualizing the Rental Housing Market Structure in Ghana Abstract: This article conceptualizes the rental housing market using housing typologies, housing form, and submarket definitions to understand how the market operates in a developing country context. Drawing conclusions from the extant literature and market observations in Ghana, the research provides a framework for analyzing the rental housing market in developing countries. An understanding of the housing market structure provides some clarity on submarket existence, price movements, and conceptual issues relating to how rental values are determined within the market. The findings suggest that the price premiums of location and neighborhood attributes within parts of sub-Saharan Africa may be overstated; this is contrary to an important cliché in real estate, location, location, location. The findings further provide useful insights and serve as a guide in understanding rental market dynamics, particularly in contexts where access to data remains a challenge. This research is one of the first attempts to develop a holistic framework in understanding the housing market structure in the Global South and to empirically verify the same. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 767-788 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1832131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1832131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:767-788 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver8615036201939565665.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Tingting Lu Author-X-Name-First: Tingting Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Fangzhu Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Fangzhu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Fulong Wu Author-X-Name-First: Fulong Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: The Sense of Community in Homeowner Association Neighborhoods in Urban China: A Study of Wenzhou Abstract: Living in homeowner association (HOA) neighborhoods is a new residential experience in China. Associated with housing privatization in the 1990s, HOAs have been established to promote private governance features as their counterparts do in western contexts. However, the role of HOAs and their social implications are still debatable in urban China. Against this background, this study examines the sense of community in HOA neighborhoods, using data from a large-scale household survey in Wenzhou, China. The results reveal that neighborly interaction persists in HOA neighborhoods and crucially influences the sense of community. In addition to neighborly interaction, residents’ participation in HOAs has become a new source of the sense of community. Residents’ usage of the services provided in HOA neighborhoods can also enhance the sense of community. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 642-660 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.2011767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.2011767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:642-660 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-8380918464050122303.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Lokman Gunduz Author-X-Name-First: Lokman Author-X-Name-Last: Gunduz Author-Name: Ismail H. Genc Author-X-Name-First: Ismail H. Author-X-Name-Last: Genc Author-Name: Ahmet Faruk Aysan Author-X-Name-First: Ahmet Faruk Author-X-Name-Last: Aysan Title: Buying Citizenship: A Boon to District-Level House Prices in Istanbul Abstract: Citizenship by investment (CBI) programs have recently garnered significant academic and media attention. Turkey introduced such a program in 2017 that offers citizenship in exchange for investment in residential property. Through the program, thousands of foreigners, mainly from the Middle East and Asia, have purchased houses, particularly in Istanbul. Foreigners’ share of total houses sold in Istanbul almost sextupled and exceeded 10% of total sales. This study estimates the short-run impact of relatively wealthy foreigners on the residential property prices in Istanbul investing to buy a Turkish passport. It finds that the Turkish CBI program positively impacts house prices by 2% in the districts, which are likely to be favored most by immigrant investors. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 697-712 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.2013283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.2013283 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:697-712 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver3075273618809832429.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Xin Li Author-X-Name-First: Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Shomon Shamsuddin Author-X-Name-First: Shomon Author-X-Name-Last: Shamsuddin Title: Housing the Poor? A Comparative Study of Public Housing Provision in New York, Hong Kong, and Shenzhen Abstract: Governments in cities and countries around the world are faced with housing affordability problems, which acutely affect lower income residents. Prior comparative work adopts a national perspective that primarily draws upon theories of the welfare state and Western political ideologies to understand government responses to social problems. However, such work often overlooks alternative political systems, the distinctive role of housing policy, and local government strategies. This article compares the provision and role of public housing across three global cities that are experiencing major housing affordability challenges: New York, Hong Kong, and Shenzhen. Based on a review of agency documents and housing and demographic data, we describe public housing policy priorities and examine how the respective governments administer public housing programs. We find each case shows a strong demand for public housing, a broad interpretation of target population, and evolving relationships between the public and private sectors. There are important differences in policy priorities, program eligibility, management, and overlap with the private housing market. The findings suggest standard frameworks may miss variation within countries and the changing role of cities in providing housing for low- and middle-income households. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 678-696 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.2019080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.2019080 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:678-696 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver4429823228448125021.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Hongping Lian Author-X-Name-First: Hongping Author-X-Name-Last: Lian Title: The Beijing Dream: Housing Differentiation and Experiences of Young Professional Beijingers Abstract: Young people across many societies face considerable barriers to the transition toward independence. Moreover, young people are likely to have vastly divergent experiences and outcomes depending on their tenure. In providing a contextual analysis that gives consideration to the institutional pattern and its association with socioeconomic status, this article presents a qualitative study based on a unique data set of 83 housing stories to explore housing differentiation and homeownership among young professionals in Beijing. Drawing from an analytical framework of structural and individual abilities, this article explores how household registration, work units, marital status, and parental support affect housing differentiation. Under the superposition of structural advantages that determine homeownership accessibility and individual capacities that determine levels of housing tenure, housing differentiation is highlighted and even intensified among young professionals. The implication is that the state should focus on the structural factors to reduce the effect of housing differentiation and address housing problems for as many young people as possible. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 802-818 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1951803 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1951803 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:802-818 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver7933157219917714125.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Kala Seetharam Sridhar Author-X-Name-First: Kala Seetharam Author-X-Name-Last: Sridhar Title: Understanding the Digital Platform Economy: Effect of Airbnb on Housing in Indian Cities Abstract: This article answers the question: What is the effect of Airbnb on rents and housing prices? Based on theory and empirical evidence, we expect that in cities where Airbnb is active, rental accommodation and housing would be relatively more expensive. This is because we assume that such units were withdrawn from the housing market and excess capacity of houses can be used. We distinguish between the rents of one- , two- , and three-bedroom apartments, in addition to housing prices in major Indian cities. Accounting for the endogeneity of Airbnb density, we find that the Airbnb density has a significant effect in terms of raising rents of apartments of different sizes as well as increasing housing prices. The magnitude of our estimates implies an increase of up to 0.08% in the rent of two-bedroom apartments, 0.14% in the rents of three-bedroom apartments, and 0.39% in housing prices per square foot, for every 1-percentage-point increase in Airbnb density. These effects are higher than those found in some existing studies, but lower than those found by others. The policy implications of the research and caveats of the data and research are summarized. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 713-729 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1929389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1929389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:713-729 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver6961733721936015977.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Zhilin Liu Author-X-Name-First: Zhilin Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Lan Deng Author-X-Name-First: Lan Author-X-Name-Last: Deng Title: Special Issue on the Dynamics and Consequences of Recent Shifts in Chinese Housing Policy: An Introduction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 574-578 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2087940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2087940 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:574-578 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver2688256213731918991.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Zuzanna Rataj Author-X-Name-First: Zuzanna Author-X-Name-Last: Rataj Author-Name: Rafał Iwański Author-X-Name-First: Rafał Author-X-Name-Last: Iwański Title: The Role of Housing Policy in Long-Term Care in Poland Abstract: Population aging poses challenges to societies with regard to the provision of care for dependent seniors. One of the spheres broadly discussed in terms of long-term care is housing policy. The focus of this article is the analysis of housing policy in Poland, with respect to demographical changes, and the ever increasing burden aging causes (i.e., problems with seniors’ ability to perform self-care and age in place). The analysis was based on the existing data and the sizable transdisciplinary body of international comparative housing policy literature. The effectiveness of housing policy in the context of care services depends on its integration with the social assistance and health care system and the size of the housing stock, along with the family’s caring potential. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 789-801 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1825011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1825011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:789-801 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-7720560059227321652.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Lutfun Nahar Lata Author-X-Name-First: Lutfun Author-X-Name-Last: Nahar Lata Title: “That’s the Area of Affluent People Where We Have No Access”: Spatial Inequality, Gated Communities, and the End of Public Space in Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract: The literature suggests that the rise of gated communities causes a number of problems, creates spatial fragmentation and social exclusion, and works as a barrier to promoting urban diversity. Gated communities have grown in popularity in recent decades in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In contrast to the popular view that gated communities provide an extreme example of residential segregation, this article argues that the rise of gated communities creates a differentiated citizenship by blocking poor people’s access to public space, which is vital for their livelihoods. Weaving together observation and ethnographic research in the Sattola slum in Dhaka and its adjacent gated community, Niketon, this article argues that poor slum residents’ access to public space for livelihoods is regulated—in the name of security and preventing criminal activities—by the local gated community members’ association, which reproduces spatial inequality. The study contributes to the literature on gated communities and social segregation by revealing that private governance takes various forms and is not always separate from local government bodies; rather, local government actors and homeowners’ associations may work together to exclude other groups from gated communities in the name of security. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 750-766 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1905023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1905023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:4-5:p:750-766 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2127557_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Mary Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Samantha Batko Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Batko Title: Introduction to Keeping America Housed, a Special Edition of Housing Policy Debate Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 819-822 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2127557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2127557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:6:p:819-822 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2077802_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Claudia Aiken Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Aiken Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Author-Name: Isabel Harner Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Harner Author-Name: Tyler Haupert Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: Haupert Author-Name: Vincent Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Author-Name: Rebecca Yae Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Yae Title: Can Emergency Rental Assistance Be Designed to Prevent Homelessness? Learning from Emergency Rental Assistance Programs Abstract: Homelessness prevention efforts face an overarching challenge: how to target limited resources far enough downstream to capture those at greatest risk of homelessness, but far enough upstream to stabilize households before they experience a cascade of negative outcomes. How did the COVID-19 emergency rental assistance programs launched in hundreds of localities across the United States respond to this challenge? This paper draws on two waves of a national survey of emergency rental assistance program administrators, as well as in-depth interviews with 15 administrators, to answer this question. Results show that although the vast majority of program administrators considered homelessness prevention to be a key program goal, their programs tended to target rental assistance far upstream of tenants at immediate risk. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 896-914 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2077802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2077802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:6:p:896-914 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2077801_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Erica Jade Mullen Author-X-Name-First: Erica Jade Author-X-Name-Last: Mullen Author-Name: Angela Ghesquiere Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Ghesquiere Author-Name: Kinsey Dinan Author-X-Name-First: Kinsey Author-X-Name-Last: Dinan Author-Name: Molly Richard Author-X-Name-First: Molly Author-X-Name-Last: Richard Author-Name: Edith Kealey Author-X-Name-First: Edith Author-X-Name-Last: Kealey Author-Name: Sara Zuiderveen Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Zuiderveen Author-Name: Marybeth Shinn Author-X-Name-First: Marybeth Author-X-Name-Last: Shinn Title: Periodic Evaluations of Risk Assessments: Identifying Families for Homelessness Prevention Services Abstract: The New York City Homebase program is one of only a few comprehensive U.S. homelessness prevention programs. To ensure that in-depth services are provided to families most at risk of homelessness, Homebase utilizes a structured assessment, the Risk Assessment Questionnaire (RAQ), developed using 2004–2008 data. We evaluated the RAQ’s performance in a more recent cohort of 48,450 families with children applying for Homebase services from 2013 to 2016, testing the predictive power of the current assessment, as well as the power of existing and potential new individual items, using Cox survival models to predict homeless shelter application. The RAQ threshold for in-depth services still effectively identifies shelter risk (13.7%, vs. 5.9% for those below the threshold), suggesting that services are being directed to the highest-risk families. Simulations of a modified RAQ reflecting regression results and program leadership input present assessment adjustments to consider to improve its efficiency and predictive power. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 915-939 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2077801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2077801 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:6:p:915-939 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2058580_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: John Ecker Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Ecker Author-Name: Molly Brown Author-X-Name-First: Molly Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Tim Aubry Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Aubry Author-Name: Katherine Francombe Pridham Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Francombe Author-X-Name-Last: Pridham Author-Name: Stephen W. Hwang Author-X-Name-First: Stephen W. Author-X-Name-Last: Hwang Title: Coordinated Access and Coordinated Entry System Processes in the Housing and Homelessness Sector: A Critical Commentary on Current Practices Abstract: Coordinated access and coordinated entry systems have become central features in community responses to homelessness in Canada and the United States. Coordinated systems assess individuals and families experiencing homelessness on their needs, prioritize them based upon these needs, and then match them to appropriate housing. Despite the widespread implementation of coordinated systems, there have been few evaluations of the effectiveness of these systems. The current article fills this knowledge gap by providing an overview of the evidence and a critical commentary on the four pillars of coordinated systems—(a) access, (b) assessment, (c) prioritization, and (d) matching and referral—and presenting a critique of current practices. Using the policy streams framework, the critique demonstrates that the components of coordinated systems lack a strong evidence base and that there is little evidence that coordinated systems improve individual-level outcomes such as length of stay in housing. Further, current coordinated system practices, particularly assessments, may be contributing to inequitable access to housing. Limitations of the critique and considerations for implementation are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 876-895 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2058580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2058580 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:6:p:876-895 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2026995_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Matthew Z. Fowle Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Fowle Title: Racialized Homelessness: A Review of Historical and Contemporary Causes of Racial Disparities in Homelessness Abstract: People of color or mixed race account for more than half of all people experiencing homelessness, despite comprising less than a quarter of the total population in the United States. What are the primary drivers of this severe racial concentration of homelessness? Through a literature review of historical and contemporary research, this article highlights the extensive history of homelessness among Black, Latinx, and Native American communities and finds evidence for racialized pathways into homelessness. The literature points to three primary systems of stratification that drive racial disparities in homelessness: racial economic inequality, housing discrimination and residential segregation, and the homeless response system. These findings suggest that homelessness is tightly interwoven with institutions and social systems that maintain racial hierarchy. Structural policies that address socioeconomic and racial inequality are more likely than current approaches to make substantial progress in reducing racial disparities in homelessness. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 940-967 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2026995 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2026995 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:6:p:940-967 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2113816_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Leah Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Leah Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Penelope Schlesinger Author-X-Name-First: Penelope Author-X-Name-Last: Schlesinger Author-Name: Danya E. Keene Author-X-Name-First: Danya E. Author-X-Name-Last: Keene Title: “You Have a Place to Rest Your Head in Peace”: Use of Hotels for Adults Experiencing Homelessness During the COVID-19 Pandemic Abstract: Hotel housing was an intervention implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce the spread of the virus among people experiencing homelessness. Individuals living in congregate shelter or unsheltered settings in New Haven, Connecticut, were relocated into two hotels at the start of the pandemic. In this paper we characterize and explore the experiences of 18 individuals who were moved to hotels. Participants shared that the hotels, as opposed to other settings, provided stability through having a consistent room, access to important amenities, and a sense of privacy and safety. This allowed individuals to gain more control in their lives and make changes that benefitted their health and well-being. The findings suggest that the model of shelter utilized during the pandemic may have important benefits for supporting people who are experiencing homelessness. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 837-852 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2113816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2113816 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:6:p:837-852 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2075027_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Gregg Colburn Author-X-Name-First: Gregg Author-X-Name-Last: Colburn Author-Name: Rachel Fyall Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Fyall Author-Name: Christina McHugh Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: McHugh Author-Name: Pear Moraras Author-X-Name-First: Pear Author-X-Name-Last: Moraras Author-Name: Victoria Ewing Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Ewing Author-Name: Samantha Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Taquesha Dean Author-X-Name-First: Taquesha Author-X-Name-Last: Dean Author-Name: Sarah Argodale Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Argodale Title: Hotels as Noncongregate Emergency Shelters: An Analysis of Investments in Hotels as Emergency Shelter in King County, Washington During the COVID-19 Pandemic Abstract: This study analyzes the COVID-19 homelessness response in King County, Washington, in which people were moved out of high-density emergency shelters into hotel rooms. This intervention was part of a regional effort to de-intensify the shelter system and limit the transmission of the virus to protect vulnerable individuals experiencing homelessness. This study used quantitative and qualitative methods to describe the experiences of and outcomes on individuals who were moved from shelters to noncongregate hotel settings. The study highlights a new approach to shelter delivery that not only responded to the public health imperatives of COVID-19, but also indicated positive health and social outcomes compared to traditional congregate settings. The findings establish an evidence base to help inform future strategic responses to homelessness as well as to contribute to the broader policy conversations on our nation’s response to homelessness. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 853-875 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2075027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2075027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:6:p:853-875 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1905024_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Dennis P. Culhane Author-X-Name-First: Dennis P. Author-X-Name-Last: Culhane Author-Name: Seongho An Author-X-Name-First: Seongho Author-X-Name-Last: An Title: Estimated Revenue of the Nonprofit Homeless Shelter Industry in the United States: Implications for a More Comprehensive Approach to Unmet Shelter Demand Abstract: This study merged data from the 2015 Housing Inventory Count, a list of temporary housing programs serving homeless persons nationally, and the Internal Revenue Service Form 990 tax filings for nonprofit organizations that same year. Matching records were used to develop estimates of various organizational measures per bed, adjusting for outliers, including revenues by source, expenditures by type, number of employees, employee compensation, and number of volunteers. Average values of these measures per bed by program type and by target population were extrapolated to the overall inventory to generate sector-wide estimates. Based on various measures of central tendency and after addressing outliers, a best guess of total revenues for nonprofit temporary housing providers is estimated at approximately $8.5 billion in 2015. As many as 160,000 people are employed by nonprofit shelters, or 0.4 persons per bed, with average annual compensation of approximately $24,000. Universal bed coverage for unsheltered persons is estimated to cost an additional $3.3–$4.5 billion annually. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 823-836 Issue: 6 Volume: 32 Year: 2022 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1905024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1905024 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:32:y:2022:i:6:p:823-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2076714_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Francine Sanders Romero Author-X-Name-First: Francine Sanders Author-X-Name-Last: Romero Author-Name: Patricia A. Jaramillo Author-X-Name-First: Patricia A. Author-X-Name-Last: Jaramillo Title: Can Gentrification Battles Promote Civic Health? A Case Study Analysis in San Antonio, Texas Abstract: Civic health presents an understudied aspect of the gentrification/public health dynamic. When gentrification occurs, community connections and engagement may decline for remaining residents. We turn this question around, however, considering how opposition to proposed land-use changes seen as gentrifying may stimulate civic health, evidenced by emergence of a cohesive opposition effort. Our analysis highlights the context in which community opposition may fend off the deleterious impact of gentrification on public health. Our investigation proceeds through two case studies in San Antonio, Texas, in which a low-income community opposed zoning changes perceived as threats. Through an assessment of the public record (media coverage and City Council hearing archives), we create a baseline framework of association that may be generalized to future studies. In both cases, the threat fostered elements of civic health, driven by both organized and newly formed groups, and premised on concerns about dislocation, sense of place, and historic/cultural destruction. Concerning impact, we found mixed results. Trailer park tenants facing displacement lacked the resources to prevail. On the other hand, opponents of a mixed-use development partially replacing aging public housing lost their initial rezoning battle, but eventually prevailed through stronger resources and foundational arguments. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 251-268 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2076714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2076714 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:251-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1931927_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sandra Newman Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Author-Name: C. Scott Holupka Author-X-Name-First: C. Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Holupka Title: Effects of Assisted Housing on Children’s Healthy Development Abstract: The high proportion of income that poor families spend on housing can have deleterious consequences for a child’s healthy development. This article asks whether the increased affordability provided by government housing assistance translates into benefits for children. Do assisted housing parents spend more on child enrichment, leading in turn to their children’s healthier development relative to similar income-eligible families not receiving government housing assistance? We use longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the PSID’s Child Development Supplements, and the PSID-Assisted Housing Database and apply propensity weights and instrumental variables to address selection. Sample sizes are 205 children in the assisted housing group and 470 children in the unassisted group. We find convincing evidence that assisted housing parents invest more in their child’s enrichment than their unassisted counterparts do. These investments benefit their children’s cognitive achievement and overall health, with less consistent effects on socioemotional adjustment. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 306-330 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1931927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1931927 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:306-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2123249_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: H. Shellae Versey Author-X-Name-First: H. Shellae Author-X-Name-Last: Versey Title: Gentrification, Health, and Intermediate Pathways: How Distinct Inequality Mechanisms Impact Health Disparities Abstract: Gentrification yields a variety of effects, yet the mechanisms linking gentrification to health are unclear. Although quantitative research has helped to identify some patterns, the processes whereby neighborhood dynamics impact health are layered and span multiple levels of health—individual, family, and community.According to research describing large-scale drivers of health, inequality (e.g., income and social) is a significant risk factor for worse health, morbidity, and mortality. Drawing from an inequality-health framework, this paper explores how inequality created by gentrification (e.g., segregated pockets of wealth alongside relative deprivation) harms health and well-being. The current study presents findings from lower-income African American women across 20 U.S. cities, and examines pathways by which gentrification increases inequality and stress for residents living in gentrifying areas. Results indicate that gentrification contributes to both direct (e.g., material scarcity) and indirect (e.g., displacement, distrust, lack of belonging) pathways that impact health, supporting mediation via four major pathways. Implications for further research, theorization, and policy are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 6-29 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2123249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2123249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:6-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2099936_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jared N. Schachner Author-X-Name-First: Jared N. Author-X-Name-Last: Schachner Title: Is Gentrification a Carcinogen? Neighborhood Change and Cancerous Vehicle Emissions in Los Angeles County Abstract: Neighborhood disadvantage erodes residents’ mental and physical health. But whether rapid reductions in disadvantage spurred by gentrification attenuate or exacerbate these effects remains unknown due to mixed theoretical expectations and empirical results. To help clarify these dynamics, I propose a novel hypothesis that casts gentrification as a carcinogen. As neighborhoods receive inflows of affluent, White residents, influxes of private vehicles may come with them. In turn, stationary residents become exposed to higher vehicular emissions, and their risk of cancer—especially lung cancer—climbs. As an initial empirical test of these theoretical possibilities, I link Urban Displacement Project data identifying Los Angeles County neighborhoods that gentrified during the 2000s to tract-level data on vehicle ownership and cancer risk profiles—the latter from the Environmental Protection Agency’s National Air Toxics Assessment. Descriptive regressions that include a lagged dependent variable and municipal fixed effects suggest gentrifying tracts’ levels of cancer risk factors increased by ∼0.5 standard deviations more than those of disadvantaged neighborhoods that did not gentrify. Sobel tests of mediation indicate nearly half of this association may be explained by a pathway related to increasing vehicle density. The study thus motivates future research leveraging individual-level data and quasi-experimental methods to solidify whether gentrification is indeed a carcinogen. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 47-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2099936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2099936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:47-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2099933_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ruoniu Wang Author-X-Name-First: Ruoniu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Courtnee Melton-Fant Author-X-Name-First: Courtnee Author-X-Name-Last: Melton-Fant Title: Does Inclusionary Housing Alleviate the Negative Health Impacts of Gentrification? Abstract: This study explores whether inclusionary housing (IH) is a mediating factor that explains the connection between gentrification and health outcomes at the city level. The research relies on new nationwide IH data from Grounded Solutions Network, data from the City Health Dashboard to measure health outcomes, and U.S. Census data to quantify the stage and scope of gentrification. Applying both descriptive methods and regression models, we find that the association between gentrification and health is mixed: the scope of recent gentrification in a city is associated with higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, but also with better access to healthy food. The positive effect of gentrification on better access to healthy food, however, is not observed for the Black population. The presence of IH is positively associated with all three health outcome measures. In addition, the association between IH and health outcomes is stronger than, and independent from, the association between recent gentrification and health outcomes. The results support health benefits of IH programs and imply the need for proactive and race-conscious affordable housing policy interventions to foster better population health outcomes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 72-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2099933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2099933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:72-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2167333_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Title: To Review is to Win, Win, Win Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2167333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2167333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2055616_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michael S. Barton Author-X-Name-First: Michael S. Author-X-Name-Last: Barton Author-Name: Frederick D. Weil Author-X-Name-First: Frederick D. Author-X-Name-Last: Weil Author-Name: Nicholas Van De Voorde Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Van De Voorde Title: Interrogating the Importance of Collective Resources for the Relationship of Gentrification With Health Abstract: The relationship of neighborhood conditions with health outcomes has been well documented, but less is known about importance of neighborhood change. Research that examined the relationship of gentrification with health outcomes produced mixed results, but only a few studies were able to examine the role of local social capital as a potential moderating influence. Using a survey of Hurricane Katrina survivors, tract-level health estimates from the 500 Cities Project, and tract-level census data, we assess the relationship of gentrification with self-reported physical and mental health, controlling for four measures of neighborhood collective resources in post-Katrina New Orleans, Louisiana. Our findings indicate rates of poor self-rated physical and mental health were higher in neighborhoods that experienced gentrification and that other neighborhood changes may function to dampen the impacts of gentrification on health outcomes. Our results underscore the importance of considering local community characteristics in evaluating the relationship of gentrification with health. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 30-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2055616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2055616 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:30-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2167332_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Joseph Gibbons Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Gibbons Author-Name: Derek Hyra Author-X-Name-First: Derek Author-X-Name-Last: Hyra Title: Special Issue Introduction: Gentrification, Housing, and Health Outcomes Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 2-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2167332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2167332 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:2-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1942132_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Işıl Şirin Selçuk Author-X-Name-First: Işıl Şirin Author-X-Name-Last: Selçuk Author-Name: Egemen İpek Author-X-Name-First: Egemen Author-X-Name-Last: İpek Author-Name: Altuğ Murat Köktaş Author-X-Name-First: Altuğ Murat Author-X-Name-Last: Köktaş Title: How Housing Conditions Affect Health: Findings From the Turkish National Household Panel Survey Abstract: Housing is an important expression of prosperity for a society and a determinant of health and well-being. Despite the fact that the housing industry, which has faced rapid transformation and growth in Turkey since the 2000s, has made many people homeowners, being a homeowner alone does not ensure the subjective well-being of individuals. The conditions of individuals’ houses are also significant for their well-being. Accordingly, the Survey on Income and Living Conditions covering the years 2014–2017 was used to determine whether inequalities in housing conditions are linked to health problems among households. An index that measures the housing conditions of 5,549 households was devised and its effects on self-rated health, along with other socioeconomic indicators, were examined using a random-effects ordered logistic model. The findings indicate that the quality of housing enhances self-rated health in Turkey. More specifically, improved housing conditions tend to increase the likelihood of individuals being healthier. As the results show that inequality in housing conditions has a significant effect on general health, alongside education, gender, and marital status, housing policies should not only focus on the affordability of housing but should also take social welfare indicators into account. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 290-305 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1942132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1942132 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:290-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2099937_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Arthur Acolin Author-X-Name-First: Arthur Author-X-Name-Last: Acolin Author-Name: Kyle Crowder Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Author-X-Name-Last: Crowder Author-Name: Ari Decter-Frain Author-X-Name-First: Ari Author-X-Name-Last: Decter-Frain Author-Name: Anjum Hajat Author-X-Name-First: Anjum Author-X-Name-Last: Hajat Author-Name: Matt Hall Author-X-Name-First: Matt Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Title: Gentrification, Mobility, and Exposure to Contextual Determinants of Health Abstract: This study examines exposure to four contextual Determinants of Health (cDOH): healthcare access (Medically Underserved Areas), socioeconomic condition (Area Deprivation Index), air pollution (Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) and Particulate Matter 10 (PM 10)), and walkability (National Walkability Index) among residents of gentrifying and not gentrifying lower income neighborhoods in central cities for the 100 largest metropolitan regions in the US using their location in 2006 and 2019 based on individual level consumer trace data. Individuals who lived in gentrifying neighborhoods as of 2006 had more favorable cDOH in terms of MUA, ADI and Walkability Index and similar levels of pollution. Between 2006 and 2019, they experienced worse changes in MUAs, ADI, and Walkability Index but a greater improvement in exposure to air pollutants. The negative changes are driven by movers, while stayers actually experience a relative improvement in MUAs and ADI and larger improvements in exposure to air pollutants. The findings indicate that gentrification may contribute to health disparities through changes in exposure to cDOH through mobility to communities with worse cDOH among residents of gentrifying neighborhoods although results in terms of exposure to health pollutants are mixed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 194-223 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2099937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2099937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:194-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2125788_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Christopher Rick Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Rick Author-Name: Jeehee Han Author-X-Name-First: Jeehee Author-X-Name-Last: Han Author-Name: Brian Elbel Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Elbel Author-Name: Amy Ellen Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Amy Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Title: The Link between Gentrification, Children’s Egocentric Food Environment, and Obesity Abstract: While advocates argue that gentrification changes the neighborhood food environment critical to children’s diet and health, we have little evidence documenting such changes or the consequences for their health outcomes. Using rich longitudinal, individual-level data on nearly 115,000 New York City children, including egocentric measures of their food environment and BMI, we examine the link between neighborhood demographic change (“gentrification”), children’s access to restaurants and supermarkets, and their weight outcomes. We find that children in rapidly gentrifying neighborhoods see increased access to fast food and wait-service restaurants and reduced access to corner stores and supermarkets compared to those in non-gentrifying areas. Boys and girls have higher BMI following gentrification, but only boys are more likely to be obese or overweight. We find public housing moderates the relationship between gentrification and weight, as children living in public housing are less likely to be obese or overweight. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 85-106 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2125788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2125788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:85-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2099935_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Claudia Maria López Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Maria Author-X-Name-Last: López Author-Name: R. Varisa Patraporn Author-X-Name-First: R. Varisa Author-X-Name-Last: Patraporn Author-Name: Suzie Weng Author-X-Name-First: Suzie Author-X-Name-Last: Weng Title: The Impact of Housing Experience on the Well-Being of 1.5-Generation Immigrants: The Case of Millennial and Gen-Z Renters in Southern California Abstract: Gentrification is a growing problem that impacts immigrants, particularly in Southern California where housing costs continue to rise. This study examines how Millennials and Generation Z—an understudied group of 1.5-generation immigrants—are experiencing housing instability. Because Millennials and Generation Z immigrants have grown up in a housing crisis, they are disproportionately affected by rising housing costs and a lack of affordable housing, contributing to poor well-being. Findings from 30 semistructured interviews with 1.5-generation immigrants reveal that these long-term renters experience extreme housing burden, precarious housing conditions, and displacement. Participants self-reported that over time, the stress of being housing insecure and being discriminated against as an immigrant has affected their sense of belonging and emotional well-being. This study contributes to a better understanding of the consequences of gentrification on immigrants and points to the need to explore how housing instability creates adverse health outcomes for various populations. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 224-250 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2099935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2099935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:224-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2076715_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jennifer Candipan Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Candipan Author-Name: Alicia R. Riley Author-X-Name-First: Alicia R. Author-X-Name-Last: Riley Author-Name: Janeria A. Easley Author-X-Name-First: Janeria A. Author-X-Name-Last: Easley Title: While Some Things Change, Do Others Stay the Same? The Heterogeneity of Neighborhood Health Returns to Gentrification Abstract: Gentrification is associated with decreases in neighborhood poverty and crime, increases in amenities and services, among other benefits—all identified as structural determinants of health. However, gentrification is also associated with population-level replacement of the existing community, or threats thereof. Combining census data from the ten largest MSAs in the U.S. with tract-level estimates from the CDC-PLACES Project from 2013–14 to 2017–18, we explore how the changing socioeconomic conditions in gentrifying neighborhoods correlate with changes in neighborhood health. We find significant differences between gentrifying and non-gentrifying neighborhoods in their associations with neighborhood health. The sociodemographic changes occurring in gentrifying neighborhoods generally correspond with simultaneous decreases in aggregate health risk behaviors and negative health outcomes. However, these changes are heterogeneous and complex. Whether and how neighborhood health changes alongside other components of neighborhood change depends on whether gentrification occurs in majority Black, Hispanic, or White neighborhoods. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that the changes accompanying gentrification extend to neighborhood health, but the direction of influence varies by neighborhood composition, type of sociodemographic change, specific health outcome, and spatial spillover. We discuss theoretical implications for future work addressing the mechanisms driving changes in neighborhood health, and potential approaches that differentiate policy responses. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 129-163 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2076715 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2076715 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:129-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2125334_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Audrey N. Beck Author-X-Name-First: Audrey N. Author-X-Name-Last: Beck Author-Name: Kyla Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Kyla Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Author-Name: Brian K. Finch Author-X-Name-First: Brian K. Author-X-Name-Last: Finch Author-Name: Joseph Gibbons Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Gibbons Title: Determining Gentrification’s Relationship to Birth Outcomes in Metropolitan California Abstract: There is inconsistent evidence whether gentrification, the increase of aﬄuent residents moving into low-income neighborhoods, is detrimental to health. To date, there is no systematic evidence on how gentrification may matter for a range of birth outcomes across cities with varying characteristics. We utilize California’s Birth Cohort File (2009–2012), decennial census data, and the American Community Survey (2008–2012) to investigate the relationship of gentrification to outcomes of preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age across California. We find that socioeconomic gentrification is uniformly associated with better birth outcomes. Notably, however, we find that only places specifically experiencing increases in non-White gentrification had this positive impact. These associations vary somewhat by maternal characteristics and by type of gentrification measure utilized; discrepancies between alternative measurement strategies are explored. This study provides evidence that socioeconomic gentrification is positively related to birth outcomes and that the race-ethnic character of gentrification matters, emphasizing the continued need to examine how gentrification may impact a range of health and social outcomes. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 107-128 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2125334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2125334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:107-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2099934_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jackelyn Hwang Author-X-Name-First: Jackelyn Author-X-Name-Last: Hwang Author-Name: Bina Patel Shrimali Author-X-Name-First: Bina Patel Author-X-Name-Last: Shrimali Title: Shared and Crowded Housing in the Bay Area: Where Gentrification and the Housing Crisis Meet COVID-19 Abstract: Amid the growing affordable housing crisis and widespread gentrification over the last decade, people have been moving less than before and increasingly live in shared and often crowded households across the U.S. Crowded housing has various negative health implications, including stress, sleep disorders, and infectious diseases. Difference-in-difference analysis of a unique, large-scale longitudinal consumer credit database of over 450,000 San Francisco Bay Area residents from 2002 to 2020 shows gentrification affects the probability of residents shifting to crowded households across the socioeconomic spectrum but in different ways than expected. Gentrification is negatively associated with low- socioeconomic status (SES) residents’ probability of entering crowded households, and this is largely explained by increased shifts to crowded households in neighborhoods outside of major cities showing early signs of gentrification. Conversely, gentrification is associated with increases in the probability that middle-SES residents enter crowded households, primarily in Silicon Valley. Lastly, crowding is positively associated with COVID-19 case rates, beyond density and socioeconomic and racial composition in neighborhoods, although the role of gentrification remains unclear. Housing policies that mitigate crowding can serve as early interventions in displacement prevention and reducing health inequities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 164-193 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2099934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2099934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:164-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1951804_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Craig Evan Pollack Author-X-Name-First: Craig Evan Author-X-Name-Last: Pollack Author-Name: Debra G. Bozzi Author-X-Name-First: Debra G. Author-X-Name-Last: Bozzi Author-Name: Amanda L. Blackford Author-X-Name-First: Amanda L. Author-X-Name-Last: Blackford Author-Name: Stefanie DeLuca Author-X-Name-First: Stefanie Author-X-Name-Last: DeLuca Author-Name: Rachel L. J. Thornton Author-X-Name-First: Rachel L. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Thornton Author-Name: Bradley Herring Author-X-Name-First: Bradley Author-X-Name-Last: Herring Title: Using the Moving to Opportunity Experiment to Investigate the Long-Term Impact of Neighborhoods on Healthcare Use by Specific Clinical Conditions and Type of Service Abstract: We performed a secondary analysis of the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) social experiment to investigate the impact of different types of housing assistance and neighborhood environments on long-term patterns of healthcare use for specific conditions and across different types of healthcare services. MTO participants, who were randomized at baseline, were linked to up to 21 years’ worth of all-payer hospital discharge and Medicaid data. Among the 9,170 children at the time of randomization, those who received a voucher had subsequent hospital admissions rates that were 36% lower for asthma and 30% lower for mental health disorders compared with the control group; rates of psychiatric services, outpatient hospital services, clinic services, and durable medical equipment were also lower among the voucher groups. Findings for adults were not statistically significant. The results suggest that housing policies that reduce neighborhood poverty exposure as a child are associated with lower subsequent healthcare use for specific clinical conditions and types of services. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 269-289 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1951804 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1951804 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:1:p:269-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1839938_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Katherine F. Fallon Author-X-Name-First: Katherine F. Author-X-Name-Last: Fallon Author-Name: Cody R. Price Author-X-Name-First: Cody R. Author-X-Name-Last: Price Title: Evaluating Exposure to Crime Among LIHTC Building Types and Characteristics in Ohio Abstract: Studies on the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program have found that whereas LIHTC buildings are more likely to be placed in regions with higher crime incidence, the construction of a unit has either a negative or a neutral impact on crime. Few studies, however, account for the substantial variation in building type and building characteristics that exist within the LIHTC program. This article focuses on a subset of 462 buildings in Ohio to analyze how building type and building characteristics may influence violent crime exposure at the time of placement and over time. We find both initial crime exposure and change in crime over time varied by building type and characteristics. General occupancy buildings were placed in areas with significantly higher crime rates than in the locations where senior buildings were placed. Regional density and unit concentration were significantly associated with crime at placement and over time. Scattered-site buildings were most highly associated with higher crime exposure at placement and with crime increases over time. We use these findings to provide recommendations for researchers and state policymakers as they construct Qualified Allocation Plans. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 379-395 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1839938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1839938 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:2:p:379-395 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1881985_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: David J. Harding Author-X-Name-First: David J. Author-X-Name-Last: Harding Author-Name: Lisa Sanbonmatsu Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Sanbonmatsu Author-Name: Greg J. Duncan Author-X-Name-First: Greg J. Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan Author-Name: Lisa A. Gennetian Author-X-Name-First: Lisa A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gennetian Author-Name: Lawrence F. Katz Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence F. Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Author-Name: Ronald C. Kessler Author-X-Name-First: Ronald C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kessler Author-Name: Jeffrey R. Kling Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey R. Author-X-Name-Last: Kling Author-Name: Matthew Sciandra Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Sciandra Author-Name: Jens Ludwig Author-X-Name-First: Jens Author-X-Name-Last: Ludwig Title: Evaluating Contradictory Experimental and Nonexperimental Estimates of Neighborhood Effects on Economic Outcomes for Adults Abstract: Although nonexperimental studies find robust neighborhood effects on adults, such findings have been challenged by results from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) residential mobility experiment. Using a within-study comparison design, this article compares experimental and nonexperimental estimates from MTO and a parallel analysis of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Striking similarities were found between nonexperimental estimates based on MTO and PSID. No clear evidence was found that different estimates are related to duration of adult exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods, nonlinear effects of neighborhood conditions, magnitude of the change in neighborhood context, frequency of moves, treatment effect heterogeneity, or measurement, although the uncertainty bands around our estimates were sometimes large. Another possibility is that MTO-induced moves might have been unusually disruptive, but results are inconsistent for that hypothesis. Taken together, the findings suggest that selection bias might account for evidence of neighborhood effects on adult economic outcomes in nonexperimental studies. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 453-486 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1881985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1881985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:2:p:453-486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1793794_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Eileen M. Kirk Author-X-Name-First: Eileen M. Author-X-Name-Last: Kirk Title: Obstructing the American Dream: Homeownership Denied and Neighborhood Crime Abstract: A persistent goal of United States housing policy is homeownership, an achievement emblematic of the American Dream. Homeownership also plays an essential role in stabilizing communities and protecting neighborhoods from crime, as documented in the extensive communities and crime literature. For most Americans, homeownership is achieved via mortgage lending, but few studies examine the link between housing policy and crime. The present study investigates an unexplored aspect of mortgage lending which is concentrated in disadvantaged communities of color: mortgage denials. In this analysis of Boston, Massachusetts, neighborhoods, results demonstrate that mortgage denials have a positive relationship with neighborhood crime and that this relationship is partially explained by the impact of mortgage denials on community social problems. The concluding discussion proposes that mortgage denials contribute to neighborhood marginalization and estrangement. Policy implications address the Community Reinvestment Act and access to lenders, and areas of future research are also discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 358-378 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1793794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1793794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:2:p:358-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2026994_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Cassandra Robertson Author-X-Name-First: Cassandra Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson Author-Name: Emily Parker Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Parker Author-Name: Laura Tach Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Tach Title: Historical Redlining and Contemporary Federal Place-Based Policy: A Case of Compensatory or Compounding Neighborhood Inequality? Abstract: In the 1930s, the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) created maps of American cities that were used to restrict investment in minority neighborhoods, leaving a durable mark on redlined neighborhoods. Since the 1990s, place-based policies are one tool the federal government has used to reinvest in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Do these programs target historically redlined neighborhoods—and to what effect? In this article, we combine data on federal place-based initiatives from 1990 to 2015 and historical HOLC maps to answer these questions. Results indicate that formerly redlined areas received substantially more funding than areas graded more favorably, indicating concentrated investment in neighborhoods that had experienced disinvestment. Federal place-based funding was associated with increased property values in formerly redlined areas, but also reductions in the share of Black homeowners, suggesting racial disparities in who benefits from rising property values. We conclude by discussing the potential and the challenges of place-based policy to address urban inequality. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 429-452 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2026994 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2026994 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:2:p:429-452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1800776_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Hye-Sung Han Author-X-Name-First: Hye-Sung Author-X-Name-Last: Han Author-Name: Scott Helm Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Helm Title: Does Demolition Lead to a Reduction in Nearby Crime Associated With Abandoned Properties? Abstract: Scholars argue that housing abandonment increases area criminal activity. The link between abandoned properties and crime has led to the assumption that demolition of abandoned properties will stymie criminal activity and thus improve neighborhood safety. Although cities spend millions of federal and local funds on demolitions every year, very little research has explored the empirical effects of demolitions on crime. Does demolition lead to a reduction in nearby crime? This study answers this question by quantifying the relationship between abandoned building demolition programs and nearby crime using a difference-in-difference approach on 559 abandoned buildings demolished in Kansas City, Missouri, between 2012 and 2016. This study finds that demolition of abandoned properties does not have any significant impact on nearby violent and property crime. This analysis shows that a change in nearby crime is attributable to differences in nearby socioeconomic and housing characteristics, rather than to the demolition of abandoned properties. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 334-357 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1800776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1800776 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:2:p:334-357 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1993300_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Cody R. Price Author-X-Name-First: Cody R. Author-X-Name-Last: Price Author-Name: Katherine F. Fallon Author-X-Name-First: Katherine F. Author-X-Name-Last: Fallon Title: Perceived Safety of LIHTC Residents in Ohio: Impacts of Building Design Abstract: Ecological theories of crime have found that perceptions of neighborhood safety are influenced by a broad range of building features. Yet most research on how building design impacts perceptions of neighborhood safety for low-income renters was developed in a period of affordable housing defined by dense, segregated, and brutalist-inspired public housing. Research on low-income rental design has yet to focus on how residents in Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) properties perceive their levels of neighborhood safety, and how that may be influenced by building design. This study uses survey responses from 652 LIHTC residents in Ohio paired with design attributes and crime data to test how residents’ perceptions of neighborhood safety are related to building design features, controlling for neighborhood violent and property crimes. We find that design features minimally impact residents’ perceived neighborhood safety, and this does not vary significantly by resident characteristics. We suggest this contrast with past literature may relate to the design and maintenance standards associated with LIHTC properties. We recommend that housing finance agencies continue to encourage or incentivize affordable housing developers to design housing with features to increase natural surveillance, access control, and territoriality, and to focus on fostering community for LIHTC residents. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 396-413 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1993300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1993300 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:2:p:396-413 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1918744_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Shlomit Flint-Ashery Author-X-Name-First: Shlomit Author-X-Name-Last: Flint-Ashery Author-Name: Erez Hatna Author-X-Name-First: Erez Author-X-Name-Last: Hatna Title: Coresidency of Immigrant Groups in a Diverse Inner-City Neighborhood of Whitechapel, London Abstract: A single family occupying one residential unit is the typical residential arrangement in cities of the Global North. However, specific communities tend to practice coresidency, wherein several families share the same residential unit. In this study, we evaluate immigrant groups’ coresidency tendencies in London’s East End Whitechapel neighborhood, through a door-to-door survey and interviews. We differentiate between horizontal and vertical family structures and find that a sizable percentage (44.4%) of the residential units were shared by two or more families. At the neighborhood level, we show that the segregated residential pattern of groups was correlated with the pattern of coresidency, indicating that the uneven spatial concentration of ethnic groups led to high densities of families in specific parts of Whitechapel. The interviews reveal that coresidency is not merely a result of economic constraints but also a residential preference reflecting the need for cohabitation with extended family members. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 487-502 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1918744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1918744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:2:p:487-502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1947865_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Shanti Joy Kulkarni Author-X-Name-First: Shanti Joy Author-X-Name-Last: Kulkarni Author-Name: Suzanne Marcus Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Marcus Author-Name: Cristina Cortes Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Cortes Author-Name: Carielle Escalante Author-X-Name-First: Carielle Author-X-Name-Last: Escalante Author-Name: Leila Wood Author-X-Name-First: Leila Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Author-Name: Rachel Fusco Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Fusco Title: Improving Safe Housing Access for Domestic Violence Survivors Through Systems Change Abstract: Domestic violence (DV) survivors often encounter serious barriers navigating between housing and homelessness (H/H), coordinated entry (CE), and DV service systems to access safe housing. This study examined an innovative program that deployed DV coordinators as systems change agents liaising between H/H services, DV programs, and CES to increase survivors’ safe housing access. Five listening sessions were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide to explore key stakeholders’ perspectives about the potential impact of he DV coordinator program. Transcripts were thematically coded and then member checked. Primary themes included: (a) training, consultation, and brokering relationships to advance systems reforms; (b) adapting to community contexts; and (c) bringing survivors’ voices to funders and policymakers. Cross-sector training was an important program outcome. However, meaningful systems changes were not likely to occur through training activities alone. Community partners benefited from responsive real-time consultation, as well as coaching and support to address survivors’ needs in a trauma-informed manner. Relationship building and networking encouraged cross-sector collaborations and creative pragmatic solutions to complicated survivor needs. Findings underscored the complementary nature of direct service and systems advocacy and the importance of having service providers, like DV housing navigators working parallel with DV systems change advocates. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 414-428 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1947865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1947865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:2:p:414-428 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2194160_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Author-Name: Claudia Aiken Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Aiken Title: Editorial Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 331-333 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2194160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2194160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:2:p:331-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1909630_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: B. Anirudh Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Anirudh Author-Name: Tarak Nath Mazumder Author-X-Name-First: Tarak Nath Author-X-Name-Last: Mazumder Author-Name: Arup Das Author-X-Name-First: Arup Author-X-Name-Last: Das Title: A Contemporary Review of Residential Parking Lessons for Indian Cities Abstract: Given India’s urbanization rate, economic growth, and population size, a rise in private vehicle ownership appears inevitable. Residential parking in particular remains a sizable by-product with far-ranging consequences for land consumption, mobility choices, and housing affordability. To counter such undesirable externalities cities should equip themselves with strategies that are well-grounded in strong evidence. This article derives from literature extracted from the Web of Science, as well as development codes of select cities worldwide. The literature is reviewed and presented to understand the varied aspects of residential parking, to develop a comprehensive repository of attempted policy strategies, and to explore key takeaways for Indian cities. The review is organized into three sections—demand, supply, and pricing—borrowed from market economics. Our discussion in the section dealing with parking supply sheds light on alternate mechanisms—including shared parking (an appropriate tool for cities in rapidly urbanizing developing economies). Inferring from the literature review, we discuss our recommendations on how to formulate city residential parking policy using the case of Bengaluru, a bustling metropolis in southern India. We intend this article to contribute to the wider discourse pertaining to building bylaws, politics of parking pricing, and housing policy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 573-596 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1909630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1909630 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:573-596 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1924825_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ana Paula Pimentel Walker Author-X-Name-First: Ana Paula Author-X-Name-Last: Pimentel Walker Author-Name: María Arquero de Alarcón Author-X-Name-First: María Arquero Author-X-Name-Last: de Alarcón Author-Name: Caio Santo Amore Author-X-Name-First: Caio Author-X-Name-Last: Santo Amore Author-Name: Nunes Lopes dos Reis Author-X-Name-First: Nunes Author-X-Name-Last: Lopes dos Reis Author-Name: Neetu Rajkumar Nair Author-X-Name-First: Neetu Author-X-Name-Last: Rajkumar Nair Author-Name: Jessica Yelk Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Yelk Author-Name: Yunsong Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yunsong Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Young Land Occupations and the Failure of Housing Policy in Brazil Abstract: How suitable are federal housing policies and slum upgrading programs for those living in young land occupations? Scholars rarely ask this question because research and policy target well-established settlements that have acquired tenure security. In contrast, young land occupations are highly vulnerable, emergent settlements threatened with eviction and are not sufficiently visible to attract government and scholarly attention. Through a multiyear collaboration with activists, social movements, nonprofits, and residents of young land occupations in São Paulo, Brazil, this participatory action research elucidates who occupies these locations and why, where they come from, and the housing struggles they face. A survey administered to 906 households depicts land occupiers as uniformly very poor and vulnerable, unlike the low- to modest-income dwellers of consolidated informal settlements. An assessment of existing social housing programs emphasizes the need to develop housing assistance and upgrading programs specifically targeting the socioeconomic conditions of land occupiers, thus proactively supporting them. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 597-618 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1924825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1924825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:597-618 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1839935_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Craig E. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Craig E. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Transit-Oriented Development and Suburban Gentrification: A “Natural Reality” of Refugee Displacement in Metro Vancouver Abstract: This article examines a highly localized example of marginalized renters in an aging, low- to moderate-density suburban neighborhood facing displacement because of high-density redevelopment in a transit-oriented development (TOD) planning area. In doing so, I offer a case study for those concerned that TOD interventions could result in gentrification and the displacement of low-income groups. In this article I show how TOD policy has come to bear upon residents of a single rental apartment complex in Metro Vancouver’s suburban City of Coquitlam, in British Columbia, Canada. This local case lies at a nexus of international migration, the Syrian refugee crisis, understandings of adequate refugee housing, and imaginaries of sustainable urban renewal. TOD policies are buttressed by arguments for smart growth and environmental sustainability, and in this case those arguments surmount social equity concerns. However, I question the impartiality of TOD logic requiring high-density residential redevelopment around rapid transit stations when residential intensification policies readily target areas of lower income renters, but are slower to affect areas of single-family homes. A mixed-methods research design of Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions reveals a complicated set of circumstances in which TOD planning contributed to the displacement of Syrian refugees. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 533-552 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1839935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1839935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:533-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2010117_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Yongmin Luo Author-X-Name-First: Yongmin Author-X-Name-Last: Luo Author-Name: Xiaotong Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xiaotong Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Lujun Wang Author-X-Name-First: Lujun Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: The Influence of China’s Local Fiscal Revenue Targets on House Price Growth Abstract: China’s administrative system practices a unique phenomenon of setting fiscal revenue targets that are often regarded as political tasks by local government officials. As land is the core resource of local government, land finance becomes the best strategy for local governments facing high fiscal revenue targets. With rising land value, house prices will continue to rise. Thus, the fiscal revenue target is an important political factor affecting house price growth, but the existing literature does not attend to this point. This article uses panel data on 35 large and medium-sized cities in China from 2011 to 2016 to study the influence of local fiscal revenue targets on house prices and its underlying mechanism. The results show that these targets are an important political factor in driving up house prices, and the intervening mechanism is local land finance. As gross domestic product per capita increases, the influence of fiscal revenue targets on house prices declines. Conversely, in areas where housing purchases are restricted and house prices are controlled, the influence of fiscal revenue targets on the fiscal burden for the public increases. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 699-723 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.2010117 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.2010117 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:699-723 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2204607_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Author-Name: Claudia Aiken Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Aiken Title: Editorial Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 503-505 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2204607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2204607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:503-505 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2001671_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Dinorah Judith González-Ochoa Author-X-Name-First: Dinorah Judith Author-X-Name-Last: González-Ochoa Title: Policy-Induced Suburbanization: Mass-Produced Housing and Location Choices in Tijuana, Mexico Abstract: Mexican cities began an urban expansion process fueled principally by public mortgage supply in the early 2000s. The new urban landscape, comprising mass-produced suburban housing developments for low-income families, deepened socioeconomic differences. For years, developers have claimed land prices are the reason for suburban expansion in Mexico, not policy-enabled construction economies. This study tests the hypothesis that cost reduction strategies through scale economies explain the suburban location and the homogeneous landscape built under the reformed mortgage system. Using data on housing production costs for Tijuana, the results show that building homes using technology developed during policy implementation yields scale economies and reduces building costs. Additionally, statistics on housing developers’ location decisions illustrate how production economies have contributed to a landscape that increased segregation, exclusion, and housing vacancy in Mexican cities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 681-698 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.2001671 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.2001671 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:681-698 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1950802_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michael Haan Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Haan Author-Name: Zhou Yu Author-X-Name-First: Zhou Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Elena Draghici Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Draghici Title: Household Formation in Canada and the United States: Insights Into Differences by Race, Ethnicity, Immigrant Populations, and Country Abstract: This study focuses on the fastest changing component of housing demand in the future—the immigrant and minority groups, age 25–84. Using the 2006 and 2016 Canadian censuses and American Community Surveys, we compare headship and homeownership rates of both immigrants and native-born Whites in Canada and the United States. We model the probability of being a renter head, owner head, or nonhousehold head by fitting a multinomial logistic regression, controlling for several individual and contextual variables for both countries. We find that most immigrant groups have had similar patterns of household formation in the two countries and that, whereas immigrants have shown upward mobility in both housing markets, those in Canada have progressed more quickly than in the United States. Further, we find that women are less likely than men to be a household head in both countries, but that the gap is larger in Canada. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 619-640 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1950802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1950802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:619-640 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1962939_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Hatem Ibrahim Author-X-Name-First: Hatem Author-X-Name-Last: Ibrahim Author-Name: Ziad Khattab Author-X-Name-First: Ziad Author-X-Name-Last: Khattab Author-Name: Tamer Khattab Author-X-Name-First: Tamer Author-X-Name-Last: Khattab Author-Name: Revina Abraham Author-X-Name-First: Revina Author-X-Name-Last: Abraham Title: Expatriates’ Housing Dispersal Outlook in a Rapidly Developing Metropolis Based on Urban Growth Predicted Using a Machine Learning Algorithm Abstract: Housing dispersal in emerging cities should be investigated as it occurs to achieve a better understanding of future housing dispersal. In this study, housing preferences are analyzed in Doha Metropolitan Area based on Gordon’s theory. Machine learning (especially the generalized adversarial network) is utilized to predict the future urban growth of the city. The housing dispersal of expatriates is visualized in the predicted urban growth map of Doha city based on an investigation of housing supply trends, household income levels, government vision, and census data. The study proves the feasibility of this approach for managing urban growth in emerging cities worldwide. It is a robust solution to the increasing imbalance in the urban morphology of metropolitan cities. The conclusions drawn from the broad-spectrum housing dispersal findings of this study will inform policymakers and planners regarding the realities of spatial patterns and future urban growth. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 641-661 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1962939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1962939 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:641-661 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1981423_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Joko Adianto Author-X-Name-First: Joko Author-X-Name-Last: Adianto Author-Name: Rossa Turpuk Gabe Author-X-Name-First: Rossa Turpuk Author-X-Name-Last: Gabe Author-Name: Rini Kurniawati Author-X-Name-First: Rini Author-X-Name-Last: Kurniawati Author-Name: Suciyhuma Armenda Author-X-Name-First: Suciyhuma Author-X-Name-Last: Armenda Title: From Shelters for Numbers to Shelters for Welfare: Rectifying the Social Housing Provision Programme in Jakarta Abstract: This study examines the relationship between housing satisfaction and low-income tenants’ willingness to pay rental fees in government-owned rental apartments (GORAs), a form of social housing in Indonesia. Despite their sophisticated physical features and affordable rents, GORAs have experienced mounting arrears that burden the provincial maintenance budget. This situation contradicts the assumption that better quality housing will increase housing satisfaction and reduce the amount of rent nonpayment. By examining the situation in one GORA in Jakarta, Indonesia, this study reveals that the well-designed physical features of GORAs do not necessarily increase housing satisfaction, because the prototypical design’s failure to accommodate aspects of the residents’ sociocultural context and the prohibition of adjustments to the units diminish residents’ financial capacity and their social ties. Consequently, their poor level of housing satisfaction contributes to the mounting levels of arrears. This study recommends a comprehensive review of existing housing policy to better accommodate residents’ desired sociocultural activities and their potential means of generating revenue, thereby improving residents’ welfare and potentially reducing the total amount of rent arrears. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 662-680 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1981423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1981423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:662-680 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2169586_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bephyer Parey Author-X-Name-First: Bephyer Author-X-Name-Last: Parey Author-Name: Leeann Sinanan Author-X-Name-First: Leeann Author-X-Name-Last: Sinanan Title: How Accommodative Are Houses in Trinidad? Implications for Older Persons With Disabilities Abstract: This paper examines the accommodation in houses in Trinidad in the context of older persons with disabilities. An exploratory sequential mixed-methods research design was used. In the qualitative phase, a list of accommodation items was identified via interviews. This information was used to develop a questionnaire to measure accommodation items of a large nationally representative sample of houses in Trinidad. Only physical accessibility items were identified, and data from 768 houses indicated that no house had all identified items. There is a need for urgent adoption and implementation of accessibility standards. Findings also indicate modification cost is a challenge and that responses targeted to low-income and rural households are needed. Lastly, the social care context, specifically the family care potential, is an important consideration in housing policy debates, and community homes for the aged and programs involving multiple experts to identify and support housing modification are recommended. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 746-766 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2169586 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2169586 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:746-766 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2034358_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bingzi He Author-X-Name-First: Bingzi Author-X-Name-Last: He Title: Will We Realize the Decentralization of Affordable Housing Provision? Critical Reflections on English and Chinese Land Governance for Housing Contexts Abstract: This cross-cultural study provides important insight into the decentralization of affordable housing in the community/family sector in England and China regardless of the different land ownership. It particularly highlights the land element in housing and welfare systems across the Global North and South that are ignored in the literature. Although England and China have different land and housing contexts (such as ownership), the existing literature highlights how they have been undermined by the Right to Buy policy and processes of financialization and argues that new forms of social organizations are needed to resist these pressures. One of the crucial findings was the similar pathway of land governance for housing in England and China since the 1970s. Meanwhile, decentralization of power for housing development was sufficient for stakeholders (from the state to the market, the third sector, and the community/family sector) to engage in affordable housing provision and development, but not a necessary condition for collaborative housing to respond to in these two countries. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 724-745 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2034358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2034358 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:724-745 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1815070_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Mohammed Aljoufie Author-X-Name-First: Mohammed Author-X-Name-Last: Aljoufie Author-Name: Alok Tiwari Author-X-Name-First: Alok Author-X-Name-Last: Tiwari Title: Exploring Housing and Transportation Affordability in Jeddah Abstract: Saudi cities were expanded toward the outer areas in the past; that has produced urban sprawl which is solely dependent on private cars, as an outcome of cheaper gasoline. However, decreasing energy subsidies have compelled urban residents to rethink housing and transportation choices. This article attempts to explore the combined housing and transportation affordability in Jeddah. We collected primary data on housing and transport costs through an online survey in addition to the secondary data sources. The global Moran’s index and the local indicator of spatial association (LISA) were then used to explore the spatial clustering of combined affordability of housing and transportation. Moreover, a composite index was developed to identify future locations of district-level affordable housing. Results reveal that more than one quarter of the total respondents are willing to change their housing locations in the future; and housing and transportation (un)affordability is clustered at certain locations. This study recommends considering transportation and housing costs in an integrated way at the time of granting new planning permissions. The study emphasizes an immediate need for a rapid, affordable, and reliable public transportation system offering connectivity, as well as infill development in the areas that are affordable in terms of housing and transportation costs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 506-532 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1815070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1815070 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:506-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1905025_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ziming Li Author-X-Name-First: Ziming Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Abhinav Alakshendra Author-X-Name-First: Abhinav Author-X-Name-Last: Alakshendra Author-Name: Suzanna Smith Author-X-Name-First: Suzanna Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: A People-Centered Perspective on Slum Formalization Policy Abstract: In India, close to 70 million people live in urban slums, which has forced policymakers to pursue aggressive slum upgrading programs. However, without a thorough understanding of individual households’ slum formalization preferences, in situ slum upgrading and relocation projects often encounter challenges and resistance from the slum dwellers. This article explores the interconnections among slum dwellers’ willingness to participate in situ slum upgrading and slum relocation projects, informality in the built environment, and neighborhood insecurity in the slums of Bihar, India. We examine these questions using the primary household survey conducted in 2016–2017 as part of a project on urban slums of the four largest cities in Bihar. The regression analysis shows that slum dwellers are more likely to accept in situ slum upgrading when they perceive a pressing need for housing and basic amenities. In situ slum upgrading often leads to temporary relocation and smaller dwellings. Slum dwellers are more likely to participate in relocation programs when they feel their neighborhoods are insecure, and when they have experienced violent resolutions to conflicts. These findings imply that the provision of basic infrastructure, including safety and security, could affect slum dwellers’ slum upgrading decision-making. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 553-572 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1905025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1905025 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:3:p:553-572 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1931933_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michael Manville Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Manville Title: Liberals and Housing: A Study in Ambivalence Abstract: Do political liberals support or oppose zoning changes that allow more market-rate development? I use survey data from California and show that liberals are ambivalent. The ambivalence is explained in part by homeownership, which is associated with opposition to new housing of all kinds, even as it has little influence on attitudes about other policies. Even controlling for ownership, however, I find that self-identified liberals remain ambivalent about new development, never supporting it as much as they support more stereotypically liberal policies, and opposing it outright when reminded that enabling new housing might require less regulation, particularly environmental regulation. In contrast, liberals strongly and consistently support spending on subsidized affordable housing. The results together suggest that in supply-constrained cities with liberal electorates, the political calculus is unfavorable to new housing. Ownership injects some conservatism into development politics; liberal ideology could provide a counterweight to that conservatism, but that counterweight might be blunted if development also requires deregulation. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 844-864 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1931933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1931933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:844-864 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2186750_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Salim Furth Author-X-Name-First: Salim Author-X-Name-Last: Furth Author-Name: MaryJo Webster Author-X-Name-First: MaryJo Author-X-Name-Last: Webster Title: Single-Family Zoning and Race: Evidence From the Twin Cities Abstract: The city of Minneapolis recently changed its zoning to allow two- and three-family houses in formerly single-family zones, in part with the goal of furthering racial integration. To test whether this policy approach holds promise, we assemble digital zoning data covering the Minneapolis–St. Paul metro area and quantify the relationship between different types of residential zoning and racial and ethnic shares of neighborhood populations. Controlling for neighborhood location, we find that a neighborhood zoned for middle housing, such as Minneapolis’ triplexes, has a non-White population share that is 14 percentage points higher than that of a single-family zoned neighborhood. A neighborhood zoned for multifamily housing has a non-White population share 21 percentage points higher. This is consistent with the argument that upzoning single-family zones to allow middle and multifamily housing can promote racial integration. Our method can be easily replicated in other regions as data become available. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 821-843 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2186750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2186750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:821-843 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2173982_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michael C. Lens Author-X-Name-First: Michael C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lens Title: What is an Opportunity Enthusiast to Do? Abstract: David Imbroscio offers a useful pushback against groupthink among scholars studying neighborhood opportunity, even if I quibble with the details. Imbroscio sometimes conflates problem definition with solution feasibility, and ultimately points to some solutions to economic inequality that may be even less feasible than those offered by the opportunity enthusiasts. Further, the broader problems of economic inequality are well known to housing scholars, but often lie outside their scope and expertise. Imbroscio does push the field to put community wealth building institutions and options more central to housing and neighborhood scholarship and policy, which bridges macroeconomic issues with neighborhood inequality ones. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 797-801 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2173982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2173982 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:797-801 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1821747_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michael Craw Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Craw Title: Effects of Proximity to Multifamily Housing on Property Values in Little Rock, Arkansas, 2000–2016 Abstract: A common form of not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) activism is resistance to multifamily housing. Although NIMBY activism often targets both market-rate and subsidized multifamily development, studies of the effects of multifamily housing primarily focus on subsidized rental apartments. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the effects of condominiums and market-rate apartments as well as subsidized rental housing. Taking Little Rock, Arkansas, as a case study, this research uses a difference-in-differences approach to measure the effects of five types of multifamily housing on nearby single-family home sales prices: condominiums, market-rate rental apartments, subsidized rental apartments, senior and special needs apartments, and other multifamily housing (such as dormitories). The results suggest that most forms of multifamily housing have either no effect or a positive effect on sales prices for single-family homes within 2,000 feet of a new multifamily housing development. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 891-908 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1821747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1821747 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:891-908 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2157219_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jean Dubé Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Dubé Author-Name: François Des Rosiers Author-X-Name-First: François Author-X-Name-Last: Des Rosiers Author-Name: Nicolas Devaux Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Devaux Title: Yes or Not in My Backyard (YIMBY vs. NIMBY)? The Impact of New Social Housing Construction on Single-Family House Prices in Quebec City (Canada) Abstract: The development of new social housing faces important resistance by local population, a phenomenon knows as the “not in my backyard” movement. One argument from residents to oppose such project is the idea that new construction will negatively impact property values. This is what this paper aims to investigate. The analysis is based on a complete recension of the new social housing projects built between 2000 and 2020 and on single-family house transactions that occurred between 2004 and 2020 in Quebec City (Canada). A repeated sales model integrating a difference-in-differences estimator is developed to isolate the net price premium related to the emergence of a new social housing building while accounting for the possible heterogeneity impact related to characteristics of the building, including the number of apartments and the type of clientele hosted as well as the local characteristics, such as the spatial concentration of social housing buildings and distance to the city center. The results show a complex net price premium rent function that leads to mixed conclusions and has important implications for the development of new social housing projects. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 865-890 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2157219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2157219 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:865-890 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2173985_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: David Imbroscio Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Imbroscio Title: Toward a New Project for Equality and Justice—In Housing, and Beyond: A Rejoinder Abstract: I offer a rejoinder to the five responses to my article, “Beyond Opportunity Hoarding,” generously provided by Professors Bates, Dawkins, Ellen, Greenlee, and Lens. I argue it is imperative we face soberly three central problematics looming over the current debate: a) the enormity and profoundness of America's urban problems; b) the failure of the Opportunity Project to address these problems; and c) the reasons for this failure. I conclude by reiterating the need for an alternative strategy (or a new Project) to advance equality and justice, one built around a robust and large-scale program of Community Wealth Building. I discuss Community Wealth Building's appropriateness as an area of inquiry and engagement for housing researchers and practitioners, and I consider the challenges confronting its feasibility in light of several salient (and hopeful) political and social developments unfolding in contemporary urban America. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 812-820 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2173985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2173985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:812-820 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2089196_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Author-Name: Katherine M. O’Regan Author-X-Name-First: Katherine M. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Regan Author-Name: Katharine W. H. Harwood Author-X-Name-First: Katharine W. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Harwood Title: Advancing Choice in the Housing Choice Voucher Program: Source of Income Protections and Locational Outcomes Abstract: An elusive goal of the Housing Choice Voucher program is to provide more—and better—locational choices for recipient households. Yet landlord discrimination can be a barrier, particularly in areas of greater opportunity. Using a difference-in-difference design with different comparison groups, we evaluate the effectiveness of source-of-income discrimination laws in 31 jurisdictions enacting such laws between 2007 and 2017 in improving locational outcomes for voucher households. We find evidence that such laws lead to more upwardly mobile moves (or greater improvement in neighborhoods) among existing voucher holders who move. Specifically, existing voucher holders who move post enactment experience greater reductions in neighborhood poverty rates and in voucher household shares. We also find that after SOI laws pass, voucher holders move to neighborhoods with larger white population shares than their original neighborhoods. Effects are modest, but they hold for households whose head is Black as well as for families with children, two groups who may face greater challenges in housing markets. We do not find any change in the characteristics of the neighborhoods where new voucher holders lease up after the passage of SOI laws, but this may be confounded by compositional change in the neighborhoods where successful voucher holders originate. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 941-962 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2089196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2089196 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:941-962 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2173981_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Casey J. Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Title: Bringing Institutions Into the Opportunity Hoarding Debate Abstract: David Imbroscio’s “Beyond Opportunity Hoarding: Interrogating its Limits as an Account of Urban Inequalities” takes issue with the recent scholarly attention given to the concept of opportunity hoarding. Imbroscio worries that opportunity hoarding accounts of metropolitan inequalities place too much emphasis on the role of education and unequal patterns of consumption while ignoring the growing weakness of labor power vis-à-vis capital and the extreme concentration of capital ownership at the top of the wealth distribution. In this comment, I argue that Imbroscio downplays the importance of the institutions that generate metropolitan inequalities in the US. Imbroscio dismisses the two institutional processes that contribute to opportunity hoarding (barriers to the entry of people and the exit of resources) without providing a complete account of how the institutions of homeownership and fiscal decentralization work together to erect barriers to entry and exit. To dismiss entry and exit as solutions to opportunity hoarding without assigning blame to the institutions that stand in the way is to miss the forest for the trees. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 793-796 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2173981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2173981 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:793-796 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2055614_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jakob Kendall Schneider Author-X-Name-First: Jakob Kendall Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider Author-Name: Mary Clare Lennon Author-X-Name-First: Mary Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Lennon Author-Name: Susan Saegert Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Saegert Title: Interrupting Inequality Through Community Land Trusts Abstract: Relying on market-based housing policies has been inadequate to meet the need for affordable and sustainable housing and has heightened disparities in the housing system, especially along lines of race and gender. Community land trusts (CLTs) promise more equitable ways of providing stable, secure, and affordable housing for those marginalized in market-based housing. Yet there has been limited research comparing CLT housing with mainstream tenures. Using data from the first sample survey of CLT owners (N = 216) that includes comparison groups of market owners (N = 142) and renters (N = 130) drawn from similar low- and moderate-income populations, we find that those who purchase CLT homes are similar demographically to renters but compared with market owners are more likely to be Black and from households headed by women. We find no difference between CLT and market-rate homeowners in terms of benefits often attributed to homeownership, specifically financial well-being, stability, and a sense of house as home. CLT owners report having more time and resources to pursue desired activities than do market owners. Despite their demographic similarity to CLT owners, renters fare worse on all of these dimensions. We conclude with policy recommendations for housing tenures that provide permanent affordability, greater social equality and greater democratic resident control. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1002-1026 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2055614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2055614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:1002-1026 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2121614_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Rebekah Levine Coley Author-X-Name-First: Rebekah Levine Author-X-Name-Last: Coley Author-Name: Bryn Spielvogel Author-X-Name-First: Bryn Author-X-Name-Last: Spielvogel Author-Name: Dabin Hwang Author-X-Name-First: Dabin Author-X-Name-Last: Hwang Author-Name: Joshua Lown Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Lown Author-Name: Samantha Teixeira Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Teixeira Title: Did HOPE VI Move Communities to Opportunity? How Public Housing Redevelopment Affected Neighborhood Poverty, Racial Composition, and Resources 1990–2016 Abstract: Public housing is a key federal investment, yet it has suffered severe underfunding and decay. HOPE VI sought to transform public housing by improving housing quality, deconcentrating poverty, and enhancing economic opportunities. Using rigorous quasi-experimental methods and an array of geocoded annual national administrative data from 1990 to 2016, we evaluated the effects of HOPE VI redevelopment on neighborhood composition and resources. After matching HOPE VI and control census tracts, we used a new flexible conditional difference-in-differences technique to estimate average treatment effects on the treated, accounting for varying treatment start dates and durations. Results show that HOPE VI redevelopment decreased tract poverty by 2.9 percentage points, an effect that remained relatively stable through 10 years postredevelopment, and increased median household incomes with no indication of rising affluence. These effects were most pronounced in high-poverty and predominantly Black tracts, and where public housing experienced more costly redevelopment or transitioned to mixed-income. HOPE VI redevelopments did not affect racial composition or the presence of institutional resources, social services, or commercial resources (e.g., grocery stores, restaurants). Results suggest partial success of HOPE VI. Additional policy levers are necessary to increase public housing residents’ access to neighborhood services that promote economic opportunities and well-being. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 909-940 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2121614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2121614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:909-940 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2216522_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Author-Name: Claudia Aiken Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Aiken Title: Editorial Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 767-769 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2216522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2216522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:767-769 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2173983_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Lisa K. Bates Author-X-Name-First: Lisa K. Author-X-Name-Last: Bates Title: A Research Agenda Pending Revolution Abstract: This essay responds to David Imbroscio’s “Beyond Opportunity Hoarding: Interrogating Its Limits as an Account of Urban Inequities” by suggesting questions that researchers might ask about opportunity hoarding if they considered the concept through a Black epistemic lens. I propose that investigating cultural, cognitive, and psychological commitments to hoarding as a key feature of Whiteness and racial capitalism might lead to insights on how to divest from and ultimately dismantle these systems. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 802-805 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2173983 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2173983 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:802-805 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2171740_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Alex Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Author-Name: Kirk McClure Author-X-Name-First: Kirk Author-X-Name-Last: McClure Title: The Geography of Absence: Cities, Towns, and Suburbs with No LIHTC Housing Abstract: The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) is the largest affordable housing production program in the United States. The program has been the subject of some criticism because it has done an unimpressive job of placing low-income renter households in high-opportunity neighborhoods, especially in suburban jurisdictions. This research examines, at the municipal level, what kinds of communities do not contain LIHTC properties. Communities with no LIHTC properties are compared with places that include LITHC housing in terms of geographic, demographic, socioeconomic, and housing-stock characteristics. The analysis focuses on all municipalities in the US and those that grew in population and multifamily housing from 2010 to 2019. It finds that 72% of all municipalities, and 52% of all growing municipalities contain no LIHTC housing. A logit analysis of the factors that influence the likelihood that LIHTC housing is absent from a municipality finds that the most important predictors are population size, being a suburb in a large metropolitan area, and the percentage of rental and multifamily housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 963-982 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2171740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2171740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:963-982 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2173979_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: David Imbroscio Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Imbroscio Title: Beyond Opportunity Hoarding: Interrogating Its Limits as an Account of Urban Inequalities Abstract: To account for the extensive inequalities manifest within urban (or metropolitan) areas in the United States, the idea of “opportunity hoarding” has garnered increasing salience. When applied to explain urban inequalities, the focus of opportunity hoarding is on places—especially how residents of affluent, predominantly White residential neighborhoods or political jurisdictions are able to secure a plethora of opportunities for themselves and especially their children, at the expense of those living in less privileged places. I interrogate the account of American urban inequalities embedded within the idea of opportunity hoarding, finding it to be limited in significant ways. In light of these findings, I discuss what a superior account of urban inequalities might look like, and suggest how this account points toward potentially more efficacious strategies to attack these inequalities, perhaps ushering in a more just future for American cities and metros. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 770-788 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2173979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2173979 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:770-788 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1950803_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Megan C. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Megan C. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Thomas H. Byrne Author-X-Name-First: Thomas H. Author-X-Name-Last: Byrne Title: Locked Out: The Systematic Exclusion of Poor Renters From Federally Subsidized Housing Abstract: Affordable housing is a critical resource with serious ramifications for a range of outcomes for low-income households. However, low-income prospective tenants are often denied subsidized housing through the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) on the basis of factors directly or indirectly related to their poverty and racialized identities. This study assesses how the admissions policies of public housing authorities and Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance developments in Rhode Island define criteria for denial on the basis of applicants’ criminal legal history, alcohol use, landlord history, and credit history. Three key findings emerge from this study that highlight the endemic nature of housing exclusion and elucidate how it is enacted. First, the plans include grounds for denial that far exceed the HUD-mandated criteria and utilize long lookback periods. Second, plans lack clarity and transparency. Third, admissions criteria vary significantly by development characteristics. Policy interventions include increased oversight and transparency and advocacy for inclusionary language. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 983-1001 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1950803 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1950803 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:983-1001 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2173984_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Andrew J. Greenlee Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Greenlee Title: Follow the Money (Deeper)—A Clinical Diagnosis of Opportunity Hoarding Abstract: In his argument for a rereading of opportunity hoarding and related policy prescriptions, David Imbroscio provides evidence for the misdiagnosis of elements of the problem vis-à-vis the entry and exit hypotheses consequentially resulting in limited effectiveness of common “prescribed treatments” for this behavior. His way forward focuses on a fundamental rebalancing of the instruments through which wealth is distributed to create more parity—a breaking up of the hoard. Thinking about his argument, I offer three additional premises that ask us to look more closely at how we treat the symptoms of opportunity hoarding, in a way that reflects the power of the mechanisms that sustain it. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 806-811 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2173984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2173984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:806-811 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2173980_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ingrid Gould Ellen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Gould Author-X-Name-Last: Ellen Title: A Response to David Imbroscio: Neighborhoods Matter, and Efforts to Integrate Them Are Not Futile Abstract: Imbroscio questions both the significance of opportunity hoarding as a driver of inequality and the feasibility of stopping or moderating the phenomenon. But research shows clearly that both neighborhoods and schools are important contributors to inequality. As for futility, his claim that efforts to address exclusionary zoning will necessarily be thwarted by the flight of the affluent is simply not supported by evidence. In a perfectly integrated U.S., all neighborhoods would be about 12% poor. There is little evidence that poverty rates at this level will trigger flight of nonpoor households. As for his contention that community investments will only fuel dispossession, attracting some higher income residents doesn’t necessarily lead to wholesale resegregation. More fundamentally, Imbroscio’s pairing of these claims (the insignificance of opportunity hoarding on the one hand and the futility of addressing it on the other) begs the question: If opportunity hoarding is unimportant as a driver of inequality, then why is it so difficult to stop it? Why do wealthy, white households insist on living in wealthy enclaves if neighborhood resources matter so little in sustaining their privilege? Finally, as for political infeasibility, it’s hard to believe that the road to tackling exclusionary zoning is more difficult than the road to employee-owned business and worker cooperatives. And, ultimately, it’s not clear why advocates can’t work toward greater spatial equity while also pushing for structural reforms in the labor market. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 789-792 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2173980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2173980 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:4:p:789-792 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2249300_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Claudia Aiken Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Aiken Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Title: Editorial Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1027-1028 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2249300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2249300 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1027-1028 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2013284_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Zachary Lamb Author-X-Name-First: Zachary Author-X-Name-Last: Lamb Author-Name: Linda Shi Author-X-Name-First: Linda Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Author-Name: Stephanie Silva Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Jason Spicer Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Spicer Title: Resident-Owned Resilience: Can Cooperative Land Ownership Enable Transformative Climate Adaptation for Manufactured Housing Communities? Abstract: Residents of manufactured housing communities (MHCs) are disproportionately vulnerable to both hazards and displacement. The cooperative ownership model of resident-owned communities (ROCs) pioneered by ROC USA helps MHC residents resist displacement, but little research assesses how cooperative tenure impacts hazard vulnerability. To fill this gap, we conduct a spatial analysis of 234 ROC USA sites; analyze the co-op conversion process; and interview ROC USA staff, technical assistance providers, and resident co-op leaders. Although ROC USA communities, like other MHCs, face elevated exposure and sensitivity to hazards, we find that ROC USA’s model supports communities’ adaptive capacity by increasing access to financial resources, bridging formal and informal knowledge and skills, and improving social and institutional capacity. This networked cooperative model represents a scalable form of transformative adaptation by enabling low-income communities to address the underlying causes of uneven hazard vulnerabilities that are intensifying under climate change. We close with public policy and programmatic recommendations to enhance and expand this model. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1055-1077 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.2013284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.2013284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1055-1077 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2224309_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sarah McCarthy Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: McCarthy Author-Name: Samantha Friedman Author-X-Name-First: Samantha Author-X-Name-Last: Friedman Title: Disaster Preparedness and Housing Tenure: How Do Subsidized Renters Fare? Abstract: Homeowners are significantly more prepared for disasters than renters. However, disaster preparedness among subsidized renters is an understudied topic despite their increased vulnerability to negative disaster outcomes. Previous research shows that one in three subsidized units is at risk for exposure to disasters, relative to one in four unsubsidized rental units and one in seven owner-occupied units. Subsidized housing residents often fall into many vulnerable statuses that would make them less prepared than renters and owners. Using 2017 American Housing Survey data, we examine differences in household disaster preparedness by housing tenure, with and without controls for such factors. Logistic regression analyses indicate that subsidized renters are significantly less prepared than unsubsidized renters, and both renter types are significantly less prepared than homeowners, controlling for demographic and neighborhood characteristics. The policy implications of this research are considered as they relate to the location and management of subsidized housing in an era of climate change. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1100-1123 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2224309 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2224309 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1100-1123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1949371_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: J. Claire Schuch Author-X-Name-First: J. Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Schuch Author-Name: Tonderai Mushipe Author-X-Name-First: Tonderai Author-X-Name-Last: Mushipe Title: Light Rail and Neighborhood Change: Comparative Perspectives of Residents, Local Media, and Other Stakeholders Abstract: Rail transit impacts on adjacent neighborhoods are contested. Through the lens of New Urbanism and sustainable urban development, this article offers a critical analysis of different perceptions of neighborhood changes occurring after the opening of a new light rail line in Charlotte, North Carolina. We conducted 15 interviews with representatives in planning, transportation, and real estate; 11 focus groups with 75 residents living close to a light rail station; and a content analysis of 86 local news articles. Although the various stakeholders do not represent homogeneous groups, light rail investments and associated neighborhood changes are typically viewed positively by planners, developers, and local media but have received mixed responses from residents. We tie this into a broader discussion about putting New Urbanism into practice. Besides furthering academic discussions, this article can inform local planning and policy in areas of transportation, housing, and economic development. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1249-1268 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1949371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1949371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1249-1268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2109711_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jennifer Molinsky Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Molinsky Author-Name: Ann Forsyth Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Forsyth Title: Climate Change, Aging, and Well-being: How Residential Setting Matters Abstract: How do older people’s living environments influence their vulnerabilities to climate change? Much has been written about the physiological consequences of climate change for older individuals, particularly the dangers of increased incidence of severe heat. Less is known about how older people’s residential settings moderate their exposure to climate stressors, their particular sensitivities to the effects of climate change, or their capacities to respond to extreme events or adapt to long-term environmental changes. Drawing on literature in English, with a focus on work relevant to the United States, we examine how the housing, neighborhood, and urban or rural contexts in which older people live shape their experiences of climate change, moderating their exposure to risks related to climate change, sensitivity to those events and trends, and their capacities to adapt and recover. Older people face multiple life changes, making prioritizing climate readiness more challenging. They are also diverse, with different vulnerabilities and perceptions of risks and the ability to manage them. This paper lays out an agenda where additional research can inform policy and planning efforts aimed at reducing older individuals’ risk and building the capacity to adapt to climate change. The agenda includes understanding specific vulnerabilities and how older people and their housing providers are already responding. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1029-1054 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2109711 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2109711 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1029-1054 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2065328_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jerry Anthony Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Anthony Title: Housing Affordability and Economic Growth Abstract: The U.S. has a chronic shortage of reasonably-priced housing. Decades of policy and program intervention at federal, state, and local levels has not substantively alleviated this problem. Consequently, alarmingly high proportions of the population spend over 30% of their income on housing costs and are deemed housing cost-burdened. Housing cost-burdened households have a much lower quality of life than those that are not. Thus, the housing affordability problem is a serious social concern. Is this problem also holding back the U.S. economy? I explore whether the lack of reasonably-priced housing adversely impacted per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the 100 most populous metro areas of the country. I use publicly available data for three time points (2000, 2010, and 2015) and changes in the proportion of cost-burdened households in metros as the experimental variable. I find that decreases in housing affordability had a statistically significant negative effect on economic growth in these metros. Over 80% of the national GDP is generated in U.S. metros, and increasing housing affordability there may help grow the U.S. economy. Therefore, policies to increase housing affordability, long seen as a social imperative, may well be an economic imperative also. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1187-1205 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2065328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2065328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1187-1205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2070652_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jacqueline Chattopadhyay Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline Author-X-Name-Last: Chattopadhyay Title: Public Opinion About Visitability Mandates in the United States: Favorable but Divisible* Abstract: Americans commonly want to stay in their current homes as they age, but few houses accommodate the physical impairments that aging often brings. One public policy tool to gradually make the housing stock more age- and disability-friendly is a “visitability” mandate—a requirement that new dwellings meet specific design standards that make them minimally usable by people with mobility limitations. Using original, nationally representative survey data from 2020, this paper analyzes public opinion about visitability mandates. Specifically, it analyzes who has relatively warmer versus cooler feelings toward people who benefit from visitability mandates. The data indicate that Americans on average feel warmly toward visitability mandate beneficiaries, but these sentiments differ by ideology, party identification, gender, age, self-assessed health status, and health experiences. Because public opinion influences the political viability of policy ideas, these findings have applied relevance for city planners, architects, home builders, public administrators, and elected officials. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1228-1248 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2070652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2070652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1228-1248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1950801_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Natalia Bliznina Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Bliznina Title: A Narrative Literature Review: What Is the Ideal Density for Environmentally Sustainable Urban Growth? Abstract: Urban growth in the form of sprawl became a global planning problem in the 20th century. High urbanization rates in combination with low-density zoning regulations put additional pressure on growing cities. Sprawl continues to generate negative social, environmental, and economic impacts. The results of 20 studies presented in this narrative review, which observe the change in urban form over time, indicate that the current urban growth form is sprawl. Compact urban form is considered a sustainable form of urban growth in the literature. The results of 10 studies on the correlation between the urban form and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions show that densification without provision of adequate access to public transportation will induce more traffic, congestion, and associated CO2 emissions. The ideal density is subject to adequate access to public transportation—that is, mass transit-supportive density. Environmentally sustainable densities cannot deliver detached housing as a housing mode in many countries. International agreements on CO2 emissions should be translated and implemented at the metropolitan and municipal levels of governance via tools that have statutory powers. Statutory instruments such as planning schemes, building codes, and planning and environmental acts incorporating precinct-sustainable assessment systems (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE, and Green Star) provide the opportunity to endorse sustainable density objectives. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1167-1186 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1950801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1950801 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1167-1186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2055612_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Deepak Lamba-Nieves Author-X-Name-First: Deepak Author-X-Name-Last: Lamba-Nieves Author-Name: Raúl Santiago-Bartolomei Author-X-Name-First: Raúl Author-X-Name-Last: Santiago-Bartolomei Title: Who Gets Emergency Housing Relief? An Analysis of FEMA Individual Assistance Data After Hurricane María Abstract: In the months after Hurricane María’s devastation of Puerto Rico, press outlets and advocacy groups documented how Puerto Rico’s experience with housing repair and reconstruction programs was rife with complaints and inconsistencies regarding approval of applications and denial of support, especially among vulnerable communities. These problems are not unique to Puerto Rico and have been frequently raised by numerous communities in the United States that have endured disasters. This article contributes to the critical task of revealing postdisaster damages and reconstruction trends through a detailed examination of housing and personal property damages and benefits received through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)’s Individual Assistance (IA) Program after Hurricane María. It also shows which municipalities were most affected and have the greatest housing needs. We demonstrate that, in the aggregate, poor or geographically vulnerable households were not likely to be underserved. Nonetheless, poor households are left with a greater burden in the form of pending housing needs after aid relief has been allocated, rendering them more vulnerable to being displaced. Furthermore, households that lacked clear tenure status were unable to access IA aid because of administrative and procedural burdens. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1146-1166 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2055612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2055612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1146-1166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2077800_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Omur Damla Kuru Author-X-Name-First: Omur Damla Author-X-Name-Last: Kuru Author-Name: N. Emel Ganapati Author-X-Name-First: N. Emel Author-X-Name-Last: Ganapati Author-Name: Matthew Marr Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Marr Title: Perceptions of Local Leaders Regarding Postdisaster Relocation of Residents in the Face of Rising Seas Abstract: Despite the growing literature on sea level rise (SLR), the current understanding of how SLR risks influence postdisaster relocation remains limited. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by examining how local leaders (i.e., public officials and community leaders) perceive: (a) resident relocation decisions in a disaster-affected community that is also vulnerable to SLR; and (b) the role of SLR in residents’ relocation decisions. Based on the case of Monroe County, Florida, which was affected by Hurricane Irma in 2017, our findings suggest that local leaders perceive residents’ relocation decisions as being driven by predisaster challenges that were exacerbated by conditions in the aftermath of the hurricane—specifically: the lack of affordable housing, low wages, and high cost of living. Leaders believe that SLR-related risks have little/no direct influence on relocation decisions; instead, they suggest that the community’s focus is on the next storm and community members’ short-term needs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1124-1145 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2077800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2077800 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1124-1145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2093938_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: C. J. Gabbe Author-X-Name-First: C. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gabbe Author-Name: Evan Mallen Author-X-Name-First: Evan Author-X-Name-Last: Mallen Author-Name: Alexander Varni Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Varni Title: Housing and Urban Heat: Assessing Risk Disparities Abstract: Heat is the leading weather-related cause of death in the United States, and housing characteristics affect heat-related mortality. This paper answers two questions. First, how do heat risk measures vary by housing type and location in San José, California? Second, what housing and neighborhood factors are associated with greater heat risk? We first create a parcel dataset with housing, heat risk, and neighborhood characteristics. We then use a combination of descriptive statistics, exploratory mapping, and linear regression models to analyze associations between housing, neighborhoods, and heat risk. The results indicate that households of different housing types face varying degrees of heat risk, and the largest disparities are between detached single-family (lowest heat risk) and multifamily rental (highest heat risk). Air conditioning availability is a major contributing factor: the probability of not having central air conditioning is much lower for detached single-family (44.9%) compared with multifamily rental (73.7%). There are also heat risk disparities for households in neighborhoods with larger proportions of Hispanic and Asian residents. This research demonstrates the need to understand heat risk at the parcel scale and suggests to policymakers the importance of heat mitigation strategies that focus on multifamily rental housing and communities of color. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1078-1099 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2093938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2093938 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1078-1099 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2086896_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sherry Ahrentzen Author-X-Name-First: Sherry Author-X-Name-Last: Ahrentzen Author-Name: Lynne Dearborn Author-X-Name-First: Lynne Author-X-Name-Last: Dearborn Author-Name: Ali Momen-Heravi Author-X-Name-First: Ali Author-X-Name-Last: Momen-Heravi Author-Name: Arezou Sadoughi Author-X-Name-First: Arezou Author-X-Name-Last: Sadoughi Title: Shaping a Healthier LIHTC Housing Stock: Examining the Role of States’ Qualified Allocation Plans Abstract: The physical environment has a powerful impact on our physical and mental health, especially in our homes. One vehicle for advancing a healthier affordable housing stock is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC). The aim of this research was to examine the manner and extent to which various housing quality provisions pertaining to health are embedded in the Qualified Allocation Plan (QAP) of the LIHTC program. From content analysis of the QAP of each of the 50 states and a survey of state housing finance agencies (HFAs), results revealed that: the most frequently required healthy housing provisions address housing quality, whereas the most incentivized ones address proximity to neighborhood services and amenities; few states bundle high-priority provisions relevant to asthma, respiratory health and toxic exposures, which are major health concerns for vulnerable children; the top two motivators for considering healthy housing provisions in the LIHTC process were “championship and initiation by agency staff” and “learning of similar practices in other states”; among other findings. Recommendations are made for HFA practices, and directions for future research are proposed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1206-1227 Issue: 5 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2086896 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2086896 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:5:p:1206-1227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2210560_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nathaniel Decker Author-X-Name-First: Nathaniel Author-X-Name-Last: Decker Title: The Prevalence, Profitability, and Risks of Milking Among Low-End Small Rental Properties Abstract: Low-cost but unsubsidized one- to four-unit rental properties provide a critical source of housing for millions of low- and moderate-income renters. These properties are disproportionately in high-poverty neighborhoods and, until recently, studies of these low-end small rental properties (SRPs) primarily focused on their financial viability. Scholars found that, in general, these properties were marginally profitable at best and carried serious financial risks. Recently, however, studies have found that low-end SRPs may be as profitable as or even more profitable than properties in lower-poverty neighborhoods, and have suggested that these profits are driven by exploitative management. I surveyed the owners and managers of SRPs to understand whether low-end properties were more likely to be profitable and whether the owners who did achieve profits at the low end used “milking” strategies. I found that SRPs in high-poverty neighborhoods are about as likely to be profitable as the rest of the market, but are also financially riskier. I found no compelling evidence of a link between profit and more exploitative management practices at the low end of the market. These findings call for a change in policymakers’ understanding of profit and exploitative management among low-end SRPs. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1536-1553 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2210560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2210560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1536-1553 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2218840_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Vincent Fusaro Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Fusaro Author-Name: Rebekah Levine Coley Author-X-Name-First: Rebekah Levine Author-X-Name-Last: Coley Author-Name: Naoka Carey Author-X-Name-First: Naoka Author-X-Name-Last: Carey Title: Shelter From the Storm: State Eviction Moratoria, Implementation Context, and Eviction Filings During the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic Abstract: Forty-four state governments enacted eviction moratoria freezing or tempering the eviction process during the COVID-19 pandemic in an effort to forestall evictions. Combining data on state and federal eviction policies with data on eviction filings at the census tract level in 27 municipal areas from very late December 2019 through March 2022, we estimated correlated random effects Poisson models to examine effects of the moratoria. We found that state eviction moratoria were associated with a 32% lower rate of filings for a given tract, with moratoria targeting earlier stages of the eviction process having a particularly pronounced effect. We further found that state and federal moratoria were synergistic: eviction filings were lowest when both a strong state moratorium and a federal moratorium were in effect. Finally, state moratoria tempered the relationships between risk factors such as community poverty or racial and ethnic demographic composition and eviction filings. Results suggest that state eviction moratoria, particularly those targeting earlier stages of the eviction process, were successful in meeting their primary goal of decreasing eviction risks during the pandemic. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1415-1442 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2218840 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2218840 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1415-1442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2112257_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: AJ Golio Author-X-Name-First: AJ Author-X-Name-Last: Golio Author-Name: Grace Daniels Author-X-Name-First: Grace Author-X-Name-Last: Daniels Author-Name: Russell Moran Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Moran Author-Name: Y. Frank Southall Author-X-Name-First: Y. Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Southall Author-Name: Tricia Lamoza Author-X-Name-First: Tricia Author-X-Name-Last: Lamoza Title: Eviction Court Outcomes and Access to Procedural Knowledge: Evidence From a Tenant-Focused Intervention in New Orleans Abstract: During the legal eviction process, tenants tend to lack procedural knowledge about how courts operate and how to argue their case. Uneven access to this information tends to result in less favorable outcomes for tenants, including a mark on the tenant’s record that severely limits future housing opportunities. However, there are few—if any—quantitative studies that systematically examine the relationship between knowledge distribution and eviction case outcomes. This article focuses on the unique efforts of a New Orleans-based renters’ rights organization to contact residents facing eviction and provide them with informative resources on the eviction process. We follow the court outcomes of 267 cases, and analyze them using a quasi-experimental approach and a series of weighted logistic regressions. For tenants who were contacted, we observe a 13% reduction in the probability of receiving a rule absolute judgment than among those who were not contacted. Direct forms of contact (e.g., a telephone conversation) tend to have stronger associations with positive court outcomes than indirect forms (e.g., sending a postcard). Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1443-1462 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2112257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2112257 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1443-1462 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2113815_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Wonyoung So Author-X-Name-First: Wonyoung Author-X-Name-Last: So Title: Which Information Matters? Measuring Landlord Assessment of Tenant Screening Reports Abstract: This research studies how tenant screening services’ presentation of information influences landlord decisions. Tenant screening services utilize criminal records, eviction records, and credit score databases to produce reports that landlords use to inform their decisions about who to rent to. However, little is known about how landlords assess the information presented by tenant screening reports. Through a behavioral experiment with landlords using simulated tenant screening reports, this study shows that landlords use blanket screening policies, that they conflate the existence of tenant records with outcomes (e.g., eviction filings with executed evictions), and that they display, on average, tendencies toward automation bias that are influenced by the risk assessments and scores presented by tenant screening reports. I argue that maintaining blanket screening policies and automation bias, combined with the downstream effects of creating and using racially biased eviction and criminal records, means that people of color will inevitably experience disproportionate exclusion from rental housing due to perceived “risk” on the part of landlords. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1484-1510 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2113815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2113815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1484-1510 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2010119_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Matthew M. Brooks Author-X-Name-First: Matthew M. Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks Title: Measuring America’s Affordability Problem: Comparing Alternative Measurements of Affordable Housing Abstract: Significant scholarly and policy debate has focused on the measurement of affordable housing, with emphasis on what is an appropriate threshold of affordability. However, this threshold is only one component of affordable housing measurement, with accurate and substantively appropriate measurements of income and households also being needed. In this study, I produce a series of estimates of affordable housing among low-income households in the United States under unique combinations of income, providers of income within the household, and thresholds of affordability. I find that these alternative measures yield a broad range of estimates ranging from a majority of households (69.8%) to a low of 20.2%. When examining how individual criteria affect estimates, I find that focusing on wage income alone and using residual income both drastically influence estimates. Ethnoracial disparities are also affected, with alternative measurements often muting—but never completely explaining—disparities between White and non-White households. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1293-1312 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.2010119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.2010119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1293-1312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2212662_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Henry Gomory Author-X-Name-First: Henry Author-X-Name-Last: Gomory Author-Name: Douglas S. Massey Author-X-Name-First: Douglas S. Author-X-Name-Last: Massey Author-Name: James R. Hendrickson Author-X-Name-First: James R. Author-X-Name-Last: Hendrickson Author-Name: Matthew Desmond Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Desmond Title: The Racially Disparate Influence of Filing Fees on Eviction Rates Abstract: Eviction is a common and consequential event in the lives of tenants and is shaped by the legal environments in which it takes place. In this study, we show that eviction filing fees, or the amounts of money it costs landlords to begin formal evictions, have a large effect on eviction practices. Specifically, fees that are higher by $76 (one standard deviation) lead to lower eviction filing rates by 1.71 percentage points (0.26 standard deviations) and lower eviction judgment rates by 0.49 percentage points (0.19 standard deviation). Filing fees affect not only the rate but also the purpose of filing, as lower fees make landlords more likely to file serially against the same tenants as a form of rent collection. Each of these effects appears to be disproportionately large in majority-Black tracts, suggesting that low filing fees have disparate impacts on Black renters. These findings contribute to our understanding of the legal basis of housing insecurity and the racialization of eviction practices in the United States. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1463-1483 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2212662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2212662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1463-1483 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2133548_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Chris Hess Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Hess Author-Name: Rebecca J. Walter Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca J. Author-X-Name-Last: Walter Author-Name: Ian Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Author-Name: Arthur Acolin Author-X-Name-First: Arthur Author-X-Name-Last: Acolin Author-Name: Alex Ramiller Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Ramiller Author-Name: Kyle Crowder Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Author-X-Name-Last: Crowder Title: Segmented Information, Segregated Outcomes: Housing Affordability and Neighborhood Representation on a Voucher-Focused Online Housing Platform and Three Mainstream Alternatives Abstract: Online platforms have become an integral component of the housing search process in the United States and other developed contexts, but recent studies have demonstrated that these platforms offer uneven representation of different neighborhoods. In this study, we use listings covering the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas to assess how GoSection8, a platform uniquely focused on affordable housing and voucher-assisted households, compares with the “mainstream” alternatives of Craigslist, Apartments.com, and Zillow. Through descriptive and regression analyses of the housing and neighborhoods represented on these websites and a new way of measuring the distribution of rental housing opportunities, we advance a multisource perspective on the role of online information exchanges in housing search processes. Specifically, we find that GoSection8 and mainstream alternatives capture spatially segmented information about housing markets, with GoSection8 ads representing units that are more affordable but also more constrained to higher-poverty neighborhoods where assisted households are already concentrated. The findings suggest that disadvantaged households are potentially funneled toward high-poverty, isolated neighborhoods by the operation of stratified information systems available for online housing searches. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1511-1535 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2133548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2133548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1511-1535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2109710_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Katherine Levine Einstein Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Levine Author-X-Name-Last: Einstein Author-Name: Joseph T. Ornstein Author-X-Name-First: Joseph T. Author-X-Name-Last: Ornstein Author-Name: Maxwell Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Maxwell Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Title: Who Represents the Renters? Abstract: Owning a home profoundly shapes Americans’ economic and political lives and preferences. A wide body of housing policy research suggests that homeowners receive favorable treatment from public policy at all levels of government. We know virtually nothing, however, about the descriptive representation of renters and homeowners. This paper combines a novel data set of over 10,000 local, state, and federal officials with administrative data on property records to assess the descriptive representation of renters and homeowners in the United States. We find that renters are starkly underrepresented by a margin of over 30 percentage points—a gap that persists across a variety of institutional and demographic contexts. Public officials are substantially more likely to own single-family homes that are more valuable than other homes in their neighborhoods. Collectively, these findings suggest deep representation inequalities that disadvantage renters at all levels of government. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1554-1568 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2109710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2109710 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1554-1568 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2018011_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jovanna Rosen Author-X-Name-First: Jovanna Author-X-Name-Last: Rosen Author-Name: Victoria Ciudad-Real Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Ciudad-Real Author-Name: Sean Angst Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Angst Author-Name: Gary Painter Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Painter Title: Rental Affordability, Coping Strategies, and Impacts in Diverse Immigrant Communities Abstract: Rental affordability represents a growing issue across the United States. Existing research largely focuses on consumption trade-offs related to rising rents or the impacts of poverty more generally. Much remains unknown about how rental affordability shapes household, family, and community-level dynamics, including differences in impacts and coping strategies across groups. We use data from focus groups with low-income immigrant and refugee households to reveal deep and far-reaching impacts. We show how residents rely upon unique neighborhood-based resources and social support. Citing significant competition for affordable units and their desire to stay in the neighborhood, residents express that they have limited alternatives to their current housing—even as many described harmful housing conditions and housing-related stress. Furthermore, rising housing costs have strained community and family dynamics, undermining social support. These findings illustrate unique and impactful housing affordability dynamics among diverse populations, which extend far beyond household and housing consumption, force impactful trade-offs, and introduce constraints. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1313-1332 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.2018011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.2018011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1313-1332 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2273039_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Claudia Aiken Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Aiken Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Title: Editorial Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1269-1271 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2273039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2273039 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1269-1271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2125335_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Eric Seymour Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Seymour Title: Corporate Landlords and Pandemic and Prepandemic Evictions in Las Vegas Abstract: Research on evictions has found that large landlords are associated with higher absolute and relative numbers of evictions, and pandemic-period filings have brought additional scrutiny to large landlords and corporate landlords in particular. However, not all large landlords are equivalent, and some may be more likely to evict based on the submarkets in which they operate, and the pandemic has likely altered these relationships. This study examines trends in evictions and filings associated with two particular submarkets, extended-stay and single-family rentals, through an analysis of case-level data covering the Las Vegas metropolitan area. Through a series of multivariate analyses, I find that extended-stay properties are associated with higher eviction rates than other multifamily properties during the 12-month period immediately preceding the pandemic. Extended-stay landlords are even more likely to file and evict during the first 12-months of the pandemic. The results are mixed for single-family rentals. Corporate and other large landlords are generally more likely to file and evict prior to the pandemic, but several are no more likely or even far less likely to evict compared to smaller landlords during the pandemic. This study concludes with implications for policy and research. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1368-1389 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2125335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2125335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1368-1389 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2085761_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michael Manville Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Manville Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen Author-X-Name-First: Paavo Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen Author-Name: Michael C. Lens Author-X-Name-First: Michael C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lens Author-Name: Richard Green Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Green Title: Renter Nonpayment and Landlord Response: Evidence From COVID-19 Abstract: How renters respond to economic hardship, and how landlords respond when tenants fail to make rent, are understudied questions, owing largely to limited data. We use experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic to begin answering these questions. Drawing on both new census data and two original surveys of renters in Los Angeles County, we test nine hypotheses about the sources of renter distress and landlord reactions to it. We find that lost work and lost income are the primary drivers of missed or late payments. Most tenants who fell behind entered into repayment plans with their landlords. Eviction threats were uncommon but increased as the pandemic persisted. Landlords were more likely to threaten eviction as tenants fell further behind, and smaller landlords were more likely than larger ones to cut tenant services and threaten or initiate evictions. Our evidence suggests that government income support helped tenants pay rent and thus helped stave off eviction threats. We also find that tenants took on other forms of debt, such as credit cards, loans from family, etc., to make rent. These debt burdens generally will not be relieved by housing assistance, and so require other policy responses. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1333-1367 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2085761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2085761 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1333-1367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2020866_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Whitney Airgood-Obrycki Author-X-Name-First: Whitney Author-X-Name-Last: Airgood-Obrycki Author-Name: Alexander Hermann Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Hermann Author-Name: Sophia Wedeen Author-X-Name-First: Sophia Author-X-Name-Last: Wedeen Title: “The Rent Eats First”: Rental Housing Unaffordability in the United States Abstract: The United States is in a housing affordability crisis, with nearly half of all renter households spending more than 30% of their incomes on rent and utilities each month. This traditional measure of housing affordability may understate the hardships renter households face because it does not consider the array of expenses households have. Whereas housing policy has relied on percentage-of-income measures to indicate whether housing is affordable, researchers over the last three decades have called for a residual income approach that uses spending estimates to calculate what a household can actually afford. This article examines the extent of the affordability crisis by comparing standard cost burden rates for working-age renter households with residual-income cost burdens. Using the Economic Policy Institute’s Family Budget Calculator and the 2018 American Community Survey, we estimate the number of renter households that do not have enough income to afford a comfortable standard of living after paying rent and utilities. We investigate several policy levers, finding that a combined policy that addresses both housing and transportation affordability would have the largest impact on reducing residual-income cost burdens. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1272-1292 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.2020866 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.2020866 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1272-1292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2076713_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Emily A. Benfer Author-X-Name-First: Emily A. Author-X-Name-Last: Benfer Author-Name: Robert Koehler Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Koehler Author-Name: Alyx Mark Author-X-Name-First: Alyx Author-X-Name-Last: Mark Author-Name: Valerie Nazzaro Author-X-Name-First: Valerie Author-X-Name-Last: Nazzaro Author-Name: Anne Kat Alexander Author-X-Name-First: Anne Kat Author-X-Name-Last: Alexander Author-Name: Peter Hepburn Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Hepburn Author-Name: Danya E. Keene Author-X-Name-First: Danya E. Author-X-Name-Last: Keene Author-Name: Matthew Desmond Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Desmond Title: COVID-19 Housing Policy: State and Federal Eviction Moratoria and Supportive Measures in the United States During the Pandemic Abstract: This article provides the first comprehensive description of federal and state housing policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Beginning on March 13, 2020, the federal government, 43 states, the District of Columbia, and five American territories issued eviction moratoria that varied in terms of justification, the stage(s) of eviction frozen, the duration and source of protections, and the eligible population. There were cross-state differences in implementation of the two federal eviction moratoria and in additional renter-supportive measures. Although eviction moratoria were largely justified on public health grounds, protections were lifted or weakened prior to control of the pandemic. Moratoria—especially those that froze the earliest stages of the eviction process—significantly reduced eviction filings. The descriptive and analytic framework detailed here provides researchers and practitioners with the tools to advance, evaluate, and refine renter protection strategies that serve to safeguard communities from housing loss. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1390-1414 Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2076713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2076713 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:1390-1414 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2055615_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Alex R. Dopp Author-X-Name-First: Alex R. Author-X-Name-Last: Dopp Author-Name: Sean McKenna Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: McKenna Author-Name: Marylou Gilbert Author-X-Name-First: Marylou Author-X-Name-Last: Gilbert Author-Name: Sarah B. Hunter Author-X-Name-First: Sarah B. Author-X-Name-Last: Hunter Title: Supportive Housing for Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals With Criminal Justice Histories: Challenges and Opportunities Identified by Providers and Clients Abstract: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals experience high rates of homelessness and criminal justice system involvement, underscoring the need for supportive housing services. To explore the service needs of this population, we interviewed providers (n = 11) and clients (n = 10) from eight supportive housing organizations working with SGM populations in Los Angeles County, California, USA. We used the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to synthesize interview responses into themes (by domain and cross-cutting). Takeaways included the need for investment in systems of care for vulnerable SGM populations; the particular marginalization of Trans individuals and providers that serve them; the roles of supportive housing staff, residents, and leadership in cultivating an affirming environment; the prevalence of discrimination and stigma within supportive housing programs and broader society; and the complex interrelationships among SGM identity, homelessness, and criminal justice system involvement. These findings have important implications for supportive housing services and related policy. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 108-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2055615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2055615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:1:p:108-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1825012_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Emmy Tiderington Author-X-Name-First: Emmy Author-X-Name-Last: Tiderington Author-Name: Robin Petering Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Petering Author-Name: Minda Huang Author-X-Name-First: Minda Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Taylor Harris Author-X-Name-First: Taylor Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: Jack Tsai Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Tsai Title: Expert Perspectives on Service User Transitions Within and From Homeless Service Programs Abstract: This study describes expert perspectives on service user transitions within and from homeless service programs. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with subject matter experts (SMEs) who had practice or research experience regarding transitional supports in homeless services. Interviews were analyzed using rapid assessment procedures that allowed for the categorization and characterization of targeted interview domains. Findings indicate that assessment is a critical, but underspecified, aspect of transitional programs in homeless services. SMEs viewed assessments for transition readiness as goal-setting opportunities and said that frequency of assessment is best individualized to the person. Transitional supports, including housing navigation and peer support, were viewed as important elements of successful programs. SMEs further noted that opportunities for eventual transition from the program should be communicated to service users early on and that having an organizational culture that embraces service user transitions was critical, highlighting the importance of shifting culture around transitions in homeless services. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 79-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2020.1825012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2020.1825012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:1:p:79-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1881986_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Sandeep K. Agrawal Author-X-Name-First: Sandeep K. Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal Author-Name: Celine Zoe Author-X-Name-First: Celine Author-X-Name-Last: Zoe Title: Housing and Homelessness in Indigenous Communities of Canada’s North Abstract: A disproportionate number of Indigenous people are homeless in Canada—a situation that is particularly grave in Canada’s North. This study assesses the extent of the current housing and homelessness problem and identifies contributing factors in the Tłıchǫ region of the Northwest Territories (NWT). It concludes that the housing and homelessness issue is severe, with one of the four communities in the region—Behchokǫ̀—being the site with the most persistent and longstanding concerns. It asserts that the territorial government’s housing approach in the Tłıchǫ region fails to align with the best practice model employed for Indigenous housing in remote geographies. The study elaborates on how multiple, interrelated factors, such as ongoing impacts of Canada’s colonial past and welfare system, sociocultural shifts within the Indigenous community, the constraints of a remote geography, and past and current housing policies, contribute to housing insecurity and homelessness. The study also offers some potential solutions and recommendations to deal with this crucial housing issue. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 39-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1881986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1881986 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:1:p:39-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1915358_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: José Juan Vázquez Author-X-Name-First: José Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Vázquez Author-Name: Sonia Panadero Author-X-Name-First: Sonia Author-X-Name-Last: Panadero Title: Income and State Benefits for Women Living Homeless in Madrid, Spain Abstract: People in a situation of homelessness represent one of the major manifestations of the phenomenon of social exclusion, with women living homeless constituting a collective in a position of particular vulnerability. This article examines a sample of women living homeless in Madrid, Spain (n = 136), their main sources of income, and their access to economic benefits from the government. It also analyzes the differences between participants based on whether they are in receipt of such benefits. A structured interview was used to gather the information. The results show the difficulties experienced by women living homeless in Madrid in accessing income and their limited access to state benefits, which amount to such a meager economic sum that they are insufficient to access independent housing. Differences in access to state benefits are examined based on variables such as age, nationality, length of time homeless, substance abuse, and suffering from a disability. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 70-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1915358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1915358 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:1:p:70-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2125336_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Michelle Ballan Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Ballan Author-Name: Molly Freyer Author-X-Name-First: Molly Author-X-Name-Last: Freyer Author-Name: Meghan Romanelli Author-X-Name-First: Meghan Author-X-Name-Last: Romanelli Title: Supporting the Housing Needs of Domestic Violence Shelter Residents: Considerations for Survivors With and Without Disabilities Abstract: Survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) often must contend with the loss of stable housing when attempting to escape an abusive relationship. IPV survivors with disabilities face additional barriers, as they may struggle to find housing that is accessible and meets their disability-related needs. This study explores housing-related, financial, and demographic factors potentially affecting the long-term housing prospects of IPV survivors (n = 456) with and without disabilities residing in an emergency domestic violence shelter. Records covering a 6-year service period were assessed. Results indicate possible financial, vocational, and educational barriers that could impede IPV survivors from securing stable, permanent housing. Domestic violence shelters can help survivors by addressing these barriers in their operating policies and procedures. Suggestions are provided for giving material and operational support to residents, enabling them to pursue economic independence, extending the length of time allowable for shelter stays, and advocating for accessible housing options for survivors with disabilities. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 90-107 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2125336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2125336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:1:p:90-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2117990_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Christopher Giamarino Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Giamarino Author-Name: Evelyn Blumenberg Author-X-Name-First: Evelyn Author-X-Name-Last: Blumenberg Author-Name: Madeline Brozen Author-X-Name-First: Madeline Author-X-Name-Last: Brozen Title: Who Lives in Vehicles and Why? Understanding Vehicular Homelessness in Los Angeles Abstract: Homelessness continues to grow and to affect the lives of an increasingly diverse group of individuals. Many scholars have studied people living in homeless shelters and outdoors in tents. An overlooked population is the growing number of the unhoused living in vehicles. We draw on data from the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority’s Homeless Demographic Survey to understand the characteristics of people living in vehicles and the extent to which they differ from the nonvehicular unhoused population. Compared to those living in tents, in makeshift shelters, and in public spaces, people living in vehicles are more likely to be women and to live in larger households with children, and are less likely to be chronically unhoused. These findings will help effectively target policies and services. Safe parking programs can provide temporary relief to those living in vehicles and, if done well, the interventions necessary to transition into permanent housing. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 25-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2117990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2117990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:1:p:25-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2112609_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Evan S. Cole Author-X-Name-First: Evan S. Author-X-Name-Last: Cole Author-Name: Mara A. G. Hollander Author-X-Name-First: Mara A. G. Author-X-Name-Last: Hollander Author-Name: Molly Ennis Author-X-Name-First: Molly Author-X-Name-Last: Ennis Author-Name: Julie M. Donohue Author-X-Name-First: Julie M. Author-X-Name-Last: Donohue Author-Name: A. Everette James Author-X-Name-First: A. Everette Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Eric T. Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Eric T. Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Title: Do Medicaid Expenditures Increase After Adults Exit Permanent Supportive Housing? Abstract: The effects of homelessness and permanent supportive housing (PSH) on healthcare utilization have been well documented. Prior research on the association between PSH entry and Medicaid expenditures indicates that such housing support could result in savings to Medicaid programs; however, whether changes occur in healthcare use and expenditures after individuals exit PSH is unknown. If efficiency gains from PSH persist after the individual leaves, the savings to payers such as Medicaid may continue even after the costs to provide housing for a PSH recipient have ended. We used linked Medicaid and housing data from Pennsylvania to examine changes in the level and composition of Medicaid expenditures for 580 adult enrollees during the 12 months before and after exit from PSH, adjusting for relevant covariates. In adjusted analyses, we estimated that monthly spending declined by $255.96 (95% CI: $358.70, $154.40) in the first quarter post exit and by $271.50 (95% CI: $394.30, $146.50) in the fourth quarter. Our findings suggest that PSH may have sustained budgetary benefits to state Medicaid agencies even for beneficiaries exiting the program. However, more research is needed to understand whether these reductions in expenditures last beyond 12 months and do not reflect underuse of care that may be important for managing health over the long term. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 148-155 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2112609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2112609 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:1:p:148-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2307726_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Claudia Aiken Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Aiken Author-Name: George Galster Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Galster Title: Editorial Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 1-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2024.2307726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2024.2307726 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:1:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1981976_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Molly K. Richard Author-X-Name-First: Molly K. Author-X-Name-Last: Richard Author-Name: Julie Dworkin Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Dworkin Author-Name: Katherine Grace Rule Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Grace Author-X-Name-Last: Rule Author-Name: Suniya Farooqui Author-X-Name-First: Suniya Author-X-Name-Last: Farooqui Author-Name: Zachary Glendening Author-X-Name-First: Zachary Author-X-Name-Last: Glendening Author-Name: Sam Carlson Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Carlson Title: Quantifying Doubled-Up Homelessness: Presenting a New Measure Using U.S. Census Microdata Abstract: Some definitions of homelessness include doubling up—living with others because of economic hardship or housing loss. Doubling up can have negative consequences that should be addressed, but the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s methods for enumerating homelessness exclude these arrangements, and Department of Education counts of doubling up include only school children. We provide a new method for measuring doubled-up homelessness in the total population using American Community Survey public use microdata. Using this method, we find that 3.7 million people in the U.S. population were doubled up in 2019 and show significant differences in doubling up by geography, race and ethnicity, marital status, educational attainment, school enrollment, and employment status, and compare these findings with research on sheltered and unsheltered homelessness. Notably, rates of Hispanic/Latinx doubled-up homelessness were high, in contrast to their rates of literal homelessness, and some rural areas with low rates of sheltered and unsheltered homelessness had high rates of doubling up. To aid in future research and policy, supplemental materials provide open-source tools for replicating the measure. Findings suggest that policies addressing homelessness and housing insecurity consider those experiencing doubled-up homelessness and that the current measure can assist in those efforts. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 3-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1981976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1981976 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:1:p:3-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_1982749_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Emmy Tiderington Author-X-Name-First: Emmy Author-X-Name-Last: Tiderington Author-Name: Amanda Aykanian Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Aykanian Author-Name: Daniel Herman Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Herman Title: Developing an Implementation Typology of Moving On Initiatives Abstract: Permanent supportive housing (PSH) programs are now using Moving On initiatives (MOIs) to increase the homeless service system capacity. These initiatives support tenants with the transition from PSH to mainstream affordable housing by providing them with mainstream housing assistance and various transitional services. Research on this approach has primarily consisted of evaluations of individual programs. Less is known about MOI implementation features across programs. This study utilizes a document review and descriptive survey of 27 MOIs to describe MOI implementation variation and identify common strategies for helping people to move on from PSH. Findings suggest that a wide degree of variation exists in these approaches between and within MOI programs. Two primary types of move on strategies were identified: “Moving Up and Out” and “Transitioning in Place.” Implications for the homeless service system are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 132-147 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1982749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2021.1982749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:1:p:132-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2234878_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Cameron K. Murray Author-X-Name-First: Cameron K. Author-X-Name-Last: Murray Author-Name: Joshua C. Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Joshua C. Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Title: Land as Airspace: How Rezoning Privatizes Public Space (and Why Governments Should Not Give It Away for Free) Abstract: A popular but contested view is that mass rezoning is an essential policy measure to address housing affordability. Often obscured in debates about this measure is that rezoning involves the privatization of public space. We clarify the nature of the policy by recognizing that property rights over land are, conceptually, a bundle of socially negotiated rights to parcels of airspace. This view shows that rezoning to provide rights to airspace for existing landowners is not costless. It involves transferring valuable property rights from the public to existing private landowners for free, creating a more unequal distribution of property rights ownership without necessarily generating faster housing development. We argue that giving away public rights to airspace should not be done for free and explore what policy measures retain value from residential rezoning for the public. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 228-241 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2234878 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2234878 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:2:p:228-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2234890_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Minjee Kim Author-X-Name-First: Minjee Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: The Case for Mass Upzoning Abstract: Murray and Gordon argue against mass upzonings that are unaccompanied by value capture tools based on the grounds that (a) cities are giving away valuable public air rights to private property owners when undertaking mass upzoning and thus (b) cities should employ value-capture policies to avoid complete privatization of public air rights. I first add a cautionary note that development of value capture strategies must be grounded in country-specific political, cultural, and legal contexts. To spark further scholarly and policy debates, I develop two propositions in response to the article. First, I contend that mass rezoning may be justifiable in the United States even if this means valuable public air rights are privatized. Second, I posit that mass rezoning is not only justifiable but also one of the most cost-effective and least risky policy solutions for tackling housing affordability and supply challenges in the United States. I conclude by suggesting directions for future research on upzoning and value capture. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 246-251 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2234890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2234890 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:2:p:246-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2234898_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Harley F. Etienne Author-X-Name-First: Harley F. Author-X-Name-Last: Etienne Title: Response: It’s Always About the Context Abstract: It is possible to agree with an article’s recommendations but disagree with the argumentation, evidence, and rationales that led to them. That is to say, Murray and Gordon’s idea in “Land as Airspace” that the public should benefit—in some way—from a rezoning process otherwise enriching a class of incumbent property owners is a good one. In this, the authors and I agree that the risks of corruption from rezoning schemes that could enrich a select few are to be avoided. Where we part is in the unique jurisprudence and U.S. social context that would render their recommendations irrelevant in this particular context. And, as in many things, context is everything. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 257-260 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2234898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2234898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:2:p:257-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2234884_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Paavo Monkkonen Author-X-Name-First: Paavo Author-X-Name-Last: Monkkonen Title: An Unpersuasive Argument for Selling Development Rights: Commentary on the Article “Land as Airspace: How Rezoning Privatizes Public Space (and Why Governments Should Not Give It Away for Free)” Abstract: Funding urban governments is important and in places with weak governance, it may be the case that selling development rights is the most viable option for raising local revenue. Murray and Gordon, however, do not make such a conditional argument in their essay “Land as Airspace”. They argue that governments should charge landowners for development rights and not upzone land “for free” to stimulate housing development, in opposition to recent zoning reforms not to other land-based revenue-raising strategies. This framing is unpersuasive and their proposal does not present a logically coherent case that charging for upzoning achieves housing goals (production or affordability) that upzoning alone does not. The essay ignores existing empirical research on zoning and housing development that contradicts its arguments and presents policy proposals without considering their effectiveness or the tradeoffs they imply. The essay also neglects the fact that most of the recent, largest, and most controversial upzoning programs did not change air rights at all. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 252-256 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2234884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2234884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:2:p:252-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2244932_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Daniel Kuhlmann Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Kuhlmann Author-Name: Seva Rodnyansky Author-X-Name-First: Seva Author-X-Name-Last: Rodnyansky Title: In Search of the Missing Middle: Historical Trends in and Contemporary Correlates of Permitting of 2–4 Unit Structures Abstract: Missing middle housing is an important although often overlooked housing form in America’s built environment. Although still a large component of the US housing stock, production of new small missing middle (SMM) housing—which we define as multifamily structures with two to four units—has steadily declined over the last several decades. In the early 1980s, units in SMM structures comprised ∼9% of residential building permits nationally. Today, less than 3% of new permits are for two- to four-unit structures. We document these trends and explore reasons for the current variation in new SMM production. We build a national, place-level data set combining data on building permits, current and historical census data, land-use regulations, and housing supply characteristics. We then examine the association between SMM production and three sets of community characteristics: supply, regulatory restrictiveness, and demand. Our analysis suggests that correlates of SMM permitting are similar to those for larger multifamily structures. This, we argue, helps explain the decline in SMM, because these developments are competing with and losing to larger multifamily development. We end by considering how these findings can help cities that have recently passed or are considering zoning reforms that broadly legalize missing middle housing forms. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 158-179 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2244932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2244932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:2:p:158-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2291807_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Joe LaBriola Author-X-Name-First: Joe Author-X-Name-Last: LaBriola Title: The Race to Exclude: Residential Growth Controls in California Cities, 1970–1992 Abstract: Local regulations that restrict residential growth are a key driver of California’s affordable housing crisis. Scholars have argued these growth controls were implemented in the late 20th century by cities intending to exclude Black households. However, growth controls may also have plausibly been driven by a desire to exclude growing Hispanic, Asian, and foreign-born populations; by increased concern about the negative environmental consequences of population growth; or by homeowners’ or cities’ fiscal motivations. I jointly test these competing explanations using time-varying data on the adoption of a variety of residential growth controls covering California cities from 1970 to 1992. I find that, all else equal, cities with a lower share of Black residents—both in absolute terms, and relative to their metropolitan area—were more likely to pass residential growth controls. I also find some evidence that growth controls were more likely to be passed in areas experiencing greater Black population growth and in cities more supportive of White-Black segregation. Finally, I find strong evidence that, net of other factors, cities in areas more supportive of policies to protect the environment were more likely to pass residential growth controls. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 180-206 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2291807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2291807 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:2:p:180-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2326386_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Vincent Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Title: Editorial Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 157-157 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2024.2326386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2024.2326386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:2:p:157-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2234880_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Casey J. Dawkins Author-X-Name-First: Casey J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawkins Title: Airspace Rights and Affordable Housing Supply Abstract: Murray and Gordon develop an “airspace rights” conception of zoning to critique recent reforms that upzone land without recapturing the value of privatized land use rights. This comment offers two objections to the arguments presented by the authors. First, given that zoned capacity determines long-run housing supply, upzoning offers one potential solution to the affordable housing crisis. Second, Murray and Gordon’s “public recapture” proposals could exacerbate the affordable housing crisis unless recaptured value is applied towards targeted affordable housing investments. For these and other reasons, Murray and Gordon fail to make a compelling case for recapturing the value of privatized airspace rights. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 242-245 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2234880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2234880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:2:p:242-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2302053_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Ivan Turok Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Turok Author-Name: Margot Rubin Author-X-Name-First: Margot Author-X-Name-Last: Rubin Author-Name: Andreas Scheba Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Scheba Title: Inclusionary Housing Policy in Cities of the South: Navigating a Path Between Continuity and Disruption Abstract: Inclusionary housing policy (IHP) encourages developers to provide affordable housing in well-located areas. This can add to their costs and risks, so the process of policy adoption is complicated and contested. This paper provides a synthesis of the literature and then analyzes the efforts to implement IHP of two South African cities, Johannesburg and Cape Town. The core proposition is that making residential development more inclusive requires at least three ingredients to ensure meaningful change. First, the case for reform needs popular support and an active civil society to secure the backing of political leaders and officials facing resistance from entrenched real estate interests. Second, the policy needs to be feasible in an economic sense and calibrated in an incremental way that will not jeopardize private investment. Third, a robust legal framework is required to institutionalize the changes and to limit disputes and disruption. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 207-227 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2024.2302053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2024.2302053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:2:p:207-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2234892_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Cameron K. Murray Author-X-Name-First: Cameron K. Author-X-Name-Last: Murray Author-Name: Joshua C. Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Joshua C. Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Title: Pricing Upzoning: A Reply to Critics Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 261-266 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2234892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2234892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:2:p:261-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2157966_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: iii-iii Issue: 6 Volume: 33 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2157966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2157966 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:33:y:2023:i:6:p:iii-iii Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2180651_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Yiwen Kuai Author-X-Name-First: Yiwen Author-X-Name-Last: Kuai Title: A Missed Opportunity? The 4% Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program Abstract: The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program is the largest housing production subsidy in the U.S. Two types of credit, known as the 9% credit and the 4% credit, are subject to different allocation criteria. The 4% program has been flying under the radar of policymakers, housing advocates, and researchers since its inception. Whereas newly constructed 9% units are increasingly sited in lower poverty neighborhoods, 4% investment is made in high-poverty and low-opportunity neighborhoods. This paper reveals that states have not actively influenced the locational outcomes of 4% projects credit until recently. Policy levers have a more substantial impact on the outcomes of the 9% program. However, the results indicate that increased competition and strong policy levers have enabled some states to influence the siting outcomes of 4% projects. As states have significant power over tax credit allocations and additional financing required to enable the 4% credit, they could consider explicitly using this credit to further fair housing goals and help low-income households reach opportunities. However, careful consideration is needed to balance these goals with neighborhood revitalization. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 372-395 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2180651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2180651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:3:p:372-395 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2354593_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Vincent Reina Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Reina Author-Name: Claudia Aiken Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Aiken Title: Editorial Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 267-268 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2024.2354593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2024.2354593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:3:p:267-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2141581_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Julie Cai Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Cai Title: Housing Assistance, Poverty, and Material Hardships Abstract: This article documents the antipoverty effects of housing assistance programs and their relationships with other life circumstances. Using a novel sample of urban households, we examine how participation trajectories in housing programs (including Section 8/public housing and rent regulation) affect households’ housing deprivation, income poverty, and other forms of material hardships. Employing a propensity score matching technique, we find evidence that individuals who remain in subsidized units are significantly less likely to experience rent burden, become homeless, or live in overcrowded environments. They also face lower odds of poverty than their eligible non-/past-assisted counterparts. However, we find that living in subsidized housing has almost no impact on material hardship. Also, we find no relationship between living in rent-stabilized housing and low-income households’ material or housing hardship. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 269-285 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2141581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2141581 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:3:p:269-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2299247_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Danny V. Colombara Author-X-Name-First: Danny V. Author-X-Name-Last: Colombara Author-Name: Emilee L. Quinn Author-X-Name-First: Emilee L. Author-X-Name-Last: Quinn Author-Name: Annie Pennucci Author-X-Name-First: Annie Author-X-Name-Last: Pennucci Author-Name: Andy Chan Author-X-Name-First: Andy Author-X-Name-Last: Chan Author-Name: Tyler Shannon Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: Shannon Author-Name: Samuel Havens Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Havens Author-Name: Amy A. Laurent Author-X-Name-First: Amy A. Author-X-Name-Last: Laurent Author-Name: Megan Suter Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Suter Author-Name: Alastair I. Matheson Author-X-Name-First: Alastair I. Author-X-Name-Last: Matheson Title: The Relationship Between Exits From Federally Subsidized Housing and Wages, King County, WA Abstract: Federally subsidized housing programs aim for economic self-sufficiency. We modeled housing exit type’s relationship with wage income using public housing authority exit data and Washington State wage data. Our cohort included 1,974 exits. Positive exits had higher mean wages ($8,392 vs. $6,643 and $6,253) and working hours (432 vs. 373 and 355) compared to neutral and negative exits, respectively. Households with positive exits were more likely to earn a living wage (33.5%) than those with neutral (16.9%) or negative (15.1%) exits. According to our model, positive exits earned an additional $1,593 (95% confidence interval: $1,031, $2,156) per quarter compared to negative exits. Wages among positive exits were substantially higher than those among neutral exits for four quarters before and after exit; wages among neutral exits were slightly higher than those for negative exits. These methods can assess the impact of programs targeting economic self-sufficiency among housing support recipients. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 286-304 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2299247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2299247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:3:p:286-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2246943_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Laura Witte Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Witte Author-Name: Jack Tsai Author-X-Name-First: Jack Author-X-Name-Last: Tsai Author-Name: Paula Cuccaro Author-X-Name-First: Paula Author-X-Name-Last: Cuccaro Author-Name: Andrea Link Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Link Author-Name: Vanessa Cox Author-X-Name-First: Vanessa Author-X-Name-Last: Cox Author-Name: Vanessa Schick Author-X-Name-First: Vanessa Author-X-Name-Last: Schick Title: Examining the Potential Impact of Restricting Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Housing for Individuals With Certain Criminal Convictions in Texas Abstract: Because housing is central to the recovery of individuals with experiences of homelessness and incarceration, it is important to consider how U.S. policies denying housing to residents with criminal histories can adversely affect racial and ethnic minorities and individuals with a history of homelessness. The state of Texas passed a rule specifying certain criteria that Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) supportive housing providers must use to screen tenants using criminal history. A retrospective cohort of 600 LIHTC supportive housing residents was used to estimate the potential impact of the rule. Based on this sample, the rule would have resulted in significantly higher proportions of Black and chronically homeless individuals being denied housing compared to the proportions of White and low-income individuals, respectively, who would have been denied housing. With the exception of drug convictions, there was no significant difference in recidivism between residents who would have been affected by the rule and unaffected residents who also had criminal justice involvement within a comparable time frame before move-in. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 353-371 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2023.2246943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2023.2246943 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:3:p:353-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2070650_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Mina Silberberg Author-X-Name-First: Mina Author-X-Name-Last: Silberberg Author-Name: Donna J. Biederman Author-X-Name-First: Donna J. Author-X-Name-Last: Biederman Author-Name: Emily Carmody Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Carmody Title: Using Medicaid to Fund and Shape Tenancy Support Services: Key Considerations From Research in North Carolina and Louisiana Abstract: Medicaid is expanding funding for tenancy support services (TSS) that help people who have experienced homelessness or lived in institutional settings obtain and maintain housing. To identify critical considerations for Medicaid TSS regulations, we compared two successful TSS provider agencies in North Carolina, and conducted additional stakeholder interviews in North Carolina and Louisiana, which is ahead of North Carolina in expanding Medicaid-funded TSS. Stakeholder concerns focused on the impact of regulation on goals of access, quality, and flexibility, and noted tensions among these goals. Specific regulatory approaches may mitigate the tension among these goals, such as outcome- and client feedback-based accountability, and an emphasis on job-specific training. Moreover, meeting the goals of access, quality, and flexibility and mitigating their trade-offs is supported by state infrastructure that includes braided funding; horizontal and vertical coordination across agencies; and the capacity for multimodal, multilevel quality assurance and multilevel training and technical assistance. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 305-325 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2070650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2070650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:3:p:305-325 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2145852_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Michael Snidal Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Snidal Author-Name: Guanglai Li Author-X-Name-First: Guanglai Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: The Nonimpact of Opportunity Zones on Home and Business Lending Abstract: Opportunity Zones (OZs) promised to stimulate investment in over 8,500 “distressed” neighborhoods. Have OZs increased neighborhood investment and, if so, what types of neighborhoods have benefitted? This study uses a difference-in-differences (DID) design to compare small business and residential lending outcomes in designated OZs with areas that were eligible but not designated. Census tracts are stratified by pretreatment social and economic indicators of distress to search for heterogeneity in effects by neighborhood type. An event study framework is used to check the parallel trends assumption and census tracts are then matched to improve the counterfactual. Finally, an adjusted interrupted time series (AITS) analysis is introduced to further evaluate differences in outcome indicator levels and trends between target and control neighborhoods pre and post OZ. DID and AITS estimates suggest that OZs have had no statistically significant effects on business or residential loan growth. Heterogeneity modeling confirms a noneffect across neighborhood distress type. In conclusion, study limitations and future extensions for both policy and research are discussed. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 419-440 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2145852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2145852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:3:p:419-440 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2157220_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Euna Kim Author-X-Name-First: Euna Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Responding to the Challenges of Preserving Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Projects: Lessons From New York City Abstract: The year 15 presents a critical moment for the preservation of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) properties. While there have been studies looking into the year-15 challenges in weak housing markets, there has been little research on strategies and contexts that have led to successful preservation outcomes. While different localities may require different strategies depending on local contexts, there are common challenges shared by LIHTC properties due to the program structure. This paper aims to examine how New York City has been responding to some of these common challenges through its LIHTC (Year-15) Preservation Program which has been quite successful in preserving expiring LIHTC properties. Through a combination of data analysis on LIHTC and New York City’s Year-15 Program, interviews with government officials, and an examination of approximately 530 land documents of 107 expiring LIHTC properties in New York City, this study takes an in-depth look into the development process, strategies, and outcomes of the program. By doing so, future challenges and lessons are highlighted that are helpful for New York City and beyond. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 396-418 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2157220 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2157220 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:3:p:396-418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RHPD_A_2070651_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Uche Oluku Author-X-Name-First: Uche Author-X-Name-Last: Oluku Author-Name: Shaoming Cheng Author-X-Name-First: Shaoming Author-X-Name-Last: Cheng Title: The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program: A Multicity Rent Savings Analysis Abstract: The paper utilizes actual Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) rents rather than federally mandated maximum rents to evaluate LIHTC rent savings in 12 diverse housing markets across the United States. Monthly rent savings are greatest in large cities with strong housing markets (Chicago, Illinois; Miami, Florida; San Jose, California; and Washington, DC), ranging from $708 for a new one-bedroom unit in Miami to $1,114 for a new two-bedroom unit in San Jose. Monthly rent savings in mid-sized cities with weaker housing markets (Albuquerque, New Mexico; Buffalo, New York; Indianapolis, Indiana; and Louisville, Kentucky) and small cities with stronger housing markets (Manchester, New Hampshire, and Midland, Texas) are comparable, ranging from $108 for a new one-bedroom unit in Midland to $725 for a new three-bedroom unit in Indianapolis. Rent savings are considerably less in small cities with weak housing markets (Sioux Falls, South Dakota; and Billings, Montana). Meanwhile, nationwide, rent savings decline as properties age. Journal: Housing Policy Debate Pages: 326-352 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2024 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2022.2070651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10511482.2022.2070651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:34:y:2024:i:3:p:326-352