Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar E. Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: EDITORIAL: First Issue - Journal of Risk Research Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jim Mcquaid Author-X-Name-First: Jim Author-X-Name-Last: Mcquaid Title: GUEST EDITORIAL: The future of risk research Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 3-6 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377277 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:3-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saburo Ikeda Author-X-Name-First: Saburo Author-X-Name-Last: Ikeda Title: GUEST EDITORIAL: Chemical risk management and practices in Japan - towards a new management perspective Abstract: Recent reform of environmental risk policy in Japan is discussed focusing on hazardous chemicals management. The background and reasons for evolution of a risk-based approach to hazardous chemicals management in Japan is discussed in a policy analytical framework. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 7-12 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377286 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:7-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frederick Warner Author-X-Name-First: Frederick Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Title: Viewpoint Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 13-14 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377295 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:13-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eugene A. Rosa Author-X-Name-First: Eugene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rosa Title: Metatheoretical foundations for post-normal risk Abstract: The first goal of this paper is to sketch a three-part, synoptic framework that could ease the way beyond the current impasse of competition among the various metatheoretical orientations (e.g. realism vs. social constructivism, positivism vs. cultural theory, etc.) in the risk field. The framework will be constructed on a foundation of metatheoretical principles and its form will accommodate the best features of the competing orientations. Because the articulated principles will build first on a position of realism, we can refer to the framework as a whole as Reconstructed Realism (RR). Because the content of the framework comprises its first two key parts, ontological realism and epistemological hierarchicalism , we can refer to the content by the acronym OREH. The second goal of the paper is to epistemically connect the synoptic framework, RR, to a methodological framework for conducting risk analysis, thereby providing a bridge between theory and practice. The existing methodological framework that bears logical symmetry to RR is the one developed by Funtowicz and Ravetz in a suite of papers (1985; 1991; 1992; 1993; 1994) and which they call 'post-normal science'. Connecting RR- the synoptic framework under development- with postnormal science completes the third part of the framework, and the resulting product is properly labelled 'post-normal risk.' Our life of fishing is so perilous that even though we worship all the gods in the world, many of us still die untimely deaths. Noriko Ogiwara, Dragon Sword and Wind Child Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 15-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:15-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerry Ravetz Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Ravetz Author-Name: Silvio Funtowicz Author-X-Name-First: Silvio Author-X-Name-Last: Funtowicz Title: Commentary Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 45-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:45-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Three decades of risk research: accomplishments and new challenges Abstract: Risk research over the last three decades has been focused on the development of methods of and procedures for risk analysis and risk management. As a consequence of this research, risk management agencies have been trying to make risk assessments a routine operation for evaluating different hazards, chemical agents, or technologies. The problem with the worldwide routinization of the risk assessment methodology is, however, that formal analysis may obscure the conceptual foundations and limitations of this method and may induce a false degree of certainty when dealing with potential side-effects of human actions and interventions. One of the main tasks of the risk community should be to emphasize the necessity of integrated risk assessment and the development of innovative risk management strategies that build upon the insights of the natural, technical and social sciences. In order to integrate risk assessment and risk perception, the article analyses the strengths and weaknesses of each approach to risk analysis and highlights the potential contributions that the technical sciences and the social sciences can offer to risk management. Technical assessments provide the best estimate for judging the average probability of an adverse effect linked to an object or activity. Public perception should govern the selection of criteria on which acceptability or tolerability are to be judged. In addition, public input is needed to determine the trade-offs between criteria. Finally, public preferences are needed to design resilient strategies for coping with remaining uncertainties. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 49-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:49-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Warner North Author-X-Name-First: D. Warner Author-X-Name-Last: North Title: Comments on 'Three decades of risk research' Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 73-76 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:73-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc Poumadore Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Poumadore Title: From risk analysis in Europe to European risk analysis: the first ten years of SRA-E (1987-97) Abstract: Risk analysis has both a long past and a short history. This latter is written in the past 30 years. Technology's potential to create sometimes irreversible damage, as well as unprecedented improvement in standard of living, prompted the need for risk analysis. The Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) was created in the United States at the end of the 1970s. Its purpose was and is to bring together scientists and professionals concerned by issues of risk to health, safety and the environment, on an international and interdisciplinary basis. This article traces European participation in the SRA and recounts the founding of the chapter Society for Risk Analysis- Europe (SRA-E) in 1987. The composition of founding, Advisory and Executive Committees is given, as are themes and Directors of the seven Conferences held by SRA-E to date. SRA in 1987 counted 69 Europe-based members in 13 countries; in 1997, 25 countries are represented in SRA-Europe by 317 members. A trend is seen from a mainly geographic extension of SRA towards a more specific identity springing from risk research and management as practised today in Europe. The multicultural and multilingual experience of members, and their capacity for collaboration across national and disciplinary lines, are among European risk analysis' strongest assets. The present Journal of Risk Research can provide a forum for reinforcing new currents in risk analysis. The creation of a European university cursus in risk studies is recommended, as is a stronger role for SRA-E as a body of expertise. A call is made for risk analysis sustainable in national and cultural contexts removed from those that have developed today's art and practice: needed are appropriate conceptualizations of risk, management methods, and indicators of success. The Mediterranean basin and North Africa are targeted as areas for development and new learning for risk analysts, communicators, managers and researchers in the 21st century. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 77-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377349 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:77-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arne Jernelov Author-X-Name-First: Arne Author-X-Name-Last: Jernelov Author-Name: Uno Svedin Author-X-Name-First: Uno Author-X-Name-Last: Svedin Title: GUEST EDITORIAL: Risk analysis as the mirror of society Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 95-95 Issue: 2 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377196 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:2:p:95-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Stirling Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Stirling Title: Risk at a turning point? Abstract: There is increasing recognition in comparative risk assessment of the intrinsic subjectivity of fundamental framing assumptions and the consequent necessity for active participation in analysis by all interested and affected parties. Despite this, there remains considerable inertia in the implementation of these insights in formal policy making and regulatory procedures on risk. Here, the issue seems as often to be seen as a need for better 'communication' and 'management' as for better analysis, with attention devoted as much to the classification of divergent public perspectives as to techniques for direct stakeholder participation. Pointing to the fundamental methodological problems posed in risk assessment by the conditions of ignorance and Arrow's impossibility, the present paper contends that public participation is as much a matter of analytical rigour as it is of political legitimacy. It is argued that straightforward techniques such as multi-criteria and sensitivity analysis, along with a formal approach to diversification across portfolios of 'less risky' options, may go some way toward addressing these apparently intractable problems. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 97-109 Issue: 2 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:2:p:97-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eugene A. Rosa Author-X-Name-First: Eugene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rosa Title: Comments on commentary by Ravetz and Funtowicz: 'Old-fashioned hypertext' Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 111-115 Issue: 2 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:2:p:111-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L.H.J. Goossens Author-X-Name-First: L.H.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Goossens Author-Name: R.M. Cooke Author-X-Name-First: R.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Cooke Author-Name: F Woudenberg Author-X-Name-First: F Author-X-Name-Last: Woudenberg Author-Name: P Van Der Torn Author-X-Name-First: P Author-X-Name-Last: Van Der Torn Title: Expert judgement and lethal toxicity of inhaled chemicals Abstract: The application of formal expert judgement for assessing quantitative data of the toxicity of large amounts of inhaled chemical substances after a potential major hazards incident is described. In this particular application, the expert assessments were used to derive probit relations for the acute lethal effects of five hazardous substances: ammonia, acrylonitrile, hydrogen fluoride, sulphur trioxide and azinphos-methyl. The purpose of the study was to develop a protocol for selecting experts and the elicitation and analysis of expert assessments, to apply this protocol to generate probit relations for representative substances, and to evaluate the overall performance of the protocol. The use of formal expert judgement includes quantitative estimates of variables, calibration of experts and representation of uncertainty on the variables. This enables analysts to optimize combined experts' assessments for establishing quantitative results for further use in probit relations. Twenty-seven experts, distributed over the five substances, gave medians and 90% central confidence bands of the lethal dose-response relations under several conditions. The calculated dose-response relations are shown and compared to existing probit relations with respect to its impact on risk assessment outputs. The calculated relations can be applied in quantitative risk assessments, for example, under the Dutch law on major hazards installations. The scientific and practical efforts and costs of using the expert judgement technique are described. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 117-133 Issue: 2 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377222 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:2:p:117-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asa Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Asa Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Title: Comparative studies of risk perception: a review of twenty years of research Abstract: This paper critically reviews a number of cross-national studies of perceptions of risks which have been conducted in accordance with the 'psychometric paradigm' developed by the Oregon research group in the 1970s. It considers attempts to study risk perception comparatively, from other theoretical and methodological perspectives, and discusses various issues that are highlighted in a comparative framework, relating to distinctions between 'objective' and 'perceived' risk, the role of communication and the media, the political system and various societal determinants such as marginality, gender and ethnicity. One of the main conclusions is that comparative studies of risk perception need to be further refined, both methodologically and theoretically. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 135-163 Issue: 2 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377231 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:2:p:135-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen H Schneider Author-X-Name-First: Stephen H Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider Author-Name: B. L. Turner Author-X-Name-First: B. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: Holly Morehouse Garriga Author-X-Name-First: Holly Morehouse Author-X-Name-Last: Garriga Title: Imaginable surprise in global change science Abstract: Decisionmakers at all scales (individuals, firms, and local, national, and international governmental organizations) are concerned about reducing their vulnerability to (or the likelihood of) unexpected events, 'surprises.' After briefly and selectively reviewing the literature on uncertainty and surprise, we adopt a definition of 'surprise' that does not include the strict requirement that it apply to a wholly unexpected outcome, but rather recognizes that many events are often anticipated by some, even if not most observers. Thus, we define 'imaginable surprise' as events or processes that depart from the expectations of some definable community. Therefore, what gets labelled as 'surprise' depends on the extent to which what happens departs from community expectations and on the salience of the problem. We offer a typology of surprise that distinguishes imaginable surprises from risk and uncertainty, and develops several kinds of impediments to overcoming ignorances. These range from the need for more 'normal science' to phenomenological impediments (e.g., inherentunpredictability in some chaotic systems) to epistemological ignorance (e.g., ideological blocks to reducing ignorance). Based on the input of some two dozen scholars at an Aspen Global Change Institute Summer Workshop in 1994 *, we construct two tables in which participants offer many possible 'imaginable surprises' in the global change context, as well as their potential salience for creating unexpectedly high or low carbon dioxide emissions. Improving the anticipation of surprises is an interdisciplinary enterprise that should offer a sceptical welcoming of outlier ideas and methods. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 165-185 Issue: 2 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377240 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377240 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:2:p:165-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gunnar Bengtsson Author-X-Name-First: Gunnar Author-X-Name-Last: Bengtsson Title: GUEST EDITORIAL: Cutting corners in chemical risk limitation Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 189-190 Issue: 3 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:3:p:189-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lennart Sjoberg Author-X-Name-First: Lennart Author-X-Name-Last: Sjoberg Author-Name: Anders Af Wahlberg Author-X-Name-First: Anders Author-X-Name-Last: Af Wahlberg Author-Name: Per Nilla Kvist Author-X-Name-First: Per Nilla Author-X-Name-Last: Kvist Title: The rise of risk: risk related bills submitted to the Swedish parliament in 1964-65 and 1993-95 Abstract: Bills submitted to the Swedish parliament in 1964-65 and in 1993-95 were scored according to their major concern: risk, resource allocation or resource growth. It was found that risk related bills had increased strongly, from 11% to 28%, implying that currently almost a third of all bills in the Swedish parliament are related to risk issues. The absolute number of risk bills increased by a factor of four. Resource allocation bills, on the other hand, decreased strongly, and resource growth bills, a minority of bills, remained at a relatively low level. All parties except the Conservatives showed a strong trend towards increased risk concern, especially the Social Democrats. The most frequently encountered type of risks in the 60s were health related, while environmental risks predominated in the 90s. These changes are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that risks become more important during periods of slower economic growth. It is concluded that risk is currently a very important issue on the Swedish political agenda. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 191-195 Issue: 3 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377114 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377114 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:3:p:191-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert E O'Connor Author-X-Name-First: Robert E Author-X-Name-Last: O'Connor Author-Name: Richard J Bord Author-X-Name-First: Richard J Author-X-Name-Last: Bord Author-Name: Ann Fisher Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Fisher Title: How information about likely accomplishments affects willingness to sacrifice to reduce global warming Abstract: Does information on what a proposed tax or regulation is likely to accomplish affect willingness to sacrifice? The economists' perspective is that having information about what a sacrifice is 'buying' is likely to influence choices. A different perspective is that vote choices in referenda are more of a symbolic exercise, with voters adopting a heuristic toward an issue domain and the heuristic guiding the vote. This research examines the impact of providing information about what sacrifices will accomplish in the context of an issue that is poorly understood: climate change. A survey that provides information to half the sample, but not to the other half shows that providing information about what a policy action is likely to achieve does affect people's support for the policy. The percentage supporting a referendum increases (holding constant the 'price') when information is provided that appears to imply a 'substantial' achievement. At least for the sacrifices identified, information about 'small' achievements either leads to no change or actually decreases willingness to sacrifice. Logistic models of determinants of willingness to sacrifice offer additional support for the contention that people differentiate rather than decide based upon a general environmental heuristic. Across the different referenda, different factors predict peoples' choices. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 197-207 Issue: 3 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:3:p:197-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasushi Honda Author-X-Name-First: Yasushi Author-X-Name-Last: Honda Author-Name: Masaji Ono Author-X-Name-First: Masaji Author-X-Name-Last: Ono Author-Name: Akihiko Sasaki Author-X-Name-First: Akihiko Author-X-Name-Last: Sasaki Author-Name: Iwao Uchiyama Author-X-Name-First: Iwao Author-X-Name-Last: Uchiyama Title: Shift of the short-term temperature mortality relationship by a climate factor - some evidence necessary to take account of in estimating the health effect of global warming Abstract: Several studies have reported a 'V'-shaped relationship between short-term temperature and mortality rates, characterized by mortality rates that are higher when the temperature is extremely low or high than when the temperature is moderate. To quantify the effect of adaptation to a certain climate on this V-shaped short-term temperature-mortality relationship, we studied the prefecture-specific relationship between daily maximum temperature and mortality rates for 65+-years-old Japanese from 1972 to 1990. For both genders, the optimum daily maximum temperature (OT) category at which the mortality rate was minimum ranged from 23C-28 C to 33+C, and the OT level became lower when the climate became colder. The mean OT level was lower for women than for men by 1.7C. The mortality rate at the OT was almost constant across prefectures, regardless of the climate. From the results, we considered that the adaptation effect on the short-term temperature-mortality relationship is mainly described by the 'horizontal shift model': the V-shape moves horizontally according to the climate. This 'shift' should be taken into account in estimating the health effect of global warming, and the model would be useful for the estimation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 209-220 Issue: 3 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377132 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:3:p:209-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lynn J Frewer Author-X-Name-First: Lynn J Author-X-Name-Last: Frewer Author-Name: Chaya Howard Author-X-Name-First: Chaya Author-X-Name-Last: Howard Author-Name: Richard Shepherd Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Shepherd Title: Understanding public attitudes to technology Abstract: The social context which surrounds technology is likely to be one of the most important determinants of its future development and application. The application of repertory grid techniques (n = 26) in conjunction with generalized Procrustes analysis identified important psychological constructs which determine attitude. A larger survey study (n = 227) examined the reliability and predictive capacity of these items in quantifying attitudes to technology. Factor analysis identified two sub-scales, which appeared to assess perceptions of technological risk and benefit. Internal reliability of the two sub-scales was high, and had pleasing face validity and predictive capacity. An inverse relationship between perceived risk and benefit was found, consistent with previous research in risk perception. Discussion is made of reducing inappropriately high risk perceptions through effective communication of benefits, and vice versa, with the caveat that such an effect is only likely to be observed for technologies where public opinion is uncrystallized and knowledge is low. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 221-235 Issue: 3 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:3:p:221-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Richard Eiser Author-X-Name-First: J. Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Eiser Author-Name: Neil S Coulson Author-X-Name-First: Neil S Author-X-Name-Last: Coulson Author-Name: Christine Eiser Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Eiser Title: Research Note: Adolescents' perceptions of food chemical risks Abstract: A questionnaire measuring attitude towards four categories of food chemicals (colourings, flavourings, pesticides and fertilizers), level of concern for the environment, dietary habits and reasons for food choice was administered to 932 high school students aged 12-15 years during regular classroom periods. Students also indicated whether they could recall classroom teaching on 15 food and health related issues. Scores were derived representing self-reported frequency of eating (a) foods that were high in fat, or (b) fresh fruits and vegetables. Along with a measure of environmental concern, these were entered as covariates in the analysis of attitudes towards the different classes of additives. Age and gender had little effect on these attitudes. However, more positive attitudes towards both colourings and flavourings were associated with more frequent consumption of 'fat' foods and less frequent consumption of 'fresh' foods. Those with higher 'fat' diets also evaluated the use of pesticides more positively, whereas those expressing greater environmental concern were more opposed to flavourings, fertilizers and (marginally) pesticides. With regard to reasons for food choice, those with higher 'fat' and lower 'fresh' diets appeared to place more weight on pleasure than on nutritional information, whereas those higher on environmental concern paid more attention to labelling and food value. Older students were more able to choose their own diet, but attended less to the health value of the foods they chose, and expressed less trust in food labelling and government control. These findings suggest that judgements of risk are guided by evaluative associations, derived partly from more general attitudes and previous behaviour. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 237-244 Issue: 3 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377150 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:3:p:237-244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar E. Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: EDITORIAL Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 255-255 Issue: 4 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698798377024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698798377024 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:1:y:1998:i:4:p:255-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerry Ravetz Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Ravetz Title: Comments on 'Lay views on uncertainty in environmental health risk assessment' Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376943 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gail Charnley Author-X-Name-First: Gail Author-X-Name-Last: Charnley Title: The evolution of environmental health risk management: a US perspective Abstract: The US environmental protection system is evolving toward more inclusive, democratic approaches to regulatory decision-making; away from command-and-control regulation towards more flexible, goal-oriented approaches; and towards recognition of the need for more of a top-down, public health and ecological context instead of relying solely on a bottom-up, chemical-by-chemical context. Those evolutionary tendencies are consistent with-and partly due to-the recommendations of the US Presidential/ Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, which was mandated to evaluate risk-related federal decision-making processes. As European Union (EU) member countries go about establishing strategies for environmental health risk management, the Risk Commission would like to suggest that the following three overarching recommendations be considered:(1) To make effective decisions and build on the tremendous environmental improvements that have been achieved over the last 25 years, think about risks collectively, comprehensively, and in their largerpublic health and environmental contexts. (2) Seek performance-based, market-based, and other flexible approaches to regulation instead of command-and-control. (3) Include those who are affected by risk-management decisions in the decision-making process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 3-10 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:3-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberto Accorsi Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Author-X-Name-Last: Accorsi Author-Name: George Apostolakis Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Apostolakis Author-Name: Enrico Zio Author-X-Name-First: Enrico Author-X-Name-Last: Zio Title: Prioritizing stakeholder concerns in environmental risk management Abstract: The management of environmental programmes often involves several stakeholders with diverse, and often conflicting, concerns. This paper proposes a methodology for the assessment of stakeholder preferences regarding a number of objectives of environmental restoration activities, such as the minimization of costs and of the impact on human health and safety. This methodology is based on an analytic/deliberative process that starts with pairwise comparisons of these objectives using questionnaires that the stakeholders complete. This input is used to produce a first set of relative weights using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (the analytic part). This set, as well as possible inconsistencies of the stakeholder assessments, is discussed with the stakeholders to correct inconsistencies and revise the weights (the deliberative part). The stakeholders always have the final word regarding the relative weights. Insights gained from a case study are also presented. The feedback from the stakeholders participating in this exercise was positive. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 11-29 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376961 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:11-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lawrence J Axelrod Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence J Author-X-Name-Last: Axelrod Author-Name: Timothy Mcdaniels Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Mcdaniels Author-Name: Paul Slovic Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Slovic Title: Perceptions of ecological risk from natural hazards Abstract: This study examines lay perceptions of ecological risk (risk to the health and productivity of natural environments) associated with natural hazards. Ratings of 30 specific characteristics influencing risk judgments and one general risk assessment were obtained from 68 survey respondents for five natural hazards, as well as 28 technologically based hazards. Analyses revealed that the set of natural hazards, on average, were perceived to pose a moderate degree of ecological risk, similar to the set of technological hazards. However, perceptions of natural hazards differed greatly from technological hazards in terms of numerous risk characteristics. In general, natural hazards were seen as having less impact on ecosystems and on species, offering less benefits to human society, having less impact on humans, and being far less avoidable. Additional comparisons are reported, and implications for risk management and communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 31-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376970 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:31-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Webler Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Webler Title: The craft and theory of public participation: a dialectical process Abstract: This article proposes the craft-theory dialectic as a novel way to conceptualize advancement in the field of public participation. In this perspective, the field is characterized by a rich base of experiential knowledge and a scattered, but growing literature on theory. The chief challenge is to coordinate these two ways of knowing in an iterative, integrative fashion that enables practice to learn from theory and theory to learn from practice. Promoting the development of the craft-theory dialectic should be a central focus for the field. Toward this end this article identifies several key research topics that need attention, explicates these with vignettes from the literature, and discusses the challenges associated with addressing them. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 55-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:55-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clare L Twigger-Ross Author-X-Name-First: Clare L Author-X-Name-Last: Twigger-Ross Author-Name: Glynis M Breakwell Author-X-Name-First: Glynis M Author-X-Name-Last: Breakwell Title: Relating risk experience, venturesomeness and risk perception Abstract: The relationship between venturesomeness, past personal experience of specific hazards and perceived characteristics of certain voluntary and involuntary hazardous activities was examined using data from a postal survey of 102 English nonstudent adults. Risk perception was related to both venturesomeness and past risk experiences but the nature of the relationship depended on whether the hazardous activity was voluntary or involuntary. Involuntary risks were more likely to be perceived as more unfamiliar, uncontrollable and involuntary by those who had greater personal experience of hazardous activities. Voluntary risks were more likely to be regarded as better understood and perceived to be assumed as a matter of choice by those who had greater personal experience of hazardous activities. Whilst no significant relationship was established between venturesomeness and perception of voluntary risk activities, it was related to perception of involuntary hazardous activities. High venturesomeness was associated with perceiving involuntary risk activities as having delayed effects and being unfamiliar. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 73-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376998 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:73-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TorbjØrn Rundmo Author-X-Name-First: TorbjØrn Author-X-Name-Last: Rundmo Title: Perceived risk, health and consumer behaviour Abstract: The main aim of the present paper is to analyse how health attitudes, environmental concern and behaviour are influenced by risk perception. A self-completion questionnaire survey was carried out among Norwegian residents in 1996 and 1997. Respondents belonging to five subsamples participated in the study and a total of 1124 replied to the questionnaire. Perceived risk was measured by asking the respondents to assess how 'safe' they felt from a health injury caused by specific sources of environmental and health risks. The questionnaire also contained indices of health attitudes, environmental concern, and behaviour, including health behaviour, environmental behaviour as well as consumer behaviour related to, i.e. purchasing 'green' products. The respondents felt most unsafe regarding chemical food additives, infected food, industrial pollution and risks related to traffic behaviour. Attitudes towards health promotion were strongly associated with health behaviour and environmental concern significantly affected environmental behaviour. There was also a strong correlation between the different types of behaviour. Attitudes and environmental concern explained 40% of the variance in environmental as well as consumer behaviour. Risk perception was found to be a rather weak predictor variable for behaviour. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 187-200 Issue: 3 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376790 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:3:p:187-200 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P.C.R. Gray Author-X-Name-First: P.C.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Gray Author-Name: P. M. Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: P. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Title: Risk management and sustainable development: mutual lessons from approaches to the use of indicators Abstract: Risk management and sustainable development are frameworks for studying and managing the environmental impacts of human actions; as such each requires indicators for monitoring, decision-making and communication. This paper compares the two frameworks as used in practice, and their experience of using indicators. Sustainable development is a systems-based concept with a long time horizon, a tendency to apply precaution in decisions, and a positive normative 'mission' (development). Risk management focuses on specific, linear chains of cause and effect over short time periods, is typically associated with cost-benefit decision-making, and concentrates on avoiding negative outcomes. However risk management is also potentially a tool for informing and implementing sustainability. Both risk and sustainability are multidimensional constructs which can be indicated in varied ways. The selection of indicators in both fields depends on technical (e.g. robustness, problem-orientation) and communicative criteria (e.g. truthfulness, informativeness, relevance, clarity and resonance). Lessons from risk indicators include a better understanding of communicative criteria such as resonance, and greater awareness of communication pitfalls. Sustainability indicators demonstrate the advantages of a participatory approach to selection for incorporating different values, echoing the experience of the US states' comparative risk assessment approach, as well as the need for a systematic perspective on problems leading to the use of multiple indicators. Risk management and sustainable development have much mutual relevance and could each benefit from more intensive exchange both generally, and regarding the use of indicators. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 201-218 Issue: 3 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376808 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:3:p:201-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bernd Rohrmann Author-X-Name-First: Bernd Author-X-Name-Last: Rohrmann Author-Name: Huichang Chen Author-X-Name-First: Huichang Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Risk perception in China and Australia: an exploratory crosscultural study Abstract: Perceptions and subjective evaluations of risky activities and environmental conditions were explored in several 'Western' and 'Eastern' countries, based on a socio-psychological approach. The aim of these crosscultural studies is to analyse the cognitive structure of judgments about the magnitude and acceptability of risks to which individuals are exposed: to compare risk judgments across countries of different cultural background in which risk issues in general as well as particular risk sources (e.g., industrial facilities or natural hazards) have distinct salience, and to examine disparities between societal groups which differ in their professional background. In the current project, fully comparable data were collected in China (N = 270) and Australia (N = 203), utilizing psychometric instruments. The sampling in both countries focused on 3 groups of students (i.e., geography, psychology, engineering) and a group of scientists/researchers. Participants were asked for judgments on 25 hazards (based on a taxonomy) according to 12 risk aspects (derived from a structural risk perception model). Data comparisons for countries, for societal groups and for types of risks yield a complex picture. Crosscultural disparities are evident in two ways: there is considerable crossnational variation in risk perception, and groups affiliated with particular professional orientations differ in their judgment and evaluation of hazards as well. A major disparity between the two country data is that the Chinese respondents seem to be less prepared than the Australian ones to accept risks in principal (while there is no difference in the mean of risk magnitude ratings). Regarding specific hazards, the largest differences emerge forhazards related to politically ormorally 'banned' activities, such as gambling, using hallucinogenic drugs or unsafe sex. With respect to the 'cognitive structure' underlying risk evaluations, the main influences are similar for the compared samples. Altogetherthe results demonstrate the strong influence of socio-psychological variables and the cultural context on risk evaluations. However, the empirical basis for the findings gained so far is still small and generalizability restricted. A wider range of cultures needs to be looked at in order to clarify further the influence of cultural factors on the cognition and evaluation of risks. Such research is under way. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 219-241 Issue: 3 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376817 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:3:p:219-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David J Ball Author-X-Name-First: David J Author-X-Name-Last: Ball Author-Name: Laurence Golob Author-X-Name-First: Laurence Author-X-Name-Last: Golob Title: Diverse conceptions of risk prioritization Abstract: The search for a process by which agencies, whether at the national or the local level, might either rank or prioritize disparate risks has been on the minds if not the agenda of policy makers for some decades at least. In the absence of an agreed methodology, risk management practitioners in government, industry, and other walks of life have, through necessity, developed their own. Inspection reveals, however, that many of these are grounded in particular ideologies which may be associated with discrete professional world views or systems of working. It is apparent, however, that even subtle differences in methodologies can generate radically different rankings and, ultimately, actions. Thus, while the ranking of risks as a means of setting goals and prioritizing actions is a crucial activity, the process by which it is conducted may have an overwhelming influence upon the outcome, which in turn might bear little resemblance to the aspirations of stakeholders. It is suggested that more attention needs to be devoted to the assumptions and values inherent in ranking procedures, even those previously regarded as 'objective,' and to the ways in which these, together with artefacts of the ranking procedure itself, may affect outcomes. In the longer term, a shift towards a more holistic prioritization process is seen as highly desirable. Failure to achieve this could mean that neither local nor societal goals are properly accommodated. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 243-261 Issue: 3 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:3:p:243-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jin-Tan Liu Author-X-Name-First: Jin-Tan Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: James K Hammitt Author-X-Name-First: James K Author-X-Name-Last: Hammitt Title: Perceived risk and value of workplace safety in a developing country Abstract: We examine the relationship between wages and perceived occupational health risks for petrochemical workers in Taiwan. We estimate hedonic wage functions to compare workers' wages to their perceived risks of fatal and disabling accidents. The results indicate that workers in risky jobs receive a compensating wage differential, after controlling for education, job tenure, and occupational classification. The values of mitigating health risks are estimated using models that control for both fatal and nonfatal accident risks, and so do not suffer the omitted-variable bias characteristic of most earlier studies. The estimated values of statistical life and disabling injury are US$624 000 and US$44 000 in 1995 dollars. We also find a positive relationship between quitting intentions and perceived job risk, which supports the hypothesis that workers' risk perceptions evolve with on-the-job experience. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 263-275 Issue: 3 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:3:p:263-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Slovic Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Slovic Title: Are trivial risks the greatest risks of all? Abstract: Studies by Sjöberg published in 1999 (Journal of Risk Research), Volume 2, Number 2, pp. 129-49) have led him to conclude that perceived risk is mostly determined by probability of harm, whereas risk reduction demands are mostly determined by severity of harm and not probability. As a result, he finds that perceived risk does not predict demand for mitigation, leading him to question the value of the perceived risk construct. Sjöberg's results conflict with an extensive literature demonstrating (a) that protective behaviours are influenced by both probability and severity of harm and (b) that perceived risk is a strong predictor of desire for risk reduction. Why do Sjöberg's results conflict with this literature? The answer is to be found in the idiosyncrasies of his research designs and interpretations. In Study 1, Sjöberg asked people to judge the risk of adverse and sometimes trivial outcomes, leading his respondents to think of risk as the probability of those outcomes. In Study 2, he asked people to evaluate insurance against relatively probable losses, failing to test the hypothesis that probability thresholds trigger insurance purchases. Sjöberg's conclusions are thus misleading. For the purpose of understanding and predicting people's concerns, their desires for risk reduction, and their protective behaviours, it would be unwise to discard the concept of perceived risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 281-288 Issue: 4 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376727 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:4:p:281-288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Risa Palm Author-X-Name-First: Risa Author-X-Name-Last: Palm Title: Perceived risk and the earthquake insurance purchase decision: a commentary on a paper by Lennart Sjöberg Abstract: Sjöberg in his 1994 report entitled 'Perceived risk vs. demand for risk reduction' has argued that 'risk perception' involves two separable components: the probability that an event will occur and the consequences of this event. Based on three empirical studies, Sjöberg concluded that one of these two factors is far more important than the other: that the perceived severity of consequences is a better predictor of demand for mitigation than the perceived probability of harm or risk. This paper focuses on the second of the three reported studies involving the adoption of home insurance in Sweden. The empirical analysis reported here, based on survey research in California, supports the conclusion that perceived probability of occurrence continues to be an important factor in the decision to purchase voluntary hazards insurance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 289-294 Issue: 4 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376736 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:4:p:289-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John F. Ahearne Author-X-Name-First: John F. Author-X-Name-Last: Ahearne Title: The responsibilities of a probabilistic safety analyst Abstract: As safety or risk analysis grows in applications, particularly regarding nuclear power and radioactive waste, some problems are visible that can undercut the acceptance of these analyses. Guidelines are presented for analysts to follow and some case applications are given. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 295-306 Issue: 4 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:4:p:295-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Les Levidow Author-X-Name-First: Les Author-X-Name-Last: Levidow Author-Name: Susan Carr Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Author-Name: David Wield Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Wield Author-Name: Susan Carr Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Author-Name: David Wield Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Wield Title: Regulating biotechnological risk, straining Britain's consultative style Abstract: Public controversy has intensifed over the environmental effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) amid contending accounts of sustainable agriculture. In regulating these products, the UK has extended its 'consultative' style, seeking to maintain the appearance of expert neutrality. To anticipate and incorporate potential dissent, the government adopted precautionary legislation and established a broadly-based advisory committee. Although the UK regulation is officially 'risk-based', in practice it involves a qualitative assessment of the acceptability and plausibility of potential effects. In this way, the risk debate has become scientized: some uncertainties are translated into technical criteria, while others are downplayed or deferred. These official judgements have been seriously challenged, especially at the commercial stage of herbicide-tolerant crops. Pressure groups hold regulators publicly accountable for controlling risks which the government had excluded from GMO regulation. In all those ways, the UK consultative style has come under strain. The regulatory procedure faces dilemmas- between setting narrow regulatory boundaries versus gaining legitimacy for products; between enabling commercial use versus extending precautionary controls; and between providing some public access versus limiting participation. These strains are illuminated here by two theoretical perspectives- 'reflexive scientization' and 'national regulatory styles'. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 307-324 Issue: 4 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376754 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376754 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:4:p:307-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Exploring dimensionality in the origins of hazard-related trust Abstract: Linked to the belief that trust affects public responses to hazard management is the question of reasons for this trust or distrust. The scanty research on this topic is poorly designed and tends not to examine the rationales of citizens themselves. A classification of potential reasons under the rubrics of 'competence,' 'care' and 'consensual values' points up the strengths, limitations, and inconsistencies in suggested explanations, and raises the question of whether trust is one- or multidimensional. This discussion aims to provide a foundation for better specification of terms and hypotheses in designing research on trust and its constituents. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 325-354 Issue: 4 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376763 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376763 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:4:p:325-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joakim Ramsberg Author-X-Name-First: Joakim Author-X-Name-Last: Ramsberg Title: Listening to the vocal citizens: how do politically active individuals choose between lifesaving programmes? Abstract: Large disparities in the cost per life saved for different lifesaving interventions have been reported in many studies. According to some researchers, these differences reflect the public's preoccupation with selected qualitative aspects of risk. However, it is not obvious that these disparities reflect public preferences. In studies of the variation in cost per life saved the public accepts, most respondents are willing to trade qualitative characteristics for lives saved, but there is a small but significant group of respondents who will not make the tradeoff, i.e. assign infinite value to one or more of the qualitative factors. It has been suggested that this group could be particularly vocal, which might account for the large variation in cost per life saved. In the first attempt to address this issue, a survey of people living under a power line in Stockholm was undertaken. This population was chosen because the local government had decided to remove the power line after being pressured by the citizens and an interest group. Tests of how more politically active individuals differ from less active were undertaken. Most importantly, it was found that more politically active respondents were less likely to trade qualitative characteristics for lives saved, but only for the risk in which they were active and only up to a point. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 355-367 Issue: 4 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376772 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:4:p:355-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seth Tuler Author-X-Name-First: Seth Author-X-Name-Last: Tuler Title: Forms of talk in policy dialogue: distinguishing between adversarial and collaborative discourse Abstract: Many environmental and risk issues require decisions or agreements among competing stakeholders who argue, deliberate, and discuss about a variety of issues, including facts, values, substance, and process. Often such decisions or agreements remain elusive because the process of decision making becomes adversarial. Yet, while policy deliberations can be instrumental in character, they have also been viewed as potentially enabling new understandings and inclusive agreements to develop. But, just what exactly are these intended deliberations supposed to be? They have been described as, for example, 'reflexive', 'real debate', 'constructive', and 'generative'. These descriptors are in contrast to less preferred alternatives, such as 'rhetorical', 'adversarial', 'unreflexive', 'polarized', and the like. This paper describes a semiotic framework for distinguishing among different types of discourse in policy-making processes. Two ways of talking in policy deliberations are defined: monologic and dialogic forms of discourse, which can loosely be understood to parallel the distinction between adversarial and collaborative ways of talking, respectively. However, to define their use in practice is another matter. For example, how does one identify whether someone is 'understanding' or talking 'constructively'? Data from a forest policy dialogue are used to illustrate how the two forms of discourse are distinguished by participants in practice. These data suggest how collaboration may be improved by the shaping of the discourse among the participants. Implications for the design of deliberative policy-making processes and for the study of risk communication and risk controversies are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-17 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376671 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376671 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:1:p:1-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrich Muller-Herold Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich Author-X-Name-Last: Muller-Herold Title: Risk management strategies - before Hominization and after Abstract: Selected examples, ranging from birds to pastoralistic nomads and subsisting peasants, indicate that the higher animals adopt foraging strategies similar to individual decision makers in economies without market (subsistence economies): in contrast to actors in (ideal neoclassical) market economies, maximizing expected utility, they operate in such way as to optimize long-term survival of genetically related groups. This can be seen as a strategy of (maximum) ruin avoidance, played by 'selfish genes'. In the sense of conjectural history the parallelism between risk behaviour of animals and early men may be regarded as the continued existence of principles of natural evolution beyond hominization up to the historical emergence of complex societies where pursuit of surplus production replaced ruin avoidance as the primary orientation in the older subsistence economies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 19-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376680 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:1:p:19-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anders A F Wahlberg Author-X-Name-First: Anders A F Author-X-Name-Last: Wahlberg Author-Name: Lennart Sjoberg Author-X-Name-First: Lennart Author-X-Name-Last: Sjoberg Title: Risk perception and the media Abstract: This is a survey of research on how media influence risk perception. Media are diverse in content, and often not as biased in their (news) reporting as is commonly thought. Although many take media's influence for granted, the evidence points the other way: even for heavy media users, media are probably not a strong causal factor in (especially not personal) risk perception. Risk perception may be affected by the media via availability (more information gives a stronger effect), but the effects are lessened by impersonal impact: general risk perception is more easily changed than personal risk perception. Risk perception is often thought to cause behaviour, but this is still uncertain, and caution is necessary as to this possible connection. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 31-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376699 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376699 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:1:p:31-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Hayakawa Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Hayakawa Author-Name: Paul S Fischbeck Author-X-Name-First: Paul S Author-X-Name-Last: Fischbeck Author-Name: Baruch Fischhoff Author-X-Name-First: Baruch Author-X-Name-Last: Fischhoff Title: Automobile risk perceptions and insurance-purchasing decisions in Japan and the United States Abstract: Cross-cultural differences of risk perceptions and insurance-purchasing decisions in Japan and the United States were examined by looking at one common risk, automobile accidents. In-depth interviews with 42 Japanese subjects were conducted in the city of Kasukabe, Japan, in June and July 1997. Their responses were compared with those of 74 US subjects from Western Pennsylvania (Austin, 1996). Systematic differences were observed in reasons given for having automobile insurance, judged probabilities of accidents, and judged probabilities of being at fault. These differences are examined in terms of cultural, driving, and market factors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 51-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376707 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376707 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:1:p:51-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ioannis A Papazoglou Author-X-Name-First: Ioannis A Author-X-Name-Last: Papazoglou Author-Name: Gerasimos Bonanos Author-X-Name-First: Gerasimos Author-X-Name-Last: Bonanos Author-Name: Helen Briassoulis Author-X-Name-First: Helen Author-X-Name-Last: Briassoulis Title: Risk informed decision making in land use planning Abstract: The objective of the paper is to present a multicriteria decision methodology for supporting decisions about patterns of land development in the vicinity of major hazard installations. The proposed methodology is based on the paradigm of Multicriteria Decision Analysis and aims at integrating the results of risk analysis of major hazard installations with models for land use planning. The methodology possesses two main features: it is interactive and it does not require assessment of value tradeoffs prior to assessing the most preferred land use pattern. The latter is achieved by determining the efficient set of land use patterns by means of a dynamic programming-based algorithm. The proposed methodology and the use of the efficient set of solutions in supporting land use planning decisions are demonstrated through an application. Four criteria are used in the application, three referring to risk and one to the benefits of alternative land use patterns, although the methodology can accept any number of decision criteria as well as various types of land development. A computerized decision support system has been developed to implement the proposed methodology. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 69-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376716 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376716 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:1:p:69-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Les Levidow Author-X-Name-First: Les Author-X-Name-Last: Levidow Author-Name: Susan Carr Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Title: Guest Editorial Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 187-188 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:187-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Les Levidow Author-X-Name-First: Les Author-X-Name-Last: Levidow Author-Name: Susan Carr Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Author-Name: David Wield Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Wield Title: Genetically modified crops in the European Union: regulatory conflicts as precautionary opportunities Abstract: The first genetically modified crops and foods to be approved for commercial use in the European Union have prompted intense controversy. Food retailers and processors have been forced to take up the concerns voiced by their customers. New networks of groups have formed to oppose the technology. In response to these pressures, regulators who approved the products have had to reconsider questions they had previously dismissed or officially resolved. Governments have devised more precautionary measures of various kinds. For example, they have increased the burden of evidence for demonstrating safety, have broadened the practical definition of the ‘adverse effects’ which must be prevented, and have devised marketstage precautions for such effects. These extra measures manage the risk debate as well as any risks. In such ways, the technocratic model of European harmonization is being challenged and superseded. This may allow differences in national practices to be viewed as valuable expert resources for a different harmonization model, rather than as deviations from a universal rational norm. Regulatory conflicts offer precautionary opportunities, which could lead to more flexible and democratic procedures. Theoretical perspectives -- on risk, uncertainty, precaution, European integration, expertise and the internal market -- help illuminate these possibilities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 189-208 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043062 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043062 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:189-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HelgeFranz Torgersen, Author-X-Name-First: HelgeFranz Author-X-Name-Last: Torgersen, Author-Name: Franz Seifert Author-X-Name-First: Franz Author-X-Name-Last: Seifert Title: Austria: precautionary blockage of agricultural biotechnology Abstract: Austria has interpreted the precautionary principle and Directive 90/220 in a more stringent way than other EU member states. It continues to ban the import of Bt maize despite the Commission’s recurrent warnings. The Austrian standard of GMO risk assessment emphasizes a broad definition of adverse effects beyond a purely technical account of risk, including effects of agricultural practices. Boundaries between plant, seed, food, and feed assessments tend to blur. It asks implicitly for the demonstration of safety and uses organic farming as a normative reference point. The understanding of precaution goes beyond the Danish approach in extensively interpreting the scope of Directive 90/220. This policy originated from the Environment Agency (UBA) and developed out of the division of labour among government agencies. It is in line with the inherent paternalism of Austrian governance as well as with Austrian public sensitivities concerning organic agriculture and food. When public opinion turned hostile to agricultural biotechnology, the Austrian standard became entrenched and led to Austria’s initially lone stance among EU member states. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 209-217 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043071 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043071 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:209-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MarionBernhard Dreyer Author-X-Name-First: MarionBernhard Author-X-Name-Last: Dreyer Author-Name: Bernhard Gill Author-X-Name-First: Bernhard Author-X-Name-Last: Gill Title: Germany: ‘élite precaution’ alongside continued public opposition Abstract: Germany is the EU member state with the most difficult situation (besides Austria) for marketing genetically modified (GM) crops and food. At the same time, it shows the least administrative effort to respond to the reasons for this situation -- public suspicion and protest. Regulators advocate specific precaution-related measures, including marketstage monitoring; these measures, however, do not relate to the primary demands of critics and opponents. The administration’s claim to prioritize scientific evidence over politics constructs the administration and the public as two separate worlds without real mediation. This conflicts with the ever-growing demands for public participation. Participation in a broader sense, however, is not dependent on formal opportunities. In this conflict, NGOs bring up issues of democracy, transparency and precaution through public mobilization. This strategy results in an anticipated consumer boycott and thereby a commercial blockage of GM products. These dynamics can be analysed as ‘reflexive modernization’, which implies greater public aversion to externally imposed risks. The politico-administrative system responds with a legalistic--scientistic approach in order to increase safety but without participatory measures to overcome predictive uncertainty and value conflicts. Environmental and consumer protest has led the technology providers to revise their political strategies in the biotechnology conflict. Thus, in Germany reflexive modernization takes place without reflexive politics. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 219-226 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043080 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:219-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jesper Toft Author-X-Name-First: Jesper Author-X-Name-Last: Toft Title: Denmark: potential polarization or consensus? Abstract: In Denmark the political debate about genetically modified products continued more forcefully when the first GM food reached the market in 1997. The focus of the political debate shifted to the commercial stage; more significant NGOs entered the debate; new forms of activism emerged. They challenged the adequacy of the Danish precautionary approach. This debate led to further conflicts -- focusing on broad concerns about risk, sustainability, ethics and value judgements. These concerns lay beyond the regulatory expertise, which has treated risk in a more narrow biophysical sense. Consequently, a former national consensus has been weakened by a new polarization. In response, the Minister for Environment has taken initiatives beyond the safety regulation: industry accepted a voluntary agreement that only GM fodder beet would be grown on a large scale in Denmark in 1999. Danish retailers made an agreement to accept GM foods only if they were labelled according to the process-based criteria of the former Danish regulation. Thus the polarized public debate has not affected basic regulatory assumptions about risk, but it has influenced initiatives outside the formal regulatory space. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 227-235 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043099 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:227-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oliver Todt Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Todt Author-Name: José Luis Luj Author-X-Name-First: José Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Luj Title: Spain: commercialization drives public debate and precaution Abstract: Since the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops and foods in Spain in 1996, these products have become a topic of public concern and conflict. Several important social protagonists from science, industry and civil society have become involved in the public debate. The conflicts have influenced the regulation, improving its precautionary content, in response to social pressures in Spain and elsewhere in Europe. As Spain has become the primary cultivator of GM crops in the European Union, commercial cultivation there has been scientifically monitored for possible long-term environmental effects. Regulators have also asked industry to cease using antibiotic-resistant marker genes (ARMs). The expert advisory body of the regulatory process, composed exclusively of scientific experts and members of the public administration, has become a de facto policy maker. This body takes an ambiguous precautionary stand in decisions about authorizing field trials as well as products. It recommends more studies on the environmental effects of GM crops, without necessarily claiming that these studies would be essential for decision making on authorizations. Thus the meaning of precaution is being established through regulatory practice, whereby the expert body shows sensitivity to the public debate and to NGO pressures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 237-245 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:237-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexis Roy Author-X-Name-First: Alexis Author-X-Name-Last: Roy Author-Name: Pierre-Benoit Joly Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Joly Title: France: broadening precautionary expertise? Abstract: Since 1997 France has had an intensified public controversy about the commercialization of GM crops. As new protagonists have entered the debate and raised new issues with the experts, the uncertainties (related to agronomic, environmental and human health consequences) have tended to increase and the previous standards of precaution have been challenged as inadequate. Public controversy has focused on the inability of the regulatory advisors to take into account scientific studies from disciplines other than molecular biology (such as ecology), as well as the agricultural model that underlies plant biotechnology. In response, the French government has begun to open up the regulatory process in order to involve citizens, NGOs and scientists within the official expert structures. Indeed, the French committee for biovigilance was set up in 1998 to provide a wide participation of the various stakeholders. Thus the French public controversy becomes a space where plant biotechnology is subjected to a social assessment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 247-254 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043116 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:247-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Motherway Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Motherway Title: Ireland: contested precaution and challenged institutions Abstract: Irish policy on GMOs has generally cited precaution as its basis, although the official responses to marketing applications demonstrate a generally favourable attitude towards the technology. The official policy assumes that the current safety regulation can ensure that products reaching the market are safe, and that consumers can make their own ethical and political choices regarding GMOs, facilitated by full labelling of such products and ingredients. This view has been made more explicit with recent official statements. A national consultation process resulted in a report which strongly favours GM technology, but the whole process has been questioned by critics of GM crops. Many disagreements remain, particularly around the range of issues open to discussion. Many actors and organisations opposed to GMOs argue that the debate has been too narrowly focused on scientific aspects of health and environmental protection; they attempt to widen the scope to include other aspects, such as political and ethical concerns. This effort challenges the mediating institutions and their capacity to regulate an issue which involves uncertainty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 255-260 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043125 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:255-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Les Levidow Author-X-Name-First: Les Author-X-Name-Last: Levidow Author-Name: Susan Carr Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Title: UK: precautionary commercialization? Abstract: As genetically modified (GM) products approach the market stage, the UK government and agro-food industry have faced a suspicious or hostile public. Since 1998 many retail chains have undertaken to exclude any GM-derived ingredients from their own-brand lines. This commercial blockage has intensified pressures for greater precaution, even for a moratorium on cultivating GM crops. Political protest has led to strategies for precautionary commercialization. Government and industry have cooperated to plan a ‘managed development’ of GM crops. Across the agricultural supply chain, industry has devised voluntary guidelines to ensure segregation of GM crops and to limit the spread of GM herbicide-tolerance. In particular UK regulators seek to test the risk that broad-spectrum herbicide sprays could damage wildlife habitats; they have broadened the advisory expertise accordingly. These measures open up the precautionary content to further debate, at both national and EU levels. Market-stage precautions establish a means to test claims that GM crops are environmentally-friendly products. By translating public concerns into broader risk-assessment criteria, the UK procedure involves critics in potentially influencing standards of scientific evidence and environmental harm. This social process has become a prerequisite for legitimizing commercial use. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 261-270 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:261-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patricia Ahl Goy Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Ahl Author-X-Name-Last: Goy Title: GM crops -- opportunities for environmental and consumer benefits Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 271-272 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:271-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim O'Riordan Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: O'Riordan Title: GM crops -- civic science through partnership? Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 273-275 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:273-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheila Jasanoff Author-X-Name-First: Sheila Author-X-Name-Last: Jasanoff Title: Between risk and precaution -- reassessing the future of GM crops Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 277-282 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:277-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gill Lacroix Author-X-Name-First: Gill Author-X-Name-Last: Lacroix Title: GMOs -- civil society will decide Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 283-285 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043170 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:283-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lennart Sjoberg Author-X-Name-First: Lennart Author-X-Name-Last: Sjoberg Title: Consequences matter, ‘risk’ is marginal Abstract: Critical comments by Palm and Slovic on a previous article of mine (L. Sjöberg, Consequences of perceived risk: demand for mitigation, Journal of Risk Research 2, 129--149) are discussed. Palm’s arguments are largely based on misreading of my article, and her own studies, which she described in detail, are largely irrelevant in the present discussion. Slovic’s arguments are met by pointing out that the many references he cites in favour of his standpoint are mostly quite misleading and irrelevant. Furthermore, I present two new studies where the riskiness of activities was investigated, as well as the risk of unwanted events caused by such activities. All results very clearly support the conclusion that seriousness of consequences is a more important determinant of demand for risk mitigation than risk or probability of unwanted events, or riskiness of activities that can lead to such events. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 287-295 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050043189 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050043189 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:3:p:287-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim O'Riordan Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: O'Riordan Title: Commentary: The morality of managing risk ­ Perri 6 Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 297-299 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050132513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050132513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:4:p:297-299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Perri Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Perri Title: Commentary: Morality and workability ­ a rejoinder to O'Riordan Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 301-304 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050132522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050132522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:4:p:301-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James K Hammitt Author-X-Name-First: James K Author-X-Name-Last: Hammitt Author-Name: Jin-Tan Liu Author-X-Name-First: Jin-Tan Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Wen-Ching KLin Author-X-Name-First: Wen-Ching Author-X-Name-Last: KLin Title: Sensitivity of willingness to pay to the magnitude of risk reduction: a Taiwan­United States comparison Abstract: Estimates of willingness to pay (WTP) for health, environmental, and other goods obtained using contingent valuation (CV) have been criticized as inadequately sensitive to the scope or magnitude of the good. We investigate the sensitivity of WTP to variation in the magnitude of reductions in health risk using survey data collected in two countries, Taiwan and the United States, that differ dramatically with respect to economic development and cultural background. WTP is elicited for reductions in acute risks associated with food poisoning and blood transfusion, and for reductions in the chronic risk of pneumonia at advanced ages. Results are similar in the two countries and provide little evidence that CV-based estimates are sufficiently sensitive to the magnitude of the risk reduction. Inadequate sensitivity of estimated WTP to the magnitude of risk reduction suggests that improved methods are required for estimating consumers' rates of substitution between health risk and other goods. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 305-320 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050132531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050132531 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:4:p:305-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yong-Jin Cha Author-X-Name-First: Yong-Jin Author-X-Name-Last: Cha Title: Risk perception in Korea: a comparison with Japan and the United States Abstract: Using a psychometric paradigm, this study examines cross-cultural similarities and differences in the risk perceptions of three samples (Korea, Japan and the United States), through a comparison of 70 environmental risks. The results show that the three samples have a similar two-factor structure and two higher order factors ­ 'dread risk' and 'unknown risk' ­ structure risk perceptions of the 70 risks. The results also indicate that differences in the perceptions of specific risks are significant. Speculations for these differences are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 321-332 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050132540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050132540 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:4:p:321-332 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kimberly M Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Kimberly M Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Diane L Bloom Author-X-Name-First: Diane L Author-X-Name-Last: Bloom Title: Communication of risk assessment information to risk managers Abstract: This article describes the results of a two-phase study of risk communication between risk assessors and risk managers (including policy makers). The first phase consisted of telephone interviews with 30 air quality risk managers from all levels (18 from local, state, and regional offices, and 12 from national offices). The second phase involved a focus group with 11 senior EPA risk managers representing a broad range of EPA national offices and programmes. The two-hour focus group elicited responses from the risk managers to specific examples of videotaped risk information created by agency risk assessors. The risk managers indicated their interests in hearing both qualitative and quantitative information about risk and emphasized the importance of discussing other information about the decision context. Similar responses to the videotaped risk information were elicited from a class of students at the Harvard School of Public Health. This exploratory work suggests that to better inform risk managers, risk assessors must also appreciate and present the broader context of the decision, and they must convey how uncertainties and weaknesses in the assessment may influence stakeholder perceptions of risk and the effectiveness of different risk management options. Further research on how to communicate risk information to risk managers is recommended. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 333-352 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050132559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050132559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:4:p:333-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lennart Sjöberg Author-X-Name-First: Lennart Author-X-Name-Last: Sjöberg Title: Perceived risk and tampering with nature Abstract: It is proposed that risk perception is partly driven by notions of what is seen as unnatural and immoral activities of modern technology, e.g. nuclear technology. The dimension of tampering with nature is found, in two large-scale survey studies of the general public and, in one case, of politicians involved in the environmental field, to be an important predictor of perceived risk. In one study, the perceived risk of nuclear waste was investigated, and in the other the perceived risk of a potential nuclear disaster of the Chernobyl kind. It was found that tampering with nature was a much stronger predictor of perceived risk than the traditional psychometric model dimensions, and that it absorbed most or all of the predictive power of these dimensions when entered in a common regression equation. Policy implications of these findings are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 353-367 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050132568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050132568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:4:p:353-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Title: Review Essay: Crowd Risks at Sporting Events — Accountability in Theory and Practice Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 368-373 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870050132577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870050132577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:4:p:368-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael D. Rogers Author-X-Name-First: Michael D. Author-X-Name-Last: Rogers Title: Scientific and technological uncertainty, the precautionary principle, scenarios and risk management Abstract: Uncertainty, the precautionary principle and scenario are three important concepts in current regulatory debates concerned with risk management. In this paper, each concept is described in relation to its regulatory context and a linkage between the three concepts is established. Three scenarios relating to increasing scientific and technical uncertainty are presented. The most obvious regulatory approach to uncertainty is to ban a product, process or substance under the aegis of the precautionary principle. However, this may not be appropriate in all cases and a range of other possible policy responses to uncertainty are discussed and avenues for further research suggested. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-15 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698701455997 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698701455997 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:1-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B.R. Orton Author-X-Name-First: B.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Orton Author-Name: L. Sjöberg Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Sjöberg Author-Name: J. Jung Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Jung Author-Name: D. ürge-Vorsatz Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: ürge-Vorsatz Author-Name: M. Tamássyné-Bíró Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Tamássyné-Bíró Title: Risk perception by industrial radiographers: Hungary and the UK compared Abstract: Perceptions of risks from two groups of industrial radiographers, one from Hungary, (n = 45) and from the United Kingdom, (n = 29) were compared by the psychometric method. The comparison was made because both groups were at risk for high doses of ionizing radiation. We found the groups had similar demographic profiles but poor socio-economic conditions of Hungarians were associated with higher levels of emotional distress. Correlation HU-UK for personal and general risks were at a significant level for topics that included lifestyle and radiation risks. Perceptions of risks from radiation were small except for large personal risk from East European nuclear power plants. Knowledge of radiation risk intranationally was correlated positively with personal risk for UK radiographers and negatively for Hungarians. However, average overall risk perceptions from the same topic list for all radiographers did not differ significantly from a group (n = 1461) of UK citizens, though radiographer's risks from radiation were considerably greater. As a new lifesaving intervention it was proposed that radiation risk reduction could be achieved by genetic testing. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 17-29 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698701456004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698701456004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:17-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Love Ekenberg Author-X-Name-First: Love Author-X-Name-Last: Ekenberg Author-Name: Magnus Boman Author-X-Name-First: Magnus Author-X-Name-Last: Boman Author-Name: Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer Author-X-Name-First: Joanne Author-X-Name-Last: Linnerooth-Bayer Title: General risk constraints Abstract: The risk evaluation process is integrated with procedures for handling vague and numerically imprecise probabilities and utilities. A body of empirical evidence has shown that many managers would welcome new ways of highlighting catastrophic consequences, as well as means to evaluate decision situations involving high risks. When events occur frequently and their consequences are not severe, it is relatively simple to calculate the risk exposure of an organization, as well as a reasonable premium when an insurance transaction is made, relying on variations of the principle of maximizing the expected utility. When, on the other hand, the frequency of damages is low, the situation is considerably more difficult, especially if catastrophic events may occur. When the quality of estimates is poor, e.g. when evaluating low-probability/highconsequence risks, the customary use of quantitative rules together with unrealistically precise data could be harmful as well as misleading. We point out some problematic features of evaluations performed using utility theory and criticize the demand for precise data in situations where none is available. As an alternative to traditional models, we suggest a method that allows for interval statements and comparisons, which does not require the use of numerically precise statements of probability, cost, or utility in a general sense. In order to attain a reasonable level of security, and because it has been shown that managers tend to focus on large negative losses, it is argued that a risk constraint should be imposed on the analysis. The strategies are evaluated relative to a set of such constraints considering how risky the strategies are. The shortcomings of utility theory can in part be compensated for by the introduction of risk constraints. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 31-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698701456013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698701456013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:31-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David E. Burmaster Author-X-Name-First: David E. Author-X-Name-Last: Burmaster Author-Name: Kimberly M. Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Kimberly M. Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Title: Fitting a second-order parametric distribution conditioned on an explanatory variable using maximum likelihood estimation Abstract: We show how to use the method of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to fit a second-order parametric distribution conditioned on a single explanatory variable to data. To illustrate the method, we demonstrate how a second-order log-normal distribution, conditioned on the population served, can model the variability and the parametric uncertainty in data collected by the US Environmental Protection Agency for the concentration of radon 222 in drinking water supplied from ground water, even though 28% of the data fall at or below the minimum reporting level. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 49-62 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698701456022 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698701456022 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:49-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Felix Neto Author-X-Name-First: Felix Author-X-Name-Last: Neto Author-Name: Etienne Mullet Author-X-Name-First: Etienne Author-X-Name-Last: Mullet Title: Societal risks as seen by Chinese students living in Macao Abstract: The present study reports on mean risk magnitude judgements expressed by Chinese students living in Macao on 87 hazardous activities, substances and technologies. These judgements were compared with findings on African, American and European samples. Despite high similarity in mean results, standard deviations, and linear correlation with the other countries, Macao appears to be the country in which the level of risk perception was clearly the highest, and this seems largely due to five items connected with violence and crime. These results are explained by the exceptionally high level of crime in Macao and its crude display by the local media. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 63-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698701456031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698701456031 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:63-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lennart Sjöberg Author-X-Name-First: Lennart Author-X-Name-Last: Sjöberg Author-Name: Britt-Marie Drottz-Sjöberg Author-X-Name-First: Britt-Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Drottz-Sjöberg Title: Fairness, risk and risk tolerance in the siting of a nuclear waste repository Abstract: In this paper, risk tolerance with regard to nuclear waste is investigated. It is shown that Swedish respondents did not readily accept a local high-level nuclear waste repository, contrary to claims based on polling data. The important role played in Sweden by misleading survey questions is pointed out and demonstrated on empirical data where formulations and procedures are varied. The acceptance of a local repository (measured as intention to vote in its favour in a local referendum) could not be explained well by a cost-benefit approach, neither by an individual risk perception model. Concern about the local community was an important determinant, however, and so were moral aspects. When these aspects were included in a model, about 60% of the variance of risk perception and risk acceptance was accounted for. Cultural Theory scale items, however, added virtually nothing to the explanatory power of the models. In further analyses, NIMBY respondents were identified, defined here as people who rejected a local repository in spite of having acknowledged substantial utility of nuclear power. NlMBYs constituted, however, only a small minority of all opposition to a local repository. Few respondents stated that they would accept a local repository if they were to be given financial compensation. This fact may be related to nuclear power issues being conceived as general, rather than personal, matters. Those who saw it as a politically important issue also conceived of it in general rather than personal terms. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 75-101 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698701456040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698701456040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:75-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John D. Graham Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Title: Decision-analytic refinements of the precautionary principle Abstract: In public decision making about uncertain technological hazards, the precautionary principle calls for prompt protective action rather than delay of protections until scientific uncertainty is resolved. The precautionary principle has a sound basis in decision theory, particularly in situations where the potential hazards are serious and the costs of protective actions are tolerable. This article suggests that the precautionary principle should be refined to address three complications: (1) situations where the exposures to be reduced or prevented may have beneficial as well as hazardous consequences; (2) situations where the protective action itself will create potential hazards; and (3) situations where targeted research investments, coupled with delay of protective action, are likely to support wiser public decisions than prompt protective action. Each of these complications is shown to be relevant to contemporary policy debates about application of the precautionary principle. The usefulness of the precautionary principle in public decision making will be enhanced if these decision-analytic refinements are adopted in formal definitions of the principle. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 127-141 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870010005590 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870010005590 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:2:p:127-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joyce Tait Author-X-Name-First: Joyce Author-X-Name-Last: Tait Title: More Faust than Frankenstein: the European debate about the precautionary principle and risk regulation for genetically modified crops Abstract: This paper analyses the range of risk-related problems that have arisen over the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops and food products in the context of the adoption of the precautionary principle (PP) in Europe. Adoption of the PP was intended to avoid some of the environmental problems that arose from the earlier reactive/preventive regulatory system developed for pesticides and also to encourage public acceptance of the new technology but is failing to achieve either of these aims. It is argued that a distinction needs to be made between interest-based and ethical or valuebased responses to risk issues and different approaches to conflict resolution are needed in each case. The PP can be seen as having allowed ethical and value-based concerns to have a new role in risk debates in contexts where they were previously excluded. Despite journalistic references to 'Frankenstein foods' the major protagonists in the debate about GM crops and foods are more concerned about the Faustian bargain which puts science, technology and the industries that increasingly control them in charge of world food production systems. Rather than abandoning the PP, as has been suggested by some risk analysts, a more balanced approach to incorporating it into risk regulation, coupled to balanced skepticism about the motivations of stakeholders, is outlined as a starting point to break into the current escalating cycle of conflict while also meeting the needs of modern industrial societies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 175-189 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870010027640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870010027640 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:2:p:175-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ralph L. Keeney Author-X-Name-First: Ralph L. Author-X-Name-Last: Keeney Author-Name: Detlof Von Winterfeldt Author-X-Name-First: Detlof Von Author-X-Name-Last: Winterfeldt Title: Appraising the precautionary principle -- a decision analysis perspective Abstract: The public and regulators are naturally concerned about any decision that has uncertain but potentially serious health and environmental consequences. When facing such decisions, some individuals say we should resolve significant uncertainties before taking expensive action that may be unnecessary. Others support the precautionary principle, which says that policy makers should err on the side of caution by acting now to avoid or limit potentially detrimental consequences. This paper appraises the precautionary principle from a perspective decision analytic point of view. We argue that neither the 'resolve uncertainties before taking action' nor the 'act now on the side of caution' are appropriate as general policies for all environmental decision problems. Instead, we conclude that policy makers need to conduct sound, in-depth analyses to resolve the pros and cons of acting now versus conducting more research on a case-by-case basis. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 191-202 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870010027631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870010027631 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:2:p:191-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atsushi Takao Author-X-Name-First: Atsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Takao Author-Name: Mahito Okura Author-X-Name-First: Mahito Author-X-Name-Last: Okura Title: An experimental approach to the effectiveness of an incentive system against moral hazard in the insurance market Abstract: Although traditional Japanese insurance theory has tended to assume the basic altruism of policyholders, this assumption may not be warranted. Many people might be opportunists rather than altruists. So in the actual insurance market, moral hazard may occur not accidentally but naturally. Without effective incentive mechanisms, policyholders may deviate from their original purpose. It is important to design penalties as negative incentives for the control and prevention of moral hazard. We test these propositions here by means of a game theory and questionnaire. The reason why we use a game theory and carry out the questionnaire is that it is not suitable to apply the econometric model to collect reliable data about moral hazard. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 291-301 Issue: 3 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870010004960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870010004960 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:3:p:291-301 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Glynis M. Breakwell Author-X-Name-First: Glynis M. Author-X-Name-Last: Breakwell Title: GUEST EDITORIAL: Risk Communication in the workplace: factors influencing efficacy Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 307-308 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110062703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110062703 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:4:p:307-308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent C. Conzola Author-X-Name-First: Vincent C. Author-X-Name-Last: Conzola Author-Name: Michael S. Wogalter Author-X-Name-First: Michael S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wogalter Title: A Communication--Human Information Processing (C--HIP) approach to warning effectiveness in the workplace Abstract: Warnings are one of several hazard control methods used to protect employees and property against danger and loss. This article surveys a set of factors known to influence the effectiveness of workplace warnings. The description of empirical research is organized around a communication--human information processing (C--HIP) model. The model begins with a source entity attempting to relay a warning message through one or more media/sensory channels to one or more receivers. At the receiver, processing begins when attention is switched to the warning message and then maintained while information is extracted. Processing continues through the successive stages of comprehension, beliefs and attitudes, motivation, and ends with compliance behaviour. Any of these stages can be a bottleneck that causes processing to stop, diminishing the effectiveness of the warning. The factors that are influential at each stage are described. The C--HIP model provides a structure to systematically examine factors that can cause risk communication to fail and for finding ways to improve risk communication in the workplace. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 309-322 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110062712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110062712 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:4:p:309-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eamonn Ferguson Author-X-Name-First: Eamonn Author-X-Name-Last: Ferguson Title: The roles of contextual moderation and personality in relation to the knowledge--risk link in the workplace Abstract: While hypothesized, a consistent association between knowledge about a hazard and the estimation of risk associated with that hazard has not been found. Risk communication is premised on the fact that knowledge about a hazard (information) will change people's perceptions of risk and behaviour. In this review methodological and theoretical factors that might account for this lack of consistent association are explored. In this context issues to do with the measurement and assessment of hazard knowledge, knowledge calibration, and the role of context as a moderator are explored. It is argued that contextual factors moderate the knowledge--risk link, with this link being stronger in less controllable, ambiguous contexts. Further this review asks: How can messages be framed (using prospect theory) so as to be more effective in the work place? It is argued that messages framed as gains should be more useful for prevention behaviours (e.g. wearing ear guards) and messages framed as losses should be more effective for detection behaviours (using radiation meters). Finally, the role of personality (e.g. need for cognition, typical intellectual engagement, and self-esteem) in relation to knowledge about a hazard, message framing and risk perception is discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 323-340 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110062721 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110062721 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:4:p:323-340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Glynis M. Breakwell Author-X-Name-First: Glynis M. Author-X-Name-Last: Breakwell Title: Mental models and social representations of hazards: the significance of identity processes Abstract: This article examines the social influence processes that underpin the development of individual mental models of hazards and analyses the role that identity processes play in determining the nature and plasticity of the representations of risk that an individual will employ. It outlines the nature of the mental models approach (Morgan, Fischhoff, Bostrom and Atman, in press) to developing interventions in risk communication. It describes how social representations theory (Moscovici, 1988) can be used to account for the genesis and maintenance of a mental model of a hazard. In doing so, it is argued that mental models of hazards are social constructions, serving identifiable social purposes for the subculture in which they are elaborated, and that they are generally shared by the members of that subculture. However, within a group or subculture, there will be some individual variation in access to and use of a mental model of a hazard. It is suggested here that these variations are largely predictable on the basis of identity processes (Breakwell, in press). The implications of this analysis for risk communication strategies is explored. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 341-351 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110062730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110062730 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:4:p:341-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel C. Kovacs Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kovacs Author-Name: Baruch Fischhoff Author-X-Name-First: Baruch Author-X-Name-Last: Fischhoff Author-Name: Mitchell J. Small Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell J. Author-X-Name-Last: Small Title: Perceptions of PCE use by dry cleaners and dry cleaning customers Abstract: Recent studies by consumer and environmental groups have raised questions about Perchloroethylene (PCE) used by over 85% of the commercial dry cleaners in the United States, but classified as a possible or probable carcinogen. Many environmentalists favour replacing PCE dry cleaning with alternative, chlorine-free processes currently under development. However, even if these alternatives eventually provide adequate replacements, some time will be needed to convert technologies in an industry that is dominated by small, family-run businesses. This study examines the possibility of reducing PCE exposure with existing technology, through provision of information aimed at changing dry cleaner and customer behaviour. Dry cleaning customers and dry cleaning store owners and operators were interviewed to identify their mental models of how PCE risks are created and controlled. The interviews with dry cleaning customers revealed little awareness of concerns about PCE. Because few understood the actual dry cleaning process, customers had difficulty understanding the nature of the concern and methods of protecting themselves (other than dry cleaning their clothes less frequently). They did seem to understand, though, that dry cleaning is a chemical process and that some concerns probably exist. The interviews with dry cleaners revealed a much greater level of awareness of concerns and a wide range of related opinions. Most deny that such concerns should be given credence. However, their justifications often rely on anecdotal evidence and incomplete or incorrect assumptions. Most did acknowledge that more advanced technology, economic incentives, and current regulations provide appropriate opportunity and motivation for responsible business practices that minimize or reduce exposure. A communication strategy is derived from these results, relying on dry cleaner and dry cleaning customer education. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 353-375 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987010062749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987010062749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:4:p:353-375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kathryn Mearns Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Mearns Author-Name: Rhona Flin Author-X-Name-First: Rhona Author-X-Name-Last: Flin Author-Name: Paul O'Connor Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: O'Connor Title: Sharing 'worlds of risk'; improving communication with crew resource management Abstract: In recent years, increasing emphasis has been placed on the role of context and culture in shaping both the perception and experience of risk. Evidence from a number of industrial psychology studies indicates that workers' perceptions of risk are influenced by the context and culture of their work environment, leading to different 'worlds of risk' between professional groups and levels of seniority within the work organization. If perception of risk and safety is not a unified phenomenon within organizational settings, how does one achieve the ' shared attitudes, perceptions and beliefs with respect to risk and safety' which are considered fundamental to the development and propagation of a good safety culture? Safety is a dynamic phenomenon that requires continual monitoring from a number of different perspectives in order to prevent incidents. Within the work environment, the ability to communicate to others about potential hazards and the ability to take cognisance of such warnings is fundamental for controlling risks. Professional and social barriers, however, can often prevent such a positive state being achieved. This paper outlines the evidence for the existence of safety subcultures in organizational settings and how conflict and misunderstandings between individuals and teams can lead to accidents and incidents. It is proposed that a type of human factors training (Crew Resource Management), first developed in the aviation industry and now expanded to other domains, may play an important role in improving industrial safety by teaching relevant skills such as communication, leadership, team-working, personal limitations and decision making. CRM may help to break down the barriers that exist between subcultures, allowing personnel with different perspectives on the work situation to share information and work together as a team to resolve problems. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 377-392 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110063225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110063225 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:4:p:377-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TorbjØrn Rundmo Author-X-Name-First: TorbjØrn Author-X-Name-Last: Rundmo Title: Employee images of risk Abstract: Risk perception and risk judgements are interesting because they may influence behaviour as well as decision making related to hazards. Risk perception consists of a rational as well as an emotional component. In the present study the rational and affective components of perceived risk were measured separately and the hypothesis that they may be related differently to risk behaviour was tested. In 1997 and 1998 a self-completion questionnaire survey was carried out among employees at 14 plants within the industrial company Norsk Hydro. The plants belonged to several divisions within the company. A total of 814 respondents replied to the questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was used to test models aimed at determining the relations between risk perception and behaviour. The affective component of risk perception and risk behaviour was found to be independent variables. The rational component seemed to have a significant, however small, effect on behaviour. Acceptability of rule violations was the most important predictor, probably because acceptability also was associated with how often the respondents took chances and broke safety rules. The models explained about 50 per cent of the variance in risk behaviour. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 393-404 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698701100653259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698701100653259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:4:p:393-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wolfgang Kröger Author-X-Name-First: Wolfgang Author-X-Name-Last: Kröger Title: Dealing with risks and safety of technical systems -- need for a new commission? Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 405-410 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/713775118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/713775118 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:4:p:405-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yannick Barthe Author-X-Name-First: Yannick Author-X-Name-Last: Barthe Author-Name: Claire Mays Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Mays Title: Communication and information in France's underground laboratory siting process: clarity of procedure, ambivalence of effects Abstract: France is engaged in an innovative research programme for the management of high level radioactive wastes. The programme is framed by a national law (Waste Act of 30 December 1991) that seeks to guarantee 'permanent democratic control' of an open process. At least two underground laboratories are required by this Act in order to test the feasibility of a permanent deep repository. This study, performed in 1996--97, centres on the candidate evaluation phase of laboratory site search. Public information and communication practices by the national radioactive waste management agency, Andra, are examined. Agency information efforts appear to fit well with a strategy of insertion into the local context, including methods to rally potential allies inlocal officials. The study also examines the activities of local information commissions (LICs) created by law on each of three candidate sites, and reviews arguments by opponents to the RhÔne Valley site proposal. The LICs are judged highly institutionalized, thereby missing an opportunity to foster a true public forum and solution-seeking debate. Opponents' discourse is seen to centre on the danger of regional stigmatization, with concern for mid-term economic losses. The communication process overall is characterized by institutional attempts to channel and contain controversy. Counter plays by other stakeholders illustrate the broad spectrum of risk definitions associated today with radioactive waste. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 411-430 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110051534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110051534 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:4:p:411-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Perri Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Perri Title: Review Essay: Can there be a unified science of fear? Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 431-445 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110037729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110037729 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:4:y:2001:i:4:p:431-445 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Title: EDITORIAL Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110062703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110062703 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:1:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liz Falconer Author-X-Name-First: Liz Author-X-Name-Last: Falconer Title: Management decision-making relating to occupational risks: the role of 'grey data' Abstract: This paper reports upon the findings of pilot work research being carried out with the collaboration of a large employer in the UK construction sector. The term 'grey data' is introduced and defined and a pilot grey data review relating to occupational injury risks is described. The results are used as the basis for a preliminary investigation into the utility of grey data in management decision-making relating to occupational risks. Nine factors are identified as important to the managers, these factors falling into two groups, viz. role considerations and subject considerations. It is recommended that future research might investigate the relative importance of these two groups of factors to managers, specifically in relation to occupational risk decision-making. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 23-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870010011449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870010011449 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:1:p:23-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan M. Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: Jan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Author-Name: MargÔt Kuttschreuter Author-X-Name-First: MargÔt Author-X-Name-Last: Kuttschreuter Title: The role of expertise in risk communication: laypeople's and expert's perception of the millennium bug risk in The Netherlands Abstract: This paper focuses on the discussion of the role of expertise in risk communication. It describes empirical data on the risks posed by the Millennium bug in 1999 in the Netherlands. The study systematically examined the risk perception of both general public and computer experts with respect to the Millennium bug, assessing a potential discrepancy between the layman's and the expert's judgement, as has been observed in other risk areas. Two surveys were fielded, the first aimed at a random sample of the Dutch population ( n = 253), the second at a sample of computer experts ( n = 91). Results indicated that respondents did not perceive the Millennium bug to be a major threat. However, laypeople worried more, did see the issue as more personally risky, and did think the level of public awareness was higher than experts did. Computer experts felt more capable of taking mitigating actions than laypeople, and were more convinced that these actions were adequate. The implications of these findings for the role of expertise in risk communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 35-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870010029639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870010029639 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:1:p:35-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dongo Rémi Kouabenan Author-X-Name-First: Dongo Rémi Author-X-Name-Last: Kouabenan Title: Occupation, driving experience, and risk and accident perception Abstract: A study on risk perception and causal explanations of road accidents was conducted on 553 subjects with various kinds of experience and knowledge about traffic and automobile driving. Accident and risk perception was studied by means of three independent variables: the subjects' occupation, driving experience, and accident history. The results showed that all categories of subjects were inclined to overestimate the threat represented by the risk of a road accident. Furthermore, all subjects tended to make more external causal attributions that defended their role in traffic safety and accident prevention. Experienced drivers, but also less experienced ones, exhibited a higher level of risk-taking than other subjects, and also made more external and fatalistic causal attributions. Finally, accident history does not seem to have a notable effect on accident and risk perception, but it does appear to result in more cautious behaviour. The findings are discussed in terms of their possible contribution to accident diagnosis and prevention. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 49-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110036577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110036577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:1:p:49-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gilles Heriard Dubreuil Author-X-Name-First: Gilles Heriard Author-X-Name-Last: Dubreuil Author-Name: G. Bengtsson Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Bengtsson Author-Name: P. H. Bourrelier Author-X-Name-First: P. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Bourrelier Author-Name: R. Foster Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Foster Author-Name: S. Gadbois Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Gadbois Author-Name: G. N. Kelly Author-X-Name-First: G. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Title: A report of TRUSTNET on risk governance--lessons learned Abstract: During the 1990s, the current regulatory frameworks and decision making processes in the European Union for hazardous activities such as nuclear and chemical waste management, hazardous industrial facilities, food production, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture and health care, were confronted at both national and local levels with significant difficulties in trying to meet the different concerns of the various categories of stakeholders involved. The TRUSTNET concerted action was established to assess these difficulties and their consequences and to propose more coherent, comprehensive and equitable approaches for evaluating, comparing and managing health and environmental risks. This paper presents the outcomes of this programme. A European network of some 80 participants was established comprising an interdisciplinary team of regulators, experts and stakeholders with experience of industrial, natural and medical risks. The participants identified the main challenges to the governance of hazardous activities on the basis of a detailed analysis of some 11 case studies, and determined criteria for assessing what can be considered as 'good' governance of hazardous activities. As a result of these investigations, an interdisciplinary model describing the available approaches to governance of hazardous activities is proposed in the form of two main paradigms: Top-Down Governance and Mutual Trust Governance. Using this model the difficulties encountered by current approaches to risk regulation are interpreted. The new perspective describes how the two paradigms can interact in the continuous social dynamic to allow the maintenance of social cohesion. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 83-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110039916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110039916 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:1:p:83-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuko Soma Author-X-Name-First: Yuko Author-X-Name-Last: Soma Author-Name: Hideko Sone Author-X-Name-First: Hideko Author-X-Name-Last: Sone Author-Name: Akiko Takahagi Author-X-Name-First: Akiko Author-X-Name-Last: Takahagi Author-Name: Kazuhiro Onizawa Author-X-Name-First: Kazuhiro Author-X-Name-Last: Onizawa Author-Name: Toyotoshi Ueda Author-X-Name-First: Toyotoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Ueda Author-Name: Satoshi Kobayashi Author-X-Name-First: Satoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Kobayashi Title: The influence of indoor air on personal exposure to volatile organic compounds and its risk estimation Abstract: This paper summarizes the results of personal exposure monitoring and estimates the risk from exposure to 18 volatile organic compounds compared with health criteria set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. In study 1, personal exposure levels and outdoor air concentrations were compared, and in study 2, personal exposure levels and the corresponding indoor air concentrations were compared. From these studies, it was concluded that personal exposure to volatile organic compounds depended markedly on indoor air quality and that handling of compounds increased personal exposure markedly. Risk estimations indicated that chloroform in tap water, benzene from cigarette smoke and p -dichlorobenzene from household insecticide needed caution. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 105-117 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698702753499588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698702753499588 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:2:p:105-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TorbjØrn Rundmo Author-X-Name-First: TorbjØrn Author-X-Name-Last: Rundmo Title: Associations between affect and risk perception Abstract: Risk perception research has been dominated by cognitive psychology as a theoretical basis for understanding how people perceive and judge risks. However, during the last few years the role of affect in risk perception has received increased attention. Potential hazards may cause worry and concern and, consequently, an affective component is involved. Affects are often assumed to be post-cognitive. The present study aims to test the hypothesis that an 'image of risk', i.e. affect, may precede cognitive judgement and need not always be a criterion variable. During the period 1996 to 1998 a questionnaire survey was carried out in Norway. In total 1450 respondents replied to the questionnaire. Structural equation modelling showed that the fit of the models of risk depended on the respondents' sex, education and the type of risks evaluated. In the majority of model tests the idea that an image of risk may predict the cognitive judgement of risk was supported. The study also identified two dimensions of affectivity. Cognitive judgements of risk seemed not be related to affectivity as such, but rather to one aspect of affect, i.e. worry and concern. Treating affectivity as one dimension may be a hindrance to detecting the real associations between general affect and cognitive risk judgements. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 119-135 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698702753499597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698702753499597 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:2:p:119-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Serge Sultan Author-X-Name-First: Serge Author-X-Name-Last: Sultan Author-Name: Catherine Bungener Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Bungener Author-Name: Anne Andronikof Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Andronikof Title: Individual psychology of risk-taking behaviours in non-adherence Abstract: This paper presents some theoretical considerations based on the theories of risk about non-adherence in the field of health care. Traditional models as the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action are presented and criticized. In order to enable the use of other theoretical frameworks, it is argued that non-adherence can be studied within the general frame of risk-taking. The behavioural decision theory is presented and it is argued that cognitive biases like unrealistic optimism play a major role in non-adherence as in risk-taking. It is also argued that these cognitive biases depend on self-related motivation factors. Results of a pilot study involving 16 patients are presented. These results only partly support the theoretical analysis and underline that it would be necessary to take mood factors into consideration in further research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 137-145 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110099802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110099802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:2:p:137-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susanne Rippl Author-X-Name-First: Susanne Author-X-Name-Last: Rippl Title: Cultural theory and risk perception: a proposal for a better measurement Abstract: In the 1980s, social and cultural perspectives become increasingly important in the field of risk research. In current empirical research on the influence of social and cultural factors on risk perception, the cultural theory (CT) of Douglas and Wildavsky ( Risk and Culture: An Essay on Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers , Berkeley: California University Press, 1982) is the most influential approach. In 1990 Dake introduced a measurement instrument that is used broadly in quantitative studies on cultural theory and risk. In the discussion of Dake's work, two questions have emerged as most controversial. First, can Douglas and Wildavsky's theoretical concept be tested on the basis of data obtained from individuals, as is done by Dake and many other authors? Second, does the instrument introduced by Dake ( Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 22, 61-82, 1991) show sufficient validity, in the sense that hypotheses which could be derived from CT hold true when Dake's scales are used? Both questions are addressed here. A new instrument and strategies to test the validity are introduced, which address criticisms of Dake's work. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 147-165 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110042598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110042598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:2:p:147-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Richard Eiser Author-X-Name-First: J. Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Eiser Author-Name: Neil S. Coulson Author-X-Name-First: Neil S. Author-X-Name-Last: Coulson Author-Name: Christine Eiser Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Eiser Title: Adolescents' perceptions of the costs and benefits of food additives and their presence in different foods Abstract: A questionnaire concerning the use of additives in foods was completed by 572 high school students aged 12-15 years. Participants recorded how often they ate each of 16 common foods, and rated the relative levels of colourings, flavourings, preservatives and traces of pesticides that each of these foods contained. They also rated the relative importance of eight reasons (e.g. taste, health) in their own food choices, and provided comparative evaluations of the concepts 'food with additives' and 'food without additives' in terms of these same eight attributes. Participants discriminated between the 16 foods in terms of the chemicals they believed they contained, but these estimates were unaffected by age or sex. When these estimates were weighted by participants' own reports of consumption, girls scored lower than boys on a measure of the assumed additive content of their own diet. Own additive consumption was significantly associated with ratings of reasons for food choice and comparisons of food with/without additives. However, the form of this association did not support standard expectancy-value formulations of attitude-behaviour relationships. Food with additives was seen overall as preferable in terms of ease of preparation and duration of freshness, but more problematic in terms of health and safety. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 167-176 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870010004979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870010004979 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:2:p:167-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Theil Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Theil Title: The role of translations of verbal into numerical probability expressions in risk management: a meta-analysis Abstract: Translations of verbal into numerical probability expressions play a central role in risk management, for instance when assessing risks or when choosing appropriate measures to handle them. Despite the fact that the issue of probability translations has been widely studied in the past, results have remained quite isolated. The present work sets out to provide a meta-analysis of previous work, focussing on the most frequently used expressions. It turns out that the numerical ratings for verbal expressions differ considerably between studies. Subsequent analysis is devoted to distances between the results and to differences in methodology. Although there is significant disagreement on which figure represents a particular verbal probability best, methodology was not found to be a decisive factor. The study clearly shows that there is no consensus about probability translations and that attempts to codify word-number-pairs come too early. For such general purposes, the present study helps to distinguish between similarly versus inconsistently rated expressions instead. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 177-186 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110038179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110038179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:2:p:177-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Esther Lukasiewicz Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Lukasiewicz Author-Name: Claude Fischler Author-X-Name-First: Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Fischler Author-Name: Michel Setbon Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Setbon Author-Name: Antoine Flahault Author-X-Name-First: Antoine Author-X-Name-Last: Flahault Title: French general practitioners didn't fear the millennium bug Abstract: A survey including 1358 French general practitioners was conducted in December 1999, to assess their own perception of the risks related to the millennium bug. Neither fear nor anxious behaviour was reported. Eighty-three per cent (558/671) didn't think that health risks were to be feared, as the millennium approached. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 191-194 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110073738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110073738 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:3:p:191-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Douglas J. Crawford-Brown Author-X-Name-First: Douglas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Crawford-Brown Author-Name: S. Cordier Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Cordier Author-Name: M. Creppy Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Creppy Author-Name: D. Parent-Massin Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent-Massin Author-Name: C. Marcaillou-Lebaut Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Marcaillou-Lebaut Title: Comparing carcinogenicity and acute toxicity for ingestion of the promoting agent okadaic acid Abstract: Okadaic acid (OA) is a promoting agent present in mussels and other shellfish. While denatured by cooking, ingestion of raw mussels can lead to intakes of OA. To date, countries such as France have relied on measures of acute toxicity in regulating residual concentrations of OA in mussels. Recently, the French Government has moved to consider the carcinogenic risk from OA in mussels to ensure that regulations based on acute toxicity are not allowing concentrations of OA that might induce significant risks of cancer. This paper explores the carcinogenic risk posed by ingestion of OA, using a model of the biokinetics of OA following ingestion and a model of the promoting effects of OA. Within the carcinogenicity model, OA alters the balance between rates of cell mitosis and death, allowing selective expanasion of colonies of cells initiated by background events. Results of this preliminary, conservative, study indicate that current regulations based on acute toxicity probably are protective of public health, including protection against the risk of cancer. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 195-209 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870010026281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870010026281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:3:p:195-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Vari Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Vari Title: Public involvement in flood risk management in Hungary Abstract: The increasing frequency and intensity of recent floods and their economic, social, and political impacts created a situation in Hungary where flood management strategies need urgent reconsideration. Research suggests that in the case of natural disasters of uncertain and changing character, public education, information, participation, and cooperation are particularly important tools for coping. Drawing on the data collected by two recent empirical studies, this paper investigates state-of-the-art public involvement in flood control activities in Hungary. Results of a questionnaire survey and a series of semistructured interviews conducted in three flood basins of the Tisza river indicate that although the highly centralized system of flood control, and especially its strong financial background, a characteristic of state socialism, has significantly weakened since the political transition, forms of public participation, which could reduce the risk by building on a more conscious and responsible attitude of the citizens, have not developed yet. Paternalist and elitist attitudes prevail on the part of the authorities, contributing to the passivity of the public. There are signs, however, that in certain places, local government leaders take responsibility for building communication networks to raise public awareness and mobilize the public more effectively. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 211-224 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110042606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110042606 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:3:p:211-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Williams Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: 'New security' risks and public educating: the significance of recent evolutionary brain science Abstract: The response to 'new security' risks requires significant changes in public behaviour, and the legitimization of unpopular government policies. Public Educating (public information/public education) is one means to achieve this. The need is reflected in initiatives such as environmental education, development education, health promotion, and the Public Understanding of Science. Current strategies are often based on commercial advertising, but mass communications theory does not directly encompass influencing perception , which is necessary to create awareness of the new 'invisible' risks. Recent evolutionary brain science is providing fresh and relevant insights into our species perception deficits, which can inform a more effective approach to Public Educating. This paper first places risk within the context of the post-Cold War 'global security' agenda. It proposes a theoretical framework - 'brain lag' - to explain perceptual deficits in relation to this agenda, which draws on theories of information, adaptation and denial, and an understanding of the human senses including time-scale-latency. Fundamental areas of evolutionary perception are proposed which are relevant across the agenda: fear and disgust, number perception, and cheating. This leads to a core concept for Public Educating about new security risks, 'enhanced difference', and a set of hypotheses that can be applied to text or image. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 225-248 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110048268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110048268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:3:p:225-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joakim Ramsberg Author-X-Name-First: Joakim Author-X-Name-Last: Ramsberg Title: When should expenditure per life saved vary? Abstract: Huge variations in expenditure per life saved have been documented in the USA, Sweden, and Japan. Using an original-position argument, this paper examines normative rationales that might permit departures from equalization of marginal lifesaving investments. The conclusion is that adjustment for identifiability, as reflected in strict benefit-cost analysis, is not justified yet adjustments for consideration of longevity, quality of life and productivity are compelling. It is less clear as to whether factors such as ability to pay, voluntariness and catastrophic potential should influence lifesaving expenditures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 249-263 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870210122705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870210122705 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:3:p:249-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hilde Iversen Author-X-Name-First: Hilde Author-X-Name-Last: Iversen Author-Name: TorbjØrn Rundmo Author-X-Name-First: TorbjØrn Author-X-Name-Last: Rundmo Title: Environmental concern and environmental behaviour among the Norwegian public Abstract: Current studies indicate that the most accurate predictor of actual buying behaviour is consumer attitudes (Glendon and McKenna, Human Safety and Risk Management , London: Chapman and Hall, 1995). This study seeks to investigate questions relating to the extent to which attitudes on safety and risk issues are critical to safety-related behaviour. The dispositional view of human behaviour implies behavioural consistency across different behaviours performed in different situations, as long as the behaviours are instances of the same underlying disposition. The present study tests this hypothesis in relation to health and environmental behaviour. Both direct and indirect effects are investigated. An additional aim was to test for gender differences as well as differences due to age and educational level. The results are based on survey data of a representative sample of the Norwegian population given self-completion questionnaires during the period 1997-98. A total of 1450 respondents replied to the questionnaire. Health attitudes and the Health Value Scale correlated strongly with health behaviour and environmental concern with environmental behaviour. Attitude towards illness prevention was important for both behavioural dimensions. Health behaviour influenced environmental behaviour in an indirect way, through health attitudes. The results imply that it can be useful to study dispositional concepts. When appropriately applied, they yield useful information. It is important to focus on specific attitudes and related specific behaviours in order to change behavioural practices. In addition, it seems possible to change environmental and consumer behaviour through changing health Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 265-279 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110115434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110115434 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:3:p:265-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Per Sandin Author-X-Name-First: Per Author-X-Name-Last: Sandin Author-Name: Martin Peterson Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Peterson Author-Name: Sven Ove Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sven Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Author-Name: Christina Rudén Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Rudén Author-Name: André Juthe Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Juthe Title: Five charges against the precautionary principle Abstract: We defend the precautionary principle against five common charges, namely that it is ill-defined, absolutist, and a value judgement, increases risk-taking, and marginalizes science. We argue, first, that the precautionary principle is, in principle, no more vague or ill-defined than other decision principles and like them it can be made precise through elaboration and practice. Second, the precautionary principle need not be absolutist in the way that has been claimed. A way to avoid this is through combining the precautionary principle with a specification of the degree of scientific evidence required to trigger precaution, and/or with some version of the de minimis rule. Third, the precautionary principle does not lead to increased risk-taking, unless the framing is too narrow, and then the same problem applies to other decision rules as well. Fourth, the precautionary principle is indeed value-based, but only to the same extent as other decision rules. Fifth and last, the precautionary principle is not unscientific other than in the weak sense of not being exclusively based on science. In that sense all decision rules are unscientific. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 287-299 Issue: 4 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870110073729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870110073729 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:4:p:287-299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mags D. Adams Author-X-Name-First: Mags D. Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Title: The precautionary principle and the rhetoric behind it Abstract: This paper is about understanding the rhetoric of precaution and the practice of decision-making in areas of environmental controversy. It untangles the rhetoric, as established in documented agreements referring to precaution, from the constituent ideas that embody it, as characterized by those who deliberate on its application. By analysing the ways in which the rhetoric of precaution is framed within these documents it is possible to identify different elements that make up the principle in theory. By focussing on the constituent ideas behind the precautionary principle it is possible to move forward from the stalemate of rhetoric that could become the focus of attention itself. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 301-316 Issue: 4 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870210139798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870210139798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:4:p:301-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan B. Wiener Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan B. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiener Author-Name: Michael D. Rogers Author-X-Name-First: Michael D. Author-X-Name-Last: Rogers Title: Comparing precaution in the United States and Europe Abstract: The regulation of health and environmental risks has generated transatlantic controversy concerning precaution and the precautionary principle (PP). Conventional wisdom sees the European Union endorsing the PP and proactively regulating uncertain risks, while the United States opposes the PP and waits for evidence of harm before regulating. Without favouring either approach, this paper critically analyses the conventional depiction of transatlantic divergence. First, it reviews several different versions of the PP and their different implications. Second, it broadens the transatlantic comparison of precaution beyond the typical focus on single-risk examples, such as genetically modified foods. Through case studies, including hormones in beef and milk production and mad cow disease in beef and in blood donations, as well as reference to a wider array of risks, the paper demonstrates that relative precaution varies enormously. Sometimes the EU is more precautionary than the US (such as regarding hormones in beef), while sometimes the US is more precautionary than the EU (such as regarding mad cow disease in blood). Thus, neither the EU nor the US can claim to be categorically 'more precautionary' than the other. The real pattern is complex and risk-specific. Third, the paper seeks explanations for this complex pattern in five sets of hypotheses: optimal tailoring on the merits, political systems, risk perceptions, trade protectionism, and legal systems. None of these hypotheses fully explains the observed complex pattern of relative transatlantic precaution. The paper concludes that differences in relative precaution depend more on the context of the particular risk than on broad differences in national regulatory regimes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 317-349 Issue: 4 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870210153684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870210153684 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:4:p:317-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Quirino Balzano Author-X-Name-First: Quirino Author-X-Name-Last: Balzano Author-Name: Asher R. Sheppard Author-X-Name-First: Asher R. Author-X-Name-Last: Sheppard Title: The influence of the precautionary principle on science-based decision-making: questionable applications to risks of radiofrequency fields Abstract: The precautionary principle, recognized by the European Commission as a 'full-fledged and general principle of international law,' has been advanced as a paradigm for response to potential risks to the environment or health when scientific data are uncertain. But lacking the elements and operational qualities that characterize principles that have proven useful in law, politics, science, and ethics, the precautionary principle lends itself to regulation based on the perception of a threat or fear itself. In the absence of scientific evidence for risk, recent application of the precautionary principle to questions about radiofrequency electromagnetic fields of cellular telephones and cellular telephone base stations has produced wasteful and misguided regulations and questionable advice to the public. The formation of scientific 'fire brigades' is suggested for rapid acquisition of targeted scientific data needed so that precautionary policies on technologically driven issues can be based on quantitative risk assessment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 351-369 Issue: 4 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870210154485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870210154485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:4:p:351-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael L. Dekay Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Dekay Author-Name: Mitchell J. Small Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell J. Author-X-Name-Last: Small Author-Name: Paul S. Fischbeck Author-X-Name-First: Paul S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fischbeck Author-Name: R. Scott Farrow Author-X-Name-First: R. Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Farrow Author-Name: Alison Cullen Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Cullen Author-Name: Joseph B. Kadane Author-X-Name-First: Joseph B. Author-X-Name-Last: Kadane Author-Name: Lester B. Lave Author-X-Name-First: Lester B. Author-X-Name-Last: Lave Author-Name: M. Granger Morgan Author-X-Name-First: M. Granger Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Author-Name: Kazuhisa Takemura Author-X-Name-First: Kazuhisa Author-X-Name-Last: Takemura Title: Risk-based decision analysis in support of precautionary policies Abstract: A decision-analytic model for avoiding a risky activity is presented. The model considers the benefit and cost of avoiding the activity, the probability that the activity is unsafe, and scientific tests or studies that could be conducted to revise the probability that the activity is unsafe. For a single decision maker, thresholds are identified for his or her current subjective probability that the activity is unsafe. These thresholds indicate whether the preferred course of action is avoiding the activity without further study, engaging in the activity without further study, or conducting a test or research programme to obtain additional information and following the result. When these thresholds are low, precautionary action is more likely to be warranted. When there are multiple stakeholders, differences in their perceptions of the benefit and cost of avoidance and differences in their perceptions of the accuracy of the additional information provided by the test or research programme combine to create differences in their decision thresholds. Thus, the model allows for the rational expression of differences among parties in a way that highlights disagreements and possible paths to conflict resolution. The model is illustrated with an application to phytosanitary standards in international trade and examined in terms of recent empirical research on lay perceptions of risks, benefits, and trust. Further research is suggested to improve the elicitation of model components, as a way of fostering the legitimate application of risk-based decision analysis in precautionary policy making. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 391-417 Issue: 4 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870210166202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870210166202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:5:y:2002:i:4:p:391-417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Title: Editorial Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000047770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000047770 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sven Ove Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sven Author-X-Name-Last: Ove Hansson Author-Name: Christina Rudén Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Rudén Title: Improving the incentives for toxicity testing Abstract: The legal systems for the classification and labelling of chemical substances have an incentives structure that discourages rather than encourages companies to test their products. This is shown in a logical analysis of the European classification system and also in an analysis of recent changes in the classification of individual substances. Finally two methods to improve the incentives structure are proposed and discussed: the introduction of negative clauses that allow new information to lead to less strict classifications, and a new danger-class and a symbol (a question mark) that indicates serious lack of data. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 3-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000047761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000047761 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:1:p:3-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Kip Viscusi Author-X-Name-First: W. Kip Author-X-Name-Last: Viscusi Author-Name: Jahn Hakes Author-X-Name-First: Jahn Author-X-Name-Last: Hakes Title: Risk ratings that do not measure probabilities Abstract: Survey questions regarding assessed survival chances are an often-used example of a risk rating scale for eliciting a probability assessment. The responses to such questions do exhibit several properties of probabilities, but differ in some key respects, resulting in relationships which are not only inconsistent with accurate beliefs, but also in which precision is sacrificed for ease of use. The Health and Retirement Study, for example, uses a 0 to 10 scale to measure self-assessed survival probabilities to a particular age. Transformation of these responses for use as a probability results in some patterns that are consistent with a model of imperfect information, or a monotonic transformation of imperfectly perceived risks, but more subtle analysis reveals inconsistencies with either of these theories, suggesting the scale is inappropriate for use as a probability measure. The age-related effects for female respondents are the most salient results that are inconsistent with use of the survey's response scale as representing a probability. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 23-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000047789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000047789 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:1:p:23-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: Perception of gene technology, and food risks: results of a survey in Switzerland Abstract: Perceptions of and attitudes toward genetically engineered food and other food hazards were examined through data from telephone interviews conducted in Switzerland. A random quota sample was used ( N v = v 1001). General attitudes toward technology and political beliefs significantly influenced perceptions of gene technology. Women were more concerned about gene technology and food risks than men were. The term 'gene technology' evoked neutral or negative associations in most people; few people held positive images regarding this technology. Perception and acceptance of gene technology varied according to the type of application; people were less concerned about convenience or processed food. Although it is mandatory to label genetically modified food in Switzerland, relatively few people were familiar with this label. Participants assessed various food risks, and principal components analysis indicated that they distinguished between technological and natural food risks. Implications of these results are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 45-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000047798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000047798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:1:p:45-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Henry Rothstein Author-X-Name-First: Henry Author-X-Name-Last: Rothstein Title: Risk management under wraps: self-regulation and the case of food contact plastics Abstract: This paper examines the reasons for the development and survival of self-regulatory regimes that manage risks to human health, using the self-regulation of food contact plastics in the UK from the 1950s to 1980s as a case-study. The self-regulatory arrangements are analysed from a control systems perspective and compared with the minimum arrangements that would be expected to correct for the market-failure characteristics of the risk. The paper finds that the self-regulatory regime failed to provide an adequate public interest response to potential market-failure. The regime, nevertheless, was sustained by three main factors: the political and interest group environment; transparency and accountability deficits; and, blame-avoidance behaviour on the part of central government. The paper concludes by considering the wider implications of this study for the self-regulation of health risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 61-74 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000047806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000047806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:1:p:61-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lynn Frewer Author-X-Name-First: Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Frewer Author-Name: Steve Hunt Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Hunt Author-Name: Mary Brennan Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Brennan Author-Name: Sharron Kuznesof Author-X-Name-First: Sharron Author-X-Name-Last: Kuznesof Author-Name: Mitchell Ness Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell Author-X-Name-Last: Ness Author-Name: Chris Ritson Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Ritson Title: The views of scientific experts on how the public conceptualize uncertainty Abstract: Scientific experts (drawn from scientific institutions, universities, industry, and government) were interviewed about how they thought the general public might handle information about uncertainty associated with risk analysis. It was found that, for many people within the scientific community, there was a widespread belief that the general public were unable to conceptualize uncertainties associated with risk management processes. Many scientists thought that providing the public with information about uncertainty would increase distrust in science and scientific institutions, as well as cause panic and confusion regarding the extent and impact of a particular hazard. It was concluded that scientists still appear to be subscribing to the deficit model of science communication, and it is vital that effective mechanisms for communicating about risk uncertainty with the public must be developed as a matter of urgency, particularly as increased transparency in risk management processes means that scientific uncertainties associated with risk analysis become more likely to be the subject of public scrutiny and debate. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 75-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000047815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000047815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:1:p:75-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claus Møldrup Author-X-Name-First: Claus Author-X-Name-Last: Møldrup Author-Name: Janine Morgall Traulsen Author-X-Name-First: Janine Author-X-Name-Last: Morgall Traulsen Author-Name: Jonathan Peck Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Peck Title: Methodological development in medical technology assessment: the prospective approach Abstract: Risks associated with modern drugs expand and develop beyond our existing control and perception mechanisms. New medicines have the ability to transform side effects from the traditional individual physical level to a societal level in the form of economic, political and ethical consequences. Existing assessment methods cannot capture or cope with the side effects we will experience with tomorrow's drugs. We interpret this as a sign of the need for on-going methodological developments within Medical Technology Assessment (MTA) to capture and include the as yet 'unknown' and 'unforeseen' economic, political and ethical risks of modern drugs. In this paper, we argue that a propsective inter-disciplinary approach should be applied to MTA as a form of 'early warning system', using the Delphi method combined with prospective scenarios to keep up with the changing characteristics of new drugs. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 95-112 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000078884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000078884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:2:p:95-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shu Li Author-X-Name-First: Shu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: The role of Expected Value illustrated in decision-making under risk: single-play vs multiple-play Abstract: The present research on risky decision making extends the exploration of the singleplay/multiple-play distinction. Mathematics students are asked to respond to two choice problems, each having three decision tasks: choosing between multiple-play gambles, choosing between single-play gambles and matching paired possible outcomes. It is shown that the generalized model of Expected Utility (EU) theory appears to be redundant for the multiple-play situation, given that the simpler Expected Value (EV) theory correctly predicts the observed behaviour, and in the single-play situation it appears to be predictively inadequate. The observed choices in single-play situations could be better accounted for by the equate-to-differentiate approach revealed by the matching data. The overall results suggest that the long-run and short-run perspectives are in fact so utterly different that the short-run one is perhaps not based on any kind of expectation rule. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 113-124 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000078893 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000078893 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:2:p:113-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Suzanne Moffatt Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Moffatt Author-Name: Birgitt Hoeldke Author-X-Name-First: Birgitt Author-X-Name-Last: Hoeldke Author-Name: Tanja Pless-Mulloli Author-X-Name-First: Tanja Author-X-Name-Last: Pless-Mulloli Title: Local environmental concerns among communities in North-East England and South Hessen, Germany: the influence of proximity to industry Abstract: This descriptive study of local environmental and material concerns in neighbourhoods at varying proximity to industry takes account of social and economic factors, thus linking debates about local environmental concerns and environmental injustice. A postal questionnaire survey about local environmental issues was carried out in eight neighbourhoods, five in North-East England and three in South Hessen, Germany. The study areas varied in distance from polluting industry. One area each in South Hessen and North-East England was situated close to industry and considerable concerns about the potential health and environmental consequences of such proximity had existed for several years. Socio-economic data showed a high degree of variation in the North-East sample ( n v = v 1362) but not in the South Hessen sample ( n v = v 1078). Environmental concerns were influenced by proximity to industry and socio-economic status. When education and unemployment were controlled for, proximity to industry had an effect on environmental concerns in both regions. However, differences in the type and extent of concerns were observed. Whereas North-East residents closest to industry were most concerned about pollution, South Hessen residents closest to industry were most concerned about pollution and the risks of industrial accidents. The inclusion of industrial areas in two different regions of Europe reinforces arguments about the relevance of specific local factors - in this case poverty and industry - in framing public risk perceptions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 125-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000078901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000078901 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:2:p:125-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Sauri Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Sauri Author-Name: Virgínia Domingo Author-X-Name-First: Virgínia Author-X-Name-Last: Domingo Author-Name: Ana Romero Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Romero Title: Trust and community building in the Doñana (Spain) toxic spill disaster Abstract: Appeals to public participation and, more generally, to a wider involvement of civic networks in the management of environmental conflicts are becoming more common after the difficulties that both the Market and the State appear to have in regulating these conflicts. The concern of this paper is with how central elements in civic society, such as interpersonal trust and community-building mechanisms, are influenced by environmental catastrophes. The case of the toxic spill disaster in Doñana, Spain, is presented in order to examine whether this accident had any effect on interpersonal trust and the mobilization of civic networks in the area. From the analysis, it can be concluded that involvement of civic networks in the management of these situations depends on the magnitude (real or perceived) of the disaster but also on the performance of public institutions regarding the event. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 145-162 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000078910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000078910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:2:p:145-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: How Sing Sii Author-X-Name-First: How Author-X-Name-Last: Sing Sii Author-Name: Jin Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jin Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Tom Ruxton Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Ruxton Title: A statistical review of the risk associated with offshore support vessel/platform encounters in UK waters Abstract: Safety performance on the UK Continental Shelf is normally considered to be of a high standard, although there are still many incidents and accidents. This paper discusses some of the initial findings in an offshore support vessel safety research project. Following a brief review study of the uses of various types of existing offshore support vessels, a comprehensive statistical failure data analysis of the vessels is carried out mainly based on a Ship/Platform Incident Database drawn from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The variation of incident frequency with time for different types of offshore oil and gas installations, and for different vessel types has been established. A total of 394 records within the period 1980 to 1997 are investigated in this study. The variation of incident frequency with time and seasons, causation factors, incident with respect to geographical distribution, and sea conditions are discussed. The relationship between vessel types, sizes and operations is analysed; operating circumstances, reported primary failure cause, and impart orientation for different vessel types are also described. The statistical analysis reveals that safety culture in terms of good seamanship by vessel masters is probably responsible for mitigating the magnitude of many of the impacts that do occur and also that there is a need for improvement in safety performance. Issues pertaining to human element, the availability and reliability of data, risk criteria, and safety culture in the context of marine and offshore risk assessment are also discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 163-177 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000078929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000078929 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:2:p:163-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lennart Sjöberg Author-X-Name-First: Lennart Author-X-Name-Last: Sjöberg Title: Distal factors in risk perception Abstract: This is an empirical and quantitative study of the validity of four kinds of distal explanatory factors in risk perception. In an initial study, personality constructs (Five Factor Model, Myers-Briggs Indicator of Jungian constructs and risk attitudes) were related to risk perception data (26 hazards). A relationship was found between emotional stability and risk perception, but none with Jungian constructs. One risk attitude dimension, 'Macho' risk willingness, was (negatively) related to demand for governmental risk mitigation. In a second study with a different sample, indices were constructed to measure the four World Views according to Cultural Theory (CT) as well as Group/Grid dimensions, New Age beliefs and the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) dimensions of Dunlap et al . Risk perception data were obtained with regard to 37 hazards, both general and personal risk. The respondents were a large representative sample of the Swedish population. Only about 5% of the variance of perceived risk was accounted for by Cultural Theory dimensions, considerably more by New Age beliefs and one of the NEP scales (eco-crisis). In a third study, data from the five Nordic countries were used to analyse the relationships between CT dimensions and risk perception. Only weak relations were found. The results are discussed in relation to other current work on models of risk perception and the question of what should be considered 'strong' evidence for a theory. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 187-211 Issue: 3 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000088847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000088847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:3:p:187-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Flüeler Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Flüeler Author-Name: Hansjörg Seiler Author-X-Name-First: Hansjörg Author-X-Name-Last: Seiler Title: Risk-based regulation of technical risks: lessons learnt from case studies in Switzerland Abstract: In administrative law, various regulation strategies are used to limit technical risks. Frequently, their approach is deterministic. Risk-based regulation seeks to make law more efficient as well as more transparent. Its aim is to replace prescriptive, deterministic regulations by goal-oriented, probabilistic regulations, based on the criteria of cost-effectiveness and limitation of individual risks. The overall goal is to achieve more safety at less cost. The project 'Risk-Based Regulation' (1996-99) was intended to evaluate the feasibility of the approach from both technical and legal perspectives in the Swiss context. Nine case studies were carried out: storage and management of explosives (both military and civil), occupational safety, non-occupational accident prevention (mainly road accidents), fire protection, transportation of dangerous goods, waste disposal (conventional toxic landfills and radioactive repositories), and nuclear (reactor) safety. This paper summarizes final results of the case studies and draws general conclusions on the possibilities and limitations of implementing a risk-based approach. Its findings should be useful in formulating standardized approaches as envisaged by the European Commission under the heading of a 'Compass for Risk Analysis' (EC-JRC, 2000), and the safety guidelines of the so-called 'Swiss Agency for Technical Safety' (SATS), a new institution to be set up in Switzerland to integrate all federal regulatory bodies dealing with technical risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 213-231 Issue: 3 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000088856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000088856 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:3:p:213-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Hood Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Hood Title: Closed circuit television systems: a failure in risk communication? Abstract: This article discusses the growth in the UK of the use of public space closed circuit television (CCTV) systems as a means of controlling risk. The evidence as to the efficacy of CCTV is equivocal, but despite this successive UK governments have extolled the virtues of the technology, and have made money available to fund a large number of systems. There has been little debate outside the academic literature on the use of CCTV, therefore there is an apparent paradox between CCTV's use as a medium for communication and the paucity of risk communication from government to the public. Due to apparent public acquiescence to the use of CCTV, government appears to have felt that informed debate is not required. Using a multimethod case study of the largest residential-area CCTV system in Scotland, it is concluded that there is a strong desire amongst the public for CCTV, suggesting that at present they have been unconcerned at the lack of policy debate and hard empirical evidence. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 233-251 Issue: 3 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000088865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000088865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:3:p:233-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Debra J. Davidson Author-X-Name-First: Debra J. Author-X-Name-Last: Davidson Title: Risk in the redwoods: contending for normalcy in timber country Abstract: This paper presents a case study of a landslide that devastated a small rural community in the redwoods of northern California. This seemingly mundane event is used to explore several insights offered by recent literature on environmental risk, and illustrate the extent to which our reliance on modern, technologically complex industrial systems as the basis for risk scholarship may limit our understanding of the role of environmental risk in society. This landslide, and the political upheaval that followed it, point to the need for more rigorous sociological analysis of how hazards , rather than risks, are legitimated in political discourse through a process called 'normalization'; and of the complex of organizational structures of causation that encourage the development of risky situations, not only in modern technological systems, but in systems of society-environment interaction with a much longer history, such as the extraction and management of timber. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 253-266 Issue: 3 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000089855 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000089855 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:3:p:253-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Miles Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Miles Author-Name: Lynn J. Frewer Author-X-Name-First: Lynn J. Author-X-Name-Last: Frewer Title: Public perception of scientific uncertainty in relation to food hazards Abstract: The research reported here aims to understand how people react to statements expressing risk uncertainty information in the context of a commonly experienced potential hazard, food related risks. Public perception of seriousness of risk for themselves, and for other people was examined for different types of uncertainty, for each of five different food hazards. The results indicated that participants responded to the different types of uncertainty in a uniform way, suggesting that perception of risk associated with uncertainty is not affected by the 'type' of uncertainty. The results further indicated that the seriousness of risk, in the presence of statements of uncertainty, was perceived to be greater for pesticides and genetic modification compared to BSE, high fat diets and Salmonella . It was argued that this could be due to the perceptions of low personal control, and high societal responsibility to protect people and societal control over exposure to the potential risks of pesticides and genetic modification. Under circumstances where people feel they have little personal control over their exposure to a particular hazard, and those social institutions that are perceived to be in control of protecting the public indicate that there is uncertainty associated with risk estimates, the hazard may appear to be 'out of control', which is associated with a perception of serious risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 267-283 Issue: 3 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000088883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000088883 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:3:p:267-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David M. Clarke Author-X-Name-First: David M. Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Title: Review essay: Organizational accidents and human error Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 285-288 Issue: 3 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000076218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000076218 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:3:p:285-288 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Wilkinson Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkinson Title: Section 1. Introduction to the project Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 291-293 Issue: 4-6 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000109221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000109221 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:4-6:p:291-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Wilkinson Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkinson Author-Name: Esther Eidinow Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Eidinow Title: Section 2. A brief introduction to building and using scenarios Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 295-296 Issue: 4-6 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000109230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000109230 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:4-6:p:295-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Wilkinson Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkinson Author-Name: Shirin Elahi Author-X-Name-First: Shirin Author-X-Name-Last: Elahi Author-Name: Esther Eidinow Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Eidinow Title: Section 3. Riskworld scenarios Abstract: The three scenarios developed by the sponsors and workshop participants of the Riskworld project are described in this section. They are: ” Expert Rules ” Common Sense ” Kaleidoscope Together, they depict three paths society might follow as it copes with an environment characterised by increasing uncontrollable risks and awareness of risk. They are intended to help readers focus their exploration of the future of risk on the assumptions, questions, dilemmas and uncertainties that they may face. The Riskworld scenarios are 'sketch scenarios', intended to provide a context in which the reader can set his or her own decisions, issues or dilemmas. They therefore do not encompass details and dynamics of risk perception and management, nor are they intended to lead directly to implications for crafting strategy. Table of contents Dynamics: At the beginning of this section, we provide a brief overview of the dynamics that were considered and explored during the scenario-building process. Part Two of this report provides a more detailed description of this material. The scenarios: Each of the three scenarios explores how these dynamics might play out, emphasising a different kind of response to a world characterised by growing scientific and social uncertainty. Comparison and implications: A comparison of the key characteristics of the Riskworld d scenarios follows, along with an exploration of the implications of each scenario for a number of crucial risk-related aspects, including insurance, climate change, etc. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 297-334 Issue: 4-6 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000109249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000109249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:4-6:p:297-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Wilkinson Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkinson Author-Name: Shirin Elahi Author-X-Name-First: Shirin Author-X-Name-Last: Elahi Author-Name: Esther Eidinow Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Eidinow Title: Section 4. Comparison and implications Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 335-340 Issue: 4-6 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000109258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000109258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:4-6:p:335-340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Wilkinson Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkinson Author-Name: Shirin Elahi Author-X-Name-First: Shirin Author-X-Name-Last: Elahi Author-Name: Esther Eidinow Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Eidinow Title: Section 5. Summary and reflections Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 341-342 Issue: 4-6 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000109267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000109267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:4-6:p:341-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Wilkinson Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkinson Author-Name: Shirin Elahi Author-X-Name-First: Shirin Author-X-Name-Last: Elahi Title: Section 1. Description of the Riskworld project process Abstract: This paper describes the Riskworld project design and process in further detail and provides an indication of how the ideas, key themes and questions evolved at each phase. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 343-364 Issue: 4-6 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000109276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000109276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:4-6:p:343-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Wilkinson Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkinson Author-Name: Shirin Elahi Author-X-Name-First: Shirin Author-X-Name-Last: Elahi Author-Name: Esther Eidinow Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Eidinow Title: Section 2. Background and dynamics of the scenarios Abstract: This section contains a description of the dynamics leading to the three Riskworld scenarios. It comprises an introduction and four subsections: 1. Following a brief introduction, we reflect on the history of risk perception and management, using this to explore the changing meaning of risk, and to highlight the importance of considering social context when thinking about risk. 2. We then explain recent attempts to conceptualise risk as a dynamic concept, alongside the growing appreciation of the developing context of bewildering complexity. It is suggested that a new risk paradigm is emerging. 3. The context of bewildering complexity and increasing uncertainty, as we go on to show, results from a combination of many different forces. We highlight four key drivers of change: ” Increasing global interconnectivity ” The atomisation of society ” Ability to monitor and measure ” Technology 4. Our current environment introduces and increases our awareness of new types of risk - but traditional riskmanagement tools are struggling to cope with them. 5. There is a need, in many cases, to think of risk as a holistic and dynamic concept and about risk management in a way that highlights resilience and adaptive management. 6. We go on to outline the range of factors and critical uncertainties that might influence societal risk perception and management over the next 20 years. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 365-401 Issue: 4-6 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000109285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000109285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:6:y:2003:i:4-6:p:365-401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Title: Editorial Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000151160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000151160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Margôt Kuttschreuter Author-X-Name-First: Margôt Author-X-Name-Last: Kuttschreuter Author-Name: Jan M. Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: Jan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Title: Experience-based processing of risk information: the case of the millennium bug Abstract: This article focuses on the role of experience in the processing of risk information. With a written questionnaire, completed by 286 subjects in The Netherlands, risk perceptions, mitigating behaviour, and information processing were studied concerning the millennium bug risk that was assumed would crash computers all over the world at midnight 1 January 2000. These variables were related to the level of computer expertise. Results indicated that in the spring of 1999 on average the subjects did not worry much about this risk, and had not taken many precautionary measures either. It appeared to be relevant to distinguish three groups of subjects based on the level of computer experience: (a) nonusers, (b) average users, and (c) ‘experts’. From the risk perception perspective, the average users experienced most problems. They perceived the probability of occurrence of the millennium risk the highest, perceived their personal risk as high, and worried most about it. Furthermore, their levels of self-efficacy and outcome expectancy were low. These characteristics are often associated with anxious people. Nonusers and ‘experts’ differed remarkably from average users in these respects. The groups also differed in the gathering of information concerning the millennium risk. Results indicated that computer expertise might have played an intermediating role: influencing information gathering as well as risk perceptions and mitigating behaviour. It is assumed that computer expertise offered a frame of reference, which enabled a critical evaluation of the available information on the millennium problem. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 3-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000151179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000151179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:1:p:3-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Tansey Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Tansey Title: Risk as politics, culture as power Abstract: The cultural theory of risk has been misinterpreted in recent years. Most significantly, the grid--group typology, which was originally developed as a heuristic device, embedded in a much deeper sociological theory, has been taken out this original context. Both the ontological foundations and the epistemological implications of cultural theory have been misunderstood in a significant number of cases. This paper provides a summary of the neo-Durkheimian institutional theory from which the typology was derived and suggests a number of relatively unexplored avenues for risk research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 17-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000151188 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000151188 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:1:p:17-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christina H. Drew Author-X-Name-First: Christina H. Author-X-Name-Last: Drew Author-Name: Timothy L. Nyerges Author-X-Name-First: Timothy L. Author-X-Name-Last: Nyerges Title: Transparency of environmental decision making: a case study of soil cleanup inside the Hanford 100 area Abstract: Environmental decisions in a democracy should be transparent. Transparency allows all those who are interested in a decision to understand what is being decided and why. Transparency is especially critical for decisions that are intended to protect public health and safety, and that have long-term consequences. Decisions are recorded through publicly available documents (such as Records of Decision), collectively known as the public record. In this paper the transparency of the public record is examined for a specific decision at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford site. To do this, the concept of transparency is unpacked into seven objectives: clarity, accessibility, integration, logic/rationale, truth/accuracy, openness, and accountability; and a framework for measuring decision transparency is developed. Then a Record of Decision is evaluated based on four of the seven objectives. Throughout, the importance of understanding decision processes and expected outcomes, and the broad values underpinning activities and choices are emphasized. It is found that, while many aspects of the process are transparent, it is difficult to discern and connect the values, objectives, subobjectives and criteria used as the basis of the decision. Several information structuring improvements (value trees, decision paths, and simple graphics and tables) that could make the public record more transparent are suggested. Such improvements are necessary for long-term stewardship because future decision makers are likely to rely on the public record as the primary source of decision information. If information is not transparent, future decisions may be compromised. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 33-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000151197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000151197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:1:p:33-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wouter Poortinga Author-X-Name-First: Wouter Author-X-Name-Last: Poortinga Author-Name: Karen Bickerstaff Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Bickerstaff Author-Name: Ian Langford Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Langford Author-Name: Jörg Niewöhner Author-X-Name-First: Jörg Author-X-Name-Last: Niewöhner Author-Name: Nick Pidgeon Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Pidgeon Title: The British 2001 Foot and Mouth crisis: a comparative study of public risk perceptions, trust and beliefs about government policy in two communities Abstract: This mixed methodology study examines public attitudes to risk and its management during the 2001 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) epidemic in Britain. A quantitative survey and qualitative focus groups were conducted to examine how two communities (Norwich and Bude) responded to the crisis. People were more concerned about a broad range of indirect consequences than about the direct (health) impacts of the disease, especially about the effects on the livelihood and future of rural economies. Moreover, people detected a complex of causes underlying the emergence of FMD, which suggests that the outbreak of FMD was considered a system failure, rather than something that could be blamed on one specific cause or actor. In general, people appeared to be critical about governmental handling of the FMD epidemic. Although there was some support for the government policy of slaughtering infected animals, the government was widely criticized for the way they carried out their policies. Only minor differences between the two communities Norwich and Bude were found. In particular, differences were found related to the government handling of the disease, reflected most notably in people's trust judgements. It is argued that these were the result of contextual differences in local experience, and debate on the crisis, in the two communities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 73-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000151205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000151205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:1:p:73-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Åsa Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Åsa Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Title: Editorial: what are the new perspectives on siting controversy? Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 99-100 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000158677 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000158677 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:99-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Owens Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Owens Title: Siting, sustainable development and social priorities Abstract: It is usually assumed that large-scale facilities ‘have to go somewhere’. The problem of finding sites is frequently construed as meeting some national need whilst ensuring justice for local communities who bear the brunt of environmental hazards and costs. This paper explores the dynamics of siting controversies and their relationship with political and economic priorities. Drawing on evidence from the transport and minerals sectors in the UK, it challenges the dominant storyline in which conflicts over siting are represented in terms of ‘national need versus local interests’. Consequently it calls into question the concept of the policy ‘cascade’, whose advocates seek to restrict debate about generic issues at local inquiries. It is argued that local resistance both provides an institutional platform for, and is in turn reinforced by, a wider policy critique. Arrangements for consideration of specific projects therefore provide crucial apertures for debate about national priorities, and repeated controversy acts as an important longer-term stimulus to policy learning and change. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 101-114 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000158686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000158686 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:101-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Judith Petts Author-X-Name-First: Judith Author-X-Name-Last: Petts Title: Barriers to participation and deliberation in risk decisions: evidence from waste management Abstract: Despite increased support for extended public engagement in risk decision-making, significant questions remain over the best means to integrated deliberative processes with conventional ‘scientific’ or technical elements. This paper analyses the barriers to analytic--deliberative processes as a means by which the public can influence risk decisions, including the generation of data and the derivation of acceptable policy options. Using evidence from waste management decision processes in Britain, the discussion identifies technical, institutional and cultural barriers to effective process. The barriers are seen to limit systematic analysis appropriate to the problems as framed by the public. The principle that the nature of the risks and the assessment required needs to be determined through discussion with the public not in advance of discussion with them is challenged by proceduralization cultures within decision authorities and ingrained technical cultural perspectives. It is evident also that fundamental barriers lie in fragmentary decision processes and weak regulation. The paper discusses the requirements for a decision-support framework for multicriteria decision-making with full public participation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 115-133 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000158695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000158695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:115-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James F. Short, Jr Author-X-Name-First: James F. Author-X-Name-Last: Short, Jr Author-Name: Eugene A. Rosa Author-X-Name-First: Eugene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rosa Title: Some principles for siting controversy decisions: lessons from the US experience with high level nuclear waste Abstract: Beginning with the role of ‘stakeholders’ -- those whose interests are, knowingly or unknowingly, affected -- in the siting of noxious facilities, this paper seeks to develop principles for acceptable and democratically arrived at policies related to problems associated with advances in and products of science and technology. Although widely regarded as a necessary condition for success, the principles underpinning stakeholder involvement, such as representativeness, often are violated in practice. Using the example of the failure to site a high-level nuclear waste (HLW) repository in the United States, complexities related to the proposed principles are noted. Because safe disposal of HLW transcends national boundaries, other principles also are recommended. These include: 1. recognition of the inevitability of uncertainty and agreed-upon ways of dealing with it; 2. development of ‘communities of fate’ and of trust among all stakeholders; 3. building on common values related to the environment and to the well-being of future generations; and 4. adherence to the rule of law. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 135-152 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000171276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000171276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:135-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William R. Freudenburg Author-X-Name-First: William R. Author-X-Name-Last: Freudenburg Title: Can we learn from failure? Examining US experiences with nuclear repository siting Abstract: The United States may well have spent more money in the effort to develop nuclear waste sites than any other nation on earth, but save for the case of a facility in New Mexico that handles only military wastes, every single effort to site a new repository in the last several decades has ended in failure. Given that the siting efforts to date have generally ignored the advice of social scientists, this track record makes it difficult to know whether that advice could lead to outcomes that affected parties would consider ‘successes’ in the US context, but there are important opportunities to learn from what nearly all parties consider to have been ‘failures’. One particularly telling case involves efforts to develop a repository for lower-level radioactive wastes in New York State. There, as in many other US cases, the relevant officials chose to focus on an arbitrarily narrowed subset of work on socio-economic impacts that the agency considered ‘credible’, ignoring social science findings on stigma, public controversy, and so-called ‘special’ impacts related to the radioactive character of the wastes. The officials also appear to have erred in insisting on a top-down, ‘technical’ approach to screening, and in ignoring the very real impacts created by their own actions. Ultimately, the process led to a degree of outcry that was remarkable even in the context of nuclear waste facilities; the citizen blockades and round-the-clock outposts at the boundaries of the selected areas were sufficiently well-organized to prevent even preliminary on-site analyses, meaning that the socio-economic impacts that were excluded from consideration proved to be not just ‘credible’ but vivid, bringing the entire process to a halt, while none of the ‘credible’ biophysical impacts ever took place. The case suggests that essentially universal patterns should be relatively easy to predict, but that unfortunate choices can make the problems of siting even worse. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 153-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000171285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000171285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:153-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Phillimore Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Phillimore Author-Name: Suzanne Moffatt Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Moffatt Title: ‘If we have wrong perceptions of our area, we cannot be surprised if others do as well.’ Representing risk in Teesside's environmental politics Abstract: This paper is about the power to represent. ‘Who speaks for Teesside?’ about air pollution -- whose voice gets heard about the sources, pathways and consequences of pollution. Around such apparently technical issues arises a kind of political morality tale that leads to questions of security and insecurity, accountability and trust. Industry and local government in Teesside may no longer have things their own way; but they have been tenacious in resisting what they consider to be unhelpful claims or assumptions about pollution and its impact, and there are strong reasons why they are able to claim that they present the authoritative account of Teesside's air quality. In conclusion some changes to the context in which industrial pollution comes to the fore as a public issue are reviewed: debate around diversification of Teesside's economy; the impact of environmental campaigns; and certain paradoxes of developments in air quality monitoring. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 171-184 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000158703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000158703 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:171-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annelie Sjölander-Lindqvist Author-X-Name-First: Annelie Author-X-Name-Last: Sjölander-Lindqvist Title: The effects of environmental uncertainty on farmers' sense of locality and futurity: a Swedish case study Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore local reactions to the environmental problems derived from the building of a train tunnel through the largest ground water reservoir in southern Sweden. The present and the future of the community have been put into question through an intensified local discourse on issues of ‘risk’, ‘identity’, ‘nature’ and ‘social continuity’. In this discourse meanings, values and traditional knowledge relating to the landscape and the place where people have lived for generations play a prominent role. Questions that are addressed in the present paper are: How does toxic contamination and falling ground water levels affect single-family households, small-scale family agricultural producers and large-scale farms in terms of changed perspectives and concerns for their environment, livelihoods and the local community? What are the effects for a farming community from uncertainty about how the natural environment will respond to a technological impact on the landscape? This paper is based on field observations and in-depth interviews conducted in two local communities on the Hallandsås ridge in the province of Skåne in south-west Sweden. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 185-197 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000158712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000158712 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:185-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Celio Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Celio Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Title: Risk, transparency and cover up: media narratives and cultural resonance Abstract: Ideas of transparency and trust have become more and more in fashion in public policy discourse. However, these ideas do not make much sense without an understanding of what lack of transparency and distrust may involve. The theme of deliberate and intended ‘cover up’ by governments, officials or by industry that want to hide known risks or negative effects from the public constitutes an essential component of media stories of controversy over facility siting. Such stories tell of tendencies to play down, silence and even conceal events that may lead to harm. This paper attempts to single out the bits and pieces of visual imagery from which the theme of risk-related ‘cover up’ is culturally constructed by using a made-in-Hollywood film as an empirical example. Film is regarded here as a form of vicarious interaction with other people, where viewers closely identify with the portrayed human, social, and environmental conflicts. It is suggested that risk communication among the public, technical experts and decision makers can be improved by an understanding of how people respond to and think about visual representations of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 199-211 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000171294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000171294 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:199-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate Burningham Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Burningham Author-Name: Diana Thrush Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: Thrush Title: Pollution concerns in context: a comparison of local perceptions of the risks associated with living close to a road and a chemical factory Abstract: This paper examines accounts of the risks associated with living close to potential sources of pollution emphasizing the way in which discussion of the risk of pollution is informed by wider assessments of local life. In particular it highlights ways in which residents' accounts of local pollution often diverge from the way in which the problem is conceptualized by ‘outsiders’. Data are analysed from focus groups with lone mothers in two neighbourhoods facing clear local pollution problems -- in one case from a factory and in the other from major roads. Detailed discussion is provided of how the issue of pollution fits into lone mothers' wider assessments of life within these neighbourhoods. The correlation between poor populations and pollution has recently been described by environmental groups such as Friends of the Earth as a problem of environmental injustice. The analysis suggests, however, that this description often has little resonance with those affected by local pollution and, as a consequence, may not provide the most profitable way of linking the environmental and social exclusion agendas. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 213-232 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000158721 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000158721 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:213-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael R. Edelstein Author-X-Name-First: Michael R. Author-X-Name-Last: Edelstein Title: Sustainable innovation and the siting dilemma: thoughts on the stigmatization of projects and proponents, good and bad Abstract: The exercise of siting environmentally stigmatized facilities touches the central nerve of modernity. It represents a true dilemma, a set of conflicting conditions that cannot be brought into harmony. From a local perspective, siting is commonly thought of as an act of inherent violence to place and community. At the same time, modern life generates conditions that demand some form of collective action to solve the problems it generates. Yet, whether such ‘solutions’ represent government action on behalf of the larger society or private action on behalf of entrepreneurs, the very ‘problem sets’ involved have become inherently stigmatized. By their very nature, they represent degradation, devaluation and diminution of quality of life--health, aesthetics, lifestyle and lifescape. No rational person or community would choose them, given real choices. The double entendre of modernity is that its reflexivity involves both the reflection back of socially created risks but also that these risks evoke a ‘knee jerk’ reaction of opposition. Such reviling makes perfect sense when opposition occurs to obviously ‘bad’ facilities. A much more challenging context for examination involves opposition to potentially ‘good’ projects. Using a case study, this article explores the definition of a ‘good’ sustainable project, the dynamics needed to achieve sustainability, and the roadblocks to sustainable action that occur with shallow rather than deep resistence to siting. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 233-250 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000158730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000158730 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:233-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolf Lidskog Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Lidskog Author-Name: Göran Sundqvist Author-X-Name-First: Göran Author-X-Name-Last: Sundqvist Title: On the right track? Technology, geology and society in Swedish nuclear waste management Abstract: Although many countries with nuclear power have opted for geological disposal as the ultimate solution to the problem of nuclear waste, many of them face great problems in implementing their policies. However, at the same time as the responsible agencies in many countries ponder on how to find siting strategies that are politically and publicly acceptable, Sweden has to a large degree succeeded in implementing its policy for nuclear waste management (NWM). Facilities for the final storage for low- and intermediate-level waste and the interim storage for high-level waste have been located, constructed and put into operation without any strong opposition at either national or local level. Furthermore, the work during the last decade to find a place for the final disposal of high-level waste has also been done without any great impediments. The aim of this paper is to analyse Sweden's nuclear waste management, in particular why it seems to have been so easily implemented. By a historical analysis of some formative phases in its development, it is shown that even if the development of NWM has been carried out with explicit reference to scientific findings, it is better understood as an active adaptation to demands from different stakeholders. This adaptation, however, has basically been of a strategic kind, aiming to pilot an already formulated policy rather than open it up for negotiations and substantial changes. By way of conclusion, the question is raised whether this strategy will continue to pave the way for locating the final disposal for spent nuclear fuel, or whether it will turn out to be a cul-de-sac. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 251-268 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000171924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000171924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:251-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Peterson Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Peterson Author-Name: Sven Ove Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sven Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Title: On the application of rights-based moral theories to siting controversies Abstract: In this paper we discuss how rights-based moral theories can increase our understanding of siting controversies. It is argued that the notion of residual obligations can be used to overcome, at least in part, the conflict between the individual right not to be exposed to involuntary risks arising from e.g. the establishment of a new industry, and the rights of industries and other large organizations to build plants that are associated with risks for people living nearby. Use is made of a typology of residual obligations according to which the types are obligations to compensate, to communicate, to improve, to search for knowledge, and to have an appropriate attitude. Each of these types of residual obligations can be shown to be relevant in siting controversies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 269-275 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000171933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000171933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:269-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Healy Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Healy Title: A ‘post-foundational’ interpretation of risk: risk as ‘performance’ Abstract: Contemporary problems tend to be inherently ‘post-normal’ in their intimate intermeshing of scientific and contextual concerns. Yet we struggle with this mix, constrained by analytical frameworks that admit one or other of these concerns but not both. While this segregation of material and social domains has been central to the western intellectual tradition, alternative understandings transcending these distinctions have recently been developed. This paper applies some of these insights to risk. Using Actor--Network Theory risk is conceived as a dynamic entity manifested by the relationships between material and social domains rather than as something correlating to either one or other of them. This interpretation illuminates the systemic nature of contemporary problems and the solutions they necessitate underlining, in particular, the significance of matters of scale and complexity. Applied to the risk society it advances insights concerning the pervasiveness of scientific logic and its embodiment by leading institutions, while applied to public participation and HAZOP it emphasizes the benefits of unhindered, intersubjective communication. Harnessing these insights an approach of ‘epistemic pluralism’ is proposed for ‘post-normal’ problems in which conventional insights and methods are pragmatically combined with those of the form elaborated here. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 277-296 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000176235 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000176235 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:3:p:277-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roddy Mckinnon Author-X-Name-First: Roddy Author-X-Name-Last: Mckinnon Title: Social risk management and the World Bank: resetting the ‘standards’ for social security? Abstract: Global ‘standards’ in social security are set by the UN Specialist Agency, the International Labour Organization (ILO). The ILO ‘Standards’ prioritize one model of social security system in particular; namely, contributions-financed social insurance. Specifically, social insurance systems are designed to mitigate the negative impacts of formal labour market risks. Accordingly, social security systems typically fail to address adequately many informal labour market and nonlabour market risks. The inherently limited focus of social protection provided by many social security systems is recognized to be of major concern for least developed countries (LDCs) in particular for whom western-centric definitions of life-cycle risk remain largely inappropriate for the majority. This realization has led the World Bank to experiment with a reconceptualized definition of social protection; Social Risk Management (SRM). Seeking to encourage wider debate across the multidisciplinary field of risk management research, this article outlines critically the tenets underpinning SRM and highlights the policy limitations of this innovative World Bank venture in two key respects. First, by outlining the likely policy implications of World Bank approaches to social protection for global social security standards and practice. Second, by questioning the short-term contribution that SRM can make to poverty reduction, not least amongst the elderly poor. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 297-314 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000176244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000176244 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:3:p:297-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. M. Macgill Author-X-Name-First: S. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Macgill Author-Name: Y. L. Siu Author-X-Name-First: Y. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Siu Title: The nature of risk Abstract: A new paradigm for risk analysis is proposed. It is a holistic conceptualization which recognizes an intrinsic duality between scientific and social risk perspectives. It defines risk states in terms of a minimal but necessary set of properties and qualities of risk issues at various scales of resolution (macro, meso, micro), and aggregations between them. It is founded in a philosophy which recognizes knowledge-based processes as fundamental both to life (and in turn physical aspects of risk) and to cognition (social aspects of risk). It is through these processes that explanations for risk states are to be found. Implications for risk management are noted. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 315-352 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000176253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000176253 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:3:p:315-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sven Ove Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sven Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Title: Fallacies of risk Abstract: In addition to traditional fallacies such as ad hominem, discussions of risk contain logical and argumentative fallacies that are specific to the subject-matter. Ten such fallacies are identified, that can commonly be found in public debates on risk. They are named as follows: the sheer size fallacy, the converse sheer size fallacy, the fallacy of naturalness, the ostrich's fallacy, the proof-seeking fallacy, the delay fallacy, the technocratic fallacy, the consensus fallacy, the fallacy of pricing, and the infallibility fallacy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 353-360 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000176262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000176262 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:3:p:353-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dirk Matten Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: Matten Title: Editorial: The Risk Society thesis in environmental politics and management -- a global perspective Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 371-376 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000208329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000208329 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:4:p:371-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dirk Matten Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: Matten Title: The impact of the risk society thesis on environmental politics and management in a globalizing economy -- principles, proficiency, perspectives Abstract: The risk society thesis by Ulrich Beck has been one of the more extensively discussed frameworks in environmental management. This paper tries to give an overview over Beck's extant and fragmented work and ventures to identify the main contributions and implications. It starts with a discussion of the background and principles of Beck's work and identifies the core ideas as well as the theoretical underpinnings. On that basis the paper shows the manifestation of Beck's early ideas in contemporary environmental politics revealing the influence of the risk society thesis especially for environmental management. Following on to more contemporary parts of Beck's work the paper then shows that ‘risk’ and ‘globalization’ are in fact manifestations of the same phenomenon. Both challenge and invert the role of governments on the one side and the role of various social actors on the other side. The paper concludes by discussing major consequences of Beck's thinking for the current agenda of corporate actors in particular. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 377-398 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000208338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000208338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:4:p:377-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Suzanne Benn Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Benn Title: Managing toxic chemicals in Australia: a regional analysis of the risk society Abstract: The paper takes examples from two decades of toxic risk management in Australia in order to examine the challenges that the conditions of the ‘risk society’ pose for the chemicals industry in this country. These issues for corporate governance are set against a shift in political discourse in the direction of the limiting of the state, co-governance between state and industry, and new community involvements and responsibilities. The paper describes new social movements and alliances influencing corporate structures and processes for decision making in Australia. The case examples lead to conclusions concerning the fundamental innovations in the organizational design of regulatory bodies and corporations that are required if progress is to be made towards sustainability and the re-establishment of public trust. The findings of this paper are symptomatic of the more general challenges that the ‘risk society’ poses for the mainstream political programmes and their frameworks for regulation, for corporate architecture and for the relationships between governments, corporations and the community. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 399-412 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000208347 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000208347 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:4:p:399-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jo Crotty Author-X-Name-First: Jo Author-X-Name-Last: Crotty Author-Name: Andrew Crane Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Crane Title: Transitions in environmental risk in a transitional economy: management capability and community trust in Russia Abstract: Following the collapse of the Soviet Union 10 years ago, the Russian Federation has undergone a radical social, political and economic transformation. This paper's focus is particularly on the consequences of this transformation for the natural environment. This is done by utilizing Beck's (Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage, 1992) concept of Risk Society to explore the interrelationships between managers, firms and communities in terms of transitions in capabilities, knowledge, trust, and even the very notion of community vis-à-vis pollution control and environmental protection. A qualitative study of managers in Russian manufacturing enterprises, environmental regulators and local communities, was undertaken in two provincial Oblasts in the Russian Federation, identifying a number of factors characteristic of Beck's (1992) treatise including ‘risk culture’, ‘organized irresponsibility’, ‘individualization’ and ‘subpolitics’. In so doing a deeper understanding is developed of the impact of economic transition on the environment, indicating a different risk society trajectory to that predicted for the West. The implications for continued, in-depth research in focusing on economies in transition are also discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 413-429 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000208356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000208356 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:4:p:413-429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Phung Thuy Phuong Author-X-Name-First: Phung Thuy Author-X-Name-Last: Phuong Author-Name: Arthur P. J. Mol Author-X-Name-First: Arthur P. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mol Title: Communities as informal regulators: new arrangements in industrial pollution control in Viet Nam Abstract: A number of studies in developing countries show that in the absence of strict environmental regulation and strong enforcement, communities have emerged as a new informal regulators. In Viet Nam local communities in some cases are successful in forcing industrial polluters to reduce pollution or to change production processes into more environmentally sound directions. New subpolitical arrangements are formed, involving innovative relations between communities, industrial polluters and state authorities. However, people living in the neighbourhood of industrial firms are often dependent on firms and local authorities in terms of economic and social benefits, potentially inhibiting these processes of informal regulation by communities. This paper analyses if and to what extent economic and social dependencies of communities from industrial firms in their vicinity play a role in hampering community involvement in environmental regulation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 431-444 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698704200020865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698704200020865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:4:p:431-444 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dallas Hanson Author-X-Name-First: Dallas Author-X-Name-Last: Hanson Author-Name: Robert White Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: White Title: Regimes of risk management in corporate annual reports: a case-study of one globalizing Australian company Abstract: An approach to the study of the ‘risks’ of ‘globalization’ that are increasingly the focus of global protest is outlined. By enrolling a blend of Mary Douglas' cultural approach to ‘risk’ and Ulrich Beck's theory of the ‘risk society,’ it is argued that three distinct ‘regimes of risk management’ are evident in corporate activity. After showing that corporate annual reports are useful for analysis of those effects, the argument is tested/illustrated through a case-study of the reports of Amcor, a typically internationalizing Australian company. It is concluded that disputes over the ‘risks’ of ‘globalization’ are likely to become even more intense. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 445-460 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698704200028374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698704200028374 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:4:p:445-460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Title: Fish consumption advisories: knowledge, compliance and why people fish in an urban estuary Abstract: The risk to human consumers from contaminants in fish is often dealt with by issuing consumption advisories. The hypothesis that consumption rates vary as a function of knowledge about advisories was tested for 254 people fishing in the Newark Bay Complex, in the New York/New Jersey harbour estuary. Interviews were conducted in the complex throughout the fishing season. There were no ethnic differences in the percentage of people who fished, crabbed, or did both, Most people either fished or crabbed, but not both, which has implications for risk assessment and communication. Only 45% of the people interviewed had heard about advisories; American Indians had heard little about fish advisories, and Hispanics had heard little about crab advisories. There were ethnic differences in education, consumption patterns, and knowledge about advisories. Knowledge about consumption advisories and the amount of fish and crabs consumed are negatively correlated. Despite laws forbidding catching (and consuming) crabs from Newark Bay Complex, people continue to do so. A higher percentage of people who consume the most fish and crabs are aware of consumption advisories, compared to those at the low end of consumption, but people who consume no fish or crabs from the Newark Bay Complex have the highest level of knowledge. There are few differences in the ratings of the reasons for fishing between those who are, and are not, aware of advisories. Since people mainly fish and crab to be outdoors and with friends and family, relax, and commune with nature, risk assessors and communicators should acknowledge the social and aesthetic nature of the activity, and address consumption by separating the activity (fishing, crabbing) from the risk (pregnant women and children should limit consumption). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 463-479 Issue: 5 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987031000074159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987031000074159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:5:p:463-479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Misse Wester-Herber Author-X-Name-First: Misse Author-X-Name-Last: Wester-Herber Author-Name: Lars-Erik Warg Author-X-Name-First: Lars-Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Warg Title: Did they get it? Examining the goals of risk communication within the Seveso II Directive in a Swedish context Abstract: In this article, the success of a risk communication programme conducted in two municipalities in Sweden is evaluated. The communication efforts were initiated in order to comply with the Seveso II Directive, passed as a national law in July 1999. Data from two different questionnaires are used. Between the distribution of the two questionnaires, an information campaign took place in the communities. The first questionnaire was aimed at measuring the public's opinion and understanding of the risks related to chemical industries in their communities, as well as the public's knowledge of emergency behaviour in the event of an accident. The second was aimed at measuring the effects or impact of the risk communication programme on the public. A total of 346 respondents participated in the study by answering two questionnaires. An evaluation of the risk communication efforts was focused around three dimensions: comprehension, audience evaluation and communication failures. The results showed differences between the two campaigns that gave significantly different results in the two communities. In the community with the multimedia channel campaign, the respondents showed greater knowledge of the production process at the local industry, they also judged the health threats for that industry to be less after the campaign, and they saved the information material to a greater extent. However, the overall effects of the information campaigns were weak. Future research is needed to explore the relation between people's emergency behaviour and risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 495-506 Issue: 5 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987031000074195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987031000074195 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:5:p:495-506 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. (Han) K. Vrijling Author-X-Name-First: J. (Han) K. Author-X-Name-Last: Vrijling Author-Name: Pieter H. A. J. M. van Gelder Author-X-Name-First: Pieter H. A. J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: van Gelder Author-Name: Louis H. J. Goossens Author-X-Name-First: Louis H. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Goossens Author-Name: Hessel G. Voortman Author-X-Name-First: Hessel G. Author-X-Name-Last: Voortman Author-Name: Mahesh D. Pandey Author-X-Name-First: Mahesh D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pandey Title: A framework for risk criteria for critical infrastructures: fundamentals and case studies in the Netherlands Abstract: Critical infrastructures are complex societal systems. For that reason, risk criteria for critical infrastructures are also ‘part’ of the risk criteria for complex societal systems. The questions to be resolved are: (1) are the societal risk criteria of complex systems defined and quantifiable; and (2) is it known how the risk criteria of critical infrastructures relate to the risk criteria of the complex system as a whole. In other words, what certainty is there that the risk criteria of critical infrastructures meet the risk criteria of complex systems as a whole. A complex system in this respect may be a society as a whole, e.g. a nation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 569-579 Issue: 6 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000081178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000081178 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:6:p:569-579 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koji Nakau Author-X-Name-First: Koji Author-X-Name-Last: Nakau Title: A model for evaluating extreme risks with stochastic sustainability criteria: a case study of soil remediation on landfill sites Abstract: This article addresses the issue of risk management for extreme events. The term stochastic sustainability will be defined in relation to the risk management of extreme events. On the basis of stochastic sustainability, a risk evaluation function is defined as an efficient reserve to remedy contaminations just as a premium rating in insurance policy. A term of generalized safety loading is used as a key concept to evaluate the degree of extremeness of risk. A simple model of the environmental or infrastructure systems is used to illustrate the procedure of risk evaluation where stochastic sustainability is required in case of accidental environmental contamination. A case study of soil contamination at landfill sites is presented as an example to test this risk evaluation function. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 689-704 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870210153693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870210153693 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:7-8:p:689-704 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bert Enserink Author-X-Name-First: Bert Author-X-Name-Last: Enserink Title: Thinking the unthinkable -- the end of the Dutch river dike system? Exploring a new safety concept for the river management Abstract: Since 1100 the Dutch relied on their continuously expanding extensive dike system for keeping dry feet and dry goods. But how durable and safe is this traditional dike concept, now the sea-level is rising and rainfall patterns seem to change? Can they continue to raise their dikes in the future or should they give more room to the river? In the Dutch mind higher dikes are saver. In practice, however, higher dikes may lead to higher risks as the consequences of failure rise. What is wrong with the risk perception of the Dutch citizen? How should risks be communicated to the public, how should a public debate on safety regimes be organized? In a study project a new safety concept in which the Dutch rivers got a free flow was explored and communicated. In an effort to reframe the issue a transition path, scenarios, impact studies and ex ante evaluations of this new safety management regime were made. A new safety paradigm seems to be taking shape. Context scenarios show under what circumstances frequent flooding can be made acceptable to the Dutch citizen and the inhabitants of the Dutch polders. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 745-757 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870210166185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870210166185 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:7-8:p:745-757 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Haukenes Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Haukenes Title: Perceived health risks and perceptions of expert consensus in modern food society Abstract: The article deals with perceptions of food and health risks. Relevant questions are: (1) To what degree do consumers associate specific negative health consequences with food additives and genetically modified food, and do their perceptions differ from the experts’ views? (2) How do consumers perceive experts’ evaluations of health risks connected to food additives and genetically modified food? The results are based on a survey of Norwegian residents in 1999/2000, and of a selected sample of Norwegian experts on food and risks. There were great differences between consumers and experts in their assessments of health risks. To varying extents, consumers associate various health consequences with the risk factors. Consumers seem to perceive experts as more united about the risk factors as health risks than experts do themselves. The findings are discussed with reference to the stigma concept and to a social constructionist perspective. The results contribute to the understanding of consumer perception of risks and their understanding of expert agreement about health risks. They also point to the importance of the interplay between consumers and experts in the public debate and communication process about food and risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 759-774 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870210166194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870210166194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:7-8:p:759-774 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenji Takao Author-X-Name-First: Kenji Author-X-Name-Last: Takao Author-Name: Tadahiro Motoyoshi Author-X-Name-First: Tadahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Motoyoshi Author-Name: Teruko Sato Author-X-Name-First: Teruko Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Author-Name: Teruki Fukuzondo Author-X-Name-First: Teruki Author-X-Name-Last: Fukuzondo Author-Name: Kami Seo Author-X-Name-First: Kami Author-X-Name-Last: Seo Author-Name: Saburo Ikeda Author-X-Name-First: Saburo Author-X-Name-Last: Ikeda Title: Factors determining residents’ preparedness for floods in modern megalopolises: the case of the Tokai flood disaster in Japan Abstract: This study examines how flood risk perception and home ownership affect residents’ preparedness for floods, focusing specifically on the case of the Tokai flood disaster in Nagoya City, one of Japan’s biggest metropolises, in 2000. The greatest rainfall ever recorded in Nagoya City (566.5 mm) occurred on 11--12 September 2000; as a result, a local river burst its banks and flooded the city. A survey was conducted of residents of the affected area in Nagoya City and its adjacent region. The respondents were asked to rate the extent of their experience with, anticipation of, and preparedness for floods before and after the Tokai disaster in terms of taking special measures against floods. The results showed that the degree of preparedness for floods was determined by the level of fear of floods and the amount of damage sustained during the Tokai flood, especially for homeowners. However, the residents’ preparedness did not depend on their anticipation of floods. These findings show that preparedness for floods depends on ownership of a home, fear of flooding, and the amount of damage from previous floods rather than on previous experience with and anticipation of floods. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 775-787 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987031000075996 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987031000075996 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:7-8:p:775-787 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. S. Busby Author-X-Name-First: J. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Busby Author-Name: P. W. H. Chung Author-X-Name-First: P. W. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Chung Author-Name: Q. Wen Author-X-Name-First: Q. Author-X-Name-Last: Wen Title: A situational analysis of how barriers to systemic failure are undermined during accident sequences Abstract: The concept of barriers to accident sequences is an important one in reasoning about the ways in which risks in a system can be reduced to acceptable levels. An attempt was made to characterize the phenomena that, in practice, undermine such barriers. This involved an analysis of 50 accident reports from the hydrocarbons drilling industry. The analysis characterized the barriers that had failed in terms of their source and effect, and it identified what had undermined them -- concentrating on aspects of the situation, rather than the dispositions of the people involved in the accidents. These undermining phenomena varied widely, but in general there was some element that made them intrinsically difficult for designers of systems to discern: for example, the indirectness of causal paths in which some aspect of the design induced some behaviour on the part of an operator, which then created some condition that circumvented the action of a barrier. In a few cases it was the barrier itself that lay at the start of this causal path, making the barrier essentially self-limiting. A simple planning tool was developed to exploit this analysis by helping system designers reason about the ways in which the barriers they incorporate are vulnerable to being defeated. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 811-826 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669832000081196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669832000081196 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:7:y:2004:i:7-8:p:811-826 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arno Willems Author-X-Name-First: Arno Author-X-Name-Last: Willems Author-Name: Mart Janssen ** Author-X-Name-First: Mart Author-X-Name-Last: Janssen ** Author-Name: Chris Verstegen ** Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Verstegen ** Author-Name: Tim Bedford Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Bedford Title: Expert quantification of uncertainties in a risk analysis for an infrastructure project Abstract: It is shown how calibration methods for expert judgement can be used to establish consensus about the uncertainties involved in a complex project risk analysis, where no consensus was present before. A case study is presented in which a project risk analysis was carried out for a large scale infrastructure project in the Netherlands. This involved the use of new and untried technology to reduce the frequency and scale of dredging operations over the long term by subtly changing the flow in a navigable river. The technology was to be applied at two separate sites. The project risk analysis was needed to identify the cheapest method of carrying out the work under the requirement that the whole project be completed with 95% probability by the year 2005. The decision problem was modelled using an influence diagram, which was quantified by expert judgement and made use of value of information techniques. Cooke's classical method was used to calibrate the experts. This is the first time that this method has been used to carry out a value of information study. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 3-17 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000105298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000105298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:1:p:3-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Etienne Mullet Author-X-Name-First: Etienne Author-X-Name-Last: Mullet Author-Name: Cécilia Lazreg Author-X-Name-First: Cécilia Author-X-Name-Last: Lazreg Author-Name: Cereza Candela Author-X-Name-First: Cereza Author-X-Name-Last: Candela Author-Name: Félix Neto Author-X-Name-First: Félix Author-X-Name-Last: Neto Title: The Scandinavian way of perceiving societal risks Abstract: Risk perception in Finland was studied in order to investigate the possible existence of a specific, Scandinavian risk perception group. The sample consisted of 120 Finnish students aged 20--35. The results previously observed in Norway and Sweden were replicated. Not only Norwegians, Swedes, and Finns; but also Americans, Brazilians, Burkinabè, French, Hong Konguese, Italians, Macanese, and Portuguese; tended to express the same concerns (strong linear correlations between ratings), though not to the same extent (important differences in mean ratings). This result strengthens the hypothesis that risk communication by the media in the three Scandinavian countries shapes public risk perception in a different way than in other countries. Alternative theories are also examined. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 19-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870210158571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870210158571 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:1:p:19-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Kirchsteiger Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Kirchsteiger Title: Review of industrial safety management by international agreements and institutions Abstract: A review of the management of industrial safety on the basis of international agreements and institutions is presented. Focus is given to risks related to the chemical process industry. First, the key technical elements of the process to assess and manage industrial risks are described together with the related key legislative principles. Various techniques exist for the assessment of risk of industrial operations, and for the assessment of hazards to the environment and mankind. These techniques share common areas, e.g., with regard to data collection and interpretation, that offer the possibility of synergetic approaches via international agreements and institutions. In addition to technical risk assessment, cultural factors will need to be taken into account when addressing the topic of acceptable risk in any given social context. Next, various examples of current risk management frameworks in a multi- and bilateral context are given. Eventually, as a concrete example of an industrial risk management framework, the European Union's legislation to control major accident hazards, the Seveso II Directive, is discussed. An outlook on future actions concludes the paper. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 31-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/0003684022000026610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0003684022000026610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:1:p:31-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frédéric Dor Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric Author-X-Name-Last: Dor Author-Name: Denis Zmirou Author-X-Name-First: Denis Author-X-Name-Last: Zmirou Author-Name: William Dab Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Dab Author-Name: Frans Jongeneelen Author-X-Name-First: Frans Author-X-Name-Last: Jongeneelen Author-Name: Jean-Marie Haguenoer Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Haguenoer Author-Name: Vincent Nedellec Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Nedellec Author-Name: Alain Person Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Person Author-Name: †Colin Ferguson Author-X-Name-First: †Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Ferguson Author-Name: Pascal Empereur-Bissonnet Author-X-Name-First: Pascal Author-X-Name-Last: Empereur-Bissonnet Title: Exposure to PAHs of workers on contaminated sites: a modelling approach to assess the occupational contribution -- the SOLEX study Abstract: The SOLEX study sought to assess the occupational contribution to PAHs exposure among employees working on former gasworks sites. Four categories of volunteers were selected according to their job profile: office, mixed, outdoor, and remediation (workers close to a soil desorber); during each of the two study periods (November 1997 and June 1998) a reference group was also recruited. Personal exposure was estimated by 1-HOP measurements in urine samples taken before and after the shift each day of the study week. All participants completed a questionnaire describing their PAH exposure from sources other than job-related. Each exposure job category is described by the median of the individual medians of 1-HOP concentrations across all subjects in the group. Multiple linear regression models assessed the association between 1-HOP urine concentrations and the occupational and general environmental exposure variables. The statistical models' fit were good (R -super-2 = 0.87 in November 1997 and 0.75 in June 1998). Belonging to the outdoor and desorber job categories and smoking were the key exposure predictors for both periods. Physical activity while at work, and commuting time (using an automobile) were also predictive variables in November 1997. Compared to the reference group, working outdoors and near the soil desorber represented 70--99% of the total PAHs exposure among non-smokers, and 54--97.6% among smokers. A measurable excess of PAH exposure was observed only among employees directly involved in the soil remediation process; soil pollution was responsible for nearly all the exposure of these subjects, smoking representing a smaller fraction. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 53-62 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000146229 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000146229 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:1:p:53-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Perri 6 Author-X-Name-First: Perri Author-X-Name-Last: 6 Title: What's in a frame? Social organization, risk perception and the sociology of knowledge Abstract: A central problem in the sociology of knowledge has been to show that sane people can intelligibly have quite different alternative understandings of the same problem, such as a kind of risk, without abandoning the idea that there is a real problem about which to disagree, and to show the social basis of both plurality and viability. In recent decades, attempts to make this problem tractable have focused on the idea of a ‘frame’. Theories of frames offer accounts of the range of content, as distinguished from theories of processes of diffusion, of which risk amplification theory is the best known example. In this article, several theories of frames -- those of Goffman, D'Andrade, Moscovici, Gamson, Schön and Rein, and of prospect theory -- found are to be inadequate, because of their lack of clarity and plausibility in their answers to four key questions: ‘what is the relationship between sense-making and bias?’, ‘how are frames to be individuated?’, ‘where do frames come from?’, and ‘how far and how can people move between frames?’. The article makes the case for a neo-Durkheimian institutional theory developed by Douglas and others. This approach derives frames as concrete applications to specific contexts from thought styles, which are in turn the product of solidarities or institutional styles of social organization, because it can offer clear, testable, parsimonious hypotheses with which to answer these four questions. The theory therefore provides an account of the institutional logic of framing, and presents reasons for preferring this to non-institutional approaches such as the various kinds of cognitivism. The article offers three conceptual innovations with which to develop the neo-Durkheimian theory, in order better to deal with the crucial fourth question about the scope for mobility between frames. These innovations and some specific hypotheses about the scope for mobility between frames are supported by consideration of some exploratory qualitative empirical research on privacy risk perception. The theory provides a more satisfactory strategy for tackling the core problem than most others, by showing plurality to be limited, by showing clear and specific social bases for plurality of frames, by neither wholly endorsing nor wholly rejecting any basic bias, and by showing that their conflictual and systemic interdependence is what makes for viability. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 91-118 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000081213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000081213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:2:p:91-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David M. Hassenzahl Author-X-Name-First: David M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hassenzahl Title: The effect of uncertainty on ‘risk rationalizing’ decisions Abstract: The forms and contexts in which risk analytical methods can provide useful inputs to policy decisions remains an open question. This paper assesses the role of uncertainty in cost- effectiveness estimation using the example of life-saving interventions available to regulators in the United States, as calculated by Tengs et al. (Risk Analysis 15(3), 369--90, 1995). It identifies ‘equally plausible’ values for those interventions, based on alternative assumptions about costs and benefits. These alternative values suggest that in no case can credible point estimates indicate more than order of magnitude precision, and in the worst case, plausible point estimates range from infinite cost to net benefit for a single intervention. Some but not all of this uncertainty is irreducible. This suggests that decisions based on point-estimate cost-effectiveness calculations can give a false impression of rational, evidence-based policy. In such cases, risk assessment based decisions are ‘systematically arbitrary.’ The analysis nonetheless suggests a role for cost effectiveness analysis in rejecting interventions that under all assumptions appear extremely costly, and promoting those that in all cases appear extremely inexpensive. Finally, it affirms that risk analysis is useful and appropriate as a tool for understanding complex problems, a role that could be undermined by excessive attention to calculating point estimates. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 119-138 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000105324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000105324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:2:p:119-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Author-Name: Heinz Gutscher Author-X-Name-First: Heinz Author-X-Name-Last: Gutscher Author-Name: Timothy C. Earle Author-X-Name-First: Timothy C. Author-X-Name-Last: Earle Title: Perception of risk: the influence of general trust, and general confidence Abstract: The influence of trust and confidence as personality traits on the perception of various hazards was examined. The distinction between trust and confidence is a key element of certain theories of co-operation, but this dual-mode approach has had little impact on empirical studies. General trust is the belief that other people can be relied on. General confidence is the conviction that everything is under control, and uncertainty is low. It was hypothesized that general trust and general confidence negatively influence risk perception. The hypothesis was tested using data from a random sample of 388 persons living in Switzerland. High levels of trust and confidence reduced perceived risks, compared with low levels of trust and confidence. Age was positively correlated with perceived risk. Gender was a significant predictor for technological hazards, but not for non-technological hazards. Females perceived more risks than males. Results provide strong evidence for the hypothesis that general trust and general confidence have an impact on the perception of new technologies. Practical implications of the results are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 145-156 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000105315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000105315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:2:p:145-156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nigel Nicholson Author-X-Name-First: Nigel Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholson Author-Name: Emma Soane Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Soane Author-Name: Mark Fenton-O'Creevy Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Fenton-O'Creevy Author-Name: Paul Willman Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Willman Title: Personality and domain-specific risk taking Abstract: The concept of risk propensity has been the subject of both theoretical and empirical investigation, but with little consensus about its definition and measurement. To address this need, a new scale assessing overall risk propensity in terms of reported frequency of risk behaviours in six domains was developed and applied: recreation, health, career, finance, safety and social. The paper describes the properties of the scale and its correlates: demographic variables, biographical self-reports, and the NEO PI-R, a Five Factor personality inventory (N = 2041). There are three main results. First, risk propensity has clear links with age and sex, and with objective measures of career-related risk taking (changing jobs and setting up a business). Second, the data show risk propensity to be strongly rooted in personality. A clear Big Five pattern emerges for overall risk propensity, combining high extraversion and openness with low neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. At the subscale level, sensation-seeking surfaces as a key important component of risk propensity. Third, risk propensity differs markedly in its distribution across job types and business sectors. These findings are interpreted as indicating that risk takers are of three non-exclusive types: stimulation seekers, goal achievers, and risk adapters. Only the first group is truly risk seeking, the others are more correctly viewed as risk bearers. The implications for risk research and management are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 157-176 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987032000123856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987032000123856 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:2:p:157-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolf Lidskog Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Lidskog Title: Siting conflicts -- democratic perspectives and political implications Abstract: All citizens, irrespective of their geographical location, have a stake in the global environment. At the same time, they have different interests as well as unequal resources concerning the possibility of developing strategies and influencing environmental agendas and decisions. This forms the basis for the quest for an ecological citizenship, where people, wherever they are located in the world, have a voice in matters that concern their environment. This article takes the search for ecological citizenship as its point of departure in discussing democratic aspects of siting controversies. From a national perspective a certain plant may be seen as a necessity, whilst from a local perspective it is a disturbing nuisance. Thereby the question of spatial equity is in focus, not least to what extent and in what cases an individual person, a local community or a municipality should be subordinated to a national decision which implies local environmental consequences. The author argues that there is not only a need to create new forms of dialogue between stakeholders, but also to develop new institutions for collective decision making and mechanisms for public participation, democratic decision making and ecological responsibility. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 187-206 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000175489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000175489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:3:p:187-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: René Lion Author-X-Name-First: René Author-X-Name-Last: Lion Author-Name: Ree M. Meertens Author-X-Name-First: Ree M. Author-X-Name-Last: Meertens Title: Security or opportunity: the influence of risk-taking tendency on risk information preference Abstract: It has been suggested that risk avoiders and risk takers differ in the extent to which they focus on the worst and best outcomes of a risky activity. By implication risk avoiders and risk takers should also differ in their risk information preferences. Specifically, as risk avoiders focus more on the worst outcomes, it was hypothesized that they would prefer negative information about the risk. In contrast, as risk takers focus more on the best outcomes, it was hypothesized that they would prefer positive information about the risk. In an information selection task, subjects could select newspaper headlines that indicated negative and positive information about a variety of risks. Contrary to the hypothesis, risk avoiders selected more positive information than risk takers. The results are discussed in relation to the influence of personality on risk taking. One tentative explanation is that differences in anxiety between risk avoiders and risk takers account for these results in that risk avoiders try to find reassurance by seeking positive information. Another is that the participants were seeking reassurance in a relatively involuntary confrontation with risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 283-294 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000192435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000192435 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:4:p:283-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. C. Hanekamp Author-X-Name-First: J. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Hanekamp Author-Name: G. Vera-Navas Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Vera-Navas Author-Name: S. W. Verstegen Author-X-Name-First: S. W. Author-X-Name-Last: Verstegen Title: The historical roots of precautionary thinking: the cultural ecological critique and ‘The Limits to Growth’ Abstract: Although, at first glance, the precautionary principle looks perfectly sensible and self-evident, it is based on a way of thinking that has a history of its own, which goes back to the 1960s and early 1970s. Precautionary thinking should mainly be seen as a reaction: it is an answer to the self-confidence mainstream society had in the ‘progress’ of post-war civilization. It is an antithesis, which materialized when especially Western civilization was stirred by stories and facts about pollution and the degradation of nature and part of the Western societal elite was disquieted by the reality of the sovereign nation-state which -- in their view -- was powerless to deal with the ‘world problematique’. In this article we argue -- from a historical perspective -- that the precautionary principle is part and parcel of the cultural ecological critique, which was brought centre-stage in the early 1970s by among others ‘The Limits to Growth’, the first report to the Club of Rome. Here we want to elucidate these historical roots with a special attention to the Club of Rome, and want to discuss the present state of affairs concerning the precautionary principle. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 295-310 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000265056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000265056 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:4:p:295-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Scott Voorhees Author-X-Name-First: A. Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Voorhees Title: Benefits analysis of particulate matter control programs -- a case study of Tokyo Abstract: The objective of this case study was to assess economic benefits of past environmental policies of particulate matter (PM) in Tokyo by comparing observed pre-control PM levels in 1975 and post-control levels in 1998. The point estimates of the numbers of additional cases of avoided premature mortality and morbidity due to PM pollution control were (1) 3900 long-term deaths in adults aged 30 years and older (population 5 098 000), (2) 4700 cases of chronic bronchitis in adults aged 30 years and older, (3) 7800 cases of in-patient cardiovascular disease in adults aged 65 and older (population 1 281 942), (4) 3100 cases of in-patient pneumonia in adults aged 65 and older, (5) 2500 cases of in-patient chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults aged 65 and older, (6) 390 000 asthma attacks in asthmatics (population 450 000), and (7) 4500 cases of acute bronchitis in children aged 8--12 (population 300 300) during a one-year period. The point estimate of medical costs in adults and children plus the cost of lost wages was a purchasing power parity-adjusted $38 billion USD. Overall these results appear more likely to be underestimates than overestimates due to several unquantified benefits. The calculations of avoided health and productivity impacts suggest that pollution control policies successfully prevented a large expense to the society in extra medical care and lost work time. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 311-329 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000265065 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000265065 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:4:p:311-329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Belaineh Legesse Author-X-Name-First: Belaineh Author-X-Name-Last: Legesse Author-Name: Lars Drake Author-X-Name-First: Lars Author-X-Name-Last: Drake Title: Determinants of smallholder farmers' perceptions of risk in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia Abstract: This paper reports findings from a study of 178 farm households from two contrasting areas in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. It examines risk perceptions of smallholder farmers under varying contexts. The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. It was hypothesized that human capital and household characteristics and orientation, access to resources, infrastructure, information and environmental factors influence perceptions of risks in different ways. Data reduction for independent variables was done by factor analysis (principal component extraction method). Factor analyses identified factors influencing smallholder farmers' perceptions of sources of risks. Logistic regression analyses were used to study the relationships of identified principal components to perceived frequencies of occurrences and consequences of various sources of risks. Logistic regression analyses revealed that asset endowments, locational settings and livelihood diversification strategies pursued determine smallholders' perceived risks. Key findings from the informal survey point out differentiation in perceptions of causes and sources of risks by different actors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 383-416 Issue: 5 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/1366987042000192426 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1366987042000192426 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:5:p:383-416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter M. Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Author-Name: Martin Clauberg Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Clauberg Author-Name: Jan Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Author-Name: Gisela Böhm Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Böhm Title: Guest Editorial: SRA-Europe 2002 Berlin meeting Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 457-459 Issue: 6 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500064135 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500064135 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:6:p:457-459 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gisela Böhm Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Böhm Author-Name: Hans-Rüdiger Pfister Author-X-Name-First: Hans-Rüdiger Author-X-Name-Last: Pfister Title: Consequences, morality, and time in environmental risk evaluation Abstract: Environmental risks pose a serious problem to individual and societal decision-making, and the public debate is often characterized by a conflict between morally-principled and technically oriented points of view. Drawing on previous work of Böhm and Pfister (2000), we propose a model on how environmental risks are cognitively represented and how risks are evaluated. The model suggests two evaluative pathways, evaluations of consequences and evaluation of moral considerations, each leading to a distinct set of emotions and action tendencies. Either one of these pathways may become dominant depending on the evaluative focus of the person, which, in turn, depends on the causal structure of the risk. An experimental study yields confirming evidence for this model. Furthermore, the influence of time perspective, that is, the delay of negative consequences caused by an environmental risk, is investigated. Contrary to the common assumption, only weak evidence for temporal discounting effects is found. It is concluded that environmental risks, due to their strong moral component, are partly immune to time perspective. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 461-479 Issue: 6 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500064143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500064143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:6:p:461-479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael M. Zwick Author-X-Name-First: Michael M. Author-X-Name-Last: Zwick Title: Risk as perceived by the German public: pervasive risks and “switching” risks Abstract: In 2001, a major project on the perception and evaluation of risks in southern Germany was conducted consisting of survey data as well as of semi-structured interviews. With reference to the psychometric paradigm, this article analyzes public risk perception, pointing out the perceived risk semantic for nuclear energy, GM-food, mad cow disease (BSE), crime, global climate change, mobile telephony and its radiation risks. These hazards reveal different patterns of risk perception and different levels of risk acceptability. Secondly, a comparison of qualitative and quantitative findings will be conducted: qualitative analyses indicate that the results of quantitative rating scales on the perception, evaluation and acceptance of technical and environmental hazards might be misleading since the public's focus on risks as elicited by open association stimuli relies much more on ‘everyday-life’ and ‘pervasive’ risks than for instance on hazards emerging from new technologies. The relevance of technological risks tends to be dependent on the context: If explicitly mentioned in newscasts, in debates or listed in questionnaires memories, fears or other immediate responses become activated, yet they may be forgotten a short time later. We have called this phenomenon “switching effect” and the respective risks “switching risks”. In standardized opinion polls such ‘switching effects’ may evoke firm judgments, even if the importance in the interviewee's mental representation seems marginal. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 481-498 Issue: 6 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500064150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500064150 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:6:p:481-498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zamira Gurabardhi Author-X-Name-First: Zamira Author-X-Name-Last: Gurabardhi Author-Name: Jan M. Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: Jan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Author-Name: Margôt Kuttschreuter Author-X-Name-First: Margôt Author-X-Name-Last: Kuttschreuter Title: An empirical analysis of communication flow, strategy and stakeholders' participation in the risk communication literature 1988--2000 Abstract: Risk communication during the years has shown its vitality and has proved its importance as a field of research. This article provides a brief record of the development of risk communication in the environmental and technological domain by examining some of the trends resulting from the analysis of the theoretical and empirical literature in the field, as it is available through scientific journals. In total, 349 peer-reviewed articles published between 1988 and 2000 and listed in the ISI Web of Science databases were analyzed. The theoretical perspective that we use is that of control mutuality, which emphasizes the interaction between the parties in the risk decision-making process and their mutual influence, rather than simply unidirectional control of one stakeholder over the other. It echoes the democratic perspective, but also considers the rationality of the technical standpoint. The results indicate that over the whole period there is an increase in published articles on risk communication. As expected, we found a gradual decrease in the articles referring to a one-way flow of risk communication and an increase of those concerned with two-way communication. We also observed a gradual increase in the articles referring to stakeholder participation in risk decisions in the last period. No differences were found with respect to risk communication strategy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 499-511 Issue: 6 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500064192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500064192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:6:p:499-511 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter M. Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Author-Name: Martin Clauberg Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Clauberg Author-Name: Cornelia R. Karger Author-X-Name-First: Cornelia R. Author-X-Name-Last: Karger Author-Name: Gernot Henseler Author-X-Name-First: Gernot Author-X-Name-Last: Henseler Title: Application of early risk detection concepts and methods to environmental health. A German feasibility study Abstract: Early risk detection is essential for being able to address the most important environmental health risk-topics in a persistent and prospective manner. In support of the action programme “Environment and Health” (APUG) of the German Federal Ministry of Health and Social Security (BMGS) and the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU) which recommended that a detection and evaluation system for the timely recognition of emerging risk problems be developed, a qualitative feasibility study was commissioned. The results of this study are presented here and support the development of an early risk detection system based on the insights gained from the investigation of case studies and the differentiation and presentation of a risk typology, methods, tools, and suggested organizational processes. The study has shown that early risk detection includes the identification, characterization, evaluation and dissemination of information on possible risks as well as the circumstances of appearance and distribution. The goal is the recognition of possible risks in order for risk management to be able to introduce swift and appropriate measures. Consequently, it can also serve as an instrument towards further development of a balanced and structured implementation of the precautionary principle in the environmental health policy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 513-529 Issue: 6 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500064226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500064226 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:6:p:513-529 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Holger Schütz Author-X-Name-First: Holger Author-X-Name-Last: Schütz Author-Name: Peter M. Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Title: How to deal with dissent among experts. Risk evaluation of EMF in a scientific dialogue Abstract: This article describes the results of a scientific discourse which aimed at exploring the reasons for differences in expert health risk assessment of radio frequency electromagnetic fields of mobile telephony. It starts with describing the structure of the discourse. Then, the reasons for the conflicting risk assessments are discussed. Differences are due to the selection and evaluation of relevant scientific studies by applying different scientific quality standards, to the methods used for generating a research synthesis and an overall risk evaluation. Consensus could be achieved regarding the selection of and the quality requirements for the scientific studies used for risk assessment as well as their significance for risk evaluation. However, dissent remained about the synthesis of scientific evidence into an overall risk evaluation and about the relevance of the precautionary principle for risk evaluation and its implications for the risk assessment framework. Based on the analysis of these problems, a transparent, consistent and rational procedure for risk assessment is suggested to facilitate a risk characterization which better meets the demands of policy making and the public for an appropriate risk evaluation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 531-545 Issue: 6 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500064283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500064283 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:6:p:531-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Loek T. J. Pijls Author-X-Name-First: Loek T. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Pijls Title: Deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat: an example of weighing the pros and cons of food stuffs Abstract: A Committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands advised on deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin occurring in cereals. TDIs of 1.0 and 0.5 µg.kgbody weight -super-−1.day-super-−1 have been based on mice and pig studies in which DON reduced growth. In 1999, the 50-super-th and 95-super-th percentiles of DON intake by 1-4-year-old children were, respectively, 1.3 and 2.4 µg.kgbody weight -super-−1.day-super-−1. The Committee considered: (i) TDI contains safety factors, (ii) a slightly reduced weight gain is not necessarily harmful, (iii) when growth rate is highest, children consume little or no wheat, and (iv) in real life, exposure varies, causing the effect to be smaller. The Committee concluded that an exposure that only incidentally exceeds—up to about five times—0.5 µg.kgbody weight -super-−1.day-super-−1 very unlikely inhibits weight gain. More severe effects on immunity, fertility and the foetus may occur at intakes higher than 2.5µg.kgbody weight -super-−1.day-super-−1. Nonetheless, toxin exposure should be kept as low as possible. The Committee advised to agriculturally reduce DON content; second one may exclude wheat with high DON content for human consumption. Limits of 500 and 100 µg/kgwheat prevent exposure exceeding 1.5 and 0.5 µg.kgbody weight -super-−1.day-super-−1, respectively. As wheat products are good sources of nutrients, the Committee advised against discouraging their consumption. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 547-556 Issue: 6 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500064317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500064317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:8:y:2005:i:6:p:547-556 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David J. Ball Author-X-Name-First: David J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ball Title: Deliberating Over Britain's Nuclear Waste Abstract: In 2003 the UK government established an independent oversight committee, known as the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM), to advise it on the management of the nation’s growing stockpile of nuclear waste. CoRWM’s remit was, from a modern risk management perspective, enlightened, but two thirds of the way through its allotted time the Committee is notable for the degree of criticism it has attracted from all manner of agencies. The root causes can, in part, be traced to a conscious failure to adopt a science strategy as a part of the process, except belatedly in response to external pressure, and a failure to make the best use of relevant expertise in other crucial areas, including the social sciences. It is arguable that this has been driven by a relativist tendency on the Committee, which essentially sees science and intellect as discredited, although other factors may have contributed. The outcome is that significant, avoidable damage has been done to its credibility and its process. This should not be taken as an inherent defect of analytic-deliberative processes per se, but rather as a confirmation that such processes require special expertise and awareness for their successful implementation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-11 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500288700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500288700 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:1:p:1-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudio Pescatore Author-X-Name-First: Claudio Author-X-Name-Last: Pescatore Author-Name: Anna Vári Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Vári Title: Stepwise Approach to the Long-Term Management of Radioactive Waste1 Abstract: Stepwise decision making has long been utilised as a tool for handling the technical complexity of radioactive waste management (RWM). Recently, it is being recognised as a useful means to address social complexities. This paper reviews—through a number of examples—the current developments regarding the stepwise approach to managing long-lived wastes from a societal point of view with the aim of pinpointing where it stands, highlighting its social dimensions, and identifying guiding principles and issues in implementation. It is observed that there is convergence between the approach taken by the practitioners of RWM and the indications received from social research, and that general guiding principles can be distilled from the analysis of RWM case histories. The paper concludes that a stepwise approach to decision-making indeed constitutes an effective tool, and that competing requirements of social sustainability and efficiency, openness and analytical rigour will need to be balanced. A long-term process of decision-making incorporating the views of national and local stakeholders will very likely be a difficult process to implement. The concrete arrangements for sketching out and agreeing on decision phases, for selecting and involving stakeholders in a participatory process, and for adapting institutions to meet long-term requirements, will require careful reflection and tuning in each national context. 1. This paper is based on a recent report developed within the framework of the OECD NEA Forum for Stakeholder Confidence (FSC), entitled Stepwise Approach to Decision Making for Long-term Radioactive Waste Management. Experience, Issues and Guiding Principles (OECD NEA, Paris, 2004). The authors would like to acknowledge the support of Claire Mays and Yves Le Bars for their help in preparing the above report. Thanks are also due to members of the NEA Radioactive Waste Management Committee and the Forum on Stakeholder Confidence for their constructive comments on earlier drafts of the above report. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 13-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500180048 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500180048 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:1:p:13-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mariko Nishizawa Author-X-Name-First: Mariko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishizawa Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Responding Public Demand for Assurance of Genetically Modified Crops: Case from Japan Abstract: Genetically modified (GM) crops provide a classic example of risk characterised with uncertainty and ambiguity. This article analyses the risk management of GM crops in Japan as a case and investigates how the Japanese government has responded to the growing public demand for safety assurance of new agricultural and food varieties. It argues that, while the government realised the need to respond to public reluctance in consuming GM food by adopting more resilient and discursive management, it has faced a dilemma to incorporate the new type of approach into conventional risk assessment. This tension was reflected in the process and policy outputs of the consensus conference on GM crops, which was ambiguously placed in the risk management process. This article shows the dynamics of opting for policies to manage scientifically uncertain risks in particular socio-political and institutional contexts. Such understanding can suggest ways towards enhanced policy debates. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 41-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500166815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500166815 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:1:p:41-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edgar Jones Author-X-Name-First: Edgar Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Robin Woolven Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Woolven Author-Name: Bill Durodié Author-X-Name-First: Bill Author-X-Name-Last: Durodié Author-Name: Simon Wessely Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Wessely Title: Public Panic and Morale: Second World War Civilian Responses Re-examined in the Light of the Current Anti-terrorist Campaign Abstract: Following September 11 in the US and July 7 in the UK, the threat to civilians from terrorist attack has become real yet considerable disagreement exists about how people might respond. The effect of aerial bombing on the public's morale during the Second World War and the incidence of psychiatric casualties have been explored to provide reference points for the current terrorist threat. Systematic study of restricted government investigations and intelligence reports into the effect of air-raids on major British towns and contemporary medical publications have shown that panic was a rare phenomenon and arose in defined circumstances. Morale fluctuated according to the intensity of attacks, preparedness and popular perceptions of how successfully the war was being conducted. Resilience was in part a function of the active involvement of the public in its own defence but also reflected the inability of German bombers to deliver a concentrated attack over a wide area. Most civilians, by their very numbers, were likely to survive. Inappropriate or excessive precautionary measures may serve to weaken society's natural bonds and, in turn, create anxious and avoidant behaviour. Weapons that tap into contemporary health fears have the greatest psychological impact. Efforts by government to engage the public not only build trust but may also make an effective contribution to the campaign against terrorism. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 57-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500289005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500289005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:1:p:57-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Taylor-Gooby Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor-Gooby Title: Social Divisions of Trust: Scepticism and Democracy in the GM Nation? Debate Abstract: This paper reviews recent developments in research on institutional and expert trust across a number of disciplines to show that a deferential and accepting public stance in relation to officially sanctioned judgements is increasingly being replaced by a more sceptical approach. One outcome is a move towards greater public engagement in issues of high profile new technology. This paper reviews the literature and considers the most substantial public engagement exercise in the UK so far—the GM Nation? debate in 2002--3. It shows that scepticism is widespread but that the relation between scepticism and trust differs across social groups. Among the more privileged scepticism undermines trust. Among working class and less well-educated groups scepticism and trust are correlated positively. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 75-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500288742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500288742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:1:p:75-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ellen Townsend Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Townsend Title: Affective Influences on Risk Perceptions of, and Attitudes Toward, Genetically Modified Food Abstract: Much has been written about risk perceptions and public understanding of genetically modified (GM) food, yet little if any of the academic writings on this topic take into account the role of feelings or affect in these processes. Here, the available literature on the topic of GM food is explored in order to highlight findings consistent with the notion that feelings about GM food are important in shaping judgements about it. Using evidence emerging from the burgeoning literature in the domain of risk and feelings, an exploration of the role of affect is shown to be an important direction for future research on the perceived risks associated with GM food. The potential effects of incidental and integral affect are considered, and the importance of using rigorous social science methods is stressed. To increase understanding of the role of feelings in making judgements and decisions about GM food, future studies should consider measuring integral and incidental affect in addition to other key factors such as the vividness of imagery associated with GM, knowledge, perceived need, perceived benefits and trust. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 125-139 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500085130 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500085130 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:2:p:125-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melissa L. Finucane Author-X-Name-First: Melissa L. Author-X-Name-Last: Finucane Author-Name: Joan L. Holup Author-X-Name-First: Joan L. Author-X-Name-Last: Holup Title: Risk as Value: Combining Affect and Analysis in Risk Judgments Abstract: Studies of public perceptions of hazardous activities and technologies include a wide range of approaches. One approach—“risk-as-analysis”—emph asizes the human capacity for analytic deliberation. A second approach—“risk-as-feelings”—emph asizes the tendency for people to rely on affective reactions. In this paper we expand and link these approaches by adopting a “risk-as-value” model, emphasizing that responses to risk result from a combination of analysis and affect that motivates individuals and groups to achieve a particular way of life. Derived from dual-process theories, the risk-as-value model implies that differences in perceived risk may arise from differences in the analytic evaluation of a risk, differences in the affective evaluation of a risk, or the way these evaluations are combined. We discuss the goals of dual processes in comprehensively governing the valuation of risk information in order to achieve desirable outcomes. We highlight the importance of model-based research and the need for researchers to look for converging evidence using multiple dependent measures and methods. Implications for risk communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 141-164 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500166930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500166930 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:2:p:141-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christine Noiville Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Noiville Author-Name: Frédéric-Yves Bois Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric-Yves Author-X-Name-Last: Bois Author-Name: Philippe Hubert Author-X-Name-First: Philippe Author-X-Name-Last: Hubert Author-Name: Reza Lahidji Author-X-Name-First: Reza Author-X-Name-Last: Lahidji Author-Name: Alain Grimfeld Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Grimfeld Title: Opinion of the Committee for Prevention and Precaution about the Precautionary Principle Abstract: The precautionary principle has been the subject of a heated debate in recent months in France, not least because it was mentioned in the Environmental Charter discussed by the French Parliament in 2005, and included in the French constitution. In this context, the French Committee for Prevention and Precaution has issued a position paper—presented hereafter—in order to remind legislators and the public of the essential rationale of the precautionary principle, as the committee conceives it. The Committee for Prevention and Precaution (CPP) is an advisory body to the French Ministry of the Environment (now Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development), which was created by a Ministerial Decree on 30 July 1996 with the aim of contributing to giving sound foundations to the Ministry's policies in matters related to risk prevention and precaution; detecting, and providing warning and expertise on health issues related to disruptions in the environment; and creating a linkage between scientific research and knowledge on one hand, and regulatory action on the other. Its operational resources are provided by the Ministry's Department of Economic Studies and Environmental Assessment. The CPP is comprised of 19 scientific experts from the field of health and environment, and chaired by Professor Alain Grimfeld.1 List of members of the CPP: Claude Alzieu, Denis Bard, Frédéric-Yves Bois, Patrick Brochard, Sylvaine Cordier, François Daniellou, Jacques Fontan, Alain Grimfeld, Jean-Marie Haguenoer, Philippe Hartemann, Philippe Hubert, Armand Lattes, Reza Lahidji, Christine Noiville, Martine Remond-Gouilloud, Jacques Varet, Pierre Verger, Philippe Verger, Sylvie Charron (Scientific Sectretariat). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 287-296 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600715768 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600715768 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:4:p:287-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: I. Forrester Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Forrester Author-Name: J. C. Hanekamp1 Author-X-Name-First: J. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Hanekamp1 Title: Precaution, Science and Jurisprudence: a Test Case Abstract: This article discusses scientific, regulatory and social problems presented when there is a lack of scientific knowledge with regard to a risk. This question arises following the European Union's recent decision to ban virginiamycin, and the ruling on that decision by the European Court of First Instance in the Pfizer Animal Health case. The authors suggest that while policy-makers ostensibly pay due deference to scientific opinion, their final assessment of risk and application of the precautionary principle will be policy-driven rather than based on science. When in doubt, they may prefer to eliminate risk by imposing a ban, rather than conduct a proper risk/benefit analysis that includes the damage caused by banning a potentially useful product. Ian Forrester QC practises law in Brussels and is Visiting Professor at Glasgow University. He has represented a number of pharmaceutical companies in litigation concerning the precautionary principle. Jaap C. Hanekamp PhD was a cofounder and CEO of the scientific institute of the HAN Foundation, a body dedicated to the neutral exposition of scientific data. Dr Hanekamp supervised and was co-author of the HAN publication on antibiotic growth promoters, one of the controversies examined in this article. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 297-311 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500042974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500042974 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:4:p:297-311 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marjolein B.. A. van Asselt Author-X-Name-First: Marjolein B.. A. Author-X-Name-Last: van Asselt Author-Name: Ellen Vos Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Vos Title: The Precautionary Principle and the Uncertainty Paradox Abstract: In this article, it is argued that uncertainty and risk are intermingled and that this has severe consequences for risk regulation. First, uncertainty and risk are considered in the context of the precautionary principle from a theoretical point of view. On the basis of an interdisciplinary reflection, it is concluded that a paradox can be observed. Subsequently it will be investigated how this so-called uncertainty paradox works out in practice. This will be done by analysis of the Pfizer case, situated at the EU level. In this case, that related to the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter in the production of meat, the precautionary principle was used as policy and legal principle. The analysis will detail the regulatory complexities that result from the contradictions in precautionary thinking. In conclusion suggestions will be advanced for regulatory reform in the broader sense, including the role of experts, and an interdisciplinary research agenda will be proposed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 313-336 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500175063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500175063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:4:p:313-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikael Karlsson Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsson Title: The Precautionary Principle, Swedish Chemicals Policy and Sustainable Development Abstract: The “precautionary principle” is one of the most contested principles in the debate on the new EU chemicals legislation. The purpose of this paper is to operationalise the principle and to investigate the consequences of its application. Five core elements of precautionary management of chemicals are derived and traced in Swedish policy and legislation through history. It is shown that precautionary measures were required as early as the eighteenth century. The conclusion is drawn that these measures in Sweden seem to have promoted sustainable development from both an environmental and a socio-economic point of view. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 337-360 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600717269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600717269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:4:p:337-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter M. Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Author-Name: Andrea T. Thalmann Author-X-Name-First: Andrea T. Author-X-Name-Last: Thalmann Author-Name: Markus A. Grutsch Author-X-Name-First: Markus A. Author-X-Name-Last: Grutsch Author-Name: Holger Schütz Author-X-Name-First: Holger Author-X-Name-Last: Schütz Title: The Impacts of Precautionary Measures and the Disclosure of Scientific Uncertainty on EMF Risk Perception and Trust Abstract: This study evaluates the impact on risk perception and trust in public health protection resulting from disclosure of information about implementation of precautionary measures and from the disclosure of scientific uncertainty in the area of mobile telephony. Based on an experimental design, the study supports our recent findings (Wiedemann and Schütz, 2005) that precautionary measures may trigger concerns and amplify EMF-related risk perceptions. Furthermore, our present data once again indicates that information about the implementation of precautionary measures has no positive effect on trust in public health protection. These results, contrary to common expectations, should be considered in decisions about precautionary measures. Risk managers who intend to implement precautionary measures merely as a means for reassuring the public will probably fail. Indeed, even if precautionary measures are justified from a public health perspective, it seems prudent to anticipate the possibly countervailing effects of such measures on the public. This leads to two important challenges for risk communication, first to clarify the difference between hazard and risk and, second, to help avoid such unwanted effects by designing better communication about precautionary measures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 361-372 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600802111 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600802111 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:4:p:361-372 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas Klinke Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Klinke Author-Name: Marion Dreyer Author-X-Name-First: Marion Author-X-Name-Last: Dreyer Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Author-Name: Andrew Stirling Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Stirling Author-Name: Patrick Van Zwanenberg Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Van Zwanenberg Title: Precautionary Risk Regulation in European Governance Abstract: This paper develops a sequential model of precautionary risk regulation that contributes substantively and procedurally to the European Commission's position on precaution. At first, four concepts of precautionary policy are distinguished which are taken into account in the conceptualisation of the precautionary risk regulation. The paper then expounds the four key challenges of characterising, evaluating and managing risks: these are seriousness, uncertainty, complexity, and socio-political ambiguity. Subsequently, the architecture of the model of precautionary risk regulation is set out, which is characterised by the following three key stages: screening, appraisal, and management. It additionally includes a design, development and oversight function which ensures that the overall process is robust to changes in circumstances and to the perspective of all interested and affected parties. Afterwards five approaches to risk analysis are elaborated which are integrated in the formal decision analytic concept. They provide tools for assessing, evaluating, and managing serious, uncertain, complex and/or ambiguous risks and include different methods for selecting objectives, assessing and handling data, and finding the most appropriate procedure for balancing pros and cons. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 373-392 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600715800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600715800 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:4:p:373-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Stern Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Stern Author-Name: Jonathan B. Wiener Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan B. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiener Title: Precaution Against Terrorism Abstract: Stunned by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Bush administration adopted a new National Security Strategy in September 2002. The UK government took a similar stance. This new strategy calls for anticipatory attacks against potential enemies with uncertain capacities and intentions, even before their threat is imminent. Rather than wait for evidence of weapons of mass destruction, it shifts the burden of proof, obliging “rogue” states to show that they do not harbor weapons of mass destruction or terrorist cells, or else face the possibility of attack. This new strategy amounts to the adoption of the Precautionary Principle against the risk of terrorism. We offer two main conclusions about precaution against terrorism. First, any action taken to reduce a target risk always poses the introduction of countervailing risks. Moreover, a precautionary approach to terrorism is likely to entail larger, more expensive interventions, so the expected opportunity costs are likely to be higher. While considering worst-case scenarios is important for the development of sound policy, taking action based only on worst-case thinking can introduce unforeseen dangers and costs. We argue that a better approach to managing risk involves an assessment of the full portfolio of risks—those reduced by the proposed intervention, as well as those increased. We argue that decision makers developing counterterrorism measures need mechanisms to ensure that sensible risk analysis precedes precautionary actions. Such a mechanism currently exists to review and improve or reject proposed precautionary measures against health and environmental risks, but not, so far, for counterterrorism and national security policies. We urge the creation of such a review mechanism. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 393-447 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600715750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600715750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:4:p:393-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olivier Salvi Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Salvi Title: Special Issue on the SRA-Europe Paris Conference Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 449-451 Issue: 5 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600888326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600888326 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:5:p:449-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea T. Thalmann Author-X-Name-First: Andrea T. Author-X-Name-Last: Thalmann Author-Name: Peter M. Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Title: Beliefs and Emotionality in Risk Appraisals Abstract: Many technology debates are characterized by uncertainty in scientific knowledge and emotional discussions between different stakeholders. A considerable amount of information is provided by different stakeholders, emphasizing different views of a controversial subject. This includes, on the one hand, technology-critical information that consists of arguments underlining possible negative effects, such as terrifying diseases, foment fear and concern and, on the other hand, information that supports a certain technology, usually comprising arguments that emphasize its harmlessness. A good example of this type of technology debate is the controversial issue of high-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF). The questions that arise from a risk-communication perspective are whether different accentuations in risk information—such as one-sided versus balanced arguments—have an impact on a layperson's risk appraisal and whether a layperson's prior beliefs are influenced by unbalanced information. These questions are investigated in a three-factorial experimental study with a between-subjects design. The findings suggest that people have already formed an opinion on the EMF issue. Firstly, these prior beliefs influence their risk judgments and, secondly, highly emotional information polarizes existing beliefs and thereby influences the laypersons' risk appraisals. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 453-466 Issue: 5 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600717566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600717566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:5:p:453-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard S. J. Tol Author-X-Name-First: Richard S. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Tol Author-Name: Maria Bohn Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Bohn Author-Name: Thomas E. Downing Author-X-Name-First: Thomas E. Author-X-Name-Last: Downing Author-Name: Marie-Laure Guillerminet Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Laure Author-X-Name-Last: Guillerminet Author-Name: Eva Hizsnyik Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Hizsnyik Author-Name: Roger Kasperson Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Kasperson Author-Name: Kate Lonsdale Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Lonsdale Author-Name: Claire Mays Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Mays Author-Name: Robert J. Nicholls Author-X-Name-First: Robert J. Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholls Author-Name: Alexander A. Olsthoorn Author-X-Name-First: Alexander A. Author-X-Name-Last: Olsthoorn Author-Name: Gabriele Pfeifle Author-X-Name-First: Gabriele Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeifle Author-Name: Marc Poumadere Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Poumadere Author-Name: Ferenc L. Toth Author-X-Name-First: Ferenc L. Author-X-Name-Last: Toth Author-Name: Athanasios T. Vafeidis Author-X-Name-First: Athanasios T. Author-X-Name-Last: Vafeidis Author-Name: Peter E. van der Werff Author-X-Name-First: Peter E. Author-X-Name-Last: van der Werff Author-Name: I. Hakan Yetkiner Author-X-Name-First: I. Hakan Author-X-Name-Last: Yetkiner Title: Adaptation to Five Metres of Sea Level Rise Abstract: There is an unknown but probably small probability that the West-Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) will collapse because of anthropogenic climate change. A WAIS collapse could cause a 5--6 metre global sea level rise within centuries. In three case studies, we investigate the response of society to the most extreme yet not implausible scenario, a five-metre sea level rise within a century, starting in 2030. The case studies combine a series of interviews with experts and stakeholders with a gaming workshop. In the Rhone delta, the most likely option would be retreat, with economic losses, perhaps social losses, and maybe ecological gains. In the Thames estuary, the probable outcome is less clear, but would probably be a mix of protection, accommodation and retreat, with parts of the city centre turned into a Venice of London. A massive downstream barrier is an alternative response. In the Rhine delta (the Netherlands), the initial response would be protection, followed by retreat from the economically less important parts of the country and, probably, from Amsterdam--Rotterdam metropolitan region as well. These impacts are large compared to other climate change impacts, but probably small compared to the impacts of the same scenario in other parts of the world. This suggests that the possibility of a anthropogenic-climate-change-induced WAIS collapse would strengthen the case for greenhouse gas emission reduction. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 467-482 Issue: 5 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600717632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600717632 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:5:p:467-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Maria Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Ana Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz Author-Name: Laura J. Steinberg Author-X-Name-First: Laura J. Author-X-Name-Last: Steinberg Author-Name: Ana Lisa Vetere-Arellano Author-X-Name-First: Ana Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Vetere-Arellano Title: Emerging Issues for Natech Disaster Risk Management in Europe Abstract: There is growing concern about the potential effects of natural disaster-triggered technological (natech) disasters. The chlorine releases in the Czech Republic following the floods that swept across Europe in the summer of 2002 and the multiple hazardous materials releases triggered by the Turkey earthquake of August 1999 were examples which showed the potential danger of a natech disaster occurring near populated areas. However, there is scarce information available on the actual risk of natech disasters and on what communities are doing to prevent or prepare for these types of events in Europe. This paper provides a careful look at how selected countries in Europe are currently addressing natech risk and describes recent natech incidences. Initiatives taken at the European Community (EC) level to address natech risk are also discussed. The paper includes the results of a workshop on natechs held at the Joint Research Center in Ispra, Italy in 2003. The workshop aimed to create awareness of the natech problem, and through guided exercises assess natech hazards and vulnerability to natechs in participating countries. The workshop sessions facilitated the identification of a set of five consensus key strategies for natech risk reduction including emergency planning specific to natechs, education and awareness campaigns, public participation in risk reduction planning, natech planning at industrial facilities, and the use of land use restrictions as a regulatory tool to limit the siting of industrial facilities. The paper concludes with recommendations by the authors, including suggested directions for further research to support natech risk reduction. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 483-501 Issue: 5 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600717657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600717657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:5:p:483-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. E. Agnew Author-X-Name-First: J. E. Author-X-Name-Last: Agnew Author-Name: N. Komaromy Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Komaromy Author-Name: R. E. Smith Author-X-Name-First: R. E. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Healthcare Institution Risk Assessments: Concentration on “Process” or “Outcome”? Abstract: Healthcare institutions currently demonstrate increasing attention to risk analysis and risk management. A particular manifestation for English public sector healthcare providers was a “Controls Assurance” risk assessment and action planning framework. This required annual, very detailed, reports to central government, spanning 22 major areas from infection control to fire safety. Much of this framework continues into a successor system giving greater local flexibility but “regulated” via significant external audit. To help establish an analytical approach suitable for the new requirements, we have attempted to dissect out factors strongly influencing risk judgements made for Controls Assurance. Focussing on the “Medical Devices Management” area, which required a particularly detailed self-assessment against 31 specified criteria, we paid close attention to issues of process (policies and committees) as against outcome (appropriate equipment operated by a trained practitioner). We also reviewed organisational (“system”) issues as against individual and, as far as practicable, subjective risk judgements as against those for which objective evidence could be presented. Our key finding was that criteria yielding poor Controls Assurance (high risk) scores were predominantly outcome orientated. From this we suggest that future analyses should pay explicit attention to the process--outcome balance within the structure of the assessment process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 503-523 Issue: 5 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600717871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600717871 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:5:p:503-523 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Specht Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Specht Author-Name: F. R. Chevreau Author-X-Name-First: F. R. Author-X-Name-Last: Chevreau Author-Name: C. Denis-Rémis Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Denis-Rémis Title: Dedicating Management to Cultural Processes: Toward a Human Risk Management System Abstract: Culture is a fuzzy concept embracing overflowing definitions. Nevertheless, our research led us to use this terminology to refer to the set of shared representations used by a group to think and act. This restrictive sense of culture is based on a psychological perspective which has for a long time demonstrated the major role of social representations in human behaviours. Our research domain concerns workers' risk mastering activities implied by both daily behaviours and crises behaviours. Within this framework, the purpose of our studies is to highlight the mechanisms of risk representations in relation to workers' risk mastering activities. Workers, confronted with risks, refer to their risk representations to lead their behaviours. Each person has his or her own representations of risk. But, working together, a group of persons develops shared risk representations. Our present research question is: How are these shared risk representations are developed and activated in the working context? We refer to these two mechanisms (representations development and activation) as cultural processes. Supported by a large literature review, we propose in this article a classification of cultural processes: social representations, groups interactions, organisational learning and team working. This classification has two ends. First, it is dedicated to the modelling of cultural processes. So, as a first test, we present four previous research programmes re-interpreting their results based on our classification. Second, it represents a reference to build a risk management system addressing cultural processes in order to limit risky behaviours and to enhance safety behaviours. We present hereafter, our model of a risk management system. As a specific model dedicated to cultural processes, we named it a Human Risk Management System (HRMS). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 525-542 Issue: 5 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600717913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600717913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:5:p:525-542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. J. Lindley Author-X-Name-First: S. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindley Author-Name: J. F. Handley Author-X-Name-First: J. F. Author-X-Name-Last: Handley Author-Name: N. Theuray Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Theuray Author-Name: E. Peet Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Peet Author-Name: D. Mcevoy Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Mcevoy Title: Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change in the Urban Environment: Assessing Climate Change Related Risk in UK Urban Areas Abstract: This paper presents a conurbation-scale risk assessment methodology which aims to provide a screening tool to assist with planning for climate change-related risks in the urban environment. This work has been undertaken as part of a wider, interdisciplinary project, Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change in the Urban Environment (ASCCUE). The main focus of ASCCUE is to help improve understanding of the consequences of climate change for urban areas and how these, and the neighbourhoods within them, can best be adapted. Adaptation options will be explored in the context of both conurbation-scale strategic planning and neighbourhood-level urban design. The paper conveys some of the initial outputs from the ASCCUE project. It firstly presents the overarching risk assessment framework, before outlining the GIS-based elements of the methodology. This draws on a characterisation of the urban area into distinctive “urban morphology units” as the spatial framework for the analytical work. An example of heat related risk is given by way of an illustrative application of the methodology. The paper concludes with a consideration of the limitations of the approach and how some of these will be tackled as part of the ongoing work programme. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 543-568 Issue: 5 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600798020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600798020 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:5:p:543-568 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jean-Christophe Le Coze Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Christophe Author-X-Name-Last: Le Coze Author-Name: Olivier Salvi Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Salvi Author-Name: Didier Gaston Author-X-Name-First: Didier Author-X-Name-Last: Gaston Title: Complexity and Multi (Inter or Trans)-Disciplinary Sciences: Which Job for Engineers in Risk Management? Abstract: This paper presents a discussion of the training needs for engineers in risk management. In particular this paper addresses the complexity of the risk management processes requiring a multi-dimensional perspective on the complexity of reality. The authors discuss the interest of the framework provided by the systemic approach and the role of various engineer profiles (generalist and specialists). The authors describe the trend in the evolution of the structure of the Accidental Risks Division of INERIS, which is a French institute providing technical support to industry and competent authorities in charge of technological risk control (major hazard prevention). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 569-582 Issue: 5 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600717541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600717541 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:5:p:569-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Delvosalle Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Delvosalle Author-Name: Cécile Fiévez Author-X-Name-First: Cécile Author-X-Name-Last: Fiévez Author-Name: Aurore Pipart Author-X-Name-First: Aurore Author-X-Name-Last: Pipart Title: ARAMIS Project: Reference Accident Scenarios Definition in SEVESO Establishment Abstract: ARAMIS (Accidental Risk Assessment Methodology for IndustrieS) is an European project aiming to build up a new integrated risk assessment method that will be used as a supportive tool to speed up the harmonized implementation of Seveso II Directive. A part of ARAMIS is devoted to the identification of accident scenarios in process industries. First, a Methodology for the Identification of Major Accident Hazards (MIMAH) is defined. According to a bow-tie approach, the major accidents are identified through generic fault and event trees. The term “Major Accidents” must be understood as the worst accidents likely to occur on an installation, assuming that no safety systems are installed. Second, a Methodology for the Identification of Reference Accident Scenarios (MIRAS) studies the influence of safety systems placed on the branches of generic trees. The deep study of causes of accidents, probability levels, safety systems effectiveness and safety management efficiency allows us to define Reference Accident Scenarios, representing the real hazardous potential of the installation. This approach is intended to give an acute estimation of the risk level and to promote the implementation of safety systems. Test cases were carried out in five companies across Europe in order to validate the application of ARAMIS. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 583-600 Issue: 5 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870500419529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870500419529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:5:p:583-600 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Jung Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Jung Title: Quo Vadis Food Risk Communication? Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 819-821 Issue: 8 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601146146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601146146 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:8:p:819-821 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne-Laure Gassin Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Laure Author-X-Name-Last: Gassin Author-Name: Irene van Geest Author-X-Name-First: Irene Author-X-Name-Last: van Geest Title: Communication in Europe on Semicarbazide and Baby Food Abstract: This article describes the European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) communications approach to a sensitive issue—the presence of semicarbazide in baby food—and in particular how the Authority co-ordinated the communications of its risk assessment findings with the European Commission, Member States and stakeholders in order to provide consumers in Europe with an accurate and meaningful message. Following the presentation of the semicarbazide case, the article describes the organization of risk communications in Europe, focusing in particular on the role of EFSA and its communications strategy. The approach followed by EFSA in developing communications messages on semicarbazide and the Authority's co-operation with national food safety authorities in their dissemination is then further explained. An analysis of the media coverage related to the semicarbazide assessment reveals the positive impact of EFSA's approach and collaboration with Member States in achieving broader dissemination of balanced and factual information on a complex and sensitive issue. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 823-832 Issue: 8 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601097257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601097257 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:8:p:823-832 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Risk Communication -- Consumers Between Information and Irritation1 Abstract: Health risks are front-page news. Be it BSE, surface ozone or radiation from transmitter stations or mobile phones, the popular press puts out a constant stream of risk warnings and sensational reports about potential health threats. This article looks at how the general public perceives and assesses such information when it comes to food risks. In the first part, the elements of food risks are discussed and then compared with the perceptions of these risks. The last part of the paper deals with the consequences of risk assessments and risk perceptions for risk management and risk communication. 1. The following article is based on a lecture at the Food Safety Conference in York, Ireland in 2003. Parts of this lecture have also been published in Renn (2005); however theoretical and empirical insights were applied there to food packaging. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 833-849 Issue: 8 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601010938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601010938 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:8:p:833-849 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Celio Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Celio Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Title: Food Information Environments: Risk Communication and Advertising Imagery Abstract: The imagery of any foodstuff is shaped by assumptions of what is culturally valued as food, assumptions that are also fed by marketing, expert nutritional advice and intermittent food “alarms”. This paper raises the issue of risk communication versus advertising and argues that in order to better understand consumers' response to food risk communication we should pay closer attention to the broader information environment in which the compromised foodstuffs are embedded. Any new information properly crafted in the form of “risk messages” necessarily interacts with the information that constitutes the foodstuff's environment. It is proposed that focusing on such an environment, rather than on the “content” of the risk message alone, improves understanding of how the risk message eventually triggers further selections and decisions about the compromised foodstuff. The risk communication is itself a media event and is seen as part of the food information environment rather than autonomous to it. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 851-868 Issue: 8 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601065536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601065536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:8:p:851-868 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar E. Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: How can we Make Food Risk Communication Better: Where are we and Where are we Going? Abstract: Over the past number of years the reporting of food scares, particularly in European context, have grown in prevalence. These scares are more often than not amplified by the media leading to greater pressure on regulators, industry and other stakeholders to communicate the actual risks associated with the food issue in question accurately. The aims of this paper is three fold: firstly, provide a brief background on the history of risk communication itself. Secondly, to summarise some of the main theoretical avenues that are presently favoured by the wider academic (risk) community. The final section of the paper provides research ideas regarding what academics working in the food risk communication area may wish to look at now. Among the issues highlighted include addressing the issue of media amplification, rebuilding public trust, and better communicating uncertainty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 869-890 Issue: 8 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601065585 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601065585 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:8:p:869-890 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Leiss Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Leiss Author-Name: Anne-Marie Nicol Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Nicol Title: A Tale of Two Food Risks: BSE and Farmed Salmon in Canada Abstract: Today the public has access to enhanced resources for interpreting the technical basis of risk communication messages, emanating from government and industry, dealing with food risk issues. These resources include extensive media reporting on key scientific studies as well as Internet sites, hosted by many different players, where the scientific and statistical basis for risk assessments are presented, debated, and criticized. In this information-rich context risk managers are challenged to present a clear, forthright, and honest account of the scientific and statistical underpinnings -- including uncertainties -- for their risk estimations. We discuss these issues in the context of two recent Canadian food risk cases, BSE in cattle and farmed salmon. In the BSE case the government's risk communications failed to accurately express the nature and scope of the risk as it had been evaluated by government officials in technical documentation; specifically, the complex statistical manipulations served as a smokescreen behind which was hidden the true -- catastrophic -- risk, namely, that the discovery of even a single case of BSE in the Canadian herd would have “extreme” consequences for the entire group of small, independent beef producers. In the case of farmed salmon, our study shows that the contaminant numbers are open to differences in interpretation among government agencies, and that understanding the level of risk is no simple business. The industry should have acted years ago to ensure that the public was provided with reliable resources for understanding the nature of chemical contaminants in fish and the risk assessment methodologies used for determining safe levels of consumption. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 891-910 Issue: 8 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600924584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600924584 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:8:p:891-910 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Unni Kjærnes Author-X-Name-First: Unni Author-X-Name-Last: Kjærnes Title: Trust and Distrust: Cognitive Decisions or Social Relations? Abstract: The issue of consumer trust has repeatedly been raised in relation to food policy events in Europe over the last couple of decades. Based on the project ‘Consumer Trust in Food’ (funded by the European Commission, contract no. QLK1-CT-2001-00291), the paper discusses explanations to variations and changes in trust. Representative population surveys were conducted in Denmark, Italy, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, and Portugal. Opinions on trust in food show large and consistent differences across the countries. While trust is high in Great Britain and Scandinavia, levels are generally much lower in Italy, Portugal and Germany. It may seem as if the considerable regulatory and market-based reforms that came in the aftermath of the BSE crisis have had positive impacts on trust. But trust is based even on other issues than food safety, and people are generally more sceptical when it comes to ethical issues, quality or nutrition. It is argued that cognitive models, focussing on individual risk perception and communication, are insufficient to explain these variations. An alternative approach is outlined, where consumer trust is understood with reference to processes of institutionalisation, strongly linked to normative as well as organisational frames. By considering food consumption as the outcome of complex interrelations between consumers, the market, the state, and civil society, we can identify characteristically different types of conditions for trust. Trust seems to refer not only to shared norms and expectations, but also to the concrete organisation and performance of food institutions, regarding predictability, openness, etc. It is a matter of both organisations' capability and willingness to meet expectations. Historical and cultural conditions as well as rapid shifts may lead to discrepancies between expectations and performance -- which may be expressed as distrust -- politically and in the market. It is therefore suggested that institutionalising consumer distrust may represent an important way of building trust in modern food institutions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 911-932 Issue: 8 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601065577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601065577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:8:p:911-932 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. S. Busby Author-X-Name-First: J. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Busby Author-Name: S. A. Bennett Author-X-Name-First: S. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Loss of Defensive Capacity in Protective Operations: The Implications of the Überlingen and Linate Disasters Abstract: A clear distinction is often drawn between the functions of production and protection in organisations. This implies that they have twin capacities -- for production and for protection -- that in some respects will be interdependent and in some independent. In the field of operations management productive capacity is a commonly used construct, and there has been some attempt to develop a parallel construct of protective capacity, but this has only been used to refer to capacity that protects productive capacity. It makes no reference to the risk of external harm. This paper presents an attempt to develop the idea of defensive capacity. It uses case studies of two aviation collisions to gain an understanding of what defensive capacity amounts to, and how it can be lost. The results pointed to a way of operationalising defensive capacity that involves preserving its qualitative complexity instead of reducing it to a quantitative variable. They also point to a complex relationship between productive capacity and defensive capacity, which are sometimes complimentary and sometimes opposing. They have certain shared determinants, but certain actions can undermine defensive capacity without there being any observable effect on productive capacity. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 3-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600995915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600995915 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:3-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Kendra Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Kendra Title: The Reconstitution of Risk Objects Abstract: This paper examines the relationship of risk and power through a critical analysis of Crew Endurance Management, an initiative directed at enhancing maritime safety and efficiency. The paper argues that the initiative applies rhetorics of choice and self-discipline to unite morality with risk, thus casting merchant mariners as risk objects in the shipping industry. This objectification relies on differentials in power rooted in differentially-valued discourses that delegitimize some kinds of expertise. At the same time, deploying alternative rhetorics keyed to the anxieties of other levels of society allows risk objects to resist their objectification by shifting the relevant social scale for considering risk. The paper concludes by suggesting that imperatives for both productivity and safety will expand the workspace by expanding, through emphasis on personal choices, the environment in which workers must be concerned about risk reduction. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 29-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600995931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600995931 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:29-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Hood Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Hood Author-Name: Darinka Asenova Author-X-Name-First: Darinka Author-X-Name-Last: Asenova Author-Name: Stephen Bailey Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Bailey Author-Name: Melina Manochin Author-X-Name-First: Melina Author-X-Name-Last: Manochin Title: The UK's Prudential Borrowing Framework: A Retrograde Step in Managing Risk? Abstract: The contemporary understanding of public sector risk management entails a broadening of the traditional bureaucratic approach to risk beyond the boundaries of purely financial risks. However, evidence suggests that in reality public sector risk management does not always match the rhetoric. This paper focuses on the apparent inadequacy of any risk framework in the current Prudential Borrowing Framework (PBF) guidance in relation to that which was developed under Public Private Partnerships and Private Finance Initiative (PFI). Our analysis shows that the PBF and its associated indicators for local authorities adopt a narrow financial approach and fail to account for the full range of potential risks associated with capital projects. The PBF does not provide a framework for local authorities to consider long-term risk and fails to encourage understanding of the generic nature of risk. The introduction of the PBF appears to represent a retrograde step from PPP/PFI as regards risk and risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 49-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601054845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601054845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:49-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oddfrid Skorpe Tennfjord Author-X-Name-First: Oddfrid Skorpe Author-X-Name-Last: Tennfjord Author-Name: Torbjørn Rundmo Author-X-Name-First: Torbjørn Author-X-Name-Last: Rundmo Title: Risk Perception and Worry Related to Adolescents' Judgement of Three Types of Risk Abstract: The core aim of this study was to examine determinants of anticipated worry related to three types of risk among adolescents. The participants were Norwegian high-school students aged 15--19 years (n = 335). They were students at 6 high schools and a total of 15 randomly selected school classes participated in the study. All the students were asked to fill in a self-completion questionnaire. The response rate was 100 per cent. The participants were shown three video sequences of three-minute conversations between a person and a listener discussing three risk sources, which each had developed into a problem (drug use, depression, and sexual abuse). The video sequences were shown to the students when they were in their classes. The results showed that there were gender differences in probability assessments as well as in anticipated worry related to the three types of risk. There were also differences in worry depending on the respondent's past experience with an identical or similar problem or risk. In addition to cognitive evaluations, own experience and gender, general worry, social support seeking, anxiety and depression significantly predicted worry. These variables explained 52 per cent of the variance. Worry may be a significant predictor of risk behaviour as well as decisions concerning risks and risk reduction. The results are related to the risk-as-feelings hypothesis (Loewenstein, Weber, Hsee and Welch) and other risk decision models are also discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 67-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601054886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601054886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:67-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. H. Macgillivray Author-X-Name-First: B. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Macgillivray Author-Name: J. V. Sharp Author-X-Name-First: J. V. Author-X-Name-Last: Sharp Author-Name: J. E. Strutt Author-X-Name-First: J. E. Author-X-Name-Last: Strutt Author-Name: P. D. Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: P. D. Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Author-Name: S. J. T. Pollard Author-X-Name-First: S. J. T. Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Title: Benchmarking Risk Management Within the International Water Utility Sector. Part I: Design of a Capability Maturity Methodology Abstract: Risk management in the water utility sector is becoming increasingly explicit. However, due to the novelty and complexity of the discipline, utilities are encountering difficulties in defining and institutionalising their risk management processes. In response, the authors have developed a sector specific capability maturity methodology for benchmarking and improving risk management. The research, conducted in consultation with water utility practitioners, has distilled risk management into a coherent, process-based framework. We identified eleven risk management processes, and eight key attributes with characterise the extent to which these processes are defined, controlled and institutionalised. Implementation of the model should enable utilities to more effectively employ their portfolio of risk analysis techniques for optimal, credible and defensible decision making. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 85-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601011183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601011183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:85-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. H. MacGillivray Author-X-Name-First: B. H. Author-X-Name-Last: MacGillivray Author-Name: J. V. Sharp Author-X-Name-First: J. V. Author-X-Name-Last: Sharp Author-Name: J. E. Strutt Author-X-Name-First: J. E. Author-X-Name-Last: Strutt Author-Name: P. D. Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: P. D. Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Author-Name: S. J. T. Pollard Author-X-Name-First: S. J. T. Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Title: Benchmarking Risk Management Within the International Water Utility Sector. Part II: A Survey of Eight Water Utilities Abstract: Risk management in the water utility sector is fast becoming explicit. Here, we describe application of a capability model to benchmark the risk management maturity of eight water utilities from the UK, Australia and the USA. Our analysis codifies risk management practice and offers practical guidance as to how utilities may more effectively employ their portfolio of risk analysis techniques for optimal, credible, and defensible decision making. For risk analysis, observed good practices include the use of initiation criteria for applying risk assessment techniques; the adoption of formalised procedures to guide their application; and auditing and peer reviews to ensure procedural compliance and provide quality assurance. Additionally, we have identified common weaknesses likely to be representative of the sector as a whole, in particular a need for improved risk knowledge management and education and training in the discipline. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 105-123 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601011191 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601011191 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:105-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas Cebulla Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Cebulla Title: Class or Individual? A Test of the Nature of Risk Perceptions and the Individualisation Thesis of Risk Society Theory Abstract: The theory of risk society claims that 'individualisation' has led social class positions to loose their significance in explaining risk and risk perceptions in late modernity. Using social survey data from England, this proposition was put to an empirical test for three types of risks: income loss, accident or illness, and poor customer service or advice. Regression analyses revealed that class position only affected perceptions of the risk of income loss, whereas the risks of accidents or illness and of poor customer service or advice were strongly shaped by welfare and value orientations. While other indicators of individualisation derived from the data failed to explain variations in risk perceptions, the strongest effect on current risk perceptions was the experience of risk events in the past, and awareness of and drawing on support systems. The findings demonstrate the need for risk theory to differentiate between types of risks and to draw out more clearly their sociological contexts in order to grasp fully the nature of perceptions of risk prevailing in late modern society. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 129-148 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601066948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601066948 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:129-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jin-Tan Liu Author-X-Name-First: Jin-Tan Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Meng-Wen Tsou Author-X-Name-First: Meng-Wen Author-X-Name-Last: Tsou Author-Name: James K. Hammitt Author-X-Name-First: James K. Author-X-Name-Last: Hammitt Title: Health Information and Subjective Survival Probability: Evidence from Taiwan Abstract: The effect of new health information on individuals' expectations about their longevity is examined using a Bayesian learning model. Using two-period panel-structured survey data from Taiwan, we find that subjective probabilities of living to age 75 and 85 are significantly smaller for respondents with more abnormal medical test outcomes and for those receiving more extensive advice on health behavior from their physicians. The subjective probability of survival declines with health shocks such as developing heart disease. Using pooled cross-sectional data, we find that males and married persons are more optimistic about their longevity expectations than females and single persons, and that income is strongly correlated with the subjective probability of living to age 75. Consistent with previous studies, the longevity of the same-sex parent is strongly associated with an individual's own expectation of living to age 75. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 149-175 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701191802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701191802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:149-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Olofsson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Olofsson Author-Name: Susanna Öhman Author-X-Name-First: Susanna Author-X-Name-Last: Öhman Title: Views of Risk in Sweden: Global Fatalism and Local Control - An Empirical Investigation of Ulrich Beck's Theory of New Risks Abstract: Ulrich Beck's theory of risk society has been criticised because there is lack of empirical evidence. By comparing people with different life contexts and experiences, the aim of this study was to investigate how these people view risk, and if 'new' risks are perceived differently by different groups in society. Five focus-group interviews were conducted in Sweden, in 2004/05, with people in rural and urban areas, people with a foreign background and experts. The groups consisted of four people each and lasted for two hours. The results show that 'new' risks are not something people worry about; 'risk' is associated with personal experiences and life context. This indicates a traditional or at least modern way of viewing risk, and contradicts the idea of a reflexive view of risk. However, a division between the urban versus the rural-migrant groups appears: the expert-urban groups show a more global fatalistic strategy to handle of risk, while the rural migrant group shows a more traditional approach to risk, where control and the local context are in focus. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 177-196 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601122451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601122451 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:177-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason Chilvers Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Chilvers Title: Towards Analytic-deliberative Forms of Risk Governance in the UK? Reflecting on Learning in Radioactive Waste Abstract: While participatory forms of risk assessment and management have been the focus of much conceptualisation, experimentation, and evaluation, relatively less effort has gone into understanding how so called 'analytic-deliberative' processes are developing across policy-for-real decision contexts. This paper develops a novel typology of citizen-science interaction as a basis for analysing the nature and extent of recent participatory risk assessment practice in the UK. It draws on the reflections of professional actors operating across the UK environmental risk domain, focusing down on practice in the area of radioactive waste between 1998 and 2003. Compared with past science-centred approaches, analysis shows an 'opening up' of risk decision processes to extended actors, knowledges, and values, with particular importance placed on public involvement in front-end framing. This is being constrained by a failure to integrate engagement throughout decision processes, the exclusion of publics from assessing/evaluating environmental risks, and the upholding of a strict separation between citizens/science. These patterns of analytic-deliberative practice — determined by contextual influences, barriers and challenges operating across UK environmental risk issue-areas — highlight the need for further methodological development and systematic evaluation of relations between processes and outcomes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 197-222 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601147581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601147581 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:197-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Cvetkovich Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Cvetkovich Author-Name: Kazuya Nakayachi-super-1 Author-X-Name-First: Kazuya Author-X-Name-Last: Nakayachi-super-1 Title: Trust in a High-concern Risk Controversy: A Comparison of Three Concepts Abstract: A community survey examined factors affecting the trust of four groups involved in a high concern controversy over the risks posed by motor boats to the quality of a municipal water supply. In an effort at conceptual integration the survey results were used to examine the relationships between three concepts of trust. Perceived agreement in values between self and four controversy-involved groups was found to be the most powerful predictor of trust of all four groups, as expected by the salient value similarity perspective. "Fairness" and "competency," as expected by the "dimensions" of trust perspective were also found to be significant predictors of trust. However, judgments of "fairness" and "competency" were context specific as indicated by significant correlations with judgments of salient value similarity and self interests. This violates the assumption of universality of the "dimensions" of trust perspective. Judgments of similarity of values between self and the controversy-involved groups were significantly correlated to self interests. This indicates a conceptual overlap between the salient values similarities perspective and the encapsulated trust perspective. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 223-237 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601122519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601122519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:223-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacopo Torriti Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo Author-X-Name-Last: Torriti Title: Impact Assessment in the EU: A Tool for Better Regulation, Less Regulation or Less Bad Regulation? Abstract: Impact Assessments (IAs) were introduced at the EU level under the rhetorical facade of 'better regulation'. The actual aim was to improve not only the quality but also the reputation of EU regulation before stakeholders. However, evidence brought forward by a number of evaluations pointed out that IAs are yet to achieve acceptable quality standards. The paper offers an overview of different disciplinary approaches for looking at IAs. It suggests that risk regulation encompasses the theoretical foundations to help understand the role of IAs in the EU decision-making process. The analysis of 60 early days preliminary IAs provides empirical evidence regarding policy alternatives, methodology of consultation and use of quantitative techniques. Findings suggest that dawn period IAs were used mainly to provide some empirical evidence for regulatory intervention in front of stakeholders. The paper concludes with assumptions about the future role of IAs at EU level. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 239-276 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701217847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701217847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:239-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Greg Myers Author-X-Name-First: Greg Author-X-Name-Last: Myers Title: Commonplaces in Risk Talk: Face Threats and Forms of Interaction Abstract: Talk about risk is problematic for interaction; it can involve the speaker or hearer saying things that threaten participants' 'face', the ways they want themselves to be seen by others. One way of dealing with these threats to face, and to keep the conversation going, is the use of commonplaces. Commonplaces, generally applicable and generally known arguments, play an important role in interaction, invoking shared, taken-for-granted perspectives embedded in familiar roles and everyday practices. They are similar to some of the frames discussed in risk communication, but they focus our attention on rhetoric and interaction rather than cognition. In this paper, I show how commonplaces are used in focus group discussions of public choices involving dangers to life or health. They tend to be used in response to dilemmas, when a speaker is put on the spot, and they tend to lead to other commonplaces. Analysis of commonplaces supports those who argue that studies of public perception of risks and programmes of communication about risks need to be sensitive to the personal interactions, rhetorical strategies, and cultural embeddedness of any risk talk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 285-305 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601070536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601070536 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:285-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ken K. Karipidis Author-X-Name-First: Ken K. Author-X-Name-Last: Karipidis Title: Is the Risk Comparison Made by the Public Between EMF and Smoking or Asbestos a Valid One? Abstract: The possibility of adverse health effects from exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (EMF) has caused considerable controversy in the scientific community and has received great attention in the media and among the general public with many comparing ELF EMF with tobacco smoking and asbestos. Although both smoking and asbestos are now classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1 or "established" carcinogens, this was not always the case. In this paper the evidence for the carcinogenicity of ELF EMF is compared with that for smoking and asbestos using the Bradford Hill model for establishing causality between exposure and disease. Application of the model shows that present data are insufficient to demonstrate that exposure to ELF EMF poses a definite human health hazard. However, while the bulk of the evidence is weak, there are several epidemiological studies which have reported an association between prolonged exposure to magnetic fields at levels above what is normally encountered and an increased risk in childhood leukaemia. On this basis IARC has classified ELF magnetic fields as a Group 2B or "possible" carcinogen. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 307-322 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701256340 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701256340 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:307-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Hellier Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Hellier Author-Name: Kirsteen Aldrich Author-X-Name-First: Kirsteen Author-X-Name-Last: Aldrich Author-Name: Daniel B. Wright Author-X-Name-First: Daniel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Denny Daunt Author-X-Name-First: Denny Author-X-Name-Last: Daunt Author-Name: Judy Edworthy Author-X-Name-First: Judy Author-X-Name-Last: Edworthy Title: A Multi Dimensional Analysis of Warning Signal Words Abstract: Warning signal words (e.g. DANGER, WARNING and CAUTION) are often used on warning signs and labels to denote the level of hazard implied by the situation they indicate. This process of hazard matching assumes that warning signal words communicate primarily hazard and yet we know little about the alternative associations they may communicate. Here we take a broader perspective on warning signal words and consider whether they do lie on a single dimension of hazard or whether they are in fact multidimensional. Multidimensional analysis of similarity ratings of 17 signal words ratings revealed three dimensions - the level of hazard implied by the signal words, the extent to which they explicitly implied a risk and the explicitness of the instruction given. A follow up study supported the interpretation of dimensions 1 and 2. The results support the practice of using signal words to achieve hazard matching, and further suggest that there might be utility in mapping signal words to the conditions that they indicate in terms of the extent to which the situation or product constitutes an explicit risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 323-338 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870601066963 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870601066963 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:323-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kiyoshi Takahashi Author-X-Name-First: Kiyoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi Author-Name: Yasushi Honda Author-X-Name-First: Yasushi Author-X-Name-Last: Honda Author-Name: Seita Emori Author-X-Name-First: Seita Author-X-Name-Last: Emori Title: Assessing Mortality Risk from Heat Stress due to Global Warming Abstract: With gradually progressing climate change in the future, the frequency and scale of hot summers like those observed in various places around the world in recent years will undoubtedly increase, giving rise to strong concerns over increased risk of death due to heat stress. Based on this background, we have developed a method to assess future changes in mortality due to heat stress with the entire globe as the target, and performed trial calculations using this method. The purpose of this report is to draw people's attention to the possible severe consequences of climate change by presenting the severest estimates in the uncertainty range due to adaptation/acclimation expected in the future, so as to induce further analysis and discussion on policies and measures. For the trial calculations, future changes in temperature were derived from the results of simulation using an Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model with the highest spatial resolution in the world at the time of the study. Population densities were assumed not to alter in the future. Assuming that no adaptation or acclimation takes place, when the rates of change of excess mortality due to heat stress are examined by country, the results of our calculations show increases of approximately 100% to 1000%. It is confirmed that the burden of climate change impact is quite unequal among countries, at least from the viewpoint of heat stress mortality. When considered together with present population densities, significant increases in excess mortality density can be seen in China, India, and Europe. These regions are characterized by large losses due to climate change in absolute quantitative terms. The need to consider the adoption of adaptation measures is therefore most urgent in these regions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 339-354 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701217375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701217375 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:339-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Bradley Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Bradley Title: Time Period and Risk Measures in the General Risk Equation Abstract: In an earlier paper, a general risk equation, applicable to all non growth systems, and inclusive of financial systems, was derived. It related expected throughput capacity of any system to both system resources and positive risk of loss of throughput capacity. Two risk measures were required, a new MEL-risk measure, and the conventional standard-deviation risk measure. In this paper we show that the two apparently distinct risk measures are intimately related, and that which one is appropriate depends merely on the time period over which the risk is calculated. We show, ultimately by application of the Central Limit Theorem, that if we merely sufficiently alter the time period, at some point the need for one measure will transition into the need for the other, without any change in the underlying physical system. This leads to a comprehensive risk measure that defaults to either the MEL-risk measure, or standard-deviation measure, depending not on the physical system, but merely on the time period over which the risk is calculated. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 355-369 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701252232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701252232 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:355-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vivianne H. M. Visschers Author-X-Name-First: Vivianne H. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Visschers Author-Name: Ree M. Meertens Author-X-Name-First: Ree M. Author-X-Name-Last: Meertens Author-Name: Wim F. Passchier Author-X-Name-First: Wim F. Author-X-Name-Last: Passchier Author-Name: Nanne K. de Vries Author-X-Name-First: Nanne K. Author-X-Name-Last: de Vries Title: An Associative Approach to Risk Perception: Measuring the Effects of Risk Communications Directly and Indirectly>1?tpb=-6pt?> Abstract: Risk perception is often measured by a direct method, e.g., a questionnaire. This mainly reveals the deliberate evaluation of a risk (a so-called secondary evaluative process), whereas risk perception can also be based on a first, spontaneous reaction (a primary evaluative process). An indirect test such as the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST, De Houwer, 2003) may be needed to reveal this first, spontaneous reaction. In this study, a questionnaire and an EAST measured the effects of varying risk communications (high risk, low risk or control article), about high-voltage power lines. The results of the EAST showed that the respondents associated power lines stronger with unhealthy than with healthy. However, the questionnaire results did not seem to indicate that the respondents considered power lines as risky. The EAST did not reveal an effect of article variation on the associations of power lines with (un)healthy. Conversely, the questionnaire results showed that article variation influenced the secondary evaluative process. Further, our findings demonstrated that the direct and indirect measures were unrelated. An indirect test may complement a direct test to get an overall picture of how people evaluate risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 371-383 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701252463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701252463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:371-383 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frédéric Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Title: A Case Study of Long QT Regulation: A Regulatory Tennis Game Across the Atlantic Abstract: This paper has been written in a context of vivid transatlantic discussions about regulation and precaution. The study is looking at a specific and topical issue of drug safety regulation, the so-called QT interval. The QT interval is commonly described as a reflection of how long it takes to "recharge" heart cells after they have been stimulated to beat, and it has been argued that both natural and drug induced lengthening of this interval may lead to a increased risk of death. The paper is based on interviews with all the major regulatory bodies responsible for the regulation of QT prolongation. The research focused on a number of key questions, starting with the "story" behind present QT regulation. It describes the debates that emerged in the 1992s about the significance of QT variations, and the existing level of uncertainty, on whether long QT is something we should worry about or not. Looking at the QT regulation story, no doubt the regulator answered this question by "yes". However, there are still some divergences about the magnitude of the risk between experts and non experts, between Europeans and Americans, between 'insiders' and 'outsiders', which the paper explores in its complexity. Finally, the paper is introducing a conceptual model to analyse these developments, the so-called "regulatory tennis game" that shaped the present regulation. It is also stressing some of the intrinsic problems of the "expert driven bi-partite model" for making evidence based decisions about risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 385-412 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701270903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701270903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:385-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar E. Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: The 'Plateau-ing' of the European Better Regulation Agenda: An Analysis of Activities Carried out by the Barroso Commission1 Abstract: This paper examines the European Commission's (EC) Better Regulation Agenda, from the time that President Barroso came to power -- in November 2004 -- to the 2006 summer recess. It particularly focuses on whether the Commission's regulatory thinking has moved away from the precautionary principle and towards Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA), something I predicted in 2004 (Lofstedt, 2004). The article summarises the papers and communications in the Better Regulation area put forward by the Commission since November 2004, and makes a number of observations about how the Better Regulation Agenda may develop in the future. In conclusion I argue that the Commission's Better Regulation Agenda has plateaued. Commissioner Verheugen will not be successful in pushing the Agenda further forward because of issues such as REACH and opposition from member states, notably France. It is based on a combination of desk research and interviews with policy-makers, regulators, academics and stakeholders who have been involved either in shaping or fighting the Better Regulation Agenda. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 423-447 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701417793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701417793 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:4:p:423-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kit Hagemann Author-X-Name-First: Kit Author-X-Name-Last: Hagemann Author-Name: Joachim Scholderer Author-X-Name-First: Joachim Author-X-Name-Last: Scholderer Title: Consumer versus Expert Hazard Identification: A Mental Models Study of Mutation-bred Rice Abstract: Novel foods have been the object of intense public debate in recent years. Despite efforts to communicate the outcomes of risk assessments to consumers, public confidence in the management of potential risks has been low. Various reasons behind this have been identified, chiefly a disagreement between technical experts and consumers over the nature of the hazards on which risk assessments should focus, and perceptions of insufficient openness about uncertainties in risk assessment. Whilst previous research has almost exclusively focused on genetically modified foods, the present paper investigates plant varieties developed by means of mutation breeding, a less-debated class of novel foods. Two studies were conducted that investigated the mental models of experts and laypeople. The results revealed that the mental models of both groups differed in terms of scope, depth and the role of uncertainty. Furthermore, a number of misconceptions became apparent in the study of laypeople's mental models, often related to the regulatory system governing risk assessments of novel foods. Critical issue are outlined and communication needs are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 449-464 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701417819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701417819 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:4:p:449-464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Veeris Ammarapala Author-X-Name-First: Veeris Author-X-Name-Last: Ammarapala Author-Name: James T. Luxhøj Author-X-Name-First: James T. Author-X-Name-Last: Luxhøj Title: A Collaborative Multi-criteria Decision Making Technique for Risk Factor Prioritization Abstract: Organizations are a collection of individuals, and often a disastrous organizational accident involves contributions from several technical/environmental factors and actors throughout the system over time. This paper illustrates the efficiency of a new collaborative decision making technique that could assist a group of executive decision makers in identifying, analyzing, evaluating and prioritizing significant organizational system risks. The results from the collaborative technique when applied to real world risk intensive situations, such as aviation safety risk management, are compared with those obtained by using existing notable techniques. For the case examples shown, the number of expert judgments is reduced by up to 80%. Advantages and limitations of the proposed modeling approach for collaborative decision making are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 465-485 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701421563 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701421563 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:4:p:465-485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Ammann Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Ammann Author-Name: Angelika Hilbeck Author-X-Name-First: Angelika Author-X-Name-Last: Hilbeck Author-Name: Beatrice Lanzrein Author-X-Name-First: Beatrice Author-X-Name-Last: Lanzrein Author-Name: Philipp Hübner Author-X-Name-First: Philipp Author-X-Name-Last: Hübner Author-Name: Bernadette Oehen Author-X-Name-First: Bernadette Author-X-Name-Last: Oehen Title: Procedure for the Implementation of the Precautionary Principle in Biosafety Commissions Abstract: In order to fulfil their responsibilities under the precautionary principle, biosafety commissions should lay down guidelines concerning the understanding and application of this principle and work towards an operational procedure. With this contribution, we propose a step-wise procedure that aims to establish the understanding of the precautionary principle within biosafety commissions and to provide a methodological approach for the application of this principle to specific cases in the course of risk assessment. This approach is based on systematically investigating the consensus view within a group of 15 biosafety experts with the help of sets of checklists. For step 1, we propose a checklist of 13 criteria aimed at defining the understanding of the precautionary principle. For step 2, we propose 4 criteria for the decision on whether or not to use the precautionary principle. For step 3, 11 criteria for the use of the precautionary principle are presented. In step 4, additional criteria for specific applications could be included. In step 5, possible recommendations to decision-making authorities are proposed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 487-501 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701424740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701424740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:4:p:487-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Ingeborg Myhr Author-X-Name-First: Anne Ingeborg Author-X-Name-Last: Myhr Author-Name: Terje Traavik Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Traavik Title: Poxvirus-vectored Vaccines Call for Application of the Precautionary Principle Abstract: Genetically engineered viruses (GEVs) used as live vaccines are, and will increasingly become, important for prevention of disease in human as well as animal populations. Poxviruses have a number of attractive theoretical and practical advantages as gene expressing vaccine vectors: their large genomes render construction of multivalent vaccines feasible, the vaccines are easy to produce, the virus particles are very thermostable, and inoculation is followed by long-lasting, protective immune responses. On the other hand, administration and environmental release of GEVs may represent potential unintended harms to human, animal and ecosystem health. We will argue that a strict application of risk-cost/benefit analyses do not cope appropriately with the current lack of scientific understanding and the complexity of ecosystems that will become GEV recipients, and fail to take into account the deeper ethical groundings that shape the scientific and public opinions. To avoid serious, unintended ecological effects of GEVs, it may be necessary to elaborate the ethical basis for protecting health and the environment. The Precautionary Principle (PP) may provide a basis for adequate consideration of ecological and ethical issues of vital importance to protection of health and environment from unforeseen adverse effects of poxvirus-vectored vaccines. To operationalise the PP, we suggest that there is a need to identify and systematise lack of scientific understanding, and to acknowledge uncertainty by initiating research with a broad focus involving interdisciplinary research. In this paper we present three main issues related to the employment of the PP: i) identification of scientific uncertainty and its ethical significance in risk assessment and risk management processes, ii) the need for broad risk assessment as a response to scientific uncertainty, and iii) the need for transparency and public involvement to enhance the debate about normative standards concerning acceptability of benefits, risks and uncertainty with regard to GEV use and release. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 503-525 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701282601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701282601 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:4:p:503-525 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolás C. Bronfman Author-X-Name-First: Nicolás C. Author-X-Name-Last: Bronfman Author-Name: Luis Abdón Cifuentes Author-X-Name-First: Luis Abdón Author-X-Name-Last: Cifuentes Author-Name: Michael L. deKay Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: deKay Author-Name: Henry H. Willis Author-X-Name-First: Henry H. Author-X-Name-Last: Willis Title: Accounting for Variation in the Explanatory Power of the Psychometric Paradigm: The Effects of Aggregation and Focus Abstract: Most psychometric studies of risk perception have used data that have been averaged over participants prior to analysis. Such aggregation obscures variation among participants and inflates the magnitude of relationships between psychometric dimensions and dependent variables such as overall riskiness. However, most studies that have not averaged data over participants have also shifted the focus of analysis from differences among hazards to differences among participants. Hence, it is unclear whether observed reductions in the explanatory power of psychometric dimensions result from the change in the level of analysis or from the change in the focus of analysis. Following Willis et al.'s (2005) analysis of ecological risk perceptions, we unconfound these two variables in a study of risk perceptions in Santiago, Chile, although we use more traditional hazards, attributes, and statistical procedures. Results confirm that psychometric dimensions explain less variation in judgments of riskiness and acceptability at the disaggregate level than at the aggregate level. However, they also explain less variation when the focus of analysis is differences among participants rather than differences among hazards. These two effects appear to be similar in magnitude. A simple hybrid analysis economically represents variation among participants' judgments of hazards' riskiness by relating those judgments to a common set of psychometric dimensions from a traditional aggregate-level analysis. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 527-554 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701315872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701315872 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:4:p:527-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreea Gruev-Vintila Author-X-Name-First: Andreea Author-X-Name-Last: Gruev-Vintila Author-Name: Michel-Louis Rouquette Author-X-Name-First: Michel-Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Rouquette Title: Social Thinking about Collective Risk: How Do Risk-related Practice and Personal Involvement Impact Its Social Representations? Abstract: The study investigates the effects of personal involvement in a collective risk on the structure of its social representation, and how those effects depend on risk-related experience. The paper reports an empirical study conducted within the structural approach to the Social Representations Theory. We tested the effects of risk-related practice (earthquake experience) and of personal involvement in risk on the structure of its social representation. The results showed that the social representation was normative in nature, but became more practically oriented in the group who experienced earthquake. A normative representation is useful in judging risk's attributes; instead, a more functional, or a more practically oriented representation is expected to enable the use of more diversified risk-related information especially for practical purposes (risk mitigation behaviour). Similarly, the social representation of participants who were highly involved in seismic risk was more structured and more practically oriented. However, this was true only if they possessed risk-related experience, either through collective (risk culture) or live earthquake experience. Based on these results, a suggestion is made on how to increase the efficiency of prevention campaigns that aim at encouraging collective risk-mitigation conduct. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 555-581 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701338064 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701338064 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:4:p:555-581 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Briggs Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Briggs Author-Name: Richard Stern Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Stern Title: Risk Response to Environmental Hazards to Health -- Towards an Ecological Approach Abstract: Response to risks can be seen as an ecological process, involving a community of actors whose perceptions and actions play off each other, and whose responses help to determine the way in which risk events play out. Risk governance thus needs to take account of how the many different stakeholders caught up in the event respond to the perceived risks. The NATO-MoD funded MERREA project was aimed at exploring these processes of risk response through a series of case studies, as a basis for developing more effective risk governance strategies. This paper describes the study and summarises results from a cross-cutting analysis of the case studies. It highlights five key issues: the inadequate identification and characterisation of stakeholders that occurs in many risk situations; the importance of given and self-adopted roles in determining stakeholders' understanding and expectations of risk; the importance of recognising both formal and informal channels of risk communication in any risk situation, requiring the establishment of effective and open channels of communication well in advance of any event; the need to recognise, admit and communicate uncertainty in risk situations if trust is to be maintained; and the importance of establishing lead organisations for risk governance who carry the trust of all the stakeholders concerned. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 593-622 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701315799 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701315799 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:5:p:593-622 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Etkin Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Etkin Author-Name: Elise Ho Author-X-Name-First: Elise Author-X-Name-Last: Ho Title: Climate Change: Perceptions and Discourses of Risk Abstract: This paper discusses some of the issues that affect risk awareness with respect to climate change and what their impact has been on people's attitudes. It highlights the large gap between the scientific community and the general public in terms of their understanding, awareness and perception of risks associated with climate change. Awareness is driven both by environmental values or political and economic agendas; particularly important are worldviews and 'myths of nature', which have a great impact on risk perception. Attitudes are further complicated because the problem of climate change comprises a form of 'post-normal science': it needs to be viewed holistically, with consideration of the feedbacks between the climate system, the human system and ecosystems; there is large uncertainty and a plurality of legitimate perspectives; and the issue is complex and difficult or impossible to fit into a traditional linear problem-solving model. It is therefore not a rational decision for most individuals to take actions to reduce risk from climate change in the absence of collective action, yet collective action is extraordinarily difficult to achieve. The benefits of risk reduction also fall primarily upon future generations, while uncertainties mean that differences in perspective, and problems of poor communication, misinformation and unstated assumptions tend to cloud the social discourse. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 623-641 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701281462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701281462 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:5:p:623-641 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sébastien Brunet Author-X-Name-First: Sébastien Author-X-Name-Last: Brunet Author-Name: Pascal Houbaert Author-X-Name-First: Pascal Author-X-Name-Last: Houbaert Title: Involving Stakeholders: The Belgian Fowl Pest Crisis Abstract: This paper presents results of a study of risk perceptions and risk communication issues arising from the "Fowl Pest Crisis" in Belgium. During the crisis, various unanticipated groups emerged as influential stakeholders -- such as pigeon fancier associations, zoos or collectors of exotic birds. These stakeholders were not used to communicating with the public authorities responsible for the food chain and, as a result, resorted to informal and political contacts in order to be heard; nor were the authorities quickly able to establish a valid understanding of these stakeholders during the crisis. Based on this evidence, we suggest that methods are needed to gather opinions and worldviews of homogeneous groups of actors in advance of any crisis. These not only give the opportunity to learn more about the stakeholders' views but also help to build confidence with public authorities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 643-660 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701281454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701281454 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:5:p:643-660 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Millstone Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Millstone Author-Name: Patrick Van Zwanenberg Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Van Zwanenberg Title: Mad Cow Disease — Painting Policy-Making into a Corner Abstract: The BSE saga in the UK provides important lessons on the role of governments in risk communication and management during crises, and on the ways in which inappropriate early responses can skew the perceptions of stakeholders, exacerbate conflicts between different interest groups and constrain the government's options for effective action. A brief discussion of the emergence of BSE in the UK cattle herd, and the accompanying policy dilemmas, prefaces an account of how policy-makers responded to the crisis and communicated about possible risks, the effects on attitudes of stakeholders and the implications for policy. The paper shows that the UK government's risk communication tactics misrepresented the underlying science and failed to take a precautionary approach because scientific uncertainties were concealed and denied. The UK authorities claimed to be protecting public health but in practice they were more concerned to support agricultural markets and minimise state intervention and public expenditure. Regulations that were introduced were too little and too late, and were not properly enforced. Too little was invested in scientific research and the involvement of independent scientists was actively discouraged. The high degree of uncertainty in the prevailing state of knowledge was not acknowledged. Instead of adopting policies that were consistent with the available scientific evidence and understanding, the government merely promulgated the rhetoric of science-based policy, while discounting relevant scientific evidence and discrediting scientific advice that was inconsistent with its chosen narrative. It chose a narrative of total confidence and certainty, attached to an assumption of zero risk, and then struggled to adopt forms of reasoning that would sustain that position in the face of accumulating evidence to the contrary. Implications for risk communication of adopting a more precautionary approach in such circumstances are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 661-691 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701270887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701270887 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:5:p:661-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. G. Jardine Author-X-Name-First: C. G. Author-X-Name-Last: Jardine Author-Name: G. Predy Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Predy Author-Name: A. Mackenzie Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Mackenzie Title: Stakeholder Participation in Investigating the Health Impacts from Coal-Fired Power Generating Stations in Alberta, Canada Abstract: Developing an effective stakeholder participation process and communication dialogue continues to be a challenge in dealing with risk issues, particularly those in which the risk is uncertain and people are fearful about the potential impacts. The complex public stakeholder relations and risk communication issues associated with investigating the potential human health effects associated with exposure to the emissions of coal-fired power generating stations are discussed. Residents in the area around Lake Wabamun (west of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) have raised concerns about potential health impacts from four nearby coal-fired power generating stations. The Wabamun and Area Community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Programme (WACEHEAP) was developed to look specifically at what people are being exposed to in this area as well as some of the health effects from these exposures. Public stakeholders to this process included the general public, community interest groups and the Paul First Nation. Two surveys were conducted to better understand community concerns, communication and information needs, and desire for involvement. Consultations were also held with the Paul First Nation. The results provided important insights into the risk perspectives of these groups, including communication needs and desired means of participating in the risk assessment process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 693-714 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701447956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701447956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:5:p:693-714 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mehmet Celebi Author-X-Name-First: Mehmet Author-X-Name-Last: Celebi Title: Developments in Seismic Monitoring for Risk Reduction Abstract: This paper presents recent state-of-the-art developments to obtain displacements and drift ratios for seismic monitoring and damage assessment of buildings. In most cases, decisions on safety of buildings following seismic events are based on visual inspections of the structures. Real-time instrumental measurements using GPS or double integration of accelerations, however, offer a viable alternative. Relevant parameters, such as the type of connections and structural characteristics (including storey geometry), can be estimated to compute drifts corresponding to several pre-selected threshold stages of damage. Drift ratios determined from real-time monitoring can then be compared to these thresholds in order to estimate damage conditions drift ratios. This approach is demonstrated in three steel frame buildings in San Francisco, California. Recently recorded data of strong shaking from these buildings indicate that the monitoring system can be a useful tool in rapid assessment of buildings and other structures following an earthquake. Such systems can also be used for risk monitoring, as a method to assess performance-based design and analysis procedures, for long-term assessment of structural characteristics of a building, and as a possible long-term damage detection tool. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 715-727 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701447964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701447964 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:5:p:715-727 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. L. Ebi Author-X-Name-First: K. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Ebi Title: Towards an Early Warning System for Heat Events Abstract: Severe and sustained episodes of hot weather during the summer season are associated with marked short-term increases in morbidity and mortality in the United States and Europe. The death toll in an unprepared region can be substantial, as was evidenced in the 2003 heat event in Western Europe. There is growing interest in developing early warning systems to advise the public when weather conditions pose risks to health. These systems link meteorological forecasts of dangerous weather with public health actions. The principal components of an early warning system include identification and forecasting of the event (including consistent, standardised weather criteria for when warnings are activated and deactivated), prediction of possible health outcomes that could occur, an effective and timely response plan that targets high-risk populations, and an ongoing evaluation and revision of the system and its components. A particular challenge is the development of effective communication of the behavioural changes needed to prevent adverse health impacts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 729-744 Issue: 5 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701447972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701447972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:5:p:729-744 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akihiro Tokai Author-X-Name-First: Akihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Tokai Title: Society for Risk Analysis, Japan Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 745-746 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701611890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701611890 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:745-746 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kiyotaka Tsunemi Author-X-Name-First: Kiyotaka Author-X-Name-Last: Tsunemi Author-Name: Akihiro Tokai Author-X-Name-First: Akihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Tokai Title: Screening Risk Assessment of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Ecosystems Using a Multimedia Model Abstract: Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are persistent and highly bioaccumulative substances. The possible risks to ecosystems caused by releases of SCCPs to the environment have been assessed in the European Union and the United States of America. The study reported in this paper was a screening risk assessment of SCCPs in the ecosystems of Japan. However, the monitoring data for SCCPs in Japan were too limited to estimate the overview of exposure. Therefore, in this study, the flows and releases throughout the life cycle of these substances were estimated from international data, environmental concentrations were predicted using a multimedia model, and risk characterization was conducted. The results indicate that there is a low potential risk from SCCPs to aquatic and sediment-dwelling organisms in most regions and local areas of Japan. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 747-757 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701472988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701472988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:747-757 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Scott Voorhees Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Voorhees Author-Name: Iwao Uchiyama Author-X-Name-First: Iwao Author-X-Name-Last: Uchiyama Title: Cost Analysis of Particulate Matter Control Programs -- A Case Study of Tokyo Abstract: The objectives of this case study were to assess economic costs of existing environmental policies of particulate matter (PM) in Tokyo and compare the costs to estimates of benefits developed previously. The purchasing power parity-adjusted one year estimates for the costs of PM pollution control and prevention were: (1) $720 million (USD) for stationary source controls, (2) a range of $690 million to $1.1 billion for diesel motor vehicle controls, (3) $4.2 million for governmental employee salaries, (4) $50 million for governmental financial assistance, and (5) a range of $1.5 billion to $1.9 billion for total costs. Overall these cost results appear more likely to be overestimates than underestimates due to a number of conservative assumptions, in particular for mobile source controls. Using human health and productivity benefits calculated in a previous study to be $38 billion USD, and annualized capital and operating costs from this work, the best net ratio of benefits to costs was 20 to 1. This suggests that Tokyo's PM pollution control policies in total were economically very effective in the past, and that stricter controls or broader regulatory coverage can be justified in the future. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 759-772 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701342561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701342561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:759-772 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takaaki Kato Author-X-Name-First: Takaaki Author-X-Name-Last: Kato Author-Name: Noboru Hidano Author-X-Name-First: Noboru Author-X-Name-Last: Hidano Title: Anchoring Effects, Survey Conditions, and Respondents' Characteristics: Contingent Valuation of Uncertain Environmental Changes Abstract: Contingent valuation (CV) is a social survey method for the economic evaluation of policy. In CV, uncertainty in policy outcomes is thought to disturb the rational choices of respondents and cause the problem of anchoring. Knowledge of the factors affecting the magnitude of anchoring effects is limited. The current study evaluates the severity of anchoring effects under some typical settings of CV. It finds that the occurrence of anchoring effects is independent of whether a face-to-face interview or mail method is chosen. Choosing donation or taxation as a vehicle of payment does not change the severity of anchoring effects. Female respondents and low-income respondents are more susceptible to anchoring effects compared with other respondents. Respondents with intermediate knowledge on the subject in question are found to be most susceptible to anchoring effects. This suggests the strength of anchoring should not be a simple increasing function of the levels of uncertainty about the policy benefit in question. The results can be used to improve the survey technique of CV. In addition, they provide some insight into anchoring in actual transactions, given the similarity between the CV procedure and the choice situations faced by consumers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 773-792 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701342603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701342603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:773-792 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuji Maeda Author-X-Name-First: Yuji Author-X-Name-Last: Maeda Author-Name: Yasuhiro Sakai Author-X-Name-First: Yasuhiro Author-X-Name-Last: Sakai Title: Risk Financing Through Captive Insurer: Economic Influences of Captives on Corporations and the First Domicile in Japan Abstract: This paper discusses whether or not and to what extent captives as corporate risk financing tools potentially provide benefits for Japanese corporations and the first captive domicile, Nago City of Okinawa. The success story of the city of Dublin City, Ireland, illustrates that captives have significant influences on the domicile such as increasing local employment, creating chances for financial education, enhancing information and improving transportation infrastructure. Our simulation indicates that one hundred captives and their related firms over a ten-year term add around 210 billion yen to the local economy, 233 billion yen to the prefectural tax income and 2,200 new jobs. This paper shows that captives provide benefits for corporations and the domicile in Japan in varieties of ways. There is a concern, however, that the Nago City initiative can end up as a failure due to the emergence of strong internal and external resistance as exemplified by the cases in Germany, Italy and France, countries in which the insurance business styles are rather conservative, similar to the style in Japan. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 793-803 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701342652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701342652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:793-803 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroko Ohtsubo Author-X-Name-First: Hiroko Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsubo Author-Name: Yukiko Yamada Author-X-Name-First: Yukiko Author-X-Name-Last: Yamada Title: Japanese Public Perceptions of Food-Related Hazards Abstract: In this study the authors conducted a survey in 2003 with two aims: to map out the Japanese general public's perceptions of food-related hazards and foodstuffs based on the psychometric paradigm and to compare the results with those of the work by Sparks and Shepherd (1994) and Fife-Schaw and Rowe (1996), who figured the risk perception maps of the UK public; and to classify the Japanese public into some clusters according to their interests and concerns about food related issues and compare the perceptions of food-related hazards among the clusters. Three thousand questionnaires were sent by mail to randomly chosen citizens residing around Tokyo, and 878 valid responses were returned (adjusted response rate = 29.5%). Ten food-related hazards and 14 kinds of risk characteristics were used to assess their perceptions of risk, and questions about their levels of interests and/or concerns about eating, nutrition, health and food safety were asked in order to categorize the respondents into clusters. The perceptions of food-related hazards of the Japanese general public were quite similar to those of the UK public. The only exceptions appeared to be the perceptions of food additives, irradiated foods and GMOs. The Japanese public relatively regarded them as more hazardous than the UK public. Perceptions of each cluster were also similar; only Cluster 1 (with low interest and low anxiety) perceived familiar ones (e.g., food additives) to be less hazardous. The results here were based on categorical data and additional studies are necessary to obtain quantitative data for further elaboration of these results. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 805-819 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701342777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701342777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:805-819 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tohru Morioka Author-X-Name-First: Tohru Author-X-Name-Last: Morioka Author-Name: Osamu Saito Author-X-Name-First: Osamu Author-X-Name-Last: Saito Author-Name: Yugo Yamamoto Author-X-Name-First: Yugo Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamoto Author-Name: Masamichi Okano Author-X-Name-First: Masamichi Author-X-Name-Last: Okano Author-Name: Helmut Yabar Author-X-Name-First: Helmut Author-X-Name-Last: Yabar Author-Name: Takanori Matsui Author-X-Name-First: Takanori Author-X-Name-Last: Matsui Title: New Risk Management Training Programs in Higher Education in Japan -- A Comparative Study and a Challenge by Osaka University Abstract: Risks such as health risks derived from hazardous chemicals, energy security associated with electric power supply, and accidental risks at work need to be coped with by professionals in the areas concerned. Risk managers must deal with numerous different topics. They are expected to be familiar with legal requirements, scientific analysis methods, management strategies, and communication skills. Many firms in the USA and Europe already employ certified professional risk managers, including those for environmental risks. In contrast, even though both private and public sectors in Japan have acknowledged the need for risk management professionals, the lack in specialized programs at Japanese institutions has resulted in relatively poor staffing of environmental risk managers at most organizations. In order to meet this increasing demand, a new post-graduate program (representative: T. Morioka) at Osaka University was created as the first comprehensive attempt to train environmental risk managers in Japan. This article analyzes the educational systems for risk management at the graduate and post-graduate level in Japan, and compares the structure of the new post-graduate program at Osaka University with similar domestic programs. We also make an analysis of the skills development and learning outcomes criterion of our program. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 821-839 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701342926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701342926 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:821-839 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jun Sekizawa Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Sekizawa Author-Name: Hiroyuki Ohtawa Author-X-Name-First: Hiroyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtawa Author-Name: Hiroshi Yamamoto Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamoto Author-Name: Yasushi Okada Author-X-Name-First: Yasushi Author-X-Name-Last: Okada Author-Name: Takeshi Nakano Author-X-Name-First: Takeshi Author-X-Name-Last: Nakano Author-Name: Hiromichi Hirai Author-X-Name-First: Hiromichi Author-X-Name-Last: Hirai Author-Name: Shoji Yamamoto Author-X-Name-First: Shoji Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamoto Author-Name: Keisuke Yasuno Author-X-Name-First: Keisuke Author-X-Name-Last: Yasuno Title: Evaluation of Human Health Risks From Exposures to Four Air Pollutants in the Indoor and the Outdoor Environments in Tokushima, and Communication of the Outcomes to the Local People Abstract: The Law concerning Reporting etc., of Releases to the Environment of Specific Chemical Substances, and Promoting Improvement in Their Management (the so-called Pollutant Release and Transfer Register Law or the PRTR Law) was promulgated in Japan in 1999. Estimated amounts of the specific chemical substances released from their major emission sources to local environments are publicly available by law. Concentrations of benzene, toluene, xylene (i.e., volatile organic compounds or VOCs) and formaldehyde specified by law were measured in different seasons from 2003 to 2005 both at outdoor and indoor sites within the Tokushima University campus and in a nearby local area to estimate their human exposures. There were no substantial differences between the indoor and the outdoor concentrations of benzene, toluene, and xylene. Higher concentrations observed for formaldehyde in the indoor environment than in the outdoor environment in the 2003 winter season could be explained by the fact that there was renovation of the building nine months before the measurement. The exposure data obtained were used to evaluate the possible human health risks of these four chemicals by referring to their health criteria. The results indicated that the overall risks from the exposures to these chemicals both in the indoor and the outdoor environments were not significantly high even if fluctuations are taken into account. The results of our evaluation were released on the university website and also presented and discussed at a public meeting and three PRTR data seminars in the local society. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 841-851 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701342967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701342967 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:841-851 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shinsuke Morisawa Author-X-Name-First: Shinsuke Author-X-Name-Last: Morisawa Author-Name: Takashi Fukami Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Fukami Author-Name: Manabu Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Manabu Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Author-Name: Minoru Yoneda Author-X-Name-First: Minoru Author-X-Name-Last: Yoneda Author-Name: Aki Nakayama Author-X-Name-First: Aki Author-X-Name-Last: Nakayama Title: Applicability of Mathematical Model for Evaluating Cancer Mortality Risk Abstract: The mathematical cancer evaluation model, the Generalized Moolgavkar-Venson-Knudson (G-MVK) model and the two-stage MVK model, were applied to Japanese cancer mortality statistics to examine the applicability of the models for estimating the mortality risk with its year and age dependent variation. First the G-MVK model was simplified with the constant mutation parameters, and was applied to determine the number of stages required for cancer induction for sixteen kinds of cancers and total solid cancer. Then the G-MVK model and the two-stage MVK model were compared in their estimation accuracy, and the latter model was calibrated with the Japanese lung cancer and leukemia statistics. The main results obtained under the limits considered in this study are as follows: (1) the number of stages required for cancer induction was determined by numerical fitting with the cancer statistics. The estimated stage number depended on the kind of cancer, and the mortality depended on age and year, (2) the two-stage MVK model was well calibrated with the statistics and was promising for depicting cancer mortality risk, and (3) the combined (one-stage and two-stage) MVK model was applied to leukemia to show that the hereditary chances of leukemia mortality can be depicted under the assumption that some people were born with an intermediate stem cell. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 853-869 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701343031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701343031 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:853-869 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuhiro Sakai Author-X-Name-First: Yasuhiro Author-X-Name-Last: Sakai Author-Name: Takashi Sakai Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Sakai Title: A Risk Analysis of the Liquid Crystal Display Industry Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyze how various risks affect the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) industry. Whether the LCD industry can activate the economy without a negative impact on people's lives will also be investigated. Recently, LCDs have been widely used for daily life, because of their attractive features such as light weight, slim volume, and low power consumption. The LCD industry has been growing rapidly at a rate of more than 30% a year in the last five years. However, the industry faces various investment, technology, and environmental risks, which are difficult to overcome. The industry has tremendous potential in stimulating the economy and enriching people's lives without harming human health and the environment. When the risks have been seamlessly prevented, the LCD industry will be able to join the key industries group. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 871-882 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701343163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701343163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:871-882 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susumu Ohnuma Author-X-Name-First: Susumu Author-X-Name-Last: Ohnuma Author-Name: Yoichiro Ishibashi Author-X-Name-First: Yoichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Ishibashi Author-Name: Yuko Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Yuko Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Author-Name: Kazuhiko Chikamoto Author-X-Name-First: Kazuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Chikamoto Title: Do Self-sanctioning and Outsider Intervention Instill Trust in the Information Disclosure Process? Abstract: This study explored two questions: 1) what kind of method for instilling trust is evaluated to be important by the general public and 2) who is considered as a legitimate third party, when administrators and organizations go through an information disclosure process. We hypothesized that voluntary declaration of self-sanctions, before an issue becomes public, would be important in instilling trust as well as the intervention of outsiders. Further, we explored which groups were evaluated as acceptable third parties. In a social survey conducted in the Kanto district of Japan, 621 responses (24.8% response rate) were obtained using a two stage systematic stratified random sampling method and mail-out procedure. Results showed that declaration of self-sanctions was seen as most important in instilling trust, but with involvement of an outsider also seen as important. An analysis of possible trusted third parties showed that academics and citizens interested in the issue were considered as most appropriate 'outsiders', while politicians, governor/mayor and administrative officials were considered less appropriate. Finally, cluster analysis showed that mass media was included within the same cluster as the political group. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 883-898 Issue: 6 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701485139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701485139 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:6:p:883-898 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olivier Borraz Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Borraz Author-Name: Claude Gilbert Author-X-Name-First: Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Gilbert Author-Name: Pierre-Benoit Joly Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Joly Title: Risk Studies: The French Contribution Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 899-904 Issue: 7 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701504566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701504566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:7:p:899-904 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre-Benoit Joly Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Joly Title: Scientific Expertise in Public Arenas: Lessons from the French Experience Abstract: Sociological research on expertise sheds useful light on changes in this field since the late 1990s in France. It also shows the emergence of new games between actors, which have to be understood, and highlights the inertia of action systems and socio-cognitive frames. The review of research on expertise allows the identification of three contrasted models of expertise which embed different notions of risks, knowledge, and patterns of interactions between experts, stakeholders, concerned groups and policy makers: the standard model, the cross-examination model and the hybrid forum one. While the proceduralization of expertise is an important trend, it would be dangerous to perceive it as the only goal of the democratization of risk management. This would mean forgetting that risks are situated at the intersection between two regimes of action: the first is short-term and motivated by the urgency of threats and the need for preventive and corrective measures; the second is long-term, with the transformation of technical systems and the creation of new competencies. The problematical situations -- characterised by complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity -- are those in which the articulation between these two regimes is both indispensable and extremely difficult. In these cases the proceduralization of expertise must be coupled with a set of devices, still to be invented, which allow for the articulation of these two regimes of action. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 905-924 Issue: 7 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701504533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701504533 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:7:p:905-924 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claude Gilbert Author-X-Name-First: Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Gilbert Title: Crisis Analysis: Between Normalization and Avoidance Abstract: French social science research on crisis has experienced strong evolutions over the past twenty years. Attention shifted from problems that the authorities had in managing industrial accidents and natural disasters, transportation accidents, to crisis associated with the idea of an 'affair' or 'scandal' (contaminated blood affair, asbestos issue) and to collective risks characterized by a high level of uncertainty and generating multiple scientific controversies and public debates ("mad cow disease", GMO, etc,). Another change regards the issues at stake. Whereas management problems (regarding decision, communication, etc.) were the core issues, analyses are now more and more focused on multiple scientific controversies and public debates, on public authorities and scientific experts being held accountable for serious dysfunctions in the public health field, on media coverage and legal repercussions of such problems. Because of this double change, crises tend to become a more 'ordinary' research topic in the academic field. Consequently new trends of analysis develop, related less to a specific, critical situation than to changes and destabilizations in systems of actors. From this point of view, crisis has a strongly endogenous character and crises analysis tends to converge with the analysis of risks as public problems and with the analysis of 'normal' situations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 925-940 Issue: 7 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701504731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701504731 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:7:p:925-940 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olivier Borraz Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Borraz Title: Risk and Public Problems Abstract: The study of risk in the French social sciences over the past 10 years draws upon a tradition of policy studies. Following an earlier period during which research focused on major catastrophes and technological risks, studies moved on to a broader range of collective risks. Emphasis was placed on the social construction of risks by social movements, NGOs, experts and counter-experts, whistleblowers, private firms and public administrations. Among these studies, two separate approaches can be observed. A first strand of research focused on how existing risks became public problems, i.e., why and how among the many risks which surround us, some became major issues while others did not. This led to specific interest for processes of problem-building and agenda-setting. In these processes, the role of organizations was closely scrutinized. A second strand of research focused on how existing public problems became framed as risks, i.e., the way in which an issue already on the agenda came to acquire new attributes which, by stressing a number of uncertainties and establishing links with other controversial issues, turned it into a risk. From the sum results of these two strands, a general framework of analysis for the study of risks emerges, which stresses the dynamic nature of their construction processes, the political nature of the controversies which accompany risks on the public agenda, the dimensions of lack of familiarity and control in the risks that emerge, and the crucial importance of debates over calculating the risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 941-957 Issue: 7 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701504541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701504541 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:7:p:941-957 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claude Gilbert Author-X-Name-First: Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Gilbert Author-Name: Rene Amalberti Author-X-Name-First: Rene Author-X-Name-Last: Amalberti Author-Name: Herve Laroche Author-X-Name-First: Herve Author-X-Name-Last: Laroche Author-Name: Jean Paries Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Paries Title: Errors and Failures: Towards a New Safety Paradigm Abstract: In France studies on technological risks began to question errors, failures and vulnerabilities at the end of the 1970s, focusing mostly on analyzing major accidents as consequences of the increasing complexity of socio-technical systems. During the 1980s and 1990s, research studies carried out in different fields (industrial risks, natural risks, health risks) underlined the importance of organizational factors in system vulnerabilities. Still, the bases of safety policies and safety management remained unchanged, with a strong reliance on rules and procedures. Building on an interdisciplinary reflection carried out at the beginning of the 2000s, this paper calls into question the prevailing approach as regards safety. Identifying the basic assumptions behind safety policies, it is argued that, in light of research advances in various fields of safety studies -- and more specifically in cognitive ergonomics -- they appear to be basically flawed. In a quite radical manner, a recognition of errors and failures as a part of the usual functioning of socio-technical systems, which are "naturally" unstable systems, is called for. As for risk control, it appears to result mainly from the capacity of operators, working groups and organisations for dynamically "making up" for errors and failures. These analyses open very stimulating prospects of research. However, the question of their social and political acceptability must be seriously considered. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 959-975 Issue: 7 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701504764 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701504764 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:7:p:959-975 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mathew P. White Author-X-Name-First: Mathew P. Author-X-Name-Last: White Title: The Trust Paradox: The Role of Context Effects in Stated Trust Judgements Abstract: Why do people vote, read newspapers and buy mobile phones when they claim politicians, the press and the mobile phone industry can't be trusted? One account of this apparent paradox argues that people are aware of their ambivalence and only exhibit trust-like behaviours with caution and scepticism. An alternative account suggests we underestimate the impact our implicit trust has on our behaviour when making explicit trust statements. The current research offers a third, not mutually exclusive, explanation. Specifically, it is argued that statements of trust are not simply reflections of some underlying level of trust but are systematically influenced by elicitation context effects. To date, most research has asked people to rate several targets simultaneously (joint evaluation (JE) context) rather than in isolation (separate evaluation (SE) context). It was predicted that this JE approach would encourage contrast effects between targets and lead to a greater spread of trust ratings than using a SE approach thus tending to amplify any stated-revealed trust differences. Evidence was found by comparing trust ratings of various targets with respect to mobile phone technology risks across two studies one using a JE frame and one using a SE frame. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 977-988 Issue: 7 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701453053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701453053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:7:p:977-988 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Piers Fleming Author-X-Name-First: Piers Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming Author-Name: Ellen Townsend Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Townsend Author-Name: Kenneth C. Lowe Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lowe Author-Name: Eamonn Ferguson Author-X-Name-First: Eamonn Author-X-Name-Last: Ferguson Title: Social Desirability Influences on Judgements of Biotechnology Across the Dimensions of Risk, Ethicality and Naturalness Abstract: This study examined the relationship between social desirability and dimensional judgments of risk, naturalness and ethicality for biotechnological and matched natural health technologies. We examine if those who are motivated to respond in a socially-desirable way will be more likely to rate genetically-modified (GM) technologies as more risky (less natural or ethical) than those who are not motivated to respond in a socially-desirable way. One-hundred and forty-eight participants rated eight technologies along three dimensions (risk, naturalness and ethicality) and completed a measure of social desirability. The results showed that ethicality was unrelated to social desirability. The dimension of naturalness was related to social desirability regardless of the type of technology. The results further showed that for GM technologies those motivated to respond in a socially desirable way rated these as more risky. Theoretical and methodological implications are drawn from the study. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 989-1003 Issue: 7 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701486913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701486913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:7:p:989-1003 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristian Kallenberg Author-X-Name-First: Kristian Author-X-Name-Last: Kallenberg Title: The Role of Risk in Corporate Value: A Case Study of the ABB Asbestos Litigation Abstract: The need for fair risk communication has emerged as a result of a more global and more flexible economy as well as of a media dominated world. Proper risk management and risk communication is therefore crucial today. The paper discusses the need for open and direct communication with the public in order to establish trust and to maintain market value. The case discussed is that of ABB (Asea Brown Boveri) asbestos litigation and the dramatic consequences it had for the company. During 2001 and 2002, the ABB share price fell by roughly 90 percent. The present study indicates that more than 50 percent of the fall was related to asbestos reporting by the media and ABB, primarily during the second half of 2002. The need for further understanding of and procedures for dealing with risks and risk communication in a business context is stressed. The outcome for ABB could have been different if more precise and defined ways of working with and communicating risks had been employed. Due to the asbestos crisis and the dramatic fall in ABB share price, ABB has implemented more structured operational risk management tools and displays a more outspoken awareness of environmental and social risk factors. This new strategy has emerged mainly as a result of an increased work with sustainability issues and a shift from a consensual/technocratic risk approach to a more deliberative mode of risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1007-1025 Issue: 8 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701497795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701497795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:8:p:1007-1025 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin Green Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Green Author-Name: Loraine McFadden Author-X-Name-First: Loraine Author-X-Name-Last: McFadden Title: Coastal Vulnerability as Discourse About Meanings and Values Abstract: This paper argues that any approach to defining vulnerability is a social act, and is expressive of and grounded in some assumptions about the nature and purpose of language. Managing a complex environment such as the coastal zone is necessarily about choice and conflicts. A purpose of language is to persuade others to adopt the course of action that the individual or group consider should be adopted. In consequence, the definitions of vulnerability will necessarily be multiple and contested. From the research perspective what is then of interest are those insights into the nature of the choice, and particularly as to appropriate course of action to adopt, that are generated by any specific elaboration of vulnerability. It is thus less what people say than why they say it that is of importance in understanding their definitions of vulnerability and the intentions that underlie their discourse. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1027-1045 Issue: 8 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701566557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701566557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:8:p:1027-1045 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Knight Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Knight Title: Do Worldviews Matter? Post-materialist, Environmental, and Scientific/Technological Worldviews and Support for Agricultural Biotechnology Applications Abstract: This paper draws upon the social science literature to evaluate whether materialist/post-materialist, environmental, and scientific/technological worldviews predict levels of support for biotechnology applications. The novelty of this research is two-fold: 1) it incorporates the post-materialist hypothesis in risk perception models, and 2) it evaluates the effects of the these three worldviews simultaneously. Data from a regional southwest telephone survey in the United States conducted in Spring 2004 were used to investigate whether these three worldviews were related to support of various animal and plant biotechnology applications. The results illustrated that post-materialist values were not significantly related to support for animal or plant biotechnology applications. However, environmental and science and technology measures were related to support. One of the new ecological paradigm items, "humans have the right to modify nature," was consistently related to support for animal and plant biotechnology applications, and anti-anthropocentric values were related to support for two plant applications. General attitudes toward science and technology were related to support for both animal and plant biotechnology applications. The results provide evidence that perceptions of these applications are multi-dimensional and that respondents conceptualize animal and plant biotechnology applications differently. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1047-1063 Issue: 8 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701603004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701603004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:8:p:1047-1063 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Mumford Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Mumford Author-Name: David Gray Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Gray Title: Making a Drama Out of a Crisis a Dramaturgical Perspective on the New Technology Controversy Abstract: The introduction of new technology often leads to strong public concerns about potential hazards. There are situations where unfounded concerns obstruct highly beneficial developments, but, equally, there are situations where unintended consequences of new technology are overlooked and individuals are harmed. Clearly there are advantages in improving the dialogue between those introducing the technology and those who could be affected by it. This article uses dramaturgical analysis to explore the interactions between actors in a real life case study, the introduction of a hydrogen refuelling facility in London. Dramaturgical analysis in the traditions of Burke and Goffman explores interactions from the perspective of impression management. The thesis is that the fronts that actors use must relate to the settings they find themselves in, and this matching of front with setting constrains what can credibly be communicated in any situation. This research provides insights into the differences between the front necessary for credibility within an organisation and the fronts necessary for credibility in communicating with the public. It demonstrates how communication can be blocked by the situations actors find themselves in and conflict can emerge as a substitute for effective communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1065-1083 Issue: 8 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701614936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701614936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:8:p:1065-1083 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Louie Rivers Author-X-Name-First: Louie Author-X-Name-Last: Rivers Author-Name: Joseph Arvai Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Arvai Title: Win Some, Lose Some: The Effect of Chronic Losses on Decision Making Under Risk Abstract: Losses, including those that are chronic in nature, are a fact of life. The research reported here was designed to examine, using a controlled experiment, the effect of chronic losses in a given contextual domain on subsequent decisions with uncertain outcomes that take place in the same and in unrelated domains. Randomly selected adult subjects who took part in the experiment were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: One group, chronic losers, was exposed to chronic financial losses as part of a controlled, multi-round gambling simulation. Groups two and three were exposed to chronic wins and random outcomes, respectively, as part of the same gambling simulation. Results from the experiment revealed that chronic losses, in contrast to random outcomes and chronic wins, had clear effects on decision making in the domain where the initial losses were incurred. Subjects who were exposed to the chronic loss induction demonstrated a significantly higher level of risk aversion when compared with subjects who were exposed to either random outcomes or chronic wins. Subjects exposed to chronic losses also displayed a depressed affective state and a tendency to accept less as an outcome of future decisions, and still consider it to be a satisfactory result, when compared to subjects in the two control conditions. There appears to be no spillover, however, of a similar degree of risk aversion when considering similar kinds of decisions in unrelated contextual domains. These results seem consistent with prospect theory and the theory of learned helplessness, and have implications for risk communication and management in a variety of contexts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1085-1099 Issue: 8 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701615172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701615172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:10:y:2007:i:8:p:1085-1099 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Åsa Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Åsa Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Title: New perspectives on risk communication: uncertainty in a complex society Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801947897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801947897 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Piet Strydom Author-X-Name-First: Piet Author-X-Name-Last: Strydom Title: Risk Communication: World Creation Through Collective Learning Under Complex Contingent Conditions Abstract: Risk communication, in the full sense of the word, is a discursive event in which speakers advance claims in the face of other responding participants before a general public. The presence of the public leads the participants to evaluate what happens in moral terms, with the result that their claims obtain an unavoidable normative quality and the discursive event takes the form of a public controversy which puts pressure on the participants to coordinate their disagreements. Proceeding from the assumption of socially distributed and shared cognition, the core argument of this paper is that risk communication, in the final analysis, is a cooperative learning process in and through which a communication community constructively arrives at a diagnostic interpretation of its common situation, the challenge it faces, and possible ways of dealing with it. Since such learning is possible only under conditions of relatively high complexity and contingency, however, its characteristic non-linear dynamic development makes uncertainty both many-sided and unavoidable. Often, however, such a collective achievement is put beyond reach, not simply because of complexity, contingency and uncertainty, but rather because the agents or groups involved follow one or other of a number of strategies which effectively block learning. Were the social sciences to contribute to the enhancement of risk communication (e.g., by facilitating value- and will-formation in the face of concrete problems), they should study the multi-levelled process of risk communication in the different communicative-discursive contexts within which it takes place with a view to clarifying the learning processes and potentials they harbour. Crucial here are the normative standards appealed to and the degree of legitimacy they allow. Not merely the management of uncertainty depends on this, but also the very world brought into being through risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 5-22 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701521248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701521248 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:5-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Michelle Driedger Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Michelle Driedger Title: Creating shared realities through communication: exploring the agenda-building role of the media and its sources in the E. coli contamination of a Canadian public drinking water supply Abstract: The media's role as an agenda-setter has been documented in the literature, however less attention has been given to the role of the media as an agenda-builder. The role of news agencies in constructing and shaping news stories serve to mediate risk messages to the public by virtue of what elements of a story they report, the types of sources they use in reporting the different 'sides', and how they package a story. The media are not the only ones who seek to set and build agendas. The sources, upon which the news media rely, can and do similarly engage in agenda-building activities. They do so by appropriating the very 'media-ted' process to use the mass media as a delivery vehicle for their own communication claims through their own packaged 'take' on the story. Drawing on a national print and televised media analysis of the Walkerton, Ontario, Canada drinking water contamination event, this study explores the agenda-building role of the media and of Walkerton residents and citizen group members (Concerned Walkerton Citizens) quoted in media stories. The implications of this for risk communication will be discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 23-40 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701521297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701521297 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:23-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gaspar Mairal Author-X-Name-First: Gaspar Author-X-Name-Last: Mairal Title: Narratives of risk Abstract: Risk is a probabilistic notion which has been used by scientists since the sixteenth century. It is not a perception but a calculation or a narration. This paper proposes an historical perspective to show how risk jumped from mathematical calculation to the narrative. A book by Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year, which was published in 1720, is the best example of an early narrative of risk. Together with the example of Defoe's book, some ethnographic episodes from Spain are described and analysed: the protest against the Almaraz nuclear power station, the sinking of the Prestige and the subsequent oil slick, the flooding of a campsite in Biescas where 86 people died. This paper suggests an exploration into the narratives of evil, harm and suffering to classify them in terms of uncertainty, risk, fear, panic and terror. The Diaries of Viktor Klemperer (1996) are used as the narrative material to be interpreted in order to identify different kinds of narrative. Also the literature written by some of the Holocaust survivors, Primo Levi for example, becomes a very relevant source to understand how the identity of victims comes from a narrative challenge: to tell the truth. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 41-54 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701521321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701521321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:41-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Stoffle Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Stoffle Author-Name: Jessica Minnis Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Minnis Title: Resilience at risk: epistemological and social construction barriers to risk communication Abstract: This paper is about the persistent failure of social scientists to bring into the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process socially constructed environmental concerns held by potentially impacted communities. The failure to communicate perceived risks results from a two-communities divide based on both epistemological differences and obfuscation due to vernacular communication. The analysis provides robust modeling variables that can bridge this social-environmental divide. The case involves data collected from members of traditional communities regarding their perceptions of the potential impacts of proposed Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The study is situated in the Bahamas where the government has approved setting aside 30 No-take MPAs to protect their sea. This analysis is based on 572 interviews conducted during eight field trips with members of six traditional settlements in the Exuma Islands and Cays in the central Bahamas. Confidence in the findings is high because the sample involves 34% of the census population of these settlements and the findings have repeatedly been returned for review and approval by the members of these settlements. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 55-68 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701521479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701521479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:55-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolf Lidskog Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Lidskog Title: Scientised citizens and democratised science. Re-assessing the expert-lay divide Abstract: During the last decade there have been growing calls for increased public inclusion in risk regulation. This paper investigates three of these proposals for a new relationship between science and the public, namely New Production of Knowledge, Postnormal Science, and Scientific Citizenship. These all concern how science can be democratised and how new relations between expertise and citizens can be negotiated and designed. By critically discussing the similarities and differences between these proposals, this paper examines the implications of the call for public inclusion in risk regulation. By way of conclusion, some warnings are raised concerning the belief in public inclusion as a cure-all for making knowledge production and risk regulation more publicly credible and socially robust. The space created for public inclusion may work as means for legitimating decisions, diluting accountability and persuading the public, with the consequence that the expert-lay divide may be reproduced rather than transformed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 69-86 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701521636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701521636 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:69-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Author-Name: Marie-Eve Cousin Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Eve Author-X-Name-Last: Cousin Author-Name: Carmen Keller Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Keller Title: Risk communication, prenatal screening, and prenatal diagnosis: the illusion of informed decision-making Abstract: Pregnant women's knowledge of prenatal tests was assessed in face-to-face interviews. The focus of the study was on how physicians communicate test results to their clients and whether women possess enough information to make informed decisions. Thirty-five women located in the German-speaking part of Switzerland participated in the study, which was based on half-standardized interviews lasting about an hour. Standardized questions were used to measure women's knowledge of prenatal tests. In selecting women to participate in the study, we ensured that they were counseled by different physicians. Results showed that most participants overestimated the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome. Most women had difficulties in interpreting a positive test result associated with blood tests (i.e., PAPP-A), but almost all women knew that this test provides a probabilistic outcome. Most women had very accurate knowledge of the risk of a miscarriage associated with invasive tests (i.e., amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling). A substantial percentage of the women, however, did not realize that the invasive tests are also probabilistic tests. Overall, results of our study suggest that approaches to risk communication vary across physicians. There seems to be no standardization in counseling. In addition, our results suggest that many pregnant women may lack the knowledge necessary to make informed decisions regarding prenatal tests. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 87-97 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701574015 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701574015 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:87-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ann Bostrom Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Bostrom Title: Lead is like mercury: risk comparisons, analogies and mental models1 Abstract: This paper reviews evidence for the use of analogies and comparisons to understand risks and conflation of different risks, from mental model studies of lead paint hazard, global climate change and smallpox disease and vaccine. For each study participants use analogies with other risks explicitly, and often draw inferences based on their experiences or knowledge of those other risks. In the case of lead paint, study participants judged options for testing and mitigating lead paint by analogy with risks as diverse as radon and mercury, with corresponding differences in their assessments of proposed strategies. Mental models of smallpox disease and vaccine are often explicitly based on analogies with chickenpox, which is much more familiar to study participants. Many studies of climate change have demonstrated conflation of stratospheric ozone depletion with global warming from the greenhouse effect. Some study participants adopt other frames, such as weather, which affects their inferences in predictable ways. These findings are discussed in light of theories on the role of analogy and metaphor in thinking and inference. Taking into account the prevalence, structure and pitfalls of comparisons and analogies should help risk communication designers better realize their potential. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 99-117 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701602956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701602956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:99-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ÅSA BOHOLM Author-X-Name-First: ÅSA Author-X-Name-Last: BOHOLM Title: The Public Meeting as a Theatre of Dissent: Risk and Hazard in Land Use and Environmental Planning Abstract: Land-use and environmental planning typically involves diverse actors such as representatives of government authorities and administrations, special interest organisations, scientific experts, lawyers, stakeholders and concerned citizens. During the course of the planning process, communication is not limited to written documents. The Swedish Environmental Code also calls for public meetings and consultation efforts with stakeholders. Considering that public meetings have a prominent role in environmental planning, there is surprisingly little research on the form, content and development over time of face-to-face communication and social interaction taking place. This article addresses communication and interaction at public meetings concerning a facility siting project of considerable longevity -- the building of a railway tunnel through the Hallandsås in southern Sweden. Using data from participant observation of local public consultation meetings regarding the Hallandsås railway tunnel through a period of several years, this paper analyses and discusses communication about environmental risk. The theoretical foundation derives from pragmatic communication theory, Niklas Luhmann's distinction between risk and hazard, and social anthropological theory on agency and conflict generation in communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 119-140 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701633852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701633852 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:119-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar E. Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar E. Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Author-Name: Perri 6 Author-X-Name-First: Perri Author-X-Name-Last: 6 Title: What environmental and technological risk communication research and health risk research can learn from each other Abstract: The study of risk perception and communication has emerged in several disciplines and fields, and there has not been strong convergence between them, especially in Europe and specifically in Britain. The lack of connection between, for example, the fields of health risk and environmental and technological risk, and still more with respect to fears of crime or old age poverty or privacy violation, has meant that theories have not been shown to be adequate, and practical prescriptions for conflict containment and communication have not been made robust. This article examines the roots of the fragmentation, examining the particular case of the relationship between health and environmental/technological risk studies, considering why the flow of ideas and methods has been so limited, and much of it in a rather surprising direction. The paper concludes by offering some principles that could inform a strategy for more integrated research on risk perception and communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 141-167 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701797137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701797137 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:141-167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Horlick-Jones Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Horlick-Jones Title: Communities of risk research and risk practice: divided by a common language? Abstract: This short commentary paper provides a critical, but supportive, discussion of the paper by Löfstedt and 6 (L&6). Three suggestions are made. First, that L&6 make certain unsatisfactory assumptions about the underlying problems faced by risk communication initiatives. Second, that one should not be too surprised about the lack of dissemination of risk communication knowledge across different substantive risk areas, given the diversity of the risk research and risk practice communities. Third, that L&6 present an agenda for risk communication that has perhaps not kept pace with some recent developments, in particular those concerning citizen engagement. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 169-174 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701875719 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701875719 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:169-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Bergmans Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmans Title: Meaningful communication among experts and affected citizens on risk: challenge or impossibility? Abstract: Experience to date demonstrates that it remains challenging to engage experts and concerned citizens in a meaningful and mutually comprehensive dialogue on complex and technical risk-bearing projects. In search of an explanation we found Niklas Luhmann's interpretation of modern society very useful. Luhmann describes modern society as the aggregate of more or less self-sufficient functional subsystems becoming more and more isolated from each other in a spiral of progressive specialisation. With each system developing its own expectations, language, rationality and ways of observing and interpreting reality, communication between systems becomes progressively problematic; according to Luhmann, even impossible. Contrary to Luhmann, however, we consider communicating human beings (and not communication in itself) the constituting elements of society. From that perspective we see a connection with Ulrich Beck's thesis on modern society as an individualised risk society and his call for 'reflexive science and decision making'. We will use Beck's negotiation model to build communicative bridges between (Luhmann's) social (sub)systems, in particular, by engaging as many concerned parties as possible. Further, we will argue that the Belgian experience with the siting of a radioactive waste repository demonstrates that the creation of an environment in which experts and citizens can enter into dialogue as individuals, rather than as representatives of interests or (scientific) disciplines, can help bridge differences in the rationality and jargon of systems, and result in finding common ground. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 175-193 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701797301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701797301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:175-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Stave Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Stave Author-Name: Anders Pousette Author-X-Name-First: Anders Author-X-Name-Last: Pousette Author-Name: Marianne Törner Author-X-Name-First: Marianne Author-X-Name-Last: Törner Title: Risk and safety communication in small enterprises -- how to support a lasting change towards work safety priority Abstract: The frequency of occupational accidents in Swedish farming is high. An intervention methodology aimed at influencing safety attitudes and behaviour was previously tested. The aims of the present study were to evaluate long-term effects of the intervention and to assess these results in relation to a randomly selected comparison group. The intervention was based on regular group discussions, focusing on dialogue and reflection in networks for social support. Eighty-eight farmers and farm workers, divided into nine groups, participated. Each group gathered on seven occasions during one year, assisted by a process consultant, supporting safety communication and the change process. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the effects. The long-term results of the intervention showed that safety activity increased significantly and risk acceptance (fearlessness) and work stress decreased. Measurements were made at T1, T2 and T3, i.e., pre-, post- and long-term, in the intervention group and at T1 and T3 in the comparison group. The results of the present study showed a long-term effect of the intervention on safety activity and risk acceptance (fearlessness) in relation to the comparison group. However, the comparison group also showed a decline in work stress, which indicates that the stress reduction may have had other causes than the intervention. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 195-206 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701875875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701875875 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:195-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vivianne H. M. Visschers Author-X-Name-First: Vivianne H. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Visschers Author-Name: Ree M. Meertens Author-X-Name-First: Ree M. Author-X-Name-Last: Meertens Author-Name: Wim F. Passchier Author-X-Name-First: Wim F. Author-X-Name-Last: Passchier Author-Name: Nanne K. de Vries Author-X-Name-First: Nanne K. Author-X-Name-Last: de Vries Title: Audiovisual risk communication unravelled: effects on gut feelings and cognitive processes Abstract: Audiovisual material is increasingly applied in risk communication (e.g., information films on the Internet) to affect the public's risk perception. This study investigated how the sound/footage and text of videos can influence two processes of risk perception: a primary (associative) and a secondary (deliberate) evaluative process. Our main hypothesis was that the sound/footage of a video would particularly influence the primary evaluative process and its text would affect the secondary evaluative process. This was investigated using a two (text: yes/no) by two (sound/footage: yes/no) design. We applied an indirect test to measure the videos' effects on the primary evaluative process (the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task) and a direct test (questionnaire) to assess the effects on the secondary evaluative process. These two tests were applied immediately after the respondents had seen one of the videos and two weeks later. Text appeared to affect the self-reported risk perception (questionnaire) only at the first measurement. Sound/footage influenced risk perception as measured by the EAST merely at the second measurement. The results are discussed in light of the two risk perception processes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 207-221 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801947954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801947954 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:207-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annette Henning Author-X-Name-First: Annette Author-X-Name-Last: Henning Title: The illusion of economic objectivity: linking local risks of credibility loss to global risks of climate change Abstract: This article analyses economic thinking as a conceptual construct and discusses the link it provides between local risks of losing credibility and global risks of resource depletion and climate change. Due to the high-ranking value given to economic thinking in many Swedish contexts, economic arguments are perfect ways to win an argument or negotiation, to prevent risks of losing credibility, or to discredit others. As illustrated in this article, legitimacy-creating acts of communication tend to precede or follow upon a decision to install a solar heating system. An immediate and massive use of solar energy for heating purposes would mitigate the risks of global warming and depletion of energy resources. Unfortunately however, the conspicuous use of economic arguments accompanying solar heating installations tends to be interpreted by policy-makers as a preference for economic motives rather than a sign of questioned consumption. The illusion that economy is an objective entity rising above all other social issues seems to be confirmed, and political measures based on economic thinking can continue to block adequate steps towards the mitigation of climate changing emissions. The cultural representation of economic sovereignty is continuously reproduced through communication. It is a circle; a vicious circle if you like. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 223-235 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801939498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801939498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:223-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristina Blennow Author-X-Name-First: Kristina Author-X-Name-Last: Blennow Title: Risk management in Swedish forestry -- Policy formation and fulfilment of goals Abstract: The formation of a risk management policy in Swedish forestry and its consequences for fulfilment of goals was analysed. The risk of wind damage was used as a model where an apparent gap between stated accepted risk and extent of risk-reducing measures taken among south Swedish non-industrial private forest owners was used as a starting point. The results of an enquiry, and personal experiences from the debate after an extensive wind damage event in January 2005, were used and complemented study of literature. It was concluded that risks have not been particularly actively managed in the Swedish forestry culture. This was explained by notions of seeing (i) risks such as wind damage as a natural hazard rather than a technological risk that can be modulated, and (ii) forestry as an enterprise free of valuation in which value aspects of risk were neglected. A narrow agenda in Swedish forest research influenced the risk management policy, where forest consultants played an important role as a link between science and practice and between the public and the private. Neither the legislator nor the forestry consultants declared how they weighted risk which reduced the fulfilment of goals. At the national level relaxation of regulations after 1993 has not yet resulted in markedly diversified privately owned forests and spreading of risk as intended, and the management of the risk of wind damage before January 2005 was in many cases not adapted to the risk the individual forest owner was prepared to take. The results were discussed with respect to possibilities for improved fulfilment of goals in Swedish forestry by facilitating more active risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 237-254 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801939415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801939415 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:237-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Skinner Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Title: The text and the tale: differences between scientific reports and scientists' reportings on the eruption of Mount Chance, Montserrat Abstract: This article looks at the difference between scientists' written reports and their oral accounts, explanations and stories. The subject of these discourses is the eruption of Mount Chance on Montserrat, a British Overseas Territory in the Eastern Caribbean, and its continued monitoring and reporting. Scientific notions of risk and uncertainty which feature in these texts and tales will subsequently be examined and critiqued. Further to this, this article will end by pointing out that, ironically, the latter -- the tale -- can in some cases be a more effective and approximate mode of communication with the public than the former -- the text. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 255-267 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801939464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801939464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:255-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jenny Palm Author-X-Name-First: Jenny Author-X-Name-Last: Palm Author-Name: Eva Törnqvist Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Törnqvist Title: Governing the sea rescue service in Sweden: communicating in networks Abstract: This paper discusses how various actors communicate about and coordinate sea rescue activities in networks. We combine a network approach with theories of inter-organization communication to understand how communication can facilitate or limit coordination in networks. Search and rescue officers retain the overall authority to direct rescue missions, and coordination with several other professions is central to this. When coordinating different professional actors in a network it is important to develop trust, legitimacy, and a shared and uniform understanding of the situation and of how to act. Communication deficiencies often result from the fact that involved actors belong to different organizations with different cultures or representing different professions. The greatest gap we found was between those working and not working at sea, and between those habitually or seldom involved in rescue activities. Communication comprises more than simply exchanging information; it also entails the forging of relationships, to facilitate future coordination and cooperation and to develop mutual trust and understanding. In any rescue operation it is important that the actors interpret communication in the same way and act according to a shared pattern. Joint training and follow-up are important conditions for continuous learning and development in this regard. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 269-280 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801939449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801939449 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:269-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marjolein B. A. van Asselt Author-X-Name-First: Marjolein B. A. Author-X-Name-Last: van Asselt Author-Name: Ellen Vos Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Vos Title: Wrestling with uncertain risks: EU regulation of GMOs and the uncertainty paradox Abstract: Dealing with uncertain risks is an important challenge. Uncertain risks need to be sharply distinguished from traditional, simple risks which can be calculated by means of statistics. Arguably current governance of uncertain risks tends to erode into organized irresponsibility, i.e., society's ill-preparedness and inability to deal with surprises, negative consequences and/or long-term impacts which are associated with uncertain risks, notwithstanding all institutions and procedures in place. In such cases, a particular pattern in risk regulation can be identified, the uncertainty paradox, which is an umbrella term for situations in which uncertainty is acknowledged, but the role of science is framed as one of providing certainty. This article highlights the need to further understand the uncertainty paradox by investigating actual decision-making processes. Through case-study research on EU GMO regulation this article examines how various actors actually deal with science, knowledge and uncertainty. Four mechanisms sustaining the uncertainty paradox are inferred: 1) uncertainty intolerance; 2) boundary work; 3) the inclination to equate uncertainty with risk; and 4) technocratic provisions. In conclusion, some suggestions are advanced as to how to break through the uncertainty paradox. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 281-300 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801990806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801990806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:1-2:p:281-300 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenichi Azuma Author-X-Name-First: Kenichi Author-X-Name-Last: Azuma Author-Name: Iwao Uchiyama Author-X-Name-First: Iwao Author-X-Name-Last: Uchiyama Author-Name: Koichi Ikeda Author-X-Name-First: Koichi Author-X-Name-Last: Ikeda Title: The regulations for indoor air pollution in Japan: a public health perspective Abstract: In recent years public health problems caused by indoor air pollution, known as 'Sick Building Syndrome in housing', or 'Sick House Syndrome' in Japan, have been drawing strong public concern. After conducting extensive exposure assessment, government authorities have taken effective measures to solve the problem. However, as a result of diversification and increase in quantities of industrial chemicals, existing regulations do not cover enough ranges of various potential hazardous chemicals. Hence, the regulations seek to be changed from hazard-based regulation to a risk-based one. Good indoor air quality (IAQ), which does not pose unacceptable health risks from all pollutants affecting indoor air, should be ensured for all public people. The objective of this study is to clarify the remaining issues to be solved urgently, related to the regulations to ensure a good IAQ. We reviewed enormous numbers of the existing governmental and industrial voluntary standards and/or guidelines, literature and documents concerning IAQ research in the past 40 years. Our results showed six subjects from those remaining issues. Based on these subjects we created a new scheme to control the IAQ; we especially regarded a comprehensive labeling system as one of the important strategies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 301-314 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801967119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801967119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:301-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. E. af Wåhlberg Author-X-Name-First: A. E. Author-X-Name-Last: af Wåhlberg Title: Meta-analysis of the difference in accident risk between long and short truck configurations Abstract: To investigate whether there is a difference in accident risk for differently sized truck configurations, a meta-analysis was undertaken of all available research. It was found that most studies had been made in the US, and that several methodological problems have plagued this area of investigation, mainly the lack of good exposure data. As larger trucks tend to drive on bigger, and therefore safer, roads, this needs to be taken into account. Some researchers have also suspected that there are systematic differences between drivers of different trucks, but the present analysis showed that this is probably a weak effect. Furthermore, it has been shown that the effects of accidents increase with increasing weight, at least up to a certain point, which makes the comparisons of accident risk sensitive to what type of accident has been investigated. Mean values of the risk ratios between long and short truck configurations were calculated from more than 20 studies, in the categories All, Injuries and Fatal. Also, separate values were computed for studies that had held the influence of road type constant in some way, and those that had not. Given that larger trucks replace a higher number of smaller ones on the roads, the differences in all categories of accidents would seem to indicate that, as a population, heavier trucks have fewer accidents, although the difference is small for Fatal. Unexpectedly, this positive traffic safety effect was more pronounced for the studies that had held road type constant. Furthermore, it was evident from the literature that although the overall effects were positive regarding truck size, larger vehicles have specific problems, which probably put them more at risk in certain environments, like towns. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 315-333 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701797129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701797129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:315-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Author-Name: Kym Rouse Campbell Author-X-Name-First: Kym Rouse Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell Title: Fishing and consumption patterns of anglers adjacent to the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee: higher income anglers ate more fish and are more at risk Abstract: The risks from consuming self-caught fish are receiving international attention because of high levels of contaminants in some species. The ethnic, income, and educational differences in fishing and fish consumption patterns of 202 anglers fishing along the Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir adjacent to the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) or along Poplar Creek within ORR boundaries were analyzed to understand how to design a risk communication strategy. Because of elevated PCB concentrations in striped bass (Morone saxatilis), catfish (Ictalurus spp.), and sauger (Stizostedion canadense) due partly from contaminants released from the ORR in East Tennessee, the Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir is under a fish consumption advisory, while portions of Poplar Creek are under advisories because of mercury. Most studies find that a high proportion of anglers eat their catch, and people with lower incomes and less education generally eat more self-caught fish than others fishing in the same region. Calculating fish consumption individually for each person indicated that a considerable number of people ate more fish from the study area than the amount used to calculate risks when developing fish consumption advisories, and people who ate fish more often usually ate larger portions. Unlike previous studies of fish consumption, this study indicated that a smaller proportion of anglers ate their fish, and those that ate the most were the high income anglers for this fishing population, rather than those with lower incomes. This suggests that risk communication strategies must include site-specific information on the population at risk from fish consumption, and that targeting only low income, low education anglers will miss some people who are most at risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 335-350 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701795560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701795560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:335-350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lorraine Whitmarsh Author-X-Name-First: Lorraine Author-X-Name-Last: Whitmarsh Title: Are flood victims more concerned about climate change than other people? The role of direct experience in risk perception and behavioural response Abstract: Climate change is a threat to human health and life, both now and in the future. Despite this, studies show that the public typically do not consider the issue a priority concern or a direct, personal threat. Furthermore, few are taking any preventive or protective action. Previous studies identify direct experience as a major influence on risk perception, learning and action. Drawing on such evidence, this paper focuses on the intangibility of climate change as a key impediment to personal engagement and explores whether relevant experiences of flooding and air pollution influence individuals' knowledge, attitudes, risk perception and behavioural responses to climate change. Perhaps surprisingly, interviews and a survey conducted in the south of England indicate flood victims differ very little from other participants in their understanding of and responses to climate change, but that experience of air pollution does significantly affect perceptions of and behavioural responses to climate change. Air pollution victims are no more likely to cite pollution as a cause of climate change than non-victims; but they do have higher pro-environmental values. Respondents with these values are significantly more likely to consider climate change a salient risk and to take action in response to it. Therefore the relationship between air pollution experience and responses to climate change may be indirect and mediated by environmental values. The paper concludes by highlighting implications of this research for developing climate change policies and strategies for public engagement. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 351-374 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701552235 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701552235 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:351-374 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mary McCarthy Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: McCarthy Author-Name: Mary Brennan Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Brennan Author-Name: Martine De Boer Author-X-Name-First: Martine Author-X-Name-Last: De Boer Author-Name: Christopher Ritson Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Ritson Title: Media risk communication -- what was said by whom and how was it interpreted Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide some insight into the level and type of media coverage that food risks received and consider the translation of press releases into media articles. Past scientific messages dealing with two food risks (Salmonella and Genetically Modified (GM) potatoes) were collected from various Irish media sources over a defined period. In addition, press releases and helpline data were collected. All data pieces were subsequently coded. Based on the audit it is clear that island of Ireland journalists are generally balanced with regard to their reporting on Salmonella. In most cases where press releases could be linked to the newspaper articles, the press release was represented fairly accurately. This brings into clear focus the need by those issuing press releases to be very clear on the meaning of their message. Journalists are using the press releases as the basis for articles therefore vague terms and overemphasis on a particular finding can result in what may appear as a sensational article. In the case of GMs more sensational hooks were used to draw attention to the articles. Thus communicators need to be aware of the characteristics of the risk they are communicating about when designing and delivering a risk message. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 375-394 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701566599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701566599 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:375-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Scott Voorhees Author-X-Name-First: A. Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Voorhees Author-Name: Iwao Uchiyama Author-X-Name-First: Iwao Author-X-Name-Last: Uchiyama Title: Particulate matter air pollution control programs in Japan — an analysis of cost savings in the absence of future remediation Abstract: The objectives of this study were to assess avoided economic costs (or anticipated 'benefits') of not implementing new environmental policies for particulate matter (PM) in Japan and compare these future benefits to estimates of future health risks developed in a separate analysis. The estimates for the benefits of avoided PM pollution control in the year 2010 were (1) $27 billion USD for stationary source controls, (2) $2.1 billion to $3.3 billion USD for diesel motor vehicle controls, (3) $41 million USD for governmental employee salaries, (4) $470 million USD for governmental financial assistance, (5) $510 million USD for special diesel vehicle control measures in Tokyo, and (6) $31 billion USD for total costs. Using human health and productivity risks, calculated in a separate study to be $56 billion USD, the best net ratio of benefits to costs was 1.8 to 1. Inexpensive control options include road watering or paving for unpaved dirt roads and road vacuuming for paved roads. Intermediate options include differential road pricing, retrofitting diesel particulate filters, and reformulating diesel fuel. High cost options include adding particulate controls, such as wet scrubbers, baghouses, and electrostatic precipitators on uncontrolled stationary sources. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 395-408 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701746423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701746423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:395-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Scott Voorhees Author-X-Name-First: A. Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Voorhees Author-Name: Iwao Uchiyama Author-X-Name-First: Iwao Author-X-Name-Last: Uchiyama Title: Particulate matter air pollution control programs in Japan — an analysis of health risks in the absence of future remediation Abstract: The objective of this case study was to assess potential health risks and productivity loss in the absence of future additional environmental control of particulate matter (PM) in Japan. Assuming a 10% decline in PM, the estimates of the numbers of possible cases of premature mortality and morbidity that could be prevented in the year 2010 were (1) 8700 long term deaths, (2) 12,000 cases of chronic bronchitis, (3) 24,000 cases of cardiovascular disease, (4) 10,000 cases of pneumonia, (5) 18,000 asthma attacks, and (6) 12,000 cases of acute bronchitis during a one year period. The best estimate of medical costs plus lost productivity in adults and children was $56 billion USD. When compared to a separately derived estimate of $31 billion USD in avoided pollution control costs, the health risk to no-control benefit ratio of 1.8 suggests that additional future pollution control policies would successfully prevent a large expense to the society in medical care and lost productivity while imposing a lesser cost to the private sector in control equipment, to government in oversight expenses and to society in opportunity costs. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 409-421 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701746449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701746449 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:409-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Foss Hansen Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Foss Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen Author-Name: Martin Krayer von Krauss Author-X-Name-First: Martin Krayer Author-X-Name-Last: von Krauss Author-Name: Joel A. Tickner Author-X-Name-First: Joel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tickner Title: The precautionary principle and risk-risk tradeoffs Abstract: In this paper we examine cases commonly characterised as risk-risk tradeoffs (i.e., creating new risks while solving existing ones), in an attempt to learn lessons that can be valuable for future regulatory decision-making. A broad range of environmental and health literature was reviewed and numerous cases of proclaimed risk-risk tradeoffs were analysed in order to determine: 1) why regulatory measures were initially taken, 2) why these measures caused a countervailing risk to emerge, 3) how tradeoffs could have been avoided, and 4) whether the case is a good example of a risk-risk tradeoff. The analysis reveals that only a small number of these cases can actually be considered risk-risk tradeoffs. In a large number of cases safer alternatives are and were available at the time decisions were made. In some cases the proclaimed risk-risk tradeoff simply did not exist or occur, and in some cases countervailing risks were ignored for reasons unknown. In many cases, the countervailing risks could have been anticipated and avoided by proactively seeking safer alternatives, completing a tradeoff and impact assessment, or increasing stakeholder input in the decision-making process. We conclude that concerns about risk-risk tradeoffs are not a reasonable argument against future application of the precautionary principle. Indeed, sound decision-making processes in the face of uncertainty should always consider and attempt to mitigate reasonable risk-risk tradeoffs. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 423-464 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801967192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801967192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:4:p:423-464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John D. Graham Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Author-Name: Jonathan B. Wiener Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan B. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiener Title: The precautionary principle and risk--risk tradeoffs: a comment Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 465-474 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802124405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802124405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:4:p:465-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Foss Hansen Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Foss Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen Author-Name: Joel A. Tickner Author-X-Name-First: Joel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Tickner Title: Putting risk-risk tradeoffs in perspective: a response to Graham and Wiener Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 475-483 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802124413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802124413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:4:p:475-483 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John D. Graham Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Author-Name: Jonathan B. Wiener Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan B. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiener Title: Empirical evidence for risk-risk tradeoffs: a rejoinder to Hansen and Tickner Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 485-490 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802208224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802208224 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:4:p:485-490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elen Stokes Author-X-Name-First: Elen Author-X-Name-Last: Stokes Title: The EC courts' contribution to refining the parameters of precaution Abstract: By virtue of its ambiguity, it has largely been left to the courts to flesh out the scope and application of the precautionary principle. This paper examines the contribution made by EC courts to defining the parameters of precautionary decision making. In so doing, it illustrates that, though the precautionary principle is seen to operate in a number of regulatory contexts, discernible trends in judicial interpretations of precaution and the underlying notion of 'uncertainty' can nevertheless be identified. In contrast with early judgments, the courts are beginning to explicitly interpret risk assessment processes as having a pivotal role in determining precautionary intervention. Rather than finding simply that circumstances of uncertainty warrant precautionary measures, the courts have started to require that clear, or 'concrete', evidence of harm, deriving from risk assessment, is established before intervention is justified. This paper posits three explanations for this shift: (i) the 'better regulation' initiative within Europe; (ii) the Commission's Communication on the Precautionary Principle; and (iii) WTO litigation on precautionary safeguard measures. The judicial move to affiliate precaution with risk assessment processes in decision making can be seen as a reflection of these factors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 491-507 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701715584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701715584 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:4:p:491-507 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oliver Todt Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Todt Author-Name: José Luis Luján Author-X-Name-First: José Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Luján Title: A new social contract for technology? -- On the policy dynamics of uncertainty Abstract: This paper proposes a typology of two fundamentally opposing conceptualizations of managing technology under uncertainty: 'technology governability' and 'technology selection'. A wide variety of different versions of these idealized conceptualizations can be shown to underlie the controversies about scientific-technological development. The example of genetic engineering indicates that such points of view are reconstructed over time in different forms and diverse settings, not only by the scientific community or during regulatory decision making, but by a rather wide-reaching spectrum of social actors. Thus, the current efforts to open up science and technology decision making to a wider range of participants is interpreted here as an effort of generating a new social contract for technology management, by way of bridging the differences between the two opposing conceptualizations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 509-523 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701875735 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701875735 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:4:p:509-523 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julie Barnett Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Author-Name: Lada Timotijevic Author-X-Name-First: Lada Author-X-Name-Last: Timotijevic Author-Name: Marco Vassallo Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Vassallo Author-Name: Richard Shepherd Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Shepherd Title: Precautionary advice about mobile phones: public understandings and intended responses Abstract: There is a widespread academic and policy debate about public responses to precaution in public health campaigns. This paper explores these issues in relation to the precautionary stance adopted in the UK around the regulation of mobile telecommunications. The aim of the paper is to examine the nature of attitudes to precaution, and the way in which these, along with other relevant variables, relate to the intention to adopt relevant behaviours. The results from an experimental study (n = 173) indicate that people distinguish between two dimensions of precaution: firstly in relation to its value or necessity per se and secondly as anchored to notions of governance. The two variables differentially relate to other variables including trust and uncertainty, and are predictive of intended behaviour change indirectly, through worry about mobile phone risks. Precautionary advice was generally interpreted as causing concern rather than providing reassurance. The results suggest that precaution may be considered a valuable stance but this does not mean that it is seen as good governance or that it will reduce concern. Whilst the discourse of precaution is aimed at reducing concern, it appears that the uptake of relevant behaviours is largely triggered by worry. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 525-540 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802086430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802086430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:4:p:525-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth Fisher Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Fisher Title: The 'perfect storm' of REACH: charting regulatory controversy in the age of information, sustainable development, and globalization Abstract: The European Union's new chemicals regulation, REACH, has been one of the most controversial pieces of legislation in EU history. Indeed, the debate over REACH is akin to a 'perfect storm' in that the intense controversy over it has been caused by three regulatory aspects of the regime. First, REACH privatizes information collection, provision and assessment. Second, REACH represents a significant application of sustainable development and in so doing, redefines the conditions on which the EU chemicals market operates. Third, REACH will inevitably have inter-jurisdictional impacts for both supranational and national legal cultures including trade law implications, REACH being a template for international initiatives, it being a policy/legal irritant in other jurisdictions, and it providing information for public and private action in other jurisdictions. A charting of these different aspects of the regime not only provides a more nuanced account of REACH but also provides a clearer understanding of the challenges of regulating environmental and health risks in an era of market globalization. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 541-563 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802086547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802086547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:4:p:541-563 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erika A. Waters Author-X-Name-First: Erika A. Author-X-Name-Last: Waters Title: Feeling good, feeling bad, and feeling at-risk: a review of incidental affect's influence on likelihood estimates of health hazards and life events Abstract: The recent increased interest among researchers in the ways in which emotion, mood, and affect influence risk perceptions is an important step in better understanding how people understand and perceive health risk information. However, the literature involving incidental affect (ambient mood) is not as well known. The 23 years of research examining incidental affect's influence on likelihood estimates of health hazards and life events has not previously been integrated and examined critically. This comprehensive review found that incidental affect influenced likelihood estimates in a predictable way. Individuals experiencing positive affect made more optimistic likelihood estimates than did individuals experiencing negative affect. Individuals experiencing negative affect made more pessimistic likelihood estimates than did individuals experiencing positive affect. Anger was unique among negatively valenced emotions by influencing judgments in the same way as positive affect (i.e., relatively optimistic likelihood estimates). Three theoretical explanations are offered, including one that addresses the role of anger specifically. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 569-595 Issue: 5 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701715576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701715576 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:5:p:569-595 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Defensive capacity: the influence of the facilitation-regulation space Abstract: In their paper 'Loss of Defensive Capacity in Protective Operations: The Implications of the Überlingen and Linate Disasters' Busby and Bennett attribute the 'defensive capacity' of an airspace system to the behaviour of those who constitute its production-protection space (first-line producers like avionics manufacturers, airlines, pilots' groups and airport authorities). This paper argues that an airspace system's defensive capacity is also a function of the behaviour of those who constitute its 'facilitation-regulation' space -- the rulemakers (and, to some degree, the non-statutory bodies who seek to influence them). This elaboration recognises two aspects of regulation. First that some regulators are responsible for promoting both safety and efficiency (the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for example). Secondly that regulators who prioritise efficiency over safety may reduce overall system safety and/or create opportunities (affordances) for unsafe behaviour. The argument is illustrated with reference to the National Transportation Safety Board's criticism of the FAA's human factors training programmes for air traffic controllers, its aircraft surface-movement standards and procedures and its air traffic controller rostering practices following the 2006 crash of a passenger aircraft at Lexington, Kentucky and FAA's implementation of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 597-616 Issue: 5 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701802788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701802788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:5:p:597-616 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gillian Hawkes Author-X-Name-First: Gillian Author-X-Name-Last: Hawkes Author-Name: Gene Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Gene Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Title: A characterisation of the methodology of qualitative research on the nature of perceived risk: trends and omissions Abstract: The issue of how risk is 'perceived' is one of significant research interest and immense practical importance. In spite of this wide interest, however, it is probably fair to say that most emerging 'risk' crises -- whether related to natural or technological phenomena -- come as a surprise to researchers and to society as a whole. Prediction of human responses to novel potential hazards (or novel manifestations of old hazards) is neither reliable nor complete; strategies to ameliorate inappropriate concerns when they arise (or to make realistic inappropriate absences of concern) do not appear totally effective. It therefore seems apt to ask the question: just what have we learned about 'risk perception'? In this paper we conduct a structured review of qualitative research on perceived risk -- to be followed by a subsequent analysis of quantitative research in a later paper -- focusing upon methodological issues. Qualitative research often precedes quantitative research, and ideally informs it; it seeks depth and meaning from few subjects rather than identifying patterns within larger samples and populations. Without adequate qualitative research, quantitative research risks misanalysis of the target phenomenon, at the very least by the omission of relevant factors and inclusion of irrelevant ones. Our analysis here -- of qualitative studies conducted across a range of disciplines, not all of which will be familiar to the readers of this journal -- suggests that this research suffers from an incomplete coverage of the 'risk perception universe', typified by a focus on atypical hazards and study samples. We summarise the results of this research, while pointing out its limitations, and draw conclusions about future priorities for research of this type. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 617-643 Issue: 5 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701875776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701875776 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:5:p:617-643 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Johan M. Sanne Author-X-Name-First: Johan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanne Title: Framing risks in a safety-critical and hazardous job: risk-taking as responsibility in railway maintenance Abstract: In risk management research, risk-taking is mostly treated as deviation that calls for improved risk communication. I argue, however, that risk-taking should be seen as expressing a rationale of its own; thus, improving safety requires that this rationale be adequately understood and that the conditions that reproduce risk-taking be changed. This argument is supported by an ethnography of railway maintenance in Sweden. Railway technicians are charged with maintaining the railway infrastructure to support safe and punctual trains, an assignment that exposes them to occupational hazards. The technicians' claim of occupational responsibility for transportation safety risks is framed by two notions in occupational discourse: first, the safety-critical nature of their tasks, and second, the notion of service to the general public. Technician interdependence in achieving occupational safety requires mutual responsibility in the team. Technicians justify occupational risk-taking, claiming it is sometimes needed to achieve production goals given the available time and resources and the manageability of the risks taken. Finally, I stress the need for technicians to change their frames of reference and for employers to assume responsibility for reducing the need for risk-taking. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 645-658 Issue: 5 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701715550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701715550 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:5:p:645-658 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fiona N. H. Montijn-Dorgelo Author-X-Name-First: Fiona N. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Montijn-Dorgelo Author-Name: Cees J. H. Midden Author-X-Name-First: Cees J. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Midden Title: The role of negative associations and trust in risk perception of new hydrogen systems Abstract: In this study the moderating role of trust and negative affective associations on the inverse relationship between risk and benefit judgements is investigated. A survey (N = 406) was held in the Netherlands on the public perception of new hydrogen systems, during the time that a demonstration project with hydrogen buses was being undertaken. The data of the survey show that for the group of respondents with a negative evaluation of trust in actors involved, an inverse relationship between risk and benefit judgements can be observed. Furthermore, for the group of respondents that had elicited negative affective spontaneous associations with hydrogen in general, the inverse relationship was also found. The inverse relationship between risk and benefit judgements was not observed in the group not making these spontaneous associations. The strongest negative correlation between risk and benefit judgements was found for those who had a negative evaluation of trust and had elicited negative affective spontaneous associations. In all cases the general affective evaluation of hydrogen systems was the mediating factor in this inverse relationship between risk and benefit judgements. These findings provide evidence for the moderating role of trust and negative affective associations on the observed inverse relationship between perceived benefit and perceived risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 659-671 Issue: 5 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801967218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801967218 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:5:p:659-671 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shu Li Author-X-Name-First: Shu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Chang-Jiang Liu Author-X-Name-First: Chang-Jiang Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Individual differences in a switch from risk-averse preferences for gains to risk-seeking preferences for losses: can personality variables predict the risk preferences? Abstract: Individual differences on a framing problem and a reflection problem were examined in light of the Myers--Briggs Type Indicator. The predictions on information processing style, derived from Jungian personality type theory, were tested for the much-discussed framing effect in the Asian Disease Problem and for the reflection effect on which the framing effect presumably depends. As anticipated, the results revealed that business students with higher iNtuition/Extraversion scores and lower Judging score were more likely to be consistently risk-seeking. Conversely, those with higher Sensing/Judging scores were more likely to be consistently risk-averse. Both framing and reflection effects were displayed by those with higher Sensing/Judging scores. However, the second expected result was not supported. Rather, a so-called 'gray hair/clouds' effect (effect name inspired by Medin and Shoben's research in 1988), questioning the validity of risk propensity, was observed and analyzed. The somewhat surprising results and their theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 673-686 Issue: 5 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802086497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802086497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:5:p:673-686 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Horlick-Jones Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Horlick-Jones Title: Reasoning about safety management policy in everyday terms: a pilot study in citizen engagement for the UK railway industry Abstract: This paper reports on a pilot study in citizen engagement which formed part of a broader stakeholder engagement and consultation programme addressing safety decision-making for UK rail industry activities. In addition to developing tools to support engagement initiatives, the study was concerned specifically with investigating everyday lay notions of what is a 'reasonable' basis for establishing safety. In view of the technical complexity of this issue, the exercise therefore presented an important methodological challenge: how to 'translate' specialised economic and legal issues in such a way that lay citizens were able to grasp, and reason about, these issues in an informed and considered way. The engagement exercise worked well in terms of its capacity to promote such a process of informed consideration, and in being 'user friendly' for participants. Despite the exercise involving a relatively small number of discussion group meetings, the quality and depth of the evidence collected allows some cautious provisional conclusions to be drawn regarding lay sensibilities concerning certain technical aspects of rail safety management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 697-718 Issue: 6 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701875693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701875693 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:6:p:697-718 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ylva Uggla Author-X-Name-First: Ylva Author-X-Name-Last: Uggla Title: Strategies to create risk awareness and legitimacy: the Swedish climate campaign Abstract: Social means of risk regulation often only arise in response to media attention and public opinion. In contrast, in the case of climate change, the Swedish government proactively launched a public information campaign to promote public awareness and knowledge of the risks associated with climate change, with the explicit objective of promoting acceptance of public means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses the framing of climate change in the Swedish climate campaign and its communication strategy. What was the message of the campaign narrative? What did it imply concerning the causes, effects, and management of and responsibility for climate change? What means were used to communicate the risks of climate change? The paper analyses the campaign narrative, its references to various affective images of climate change, and the various storytelling techniques it used. It concludes that the Swedish climate campaign relied on a unidirectional view of risk communication and proffered a narrative containing inconsistencies and ambivalence. The analysis demonstrates that despite a thoroughly worked-out strategy, a well-defined message, and the intention to speak clearly, a complex problem such as climate change cannot easily be transformed into a single, coherent story. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 719-734 Issue: 6 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701746316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701746316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:6:p:719-734 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolás C. Bronfman Author-X-Name-First: Nicolás C. Author-X-Name-Last: Bronfman Author-Name: Luis Abdón Cifuentes Author-X-Name-First: Luis Abdón Author-X-Name-Last: Cifuentes Author-Name: Virna Vaneza Gutiérrez Author-X-Name-First: Virna Vaneza Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez Title: Participant-focused analysis: explanatory power of the classic psychometric paradigm in risk perception Abstract: Typical psychometric paradigm factors appear to have greater explanatory power for individual participants than previously envisaged. It is possible to acquire interpretable information about single participants using two factors (catastrophic potential and social and personal exposure) from aggregated participant-focused data. Our results suggest that the classical psychometric model originated by Fischhoff and Slovic in the early 1980s to explain differences among hazards may also be capable of accounting for differences among participants. While socio-demographic conditions on their own do not have substantial explanatory power, they are statistically significant and appear to dictate the position of participants within the factor space obtained using a participant-focused analysis. One of the principal criticisms of the psychometric paradigm has been its lack of interpretability when using disaggregated data, but incorporating socio-demographic variables overcomes this limitation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 735-753 Issue: 6 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801967143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801967143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:6:p:735-753 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolás C. Bronfman Author-X-Name-First: Nicolás C. Author-X-Name-Last: Bronfman Author-Name: Esperanza López Vázquez Author-X-Name-First: Esperanza López Author-X-Name-Last: Vázquez Author-Name: Virna Vaneza Gutiérrez Author-X-Name-First: Virna Vaneza Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez Author-Name: Luis Abdón Cifuentes Author-X-Name-First: Luis Abdón Author-X-Name-Last: Cifuentes Title: Trust, acceptance and knowledge of technological and environmental hazards in Chile Abstract: Studies over the past decade have found empirical links between trust in risk management institutions and the risk perceptions and acceptability of various individual hazards. Mostly addressing food technologies, no study to date has explored wider possible relationships among all four core variables (risk, benefit, trust and acceptability) covering a heterogeneous group of hazards. Our prime objective was to ascertain effects among social trust in regulatory entities, and the public's perceived risk, perceived benefit and the degree of acceptability towards both technological and environmental hazards. We also assess whether trust in regulatory authorities is the cause (causal model) or a consequence (associationist model) of a hazard's acceptability for a wide and heterogeneous range of hazards on all four core variables. Using a web-based survey, 539 undergraduates in Chile rated the five variables across 30 hazards. Implications for technology and environmental risk management organizations are discussed. Independent of the magnitude of the perceived risk or benefit surrounding a given hazard, or how knowledgeable the public claim to be of it, the trust sustained in regulatory institutions will either generate or be the consequence of public attitudes towards the hazard. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 755-773 Issue: 6 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801967184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801967184 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:6:p:755-773 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mei Wang Author-X-Name-First: Mei Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Paul S. Fischbeck Author-X-Name-First: Paul S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fischbeck Title: Evaluating lotteries, risks, and risk-mitigation programs Abstract: Two experiments were designed to explore the existence of systematic differences in risk perceptions and risk attitudes between Chinese and US participants. The first experiment involved ranking monetary lotteries using measures of perceived riskiness and willingness to pay (WTP). Several simple heuristics were evaluated to predict perceived riskiness and WTP. Using WTP responses, Cumulative Prospect Theory functions were determined for participants from both countries. The second experiment involved ranking multi-attribute real-world risks and associated risk-mitigation programs using measures of concern and preference, respectively. Compared to their US counterparts, Chinese participants are found to be less risk averse, more concerned about risks with higher catastrophic potential, and more in favor of risk-mitigation programs with greater scope of benefit. The results also reveal higher within-group agreement by Chinese participants for all tasks. For both national groups, the within-group agreement was highest when ranking risk-mitigation programs, but lowest when ranking lotteries with negative expected value. The implications of cross-cultural versus cross-task variation are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 775-795 Issue: 6 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870801967259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870801967259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:6:p:775-795 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. S. Busby Author-X-Name-First: J. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Busby Author-Name: S. A. Bennett Author-X-Name-First: S. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Analysing the risks of individual and collective intentionality Abstract: The risk assessment of complex systems often seems to neglect the way in which intentions, collective and individual, are central to our explanations of how risk arises in such systems. Contradictions among the intentions of different actors, for example, are typically an important part of our understanding of how organizations break down. Moreover, risk assessment practice pays little attention to the reflexive problem of how intentions for the risk assessment itself can themselves become problematic. This study was an attempt to develop a framework to support reasoning about intentionality, both individual and collective, during risk assessment. The framework broadly follows a process of 1) identifying the main social objects in a system, 2) asking what are the collective intentions for these objects in terms of the functions that are conferred on them, 3) asking what obligations and powers these create, and 4) asking what risks of organizational dysfunction can then arise. The approach was applied in a case study of aviation ramp operations. Its main value is as a formative rather than a summative kind of analysis. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 797-819 Issue: 6 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802056896 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802056896 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:6:p:797-819 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Judith Petts Author-X-Name-First: Judith Author-X-Name-Last: Petts Title: Public engagement to build trust: false hopes? Abstract: Public engagement through deliberative processes is promoted in both academic and policy circles as a potential means to build public trust in risk decisions and decision-makers. Governments in particular seem to optimistically take a positive relationship between public engagement and trust almost for granted. This paper provides a new and critical analysis of this hoped-for relationship, questioning whether such a direct and positive link between engagement and trust is a false hope. The paper draws upon personal experience of deliberative processes to discuss key components of an engagement process that have the potential to impact positively on trust. Specifically, who is engaged and which interests are represented; an open and collaborative framing of the discussion, and a direct and clear relationship between engagement and the risk decision. But the paper argues that given the complexities of optimising these process elements and in the light of the known underlying dimensions of trust, expectations are misplaced and that enduring trust is unlikely to spring from engagement itself. This is not to negate the other benefits of engagement, rather it is to focus on those key elements that will need to be in place, both process and beyond, if trust is to be enhanced. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 821-835 Issue: 6 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701715592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701715592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:6:p:821-835 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ellen Ter Huurne Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Ter Author-X-Name-Last: Huurne Author-Name: Jan Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Title: Information needs and risk perception as predictors of risk information seeking Abstract: This paper introduces a theoretical framework that describes the importance of public's information sufficiency, risk perception, and self-efficacy as predictors of intended risk information seeking behaviour. Based on theoretical assumptions, measurement instruments for relevant concepts were developed and validated using data from a mail questionnaire. Relationships among selected determinants of risk information seeking behaviour were analysed. Results indicate that information needs, risk perception, and current knowledge are direct predictors of intentions to seek information. Trust, engagement, social influence, and self-efficacy affect risk perception and the need for information is influenced by engagement and social influence. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 847-862 Issue: 7 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701875750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701875750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:7:p:847-862 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Taylor-Gooby Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor-Gooby Title: Sociological approaches to risk: strong in analysis but weak in policy influence in recent UK developments Abstract: Sociological approaches to risk and uncertainty are well-developed. These approaches have played an important role in analysing the significance of risk and uncertainty in modern social life. However, it is approaches based on rational actor perspectives in New Public Management that have become pre-eminent in handling social risks in recent UK policies. This paper tackles the puzzle of why sociology is strong in critique but much weaker in policy influence by pointing to the institutional and contextual standing of approaches which offer a natural home to individual rational actor approaches within UK government. Approaches that understand and analyse risk in statistical terms have been particularly influential in many aspects of modern life. A second stream, that has tended to attract less attention, stresses linkages between these approaches and the growth of particular institutions. The challenges faced by modern states in a post-industrial and globalised world are widely discussed. An important response, particularly prominent in the UK and especially in social policy-making, has been New Public Management, associated with an individual rational actor paradigm. Sociological approaches to risk have contributed a number of critiques of this development, however these critiques have failed to gain much purchase on policy-making. One reason is the extent to which approaches which rest on an individual rational actor paradigm are entrenched within the institutional framework of policy-making. This paradigm rests on a different approach to agency than that which is most influential in sociology. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 863-876 Issue: 7 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870701876592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870701876592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:7:p:863-876 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susanna Hornig Priest Author-X-Name-First: Susanna Hornig Author-X-Name-Last: Priest Title: North American audiences for news of emerging technologies: Canadian and US responses to bio- and nanotechnologies Abstract: New approaches are needed to think about audiences, subcultures, and publics in the context of increasing attention to the pluralistic nature of modern societies. Subgroup differences influencing reactions to technological change abound but may not correspond neatly to national boundaries. Often attributed to the influence of media messages, these differences are more clearly associated with message interpretation than with uniform media effects. In other words, reactions are better understood as a function of what audiences bring to the interpretation of news and information than as a function of exposure to message content itself. As an example, this article considers persistent differences between the US and Canada in opinions about technology that can be traced through comparative survey data collected by the Canadian government in 2003, 2004 and 2005. Previous research by the author has suggested, based on the data from the 2004 survey, that these differences can be accounted for by differential distributions within each country of subgroups with different perspectives on the inherent value of science, on whether decisions in this area should be driven by ethics or by utilitarian concerns, and on who should make those decisions. Here, comparative Canada-US survey data from January 2005 are used to explore explanations based on media consumption, source credibility, and perceived social distance (from developers) characteristic of these groups, as well as to extend the analysis from biotechnology to nanotechnology as well. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 877-889 Issue: 7 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802056904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802056904 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:7:p:877-889 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Author-Name: Sheila Shukla Author-X-Name-First: Sheila Author-X-Name-Last: Shukla Author-Name: Megan Fitzgerald Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald Author-Name: Suzie Flores Author-X-Name-First: Suzie Author-X-Name-Last: Flores Author-Name: Caron Chess Author-X-Name-First: Caron Author-X-Name-Last: Chess Title: Fish consumption: efficacy among fishermen of a brochure developed for pregnant women Abstract: The risk to human consumers from contaminants in fish is often dealt with by issuing consumption advisories, or in some cases, information brochures. Normally advisories and brochures are developed and tested with anglers. We examine the efficacy of a fish consumption brochure that was developed for pregnant women on people engaged in fishing in the Newark Bay Complex. The brochures were in English and Spanish, and subjects could read and be interviewed in either language. Of the 151 people interviewed, 32% were women, 58% spoke only English, 22% spoke mainly Spanish and the rest felt comfortable with both languages. There were no differences in the percent that were present as a function of preferred language. There were significant differences in the understanding of the brochure, depending upon preferred language (and the language of the brochure). In general, anglers preferring Spanish and who read the brochure in Spanish obtained fewer of the messages correctly than those who preferred English (seven of seven questions). There were also gender differences in efficacy of the brochures; a higher percentage of female anglers thought that the fish were not safe to eat from the port and thought that eating contaminated fish from the port could harm their baby. Although the correct message was obtained by 34--100% of the anglers, depending upon the question, and 60--75% of the anglers believed the pamphlet, only 16% (Spanish-speaking) to 47% (Bilingual) planned on changing the species of fish they eat or the method of cooking. These data suggest that a pamphlet designed for pregnant women is useful for anglers, and they can obtain the 'correct' message from it. However, a relatively small percentage of subjects were persuaded to change their cooking or consumption behavior. In addition to television, subjects felt that the direct approach of distributing brochures face-to-face was an important method of communication of fish consumers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 891-904 Issue: 7 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802261637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802261637 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:7:p:891-904 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John E. Grable Author-X-Name-First: John E. Author-X-Name-Last: Grable Author-Name: Michael J. Roszkowski Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Roszkowski Title: The influence of mood on the willingness to take financial risks Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether support could be found for either the Affect Infusion Model or the Mood Maintenance Hypothesis regarding how mood influences financial risk tolerance. An ordinary least-squares regression model was used to determine if people who exhibited a happy mood at the time they completed a survey scored differently than those who were not happy. In a sample (n ;= ;460) of employed mid-western respondents between the ages of 18 and 75 years, being in a happy mood was positively associated with having a higher level of financial risk tolerance, holding biopsychosocial and environmental factors constant. Support for the Affect Infusion Model was obtained. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 905-923 Issue: 7 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802090390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802090390 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:7:p:905-923 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shinji Kojima Author-X-Name-First: Shinji Author-X-Name-Last: Kojima Author-Name: Masahiko Kato Author-X-Name-First: Masahiko Author-X-Name-Last: Kato Author-Name: Da-Hong Wang Author-X-Name-First: Da-Hong Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Noriko Sakano Author-X-Name-First: Noriko Author-X-Name-Last: Sakano Author-Name: Masafumi Fujii Author-X-Name-First: Masafumi Author-X-Name-Last: Fujii Author-Name: Keiki Ogino Author-X-Name-First: Keiki Author-X-Name-Last: Ogino Title: Implementation of HACCP in the risk management of medical waste generated from endoscopy Abstract: Medical waste poses health hazards, increases the environmental load and is costly to dispose of. To solve the above problems, we applied the hazard analysis and critical control point system (HACCP) to the management of wastes generated from endoscopy. First, the wastes in three hospitals were quantified. The number and weight of waste per case differed significantly among the three hospitals. Second, HACCP was applied to the endoscopy unit of Hospital X for a year. Wastes were segregated into five types and weighed. We found that 25.8% of 'infectious waste' was in fact 'non-infectious waste' and 'non-infectious plastic waste'. The numbers of needles and needle caps did not correspond in two occasions (needle-loss rate: 0.42%). Bacterial counts of the waste container were determined to investigate infection hazard. The counts were 0 ;cfu/cm-super-2 in all examinations except one occasion. The waste control manifests were reviewed, and all entries were consistent with the waste sent for disposal. In Hospital X where implementation of HACCP was attempted, reduction of environmental load and cutting of disposal cost are anticipated by changing the categories of waste segregation. The results suggest that hospital wastes should be managed more safely by HACCP. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 925-936 Issue: 7 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802180613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802180613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:7:p:925-936 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cass Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Cass Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Author-Name: Cheryl A. Stevens Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stevens Title: Changes in perceptions of risk and competence among beginning scuba divers Abstract: The adventure experience paradigm theorizes that individuals engaging in high-risk recreation exhibit changes in perceptions of risk and competence. While previous research has examined changes in perceptions for individuals engaged in short-term, high-risk recreation, there is no research examining patterns of perceptual change through extended involvement in risk recreation activities. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in perceived risk and perceived competence throughout a 14-week basic scuba diving course. Participants (n = 57) completed the dimensions of an adventure experience (DAE) at the start and end of the course as well as before and after their first time on scuba, first open water dive, and first off shore dive. Changes in perceived risk and perceived competence were examined. Results indicated a significant decrease in perceived risk and a significant increase in both competence factors (attitudes and abilities) pre-to-post course and at most time intervals. Although statistically significant, changes in perceived risk and attitude may be of less practical significance (around 0.6 on a 10-point scale). However, perceived ability increased more noticeably (2.6 on a 10-point scale). The findings of this study support and further confirm the literature, which indicates repeated involvement in high-risk recreation decreases participants' perceptions of risk and increases perceptions of competence. Recommendations include further study of DAE psychometrics and research on how changes in perceptions of risk and competence are related to outcomes in adventure recreation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 951-966 Issue: 8 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802187691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802187691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:8:p:951-966 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chaohsin Lin Author-X-Name-First: Chaohsin Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Shuofen Hsu Author-X-Name-First: Shuofen Author-X-Name-Last: Hsu Author-Name: Atsushi Takao Author-X-Name-First: Atsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Takao Title: A review and comparison of medical expenditures models: two neural networks versus two-part models Abstract: This paper compares the two-part model (TPM) that distinguishes between users and non-users of health care, with two neural networks (TNN) that distinguish users by frequency. In the model comparisons using data from the National Health Research Institute (NHRI) in Taiwan, we find strong evidence in favor of the neural networks approach. This paper shows that the individuals in the self-organizing map (SOM) network clusters can be described as several different forms of frequency distributions. The integration model of SOM and back propagation network (BPN) proposed by this paper not only permits policymakers to easily include more risk adjusters besides the demographics in the traditional capitation formula through the adaptation and calculation power of neural networks, but also reduces the incentives for cream skimming by decreasing estimation biases. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 967-982 Issue: 8 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802261587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802261587 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:8:p:967-982 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melissa L. Finucane Author-X-Name-First: Melissa L. Author-X-Name-Last: Finucane Title: Emotion, affect, and risk communication with older adults: challenges and opportunities Abstract: Recent research suggests that emotion, affect, and cognition play important roles in risk perception and that their roles in judgment and decision-making processes may change over the lifespan. This paper discusses how emotion and affect might help or hinder risk communication with older adults. Currently, there are few guidelines for developing effective risk messages for the world's aging population, despite the array of complex risk decisions that come with increasing age and the importance of maintaining good decision making in later life. Age-related declines in cognitive abilities such as memory and processing speed, increased reliance on automatic processes, and adaptive motivational shifts toward focusing more on affective (especially positive) information mean that older and younger adults may respond differently to risk messages. Implications for specific risk information formats (probabilities, frequencies, visual displays, and narratives) are discussed and directions for future research are highlighted. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 983-997 Issue: 8 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802261595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802261595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:8:p:983-997 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reece A. Clothier Author-X-Name-First: Reece A. Author-X-Name-Last: Clothier Author-Name: Neale L. Fulton Author-X-Name-First: Neale L. Author-X-Name-Last: Fulton Author-Name: Rodney A. Walker Author-X-Name-First: Rodney A. Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: Pilotless aircraft: the horseless carriage of the twenty-first century? Abstract: This paper identifies recurring issues in the regulation of new technologies through an historical review of the risk management of automobiles in the 1800s. Parallels are drawn between the regulation of early automobiles and that of the regulation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) today. It is found that many of the regulatory challenges facing UASs are analogous to those which faced the automobile industry more than a century and half ago and that the need for informed and objective decision making in policy development is reinforced. A systems engineering approach, based on general systems theory and decision-based design principles, is then proposed as a means for improving the objectivity, transparency and rationality in the risk management decision making process. An example risk management decision making scenario is given within the context of a small UAS operating over a populated area. The results obtained from this case study illustrate how even simple analysis can support the decision making process and highlights some of the potential challenges in the regulatory approach currently applied to UASs. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 999-1023 Issue: 8 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802323353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802323353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:8:p:999-1023 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Inger Lassen Author-X-Name-First: Inger Author-X-Name-Last: Lassen Title: Commonplaces and social uncertainty: negotiating public opinion Abstract: This article explores commonplaces in focus group discussions about genetically modified food. In the discussions, members of the general public interact with food biotechnology scientists while negotiating their attitudes towards genetic engineering. Their discussions offer an example of uncertainty discourse in which the use of commonplaces seems to be a central feature. My analyses support earlier findings that commonplaces serve important interactional purposes and that they are used for mitigating disagreement, for closing topics and for facilitating risk discourse. In addition, however, I argue that commonplaces are used to mitigate feelings of insecurity caused by uncertainty and to negotiate new codes of moral conduct. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1025-1045 Issue: 8 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802323379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802323379 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:8:p:1025-1045 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bernard Keraita Author-X-Name-First: Bernard Author-X-Name-Last: Keraita Author-Name: Pay Drechsel Author-X-Name-First: Pay Author-X-Name-Last: Drechsel Author-Name: Flemming Konradsen Author-X-Name-First: Flemming Author-X-Name-Last: Konradsen Title: Perceptions of farmers on health risks and risk reduction measures in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana Abstract: Most irrigation water used in urban vegetable farming in Ghana is contaminated with untreated wastewater. This poses health risks to farmers and consumers. As part of a study to explore options for health risk reduction, this paper summarizes farmers' perceptions on health risks and possible risk reduction measures. Participatory research methods and techniques such as focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and visualization techniques were used for data collection based on methodological triangulation. The findings showed that farmers were aware that untreated wastewater posed health risks. Occupational health risks like skin infections were perceived to have the greatest risks and not nematode infections and bacterial diseases which are usually associated with wastewater irrigation. Possible health risks to consumers were rated very low and many farmers said that they were sensitized on this through media and projects. Farmers perceived many of the risk reduction measures suggested in the international guidelines as unsuitable and identified simple and low-cost measures which they could easily adopt. They were willing to adopt risk reduction measures to avoid further pressure from the media, authorities and the general public, especially if they had some incentives. These findings demonstrate the need to involve farmers as early as possible in intervention projects especially in informal farming practices, like urban agriculture, where restrictions are difficult to implement. This will ensure that their perceptions, constraints or any other required incentives for adopting interventions are considered, hence leading to developing more appropriate interventions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1047-1061 Issue: 8 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802380825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802380825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:11:y:2008:i:8:p:1047-1061 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: On risk defined as an event where the outcome is uncertain Abstract: In the social sciences, two prevailing definitions of risk are: (1) risk is a situation or event where something of human value (including humans themselves) is at stake and where the outcome is uncertain; (2) risk is an uncertain consequence of an event or an activity with respect to something that humans value. According to these definitions, risk expresses an ontology (a theory of being) independent of our knowledge and perceptions. In this paper, we look closer into these two types of definitions. We conclude that the definitions provide a sound foundation for risk research and risk management, but compared to common terminology, they lead to conceptual difficulties that are incompatible with the everyday use of risk in most applications. By considering risk as a state of the world, we cannot conclude, for example, about the risk being high or low, or compare different options with respect to risk. A rephrasing of the two definitions is suggested: Risk refers to uncertainty about and severity of the consequences (or outcomes) of an activity with respect to something that humans value. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-11 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802488883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802488883 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:1-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stacey M. Conchie Author-X-Name-First: Stacey M. Author-X-Name-Last: Conchie Author-Name: Calvin Burns Author-X-Name-First: Calvin Author-X-Name-Last: Burns Title: Improving occupational safety: using a trusted information source to communicate about risk Abstract: We examine the importance of employee trust in an information source for occupational safety within the construction industry. We sought to identify if: (1) trust in an information source was risk independent; (2) workers trusted one information source significantly more than others; (3) there was a significant relationship between trust and risk behaviour, specifically, if workers' self-reported intention to change their risk-related behaviour was related to their trust in an information source. These issues were addressed using data from 131 UK construction workers drawn from a single industrial site. Results showed that workers' trust in an information source was relatively stable and did not significantly differ between risks. Trust in information from the project manager, safety manager, UK HSE and workmates was based on the source's accuracy, while trust in information from supervisors was based on their demonstrations of care. Of the five sources, the UK HSE and safety manager emerged as the most trusted sources and the most influential in shaping workers' risk-related behavioural intentions. These results have implications for safety campaigns because they suggest that while workers have trust in the source that develops these campaigns (UK HSE), they have relatively less trust in those that deliver them (project managers and supervisors). This may impact on the effectiveness of these campaigns in shaping workers' risk behaviours. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 13-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802433749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802433749 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:13-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joan Costa-Font Author-X-Name-First: Joan Author-X-Name-Last: Costa-Font Author-Name: Elias Mossialos Author-X-Name-First: Elias Author-X-Name-Last: Mossialos Author-Name: Caroline Rudisill Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Rudisill Title: Optimism and the perceptions of new risks Abstract: While many risks, especially new ones, are not objectively quantifiable, individuals still form perceptions of risks using incomplete or unclear evidence about the true nature of those risks. In the case of well known risks, such as smoking, individuals perceive risks to be smaller for themselves than others, exhibiting 'optimism bias'. Although existing evidence supports optimism bias occurring in the case of risks about which individuals are familiar, evidence does not yet exist to suggest that optimism bias applies for new risks. This paper addresses this question by examining the gap in perceptions of risks individuals have for themselves versus society and the environment, conceptualised as social and/or environmental optimism biases. We draw upon the 2002 UEA-MORI Risk Survey to examine the existence of optimism bias and its effects on risk perceptions and acceptance regarding five science and technology-related topics: climate change, mobile phones, radioactive waste, GM food and genetic testing. Our findings provide evidence of social and environmental optimism bias following similar patterns and optimism bias appearing greater for those risks bringing sizeable benefit to individuals (e.g. mobile phone radiation) rather than those more acutely affecting society or the environment (e.g. GM food or climate change). Social optimism bias is found to reduce risk perceptions for risks that have received large amounts of media attention, namely, climate change and GM food. On the other hand, optimism bias appears to increase risk perceptions about genetic testing. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 27-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802445800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802445800 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:27-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: José Manuel de Oliveira Mendes Author-X-Name-First: José Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: de Oliveira Mendes Title: Social vulnerability indexes as planning tools: beyond the preparedness paradigm Abstract: This article draws from the experience of the ongoing drafting of the Regional Plan of the Centre Region of Portugal, and the empirical application of the Social Vulnerability Index proposed by Susan Cutter. It consists in the construction of an index of social vulnerability to natural and technological hazards and to social risks for all the municipalities of the region. Methodologically, it extends the vulnerability analysis to technological hazards and social risks, as a more encompassing view is necessary for the elaboration of prevention and civil protection policies. The results confirm the interactive nature of social vulnerability, and they also reflect the diffuse urbanisation and industrialisation patterns that characterise Portugal. The scattered nature of social facilities and security and health infrastructures pose specific challenges to planners concerning risk prevention and mitigation, and the elaboration of effective risk communication strategies adapted to specific hazards and risks in the studied municipalities. The article concludes with some reflections on the need to revise established paradigms of disaster analysis and emphasise the importance of pre-event planning and the social cartography of vulnerable populations for effective prevention and security policies that take into account social inequalities and citizenship rights. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 43-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802447962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802447962 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:43-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justin Baker Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: W. Douglass Shaw Author-X-Name-First: W. Douglass Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Mary Riddel Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Riddel Author-Name: Richard T. Woodward Author-X-Name-First: Richard T. Author-X-Name-Last: Woodward Title: Changes in subjective risks of hurricanes as time passes: analysis of a sample of Katrina evacuees Abstract: Using a quasi-field experiment, we report on subjects' perceptions of the risks of hurricanes. All experimental subjects were displaced by either Hurricane Katrina or Rita, in New Orleans and other Gulf Coast areas, except for a small control group consisting of people who live in central Texas. We examine their perceptions of risks just after the hurricanes occurred, and over one year later to evaluate the change in subjective risk perceptions over time. A latent risk model is estimated in which subjective probabilities of hurricane strike risk are represented as a function of respondents' demographic characteristics and experiences following the storms. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 59-74 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802452798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802452798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:59-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristian Kallenberg Author-X-Name-First: Kristian Author-X-Name-Last: Kallenberg Title: Corporate risk management of chemicals: a stakeholder approach to the brominated flame retardants Abstract: The prerequisites for chemicals risk management within the corporate sphere have changed over the last decade. This change has been driven by a number of factors such as an increased use of the precautionary principle, the reversed burden of proof and an increased focus on environmental and sustainable development initiatives, in the EU, EU Member States and elsewhere. In Sweden, this development has been highly pronounced. The objectives of the present study are to (1) explore the opinions within Swedish industry concerning items related to chemicals risk assessment and regulation and (2) to identify and rank various stakeholders and factors perceived to have affected the companies' risk management strategies of the brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The results were somewhat contradictory and indicated that the sampled companies favored precautionary measures, while they at the same time favored scientific EU risk assessments over national regulation. Furthermore, contrary to industry opinions elsewhere, they were favorably inclined to the increased burden of proof, to the novel REACH Directive, and to the Swedish government's objective of a non-toxic environment. Regarding the BFRs, the companies' risk management strategies were believed to have been mostly influenced by (1) internal policies and guidelines regarding sustainable development and corporate social responsibilities, (2) the application of the precautionary principle, (3) EU directives/risk assessments, (4) the Swedish Chemicals Agency and Swedish research, and (5) PR/marketing considerations. Overall, the study indicated that the sampled companies displayed some inconsistencies regarding preferred approaches to regulating and managing risk. In a somewhat tentative manner, the paper ends with a discussion of possible explanations for these inconsistencies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 75-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802456898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802456898 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:75-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ole Jakob Bergfjord Author-X-Name-First: Ole Jakob Author-X-Name-Last: Bergfjord Title: Risk perception and risk management in Norwegian aquaculture Abstract: This exploratory study seeks to provide empirical knowledge about fish farmers' risk attitudes, risk sources and risk management tools by presenting the results from a survey among Norwegian fish farming companies. The results show that fish farmers think of themselves as only moderately risk averse compared, for instance, to crop and livestock farmers. The most important sources of risk are considered to be future salmon prices, institutional risks and fish diseases, while keeping costs low is the most important risk management tool. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 91-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802488941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802488941 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:91-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ann Freeman Cook Author-X-Name-First: Ann Freeman Author-X-Name-Last: Cook Author-Name: Helena Hoas Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Hoas Title: The landscape of asbestos: Libby and beyond Abstract: This article discusses risk assessment and decision-making in the rural community of Libby, Montana. The community faces serious health risks caused by decades of exposure to asbestos from an asbestos-contaminated vermiculite mining operation. The risks from the exposure are not only occupational but involve the greater community as well. The article explores issues that are increasingly evident and problematic in this community: the willingness or ability to recognize a problem, like serious environmental contamination, can be influenced by one's perceived willingness or ability to accept or manage the consequences of such recognition. This finding has emerged not only in this community but in a number of other studies conducted by the authors. Findings suggest that if the consequences of recognition are not deemed manageable or possible (e.g. perceived ability to move to a safer location or the willingness to change occupations), residents will minimize the scope of a problem and remain in a situation that continues to expose them to serious health risk. This tension needs to be recognized and managed when trying to find innovative solutions and effective policies for risk assessment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 105-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802488974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802488974 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:105-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Ashe Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Ashe Author-Name: K. J. McAneney Author-X-Name-First: K. J. Author-X-Name-Last: McAneney Author-Name: A. J. Pitman Author-X-Name-First: A. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Pitman Title: Total cost of fire in Australia Abstract: Fire, an ever present hazard in Australia, causes approximately 100 fatalities and over 3000 injuries per annum. Significant resources are allocated to mitigate the risk. In this study, we estimate the total cost of fire in Australia for 2005 at AUD$12,000 million or 1.3% of GDP. Comparable studies in the UK, USA, Canada, Denmark and New Zealand are reviewed and show that the cost in these countries ranges between 0.8 and 2% of GDP. Breaking the Australian total down into its component parts, we find that 57% relates to costs in anticipation of fire, 29% for response activities and that the remaining 14% results from the consequences of fire. This estimate shows that the investment in mitigation (86% of the total costs) is over five times the consequences (14%) and raises questions as to whether the current system adopted in Australia is economically efficient. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 121-136 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802648528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802648528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:121-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Chryssochoidis Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Chryssochoidis Author-Name: Anna Strada Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Strada Author-Name: Athanasios Krystallis Author-X-Name-First: Athanasios Author-X-Name-Last: Krystallis Title: Public trust in institutions and information sources regarding risk management and communication: towards integrating extant knowledge Abstract: The present article attempts an integrative review of knowledge on public trust in institutions and information sources regarding risk management and communication. The review is based on 27 empirical studies, and is organised around four groups of trust-related factors. The empirical studies reveal that this field of research suffers from a lack of consistency in conceptualising 'trust'. Based on the review, a 'layering' of four different aspects of trust, from more general to more specific, has been designed, reflecting the identified layers of trust-related factors vis-à-vis: (1) socio-cultural and individual personality characteristics; (2) perceived attributes of institution or information source; (3) risk aspects; (4) information-specific aspects. This layered conceptualisation of trust demonstrates that trust in those managing and communicating risk is a complex phenomenon operative simultaneously in and interplaying across a number of levels. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 137-185 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802637000 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802637000 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:137-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. E. af Wåhlberg Author-X-Name-First: A. E. Author-X-Name-Last: af Wåhlberg Title: Hourly changes in accident risk for bus drivers Abstract: Traffic accident risk has in some studies been found to change with the time of day, after controlling for exposure, probably due to diurnal changes in the human body, which changes alertness. However, exposure data are not always of good quality, and culpability for accidents is not always taken into account. The change in culpable accident risk over the day for bus drivers was therefore investigated, with single accidents analysed separately, using induced exposure (non-culpable bus accidents) as well as general traffic density and number of buses on the road as controlling factors. It was found that the risk distribution was fairly similar to some previous results before controlling for exposure, but dissimilar to other, probably indicating that bus drivers have a somewhat different risk profile, but also that previous studies may not have controlled for exposure in a reliable way. When exposure was held constant, the risk distribution was different from all other studies. The three different exposure measures correlated strongly between themselves, and each would seem to be adequate for a basic control. However, although general traffic density was most strongly correlated with culpable bus accidents, the induced exposure parameter added some explained variance. Single accidents had a very different risk distribution as compared to other culpable accidents when exposure had been held constant. A number of unexpected effects were also noted, mainly that single accidents were associated most strongly with general traffic density. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 187-197 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802488891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802488891 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:187-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gary Colbert Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Colbert Author-Name: Dennis Murray Author-X-Name-First: Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Murray Author-Name: Robert Nieschwietz Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Nieschwietz Title: The use of expected value in pricing judgments Abstract: Previous research has examined the extent to which decisions made in binary choice situations are consistent with expected value. Li (2003) reports that decisions in multiple-play gambles are well explained by expected value, while single-play gambles are not consistent with expected value. The present study extends previous work by examining the use of expected value in the pricing of gambles. The results show that subjects' pricing decisions are much more consistent with expected value in multiple-play situations than in single-play situations, particularly when the subjects are provided with a simple decision aid (i.e. a very brief description of expected value and the calculated amount of the expected value). Additionally, substantially fewer subjects in our study made decisions consistent with expected value than in Li's (2003) study, suggesting that binary choice studies may overstate the extent of expected value usage. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 199-208 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802488925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802488925 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:199-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhijun Yang Author-X-Name-First: Zhijun Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: K. H. Coble Author-X-Name-First: K. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Coble Author-Name: M. Darren Hudson Author-X-Name-First: M. Darren Author-X-Name-Last: Hudson Title: The role of individual personality type in subjective risk elicitation outcomes Abstract: Managing uncertainty is an unavoidable challenge in a variety of decision contexts. On many occasions, objective data are not available, necessitating the use of experts. However, research into procedures to elicit and aggregate information from experts is difficult to validate or test empirically. A controlled economic experiment was used to assess subjective probability elicitation accuracy resulting from three alternative elicitation procedures and two aggregation alternatives. The empirical results provide evidence of the impacts of elicitation techniques, distribution type, and personal characteristics such as risk preferences and personality type on subjective risk assessment accuracy. Our conclusion is that experimental approaches hold promise as a technique to assess the forecast accuracy of aggregated subjective probabilities in a variety of contexts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 209-222 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802488990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802488990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:209-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Holly Etchegary Author-X-Name-First: Holly Author-X-Name-Last: Etchegary Author-Name: Louise Lemyre Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Lemyre Author-Name: Brenda Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Brenda Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Dan Krewski Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Krewski Title: Is genetic makeup a perceived health risk: analysis of a national survey of Canadians Abstract: Discoveries in human genetics research over the last two decades could influence how the public views health risks and whether they assign genes a primary role in causing illness. Using data from the 2004 Canadian National Health Risk Perception Survey, this analysis explored the perceived risk of genetic makeup and its role in disease, as well as perceptions of the risk of developing cancer, heart disease, depression, long-term disabilities and asthma. A stratified random sample of 1503 Canadians participated in the telephone survey. Genetic makeup was thought to pose a moderate health risk to Canadians, with some notable demographic differences. Perceived risk of genetic makeup was related to the perceived risk of developing adverse health outcomes. However, genetic makeup, lifestyle and the environment were all endorsed as possible causes of cancer, with respondents agreeing that cancer depended on lifestyle more than genetic makeup or the environment. The current analysis provides little evidence that Canadians hold overly deterministic attitudes about the role of genes in the induction of human disease. Results have implications for the construction of health-risk messages and health promotion campaigns. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 223-237 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802489006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802489006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:223-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hung-Chih Hung Author-X-Name-First: Hung-Chih Author-X-Name-Last: Hung Title: The attitude towards flood insurance purchase when respondents' preferences are uncertain: a fuzzy approach Abstract: Individuals may have difficulty in determining whether or not to buy insurance against low-probability, high-loss events. This ambivalence would cause preference uncertainty and decrease homeowners' interest in voluntarily buying insurance. This paper incorporated fuzzy set theory into contingent valuation analysis to examine the determinants of attitude towards buying flood insurance under preference uncertainty. The results show that the perceived levels of flood risk, experience with flood, disposable income, as well as house conditions, are influential factors in the decision-making process for insurance purchase. However, both the estimated price and income elasticities are low for flood insurance purchase. It is worthy to note that governments' artificial structures provide a disincentive for buying insurance, although respondents perceived or/and are exposed to a high level of flood risk. The findings also show that the spread of fuzzy willingness to pay regions is wide, resulting from respondents' high uncertainty on their value judgment to insurance. This indicates that preference uncertainty and conservatism rule are the key factors that cause respondents to tend to reject buying insurance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 239-258 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802497702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802497702 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:239-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Á. Herrero Crespo Author-X-Name-First: Á. Herrero Author-X-Name-Last: Crespo Author-Name: I. Rodríguez del Bosque Author-X-Name-First: I. Rodríguez Author-X-Name-Last: del Bosque Author-Name: M. M. García de los Salmones Sánchez Author-X-Name-First: M. M. García Author-X-Name-Last: de los Salmones Sánchez Title: The influence of perceived risk on Internet shopping behavior: a multidimensional perspective Abstract: The present study analyzes the influence that perceived risk in online shopping has on the process of e-commerce adoption by end consumers. With this aim, the Technology Acceptance Model is taken as a reference framework, proposing an Extended E-Commerce Acceptance Model that includes the diverse constructs of perceived risk: financial, performance, social, time, psychological and privacy. Empirical evidence is obtained from two samples, one is composed by Internet users with no experience in web shopping and the other is formed by online buyers. The results obtained confirm that the intention to shop through the Internet is positively influenced by general attitude toward the system and negatively influenced by the risk associated with the Web. Regarding the importance of the risk dimensions considered in the study, the economic and performance facets are the ones that have a greater influence on e-commerce adoption, while social and time dimensions are the less relevant. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 259-277 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802497744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802497744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:259-277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Britt-Marie Drottz Sjøberg Author-X-Name-First: Britt-Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Drottz Sjøberg Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: ESREL 2007 - the 18th European Safety and Reliability Conference Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 279-279 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903123140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903123140 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:279-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Eidesen Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Eidesen Author-Name: S. J. M. Sollid Author-X-Name-First: S. J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Sollid Author-Name: T. Aven Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: Risk assessment in critical care medicine: a tool to assess patient safety Abstract: In many industries and areas, risk assessment has shown to be a useful decision-making tool, to compare options and study the need for risk-reducing measures. In health care, risk assessment is on relatively new ground, and in this paper, we address its use in this area, with emphasis on patient safety. We present a new approach to such assessments for this type of application, using a broad risk perspective where risk is defined as the two-dimensional combination of (1) events, consequences and (2) associated uncertainties. The approach acknowledges that risk is more than historical-based probabilities. It is demonstrated using a case from training of health professionals and the use of simulation in the training of physicians performing advanced airway procedures for critically ill patients. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 281-294 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802456914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802456914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:281-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Doytchev Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Doytchev Author-Name: R. E. Hibberd Author-X-Name-First: R. E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hibberd Title: Organizational learning and safety in design: experiences from German industry Abstract: Learning from the occurrence of accidents and incidents is essential to improving safety in organizations and their operational processes. It is a process of increasing the capacity for effective organizational action through the construction of knowledge and its embodiment in the practices of the organization. This paper examines how accidents and incidents are analyzed in companies handling high-hazard activities in the province of Nordrhein-Westfalia, Germany, and what changes are made to support effective organizational learning. The results suggest that there is limited communication flow between the stakeholders -- design, operations, production and safety management -- who are responsible for safe system operation. The consequence of which appears to be a reliance of these organizations on local changes to practices, rather than change in either equipment design or workplace layout. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 295-312 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802604307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802604307 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:295-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joan Harvey Author-X-Name-First: Joan Author-X-Name-Last: Harvey Author-Name: George Erdos Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Erdos Author-Name: Lisa Turnbull Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Turnbull Title: How do we perceive heroes? Abstract: Although there are several interpretations of it, heroism is generally viewed in terms of distinguished bravery or courage. However, little has been done to investigate how people perceive heroic acts and the hero's reasons for them. There would appear to be a risky response prompted by a relatively sudden emotional trigger, the individual also being likely to act without processing cognitive information about risk and without necessarily considering the costs and benefits associated with the behaviour. Using short scenarios, 155 subjects assessed the mental processes involved at the critical points of perceived acts of heroism. The findings suggest that perceived heroism relates to intention and outcome rather than the risk involved. The findings are discussed in terms of attribution and risk perception and a three-dimensional approach is proposed which incorporates affect, cognition and control. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 313-327 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802519430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802519430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:313-327 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne-Marie Makin Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Makin Author-Name: Chris Winder Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Winder Title: Managing hazards in the workplace using organisational safety management systems: a safe place, safe person, safe systems approach Abstract: Not all hazards in the workplace manifest in the same way. Some are obvious because their impacts are direct and easily felt, such as physical workplace hazards; others are indirect because the effects are long term or further downstream from the original work process; and some are hazards because their absence, for example the lack of safe systems of work, makes the workplace less safe. A framework to manage workplace hazards in small to medium enterprises was derived from a review of the literature and the application of the Deming 'Plan, Do, Check, Act' cycle. A collection of 57 elements separated into three main areas -- safe place, safe person and safe systems, were used to analyse 10 international and Australian occupational health and safety management system (OHS MS) structures with a view to understand emergent trends, appreciate which elements were the most popular and highlight particular strengths of individual structures or assessment tools analysed. Further application of this framework to assist small to medium enterprises is suggested as is the potential to develop a hierarchy of controls specifically dealing with managerial hazards. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 329-343 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802658998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802658998 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:329-343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ketil Fred Hansen Author-X-Name-First: Ketil Fred Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen Title: Approaching doomsday: how SARS was presented in the Norwegian media Abstract: This article reviews why SARS received so much media attention in Norway, beginning with descriptions of the dynamics and dilemmas faced in health risk communication from the point of view of medical experts and generalist journalists. How the Norwegian media covered SARS is then described and analysed in relation to these risk communication dynamics and dilemmas. Based on the description and short analysis, connotations of the main narratives in the different phases of the SARS outbreak are then discussed. In the conclusion, the nature of SARS itself is used to explain the enormous exposure it received and the massive fear it created in Norway compared to the meagre medical damages it produced there. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 345-360 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802661455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802661455 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:345-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elena Beauchamp-Akatova Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Beauchamp-Akatova Title: Towards integrated decision-making for adaptive learning: evaluation of systems as fit for purpose Abstract: We focus on 'adaptive learning' for the resolution of conflicts between safety and efficiency in performance, and between design and operational flexibility, thereby increasing adaptive capacity. Safety cannot be improved by applying check lists alone. Balanced, safe performance is managing diversity rather than achieving consistency. Organizational learning is increasingly important for industry in its adaptation to change, but should be seen as both stakeholder- and process-based. Organizations fail to learn when inherent traditional characteristics do not allow for the correct formulation of problems. Transformation in the learning process takes place when participants understand their own and others' benefits and losses. If learning is the conceptualization of a holistic approach, then the focus should be on the integration of knowledge from diverse backgrounds. Special attention is drawn to Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology as a potential tool in order to extend existing frames of interpretation, where all voices can be heard. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 361-373 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802692211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802692211 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:361-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jorunn-Elise Tharaldsen Author-X-Name-First: Jorunn-Elise Author-X-Name-Last: Tharaldsen Author-Name: Knut Haukelid Author-X-Name-First: Knut Author-X-Name-Last: Haukelid Title: Culture and behavioural perspectives on safety -- towards a balanced approach Abstract: The core aim of this paper was to examine differences or similarities in cultural and behaviour-based approaches to safety. The theoretical bases for culture theories and behaviourism are very different and, at times, mutually excluding. While many culture theories focus on cognitive aspects like values, ideas and thoughts -- in short, patterns of meaning -- behaviourism tends to neglect the cognitive aspects of human life and focus strictly on behaviour. We find cultural perspectives to be poorly treated in safety research and assert a need for cultural approaches in general and a better understanding of them in particular. In order to do so, we introduce a four-field model which balances between tacit or explicit sides of culture and whether the approach focuses on behavioural or cultural aspects. Time, stability and change are also integrated in the discussion of the model; whether risks are treated as sudden, observable events or as developing over a longer time period, and not-so-easily observable phenomena. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 375-388 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902757252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902757252 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:375-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Espen Olsen Author-X-Name-First: Espen Author-X-Name-Last: Olsen Author-Name: Anne Mette Bjerkan Author-X-Name-First: Anne Mette Author-X-Name-Last: Bjerkan Author-Name: Tor-Olav Nævestad Author-X-Name-First: Tor-Olav Author-X-Name-Last: Nævestad Title: Modelling the effects of a large-scale safety culture programme: a combined qualitative and quantitative approach Abstract: In many industries it has become common to implement safety programmes aimed at improving safety behaviour and culture; however, in general little research has been conducted to understand the dynamics and causality of such programmes. This study sought to explore the effects of a large-scale safety programme implemented by a Norwegian petroleum company using a combined methodological approach; results from qualitative interviews and fieldworks were used to develop a hypothetical structural model tested on questionnaire data (n = 1221) using structural equation modelling (SEM). Five theoretical concepts were validated before they were included in a hypothetical structural model: (1) participation in a two-day kickoff; (2) personal programme commitment; (3) effectiveness of programme implementation; (4) safety behaviour change; and (5) safety culture change. SEM indicated that the suggested structural model fitted the data, but two of the hypothesised structures were not significantly supported. Based on this, a modified version of the model was developed and estimated, resulting in a more robust model in which all hypothesised influences were supported. Results are discussed in light of the qualitative and quantitative results, programme characteristics, and previous research. This study demonstrates the significance of developing worker commitment to programme implementation and the importance of a comprehensive implementation of programme activities to increase the likelihood of cultural and behavioural effects concerning safety. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 389-409 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902812271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902812271 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:389-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Siri Wiig Author-X-Name-First: Siri Author-X-Name-Last: Wiig Author-Name: Preben H. Lindøe Author-X-Name-First: Preben H. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindøe Title: Patient safety in the interface between hospital and risk regulator1 Abstract: The paper explores how regulatory practice affects procedures and routines regarding patient safety in hospitals. The paper is based on a multi-level case study within the Norwegian healthcare system. In this paper we investigate methods of operations between the risk regulator and the regulatee by emphasizing systematic and incidental activities performed in the interface; and by assessing the regulators' underlying models of understanding errors. Our study indicates that despite a strong commitment from the top management and increased awareness and efforts within the hospital, methods of operation between risk regulator and hospital do not have a substantial impact on patient safety improvement and learning from errors within the hospital. The study shows that patient safety is exposed to pressures from internal mechanisms (e.g. occupational subcultures, regulatory styles, underreporting) and external mechanisms (e.g. public attitudes, organized interests, media cover) with consequences that have to be managed across organizational interfaces. Thus, understanding of vertical risk governance processes and the involved organizational interfaces is vital. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 411-426 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902952879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902952879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:411-426 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Preben H. Lindøe Author-X-Name-First: Preben H. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindøe Author-Name: Odd Einar Olsen Author-X-Name-First: Odd Einar Author-X-Name-Last: Olsen Title: Conflicting goals and mixed roles in risk regulation: a case study of the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate* Abstract: This paper discusses the challenge of a regulator being on a position of preventing organisational accidents in high-technology domains when causes are complex, often poorly understood and with an open or hidden expectation of adding values to society. The purpose of the paper is to assess the combination of mixed roles when a regulator combines the task of facilitating resources management along with controlling the accompanied risks -- multiple goals that may be in opposition to each other and mixed roles that may serve opposite interests. The roles and goals of Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), divided after 30 years of successful operation, are used as a case study. The analysis shows that separating the mixed roles of NPD seems reasonable. However, multiple goals embedded in the resource development create dilemmas facing institutions in the market as well as the regulating authorities in their effort to realise their purpose. That cannot be suspended by a shortcut redesign or new division of labour in ministries, directorates or agencies. The Janus face is a reminder of risks as essential human and social phenomena, being particularly true in sectors and arenas where economic, social and technological risks being at stake. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 427-441 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902952861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902952861 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:427-441 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G. J. Bearfield Author-X-Name-First: G. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bearfield Title: Achieving clarity in the requirements and practice for taking safe decisions in the railway industry in Great Britain Abstract: Historically in the Great British railway industry health and safety law has been subject to interpretation. This room for interpretation creates the possibility for different views to exist within the industry and has the potential to lead to risk aversion. In response to requests from within the industry the Safety Decisions Programme (SDP) was established to achieve clarity in the process for taking decisions. The Programme commissioned research to investigate how the public values safety and how best to build the public's values into decisions. As a result of this work, an industry publication has been published that describes the different types of decisions that are taken in the industry and the different considerations and criteria that apply to each. Several key principles emerge. The value of preventing a fatality (VPF) represents the best available measure of society's stable and underlying preferences for safety improvement and is used to help duty-holders determine whether a measure is legally required. 'Individual risk' is not a consideration in this judgement as it does not relate to the measure, but instead to the totality of risk to which categories of individual are exposed. Duty holders may voluntarily take decisions that go beyond what is reasonably practicable, for commercial reasons. These decisions might be affected by 'societal concerns' and risk aversion, but they are voluntary. The government might also choose to take such considerations into account when setting legislation. Neither of these types of decision has implications for the level at which the VPF is set. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 443-453 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903050210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903050210 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:443-453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stig O. Johnsen Author-X-Name-First: Stig O. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnsen Author-Name: Helene Blakstad Author-X-Name-First: Helene Author-X-Name-Last: Blakstad Author-Name: Ragnild K. Tinnmansvik Author-X-Name-First: Ragnild K. Author-X-Name-Last: Tinnmansvik Author-Name: Ragnar Rosness Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Rosness Author-Name: Siri Andersen Author-X-Name-First: Siri Author-X-Name-Last: Andersen Title: Identifying safety challenges related to major change processes Abstract: In this paper we have tried to identify the main safety challenges in a major change processes. We have explored actual large-scale changes during deregulation of aviation and rail, and we have explored large-scale changes in the oil and gas industry. Based on the main safety challenges we have tried to develop a framework to assess the safety of a general change process. The framework consists of key issues to be discussed among the actors involved in the change process. The actors are operators (management and workforce), safety authorities and suppliers. The use of the framework should help assess the status of the change process. We are suggesting that the status of the change process can be categorized as satisfactory (continue), not satisfactory (adjust but continue with caution) or unacceptable (halt, major adjustments must be implemented). The status of the change process can be evaluated prior to the change and during the change. The evaluation of the change prior to the change could be used as a proactive/leading indicator of the change process. The framework is going to be used in several large change processes to gather more experience and to validate and verify the framework Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 455-474 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903041474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903041474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:455-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shama Didla Author-X-Name-First: Shama Author-X-Name-Last: Didla Author-Name: Kathryn Mearns Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Mearns Author-Name: Rhona Flin Author-X-Name-First: Rhona Author-X-Name-Last: Flin Title: Safety citizenship behaviour: a proactive approach to risk management Abstract: Risk management is an integral part of industrial business due to its high environmental, human, legal and financial implications, especially in the oil and gas industry. There are two dimensions to risk management: technical mechanisms and human behaviours. The technical risk management systems have been developed highly. Organizations are now focusing on building a human risk management system, which means limiting risky behaviours and enhancing safety behaviours. It has been found that compliance with safety rules and regulations is influential in lowering the risk of accidents. However, safety researchers have realized that in order to achieve high safety levels, mere compliance is not sufficient. Organizations need individuals who are also proactive in participating and initiating improvements in safety. These types of proactive behaviours are termed as safety citizenship behaviours (SCBs). This study investigates the concept of SCB, and aims to understand the motivators and consequences for employees engaging in these types of behaviours. The study is based on 24 semi-structured interviews with supervisory-level employees in an oil and gas organization. The findings indicate that a positive safety culture was an influential factor in encouraging people to participate in SCBs, in addition to the innate human need for self-preservation. Previous research indicated that compliance behaviour bears consequences like employee role overload, stress and work--family conflict, but interestingly, SCBs did not show any of these negative effects. However, results suggested other causes for role overload and stress. These issues are discussed with relevance to the work context of the employees. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 475-483 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903041433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903041433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:475-483 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. Itoh Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Itoh Author-Name: N. Omata Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Omata Author-Name: H. B. Andersen Author-X-Name-First: H. B. Author-X-Name-Last: Andersen Title: A human error taxonomy for analysing healthcare incident reports: assessing reporting culture and its effects on safety performance Abstract: The present paper reports on a human error taxonomy system developed for healthcare risk management and on its application to evaluating safety performance and reporting culture. The taxonomy comprises dimensions for classifying errors, for performance-shaping factors, and for the maturity of reporting culture contained in incident reports. Applying several dimensions in the taxonomy, we propose on the one hand two safety performance measures, i.e., the rate of near-miss reporting and the rate of near-miss detection by safety procedure, and on the other, measures for diagnosing reporting culture including average descriptive depth in reports. We applied the taxonomy to a total of 3749 incident cases collected from two Japanese hospitals, which were at different stages of patient safety activities: Hospital A initiated organisation-wide initiatives several years before the survey period, while such safety-related activities had just commenced in Hospital B. The hospitals also differed in their reporting rates of incidents per nurse: 3.05 (A) vs. 0.65 (B). Results show that the taxonomy can identify differences between these hospitals both in terms of safety performance and reporting culture. In addition, a correlation trend was observed between these two measures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 485-511 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903047513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903047513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:485-511 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Carpignano Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Carpignano Author-Name: E. Golia Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Golia Author-Name: C. Di Mauro Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Di Mauro Author-Name: S. Bouchon Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchon Author-Name: J-P. Nordvik Author-X-Name-First: J-P. Author-X-Name-Last: Nordvik Title: A methodological approach for the definition of multi-risk maps at regional level: first application Abstract: Technological and natural disasters occurred in Europe during last decades showed an increased vulnerability of our society to different risks. Authorities and civil protection need instruments which allow having a better understanding of the variety of risks over a territory and help them in managing the resources and planning the emergency. However, many difficulties arise in comparing hazards, vulnerabilities and risks among them. The existing risk mapping in European countries often allows a simplified comparison of risks by means of potential damages but does not permit any qualitative assessment of multi-risk situations. The aim of this project carried out for the Piedmont Region (Italy) is the development of a decision support system based on a multi-risk approach which can overcome difficulties in the overall risk assessment over a territory. To define multi-risk maps, a multi-risk perspective and stakeholder's perceptions were integrated to a classical risk assessment frame. The specific purpose of this work is describing the methodological framework built up at this stage of the project and discussing the first results. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 513-534 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903050269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903050269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:3-4:p:513-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: Risk communication and the FSA: the food colourings case Abstract: Food colourings and flavourings have a long history. Spices and preservatives have been added to foods for millennia in order to make them last longer and taste better. Herbs, spices, pepper and salt, and other natural flavours and preservatives remain popular to this day. But over the last century or so the food and drinks industry has in many cases replaced or added to naturally occurring preservatives and colourings with synthetic compounds. All natural and artificial colours, flavours and preservatives that are added to food and drink have been tested and approved as safe by the regulatory authorities in the western world. However, campaigners in several nations, particularly the UK, have attempted to have some artificial colours and preservatives banned on public safety grounds, ranging from alleged skin allergies and asthma to hyperactive children. None of these allegations has been substantiated for any individual substance by the regulatory authorities. This paper evaluates how the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) communicated the scientific findings of the so-called Southampton study, which claimed to demonstrate a link between the consumption of a mixture of six artificial colours and one preservative and hyperactivity in children, and was published in September 2007 in the medical journal, The Lancet. The study is based on a content analysis of UK-based newspapers from March 2007 to July 2008, as well as interviews with staff at the UK FSA, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), industry representatives, academics (including Professor Jim Stevenson who was the supervisor of the food colourings study at Southampton University) and campaign groups. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 537-557 Issue: 5 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903132695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903132695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:5:p:537-557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Title: Is there a risk? Disclosing the tipping points of regulatory action: comments to R. Loftstedt Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 559-561 Issue: 5 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903122985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903122985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:5:p:559-561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian A. Harwood Author-X-Name-First: Ian A. Author-X-Name-Last: Harwood Author-Name: Stephen C. Ward Author-X-Name-First: Stephen C. Author-X-Name-Last: Ward Author-Name: Chris B. Chapman Author-X-Name-First: Chris B. Author-X-Name-Last: Chapman Title: A grounded exploration of organisational risk propensity Abstract: Organisational risk propensity directly affects the decision-making behaviour of employees, with linked impacts on the ongoing prosperity of the organisation. The literature on an individual's risk behaviour is extensive. However, few studies investigate the risk propensity of an organisation. This study uses primary data from interviews within a major change programme in a FTSE100 pharmaceutical organisation to explore the characteristics of organisational risk propensity. The data are analysed using open coding procedures from Grounded Theory in order to fragment the category of 'organisational risk propensity' into some constituent properties and dimensions. An integrative framework is then inductively derived which provides insights into risk propensity within the case context; together with some cues for implementing changes to the organisation's risk propensity if so desired. The output from this research also provides a useful base from which to develop a survey instrument for assessing organisational risk propensity. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 563-579 Issue: 5 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802497751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802497751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:5:p:563-579 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisabete Figueiredo Author-X-Name-First: Elisabete Author-X-Name-Last: Figueiredo Author-Name: Sandra Valente Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Valente Author-Name: Celeste Coelho Author-X-Name-First: Celeste Author-X-Name-Last: Coelho Author-Name: Luísa Pinho Author-X-Name-First: Luísa Author-X-Name-Last: Pinho Title: Coping with risk: analysis on the importance of integrating social perceptions on flood risk into management mechanisms -- the case of the municipality of Águeda, Portugal Abstract: The paper reflects on how populations prone to flood risk perceive such hazards and the way this perception has or has not been incorporated into the measures and mechanisms of flood risk management. The frequent occurrence of flooding, as well as the population's vulnerability and exposure to this risk, shows that the municipality of Águeda is a paradigmatic case for analysis of these issues. Similar to the rest of the country, the municipality of Águeda has been neglecting the multidimensional nature of flood risk. The data collected present some disparity between the proposals and technical perspectives regarding the management and mitigation of flood risk and the perception of local populations. In addition, neither knowledge of social perception of flood risk nor of the local communities is being integrated in a substantial and pro-active way, whether in the processes of policy-making or in the implementation of these policies. Empirical evidence equally shows that there is a clear tendency towards acceptance and coping with flood risk by the population in the municipality of Águeda. This seems to be connected to the local populations' recognition that though it is impossible to eliminate risk, there are at the same time advantages to occupying the floodplains. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 581-602 Issue: 5 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802511155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802511155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:5:p:581-602 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Cotton Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Cotton Title: Ethical assessment in radioactive waste management: a proposed reflective equilibrium-based deliberative approach Abstract: Radioactive waste management facility siting has often been surrounded by political controversy. By attempting to overcome accusations of technocracy, radioactive waste management organisations are reframing the problem in terms of socio-technical issues requiring the integrative assessment of complex scientific, political and ethical issues and establishing analytic-deliberative decision-making processes involving public and stakeholder involvement. One important aspect of a publicly supportable radioactive waste management strategy is that adequate ethical assessment is incorporated throughout the process. There are, however, certain incompatibilities between pluralistic public and stakeholder-led engagement processes and the types of ethical justification stemming from normative ethical theory and the input of ethical expertise. An evaluation of previous work on ethics by the UK Committee on Radioactive Waste Management highlights some of the pitfalls of utilising these types of 'top-down' inputs in a primarily 'bottom-up' decision-making process. This paper then proposes the development of a new approach inspired by John Rawls's concept of 'reflective equilibrium', to better bridge the divide between pluralistic analytic-deliberative decision-making and ethical assessment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 603-618 Issue: 5 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802519455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802519455 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:5:p:603-618 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie-Claude Bonniot-Cabanac Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Bonniot-Cabanac Author-Name: Michel Cabanac Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Cabanac Title: Pleasure in decision-making situations: politics and gambling Abstract: This work investigates whether pleasure influences political and gambling decisions. Participants received two questionnaires. On Questionnaire 1, they rated the pleasure/displeasure of a series of items: social and political issues in Experiment 1, winning bets in Experiment 2, and losing bets in Experiment 3. On Questionnaire 2, they indicated the items that they would actually choose in real life. Their choices were then compared with their hedonic ratings on Questionnaire 1. Results showed that participants tended to choose those items they had most highly rated for pleasure on Questionnaire 1. In all cases, the selected outcomes were higher than chance, and thus tended to maximize pleasure, but were significantly lower than the maximum possible, indicating the presence of non-hedonic criteria. The tendency to maximize pleasure was independent of age, gender, political opinions, and gambling propensity in real life. The results of all three experiments support the hypothesis that decisions are made predominantly, though not exclusively, in the hedonic dimension of conscious experience. A fourth experiment was set to answer a methodological question: a delay of 77 ± 3 days was placed between Questionnaires 1 and 2. The results were similar to those of Experiments 1--3, thus answering the concern. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 619-645 Issue: 5 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802579798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802579798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:5:p:619-645 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: N. W. Smith Author-X-Name-First: N. W. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: H. Joffe Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Joffe Title: Climate change in the British press: the role of the visual Abstract: The present investigation identifies the key images that British newspapers use to represent climate change risks. In doing so, it widens the scope of the burgeoning literature analysing textual content of climate change media information. This is particularly important given visual information's ability to arouse emotion, and the risk perception literature's increasing focus on the importance of affect in shaping risk perception. From a thematic analysis of newspaper images, three broad themes emerged: the impact of climate change, personification of climate change and representation of climate change in graphical form. In particular, the depiction of climate change as an issue affecting domestic populations rather than just other areas of the world brings the threat closer to home. Challenging the perception that climate change is still a long-term and future-orientated threat, visual images concretise the risk by providing viewers with tangible examples of climate change's impact. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 647-663 Issue: 5 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802586512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802586512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:5:p:647-663 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eivind L. Rake Author-X-Name-First: Eivind L. Author-X-Name-Last: Rake Author-Name: Ove Njå Author-X-Name-First: Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Njå Title: Perceptions and performances of experienced incident commanders Abstract: Rescue operations have been organized in accordance with strict hierarchical management structures for decades. There seem to be minor differences between emergency response units within and between countries with respect to formalized routines and command structure. This presupposes that the incident commander is important for the emergency response performance and the actual outcome of the crisis. This paper presents findings from a study carried out in Norway, Sweden and Bosnia-Herzegovina, designed to reveal the assessments carried out by incident commanders and other professional leaders of emergency response units, the police, paramedics and fire brigade. The study encompasses aspects of naturalistic decision making in the different accident response phases. On call-out, the leaders constructed their mental maps of the situations from a combination of information from the call center, knowledge of standard procedures, their expectation of available resources and personal knowledge of the site. Typical management strategies involved incremental problem solving within narrow time horizons. The incident commanders were more concerned with details than with evaluating the overall situation. In general, the commanders expected normal situations, i.e. typical accidents they were trained to cope with and in response to which their preparations and strategies were standard. Our study shows that these incident command strategies are more reactive than proactive, and that the commanders rarely command. Risk management is limited to evaluations of the response units' safety. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 665-685 Issue: 5 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802604281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802604281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:5:p:665-685 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Johansson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson Author-Name: Thomas Denk Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Denk Author-Name: Inge Svedung Author-X-Name-First: Inge Author-X-Name-Last: Svedung Title: Institutionalization of risk and safety management at the local governmental level in Sweden Abstract: The starting point for this article is the need for empirical knowledge about organizational configuration for societal risk and safety management activities in a modern welfare society. In this paper, we use Sweden as an empirical frame to analyze the administrative management structure at the local governmental level. The analysis is based on statistical analysis of information from a web-survey with administrative chief/head officials (n = 1283) with responsibilities for different municipal functions and sectors. The sample represented 25% of the Swedish municipalities (n = 290) and the response rate was approximately 60% (n = 766). The responses to two sets of questions (25 and 45 questions) are used for statistical analyses of management structures and task distribution within the municipal organizations. Principal component factor analyses with Varimax and Kaiser's Normalization was applied as a structure detection method. The results indicate a clear and uniform way to institutionalize societal risk and safety management at the local level. Furthermore, the management course of action is found to have different types of value characters. The implications that arise from the patterns identified in this study are considered to be of general relevance and topicality for research and practice in this area. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 687-708 Issue: 5 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802689290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802689290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:5:p:687-708 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Prades Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Prades Author-Name: Josep Espluga Author-X-Name-First: Josep Author-X-Name-Last: Espluga Author-Name: Marta Real Author-X-Name-First: Marta Author-X-Name-Last: Real Author-Name: Rosario Solá Author-X-Name-First: Rosario Author-X-Name-Last: Solá Title: The siting of a research centre on clean coal combustion and CO2 capture in Spain: Some notes on the relationship between trust and lack of public information Abstract: This paper aims to gain a better understanding of the role played by trust in the context of scarcity of public information, vis-à-vis the installation of a Centre for Investigation in Advanced Technologies (Centro de Investigación de Tecnologías Avanzadas, CITA) to be located in a coal-rich region of Spain. Data from semi-structured interviews (n = 15), a questionnaire survey (n = 400) and focus group sessions (2) are drawn together to reveal how the local community perceives the proposed CITA scheme, and how this relates to the level of trust placed in the project promoters. Results illustrate how a lay community gives meaning to an unknown technological project, trying to place it within its appropriate economic, social and political context, and relating it to prior knowledge and experiences. Results also show that, in contrast to certain risk communication theories, the public is able to place trust in a technological activity and their promoters despite a general lack of knowledge on either. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 709-723 Issue: 5 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902935460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902935460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:5:p:709-723 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shumei Chen Author-X-Name-First: Shumei Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Sham or shame: Rethinking the China's milk powder scandal from a legal perspective Abstract: The Sanlu milk powder scandal finally evolved into a nationwide dairy-industry crisis in China. This paper attempts to rethink this scandal from a legal perspective and the issue of systemic risk. The case is studied from five different perspectives, namely, China's legislation, regulatory system, supervisory system, approaches to systemic risk, and corporate social responsibility awareness. Finally, some policy implications are also considered, which form the basis of recommendations to decision-makers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 725-747 Issue: 6 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902927251 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902927251 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:6:p:725-747 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fern Wickson Author-X-Name-First: Fern Author-X-Name-Last: Wickson Title: Reliability rating and reflective questioning: a case study of extended review on Australia's risk assessment of Bt cotton Abstract: The governance of emerging technologies is frequently constructed around risk assessment processes. However, when risk assessment as a decision-making tool is applied to controversial fields such as genetic modification, stem cell research and nano-scaled science and technology, inherent uncertainties and conflicting social values arise to challenge the adequacy of traditional approaches. In this paper, I propose a framework through which risk assessments may be exposed to a process of 'extended review', incorporating both natural and social science quality criteria and modes of reflection. I call this framework 'Reliability Rating and Reflective Questioning'. The framework is developed through a detailed case study review of a particular risk assessment document. The case study risk assessment reviewed in this paper is that performed by an Australian governmental authority on the impact of genetically modified 'Bt' cotton on non-target organisms. Through highlighting errors, misrepresentations, assumptions and embedded value judgements within the risk assessment document, I argue that the framework of 'Reliability Rating and Reflective Questioning' can serve as a useful tool for gauging and improving the quality of risk assessment, especially when used as a decision-making tool for emerging technologies with high levels of uncertainty and strongly conflicting values. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 749-770 Issue: 6 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802533233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802533233 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:6:p:749-770 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamie Baxter Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Baxter Title: A quantitative assessment of the insider/outsider dimension of the cultural theory of risk and place Abstract: This paper examines two hypotheses of risk perception: cultural theory's distinction between insiders and outsiders and the idea that risk perceptions and their determinants differ substantially from one place to the next for the same point-source hazard. These hypotheses are juxtaposed in cross-tabulations and logistic regression models with competing explanations of perceived risk in communities living with technological environmental hazards: sound management, benefits, fair facility siting and sociodemographics. The data come from a telephone survey of 455 residents in Swan Hills (n = 173), Fort Assiniboine (n = 171) and Kinuso (n = 111), Alberta, Canada who are all near a large-scale hazardous waste treatment facility. Considerable support is found for the insider/outsider thesis in terms of the highest ranked information sources and trust to ensure safety. Place differences are clear where, for example, the least facility-related concern is in Swan Hills (31%) 12 km away, the highest is in Kinuso (81%) 70 km away and moderately high concern is in Fort Assiniboine (62%) which is also 70 km away. This study highlights the importance of fair facility siting, the need to go beyond cultural bias analysis when studying the cultural theory of risk, and suggests further exploration of the notion of tailoring risk communication that is place specific, and emphasizes channels that may be defined as 'outsider' and 'insider'. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 771-791 Issue: 6 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802579806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802579806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:6:p:771-791 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bev J. Holmes Author-X-Name-First: Bev Author-X-Name-Last: J. Holmes Author-Name: Natalie Henrich Author-X-Name-First: Natalie Author-X-Name-Last: Henrich Author-Name: Sara Hancock Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Hancock Author-Name: Valia Lestou Author-X-Name-First: Valia Author-X-Name-Last: Lestou Title: Communicating with the public during health crises: experts' experiences and opinions Abstract: Governments and health agencies worldwide are planning for a potential influenza pandemic. Their plans acknowledge the importance of public communication during an outbreak and include related guidelines and strategies. Emerging infectious disease (EID) communication is a new addition to the literature, drawing on health promotion communication, crisis communication and environmental/technological risk communication. This paper adds to the literature, exploring the notion of 'effective communication during health crises' by reporting on interviews with 22 public health officials, scientists and communications professionals responsible for communicating with the public. When analyzed in the context of the risk communication literature, the interviews reveal several considerations for health risk communicators. First, given the important role that mass media will play in an EID outbreak, there is an urgent need for public health to build partnerships with journalists based on an understanding of the two parties' unique societal roles. Second, seemingly practical communications considerations -- such as how certain to be about information before sharing it and whether to engage in two-way communication with the public -- have ethical dimensions that deserve attention. Third, there are unique challenges associated with communicating uncertainty, which would benefit from an exploration of the role of trust in health crisis communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 793-807 Issue: 6 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870802648486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870802648486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:6:p:793-807 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ellen F. J. ter Huurne Author-X-Name-First: Ellen F. J. Author-X-Name-Last: ter Huurne Author-Name: Jan M. Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: Jan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Title: How to trust? The importance of self-efficacy and social trust in public responses to industrial risks Abstract: Although a great deal of research has linked both self-efficacy and social trust to risk responses, one overlooked question concerns the association between self-efficacy and institutional trust. The purpose of this study was to investigate the main and combined effects of trust in the self and trust in responsible agencies to affective responses and information sufficiency. Survey respondents in this study were placed into one of four categories based on their levels of self-efficacy (high/low) and social trust (high/low), including confidence, independence, dependence and insecure groups. Based on survey data (n = 466), the accuracy of the four-group classification was tested. Indeed, we found that our classification system correlated with responses. Both self-efficacy and institutional trust were found to contribute to emotional risk responses, as well as risk information needs and preferences for risk information. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 809-824 Issue: 6 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902726091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902726091 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:6:p:809-824 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica E. Lamond Author-X-Name-First: Jessica E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lamond Author-Name: D. G. Proverbs Author-X-Name-First: D. G. Author-X-Name-Last: Proverbs Author-Name: F. N. Hammond Author-X-Name-First: F. N. Author-X-Name-Last: Hammond Title: Accessibility of flood risk insurance in the UK: confusion, competition and complacency Abstract: Flood risk insurance can be an effective tool in assisting the restoration of damaged property after a flood event and sustaining communities through difficult times. It can also form part of a wider flood risk management strategy. In the light of recent flood events in the UK and in the context of changing property insurance markets, the universal cover previously enjoyed by floodplain residents has been called into question. Conflicting media and industry views leave the floodplain resident and the wider community in confusion. A survey of floodplain residents in England regarding their experience with flooding and flood insurance in England has been undertaken. The results reveal that some floodplain residents do indeed encounter difficulties when seeking insurance for their homes. However, despite the risk-averse policies of some insurers, availability of insurance is still strong in both at-risk and previously flooded locations. Success in gaining insurance may lead to complacency among residents who see no advantage in pursuing other, more costly, damage mitigation actions. As a tool in risk management, therefore, the market is prevented from realising its potential by competition, which results in a lack of a consistent approach, rewards homeowners' search strategies and reduces information flow. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 825-841 Issue: 6 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902768614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902768614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:6:p:825-841 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Varun Sharma Author-X-Name-First: Varun Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma Author-Name: David W. Coit Author-X-Name-First: David W. Author-X-Name-Last: Coit Author-Name: Ahmet Oztekin Author-X-Name-First: Ahmet Author-X-Name-Last: Oztekin Author-Name: James T. Luxhøj Author-X-Name-First: James T. Author-X-Name-Last: Luxhøj Title: A decision analytic approach for technology portfolio prioritization: aviation safety applications Abstract: A decision analytic approach for evaluating new aviation safety products and technologies is developed and demonstrated to consolidate five existing program assessment metrics to develop a unified metric that simultaneously considers the relative importance and contribution of each. This allows for a meaningful and objective evaluation and comparison of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) advanced aeronautical products and technologies. The resulting decision model is referred to as the Composite Program Assessment Score (CPAS). The CPAS includes the five existing metrics; technical development risk, implementation risk, fatal accident rate reduction, safety benefits and cost, and safety risk reduction, which are each defined and quantified by different sources. The CPAS involves the scaling and combination of these individual metrics. In this paper, two alternative combinatorial modeling approaches to calculate the CPAS are presented. The weighted sum model and an additive value theory model are compared and contrasted. The resulting CPAS metrics allow an overall comparison of all 48 of the NASA AvSP products and technologies. Currently CPAS is based on preliminary weight measures from subject matter experts to reflect the relative importance of each metric. Actual case studies of both linear and non-linear value functions are demonstrated. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 843-864 Issue: 6 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902970236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902970236 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:6:p:843-864 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adital Ben-Ari Author-X-Name-First: Adital Author-X-Name-Last: Ben-Ari Author-Name: Keren Or-Chen Author-X-Name-First: Keren Author-X-Name-Last: Or-Chen Title: Integrating competing conceptions of risk: A call for future direction of research Abstract: The goal of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework that integrates between what has been traditionally presented in the risk literature as two opposing perspectives: the positivist-probabilistic and the contextualist. Acknowledging the differences between the two, we argue that a reconciliation of both could deepen and expand our understanding of risk, enlarge the scope and utilization of research methodologies, and bridge the gap between lay people's and experts' conceptions of risk. This line of thinking reflects a dialectical approach in suggesting integration ('synthesis'), while acknowledging the existence of differences and oppositions ('antitheses'). In 1986, Bruner's conceptualization of two irreducible, and at the same time, possibly integrated modes of thought can serve as a promising direction for researching risk. We further suggest how this line of thinking can be integrated utilizing the mixed-method design in the study of risk. We claim that the positivist-probabilistic and contextualist perspectives represent two different approaches to understanding and studying risk, and that any attempt to reduce or ignore one at the expense of the other would result in a limited understanding of the phenomenon. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 865-877 Issue: 6 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902899674 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902899674 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:6:p:865-877 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Urban Strandberg Author-X-Name-First: Urban Author-X-Name-Last: Strandberg Author-Name: Mats Andrén Author-X-Name-First: Mats Author-X-Name-Last: Andrén Title: Editorial: Nuclear waste management in a globalised world Abstract: High-level nuclear waste (HLW) is a controversial and risky issue. For the next 100 years, HLW will be subject to public policy decisions and value assessments. Physically safe, technically stable and socio-economically sustainable HLW-management will top the agenda. That must be accomplished in a society whose segments are both stable and in a rapid state of flux, under the influence of global as well as national factors, private interests as well as the vagaries of national politics. Among the challenges to be faced is how to codify responsibilities of nuclear industry, governments and international organisations, and any adopted management policy must attain legitimacy at the local, national, regional and global levels. All such considerations raise questions about the practical and theoretical knowledge. This special issue will address these questions by exploring HLW-management in Canada, France, Germany, India, Sweden, the UK and the USA. Special emphasis will be placed on highlighting national contexts, current trends and uncertainties, with relevance to a socially sustainable contemporary and future HLW-management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 879-895 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903134899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903134899 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:7-8:p:879-895 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Darrin Durant Author-X-Name-First: Darrin Author-X-Name-Last: Durant Title: Radwaste in Canada: a political economy of uncertainty Abstract: Canada's Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) proposed Adaptive Phased Management (APM) as an approach for managing used nuclear fuel in November 2005, and this approach was approved by government in June 2007. APM involves either disposing of or storing used nuclear fuel in geological formations, but leaves decisions about options and timing to political contest. Site assessment processes are now underway, with site selection expected within 30 years. This paper shows how APM developed out of repeated public policy failures and decreasing political support for nuclear projects, including at early site assessments (1978--1981), when the mandate for a public inquiry was set (1989), and at a public inquiry into a waste disposal concept (in 1996--1997). I argue that the current NWMO approach was shaped by these failures, but in an ambiguous fashion. APM both incorporates critics' demands and thus limits the institutional discretion of elites, but also converts those demands into less challenging kinds of questions. Concerns about the origins of options are being translated into concerns about the management of consequences. The extent to which one accepts the scope of assumptions embedded in APM is the extent to which the expansion of nuclear power itself is reinforced. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 897-919 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126127 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:7-8:p:897-919 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Hocke Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Hocke Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Concerned public and the paralysis of decision-making: nuclear waste management policy in Germany Abstract: Efforts to site a high level nuclear waste repository in Germany date back to the 1960s. Ten years later the site Gorleben was officially selected and designated as a host for nuclear waste. However, public opposition and maneuvering by the major political actors prevented the completion of the site selection process, resulting in decades of political paralysis. The main reasons for this failure were the polarization in advocates and opponents of nuclear energy, the neglect for due process and participatory procedures, the inability to integrate technical, political, and social rationales in designing a viable nuclear waste policy, and the confusing mix of responsibilities between and among political actors. In spite of the apparent failure to find a solution for high level waste, the German government succeeded in designating a site for radioactive waste with negligible heat generation (Konrad mine). It is assumed that further progress in waste management can be accomplished only if more deliberative elements are introduced into the policy arena. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 921-940 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126382 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:7-8:p:921-940 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yannick Barthe Author-X-Name-First: Yannick Author-X-Name-Last: Barthe Title: Framing nuclear waste as a political issue in France Abstract: This article analyses the factors that contributed to the political framing of the nuclear waste issue in France. The sudden appearance on the political scene of this issue, addressed behind closed doors and in specialised arenas until the 1990s, generated numerous public debates, parliamentary reports and finally a law. The author critically analyses certain agenda-building theories and then shows that this process of political framing can be comprehended only in relation to the technical problematisation of the issue and the history of the institutions traditionally in charge of it. The orientation towards a political treatment of the problem resulted primarily, albeit partially, from the narrowing down of the technical options for addressing it. Without technical alternatives, the political authorities appeared to be the only way of solving conflicts generated by France's nuclear waste policy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 941-954 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:7-8:p:941-954 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M.P. Ram Mohan Author-X-Name-First: M.P. Ram Author-X-Name-Last: Mohan Author-Name: Veena Aggarwal Author-X-Name-First: Veena Author-X-Name-Last: Aggarwal Title: Spent fuel management in India Abstract: The Indian nuclear story is different from the rest of the nuclear power producing countries largely due to the unique nuclear energy path the country has chosen. The issues regarding the resultant spent nuclear fuel are also accordingly different. Based on the ideology of self-dependence, India adopted a three-stage nuclear energy program which envisages reprocessing spent fuel aimed at the final utilization of the vast amount of thorium reserves in the country. The nuclear test of 1974 and the country's subsequent nuclear isolation furthered this technology innovation. At present, nuclear energy contributes a mere 3% (approximately) of the total energy produced in the country. Since the program is very small, high level waste (HLW) after reprocessing is very minimal and its management at present does not pose any major concerns. But with India's rapid economic growth, access to electricity is becoming crucial and nuclear energy is viewed as a promising source to meet future demand. The government is envisaging substantial raising of nuclear power production in the next couple of decades. With the objective of expanding nuclear energy production, India in 2008 came out of nuclear isolation through a special agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the USA, and Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) countries that allows members of the nuclear club to undertake nuclear trade with India. While we are not certain what shape India's nuclear energy program will take, it is certain that the proposed expansion plan will lead to HLW becoming a concern in the future. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 955-967 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903351519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903351519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:7-8:p:955-967 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Elam Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Elam Author-Name: Göran Sundqvist Author-X-Name-First: Göran Author-X-Name-Last: Sundqvist Title: The Swedish KBS project: a last word in nuclear fuel safety prepares to conquer the world? Abstract: This paper addresses the long-standing association between the management of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden and the industry-led KBS (Kärnbränslesäkerhet/Nuclear Fuel Safety) research, development and demonstration project. This project was born under extraordinary circumstances during the 1970s when the future of nuclear power generation in Sweden was made conditional upon the nuclear industry's ability to publicly demonstrate the possibility of achieving 'absolute' nuclear fuel safety. Due to the success of the KBS project in bringing controversy to an end, and in winning the stamp of government approval for successive versions of its KBS concept, the achievement of nuclear fuel safety in Sweden has, for approaching 25 years now, centred on the stepwise implementation of the multi-barrier KBS-3 concept for the direct geological disposal of the nation's spent nuclear fuel. While the KBS-3 concept can be seen as representing a long-run victory of nuclear waste technology over conflictual nuclear politics in Sweden, this victory has remained incomplete so long as a site for a deep repository and the materialisation of the concept has remained undecided. Since 2002, the siting process has been re-centred on the KBS project's two historically preferred sites where Sweden's existing nuclear waste facilities are already clustered. As will be discussed in this paper, just when the KBS-3 concept appears close to fully materialising itself, it has run into yet another serious hurdle and an Environmental Impact Assessment process in respect of the Swedish Environmental Code -- comprehensive environmental legislation introduced in 1999, more than 20 years after the KBS project was initiated. In facing this latest hurdle, it is becoming increasingly apparent that KBS-3, through the recent internationalisation of the Swedish nuclear industry, has outgrown its identity as a national solution to nuclear fuel safety, and is on the verge of mutating into a global platform in spent fuel/high-level waste management practice and technology. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 969-988 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126077 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126077 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:7-8:p:969-988 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gordon Mackerron Author-X-Name-First: Gordon Author-X-Name-Last: Mackerron Author-Name: Frans Berkhout Author-X-Name-First: Frans Author-X-Name-Last: Berkhout Title: Learning to listen: institutional change and legitimation in UK radioactive waste policy Abstract: Over the course of 50 years, UK radioactive waste policy change has been coupled with institutional change, without much progress towards the ultimate goal of safe, long-term stewardship of wastes. We explain this history as a search for legitimacy against a shifting context of legitimation needs and deficits. Following Habermas, we argue that legitimation is derived from a process of justificatory discourse. In principle, there must be a reasonable exchange of arguments between diverse parties in society, based on common norms, for legitimacy to be achieved. We show that the work of legitimation in UK radioactive waste policy has moved from a focus on factual validity claims towards an increasing emphasis on deliberative processes. This reframing of legitimation needs explains institutional and policy changes in UK radioactive waste policy. The most recent phase of policy and institutional change, which placed public deliberation about long-term management and disposal options centre-stage, represents a new step towards bridging legitimation deficits. Plans to build new nuclear reactors in the UK based on a more closed 'streamlined' decision process risk reversing the legitimacy gains that have been achieved through growing openness on radioactive waste management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 989-1008 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126085 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:7-8:p:989-1008 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barry D. Solomon Author-X-Name-First: Barry D. Author-X-Name-Last: Solomon Title: High-level radioactive waste management in the USA Abstract: High-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal policy in the USA since 1987 has focused on a site in volcanic tuffs 305 meters beneath Yucca Mountain, Nevada, with current plans calling for the repository to be opened in 2017 subject to approval by the Obama Administration. Yet the offsite radiation release standards of the US Environmental Protection Agency are still being finalized, and there is significant doubt over whether a repository at Yucca Mountain can be successfully licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Moreover, the proposed repository has a capacity cap insufficient to accept the total HLW stream from the civilian and military sectors, and focus on a single site is unnecessarily risky. Thus, the HLW problem in the USA remains far from being solved. After providing an overview of the nuclear waste regime of the USA, this paper reviews the technical, legal, and political status of the Yucca Mountain project. A large range of current issues and social values are discussed in this context, including the recently proposed Global Nuclear Energy Partnership that would revive spent fuel reprocessing and has important implications for national security and nuclear non-proliferation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1009-1024 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126093 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:7-8:p:1009-1024 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Piers Fleming Author-X-Name-First: Piers Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming Author-Name: Willem Halffman Author-X-Name-First: Willem Author-X-Name-Last: Halffman Title: Book Reviews Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1033-1037 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903123298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903123298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:12:y:2009:i:7-8:p:1033-1037 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alison Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Mediating risk: towards a new research agenda Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903135672 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903135672 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vian Bakir Author-X-Name-First: Vian Author-X-Name-Last: Bakir Title: Media and risk: old and new research directions Abstract: A macro-view of the field of media and risk is offered by examining four main routes of media-risk research. These routes are the media's role in: providing risk knowledge to inform citizens; modulating public acceptability of different risks; motivating the public to take responsibility for, and action regarding, risks; and providing imaginative schemata regarding voluntarily chosen risks. Research tendencies in each of these routes are summarised and critiqued, with reference to methodology, theoretical frameworks and research foci, enabling articulation of new research directions. Methodologically, there is a need for more longitudinal, historical, contextual and interpretive studies of impacts of mediated risk at micro and macro levels, and more in-depth, comparative studies between different risk types across different media forms and genres. Greater empirical engagement with risk-oriented social theory such as risk society, governmentality, risk cultures and edgework would be productive. Under-explored research foci include: the gaps in knowledge within the Sociology of News; the features of risk that make it a risk issue and how these features interact with various media forms, genres and audiences; and impacts of the variations in audience trust in different media on their trust in mass-mediated risk knowledge and experience. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 5-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903135953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903135953 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:5-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iain Wilkinson Author-X-Name-First: Iain Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkinson Title: Grasping the point of unfathomable complexity: the new media research and risk analysis Abstract: This paper provides a critical review of engagements between the sociology of mass media and risk research. Attention is focused upon the ways in which sociologists and experts in media/communication studies have worked to bring a more socially dynamic and culturally nuanced account of the ways in which people interpret and respond to the content of news media within the field of risk analysis. I argue that, if taken seriously, this endeavour serves more to frustrate than advance the aims and objectives of risk communication. This leads me to question the role played by sociology in the context of risk analysis and to the critical suggestion that sociological reflexivity is bound to disrupt the domain assumptions and pervading ethos of this field. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 19-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903136175 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903136175 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:19-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stuart Allan Author-X-Name-First: Stuart Author-X-Name-Last: Allan Author-Name: Alison Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Alan Petersen Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Petersen Title: Framing risk: nanotechnologies in the news Abstract: The concept of 'framing' is being increasingly recognised as a useful means of characterising the social relations of representation shaping the news reporting of science and risk. In theoretical terms, framing is often described as a discursive strategy utilised by journalists to define the nature of a particular event, a complex process with important implications for how certain occurrences are selected as newsworthy, the conventions guiding the ways in which they are reported and the possible consequences for influencing public perceptions. Focusing on the news reporting of nanotechnologies, this paper explores the relative advantages and limitations of 'framing'. It draws on data from two UK studies, one examining news media production of nanotechnologies and the other examining scientists' and policy-makers' views on the future applications of nanotechnologies. We highlight the key role played by scientists as news sources and hence potentially influential actors in issue definition. We argue that risk researchers need to pay closer attention to the behind-the-scenes politics of framing, whereby competing claims-makers seek to establish their own particular interpretation of the situation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 29-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903135847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903135847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:29-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabe Mythen Author-X-Name-First: Gabe Author-X-Name-Last: Mythen Title: Reframing risk? Citizen journalism and the transformation of news Abstract: Western media outlets are increasingly drawing upon public footage and citizen accounts of risk incidents. Contemporaneously, technological advances have enabled members of the public to create and disseminate independent media products. The growth in 'citizen journalism' has been facilitated by technological convergence and the development of an interactive media environment in which citizens are not simply sources of information and/or audiences, but also recorders and creators of news. Despite fundamental changes in news production, the impact of citizen journalism on the reporting of risk remains an undeveloped area. This article maps out the range of effects that citizen journalism has on the production and presentation of risk information. From a constructive angle, we consider the extent to which citizen journalism adds to the plurality of risk discourses, democratises news flows and sets alternate news values. This positive account is counterbalanced by an analysis of the limits of citizen journalism, including the problem of distortion, issues of unequal access and the embedding of populist forms of news presentation. In the light of this analysis, the article concludes by illuminating salient research gaps and identifying areas ripe for empirical investigation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 45-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903136159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903136159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:45-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Burgess Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Burgess Title: Media risk campaigning in the UK: from mobile phones to 'Baby P' Abstract: A distinctive risk campaigning by particular British media emerged in the late 1990s through three issues: mobile phones, genetically modified organisms and the campaign to expose sex offenders. Subsequently such campaigning has become normalised and generalised, culminating with the 2008 campaign to attribute blame for the death of the murdered child, 'Baby P'. Their distinctive evolution and characteristics are considered. Central to their success and subsequent generalisation is the encouragement provided by increasing government responsiveness and accommodation. The BSE crisis created a political orientation to engage with public anxiety that in these cases meant engagement with campaigning media. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 59-72 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903136035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903136035 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:59-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jenny Kitzinger Author-X-Name-First: Jenny Author-X-Name-Last: Kitzinger Title: Questioning the sci-fi alibi: a critique of how 'science fiction fears' are used to explain away public concerns about risk Abstract: Most of articles in this Special Issue have focused on news reporting about risk. However, fiction is another important form of media through which risks are represented. Indeed, fictionalised dramatisations are often a key focus of concern for scientists and policy-makers. This article draws on interviews with scientists and policy-makers, and analysis of official documents and media reports, to examine how 'science fiction-induced fears' are blamed for encouraging public resistance to emerging science and technology. It then goes on to examine how such allegations are supported: reviewing research exploring the impact of fiction, and highlighting the lack of a strong evidence-base for many assertions about fiction's negative effects. Blaming fiction for people's concern about risk is, I argue, a highly problematic discourse in policy-making and public debate. The 'sci-fi alibi' often serves to dismiss public concerns as groundless, irrational and emotional, and to reinforce the assumption that only scientists have a correct, 'factual' and 'progressive' vision of the future. Deploying such rhetoric is profoundly unhelpful to efforts to develop more democratic risk debates and better relations between science, citizens and the State. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 73-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903136068 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903136068 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:73-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar E. Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: Risk communication guidelines for Europe: a modest proposition Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to firstly develop a series of so-called risk communication guidelines via the risk perception and communication literatures that in turn can be used by media, industry and regulators. In the second part of the paper, the draft guidelines are tested against a number of food scares ranging from aspartame to Sudan 1, and semicarbazides in baby food. In the final section of the paper, the usefulness of the guidelines is analysed and a number of key recommendations put forward. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 87-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:87-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clive Cookson Author-X-Name-First: Clive Author-X-Name-Last: Cookson Title: How journalists perceive risk communication -- Risk communication guidelines for Europe: a modest proposition -- comments to R. Lofstedt Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 111-114 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126150 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:111-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Smillie Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Smillie Author-Name: A. Blissett Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Blissett Title: A model for developing risk communication strategy Abstract: Risk communication is of vital importance in today's society, as audiences become ever more questioning of the causes and effects of risk. However, the communication of risk is a complex activity involving many different types of communicators from scientists, to the media, to government agencies, industry and consumer groups, each of which has its own agendas to fulfil. Such variation across the communication of the same risk can lead to confusion, misunderstandings and subsequent misreporting in the media. This paper proposes a new model which aims to prevent such unnecessary fallouts. The model provides a method by which all communicators can reliably appraise risk in the context of the current risk environment, allowing the successful design and implementation of an effective communication strategy. The model highlights the necessity that the next era of communication must be directed towards a collaborative approach between communicators across the board. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 115-134 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903503655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903503655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:1p:115-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Peterson Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Peterson Author-Name: Per Sandin Author-X-Name-First: Per Author-X-Name-Last: Sandin Title: Guest editors' introduction: the philosophy of risk Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 135-136 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126218 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:135-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colleen Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Colleen Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Author-Name: Paolo Gardoni Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Gardoni Title: Assessing capability instead of achieved functionings in risk analysis Abstract: A capability approach has been proposed to risk analysis, where risk is conceptualized as the probability that capabilities are reduced. Capabilities refer to the genuine opportunities of individuals to achieve valuable doings and beings, such as being adequately nourished. Such doings and beings are called functionings. A current debate in risk analysis and other fields where a capability approach has been developed concerns whether capabilities or actual achieved functionings should be used. This paper argues that in risk analysis the consequences of hazardous scenarios should be conceptualized in terms of capabilities, not achieved functionings. Furthermore, the paper proposes a method for assessing capabilities, which considers the levels of achieved functionings of other individuals with similar boundary conditions. The capability of an individual can then be captured statistically based on the variability of the achieved functionings over the considered population. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 137-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:137-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Johan Brännmark Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Brännmark Author-Name: Nils-Eric Sahlin Author-X-Name-First: Nils-Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Sahlin Title: Ethical theory and the philosophy of risk: first thoughts Abstract: Contemporary psychological research has shown that if we are judged by the standards of classical models of rationality our decision-making abilities can be seriously questioned. We are more or less irrational. The article investigates how this 'fact of irrationality' affects the way normative ethical theories should be formulated and the extent to which currently dominant ethical theories can be taken seriously as normative ideals of actual human decision-making. It is argued that these theories tend to presuppose a too unified and rationalistic account of human agency and that there is reason to turn attention instead to a level of ethical theorizing that lies between traditional ethical theory and applied ethics. It is also argued that given such an approach, matters of risk and uncertainty should be more directly integrated into basic ethical theorizing than what is traditionally the case. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 149-161 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:149-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steve Clarke Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Title: Cognitive bias and the precautionary principle: what's wrong with the core argument in Sunstein's Laws of Fear and a way to fix it Abstract: Cass Sunstein's Laws of Fear, published in 2005, is an influential attack on the precautionary principle (PP). Sunstein argues that, applied consistently, the PP leads to incoherent, paralyzing policy outcomes, unlike Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). According to Sunstein, the apparent appeal of the PP results from the influence of pervasive cognitive bias which causes people to selectively overlook possible outcomes. But if pervasive cognitive bias causes us to selectively overlook possible outcomes, so that we fail to realize that the PP would lead to policy paralysis if it were applied consistently, then it will also enable the PP to be applied by us biased reasoners without causing paralysis. A further problem for Sunstein is that if cognitive bias is pervasive then it undermines our applications of CBA. To establish that we biased reasoners should prefer CBA to the PP, Sunstein would need to demonstrate that the actual policy outcomes that the PP leads to, when applied by biased cognizers, are inferior to those that are recommended by the CBA. No such demonstration is made in Laws of Fear, so his overall argument is incomplete. I consider four ways in which Sunstein might try to quickly rejig his conceptual argument against the PP to address this problem and I argue that none would succeed. However, I argue that a 'slow' argument against the PP, which draws on empirical evidence about the possibility of ameliorating bias, alongside conceptual considerations, has good prospects of success. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 163-174 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:163-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sabine Roeser Author-X-Name-First: Sabine Author-X-Name-Last: Roeser Title: Intuitions, emotions and gut reactions in decisions about risks: towards a different interpretation of 'neuroethics' Abstract: Empirical research by Jonathan Haidt and Joshua Greene seems to support the idea that in moral decision-making under uncertainty, people follow their initial intuitions and 'gut feelings'. Rational judgements are at most rationalizations or afterthoughts in our judgements about risks. This paper will challenge the theoretical assumptions made by Greene and Haidt, by proposing a different theory of ethical intuitions and emotions. Ethical intuitions and emotions should not be conflated with spontaneous 'gut reactions'. Rather, ethical intuitions and emotions can be the source and the result of ethical reflection and deliberation. This allows for different interpretations of the empirical findings of Haidt and Greene and of psychologists who study emotional responses to risks, such as Paul Slovic and George Loewenstein. Emotional and intuitive responses to risk should not be seen as heuristics that are prone to be biases; rather, they should be seen as invaluable sources of insight when it comes to judging the moral acceptability of risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 175-190 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126275 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:175-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toby Ord Author-X-Name-First: Toby Author-X-Name-Last: Ord Author-Name: Rafaela Hillerbrand Author-X-Name-First: Rafaela Author-X-Name-Last: Hillerbrand Author-Name: Anders Sandberg Author-X-Name-First: Anders Author-X-Name-Last: Sandberg Title: Probing the improbable: methodological challenges for risks with low probabilities and high stakes Abstract: Some risks have extremely high stakes. For example, a worldwide pandemic or asteroid impact could potentially kill more than a billion people. Comfortingly, scientific calcultions often put very low probabilities on the occurrence of such catastrophes. In this paper, we argue that there are important new methodological problems which arise when assessing global catastrophic risks and we focus on a problem regarding probability estimation. When an expert provides a calculation of the probability of an outcome, they are really providing the probability of the outcome occurring, given that their argument is watertight. However, their argument may fail for a number of reasons, such as a flaw in the underlying theory, a flaw in the modelling of the problem or a mistake in the calculations. If the probability estimate given by an argument is dwarfed by the chance that the argument itself is flawed, then the estimate is suspect. We develop this idea formally, explaining how it differs from the related distinction between model and parameter uncertainty. Using the risk estimates from the Large Hadron Collider as a test case, we show how serious the problem can be when it comes to catastrophic risks and how best to address it. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 191-205 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:191-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Lewens Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Lewens Title: The risks of progress: precaution and the case of human enhancement Abstract: So-called 'enhancement technologies' are technologies that promise to boost human mental and physical capacities beyond the normal upper range found in our species. Here it is argued that some of the most salient questions about the ethics of enhancement concern the ethics of risk, and precaution in particular. This paper uses recent work by John Harris to expose these risk-based considerations, and it aims to temper Harris's enthusiasm for enhancement. More specifically, it is argued that a defensible set of precautionary concerns can be isolated, which supports scepticism regarding the wisdom of adopting many enhancements in the near and medium-term future. This way of understanding precaution can be generalised to justify a form of scepticism about promises of progress. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 207-216 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126242 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:207-216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nafsika Athanassoulis Author-X-Name-First: Nafsika Author-X-Name-Last: Athanassoulis Author-Name: Allison Ross Author-X-Name-First: Allison Author-X-Name-Last: Ross Title: A virtue ethical account of making decisions about risk Abstract: Most discussions of risk are developed in broadly consequentialist terms, focusing on the outcomes of risks as such. This paper will provide an alternative account of risk from a virtue ethical perspective, shifting the focus on the decision to take the risk. Making ethical decisions about risk is, we will argue, not fundamentally about the actual chain of events that the decision sets in process, but about the reasonableness of the decision to take the risk in the first place. A virtue ethical account of risk is needed because the notion of the 'reasonableness' of the decision to take the risk is affected by the complexity of the moral status of particular instances of risk-taking and the risk-taker's responsiveness to these contextual features. The very idea of 'reasonable risk' welcomes judgements about the nature of the risk itself, raises questions about complicity, culpability and responsibility, while at its heart, involves a judgement about the justification of risk which unavoidably focuses our attention on the character of the individuals involved in risk-making decisions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 217-230 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126309 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126309 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:217-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sven Ove Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sven Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Title: Risk: objective or subjective, facts or values Abstract: Perhaps the most fundamental divide in risk research is that between proponents of two contradictory concepts of risk. Some take risk as objectively given and determined by physical facts, whereas others see risk as a social construction that is independent of physical facts. These two views are scrutinized, and it is concluded that neither is tenable. Risk is both fact-laden and value-laden, and it contains both objective and subjective components. It is argued that both the objectivist and the subjectivist view of risk are failed attempts to rid a complex concept of much of its complexity. The real challenge is to identify the various types of factual and valuational components inherent in statements about risk and to understand how they are combined. The two oversimplifications both stand in the way of a more sophisticated analysis of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 231-238 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903126226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903126226 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:231-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eugene A. Rosa Author-X-Name-First: Eugene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rosa Title: The logical status of risk -- to burnish or to dull Abstract: Presented here is an elaboration of the fundamental features of the meaning of risk. It distinguishes between analytic approaches grounded in realism and postmodern (including constructionist) epistemologies and the presuppositions of each. It argues that attempts to fuse the ontology of risk with epistemological considerations into a common definition is both internally contradictory and a weak foundation for a theoretically justified definition of risk. In place of a fused definition of risk, it re-affirms a definition risk as a state of the world, independent of percipient actors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 239-253 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903484351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903484351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:239-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Response to Professor Eugene Rosa's viewpoint to our paper Abstract: This note provides a response to Professor Eugene Rosa's viewpoint to our paper On Risk Defined as an Event Where the Outcome is Uncertain published in this journal in January 2009. We argue that his summary of our work does not reflect what we are saying in the original paper. We restate that Rosa's definition represents one possible way of looking at risk, but there are others, including ours. Rosa's definition separates ontology and epistemology, which is an attractive property, but it leads to some conceptual difficulties which our definition avoids. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 255-259 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903484369 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903484369 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:255-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Ruddat Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Ruddat Author-Name: Alexander Sautter Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Sautter Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Author-Name: Uwe Pfenning Author-X-Name-First: Uwe Author-X-Name-Last: Pfenning Author-Name: Frank Ulmer Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Ulmer Title: Communication about a communication technology Abstract: Mobile telephony is a relatively new, but already widespread technology. The public is confronted with conflicting information about the possible health hazards due to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of mobile phones and base stations, which is conveyed by representatives of politics, science, industry, the media and civil society. The subject of this research project was to investigate the effects of information activities by public and private actors in the field of mobile telephony. The research team conducted focus groups with citizens and experts, followed by a representative survey of the German public focusing on the effects of information and its sources on attitude formation with respect to mobile telephony. Three 'target groups' were identified. Unworried persons comprise the first group who evaluated the risks of electromagnetic radiation as rather harmless (low-concerned group, in short: LCG). The second group was composed of insecure persons who either have not yet formed an opinion on the topic or are still undecided (ambivalent group, AG). The third group consisted of persons who expressed major concerns regarding expected health threats due to exposure to EMFs (high-concerned group, HCG). We developed several behavioural guidelines that address the specific needs of these three groups in specific ways and through adequate channels in order to be more effective when communicating. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 261-278 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902899062 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902899062 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:261-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bastiaan C.J. Zoeteman Author-X-Name-First: Bastiaan C.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zoeteman Author-Name: Wouter C. Kersten Author-X-Name-First: Wouter C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kersten Author-Name: Wiebe F. Vos Author-X-Name-First: Wiebe F. Author-X-Name-Last: Vos Author-Name: Lieke van de Voort Author-X-Name-First: Lieke van Author-X-Name-Last: de Voort Author-Name: Ben J.M. Ale Author-X-Name-First: Ben J.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Ale Title: Communication management during risk events and crises in a globalised world: Predictability of domestic media attention for calamities Abstract: While governments are concerned with controlling domestic safety issues and preventing resulting potential societal disruptions, events abroad can trigger similar effects. Globalisation magnifies the media attention for events, domestic and abroad, which poses new challenges for authorities. This paper suggests additional approaches for governments to address such situations. Based on interviews with experts and representatives of authorities and analysis of Dutch media attention for external safety events, this paper identifies criteria that can predict media attention and factors that may contribute to effective policy responses. Both can contribute to help to manage external safety risk events. The study shows that media response is predictable to a certain extent. This insight can be a tool in the wider range of measures for authorities to help manage a crisis situation and in particular strategies to cope with the media. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 279-302 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902955427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902955427 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:279-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emma Soane Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Soane Author-Name: Chris Dewberry Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Dewberry Author-Name: Sunitha Narendran Author-X-Name-First: Sunitha Author-X-Name-Last: Narendran Title: The role of perceived costs and perceived benefits in the relationship between personality and risk-related choices Abstract: This paper considers how perceptions of costs and benefits can influence the association between personality and risky choice behaviour. We assessed perceptions and behaviours in six domains (ethical; investment; gambling; health and safety; recreational; social) using the DOSPERT and measured personality using the NEO PI-R. Results from structural equation modelling showed that personality had a direct effect on risky choice behaviour in four domains (social, ethical, gambling and recreational risk-taking). In addition, perceived costs and benefits mediated the relations between personality and risk-taking in the five domains (social, ethical, gambling, recreational and investment risk-taking). Evidence for a mechanism that integrates both direct and indirect effects of personality on behaviour is discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 303-318 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902987024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902987024 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:303-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hens A.C. Runhaar Author-X-Name-First: Hens A.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Runhaar Author-Name: P.P.J. Driessen Author-X-Name-First: P.P.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Driessen Author-Name: L. van Bree Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: van Bree Author-Name: J.P. van der Sluijs Author-X-Name-First: J.P. Author-X-Name-Last: van der Sluijs Title: A meta-level analysis of major trends in environmental health risk governance Abstract: Internationally but also within countries, large differences exist regarding how environmental health risks (EHRs) are governed. Despite these differences, at a meta-level some general trends can be discerned that may point to a convergence of EHR governance regimes. One, EHR governance regimes are increasingly taking into account cost-benefit considerations, sectoral goals outside the health risk domain, public concerns and stakeholder interests in early stages of decision-making. Two, EHR objectives are increasingly integrated in other, sectoral policies such as land use planning. Three, an increased differentiation of EHR standards is observed (partly as a consequence of the former characteristic). Still little systematic empirical research has been conducted on the dynamics in EHR governance regimes and their causes, on what EHR governance regimes have produced in terms of (perceived) risk reduction and on how these results can be explained. This paper proposes a systematic framework for analysing, explaining and evaluating shifts in EHR governance regimes. The framework in turn is applied to examine and understand the shift towards more integrated and differentiated EHR governance regimes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 319-335 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903139070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903139070 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:319-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ides Boone Author-X-Name-First: Ides Author-X-Name-Last: Boone Author-Name: Yves Van der Stede Author-X-Name-First: Yves Author-X-Name-Last: Van der Stede Author-Name: Jeroen Dewulf Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen Author-X-Name-Last: Dewulf Author-Name: Winy Messens Author-X-Name-First: Winy Author-X-Name-Last: Messens Author-Name: Marc Aerts Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Aerts Author-Name: Georges Daube Author-X-Name-First: Georges Author-X-Name-Last: Daube Author-Name: Koen Mintiens Author-X-Name-First: Koen Author-X-Name-Last: Mintiens Title: NUSAP: a method to evaluate the quality of assumptions in quantitative microbial risk assessment Abstract: The Numeral Unit Spread Assessment Pedigree (NUSAP) system was implemented to evaluate assumptions in a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model for Salmonella spp. in minced pork meat. This QMRA model allows the testing of mitigation strategies for the reduction of human salmonellosis and aims to serve as a basis for science-based policy making. The NUSAP method was used to assess the subjective component of assumptions in the QMRA model by a set of four pedigree criteria: 'the influence of situational limitations', 'plausibility', 'choice space' and 'the agreement among peers'. After identifying 13 key assumptions relevant for the QMRA model, a workshop was organized to assess the importance of these assumptions on the output of the QMRA. The quality of the assumptions was visualized using diagnostic and kite diagrams. The diagnostic diagram pinpointed assumptions with a high degree of subjectivity and a high 'expected influence on the model results' score. Examples of those assumptions that should be dealt with care are the assumptions regarding the concentration of Salmonella on the pig carcass at the beginning of the slaughter process and the assumptions related to the Salmonella prevalence in the slaughter process. The kite diagrams allowed a clear overview of the pedigree scores for each assumption as well as a representation of expert (dis)agreement. The evaluation of the assumptions using the NUSAP system enhanced the debate on the uncertainty and its communication in the results of a QMRA model. It highlighted the model's strong and weak points and was helpful for redesigning critical modules. Since the evaluation of assumptions allows a more critical approach of the QMRA process, it is useful for policy makers as it aims to increase the transparency and acceptance of management decisions based on a QMRA model. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 337-352 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903564574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903564574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:337-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathalie Stampfli Author-X-Name-First: Nathalie Author-X-Name-Last: Stampfli Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Author-Name: Hans Kastenholz Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Kastenholz Title: Acceptance of nanotechnology in food and food packaging: a path model analysis Abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine factors that may influence the acceptance of nanotechnology products in the food domain. Data come from a representative mail survey conducted in the German-speaking part of Switzerland (n = 514). Participants received information about six realistic nanotechnology food and food packaging applications. Results showed that trust, general attitude toward technology and attitude toward gene technology influenced perceived benefits of the applications. Trust, attitude toward gene technology and preferences for healthy and organic food influenced perceived risks of nanotechnology applications. Willingness to buy nanotechnology food and packaging products was strongly influenced by perceived benefits and weakly influenced by perceived risks. Furthermore, the study showed that food and packaging applications containing nanoparticles are perceived differently, the latter receiving greater acceptance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 353-365 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903233303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903233303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:353-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paola Berchialla Author-X-Name-First: Paola Author-X-Name-Last: Berchialla Author-Name: Cecilia Scarinzi Author-X-Name-First: Cecilia Author-X-Name-Last: Scarinzi Author-Name: Silvia Snidero Author-X-Name-First: Silvia Author-X-Name-Last: Snidero Author-Name: Dario Gregori Author-X-Name-First: Dario Author-X-Name-Last: Gregori Title: Adaptive Bayesian Networks for quantitative risk assessment of foreign body injuries in children Abstract: Injuries due to foreign body (FB) aspiration/ingestion/insertion represent a common public health issue in paediatric patients, which causes significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to present a Bayesian Network (BN) model for the identification of risk factors for FB injuries in children and provide their quantitative assessment. Combining a priori knowledge and observed data, a BN learning algorithm was used to generate the pattern of the relationships between possible causal factors of FB injuries. Finally, the BN was used for making inference on scenarios of interest, providing, for instance, the risk that an accident caused by a spherical object swallowed by a male child aged five while playing leads to hospitalization. BNs as a tool for quantitative risk assessment may assist in determining the hazard of consumer products giving an insight into their most influential specific features on the risk of experiencing severe injuries. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 367-377 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13658810903233419 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13658810903233419 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:367-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia Schusterschitz Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Schusterschitz Author-Name: Holger Schütz Author-X-Name-First: Holger Author-X-Name-Last: Schütz Author-Name: Peter M. Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Title: Looking for a safe haven after fancy thrills: a psychometric analysis of risk perception in alpine tourist destinations Abstract: Visitors' risk perceptions have been found to influence the on-site behaviour of tourists and their intention to return to a destination or to recommend it to others. The present study analyses the perception of tourism risks in the Tyrol, Austria. Building on the psychometric paradigm, participants (N = 207) assessed 15 vacation risks on nine risk characteristics that are derived from psychometric research and completed with characteristics relevant in a tourism context. Findings suggest that additionally to managing the most likely risks, alpine destinations should be prepared to cope with worst case scenarios such as 'potable water poisoning', 'food poisoning', 'breaking of an embankment dam', 'rock fall on a village', 'cable car accident' and 'terrorist attack'. Considering these rather low-probability risks is of decisive importance since such risks are especially prone to evoke public outrage if they -- against all expectations -- result in damaging events. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 379-398 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903134949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903134949 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:379-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R.S. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: R.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: J.L. Arvai Author-X-Name-First: J.L. Author-X-Name-Last: Arvai Title: Why less is more: exploring affect-based value neglect Abstract: Previous research indicates that the affective nature of the problem context can override gains in the evaluability of risk attributes brought on by side-by-side comparisons of two problems. Specifically, in a joint evaluation, an affect-rich problem will be given greater management preference than an affect-neutral problem even when the risk is significantly greater for the neutral problem. A series of new experiments were conducted to explore the relevance of this concept (i.e., affect-based value neglect) for the evaluation of two affect-rich problems. Consistent with previous research, the results indicated no preference for either problem evaluated in isolation, given that both the affective impression and the level of risk were hard to evaluate. Again, consistent with previous research, there was no preference for either problem in a joint evaluation when the difference in risk between the two problems was small (one problem posing 1.5-times greater risk than the other). However, when the risk difference was large -- 3-times greater -- preference was given to managing the higher-risk problem. Additional evidence indicates that joint evaluations may increase the significance of probabilities as a form of risk communication, and that increased availability of one problem may dominate both initial affective impressions and the presentation of risk attributes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 399-409 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870902983171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870902983171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:399-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kalliopi Sapountzaki Author-X-Name-First: Kalliopi Author-X-Name-Last: Sapountzaki Title: Risk-reproduction cycles and risk positions in the social and geographical space Abstract: The risk literature led by its protagonists Beck, Giddens, Luhmann and others has expanded its range of influence in social sciences. In present days, it is widely acknowledged that society and economy grow and develop by creating successive generations of risks. However, while the risk literature has been mostly preoccupied with the negative aspects of risk, the truth is that risks involve human intentions as well as positive expectations. This positive aspect of risk in the capitalist society has been acknowledged by liberal economics as early as the 1920s. The present work has a focused interest on the patterns and mechanisms of risk reproduction and diffusion in the context of the contemporary risk society and geographical space, in particular. It is also preoccupied with risk classes (or positions) and determinant factors. The author, by using the conceptual split between risks, dangers and uncertainties, identifies the standard successive stages of a risk-reproduction cycle, the social actors who govern and control risk processing, and those unprivileged who carry dangers and uncertainties. In addition, she weighs up the pros and cons of the various risk positions and comments on the likely 'risk- and danger-scapes' in social and geographical terms. The author shows risk-knowledge manufacturing as the principal mechanism of risk distribution and redistribution. The paper presents, in the end, an example of an urban area in Athens functioning as a magnet and incubator of the negative aspects of risks, that is dangers and threatening uncertainties, and explains how such places stand as victims of the adverse universal trend towards danger externalization. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 411-427 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003629838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003629838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:411-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cécile Martha Author-X-Name-First: Cécile Author-X-Name-Last: Martha Author-Name: Jason Laurendeau Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Laurendeau Author-Name: Jean Griffet Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Griffet Title: Comparative optimism and risky road traffic behaviors among high-risk sports practitioners Abstract: This study examines the relationship between participation in risky sports, comparative optimism (CO), and risky road traffic behaviors among a sample of adult men. We surveyed high-risk (n = 313) and low-risk (n = 53) sports practitioners, and non-sportsmen (n = 89), assessing their CO, as well as their self-reported risky behaviors and their accident experiences while driving a car. Results show that high-risk sports practitioners expressed CO regarding the quality of their reflexes while driving and their vulnerability to traffic accidents. High-risk sportsmen reported more risky behaviors while driving a car than the members of the other groups, and some of them, namely BASE-jumpers, have experienced more traffic accidents. High-risk sportsmen's risky behaviors and accident experiences did not prevent them from expressing CO regarding their vulnerability to road accidents. Results are discussed, as well as putative psychological mechanisms underlying high-risk sport practitioners' CO and risky behaviors while driving. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 429-444 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903169275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903169275 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:429-444 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Mette Bjerkan Author-X-Name-First: Anne Mette Author-X-Name-Last: Bjerkan Title: Health, environment, safety culture and climate -- analysing the relationships to occupational accidents Abstract: A large cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst employees in the Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry as part of the 'Trends in Risk Level' project initiated by the Norwegian Petroleum Safety Authority in 1999/2000. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between health, safety and (work) environment (HSE). Furthermore to examine the effect of HSE-related variables and occupational accidents amongst eight different offshore work groups on different installations and within different companies on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). The study is based on a large cross-sectional survey. The survey was distributed to all employees travelling offshore between December 2005 and March 2006 (N = 9945). The resulting sample consisted of employees employed within different companies on different installations, and working within different offshore work groups. The results showed that the correlations between health, safety and work environment were significant. Differences between the work groups were identified with regard to HSE-related variables, such as perceived work safety climate and perception of the psychosocial work environment. Perceived work safety climate along with perception of the physical and psychosocial work environment accounted for differing degrees of the explained variance in subjective health status and reported occupational accidents in the different offshore work groups. The study concludes that work group has to be taken into account when studying the effects of work safety climate and perception of the work environment on subjective health status as well as accident frequency. The results also suggest that HSE interventions should be targeted towards the work group level in addition to the organisation as a whole. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 445-477 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903346386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903346386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:445-477 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmet E. Oztekin Author-X-Name-First: Ahmet E. Author-X-Name-Last: Oztekin Author-Name: James T. Luxhøj Author-X-Name-First: James T. Author-X-Name-Last: Luxhøj Title: An inductive reasoning approach for building system safety risk models of aviation accidents Abstract: An inductive reasoning approach is employed to develop a prototype hybrid decision support tool whose main objective is to build probabilistic causal models representing the safety risk involved in aviation accidents. In this context, 15 aircraft accidents representative of five major accident types are selected to build an initial seed for the case-base of the prototype tool. Consequently, within each individual accident model, main clusters of causal factors are identified for inclusion in the initial seed, thereby improving, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the case-base of the prototype tool. A new methodology developed specifically for indexing aviation accidents into databases is used for indexing the initial seed into the case-base of the tool. The resulting product is a highly customized conversational decision support tool that provides solution possibilities in the form of probabilistic causal models of accident scenarios retrieved and ranked according to their similarity to the current accident that the intended user investigates. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 479-499 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903484344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903484344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:479-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hélène Hermansson Author-X-Name-First: Hélène Author-X-Name-Last: Hermansson Title: Towards a fair procedure for risk management Abstract: The need for fairness in risk management is frequently expressed in the risk literature. In this article, fairness is connected to the procedure for decision-making. Two models for procedural justice in the management of risks are discussed, one that focuses on a hypothetical thought experiment, and one that focuses on actual dialogue. The hypothetical approach takes John Rawls' theory of justice as a starting point. The actual inclusion approach employs Iris Marion Young's theory of inclusive deliberative democracy. With Rawls' theory, important issues concerning risk distribution are emphasized, and a parallel between social primary goods and risk management is drawn. The hypothetical reasoning should mainly serve as a guide concerning risk issues that affect people who cannot be included in the decision procedure, such as future generations. However, when the affected can be included, an interactive dialogical reasoning is to be preferred. Here, Young's theory is fruitful. It aims at fair decisions by fulfilling conditions of inclusiveness, equality, reasonableness and publicity. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 501-515 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903305903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903305903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:501-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Vlek Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Vlek Title: Judicious management of uncertain risks: I. Developments and criticisms of risk analysis and precautionary reasoning Abstract: In situations of serious uncertain risk, precautionary assessment, decision-making and control may be inevitable. In this paper, the long and wide-ranging debate about the precautionary principle (PP) is surveyed in comparison to parallel developments of classical risk analysis. The 'new risks' provoking precaution typically are complex, often extensive in space and time, socially diverse, supposedly unlikely but highly uncertain, and potentially catastrophic. Classical risk analysis falls short of grasping such ill-defined problems validly enough for effective policy support. Similarly, the 'prudent' PP is criticised for its vagueness, multiple meanings and lack of practical elaboration. Despite their differences, however, risk-analytic and precautionary-principled approaches seem to be converging. On the way towards a decision-theoretic exposition (see follow-up paper), an integrative circumscription of the PP is proposed, which comprises 10 key issues for further elaboration. Logically, the 'pessimistic' PP is contrasted with its 'optimistic' counterpart, the venture principle (VP), which may be equally rational and/or inevitable in particular uncertain decision situations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 517-543 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003629887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003629887 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:517-543 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Vlek Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Vlek Title: Judicious management of uncertain risks: II. Simple rules and more intricate models for precautionary decision-making Abstract: Rational decision theory could be more fully exploited for the prudent management of uncertain-risk situations. After an integrative circumscription of the precautionary principle (PP), 10 key issues are discussed covering assessment, decision and control. In view of this, a variety of decision-theoretic considerations are explored. 'Sufficient evidence' for precautionary action is treated as a diagnostic decision in the framework of signal detection theory. Thus, an assessment about 'danger' versus 'no danger' should depend on prior probability, evidence strength and the relative seriousness of false-positive versus false-negative outcomes. From an illustrated survey of simple and more complex decision rules, it appears that 'precaution' may be variously expressed via, for example, maximin utility, minimax regret, maximin expected utility and maximising expected utility-minus-regret. Logically, serious uncertain risk (against modest benefits) may provoke a precautionary approach -- under the PP. In contrast, however, an uncertain 'great opportunity' (against modest costs) may elicit a venturous approach -- following the venture principle (VP). Thus, the PP amounts to a basic attitude rather than a normative principle, whose practical application hinges on straightforward albeit uncertain decision variables. Decision postponement, temporal discounting and risk--risk tradeoffs are summarily reviewed. General conclusions are drawn and some suggestions for policy-making and further research are proposed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 545-569 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003629903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003629903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:545-569 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bryan E. Denham Author-X-Name-First: Bryan E. Author-X-Name-Last: Denham Title: Measurement of risk perceptions in social research: a comparative analysis of ordinary least squares, ordinal and multinomial logistic regression models Abstract: Drawing on data gathered in the 2006 Monitoring the Future study of American youth (n = 2489), this investigation offers a comparative analysis of ordinary least squares (OLS), ordinal and multinomial logistic regression models in examining the effects of multiple factors on perceptions of alcohol risk. The article addresses limitations of OLS models in risk analyses and demonstrates how scholars can avoid making statistical errors when positioning vague quantifiers as ordinal dependent measures. Substantively, the article finds differential effects for (1) sex, (2) perceived attitudes of peers toward alcohol consumption, (3) frequency of intoxication, (4) teacher efforts toward alcohol education, (5) frequency of communicating with friends, and (6) newspaper exposure, as determinants of alcohol risk perceptions. Through statistical results and visual displays, the article reveals how inferences made about these effects stand to vary depending on the regression method chosen. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 571-589 Issue: 5 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903172386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903172386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:5:p:571-589 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer L. Cerully Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer L. Author-X-Name-Last: Cerully Author-Name: William M.P. Klein Author-X-Name-First: William M.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Klein Title: Effects of emotional state on behavioral responsiveness to personal risk feedback Abstract: The influence of incidental emotion on responsiveness to risk feedback was investigated. One hundred and eighty-seven male and female undergraduate students experienced a film emotion induction procedure to elicit happiness, sadness, or neutral affect. They then received false feedback indicating that their risk of getting a fictional type of influenza was high or low, and were given the chance to obtain more information about this type of flu and how to prevent it. Among low-risk participants, experiencing any emotion (happy or sad) resulted in obtaining more information than those in the neutral condition. Conversely, high-risk participants who experienced any emotion took less information than those in the neutral group. High-risk feedback produced less positive affect, more negative affect and worry, and higher risk perceptions than low-risk feedback. The findings have implications for how threatening risk feedback will affect information seeking behavior in the context of an emotional state. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 591-598 Issue: 5 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903192244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903192244 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:5:p:591-598 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie-Eve Cousin Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Eve Author-X-Name-Last: Cousin Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: Risk perception of mobile communication: a mental models approach Abstract: Some lay people confronted with a new base station project fear serious health consequences from the high-frequency radiation, while experts consider exposure under the current international standards as unproblematic. These conflictive estimations may be attributed to the different mental models of lay people and experts. Less is known about lay people's knowledge in regard to mobile communication and their intuitive understanding of the associated health risks. An adaptation of the 'Mental Models Approach' was used to reveal lay people's beliefs about mobile communication and to learn more about lay people's information requirements, potential knowledge gaps, and misconceptions. Through the means of open interviews with Swiss experts (N = 16), lay people (N = 16), and base station opponents (N = 15), different mental models were constructed and evaluated. Comparisons between the expert and the lay groups showed several qualitative differences in all identified knowledge domains. Knowledge gaps in regard to changing exposure magnitudes due to the interaction patterns of cell phones and base stations as well as misconceptions about regulation issues and scientific processes were found in both lay groups. In addition, lack of trust in responsible actors and disaffection with base station location processes were mentioned. The reported qualitative insights may be useful for the improvement of further risk communication tools. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 599-620 Issue: 5 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903236751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903236751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:5:p:599-620 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeremy W. Collins Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy W. Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: Mobile phone masts, social rationalities and risk: negotiating lay perspectives on technological hazards Abstract: This paper examines the responses of 37 participants in six focus groups to media representations of the health risks associated with mobile phone masts ('base stations') in the light of theoretical debates concerning non-expert understandings of risks (variously characterised as 'lay rationality', lay epidemiology', popular epidemiology', 'public knowledges', 'social rationality' and 'intuitive risk judgements'). In particular, the study discusses the extent to which two particular manifestations of such understandings -- non-mediated contextual and personal knowledges ('multiple information sources'), and risk comparisons made between mobile phone masts and a variety of other perceived health risks -- are prominent in respondents' discursive constructions of risk. The paper suggests that analyses of risk responses such as these should differentiate clearly between classes of risks, and avoid suggestions that any particular type of risk response can be unproblematically mapped onto other risk scenarios. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 621-637 Issue: 5 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903305911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903305911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:5:p:621-637 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Hajiamiri Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Hajiamiri Author-Name: Myles T. Collins Author-X-Name-First: Myles T. Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: John D. Graham Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Title: Suppose the USA had REACH: ramifications for formaldehyde Abstract: The Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) legislation for regulating chemicals came into force in the EU in June 2007. This framework is stricter and more precautionary than its counterpart in the USA -- the Toxic Substances Control Act -- in that it requires data submissions for not only new but existing chemicals as well. This study evaluates the REACH process by assuming that the program exists in the USA and by taking formaldehyde, which is widely used yet toxic at certain doses, through the steps of REACH. We find that the attractive features of REACH are that it shifts more of the technical burdens of regulation to industry and that it may stimulate competitive pressures for safer, 'greener' products. Downsides include technical ambiguities in the analytical guidance, a potential for creating large amounts of paperwork, and perhaps a small risk reduction relative to the costs of the legislation. We recommend additional case studies with other existing chemicals to obtain a fuller picture of the potential ramifications of REACH-like legislation in the USA. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 639-651 Issue: 5 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903551654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903551654 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:5:p:639-651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Walter W. Piegorsch Author-X-Name-First: Walter W. Author-X-Name-Last: Piegorsch Title: Translational benchmark risk analysis Abstract: Translational development -- in the sense of translating a mature methodology from one area of application to another, evolving area -- is discussed for the use of benchmark doses in quantitative risk assessment. Illustrations are presented with traditional applications of the benchmark paradigm in biology and toxicology, and also with risk endpoints that differ from traditional toxicological archetypes. It is seen that the benchmark approach can apply to a diverse spectrum of risk management settings. This suggests a promising future for this important risk-analytic tool. Extensions of the method to a wider variety of applications represent a significant opportunity for enhancing environmental, biomedical, industrial, and socio-economic risk assessments. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 653-667 Issue: 5 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903551662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903551662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:5:p:653-667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neil Trewin Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Trewin Author-Name: Udechukwu Ojiako Author-X-Name-First: Udechukwu Author-X-Name-Last: Ojiako Author-Name: Johnnie Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Johnnie Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Risk management and its practical application: lessons from the British Army Abstract: This study explores, using predominately qualitative data, the risk management approaches of British Army officers in operational theatre. Risks within an operational context are particularly challenging for the British Army to manage due to external constraints such as its adherence to various rules of engagement and international conventions such as the Geneva Convention that consists of treaties that clearly articulate legal protection to be accorded to both civilians and combatants during war. The British Army's centralised and highly structured control and regulation mechanisms are the product of over 300 years of traditions. Few companies can draw on this history, but we argue that the historical successes of the British Army suggest that contemporary civilian organisations have much to learn from the military approach to risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 669-686 Issue: 5 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903551670 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903551670 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:5:p:669-686 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niklas Vareman Author-X-Name-First: Niklas Author-X-Name-Last: Vareman Author-Name: Johannes Persson Author-X-Name-First: Johannes Author-X-Name-Last: Persson Title: Why separate risk assessors and risk managers? Further external values affecting the risk assessor qua risk assessor Abstract: The functional separation of risk assessment and risk management has long been at the heart of risk analysis structures. Equally long it has been criticized for creating technocratic risk management due to valuations being done in the risk assessment to which the stakeholders do not have access. The criticism has mostly been of an ethical nature. Arguably, in separating risk assessment and risk management, one hopes to fulfil two requirements: (1) Social requirement: we (citizens) want risk management to meet the goals and needs of society. (Therefore, there is an obvious reason to have publicly elected risk managers.) (2) Scientific requirement: we (citizens) do not want political views to influence the assessment of facts. (Therefore, there is an equally obvious reason to have risk assessors who are not publicly elected.) We ask in this paper whether it is, in principle, possible to separate risk assessment from risk management. The crucial distinction between risk assessment and risk management we take to be between what kinds of values are involved in them and that separation is meant to shield risk assessment from risk management values and vice versa. Risk assessment is judged to be a scientific activity that should only involve scientific values. We go through a paradigmatic example of good science to see what those scientific values are and whether they are the only ones influencing science. We also present an example of a risk assessment in order to compare it to science. We conclude that the values involved in both science and risk assessment are of the same kind and that they both involve extra-scientific values. The paper ends with a short discussion of whether the above requirements can be met even though risk assessment and risk management are interdependent. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 687-700 Issue: 5 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003660759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003660759 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:5:p:687-700 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: A longitudinal ethnographic study of night-freight pilots Abstract: This paper records the lived reality of night-freight operations at a UK-registered airline. Observations were made over an 18-month period. The paper answers calls for more research into the working and living conditions of night-freight pilots. Pilots perceived numerous issues. These included cultural cleavage, terms and conditions, roster instability and the impact of night flying on physical and psychological health. Some issues (volatile rosters and deep first nights, for example) had the potential to increase operational risk. Two sub-cultures were identified within the airline: the quality-of-working-life sub-culture and competitiveness and corporate survival sub-culture. A 'paradox of control' was observed. While pilots controlled the aircraft in flight, their patterns and conditions of work were decided by roster managers, crewing officers and other office-based technocrats. Technocrats' directive power was resented by some pilots. Some claimed that technocrats did not understand the lived reality of the line, resulting in 'uninformed' decisions that augmented operational risk. The study involved a single airline. No claims are made for the generalisability of the findings. More studies are required. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 701-730 Issue: 6 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003791547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003791547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:6:p:701-730 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Taylor-Gooby Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor-Gooby Author-Name: Andreas Cebulla Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Cebulla Title: The risk society hypotheses: an empirical test using longitudinal survey data Abstract: This paper seeks to test the influential 'risk society' thesis using quantitative data from the major UK longitudinal surveys. Two hypotheses are derived from the thesis: distanciation (the claim that more recent generations understand and manage their social lives in relation to risk and uncertainty in substantially different ways from those of their parents' generation) and reflexivity (the view that individuals are increasingly aware of their status in a detraditionalised social order and of their responsibility to manage their own life course). Empirical testing shows that greater distanciation and reflexivity can be identified in a comparison of the education, employment and partnership experience of earlier and later cohorts, but that these factors vary substantially for different social groups. Success in planning one's life and attaining the occupational status to which one initially aspired is increasingly associated with greater satisfaction and, with respect to career objectives, repeated change in jobs. But these outcomes are least likely to be available to those from the manual working class, especially those whose aspirations remain within that group. Risk society increasingly offers opportunities to 'write one's own biography', but it is important to be clear that success in doing so is socially structured. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 731-752 Issue: 6 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.488744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.488744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:6:p:731-752 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine A. McComas Author-X-Name-First: Katherine A. Author-X-Name-Last: McComas Author-Name: Helen C. Lundell Author-X-Name-First: Helen C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lundell Author-Name: Craig W. Trumbo Author-X-Name-First: Craig W. Author-X-Name-Last: Trumbo Author-Name: John C. Besley Author-X-Name-First: John C. Author-X-Name-Last: Besley Title: Public meetings about local cancer clusters: exploring the relative influence of official versus symbolic risk messages on attendees' post-meeting concern Abstract: Scholars have long lobbied for a view of risk communication that supplants a conventional 'transmission' model of risk communication with an alternative that considers the complex social environment that accompanies any risk communication effort. Along these lines, this study examines the relative influence of official health messages versus symbolic risk messages on public meeting attendees' post-meeting concern about cancer clusters in six US communities. As part of a larger study of cancer clusters, we obtained written responses from 125 individuals who attended a government-sponsored public meeting in their community. We asked respondents whether attending the meeting influenced their concerns and, if so, why. The results found that, despite the largely reassuring messages that health officials were giving, most attendees reported feeling more concerned after the meetings in their communities. Regarding why, explanations that denoted symbolic risk messages -- unofficial sources of risk information and procedural cues -- outnumbered explanations that pointed to official risk messages -- scientific presentations -- by a score of three to one. The results lend support for a broader view of risk communication, which accounts not only for multiple sources of risk information but also for procedural cues regarding the trustworthiness of an investigation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 753-770 Issue: 6 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903551688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903551688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:6:p:753-770 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirsteen Titchener Author-X-Name-First: Kirsteen Author-X-Name-Last: Titchener Author-Name: Ides Y. Wong Author-X-Name-First: Ides Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Title: Driver distractions: characteristics underlying drivers' risk perceptions Abstract: Driver distraction is a research area that continues to receive considerable research interest but the drivers' perspective is less well documented. The current research focuses on how drivers perceive the risks associated with a range of driver distractions with the aim of identifying features that contribute to their risk perception judgements. Multidimensional scaling analysis was employed to better understand drivers' risk perceptions for 15 in-vehicle and external distractions. Results identify both salient qualitative characteristics that underpin drivers' risk perceptions, such as the probability of a crash, as well as identify other features inherent in the distractions that may also contribute to risk perceptions. The implications of the results are discussed for better understanding drivers' perceptions of distractions and the potential for improving road safety messages related to distracted driving. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 771-780 Issue: 6 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903551696 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903551696 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:6:p:771-780 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shu Li Author-X-Name-First: Shu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yin Su Author-X-Name-First: Yin Author-X-Name-Last: Su Author-Name: Yan Sun Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Title: The effect of pseudo-immediacy on intertemporal choices Abstract: An interesting phenomenon, which we dub the 'pseudo-immediacy effect', was detected in intertemporal choices. The majority of our participants preferred the smaller but sooner (SS) outcome to the larger but later (LL) outcome when a pseudo-immediacy reward was framed, but a higher proportion of participants preferred the LL outcome to the SS outcome when the pseudo-immediate format was removed. Such a shift violated the invariance principle which requires that the preference order between options does not depend on the manner in which they are described. With reference to the pseudo-certainty effect reported by Kahneman and Tversky in 1984, our findings typically support the notion that risk and delay are psychologically equivalent and that the same psychological process underlies risk and intertemporal choice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 781-787 Issue: 6 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903551704 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903551704 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:6:p:781-787 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Garvey Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Garvey Title: An investigation into risk propensity in bull and bear markets Abstract: This paper addresses the primary contribution of prospect theory against the landscape of an individual's self-attributed risk propensity. Risk propensity is captured using the IPI psychometric questionnaire for a sample of 521 participants. Participants are also presented with probability-based decisions, that are framed as both negative and positive prospects. Results show that personality constructs, specifically risk-taking, become a consistent and emerging factor in decision-making within the positive domain. In the negative domain, personality constructs associated with risk become more muted and are less likely to be a factor in decision-making. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 789-804 Issue: 6 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870903560283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870903560283 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:6:p:789-804 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yan Sun Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Shu Li Author-X-Name-First: Shu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: The effect of risk on intertemporal choice Abstract: The strong similarities between intertemporal and risky choice raised the possibility that risk and time delay were psychologically interchangeable in the way they influence preference. Consistent with the single-process view, several previous studies have indicated that introducing uncertainty to intertemporal choice could decrease the degree of discounting future rewards just as adding time delay to it. However, the opposite effect has been observed in other cases. The present study examined the role of risk in intertemporal choice using the choice titration procedure. The results of two experiments indicated that risk and time delay had opposite effects on the preference in intertemporal choices. That is, the external uncertainty increased the degree of discounting future, whereas the opposite is true for time delays. Thus, our results were unfriendly to the single-process theory. In addition, the present study demonstrated the presence of an immediacy effect as well as a magnitude effect in intertemporal choice regardless of whether or not the reward is certain. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 805-820 Issue: 6 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003606224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003606224 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:6:p:805-820 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Eyre Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Eyre Title: The human side of disaster Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 821-823 Issue: 6 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003765624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003765624 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:6:p:821-823 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denis Fischbacher-Smith Author-X-Name-First: Denis Author-X-Name-Last: Fischbacher-Smith Title: Crisis management in a complex world Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 823-826 Issue: 6 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003765640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003765640 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:6:p:823-826 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Katrin Schlag Author-X-Name-First: Anne Katrin Author-X-Name-Last: Schlag Title: Aquaculture: an emerging issue for public concern Abstract: The present paper reviews the literature on the risks and benefits of aquaculture. By bringing together sources from both natural sciences and social sciences, we provide a synthesis of perspectives on the relatively novel activity of modern aquaculture. This review consists of three parts: first, a background to aquaculture; second, an overview of the scientific risks and benefits; and third, an introduction to the related public perception issues. We establish five main risk-related areas: human health, environment, organizational, fish welfare, and social issues and utilize these to highlight potential divergences in expert and lay perceptions. Drawing on findings from the risk perception literature, particularly those related to previous food-related controversies, it is argued that aquaculture incorporates a range of issues, which have already been shown to be a catalyst for public concern. As such, we conclude that, in addition to natural science studies, aquaculture requires a social science approach in order to be able to anticipate and address future controversies in a timely and efficient manner. However, to date, only few articles address aquaculture from a social science perspective, and the present paper is offered as a step in this direction. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 829-844 Issue: 7 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003660742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003660742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:7:p:829-844 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph L. Arvai Author-X-Name-First: Joseph L. Author-X-Name-Last: Arvai Author-Name: Ann Froschauer Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Froschauer Title: Good decisions, bad decisions: the interaction of process and outcome in evaluations of decision quality Abstract: Process-based considerations are generally accepted by experts and analysts as being the fundamental drivers of decision quality. However, little work has been done to account for the role of a risk management decision's outcome as a key driver of the public judgments about decision quality. To this end, the objective of the research reported here was straightforward to determine -- via an experiment -- the relative importance of decision-making process and the associated outcome in lay evaluations of decision quality. Our results demonstrate that people seem to have a difficult time unpacking decision-making processes, even ones they strongly prefer, from their associated outcomes when evaluating decision quality. From a practical standpoint, our results cast doubt on the generally accepted belief that participatory and deliberative decision-making processes (e.g., for risk management) will -- on their own -- contribute to positive evaluations of decision quality. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 845-859 Issue: 7 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003660767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003660767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:7:p:845-859 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pius Krütli Author-X-Name-First: Pius Author-X-Name-Last: Krütli Author-Name: Michael Stauffacher Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Stauffacher Author-Name: Thomas Flüeler Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Flüeler Author-Name: Roland W. Scholz Author-X-Name-First: Roland W. Author-X-Name-Last: Scholz Title: Functional-dynamic public participation in technological decision-making: site selection processes of nuclear waste repositories Abstract: Projects for the long-term disposal of radioactive waste have often been hampered by strong local and regional opposition. Public participation has been recognized as a means to cope with this problem. Advocates promoting extensive public participation suggest various, mostly distinct, involvement techniques that are claimed to cover all needs. However, public participation is still a controversial issue. Several key questions need to be answered: why and when should who be involved, by whom, using which technique, and with which expected outcome? Here, a procedure with a functional-dynamic view of public participation is proposed that combines the decision-making process (DMP) with specific types and extents of public participation. We distinguish four discrete levels of public participation, namely information, consultation, collaboration, and empowerment. We argue that these levels of participation must fit the corresponding technical and non-technical requirements of the different phases of the DMP and illustrate our arguments using a proposed site selection process for nuclear waste. This means that the type and the extent of public participation vary over the time span of a long-term DMP. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 861-875 Issue: 7 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003703252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003703252 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:7:p:861-875 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian J. Meacham Author-X-Name-First: Brian J. Author-X-Name-Last: Meacham Title: Risk-informed performance-based approach to building regulation Abstract: Performance-based building codes are being developed and promulgated around the world. Concurrently, performance-based analysis and design approaches are being used in a number of disciplines, including structural, mechanical, and fire protection engineering. The performance-based building regulatory and design environment promises great opportunities for engineers and designers to innovate and to apply analytical tools and methods to design safe, efficient, cost-effective, and aesthetically pleasing buildings. However, for regulators and enforcement officials, performance-based approaches are often met with skepticism and concern, as the desired performance is not always well defined and agreed, the perceived certainty associated with compliance with prescriptive design requirements is no longer assured, and there is concern that the data, tools, and methods -- necessary to assure that performance-based designed buildings achieve the levels of performance and risk deemed tolerable to society -- are lacking. To address these concerns, risk-informed performance-based approaches are being explored, with the aim to better identify and connect tolerable levels of risk, performance expectations, and design criteria for different aspects of building design. Risk-informed performance-based approaches being considered in Australia, New Zealand, and the USA are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 877-893 Issue: 7 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003703260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003703260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:7:p:877-893 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurel C. Austin Author-X-Name-First: Laurel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Austin Author-Name: Baruch Fischhoff Author-X-Name-First: Baruch Author-X-Name-Last: Fischhoff Title: Consumers' collision insurance decisions: a mental models approach to theory evaluation Abstract: Using interviews with 74 drivers, we elicit and analyze how people think about collision insurance coverage and decide whether to buy coverage, and if so, what deductible level to carry. We compare respondents' judgments and behaviors to predictions of three models: baseline expected utility (EU) theory, which predicts that insurance is an inferior good, meaning more wealthy people buy less; a modified EU model, which incorporates income constraints and suggests that property insurance is a normal good, meaning more wealthy people buy more; and a mental accounting model which predicts that consumers budget income across consumption categories. The results suggest they purchase insurance as a normal good, guided by a cognitive model that emphasizes budget constraints. Verbal reports reveal a desire to balance two conflicting goals in deductible decisions: keeping premiums 'affordable' and keeping deductible level 'affordable.' Thus, wealth does not distinguish people by risk aversion, but by ability to pay. In other words, the behavior of less wealthy people is not driven by greater risk aversion, but by their lesser ability to pay, both now and later. We find that a simple heuristic using only vehicle value accounts for most decisions of whether to purchase optional collision coverage: out of 45 respondents who did not have loans on their vehicles, 90% of those with vehicles worth more than $1000 carried collision coverage, while less than 30% of those with lower-valued vehicles did. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 895-911 Issue: 7 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003703278 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003703278 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:7:p:895-911 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rae Zimmerman Author-X-Name-First: Rae Author-X-Name-Last: Zimmerman Author-Name: Carlos E. Restrepo Author-X-Name-First: Carlos E. Author-X-Name-Last: Restrepo Author-Name: Alison Culpen Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Culpen Author-Name: Wendy E. Remington Author-X-Name-First: Wendy E. Author-X-Name-Last: Remington Author-Name: Alison Kling Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Kling Author-Name: Ian Portelli Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Portelli Author-Name: George L. Foltin Author-X-Name-First: George L. Author-X-Name-Last: Foltin Title: Risk communication for catastrophic events: results from focus groups Abstract: Focus group methods are adapted here to address two important needs for risk communication: (1) to provide approaches to risk communication in very extreme and catastrophic events, and (2) to obtain risk communication content within the specific catastrophe area of chemical and biological attacks. Focus groups were designed and conducted according to well-established protocols using hypothetical sarin and smallpox attacks resulting in a chemical or biological release in a confined public space in a transit system. These cases were used to identify content for risk communication information and suggest directions for further research in this area. Common procedures for conducting focus groups were used based on an initial review of such procedures. Four focus groups -- two for each type of release -- each lasted about two hours. Participants were professionals normally involved in emergencies in health, emergency management, and transportation. They were selected using a snowball sampling technique. Examples of findings for approaches to communicating such risks included how information should be organized over time and how space, locations, and places should be defined for releases to anchor perceptions geographically. Examples of findings for risk communication content are based on how professionals reacted to risk communications used during the two hypothetical releases they were presented with and how they suggested using risk communications. These findings have considerable implications for using and structuring focus groups to derive risk communication procedures and types of content to be used in the context of catastrophes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 913-935 Issue: 7 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003782744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003782744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:7:p:913-935 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jean Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Author-Name: Liam Delaney Author-X-Name-First: Liam Author-X-Name-Last: Delaney Author-Name: Eibhlin M. Hudson Author-X-Name-First: Eibhlin M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hudson Author-Name: Aileen McGloin Author-X-Name-First: Aileen Author-X-Name-Last: McGloin Author-Name: Patrick G. Wall Author-X-Name-First: Patrick G. Author-X-Name-Last: Wall Title: Public perceptions of the dioxin incident in Irish pork Abstract: In early December 2008, a global recall of Irish pork was initiated as a result of a subset of the national pork output being contaminated with dioxin. In this study, members of a panel from an Internet-based longitudinal monitor of public opinion on food and health issues were used to assess public perceptions about the dioxin incident in late December. Although most respondents did not regard food as posing a risk to health, a larger proportion of respondents reported that that there was a 'very high' health risk from pork (8.6%) compared to any other food of animal origin. However, when asked to rank the risk posed to human health from a broad range of food and non-food hazards, PCBs/dioxins were considered to pose less of a risk than high fat food, chemical pollution, or tanning. The majority of respondents (70.5%) considered that the authorities managed the incident in an 'adequate' or 'very efficient' manner. Respondents who considered that the authorities' management of the incident was 'incompetent' rated the risk associated with eating Irish pork to be higher than those who considered that the authorities' management was 'very efficient'. Both the European Food Safety Authority and the Irish food safety authorities pronounced that there was no risk to human health from the level of dioxin in the pork. These communications, coupled with the rapid handling of the incident in an open and transparent way, reassured consumers and maintained their confidence in the food supply. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 937-949 Issue: 7 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003782769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003782769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:7:p:937-949 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Garvey Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Garvey Author-Name: Patrick Buckley Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Buckley Title: Implementing control mutuality using prediction markets: a new mechanism for risk communication Abstract: In this article prediction markets are presented as an innovative technology that can facilitate effective risk communication. The application of prediction markets in this context is an opportunity to reconcile the disparate approaches currently discussed in the risk communication literature. We demonstrate that control mutuality is uniquely achieved through the use of the prediction market mechanism and it is thus an innovative and in some cases optimal technology for use in risk communication in both public and private sector organisations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 951-960 Issue: 7 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.488742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.488742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:7:p:951-960 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G.J. Davies Author-X-Name-First: G.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Author-Name: G. Kendall Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Kendall Author-Name: E. Soane Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Soane Author-Name: J. Li Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: F. Charnley Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Charnley Author-Name: S.J.T. Pollard Author-X-Name-First: S.J.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Title: Regulators as 'agents': power and personality in risk regulation and a role for agent-based simulation Abstract: We critically examine how evidence and knowledge are brokered between the various actors (agents) in regulatory decisions on risk. Following a précis of context and regulatory process, we explore the role power and personality might play as evidence is synthesised and used to inform risk decisions, providing a review of the relevant literature from applied psychology, agent-based simulation and regulatory science. We make a case for the adoption of agent-based tools for addressing the sufficiency of evidence and resolving uncertainty in regulatory decisions. Referring to other environmental applications of agent-based decision-making, we propose how an agent model might represent power structures and personality characteristics with the attending implications for the brokering of regulatory science. This critical review has implications for the structuring of evidence that informs environmental decisions and the personal traits required of modern regulators operating in facilitative regulatory settings. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 961-982 Issue: 8 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.486075 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.486075 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:8:p:961-982 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander S. Linthicum Author-X-Name-First: Alexander S. Author-X-Name-Last: Linthicum Author-Name: James H. Lambert Author-X-Name-First: James H. Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Title: Risk management for infrastructure corridors vulnerable to adjacent land development Abstract: Communities worldwide face diminished infrastructure performance and increased operating and capital costs resulting from unmanaged industrial, commercial, and residential development that impinges on their infrastructure corridors. It is important that planners anticipate and proactively manage land development along the corridors to avoid surprise, regret, and belated action. This paper demonstrates an approach utilizing expert elicitation and geographic data (i) to assess the relative risk of land development adjacent to infrastructure corridors, and (ii) to focus and prioritize corridor sections for risk management. The approach uses several factors to score adjacent properties according to their relative likelihoods of development in a 10- to 20-year horizon. The scores are compared to land values and existing road-access points in order to illuminate the relative costs of risk management along corridor centerlines. The risk-management options, including land acquisition, negotiation with developers, and limitations on future access points, are discussed. The approach is germane for risk-based protection of infrastructure corridors of both developed and developing regions of the world, for a range of time horizons, geographic scales, and infrastructure networks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 983-1006 Issue: 8 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.486076 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.486076 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:8:p:983-1006 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Z. Janet Yang Author-X-Name-First: Z. Janet Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Katherine McComas Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: McComas Author-Name: Geri Gay Author-X-Name-First: Geri Author-X-Name-Last: Gay Author-Name: John P. Leonard Author-X-Name-First: John P. Author-X-Name-Last: Leonard Author-Name: Andrew J. Dannenberg Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dannenberg Author-Name: Hildy Dillon Author-X-Name-First: Hildy Author-X-Name-Last: Dillon Title: Applying the theory of planned behavior to study health decisions related to potential risks Abstract: This study examines theoretical linkages between the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model (RISP) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in a context of health decision making related to potential risks involved in clinical trials. A decade after the RISP model was proposed, abundant empirical evidence attesting to the model's robustness in depicting individuals' motivations for risk information seeking and processing deems that it is crucial to continue this exploration. Data from two telephone surveys showed that individuals who tended to process relevant risk information in a more systematic manner were more likely to report favorable attitudes toward clinical trials and express a willingness to enroll in a future trial. Those who reported greater trust in their doctors were also more likely to report favorable attitudes and willingness to enroll. In contrast, risk perceptions were negatively related to favorable attitudes toward clinical trials. Comparing several structural models specified to the data, individuals' tendency to rely on independent decisions seemed to moderate the relationship between subjective norm and behavioral intention. Using regression coefficients estimates to plot this interaction, among those who tended to rely on independent decisions, influence from their doctors might lead to less willingness to enroll in a future trial. Results from this study suggest that in an effort to pursue theory development within a unique research context, we could also identify important pathways to improve health communication practice related to patient accrual for clinical trials. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1007-1026 Issue: 8 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.488743 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.488743 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:8:p:1007-1026 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Konstantinos A. Kirytopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kirytopoulos Author-Name: Athanasios A. Rentizelas Author-X-Name-First: Athanasios A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rentizelas Author-Name: Ilias P. Tatsiopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Ilias P. Author-X-Name-Last: Tatsiopoulos Author-Name: George Papadopoulos Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Papadopoulos Title: Quantitative risk analysis for road tunnels complying with EU regulations Abstract: Tunnels have improved the connection of regions within the European Commission (EC) and have been used lately as a catalyst for economic development of previously isolated regions. However, the increasing number of these important infrastructures is raising upfront an endogenous problem, which is the severity of accidents that may occur. These risks have much greater impact when heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) or dangerous goods (DGs) are involved in the accident. As a result, the EC launched the EC Directive 2004/54/EC. In order to achieve a minimum acceptable level of safety, the EC Directive 2004/54/EC suggests, apart from the measures imposed based on tunnel characteristics, the implementation of a risk analysis in cases such as the opening of the road tunnel to DGs. The most widely accepted method for such quantitative risk analysis (QRA) is the OECD/PIARC QRA Model. This research exploits the QRA Model to perform a QRA for five illustrative cases in order to explore the sufficiency of the minimum tunnel safety measures imposed by the Directive when transportation of HGVs and DGs is allowed through the tunnel. The research concludes that, at least for tunnels with marginal values of the EC Directive classes for length and traffic, the risk exposure (F/N curves) lays over the acceptable safety limits of ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable) models. Thus, the manager of the tunnel should take seriously into account the provision of the Directive for further risk analysis and consider more safety measures as well as take into account the risk associated with the alternative routes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1027-1041 Issue: 8 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.494331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.494331 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:8:p:1027-1041 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathan Young Author-X-Name-First: Nathan Author-X-Name-Last: Young Author-Name: Mary Liston Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Liston Title: (Mis)managing a risk controversy: the Canadian salmon aquaculture industry's responses to organized and local opposition Abstract: In the past few years, salmon aquaculture has become one of Canada's most controversial industries. Environmentalist and other oppositional groups have mounted aggressive communications campaigns on issues such as the environmental and health impacts of the industry. In coastal regions, local opinion is divided, with some stakeholders and First Nations (indigenous) groups vehemently opposing the industry, while others see it as an important contributor to stressed coastal economies. In this article, we analyse industry responses to both organized and local opposition. Existing research on risk communication and 'risk issue management' tells us that important strategies for addressing controversy include building public trust, acknowledging the legitimacy of critics and their concerns, engaging in transparent and pro-active risk communication, establishing meaningful partnerships with stakeholders, and ultimately reforming controversial practices. Drawing on an analysis of advocacy materials and transcripts from public hearings into aquaculture, we conclude that the salmon aquaculture industry has been largely unsuccessful in its attempts to blunt criticism from organized oppositional groups, but has taken some important (if tentative) actions to enhance its legitimacy at the local level. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1043-1065 Issue: 8 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.514429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.514429 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:13:y:2010:i:8:p:1043-1065 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gerald Beck Author-X-Name-First: Gerald Author-X-Name-Last: Beck Author-Name: Cordula Kropp Author-X-Name-First: Cordula Author-X-Name-Last: Kropp Title: Infrastructures of risk: a mapping approach towards controversies on risks Abstract: Anyone concerned about food risks related, for example, to acrylamide, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or food supplements is confronted with vast and complex landscapes of political debates, with various uncertainties, contested responsibilities, competing knowledge and ambivalent value-making. In risk assessment procedures, these fluid complexities often get simplified to come to any evaluation at all. A retrospective review of risk scandals, however, highlights that most risks arise just from those connections in production, usage and disposal which remained unseen or were even blinded out during previous risk assessment. To better deal with these 'unknown unknowns', society at large and decision-makers in particular need not only new strategies to avoid manufactured uncertainties but also more comprehensive knowledge tools and concepts to fully explore potential sources and connections of hazards, risks and uncertainties. Facing this challenge of risk governance, the paper discusses the potential of the visualisation ('mapping') of risk controversies and introduces the concept of 'risk infrastructures'. The aim is to equip stakeholders, laypersons and decision-makers with risk mappings which make visible how competing knowledge claims, protagonists, institutional settings, facts and values are related to each other. It will do so in referring to a prototype software application of such a 're-assembling strategy' (Actor-Network-Theory (ANT)) called 'Risk Cartography'. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.505348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.505348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:1-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ozlem Ozdemir Author-X-Name-First: Ozlem Author-X-Name-Last: Ozdemir Author-Name: Cengiz Yilmaz Author-X-Name-First: Cengiz Author-X-Name-Last: Yilmaz Title: Factors affecting risk mitigation revisited: the case of earthquake in Turkey Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of earthquake risk perceptions and a number of socioeconomic variables on risk mitigation. The effects of perceived risk components (probability and severity) and perceived risk characteristics (dread, knowledge, controllability, and responsibility) are investigated jointly in a single model, together with degree of risk aversion and socioeconomic factors (income, gender, age, education, and number of children). Analyses are conducted separately in order to explain variability in five different forms of mitigation behaviors: (1) purchasing of compulsory earthquake insurance, (2) past mitigation behaviors, (3) monetary value of past mitigation behaviors, (4) intentions for future mitigation behaviors, and (5) monetary value of intended future mitigation behaviors. Data are obtained from homeowners in Istanbul, where a major earthquake is expected within 30 years. The results provide evidence that all three variable sets (risk components, risk characteristics, and socioeconomic variables) may act as significant determinants of mitigation and that the driving factors for mitigation may differ across forms of mitigation behaviors investigated. The study (1) provides partial explanation for the equivocal findings in prior research regarding the relationship between risk perceptions and mitigation behaviors, and (2) offers guidelines for policy-makers in motivating communal earthquake risk mitigation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 17-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669871003782751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669871003782751 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:17-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca Hess Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Hess Author-Name: Vivianne H.M. Visschers Author-X-Name-First: Vivianne H.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Visschers Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Author-Name: Carmen Keller Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Keller Title: How do people perceive graphical risk communication? The role of subjective numeracy Abstract: This study aims to evaluate directly how a graphical risk ladder is perceived and how this perception is related to people's subjective numeracy. Gaze durations and frequencies were used to examine visual attention. Participants (N = 47) appeared to focus on the target risk information, whereas referential information was less attended. Subjective numeracy was negatively correlated with total watching time and the absolute number of gaze events. Results suggest that participants with low subjective numeracy have more difficulty in comprehending the graph, and that they process the graphical information less efficiently than the participants with high subjective numeracy. In addition, the position of referential risks on risk ladders could influence people's risk perception. Based on these findings, we provide some implications for the design of risk communication graphs and for the use of graphs in informing persons with low subjective numeracy about risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 47-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.488745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.488745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:47-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanne Harvatt Author-X-Name-First: Joanne Author-X-Name-Last: Harvatt Author-Name: Judith Petts Author-X-Name-First: Judith Author-X-Name-Last: Petts Author-Name: Jason Chilvers Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Chilvers Title: Understanding householder responses to natural hazards: flooding and sea-level rise comparisons Abstract: Starting from a general understanding that experience of hazards is important in motivating protective response, this paper reports a novel study to understand the relationship between householder experience, understanding and response to two natural hazards -- flooding and sea-level rise -- in three contrasting high-risk areas of England. It presents a generic Individual Understanding and Response Framework (IURF) as a simple but potentially valuable means of comparing hazards and expressing the dynamic processes that appear to heighten or attenuate understanding and drive or constrain responses to specific natural hazards. The IURFs confirm the complexity of factors underlying householder understanding and response. Even in high-risk areas a lack of recent direct personal experience of flood events serves to attenuate understanding and to constrain motivation to take personal action. For sea-level rise, as yet a largely 'unknown' hazard in the local context, perceived responsibility to act is transferred to others. Social networks are confirmed as important local sources of information often more important than the official. People evaluate potential protection or mitigation measures in terms of their efficacy, cost and implementation barriers. The paper concludes with discussion of the communication and engagement implications for communities at risk from natural hazards. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 63-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.503935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.503935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:63-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shoji Ohtomo Author-X-Name-First: Shoji Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtomo Author-Name: Yukio Hirose Author-X-Name-First: Yukio Author-X-Name-Last: Hirose Author-Name: Cees J.H. Midden Author-X-Name-First: Cees J.H. Author-X-Name-Last: Midden Title: Cultural differences of a dual-motivation model on health risk behaviour Abstract: This study investigated the cultural differences of a dual-motivation model of unhealthy risk behaviour in the Netherlands and Japan. Our model assumes dual motivations involved in unhealthy eating behaviour, a behavioural willingness that leads behaviour unintentionally or subconsciously and a behavioural intention that leads planned or conscious behaviour. Participants consisted of 243 Dutch students and 321 Japanese students, who completed a questionnaire assessing the dual motivations, descriptive norms, injunctive norms, attitude, self-control and consumption of unhealthy snacks and sweet foods. As a result, Dutch students had a stronger behaviour control than Japanese students. The effect of behavioural intention on unhealthy eating was stronger in Dutch students than in Japanese students. Moreover, the behavioural willingness determined unhealthy eating only in Japanese students. Our study suggested that unhealthy eating behaviours tend to be intentional for individualistic cultures and unintentional for collectivistic cultures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 85-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.503936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.503936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:85-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adel Abed Rabbo Al Khattab Author-X-Name-First: Adel Abed Rabbo Author-X-Name-Last: Al Khattab Author-Name: Abdulkareem Awwad Author-X-Name-First: Abdulkareem Author-X-Name-Last: Awwad Author-Name: John Anchor Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Anchor Author-Name: Eleanor Davies Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Title: The use of political risk assessment techniques in Jordanian multinational corporations Abstract: This paper describes and explains the use of political risk assessment techniques in Jordanian multinational corporations (MNCs). A multi-method approach to collect data was followed. A self-report questionnaire was delivered by hand to the general managers of all Jordanian MNCs which were identified as operating internationally. Semi-structured interviews were used as a means of elaborating on the findings from the questionnaire. The study identified the extensive use of heuristic political risk assessment techniques (due to their flexibility, simplicity and low cost). Scientific techniques, on the other hand, were used by only a minority of MNCs. As has been the case in earlier studies, flexibility, simplicity and cost considerations were all found to be influential in this regard. However, the study also found that key decision-makers in Jordanian MNCs believe that official data are subject to censorship and are therefore not reliable. This undermines the efficiency of using highly sophisticated scientific techniques. Since there are a number of other countries in the Middle East -- and elsewhere -- in which these considerations also apply, this finding has important implications for international businesses which operate in these countries, whatever their home country. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 97-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.505346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.505346 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:97-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah E.H. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Sarah E.H. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Adam Burgess Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Burgess Title: Risk rituals? Abstract: This article considers how risks are responded to through behavioral adaptations and avoidance strategies. We observe that such behavior can become totemistic and have a limited relationship to the risk it ostensibly answers to. Drawing upon examples such as recycling and original data from a study on drink-spiking avoidance, the article sets out a new concept for discussing and understanding such risk-related behavior: the 'risk ritual'. We elaborate upon this concept in the article, identifying a number of tendencies in risk rituals and drawing upon anthropological and sociological work on the nature and uses of ritual. We compare the 'risk ritual' to religious and community rituals, exploring the connections between the former and the rain dance, religious ablutions, abstinence from eating meat on a Friday, and rite of passage ceremonies. Influenced by the cultural approach to risk, we argue that risk rituals, like rituals more generally, are shaped by social conditions, currents, and processes, such as the emphasis on personal responsibility for risk management and the desire to mark out the 'sacred' and the 'profane'. The article concludes that ritualistic risk behavior is better viewed as functional rather than irrational. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 111-124 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.505347 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.505347 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:111-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brenda Geiger Author-X-Name-First: Brenda Author-X-Name-Last: Geiger Author-Name: Yovav Eshet Author-X-Name-First: Yovav Author-X-Name-Last: Eshet Title: Two worlds of assessment of environmental health issues: the case of contaminated water wells in Ramat ha-Sharon Abstract: This research examines two modes of assessment of environmental health risks and the transformation of these risks into public health issues while relying on the specific case of well-water toxicity and mega dose of electromagnetic radiation found in one prosperous town in the center of Israel -- Ramat ha-Sharon. Based on official and scientific documentation and interviews conducted at three time periods with randomly selected town residents from contaminated neighborhoods (N = 169), this study shows the discrepancy between the 'objective' experts' standards for assessing environmental health risks and the public's subjective perception and evaluation of the impact of these risks on their health and well-being. Even though, by experts' standards, the well-water toxicity remained constant over the three interview sessions, Ramat ha-Sharon town residents' subjective levels of concern and perception of risk fluctuated as a function of news media and municipality announcements and residents' perceived ability to minimize the risk. This study also shows the complex and multidisciplinary nature of environmental health risk assessments and the need to relocate them into the broader socioeconomic and political context in which they are embedded. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 125-139 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.505688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.505688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:125-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanna Inthorn Author-X-Name-First: Sanna Author-X-Name-Last: Inthorn Title: Environment, media and communication Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 141-142 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.506270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.506270 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:141-142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David M. Clarke Author-X-Name-First: David M. Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Title: Just culture: balancing safety and accountability Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 143-144 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.506272 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.506272 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:143-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David M. Clarke Author-X-Name-First: David M. Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Title: The human contribution: unsafe acts, accidents and heroic recoveries Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 144-145 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.509990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.509990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:144-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan M. Kahan Author-X-Name-First: Dan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Kahan Author-Name: Hank Jenkins-Smith Author-X-Name-First: Hank Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins-Smith Author-Name: Donald Braman Author-X-Name-First: Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Braman Title: Cultural cognition of scientific consensus Abstract: Why do members of the public disagree -- sharply and persistently -- about facts on which expert scientists largely agree? We designed a study to test a distinctive explanation: the cultural cognition of scientific consensus. The 'cultural cognition of risk' refers to the tendency of individuals to form risk perceptions that are congenial to their values. The study presents both correlational and experimental evidence confirming that cultural cognition shapes individuals' beliefs about the existence of scientific consensus, and the process by which they form such beliefs, relating to climate change, the disposal of nuclear wastes, and the effect of permitting concealed possession of handguns. The implications of this dynamic for science communication and public policy-making are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 147-174 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.511246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.511246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:147-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Åsa Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Åsa Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Author-Name: Hervé Corvellec Author-X-Name-First: Hervé Author-X-Name-Last: Corvellec Title: A relational theory of risk Abstract: This paper outlines a relational theory of risk. According to this theory, risk emerges from situated cognition that establishes a relationship of risk between a risk object and an object at risk, so that the risk object is considered, under certain contingent circumstances and in some causal way, to threaten the valued object at risk. This relational theory of risk is a theory about the interpretative nature of risk that answers the key theoretical and practical questions of why and how something is considered a risk. The relational theory of risk allows for the interpretation of risk situations as culturally informed, and thereby suggests new ways to approach risk communication, risk governance, and risk management by taking into account bounded rationalities of thought and action. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 175-190 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.515313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.515313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:175-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew J. Schroeder Author-X-Name-First: Matthew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Schroeder Author-Name: James H. Lambert Author-X-Name-First: James H. Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Title: Scenario-based multiple criteria analysis for infrastructure policy impacts and planning Abstract: The consideration of emergent scenarios of economy, environment, technology, etc. is mandated by the US Department of Transportation for long-range transportation planning of infrastructure that will involve federal funding. This paper develops a practical methodology of scenario-based planning within a multi-criteria decision aid to support the comparison of transportation policies across state, regional, and local agencies. The methodology is demonstrated in a case study. First, we review existing methods and practices of scenario-based planning. Second, we perform a limited survey of select Metropolitan Planning Organizations on their concerns for emergent scenarios. Third, we develop the methodology for scenario-based reweighting of an additive value function. Fourth, we demonstrate the methodology in four regions in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The paper builds in part on an existing approach to adjust the weights performance criteria based on scenarios. Our approach uses emergent scenarios to reweight multiple performance criteria with an efficient use of survey/expert information. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 191-214 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.515314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.515314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:191-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sven Anders Author-X-Name-First: Sven Author-X-Name-Last: Anders Author-Name: Claudia Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Title: The international quest for an integrated approach to microbial food-borne risk prioritization: where do we stand? Abstract: This paper provides a review and evaluation of different food-risk prioritization and management frameworks that have been developed by governmental food-safety authorities, regulatory agencies and non-governmental institutions worldwide. It emphasizes the need for a new science- and risk-based system approach to microbial risk prioritization. We find that most studies and projects argue for a systematic and multi-disciplinary approach to risk prioritization but nevertheless lack it. Human and public health issues have constituted the core focus of food-risk analysis in food-borne risk prioritization studies, where the majority of studies use the concept of disease burden. Even though it is widely recognized that economic and market-level impacts of microbial hazards and preventive interventions to reduce food-borne risks are crucial to the performance of industries and markets, they are almost never accounted for in risk prioritization frameworks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 215-239 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.515315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.515315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:215-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon French Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: French Author-Name: Clare Bayley Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Bayley Title: Public participation: comparing approaches Abstract: Public participation in societal decision-making is becoming more and more common. There have been numerous studies asserting the benefits of involving citizens and stakeholders in decision-making at various levels in government and regulation. However, as several writers have noted, there have been few comparative studies demonstrating the relative advantages and disadvantages of different participation instruments. In this paper, we report a small series of experiments that seek to compare the efficacy of a few methods in a variety of circumstances. We argue that, although such experiments provide indications of the relative merits of participation instruments, a much more substantial and co-ordinated programme is needed. We suggest two components of this programme: first, the development of a public domain knowledge base in which researchers can share, discuss and document their experiences within a common framework that will allow better comparisons; second, a programme of action research in which comparative experiments are attached to 'live' participation exercises on contemporary issues. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 241-257 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.515316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.515316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:241-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerry Busby Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Busby Author-Name: Melissa Sedmak Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: Sedmak Title: Practices and problems in the management of risk redistributions Abstract: The redistribution of risk across social groups is an important aspect of risk analysis. This article argues for a more general concept of risk redistribution across any significant categorisation, however, not just social groups. This includes the redistribution of risk across different kinds of harm, different kinds of failure mode and so on. These redistributions are connected by the way in which they all somehow threaten coping capacities that are adapted to specific past distributions: for example redistributions across failure modes threaten technological and organisational risk controls, whereas redistributions across social groups can threaten notions of fairness and social order. The purpose of the study described here was to investigate this general concept of risk redistribution as a managerial problem. It involved interviews with regulatory and consultancy staff, predominantly in offshore, maritime and railroad operations. These indicated that redistribution was a ubiquitous outcome of activity -- and not one confined to discontinuous changes in technology or organisation. Yet, the management of this redistribution was not strongly institutionalised. It was mostly not embodied as an important concept in regulations, codes and procedures and it was not a product of risk assessment processes. But there was a considerable sensitivity to how both technological change and the practice of risk management itself produced redistributions, and extensive efforts were often made to deal with them in the informal domain. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 259-279 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.528561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.528561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:259-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jane Gilmour Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Gilmour Author-Name: Ruth Beilin Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Beilin Author-Name: Tamara Sysak Author-X-Name-First: Tamara Author-X-Name-Last: Sysak Title: Biosecurity risk and peri-urban landholders -- using a stakeholder consultative approach to build a risk communication strategy Abstract: This article presents a straightforward and highly participatory methodology for addressing government agencies' concerns with effective communication strategies for biosecurity when stakeholders are diverse and there is uncertainty about their levels of knowledge. The case study was among peri-urban landholders in an area where serious animal disease infestation has occurred within the last 10 years. Initially we engaged stakeholders in a consultative process that included establishing a stakeholder influence and interest map for both weeds and animal diseases. This was followed with a mental model approach involving surveys and in-depth interviews. We elicited information about landholders' knowledge, practices, values and beliefs regarding biosecurity risk. Our consultative process generated examples that indicate that effective risk communication relies on establishing and affirming mutual levels of trust and credibility between landholders and agencies. While this finding is not surprising, we argue that attention to stakeholder consultative processes is central to overcoming barriers to changing practices and building awareness. Secondly, our data confirmed that while smaller landholders were the initial target for the communication, all landholders represented a similar level of biosecurity risk. Therefore, our approach was critical in overcoming external assumptions about particular actors. Finally, our data pointed to the need to develop a whole of landscape approach to biosecurity risk communication strategy in consultation with local stakeholders. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 281-295 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.528560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.528560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:281-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreea Ernst-Vintila Author-X-Name-First: Andreea Author-X-Name-Last: Ernst-Vintila Author-Name: Sylvain Delouvée Author-X-Name-First: Sylvain Author-X-Name-Last: Delouvée Author-Name: Christine Roland-Lévy Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Roland-Lévy Title: Under threat. Lay thinking about terrorism and the three-dimensional model of personal involvement: a social psychological analysis Abstract: After distinguishing between acts of terrorism and terrorist risk from a social psychological perspective, this paper focuses on the lay thinking about terrorism. We suggest an analysis carried out at the ideological/positional level of explanation, as opposed to the intra/interindividual level. This analysis is based on the Theory of Social Representations and its specific methodologies. It is supported by an empirical study completed on the airports of Marseilles-Provence (France) and Boston-Logan (United States). The study compared the lay thinking about terrorism among participants who had different levels of anti-terrorism practice (French safety officers vs. French passengers) and of personal involvement (US vs. French passengers). The social representation of safety officers had a more practical orientation. In contrast, for passengers, the lay thinking about terrorism was normative in nature and displayed a salient affective component. Moreover, in the group of US passengers, who reported higher scores of personal involvement, the element 'Muslims' appeared as central for defining terrorism. These empirical results illustrated a theoretical proposal according to which, in conflict, threat, or crisis situations, and in the absence of practice, high personal involvement may favour the expression of lay thinking through a more narrow, radical, collective and mobilising form, the nexus, rather than through social representations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 297-324 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.533468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.533468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:297-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dewan Ali Ahsan Author-X-Name-First: Dewan Ali Author-X-Name-Last: Ahsan Title: Farmers' motivations, risk perceptions and risk management strategies in a developing economy: Bangladesh experience Abstract: Aquaculture farmers' risk perceptions and risk management strategies have still received little attention in agricultural research. Therefore, an exploratory study has been undertaken to provide empirical insight into Bangladeshi coastal shrimp farmers' risk perceptions and risk management responses. Data from our study show that 95% of farmers have no formal training in shrimp aquaculture. Shrimp farmers' cooperative societies operate in only 13.3% of the studied areas and only 15% of shrimp farmers are involved with these cooperative societies. The results reveal that shrimp diseases, price and availability of quality shrimp seeds, exploitation by intermediaries and uncertainty about the future demand for shrimp in foreign markets are perceived as the most important sources of risk. On the other hand, prevention of disease, timely supply of shrimp seeds, elimination of middlemen from the supply chain and farm management training are considered among the best methods to manage the risks in the shrimp-farming business. We also observe some disparities in farmers' perceptions. For instance, farmers mentioned that removal of influence of middlemen from supply chain is essential for the betterment of their business. However, they did not consider market monitoring, direct contract with processors and improved marketing facilities as important risk management strategies, although these factors play a significant role in reducing the influence of intermediaries and private money lenders. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 325-349 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.541558 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.541558 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:325-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tarek Baghal Author-X-Name-First: Tarek Author-X-Name-Last: Baghal Title: The measurement of risk perceptions: the case of smoking Abstract: Smoking is among the most debated areas of risk perception, with varying conclusions about people's understanding of the risks. Part of the debate has focused on the measures being employed to support such claims. However, studies have not been conducted to compare the best methods to measure the perceived risk. This research first discusses the use of such measures, including survey data from tobacco industry archives that have not previously appeared in publication. Then, using nationally representative survey data of youth and adults in the USA, verbal probability scales and numeric scales are compared. The relationships between these measures are first examined for logical consistency with one another. Additionally, the strength of the relationships with and modeling power of the behavior of interest, smoking, are analyzed The results of difference of means tests, correlations and logistic regressions show that the numeric measures are inconsistent with logical semantic understanding, and more importantly, that vague quantifier scales show greater relationships and predictive power than numeric scales. Implications for survey design and further research are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 351-364 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.541559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.541559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:351-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elina Lampi Author-X-Name-First: Elina Author-X-Name-Last: Lampi Title: What do friends and the media tell us? How different information channels affect women's risk perceptions of age-related female infertility Abstract: This paper investigates through which channels women receive information about the general risk levels of age-related female infertility and how the different channels affect women's perceptions of the risk. We find that the media reaches women of all ages, while only about one woman in four has received information from the health care system. We also find that friends and relatives are an important source of information that affects women's risk perceptions. However, the information from friends and relatives seems to generally make female recipients more likely to overestimate the risks. We conclude that the information sources have different, sometimes even opposite, impacts on the risk perceptions, possibly making it harder for a woman to be aware of the true general risks of age-related infertility. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 365-380 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.541560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.541560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:365-380 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Ashe Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Ashe Author-Name: John McAneney Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: McAneney Author-Name: Andy Pitman Author-X-Name-First: Andy Author-X-Name-Last: Pitman Title: Is the allocation of resources towards mitigation and response to fire in Australia optimal? Abstract: Australia invests significant resources to address the risk of fire in all its forms. This study asks the question: is the current investment strategy cost-effective? This question was approached in two ways: first, through a cross-sectional study of fire statistics from other developed countries and, second, through a structured expert judgment exercise. The former found no significant relationship between the level of investment and losses from fire, suggesting that other factors are responsible for the observed inter-country variance in fire losses. All the respondents to the structured expert judgment exercise perceived no net economic benefit would be achieved from increasing investments in prevention and response and most indicated net benefits from reducing this investment. The results of the expert judgment analysis, when considered alongside the equivocal international comparisons and fire service efficiency gains achieved in some parts of England and Wales, raise doubts about whether the allocation of investments in mitigation and response in Australia is truly risk-informed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 381-393 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.541561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.541561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:381-393 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tessa Fox Author-X-Name-First: Tessa Author-X-Name-Last: Fox Author-Name: Marjolein B.A. van Asselt Author-X-Name-First: Marjolein B.A. Author-X-Name-Last: van Asselt Title: The ethics of technological risk Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 395-399 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.511021 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.511021 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:395-399 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marjolein B.A. van Asselt Author-X-Name-First: Marjolein B.A. Author-X-Name-Last: van Asselt Author-Name: Leendert van Bree Author-X-Name-First: Leendert Author-X-Name-Last: van Bree Title: Uncertainty, precaution and risk governance Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 401-408 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.553734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.553734 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:401-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Author-Name: Jamie Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Author-Name: Sweta Chakraborty Author-X-Name-First: Sweta Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty Title: The changing nature of communication and regulation of risk in Europe Abstract: The regulation and communication of risk have changed significantly over the past 20 years or so, partially as a result of a number of regulatory scandals in Europe and elsewhere, which have led to greater public distrust of regulators and policy-makers. This increase in public distrust has resulted in a phasing-out of consensual-style regulation, and the emergence of a newer model of regulation based on variables including public participation, transparency and increasingly powerful non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This paper discusses some of the consequences of adopting this new model of regulation through a series of case studies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 409-429 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.557479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.557479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:409-429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marjolein B.A. van Asselt Author-X-Name-First: Marjolein B.A. Author-X-Name-Last: van Asselt Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Risk governance Abstract: The term 'governance' has been used in political science to describe the multitude of actors and processes that lead to collective binding decisions. The term 'risk governance' involves the translation of the substance and core principles of governance to the context of risk-related decision-making. Does it involve a major change on how risks are conceptualized, managed, and communicated, or it is just a new fashion? In this paper, we aim to delineate the genesis and analytical scope of risk governance. In our view, risk governance pertains to the various ways in which many actors, individuals, and institutions, public and private, deal with risks surrounded by uncertainty, complexity, and/or ambiguity. It emphasizes that not all risks are simple; they cannot be calculated as a function of probability and effect. It is more than a descriptive shorthand for a complex, interacting network in which collective binding decisions are taken around a particular set of societal issues. The ambition is that risk governance provides a conceptual as well as normative basis for how to deal responsibly with uncertain, complex, and/or ambiguous risks in particular. We propose to synthesize the body of scholarly ideas and proposals on the governance of systemic risks in a set of principles: the communication and inclusion principle, the integration principle, and the reflection principle. This set of principles should be read as a synthesis of what needs to be seriously considered in organizing structures and processes to govern risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 431-449 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.553730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.553730 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:431-449 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harrie F.G. van Dijk Author-X-Name-First: Harrie F.G. Author-X-Name-Last: van Dijk Author-Name: Eric van Rongen Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: van Rongen Author-Name: Gilbert Eggermont Author-X-Name-First: Gilbert Author-X-Name-Last: Eggermont Author-Name: Erik Lebret Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Lebret Author-Name: Wiebe E. Bijker Author-X-Name-First: Wiebe E. Author-X-Name-Last: Bijker Author-Name: Daniëlle R.M. Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: Daniëlle R.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Timmermans Title: The role of scientific advisory bodies in precaution-based risk governance illustrated with the issue of uncertain health effects of electromagnetic fields Abstract: Recently, the Health Council of the Netherlands (HCN) published a report on the precautionary principle. The key message was that rather than as a decision rule, the principle should be regarded as a strategy for dealing with uncertainty carefully. We applied these views of HCN to the issue of potential health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs), which is characterised by considerable uncertainty. HCN has published several reports on this issue, thereby influencing governmental policy. We will focus on how HCN dealt with uncertainty in its earlier reports on EMF and to what extent that is in agreement with what HCN now refers to as prudent precaution. For comparison, we include in the examination the reports on EMF of HCN's counterpart in Belgium, the Superior Health Council (SHC). SHC urged its government to implement exposure reduction measures, whereas HCN deemed such measures unnecessary. Informed by this analysis we try to draw some lessons on the role of advisory bodies. We conclude that scientific advisory bodies should inform decision-makers rather than guide them towards a particular decision. In case of substantial uncertainty, they should not attempt to offer unequivocal advice on the best policy option. Scientific advisory bodies better present various policy options and describe their potential consequences as well as limits to science. This would stimulate political decision-makers to decide in consultation with stakeholders how venturous or cautious they want to be, given the stakes involved and to choose matching courses of action. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 451-466 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.553729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.553729 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:451-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael D. Rogers Author-X-Name-First: Michael D. Author-X-Name-Last: Rogers Title: Risk management and the record of the precautionary principle in EU case law Abstract: The 'modern' approach to risk management fails with increasing scientific uncertainty. Risk regulators have responded to this difficulty by invoking the precautionary principle (PP). Under the PP, the bridge from risk assessment to risk management involves scenarios which use retrospective analyses to decide on future actions in order to avoid prospective harm. This new approach is termed 'post-modern' by some observers. In response to such 'post-modern' risks, the EU incorporated the PP into its primary law in 1992 and issued an explanatory Communication on the PP in 2000. The Communication presented five criteria that should govern precautionary actions and these criteria are now reflected in secondary laws in a number of sectors. Critically, the practical application of this body of law is being clarified through the case law of the EU courts. PP case law up to the end of 2008 is critically analysed in the light of the five criteria set out in the Commission's Communication. It is found that the first criterion (proportionality) is used effectively by the courts but that the fifth criterion (responding to the dynamics of scientific progress) is not. The paper concludes with a discussion regarding the future management of uncertain risks and the PP in the light of this case law. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 467-484 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.547255 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.547255 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:467-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gerard de Vries Author-X-Name-First: Gerard Author-X-Name-Last: de Vries Author-Name: Imrat Verhoeven Author-X-Name-First: Imrat Author-X-Name-Last: Verhoeven Author-Name: Martin Boeckhout Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Boeckhout Title: Taming uncertainty: the WRR approach to risk governance Abstract: In the past decade, Renn and others have drawn up classifications of the various types of risk problems. In these taxonomies, degree of incertitude serves as a main distinguishing mark. However, because risk problems may migrate between different categories, these classifications provide unreliable guides for policy-makers. This paper argues that this flaw points to a deeper issue, viz. the dynamic relations between uncertainty and risk. An approach to risk governance developed within the WRR, a Dutch government think tank, addresses these issues. The paper discusses the conceptual and normative basis of the WRR approach and a number of its institutional and legislative consequences. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 485-499 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.553728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.553728 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:485-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaap Spier Author-X-Name-First: Jaap Author-X-Name-Last: Spier Title: Uncertainties and the state of the art: a legal nightmare Abstract: Known unknown risks give rise to a myriad of legal questions. The line between those risks and known risks is fluent. They should largely be treated alike, particularly in case of threat to a great many people. In the latter type of cases, compensation of the aggregate losses may be virtually impossible. Caps may be unavoidable. Yet, there should be incentives for those who steer the wheel to act responsibly. Personal and/or criminal liability are suggested as proper means to reach that goal. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 501-510 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.553735 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.553735 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:501-510 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bill Durodié Author-X-Name-First: Bill Author-X-Name-Last: Durodié Title: H1N1 -- the social costs of élite confusion Abstract: In May 2011, the World Health Assembly will receive the report of its International Health Regulations Review Committee examining responses to the outbreak of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza and identifying lessons to be learnt. This will emphasise the need for better risk communication in future. But risk and communication are not objective facts; they are socially mediated cultural products. Responses to crises are not only simply determined by the situation at hand, but also through mental models developed over protracted periods. Accordingly, those responsible for advocating the precautionary approach and encouraging the securitisation of health, that both helped encourage a catastrophist outlook in this instance, are unlikely to be held to account. These élite confusions have come at an enormous cost to society. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 511-518 Issue: 5 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.576767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.576767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:5:p:511-518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chiara Verbano Author-X-Name-First: Chiara Author-X-Name-Last: Verbano Author-Name: Karen Venturini Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Venturini Title: Development paths of risk management: approaches, methods and fields of application Abstract: In the most recent stage of development of modern society, the growing complexity and dynamism of the contexts firms operate in has led to a relentless increase in the level of risk in all areas of firms' management and activities. For this reason, the discipline and practice of risk management (RM) has taken hold more and more in very different sectors and contexts: from nuclear to supply chain to healthcare. The evolutionary path of RM has followed distinct paths of development that have adopted specific perspectives and, backed by different cultural matrices, led to unique approaches and methods. The aim of this paper is to provide a contribution to the identification and characterization of new paths of development based on a thorough analysis of the academic and managerial literature. This taxonomy can serve as an integrated reference to the RM discipline allowing those who deal with RM to identify and characterize the most suitable paths of development for a given context, within a comprehensive framework. This study can also promote a sort of 'cross fertilization' between experts in specific areas of RM as has been the case of clinical RM which draws from the experience gained in the field of complex engineering systems. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 519-550 Issue: 5 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.541562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.541562 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:5:p:519-550 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niam Yaraghi Author-X-Name-First: Niam Author-X-Name-Last: Yaraghi Author-Name: Roland G. Langhe Author-X-Name-First: Roland G. Author-X-Name-Last: Langhe Title: Critical success factors for risk management systems Abstract: Despite the existence of extensive literature regarding risk management, there still seems to be lack of knowledge in the identification of critical success factors (CSFs) in this area. In this research, grounded theory is implemented to identify CSFs in risk management systems (RMS). Factor analysis and one-sample t-tests are then used to refine and rank the CSFs on the basis of the results of a survey which has been conducted among risk management practitioners in various types of Swedish corporations. CSFs are defined from three different perspectives: (1) the factors that have influence on the inclination and readiness of a corporation for implementing RMS; (2) The factors that are important during the design and implementation of RMS in a corporation and can significantly affect the success of RMS design and implementation; and (3) the factors that are crucially important to successfully run, maintain, and administrate RMS after the closure of the project of RMS design and implementation. A case study of a largely successful RMS is presented and discussed in terms of these key factors. This systematic approach toward understanding the taxonomy of the success dimension in RMS is important for re-enforcing effective risk management practices. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 551-581 Issue: 5 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.547253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.547253 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:5:p:551-581 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vladimir Balaz Author-X-Name-First: Vladimir Author-X-Name-Last: Balaz Author-Name: Allan M. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Allan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Title: Risk attitudes and migration experience Abstract: Although risk and uncertainty are intrinsic to human migration, there is surprisingly little explicit research on the willingness to take risks in this context. This paper analyses whether migrants are more or less likely than non-migrants to be risk tolerant, and whether these differences are gendered. Attitudes are explored in terms of responses under conditions of both risk and uncertainty, and self-assessment of capabilities is also taken into account. The research is based on a sample of students who provide a relatively homogeneous group in socio-economic terms, and relatively large numbers of individuals with experiences of temporary migration. Their attitudes to risk were assessed under experimental conditions, which measured their willingness to take risks on hypothetical gambles under different conditions. While there are some differences between males and females, and between migrants and non-migrants, the outstanding finding is the far greater risk tolerance of female migrants as opposed to female non-migrants, especially when compared to males. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 583-596 Issue: 5 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.547256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.547256 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:5:p:583-596 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey S. Simonoff Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey S. Author-X-Name-Last: Simonoff Author-Name: Carlos E. Restrepo Author-X-Name-First: Carlos E. Author-X-Name-Last: Restrepo Author-Name: Rae Zimmerman Author-X-Name-First: Rae Author-X-Name-Last: Zimmerman Author-Name: Zvia Segal Naphtali Author-X-Name-First: Zvia Segal Author-X-Name-Last: Naphtali Author-Name: Henry H. Willis Author-X-Name-First: Henry H. Author-X-Name-Last: Willis Title: Resource allocation, emergency response capability, and infrastructure concentration around vulnerable sites Abstract: Public and private decision-makers continue to seek risk-based approaches to allocate funds to help communities respond to disasters, accidents, and terrorist attacks involving critical infrastructure facilities. The requirements for emergency response capability depend both upon risks within a region's jurisdiction and mutual aid agreements that have been made with other regions. In general, regions in close proximity to infrastructure would benefit more from resources to improve preparedness because there is a greater potential for an event requiring emergency response to occur if there are more facilities at which such events could occur. Thus, a potentially important input into decisions about allocating funds for security is the proximity of a community to high concentrations of infrastructure systems that potentially could be at risk to an industrial accident, natural disaster, or terrorist attack. In this paper, we describe a methodology for measuring a region's exposure to infrastructure-related risks that captures both a community's concentration of facilities or sites considered to be vulnerable and of the proximity of these facilities to surrounding infrastructure systems. These measures are based on smoothing-based nonparametric probability density estimators, which are then used to estimate the probability of the entire infrastructure occurring within any specified distance of facilities in a county. The set of facilities used in the paper to illustrate the use of this methodology consists of facilities identified as vulnerable through the California Buffer Zone Protection Program. For infrastructure in surrounding areas we use dams judged to be high hazards, and BART tracks. The results show that the methodology provides information about patterns of critical infrastructure in regions that is relevant for decisions about how to allocate terrorism security and emergency preparedness resources. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 597-613 Issue: 5 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.547257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.547257 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:5:p:597-613 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda D. Boyd Author-X-Name-First: Amanda D. Author-X-Name-Last: Boyd Author-Name: Cynthia G. Jardine Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia G. Author-X-Name-Last: Jardine Title: Did public risk perspectives of mad cow disease reflect media representations and actual outcomes? Abstract: The first confirmed Canadian case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported to the general public on 20 May 2003 and received considerable media coverage. A random-digit dialled telephone survey of 1207 people in Alberta, Canada, was conducted in spring 2007 to better understand public perspectives on the resulting economic concerns and effects on farming. Comparisons to other risk events and concerns about the overall risk were also examined. Respondents acknowledged BSE to be an economic risk, especially to cattle producers. Health risks were of little concern, especially in comparison to other relevant risk events such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the BSE crisis in Britain. However, the risk of BSE was perceived as more dangerous should a domestically attributed case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) (the human form of the disease) occur. The social amplification of risk framework (SARF) was extended to demonstrate that the discovery of BSE in Alberta led to neither an amplification nor attenuation of risk. Rather, risk management strategies employed in Alberta led to a mirroring of media representations and public perceptions of the risk. This unusual situation is in part due to the social and cultural context of the discovery of BSE in Alberta, including the history and pride of beef production in Alberta, how the risk was anchored, and a trust in government fostered by the media. This research also demonstrated how the application and interpretation of SARF is dependent on the comparative value used to assess whether amplification or attenuation has occurred. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 615-630 Issue: 5 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.547258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.547258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:5:p:615-630 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Henrik Merkelsen Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Merkelsen Title: Risk communication and citizen engagement: what to expect from dialogue Abstract: Despite the last few decades' devotion to deliberative methods in risk communication, many studies point to how important challenges arise when citizens are engaged in public dialogue. Since the era of enlightenment public dialogue has occupied a position as a normative ideal for political governance. But ideals are social constructions that have a tendency to direct attention away from underlying conflicts. The concept of dialogue is no exception, and exemplified by the Danish solution to dealing with public scepticism in relation to technological controversies, the internationally acclaimed 'consensus conference', the paper seeks to offer a better understanding of the contemporary use of the concept of dialogue as well as its ancient roots. The paper argues that behind the aspirations for deliberation lie two opposing models of dialogue. When these two models encounter in deliberative processes, their different presumptions about the role of communication symmetry are likely to appear. This points to how the models hold very different expectations as to the dialogical outcome, thus imposing some fundamental conflicts regarding the political efficacy of citizen engagement as a strategy for bridging the gap between expert and lay attitudes to societal risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 631-645 Issue: 5 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.553731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.553731 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:5:p:631-645 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ree M. Meertens Author-X-Name-First: Ree M. Author-X-Name-Last: Meertens Author-Name: René Lion Author-X-Name-First: René Author-X-Name-Last: Lion Title: The effects of risk-taking tendency on risk choice and pre- and post-decisional information selection Abstract: Ideally, people seek and select information about unfamiliar risks with which they are confronted, before they make a risk choice. This study investigated what happens when people do not have this opportunity. The main question was how risk-taking tendency influences intuitive risk decisions and how this impacts subsequent information search and subsequent choices. In the present study, participants had to make a choice about an unfamiliar risk, either before or after they had had the opportunity to search for (risk-promoting or risk-averse) information. In the condition where they could only seek for information after they had made a choice, they had to reconsider their first choice and make a second risk choice. We expected that (1) risk-taking tendency would impact people's risk choices, but only in the situation where they have little information. On the basis of cognitive dissonance theory, it was furthermore predicted that (2) risk-taking tendency and (3) initial risk choice would affect risk information selection. Furthermore, we predicted that (4) the first risk choice and (5) the risk information selected would influence the subsequent risk choice. The results suggest that if people make a first, intuitive decision about an unknown risk, risk-taking tendency has an effect on the choice, but that this does not happen when people can first select information. Risk-taking tendency did not influence information selection, but initial choice did (although in another way than we expected). Furthermore, both the first risk choice and the risk information selected affected subsequent risk choices. These findings suggest that people often make initial intuitive decisions that are influenced by personality characteristics, and that are subsequently difficult to change. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 647-656 Issue: 6 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.547254 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.547254 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:6:p:647-656 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trond Nordfjærn Author-X-Name-First: Trond Author-X-Name-Last: Nordfjærn Author-Name: Stig Jørgensen Author-X-Name-First: Stig Author-X-Name-Last: Jørgensen Author-Name: Torbjorn Rundmo Author-X-Name-First: Torbjorn Author-X-Name-Last: Rundmo Title: A cross-cultural comparison of road traffic risk perceptions, attitudes towards traffic safety and driver behaviour Abstract: The present study investigated cross-cultural differences in road traffic risk perception, risk sensitivity and risk willingness in Norway, Russia, India, Ghana, Tanzania and Uganda. Differences in driver attitudes and driver behaviour were also examined. An additional aim was to test whether the risk constructs and driver attitudes explained the variation in risky driver behaviour in these countries. To obtain these aims, a questionnaire survey was conducted among a randomly obtained representative sample of the Norwegian public (n = 247). Stratified samples were established in Russia (n = 245), India (n = 196), Ghana (n = 299), Tanzania (n = 559) and Uganda (n = 415). The respondents completed a questionnaire which consisted of validated self-reported measures of the risk constructs, and driver attitudes and behaviour. Norwegians reported safer attitudes regarding drinking and driving, and speeding in road traffic. These respondents also reported more seat belt use and lower frequencies of drinking and driving than the remaining subsamples. Respondents from Sub-Saharan Africa reported higher road traffic risk perceptions and risk sensitivity than respondents from Norway, Russia and India. Respondents from Tanzania reported the highest willingness to take risks both in traffic and in general. Participants from Sub-Saharan Africa and India reported safer attitudes in regard to speaking out to an unsafe driver, rule violations and sanctions, attitudes towards pedestrians, and traffic rules and knowledge. Respondents from Sub-Saharan Africa also reported more precautious behaviour and less speeding. The predictive model of driver behaviour explained a satisfactory amount of variance in Norway, Russia and India, but was poorly fitted in the African countries. The results are discussed in line with the general risk environments and the road traffic systems in high- and low-income countries. Challenges related to measuring road traffic attitudes and behaviour in low-income countries are also discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 657-684 Issue: 6 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.547259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.547259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:6:p:657-684 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nuria Gamero Author-X-Name-First: Nuria Author-X-Name-Last: Gamero Author-Name: Josep Espluga Author-X-Name-First: Josep Author-X-Name-Last: Espluga Author-Name: Ana Prades Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Prades Author-Name: Christian Oltra Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Oltra Author-Name: Rosario Solá Author-X-Name-First: Rosario Author-X-Name-Last: Solá Author-Name: Jordi Farré Author-X-Name-First: Jordi Author-X-Name-Last: Farré Title: Institutional dimensions underlying public trust in information on technological risk Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of trust in public information on technological risk in a petrochemical complex located in Tarragona (Spain). Data from focus groups (eight) and a questionnaire survey (N = 400) are drawn together to analyse how two local communities exposed to major chemical hazards perceive information on risk and its sources. Results show how trust relies on two main factors, namely expertise and trustworthiness, that are significantly influenced by a third one, antagonism. Results also illustrate the relevance of the institutional context when understanding how communities give meaning to the available information on risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 685-702 Issue: 6 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2010.547260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2010.547260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:6:p:685-702 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie-Eve Cousin Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Eve Author-X-Name-Last: Cousin Author-Name: Simone Dohle Author-X-Name-First: Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Dohle Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: The impact of specific information provision on base station siting preferences Abstract: When it comes to the new siting of a mobile communication base station in one's neighbourhood, some people react with rejection because they fear health consequences from the emitted high-frequency radiation. Most people would prefer to site base stations outside residential areas, but from a public health perspective, this may result in even more radiation for the phoning population. Therefore, authorities are interested in improving the current base station siting processes. The question arises whether specific knowledge enhancement would influence base station siting preferences or whether affective or emotional components (due to the scientific uncertainties involved) would overrule the influence of such attempts. To answer this question, an experimental study with a convenience sample of Swiss citizens (N = 228) was conducted. Participants were confronted with one of three texts: a neutral text (control group), an information booklet about mobile communication and an emotionally charged newspaper article that reported a conflict about the siting of a new base station. After reading the text, participants filled out a questionnaire about their perception of mobile communication and their base station siting preferences. Reading the information booklet increased participants' knowledge and led to some perceptual changes of base stations and mobile phones. Importantly, participants reading the booklet were able to transfer their knowledge to a base station siting task and found locations that would emit less radiation for the phoning population. Implications and limitations of these results are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 703-715 Issue: 6 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.553732 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.553732 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:6:p:703-715 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nilesh N. Joshi Author-X-Name-First: Nilesh N. Author-X-Name-Last: Joshi Author-Name: James H. Lambert Author-X-Name-First: James H. Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Title: Diversification of infrastructure projects for emergent and unknown non-systematic risks Abstract: Allocating resources to competing large-scale infrastructure projects involves multiple objectives. Traditional decision-aiding methodologies focus on the trade-offs among performance and resource objectives. Existing methodologies may fail to account for unknown and emergent risks that are typical of large-scale infrastructure investment allocation problems. In modern portfolio theory, it is well known that a diversified portfolio can be very effective to reduce non-systematic risks. The approach of diversification is equally important in choosing robust portfolios of infrastructure projects that may be subject to emergent and unknown risks. In this paper, we demonstrate a methodology to analyze and compare the diversification of portfolios of large-scale infrastructure projects. We classify and explore several metrics of diversification and integrate them with risk and other performance objectives in a multiobjective approach. We test the new metrics and the methodology in a case study of hundreds of millions of dollars of infrastructure investments. The results suggest that the solutions that consider diversification are more robust to emergent risks, thus, identifying an opportunity to incorporate diversification-based optimization methodologies to support a variety of problems involving large-scale infrastructure investments. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 717-733 Issue: 6 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.553733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.553733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:6:p:717-733 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erika Wall Author-X-Name-First: Erika Author-X-Name-Last: Wall Title: Structure of meaning and sense-making of risk: an operationalisation of sense-making tested by grouping individuals according to their structure of meaning Abstract: The purpose of this study is to refine the theory of individuals' sense-making of risk as a product of structure of meaning, and subsequently to test the theory empirically by identifying coherent groups of individuals by means of an operationalisation of each individual's structure of meaning. To this end, a two-step cluster analysis was conducted on a random selection of the Swedish population (N = 778) aged between 16 and 75 that resulted in three groups of individuals: the 'locally rooted', the 'globally minded' and 'the cosmopolitan'. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was then used in a simple test of the viability of the operationalisation. The analysis shows that the three groups of individuals differ in their behavioural patterns in the face of various everyday risks. The article's principal contribution is the development of the theory of the structure of meaning's role in how individuals sense-make risk. Furthermore, with the analysis and testing inherent in operationalisation, the study is an empirical contribution to the field. In future, the structure of meaning would bear closer study, and the operationalisation should be further refined to create a more sensitive gauge of sense-making and its connection with the behavioural patterns associated with various risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 735-755 Issue: 6 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571772 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:6:p:735-755 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jari Lyytimäki Author-X-Name-First: Jari Author-X-Name-Last: Lyytimäki Author-Name: Timo Assmuth Author-X-Name-First: Timo Author-X-Name-Last: Assmuth Author-Name: Mikael Hildén Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Hildén Title: Unrecognized, concealed, or forgotten -- the case of absent information in risk communication Abstract: There are differing and partially incompatible views about what kind of issues should be included into risk discussions and what kinds of risks should be emphasized and dealt with. While the emergence of new risks has been extensively studied, relatively little attention has been paid to the roles that the absence of information can play in risk debates. Potentially relevant information may be downplayed or omitted and less relevant overemphasized when actors with varying interests, knowledge bases, and risk frames interact. Multiple and cumulative environmental and health risks caused by chemicals and other stressors pose particular challenges for risk communication. We identify and discuss different forms of unrecognized, hidden, and forgotten information by using chemical risks as a case. A widely applicable typology of absent information in risk communication is outlined. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 757-773 Issue: 6 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571773 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:6:p:757-773 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Kilby Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Kilby Title: The psychology of strategic terrorism: public and government responses to attack Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 775-777 Issue: 6 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.555989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.555989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:6:p:775-777 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marika Arena Author-X-Name-First: Marika Author-X-Name-Last: Arena Author-Name: Michela Arnaboldi Author-X-Name-First: Michela Author-X-Name-Last: Arnaboldi Author-Name: Giovanni Azzone Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni Author-X-Name-Last: Azzone Title: Is enterprise risk management real? Abstract: Moving from the growing relevance of the enterprise risk management (ERM) concept, this paper provides empirical evidence of ERM in practice. The paper presents ERM actual uses in a panel of nine Italian companies from different industrial fields and legislative settings and analyses the relationship between the uses and the characteristics of the ERM tool implemented in each case. The data analysis highlights the existence of different activities that are supported by the ERM tool and also different types of use (i.e. responsive, discoursive and prospective) corresponding to a different contribution of ERM to managerial action. These uses related to the specific characteristics of the tools generally indicated with the label 'ERM'. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 779-797 Issue: 7 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571775 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571775 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:7:p:779-797 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia Basta Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Basta Title: Siting technological risks: cultural approaches and cross-cultural ethics Abstract: Are European national risk prevention regulations reflecting different cultural attitudes towards risk? This article replies positively to this question by elaborating the results of an investigation led between 2004 and 2008 by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. The investigation focused on the European national implementations of Article 12 of Directive Seveso II on Dangerous Substances (96/82/EC) and aimed at providing an overview of different methodological approaches to the matter of land use planning in areas subject to the risk of major accidents. Five countries were selected for in-depth analysis and comparison. This article focuses on one aspect of their different approaches to land use planning in at-risk areas that was not considered by the European investigation: the influence of national cultural backgrounds on the implementation of Article 12 within the respective national legislations and practices. To explain whether different cultural orientations may have affected them, the article refers to one cultural index in particular, namely the uncertainty-avoidance index (UAI) proposed by the Dutch sociologist Geert Hofstede. This index provides a key of reading of the different methodological orientations adopted for regulating land uses in the vicinity of hazardous establishments in these countries; by applying it, the study demonstrates that different cultural attitudes towards uncertainty may be a determinant factor in the approaches to and the regulation of the matter of hazardous facility siting. In the conclusions, the regulatory as well as ethical implications of this finding are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 799-817 Issue: 7 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571776 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:7:p:799-817 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sebastian Hain Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Hain Title: Risk perception and risk management in the Middle East market: theory and practice of multinational enterprises in Saudi Arabia Abstract: This exploratory study investigates the risk perception and risk management strategies of Western multinational enterprises in the Middle East. A sample of 49 German companies operating in Saudi Arabia provides the empirical setting for this research. The study reveals that cultural risk is assessed as more important in the business environment than political, financial, and economic risk. The most critical risk factors are not sufficiently included in the methodology of country risk measures, which are often used as a source for country-specific risk information. In terms of risk management strategies, participating firms use mostly informal approaches rather than structured hedging or insurance products. Furthermore, we find that firm size has implications on the perception of some risk factors and for the level of risk management sophistication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 819-835 Issue: 7 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571777 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:7:p:819-835 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Barrett Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Barrett Author-Name: Nancy Heddle Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Heddle Author-Name: Haresh Kirpalani Author-X-Name-First: Haresh Author-X-Name-Last: Kirpalani Author-Name: Ronald G. Moore Author-X-Name-First: Ronald G. Author-X-Name-Last: Moore Author-Name: Emmy Arnold Author-X-Name-First: Emmy Author-X-Name-Last: Arnold Author-Name: Prakesh S. Shah Author-X-Name-First: Prakesh S. Author-X-Name-Last: Shah Author-Name: Anthony Staines Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Staines Title: 'Someone else's blood': directed blood donation for neonatal transfusion and parental perceptions of risk Abstract: In Canada, parents can give blood exclusively for their child's transfusion, a process known as directed donation. This qualitative study aimed to understand parents' perceptions in seeking to provide blood for their newborn. Ten parents whose preterm children were cared for in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of one Canadian hospital were interviewed. The beliefs and experiences of parents with regard to directed donation were analyzed with reference to their understanding of the risks and benefits of this form of transfusion. Interview data revealed that parents had little knowledge or understanding of the medical benefits and risks of directed donation and based their decision to seek this type of transfusion largely on emotional grounds. In addition, despite their preference for directed donation, most infants whose parents were interviewed in this study, for practical reasons could not be given this type of transfusion. This may have magnified risk perceptions of non-directed transfusions. Parents need to be better informed about the medical risks and benefits of directed donation and the actual likelihood that their child will be able to receive this type of transfusion. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 837-845 Issue: 7 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571778 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:7:p:837-845 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patthanasak Khammaneechan Author-X-Name-First: Patthanasak Author-X-Name-Last: Khammaneechan Author-Name: Kamolnetr Okanurak Author-X-Name-First: Kamolnetr Author-X-Name-Last: Okanurak Author-Name: Pornchai Sithisarankul Author-X-Name-First: Pornchai Author-X-Name-Last: Sithisarankul Author-Name: Kraichat Tantrakarnapa Author-X-Name-First: Kraichat Author-X-Name-Last: Tantrakarnapa Author-Name: Poonsup Norramit Author-X-Name-First: Poonsup Author-X-Name-Last: Norramit Title: Community concerns about a healthcare-waste incinerator Abstract: This study explored community concerns about the impact of a healthcare-waste (HCW) incinerator site in Yala Province, Thailand. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 300 respondents twice: before and after the incinerator commenced operation. The Chi-square test was used to identify changes in concerns and the impact of distance. The results showed high levels of concern regarding the environment and health, and the nuisance related to HCW and the incinerator. The impacts associated with distance were air pollution, adverse health effects, and nuisance related to waste vehicles. In addition, the HCW incinerator site affected sources of drinking water and resulted in road damage. Location of incinerator site, people's low education level, lack of public participation, trust in the project vendor, acceptability of incinerator technology, and job benefits might be enabling factors for the success of an HCW-incineration site. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 847-858 Issue: 7 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571779 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571779 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:7:p:847-858 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Darinka Asenova Author-X-Name-First: Darinka Author-X-Name-Last: Asenova Author-Name: William Stein Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Stein Author-Name: Alasdair Marshall Author-X-Name-First: Alasdair Author-X-Name-Last: Marshall Title: An innovative approach to risk and quality assessment in the regulation of care services in Scotland Abstract: The Scottish Government's social care regulator, the Care Commission, seeks continual improvement in the quality of social care services. Its approach has been to establish a modern risk-based regulatory regime using separate measures of risk and quality. We evaluate this twin approach, firstly, in relation to the literature on predictors of poor service quality in care delivery; and, secondly, by interviewing a sample of Care Commission inspectors. We conclude that this system has important advantages, both in terms of regulatory transparency and the need for inspectors to remain sensitive to the separateness of risk and quality issues. Future revisions of risk and quality assessment within social care services, both in Scotland and further afield, should seek to minimise misunderstanding and conflict between regulators and regulatees on closely interrelated matters of risk, quality and efficiency. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 859-879 Issue: 7 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571780 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571780 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:7:p:859-879 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Henrik Merkelsen Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Merkelsen Title: The constitutive element of probabilistic agency in risk: a semantic analysis of risk, danger, chance, and hazard Abstract: Defining central concepts with accuracy is crucial to any scientific discipline. A recent debate over risk definitions in this journal illustrates the far reaching consequences of divergent definitions. Aven and Renn define risk as a social construct while Rosa defines risk as an ontological fact. Both claim that their definition reflects the common usage of the word risk. Through a semantic analysis this paper points to a constitutive element of what is termed probabilistic agency in the risk concept. In this respect, risk is distinct from danger, and because Rosa's main argument is based on the apparent synonymy between risk and danger, the premises for his risk ontology are not valid. The paper furthermore argues that Aven and Renn's attempt to bridge between epistemology and ontology is based on a distinction between a conceptual level of risk and its practical application which is impossible to uphold if a risk definition is to be in accordance with the ordinary usage of the word. The paper concludes by arguing that risks are only real within a subjective ontology. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 881-897 Issue: 7 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571781 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:7:p:881-897 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jianhua Xu Author-X-Name-First: Jianhua Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: H. Keith Florig Author-X-Name-First: H. Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Florig Author-Name: Michael L. DeKay Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: DeKay Title: Evaluating an analytic--deliberative risk-ranking process in a Chinese context Abstract: In previous research, a deliberative process for integrating stakeholder perspectives in the ranking of risks was introduced and empirically tested with lay groups composed predominantly of Americans. In this paper, we explore the viability of this process with lay groups of Chinese, because previous research has shown that Americans and Chinese differ substantially along many dimensions of cognition and social organization relevant to decision-making. Using 10 environmental hazards based on current Chinese environmental regulatory programs as the risk domain, five groups of 8--9 participants ranked hazards using both holistic and multi-attribute approaches. Results show that (1) risk rankings from the holistic and multi-attribute approaches are consistent, (2) participants indicate that they are satisfied with the procedures and resulting rankings, and (3) agreement between participants increases over the course of the ranking exercise. Results for Chinese participants were compared with previously reported results for Americans to look for cultural effects involving deference to technical expertise and quantitative analysis, and skepticism toward public participation in policy-making. Although there were some hints of cultural differences, neither difference significantly affected measures of the method's validity or replicability. Because this process offers a scientifically sound and measured approach to stakeholder involvement in risk management, it may be attractive to Chinese leaders as they respond to growing demand for public participation in the policy-making process. Whether Chinese citizens would consider the process described here to be satisfactory in a real policy context remains to be tested. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 899-918 Issue: 7 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:7:p:899-918 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabrizio Cantelli Author-X-Name-First: Fabrizio Author-X-Name-Last: Cantelli Author-Name: Naonori Kodate Author-X-Name-First: Naonori Author-X-Name-Last: Kodate Author-Name: Kristian Krieger Author-X-Name-First: Kristian Author-X-Name-Last: Krieger Title: Towards democratic governance of uncertainty? Contesting notions of participation, control and accountability Abstract: Managing risk in international society has posed a new challenge not only to states and international organisations, but also to experts, scientists and citizens. It has generated a demand for new sets of laws, regulations, instruments and governing bodies to tackle various risks such as natural disasters, economic and financial crises, and unintended consequences of policy reforms. Accordingly, new modes of interactions between states, experts and citizens seem to be emerging across countries and in different high-risk sectors. Little research has been done to illuminate interactive and dynamic aspects of emerging governance and regulatory arrangements and their impact on participation, control and accountability in liberal democracies. This special issue has assembled research papers and commentaries from practitioners and academics which critically examine these themes and explore what future research on the 'world risk society' could offer to political science and beyond. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 919-932 Issue: 8 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.587885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.587885 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:8:p:919-932 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donald Macrae Author-X-Name-First: Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Macrae Title: Standards for risk assessment of standards: how the international community is starting to address the risk of the wrong standards Abstract: Technical standards pervade commerce and society and allow the complexity of modern life to operate at all levels, global included. They also provide protection against many risks, whether from food, from dangerous products or from fraud. They are so self-evidently worthy that they are rarely challenged, yet anything as powerful and pervasive as the web of standards needs some element of oversight and quality assurance. There is a danger of over-regulating and the placing of unnecessary constraints on the market and, cumulatively, a constraint on liberties. Technical standards are derived from many sources and for many reasons. The oversight function may need to relate to these reasons, such as the World Trade Organisation controls on damage to trade through protectionist standards. A very common reason for standards is safety, which tends to be treated as an absolute, as an objective technical matter, and there is less oversight or quality assurance of standards set for safety reasons. But safety is a relative term and increases in safety will usually have costs. Judgement needs to be applied in a risk assessment but that raises institutional issues as to who is qualified to apply that judgement. There are also issues of the accountability of those who increase the safety ratchet, which are also related to the institutional issue. This paper explores a case study of one draft standard as an illustration of the need for oversight and then goes on to consider methods of managing the risks inherent in standardisation and technical regulation. It looks in particular at two recent initiatives from within the standards community itself. One is a broad-based proposal for the community to focus on risk management and the other is an instance where a technical regulator has commissioned and designed an impact assessment system in order to provide that quality assurance and accountability. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 933-942 Issue: 8 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571782 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571782 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:8:p:933-942 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Baldwin Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Baldwin Title: Comment on Donald Macrae, 'Standards for risk assessment of standards' Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 943-945 Issue: 8 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:8:p:943-945 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claire A. Dunlop Author-X-Name-First: Claire A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dunlop Title: Commentary on MacRae: Regulatory impact assessment: a panacea to over-regulation?-super-1 Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 947-950 Issue: 8 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.574317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.574317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:8:p:947-950 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena Mateus Jerónimo Author-X-Name-First: Helena Mateus Author-X-Name-Last: Jerónimo Author-Name: José Luís Garcia Author-X-Name-First: José Luís Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia Title: Risks, alternative knowledge strategies and democratic legitimacy: the conflict over co-incineration of hazardous industrial waste in Portugal Abstract: The decision to incinerate hazardous industrial waste in cement plants (the so-called 'co-incineration' process) gave rise to one of the most heated environmental conflicts ever to take place in Portugal. The bitterest period was between 1997 and 2002, after the government had made a decision. Strong protests by residents, environmental organizations, opposition parties, and some members of the scientific community forced the government to backtrack and to seek scientific legitimacy for the process through scientific expertise. The experts ratified the government's decision, stating that the risks involved were socially acceptable. The conflict persisted over a decade and ended up clearing the way for a more sustainable method over which there was broad social consensus -- a multi-functional method which makes it possible to treat, recover and regenerate most wastes. Focusing the analysis on this conflict, this paper has three aims: (1) to discuss the implications of the fact that expertise was 'confiscated' after the government had committed itself to the decision to implement co-incineration and by way of a reaction to the atmosphere of tension and protest; (2) to analyse the uses of the notions of 'risk' and 'uncertainty' in scientific reports from both experts and counter-experts' committees, and their different assumptions about controllability and criteria for considering certain practices to be sufficiently safe for the public; and (3) to show how the existence of different technical scientific and political attitudes (one more closely tied to government and the corporate interests of the cement plants, the other closer to the environmental values of re-use and recycling and respect for the risk perception of residents who challenged the facilities) is closely bound up with problems of democratic legitimacy. This conflict showed how adopting more sustainable and lower-risk policies implies a broader view of democratic legitimacy, one which involves both civic movements and citizens themselves. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 951-967 Issue: 8 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571783 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571783 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:8:p:951-967 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olivier Borraz Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Borraz Title: From risk to the government of uncertainty: the case of mobile telephony Abstract: Confronted with complex and wicked issues, public authorities turn to science and expertise to provide answers that will help reduce the level of uncertainty that characterizes these issues. Yet, the paper argues that more often than not, it is the application of a risk framework to a given issue that fosters uncertainty, not the other way round. Hence, the more authorities and experts attempt to apply a risk approach to an issue, the more they encourage the production of uncertainty. Taking mobile telephony as a case in point, the paper then goes on to show that to reduce uncertainties, authorities in some countries have recently experimented with new forms of knowledge in the process of expertise; paradoxically, this may raise in a first moment the general level of uncertainty, but it may also provide in the longer term more robust knowledge. The larger aim of the paper is to expand conceptions of uncertainty commonly used in risk governance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 969-982 Issue: 8 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.574316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.574316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:8:p:969-982 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathalie Schiffino Author-X-Name-First: Nathalie Author-X-Name-Last: Schiffino Author-Name: Steve Jacob Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Jacob Title: Risk, democracy and schizophrenia: the changing roles of citizens in risk policy-making putting GMO policy to the test Abstract: For more than two decades, participatory mechanisms have often been invoked as quasi-policy instruments to counterbalance a deficit of legitimacy surrounding political representation. Scientific literature has widely investigated this process. Empirical studies have documented it. However, a blind spot remains. How does this process influence the role of citizens when they are called to sanction political decisions concerning risks, decisions to which they have been at least partly associated? This paper innovatively combines theories of democracy and sequential policy analysis to investigate the articulation of participation and representation when risk issues are regulated. This paper's theoretical reflection is documented through the example of GMO policy in Europe and, more specifically, in Belgium. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 983-993 Issue: 8 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.591499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.591499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:8:p:983-993 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Silvio Funtowicz Author-X-Name-First: Silvio Author-X-Name-Last: Funtowicz Author-Name: Roger Strand Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Strand Title: Change and commitment: beyond risk and responsibility Abstract: Risk and responsibility have always been linked philosophically in the Western tradition. The purpose of this article is to discuss possible alternatives to the centrality of the risk discourse, arguing that such alternatives call for a revision in the concept of responsibility, decoupling it from the aspirations of control over Nature and the future. It implies also a more complex relation between knowledge and action. Rather than believing that contemporary global challenges will be sufficiently met by being responsible under risk, we will explore how to stay committed in times of uncertainty and change. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 995-1003 Issue: 8 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571784 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571784 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:8:p:995-1003 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hervé Corvellec Author-X-Name-First: Hervé Author-X-Name-Last: Corvellec Title: Even beyond humanity -- a comment on 'Change and commitment: beyond risk and responsibility' by Silvio Funtowicz and Roger Strand Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1005-1007 Issue: 8 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571792 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:8:p:1005-1007 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Warner North Author-X-Name-First: D. Warner Author-X-Name-Last: North Title: Risk and responsibility: rejoinder to the paper by Silvio Funtowicz and Roger Strand Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1009-1015 Issue: 8 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.587890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.587890 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:8:p:1009-1015 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Fried Author-X-Name-First: Jana Author-X-Name-Last: Fried Author-Name: John Eyles Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Eyles Title: Welcome waste -- interpreting narratives of radioactive waste disposal in two small towns in Ontario, Canada Abstract: After briefly reviewing the production of nuclear energy and waste in Canada, this paper uses two small Ontario towns as case studies to examine the treatment of low-level radioactive waste and the communities' responses and narratives to it. Both towns, Port Hope and Kincardine, have long histories of dealing with such waste. Using interviews, relevant websites and past accounts, this paper employs a discourse analysis to understand the differences in risk perceptions and living with the presence of these materials. Ideas from landscape narratives are employed to show that responses in Port Hope are dominated by death, elegy and crime, whereas those in Kincardine are predominately linked to progressivism and optimism. We explore the characteristics of each case to highlight the reasons for these differences. We conclude by emphasizing the potential role of narrative analysis in informing policymaking. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1017-1037 Issue: 9 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571774 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571774 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:9:p:1017-1037 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Author-Name: Carmen Keller Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Keller Title: Natural frequencies and Bayesian reasoning: the impact of formal education and problem context Abstract: Research suggests that children and adults are able to solve Bayesian problems when natural frequencies are used, but most studies have involved only students or academics. The present research focuses on random samples from the general population. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the natural-frequency format resulted in more Bayesian responses than the probability format. Results of Experiment 3 showed that when the task is not framed as a medical problem and the numbers are not too difficult, about 40% of the general population could correctly solve the problems. More importantly, the natural-frequency format resulted in a substantial increase in correct answers in the lower level of formal education group. Experiment 4 suggests that the context of a problem influences people's ability to solve a Bayesian problem. Participants were twice as likely to solve a social problem compared with a medical problem. The results of the four experiments show that natural frequency resulted in much better estimates than probabilities. It should be emphasized, however, that even when natural frequencies were used, a majority of participants were not able to solve the problems correctly. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1039-1055 Issue: 9 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:9:p:1039-1055 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alberto Decò Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Decò Author-Name: Dan M. Frangopol Author-X-Name-First: Dan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Frangopol Title: Risk assessment of highway bridges under multiple hazards Abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide a rational framework for the quantitative risk assessment of highway bridges under multiple hazards. Risk is a crucial indicator to be considered when managing structures of great importance such as highway bridges. It associates the consequences of a structural failure or malfunction with the probability of bridge failure. Time-dependent total risk is computed and the effect of structural redundancy is investigated and implemented. The proposed framework includes the estimation of the effects of multiple common hazards such as abnormal traffic loads, environmental attacks, scour, and earthquakes. The failure probabilities associated with the considered hazards are evaluated separately using different approaches. Time-dependent failure probabilities, hazard functions, and probability density functions of the time-to-failure are also assessed for each hazard. These assessments contribute to the evaluation of risk considering the traffic flow and the local economy at the bridge location. Both epistemic and aleatory uncertainties are considered in this approach. Time-dependent profiles of risk, accounting for direct and indirect consequences, are obtained for an existing highway bridge. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1057-1089 Issue: 9 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571789 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:9:p:1057-1089 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiao-Fei Xie Author-X-Name-First: Xiao-Fei Author-X-Name-Last: Xie Author-Name: Eric Stone Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Author-Name: Rui Zheng Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng Author-Name: Ruo-Gu Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Ruo-Gu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: The 'Typhoon Eye Effect’: determinants of distress during the SARS epidemic Abstract: This study examined the effect of the SARS crisis on the level of distress in people both in and around epidemic areas of China during the time of the crisis. We designed a questionnaire to measure personality factors, beliefs regarding SARS, behavioral responses to SARS, and distress levels. The level of exposure to SARS was not a primary determinant of experienced anxiety; indeed, nearness to the center of the epidemic was negatively related to anxiety levels. Instead, more subjective interpretations of the situation were the primary determinants of distress. We propose a 'Typhoon Eye Effect' metaphor to describe the spread of psychological distress. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1091-1107 Issue: 9 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571790 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:9:p:1091-1107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bin-Le Lin Author-X-Name-First: Bin-Le Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Yaobin Meng Author-X-Name-First: Yaobin Author-X-Name-Last: Meng Author-Name: Yuriko Ishikawa Author-X-Name-First: Yuriko Author-X-Name-Last: Ishikawa Author-Name: Akihiro Tokai Author-X-Name-First: Akihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Tokai Title: A new approach to estimate concentrations of alcohol ethoxylate in rivers in Japan for screening-level risk assessment Abstract: Alcohol ethoxylate (AE) is a widely used household detergent that is ubiquitous in aquatic environments. To assess and manage the risk of AE, its environmental exposure concentrations must be evaluated in rivers nationwide; however, very few AE monitoring data are currently available. Furthermore, developing a rigorous exposure model that would cover rivers nationwide would require a great deal of time, human resources, and money. We developed a new approach to estimate AE concentrations in rivers throughout Japan for screening-level risk assessment. In this approach, five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) data were used as a surrogate indicator of the AE concentration in river water. The Tama and Nikko Rivers were ranked according to their BOD5 data, and the AE concentrations of the Nikko River were then estimated using the Standardized Hydrology-based Assessment tool for chemical Exposure Load (AIST-SHANEL) model. For each river, the concentrations of AE in its waters were projected based on that river's reported BOD5 values, its ranking, the approximation formula for AE and BOD5, and estimated AE concentrations in water of the Nikko River from the model. The accuracy of the projected values was validated by comparing the projected AE concentrations in water from the Tama River with its monitoring data. There are various technical uncertainties associated with this approach; however, our results suggest that this new approach can be applied in screening-level exposure assessment of other chemical substances that have properties similar to AE. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1109-1126 Issue: 9 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571791 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:9:p:1109-1126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideya Kubo Author-X-Name-First: Hideya Author-X-Name-Last: Kubo Author-Name: Yasuhiro Sakai Author-X-Name-First: Yasuhiro Author-X-Name-Last: Sakai Title: On long-term credit risk assessment and rating: towards a new set of models Abstract: Institutional investors are supposed to assess credit risk by using a combination of quantitative information such as option models and qualitative assessments. Although option models can be easily constructed, they are not so suitable for the assessment of long-term credit risk that is required by institutional investors. This is mainly because the probability of bankruptcy varies so widely depending on the timing of assessment. We propose a new set of assessment models for long-term credit risk which does not necessarily use stock prices and may incorporate business cycles. The new grand model consists of the two pillars: a long-term cash flow prediction model and a credit risk spread assessment model. The calculated values derived from these models are effectively usable for reasonable calculation of risk spreads. It is quite interesting to see that our investigation indicates that rating bias may exist in the credit risk assessment of the market. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1127-1141 Issue: 9 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571793 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:9:p:1127-1141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wenbin Wu Author-X-Name-First: Wenbin Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Peng Yang Author-X-Name-First: Peng Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Huajun Tang Author-X-Name-First: Huajun Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Author-Name: Liangzhi You Author-X-Name-First: Liangzhi Author-X-Name-Last: You Author-Name: Qingbo Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Qingbo Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Zhongxin Chen Author-X-Name-First: Zhongxin Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Ryosuke Shibasaki Author-X-Name-First: Ryosuke Author-X-Name-Last: Shibasaki Title: Global-scale assessment of potential future risks of food insecurity Abstract: This paper presents an approach of combining biophysical, social, and economic factors for spatially explicit assessment of potential future risks of food insecurity at a global scale over the period of 2000--2020 under a certain scenario. In doing that, two indicators, namely per capita food availability and per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), were selected to cover the four dimensions of food security, with the former representing the status of food availability and stability, and the latter reflecting the situation of food accessibility and affordability. These two indicators were then linked to an integrated modeling framework. Under this framework, a GIS-based EPIC model was adopted to estimate the potential yields of different crop types under a given biophysical and agricultural management environment, a crop choice decision model was used to model the changes in crop areas through tracking the crop choice decisions, and the IFPSIM model was utilized to evaluate the crop price in the international market. Based on these two indicators, the potential risks of food insecurity were assessed with a spatial resolution of six arc-minutes. The results show that both changes in per capita food availability and changes in per capita GDP during 2000--2020 vary across regions worldwide. Some regions such as China, most eastern European countries, and most southern American countries where there is an increase in per capita food availability or an increase in the capacity to import food between 2000 and 2020 might be able to improve their food security situation. On the contrary, certain regions such as southern Asia and most African countries will likely remain hotspots of food insecurity in the future. In these regions, both the per capita food availability and the capacity of being able to import food will decrease between 2000 and 2020. Although most developed countries will also experience both a decrease in per capita food availability and a decrease in per capita GDP, these countries are likely to be food-secure due to their higher income and purchasing power. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1143-1160 Issue: 9 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:9:p:1143-1160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cormac Bryce Author-X-Name-First: Cormac Author-X-Name-Last: Bryce Author-Name: Robert Webb Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Author-Name: Jennifer Adams Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Title: Internal loss data collection implementation: evidence from a large UK financial institution Abstract: The paper conducts a critical analysis of internal loss data collection implementation in a UK financial institution. We use elite semi-structured interviews, with a sample of 15 operational risk consultants from a leading international financial institution. Using content analysis, the data covers a wide range of business areas, with particular attention drawn towards the development of internal loss collection and operational risk management. The results suggest that the development of operational risk management as a function stems from external compliance (Basel II) and the internal pressure to add value to the business portfolio. This need for compliance was augmented as a driver of internal loss data collection; however, participants also recognised that the function of loss data collection is a tool of solid internal risk management and enhances managerial decision-making. The research also highlights the problems in cleansing data in order to ensure that all information implemented in the capital allocation model is valid and reliable. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1161-1176 Issue: 10 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.591501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.591501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:10:p:1161-1176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guofang Zhai Author-X-Name-First: Guofang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhai Title: International differences in willingness to pay for reduced risks due to risk representation: evidence from cross-country surveys in Northeast Asia Abstract: International benefit transfer from developed countries is often used to evaluate international aid projects due to the lack of primary study in the policy country, particularly when the policy country is a developing one. This paper shows that different countries may have considerable differences in their willingness to pay (WTP) for risk reduction using three surveys with the same protocol carried out around the same time in a coastal city in China, Japan, and South Korea. Japanese WTP is more than the South Korean one. Chinese WTP changes greatly depending on price adjustment coefficients: purchasing power price index or real exchange rate, but it is not impacted by risk reduction representation as in Japan and South Korea. This result suggests that more attention needs to be paid to the effect of international cultural settings when applying international benefit transfers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1177-1190 Issue: 10 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.587889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.587889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:10:p:1177-1190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Parnaby Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Parnaby Title: Health and finance: exploring the parallels between health care delivery and professional financial planning Abstract: This article compares the role of risk and uncertainty discourse across two rather disparate areas of expertise: personal financial planning and health care delivery. On the basis of 42 semi-structured interviews and eight recorded meetings between planners and their clients, as well as a comprehensive review of extant health literature, it is argued that three points of convergence -- the discursive management of uncertainty, the temporalization of risk, and the use of images -- offer a modicum of certainty which functions ultimately to legitimize expertise and facilitate courses of remedial action while simultaneously assuaging laypeople's existential anxieties. The article concludes with a number of reflections on the importance of agency and trust. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1191-1205 Issue: 10 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.587887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.587887 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:10:p:1191-1205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark John Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Mark John Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Emma Higgins Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Higgins Author-Name: Mike Francis Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Francis Author-Name: Paulo Lisboa Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Author-X-Name-Last: Lisboa Title: Managing unintentional dwelling fire risk Abstract: In this paper, we examine the management of unintentional dwelling fire risk through the development of a geographical information system (GIS) for dwelling fire prevention support based upon an 18-month case study in a UK fire and rescue service. Previous research into causal factors in unintentional dwelling fire incidents was used to guide the development of a multiple linear regression risk model for dwelling fire incidents that was the basis of the GIS developed. The GIS provided a more detailed analysis of unintentional dwelling fire risk factors, and enabled more targeted fire prevention activities for the identified at-risk social groups. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1207-1218 Issue: 10 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.587884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.587884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:10:p:1207-1218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Author-Name: Michael Gochfeld Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Gochfeld Author-Name: Christian Jeitner Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Jeitner Author-Name: Taryn Pittfield Author-X-Name-First: Taryn Author-X-Name-Last: Pittfield Title: Comparing perceptions of the important environmental characteristics of the places people engage in consumptive, non-consumptive and spiritual activities Abstract: Managers, risk assessors, tribal leaders, public policy makers, and the public are increasingly interested in the characteristics of natural habitats where people like to engage in recreational, subsistence, or spiritual activities. Such data are critical for making decisions about human and ecological risk deriving from contaminants, as well as resource protection and land use. In this study we examined the perceptions of Native Americans and Caucasians about the natural places they prefer to engage in consumptive, non-consumptive, and spiritual activities which might expose them to contamination or other stressors. Subjects were interviewed at Post Falls and Fort Hall in Idaho, Cookeville in Tennessee, and at two sites in Long Island, New York, and northern New Jersey. Our objectives were to determine differences in perceptions as a function of category of activity, type of activity, location, and ethnicity. The data indicate that: (1) the highest rated characteristics were unpolluted water, lack of radionuclides that present a health risk, clean air, and no visible smog in the air; (2) all four were among the top-rated ones for each of the four sites; (3) all four were among the top-rated ones for places to perform consumptive, non-consumptive, and spiritual activities; (4) at each site, mean ratings were lowest for spiritual activities; (5) where there were differences, Native Americans rated all characteristics as more important than did Caucasians; and (6) where there were differences, ratings in New Jersey/New York were lower than those from respondents elsewhere. There are many statistically significant response differences between Native Americans and Caucasians, but overall one is impressed by the similarity in relative rankings. These perceptions will be helpful to risk assessors and risk managers in evaluating risk and potential solutions, to land managers for managing environmental resources, and to public policy managers for evaluating how people view natural environments. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1219-1236 Issue: 10 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.587888 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.587888 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:10:p:1219-1236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Md. Atikul Islam Author-X-Name-First: Md. Atikul Author-X-Name-Last: Islam Author-Name: Hiroyuki Sakakibara Author-X-Name-First: Hiroyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Sakakibara Author-Name: Md. Rezaul Karim Author-X-Name-First: Md. Rezaul Author-X-Name-Last: Karim Author-Name: Masahiko Sekine Author-X-Name-First: Masahiko Author-X-Name-Last: Sekine Title: Evaluation of risk communication for rural water supply management: a case study of a coastal area of Bangladesh Abstract:

Consumption of safe drinking water is an important public health issue. In this study, we considered the risk communication topic of human health concerns related to unsafe water consumption in rural coastal areas of Bangladesh, where potable water is scarce. Our objective was to investigate the level of knowledge that rural residents had concerning safe water consumption and to evaluate the effects of risk communication on knowledge and behavior changes. We considered four rural villages of southwest coastal areas of Bangladesh as sample. This study was based on the results of a questionnaire survey administered before and after risk communication. The pre- and post-survey were conducted during August 2009 and March 2010, respectively. Data were collected from 120 women aged 18--60 years. Two format presentations, with and without water quality information, were used to convey the risk messages. In the present study, indicator bacterial (Escherichia coli) contamination levels in drinking water sources were considered as water quality information since absence of E. coli is the safety margin for the detection of disease-causing organisms. Analysis of the survey data revealed that risk communication can be vital to changes in water consumption knowledge and behavior. Overall general knowledge scores were almost same in the pre-survey for without- (mean score 3.16) and with-information (mean score 3.10) villages. However, after risk communication, there were detectable increases in the mean scores (mean scores, 3.54 and 3.64, respectively, on a 4 point scale) for both groups. Furthermore, risk communication with water quality information appears to be a more effective method of risk communication. Dissemination of risk messages was also higher in with-information villages. Seventy four percent of the participants from with-information villages reported that they had discussed the risk messages with family members and neighbors, compared to 59% of those from without-information villages. The results of this study revealed that age, education, and distance of water sources influence changes in consumption and maintenance behavior. These findings suggest that, in addition to installation of water supply facilities, there is a need to address the low levels of knowledge about safe water consumption in rural coastal communities of Bangladesh. Location specific water quality information may be more useful to convey health risk messages concerning unsafe drinking water consumption. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1237-1262 Issue: 10 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.574315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.574315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:10:p:1237-1262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Åsa Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Åsa Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Title: Nanotechnology, risk and communication Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1263-1265 Issue: 10 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.619774 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.619774 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:14:y:2011:i:10:p:1263-1265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Åsa Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Åsa Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Author-Name: Hervé Corvellec Author-X-Name-First: Hervé Author-X-Name-Last: Corvellec Author-Name: Marianne Karlsson Author-X-Name-First: Marianne Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsson Title: The practice of risk governance: lessons from the field Abstract: In contradistinction to generic and formal risk governance models such as the IRGC framework, this paper advocates the relevance of a contextual and practice-based approach to organizational risk governance. Three cases illustrate the socially situated dynamics of risk governance practice: public transportation management, river management, and railway planning. Risk governance is shown to derive from how actors, in their daily activities, mediate multi-level and regulatory institutional constraints, and solve actual problems through routines, trust, mutual understanding and not least, shared commitment to the societal role of infrastructure. Our findings underscore that risk governance takes place in contexts that are historically, spatially and institutionally situated. We therefore suggest that one needs to pay attention to the characteristics of this contextuality to understand the social dynamics of governance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.587886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.587886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:1-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bastien Soule Author-X-Name-First: Bastien Author-X-Name-Last: Soule Title: Coupled seismic and socio-political crises: the case of Puerto Aysen in 2007 Abstract: In 2007, a seismic crisis developed in the Chilean 11th region, punctuated by a devastating tsunami wave. This paper aims at explaining the parallel genesis of a socio-political crisis within the most populated city of the area: Puerto Aysen. During four months, uncertainty about the ongoing phenomenon generated debates within the scientific community, as well as anxiety among the population. Simultaneously, controversies popped out as to the best suited measures to prevent a potential disaster. Through a description of the decision making process, we intend to provide a detailed insight of the difficulties encountered, in order to eventually question the relevance of the overall risk management procedure at work. A process, rather than event-centred approach to the crisis was prioritized, grounded in a sociological and organizational perspective. Carried on in a qualitative way, this case study combined documentary analysis and semi-directive interviews. Basic results provide a quite complete picture of the combined root causes of this socio-political crisis: changing diagnoses and contradictory scientists' reports; phenomenon novelty and lack of seismic culture; limited experience of coordinated emergency management; long lasting political dissensions; fanciful and alarmist media coverage; etc. Globally, local dissatisfaction was generated by the information and decision making processes. In the paper's discussion, it is interpreted as a sentiment of being deprived of any hold on the situation. It also betrays unsatisfied participation expectations. Such findings must be connected to a broader tendency to reject technocratic and centralized risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 21-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.591498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.591498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:21-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. McNally Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: McNally Author-Name: K. Titchener Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Titchener Title: The role of affective processes on young drivers' risk perceptions: a dual process model approach Abstract: Young adults continue to be over-represented in injury and death statistics associated with transport-related crashes. The current paper investigates the application of the dual process model of risky judgement to the processing of transport-related risky behaviours. One hundred Australian participants completed an online survey exploring four transport-related risky situations. Participants were assessed on their cognitive and affective evaluations of the risky situations as well as their self-reported likelihood of participation in them. The findings indicate that perceptions of risk for specific transport-related behaviours are not processed in a consistent manner. Predictive factors, including gender, affective and cognitive processing, as well as the subsequent self-reported likelihood of engaging in the behaviours, varied between situations. The research indicates that driver interventions may need to be individually targeted to specific transport-related risky behaviours to compensate for the variation in predictive factors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 39-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.601321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.601321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:39-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Zingg Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Zingg Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: Lay people's and experts' risk perception and acceptance of vaccination and culling strategies to fight animal epidemics Abstract: To fight highly infectious animal diseases, there are almost exclusively two possible strategies that can be done: vaccination and culling. For effective risk communication and management strategies during a crisis, the risk perception and beliefs of different stakeholders are essential. Risk perception and acceptance of various strategies to fight such animal epidemics are examined for the population, farmers, and veterinarians. Data were gathered from questionnaires sent out to three stakeholder groups. All stakeholders clearly preferred a vaccination strategy to a culling strategy. We found that farmers, although they were expected somehow to be experts, had response patterns more similar to the population than to the veterinarians. As expected, veterinarians perceived less risk and had higher acceptance ratings than the population. We equally found gender differences for lay people and for experts. Therefore, the explanation of differences in risk perception between experts and lay people according to knowledge could clearly be ruled out. We detected differences between men and women concerning their attitudes and moral values, which were the same for lay people and for experts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 53-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.601320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.601320 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:53-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.S. Busby Author-X-Name-First: J.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Busby Author-Name: R.E. Alcock Author-X-Name-First: R.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Alcock Author-Name: B.H. MacGillivray Author-X-Name-First: B.H. Author-X-Name-Last: MacGillivray Title: Types of risk transformation: a case study Abstract: There has been a long-standing concern in the literature with the idea of countervailing risks, risk trade-offs and risk migration, reflecting our experience of risks as typically being transformed rather than eliminated. Our aim has been to combine this with the similarly long-standing treatment of risk as a social construction, producing a view in which risks become transformed from one kind to another, over time, as both the world and our understanding of it change. We investigated the risk transformations that have taken place around a specific group of flame retardant compounds, analysing how these transformations had occurred and how they were interpreted by actors such as scientists, regulatory staff and advocacy group members. The study used a series of key informant interviews and observations in technical meetings. This was followed by the application of qualitative template analysis, involving the categorisation of risk transformations according to: (1) whether they were interpreted as involving physical change or interpretational change and (2) whether they were translational, replacing one risk with another, or diffusional, merely adding to a stock of risk. One finding was that, whereas risk transformations were sometimes understood as being accidental or emergent, often they were seen as deliberate and functional from the standpoint of certain actors. A second finding was that risk transformations were often understood as being relative to the commitments we are prepared to relinquish. For example, replacing risk associated with one flame retardant chemical by risk associated with another involves trade-offs that only arise because we retain a commitment to chemicals as flame retardants. The main contribution of the study has been to show how transformability, as well as uncertainty, is central to problems of managing risk -- and to show that this transformability is as much social as physical in nature. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 67-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.601324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.601324 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:67-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Murat Koçak Author-X-Name-First: Murat Author-X-Name-Last: Koçak Title: Threat assessment of terrorist organizations: the application of Q methodology Abstract: This paper develops a matrix to assess threats that various terrorist organizations pose, in this context, to the Turkish Republic. The matrix is based on a framework and a factor analysis that has been already conducted by the author's previous study in which Q methodology has been used to generate a functional typology of terrorist organizations. Q technique (Q sort) has enabled to collect cultural data about characteristics of specific terrorist organizations that reflects counterterrorism professionals' accumulated knowledge and expertise on terrorism and terrorist organizations. The analysis has produced quantitative assessments (factor scores) for five types of terrorist organizations: ethno-separatist, provocative religious, intimidator religious, self-conscious religious, and communist. Factor scores, in this study, have been used to measure these types' characteristics and eventually have served to assess their threats, in the eyes of Turkish counterterrorism professionals. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 85-105 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.601323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.601323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:85-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naoki Wada Author-X-Name-First: Naoki Author-X-Name-Last: Wada Author-Name: Osamu Saito Author-X-Name-First: Osamu Author-X-Name-Last: Saito Author-Name: Yugo Yamamoto Author-X-Name-First: Yugo Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamoto Author-Name: Tohru Morioka Author-X-Name-First: Tohru Author-X-Name-Last: Morioka Author-Name: Akihiro Tokai Author-X-Name-First: Akihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Tokai Title: Evaluating effects on the flow of electrical and electronic equipment and energy consumption due to alternative consumption patterns in China Abstract: In this paper, we evaluated the effects of consumer's behavioural changes on usage and disposal of home appliances. With the model to estimate the product circulation, first we conducted the sensitivity analysis with the six parameters, namely urbanisation, household size, Gini coefficient, product lifetime and selection rate of used product and high energy efficiency product. Then, secondly we evaluated CO2 emission and e-waste generation from four consumers' different behavioural patterns, which are named as 'Business As Usual' (BAU), 'Rapid Cycling' (RC), 'Chain of Users' (CU) and 'Quality and Wisdom' (QW). As a result, the QW scenario was the best lifestyle in both criteria. Further, RC scenario had an advantage on the reduction in e-waste generation in one hand, but CU scenario reduced more CO2 emission. During the transition era of China from materially poor to rich, it could be one of the solutions to utilise energy-efficient second-hand product to improve the living standards of the poor and replace technologically inferior product stocks in poor households. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 107-130 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.601322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.601322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:107-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milou Kievik Author-X-Name-First: Milou Author-X-Name-Last: Kievik Author-Name: Ellen F.J. ter Huurne Author-X-Name-First: Ellen F.J. Author-X-Name-Last: ter Huurne Author-Name: Jan M. Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: Jan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Title: The action suited to the word? Use of the framework of risk information seeking to understand risk-related behaviors Abstract: Although a growing body of risk communication research focuses on how people process risk information, one question that is overlooked is how the seeking of information contributes to behavioral adaptation toward the risk issue. How are people's behavioral responses to risks affected by the search for risk information? Building on the Framework of Risk Information Seeking (FRIS), this paper reports on two studies that focus on the experimental testing of several of the basic FRIS assumptions. In study 1, a 2 (involvement: high vs. low) × 2 (risk perception: high vs. low) between-subjects experiment was conducted to test the assumption that higher levels of involvement and risk perception stimulate the intention to seek additional risk information as well as the actual risk information. Study 2 is a partial replication of study 1. In study 2, a 2 (involvement: high vs. low) × 2 (fear appeal: present vs. absent) × 2 (response efficacy: high vs. low) between-subjects experiment was conducted to test how varying the levels of involvement, risk perception, and response efficacy influence actual and intended information seeking, as well as the intention to adopt risk-mitigating actions. The results showed that the high-involvement, high-risk perception, high-response efficacy group was most likely to actually seek information and make behavioral changes. The results are in accordance with basic FRIS assumptions. Implications for risk communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 131-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.601318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.601318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:131-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Parnali Dhar Chowdhury Author-X-Name-First: Parnali Dhar Author-X-Name-Last: Chowdhury Author-Name: C. mdad Haque Author-X-Name-First: C. Emdad Author-X-Name-Last: Haque Author-Name: S. Michelle Driedger Author-X-Name-First: S. Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Driedger Title: Public versus expert knowledge and perception of climate change-induced heat wave risk: a modified mental model approach Abstract: Effects of climate change and its induced extreme environmental events have been the object of intense public debate in recent years. Extreme environmental events, such as heat waves, and their impact upon the elderly and the poor are of special concern to policy- and decision-makers. However, how the public views these issues is critical for dealing with the associated risks. Recognizing the importance of risk assessments and implementation of mitigation measures, we adopted a comparative approach to assess and extend a generic methodology to examine diverse sets of beliefs about climate change-induced heat wave hazards. Using a modified mental model approach, this study mapped existing knowledge structures about the risk associated with climate change-induced heat waves in an urban setting of Canada (Winnipeg, Manitoba). 'Public models' were developed from open-ended interviews with diverse community groups; 'influence diagrams' were formulated based on open-ended discussions with experts in the pertinent fields. An assessment of the juxtaposition of the public and experts' knowledge and perception of heat wave risk has revealed significant gaps in the perception of: (a) the effects of climate change-induced heat wave and (b) of responsible authority for policy intervention to affect the cause or impacts. It further identifies misconceptions in public perception regarding: (a) thinning of ozone layer to cause a rise in earth's temperature; and (b) whether precautionary measures can be taken to reduce heat wave mortality; (c) of future heat wave 'risk estimation' in the city of Winnipeg. Based on our results, we argue that by developing interactive risk communication tools and practicing public engagement in knowledge enhancement, heat wave risk assessment and mitigation capacity of both public and experts can be improved. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 149-168 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.601319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.601319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:149-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacopo Torriti Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo Author-X-Name-Last: Torriti Author-Name: Ragnar Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Title: The first five years of the EU Impact Assessment system: a risk economics perspective on gaps between rationale and practice Abstract: In 2003, the European Commission (EC) started using Impact Assessment (IA) as the main empirical basis for its major policy proposals. The aim was to systematically assess ex ante the economic, social and environmental impacts of European Union (EU) policy proposals. In parallel, research proliferated in search for theoretical grounds for IAs and in an attempt to evaluate empirically the performance of the first sets of IAs produced by the EC. This paper combines conceptual and evaluative studies carried out in the first five years of EU IAs. It concludes that the great discrepancy between rationale and practice calls for a different theoretical focus and a higher emphasis on evaluating empirically crucial risk economics aspects of IAs, such as the value of statistical life, price of carbon, the integration of macroeconomic modelling and scenario analysis. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 169-186 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:169-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amela Groso Author-X-Name-First: Amela Author-X-Name-Last: Groso Author-Name: Aristide Ouedraogo Author-X-Name-First: Aristide Author-X-Name-Last: Ouedraogo Author-Name: Thierry Meyer Author-X-Name-First: Thierry Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer Title: Risk analysis in research environment Abstract: Available risk analysis techniques are well adapted to industry since they were developed for its purpose. All hazards met in industry are also present in research/academia (although quantities of some hazardous substances are smaller). Still, because of its characteristics (high turnover of collaborators, rapid reorientation of research programs, freedom of research, equipment often in development stage, difficulty to obtain accidents statistics, not well-established processes, etc.), research/academia is an environment whose risks are difficult to analyze by conventional techniques. In this paper, we discuss various risk analysis methods in the light of their adequacy for an academic environment. Finally, we propose the bases for the development of a new risk analysis methodology for complex areas such as academia/research. This method should be fast, intuitive, semi quantitative, and easy to use. It should lead to risk-ranking providing the identification of critical areas and prioritization of safety actions. It is suggested to estimate this ranking as a combination of severity, probability of accident, hazard detectability, and worsening factors (where academia/research specificities are considered). The formula, in which risk is a nonlinear function of the constituting elements, will have a general form allowing getting a risk index for all hazard categories in the same manner. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 187-208 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:187-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E.S. Levine Author-X-Name-First: E.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Levine Title: Improving risk matrices: the advantages of logarithmically scaled axes Abstract: Risk matrices are a common tool used throughout the public and private sector to assess and manage risk qualitatively. However, these matrices have well-documented shortcomings when used for either assessment or management that can be shown by assuming a quantitative scale for the likelihood and consequence axes. This article describes the construction of a logarithmically scaled risk assessment matrix which alleviates some of the limitations inherent in using linearly structured risk matrices. In particular, logarithmic risk matrices can better differentiate between hazards with a large dynamic range in risks and, when used in combination with a new categorization scheme, the categorization of risks is more straightforward. These properties are demonstrated using a hypothetical example. Finally, the defensibility of logarithmic matrices is examined in the context of previously proposed rules for developing risk matrices. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 209-222 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:209-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shengxiang She Author-X-Name-First: Shengxiang Author-X-Name-Last: She Author-Name: Qiang Lu Author-X-Name-First: Qiang Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Chaoqun Ma Author-X-Name-First: Chaoqun Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Title: A probability--time&space trade-off model in environmental risk perception Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of environmental risk perception in a multidimensional framework involving perceived risks in both time and space. A representation of the probability--time&space trade-off (PTST) is obtained in which the probability--time trade-off (PTT) and the probability--space trade-off (PST) are combined. The PST is analogous to the PTT, due to the fact that the probabilistic distance, the temporal distance, and the spatial distance are psychologically equivalent. PTST provides a formal model to accommodate the intuition of the temporal and spatial distances being a source of uncertainty in the process of environmental risk perception and provides an explicit formula to transform objective distances into a subjective probability. Finally, we present an experiment in a between-subjects design in which we manipulate the temporal and spatial distances of a water pollution risk in the questionnaires. The subjects are asked to give their probability judgments toward the spatial-temporal events and they typically believe that they are less likely to suffer health problems when the temporal and spatial distances of pollutants extend longer. The results verify the validation of the proposed PTST model. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 223-234 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634515 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:223-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: Special issue on the conference 'Environmental Decisions: Risks and Uncertainties' in Monte Verità, Switzerland Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 235-236 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.657222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.657222 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:235-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carmen Keller Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Keller Author-Name: Ann Bostrom Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Bostrom Author-Name: Margot Kuttschreuter Author-X-Name-First: Margot Author-X-Name-Last: Kuttschreuter Author-Name: Lucia Savadori Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Savadori Author-Name: Alexa Spence Author-X-Name-First: Alexa Author-X-Name-Last: Spence Author-Name: Mathew White Author-X-Name-First: Mathew Author-X-Name-Last: White Title: Bringing appraisal theory to environmental risk perception: a review of conceptual approaches of the past 40 years and suggestions for future research Abstract: An intensive program of 40 years of research has produced various conceptual cognitive and affective approaches to environmental risk perception. In this short review of the most relevant conceptual approaches, appraisal theory is presented as a useful means of integrating cognitive and affective approaches to risk perception. Appraisal theory offers an opportunity to advance our understanding of how environmental risk perception operates in an emotion-specific manner and enables identification of new research directions. Although within other conceptual approaches there are still open research questions, the potential for examining environmental risk perception within appraisal theory has not yet been fully explored. Reviewing current appraisal theoretical models, seven research questions are suggested to structure future research on environmental risk perception. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 237-256 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634523 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:237-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V.H.M. Visschers Author-X-Name-First: V.H.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Visschers Author-Name: P.M. Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: P.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Author-Name: H. Gutscher Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutscher Author-Name: S. Kurzenhäuser Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Kurzenhäuser Author-Name: R. Seidl Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Seidl Author-Name: C.G. Jardine Author-X-Name-First: C.G. Author-X-Name-Last: Jardine Author-Name: D.R.M. Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: D.R.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Timmermans Title: Affect-inducing risk communication: current knowledge and future directions Abstract: Affect appears to have a central role in people's risk perception and decision-making. It is, therefore, important that researchers and communicators know how risk communication can induce affect or more specific emotions. In this paper, several studies that examined affect-inducing cues presented in and around risk communication are discussed. We thereby distinguish between integral affect induction, meaning through the risk message, and incidental affect induction, which occurs unintentional through the risk communication context. The following cues are discussed: emotion induction, fear appeals, outrage factors, risk stories, probability information, uncertainty information and graphs and images. Relatively few studies assessed the effect of their risk communication material on affect or specific emotions. Incidental affect induction appeared to occur more often than expected based on its factual content. Risk communication easily seems to induce affect incidentally and, thus, may be difficult to control. We, therefore, argue that incidental affect induction is more influential than integral affect induction. Implications for further research and risk communication in practice are given. Based on this overview, we strongly suggest considering and empirically assessing the affect-inducing potential of risk communication formats and content during their development and evaluation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 257-271 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:257-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas Klinke Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Klinke Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Adaptive and integrative governance on risk and uncertainty Abstract: The article will conceptualize procedural mechanisms and structural configurations of risk governance with adaptive and integrative capacity in a general and comprehensive manner in order to better grasp the dynamics, structures, and functionality of risk-handling processes. Adaptive and integrative risk governance is supposed to address challenges raised by three characteristics that result from a lack of knowledge and/or competing knowledge claims about the risk problem: complexity, scientific uncertainty, and socio-political ambiguity. Adaptive and integrative capacity are broadly seen as the ability of politics and society to collectively design and implement a systematic approach to organizational and policy learning in institutional settings that are conducive to resolve cognitive, evaluative and normative problems, and conflicts of risks. For this purpose, we propose a risk governance model that augments the classical model of risk analysis (risk assessment, management, communication) by including steps of pre-estimation, interdisciplinary risk estimation, risk characterization and evaluation, risk management as well as monitoring and control. This new risk governance model also incorporates expert, stakeholder and public involvement as a core feature in the stage of communication and deliberation. A governance decision tree finally allows a systematic step-by-step procedure for the more inclusive risk-handling process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 273-292 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.636838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.636838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:273-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bonnie C. Wintle Author-X-Name-First: Bonnie C. Author-X-Name-Last: Wintle Author-Name: Belinda Cleeland Author-X-Name-First: Belinda Author-X-Name-Last: Cleeland Title: Interpreting risk in international trade Abstract: After an eight year risk analysis process, Biosecurity Australia released its final import risk analysis (IRA) in 2006, allowing apple imports from New Zealand into Australia, subject to stringent phytosanitary measures. New Zealand apple imports were previously banned due to the risks of transmitting pests and diseases, in particular, fire blight. New Zealand commenced dispute settlement proceedings at the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the grounds that Australia's risk mitigation measures were scientifically unjustified, thus violating international trade law. The WTO largely ruled in New Zealand's favour in August 2010, and again in November after Australia unsuccessfully appealed. This paper argues that the cause and nature of this dispute stem largely from the varied risk interpretations in the context of international trade and, by extension, from the non-scientific factors (such as values, interests and politics) shaping these interpretations. It examines the risk analysis, identifying a number of potentially important risk governance issues in the IRA process, derives the judgements and perspectives of the main stakeholders and the factors influencing their position, and finally analyses the case in the context of the WTO dispute settlement system. Despite the intent of the relevant WTO legislation, the dispute may not be appropriately reconciled through scientific considerations alone. The case study is used to explore the challenges accompanying import risk analysis under severe uncertainty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 293-312 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.646292 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.646292 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:293-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roland W. Scholz Author-X-Name-First: Roland W. Author-X-Name-Last: Scholz Author-Name: Yann B. Blumer Author-X-Name-First: Yann B. Author-X-Name-Last: Blumer Author-Name: Fridolin S. Brand Author-X-Name-First: Fridolin S. Author-X-Name-Last: Brand Title: Risk, vulnerability, robustness, and resilience from a decision-theoretic perspective Abstract: Risk, vulnerability, robustness, and resilience are terms that are being used increasingly frequently in a large range of sciences. This paper shows how these terms can be consistently defined based on a decision-theoretic, verbal, and formal definition. Risk is conceived as an evaluation of an uncertain loss potential. The paper starts from a formal decision-theoretic definition of risk, which distinguishes between the risk situation (i.e. the risk analyst's model of the situation in which someone perceives or assesses risk) and the risk function (i.e. the risk analyst's model about how someone is perceiving and assessing risk). The approach allows scholars to link together different historical approaches to risk, such as the toxicological risk concept and the action-based approach to risk. The paper then elaborates how risk, vulnerability, and resilience are all linked to one another. In general, the vulnerability concept, such as the definition of vulnerability by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), goes beyond risk, as it includes an adaptive capacity. Thus vulnerability is mostly seen as a dynamic concept that refers to a certain period of time. If the vulnerability of a system is viewed only at a certain point of time, vulnerability equals risk. In contrast, if we consider dynamic risk in the sense that we include actions that may follow adverse events, risk resembles vulnerability. In this case we speak about adaptive risk management. Similar to vulnerability, resilience incorporates the capability of a system to cope with the adverse effects that a system has been exposed to. Here we distinguish between specified and general resilience. Specified resilience equals (dynamic) vulnerability as the adverse events linked to threats/hazards to which a system is exposed to are known. Robustness can be seen as an antonym to (static) vulnerability. General resilience includes coping with the unknown. In particular, the approach presented here allows us to precisely relate different types of risk, vulnerability, robustness and resilience, and considers all concepts together as part of adaptive risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 313-330 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:313-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stuart M. Whitten Author-X-Name-First: Stuart M. Author-X-Name-Last: Whitten Author-Name: Greg Hertzler Author-X-Name-First: Greg Author-X-Name-Last: Hertzler Author-Name: Sebastian Strunz Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Strunz Title: How real options and ecological resilience thinking can assist in environmental risk management Abstract: In this paper, we describe how real option techniques and resilience thinking can be integrated to better understand and inform decision-making around environmental risks within complex systems. Resilience thinking offers a promising framework for framing environmental risks posed through the non-linear responses of complex systems to natural and human-induced disturbance pressures. Real options techniques offer the potential to directly model such systems including consideration of the prospect that the passage of time opens new options while closing others. The implications (cost) of risk can be described by option prices that describe the net present values generated by alternative regimes in the resilience construct, and the shadow prices of particular attributes of resilience such as the speed of return from a shock and the distance or time to transition. Examples are provided which illustrate the potential for integrated resilience and real options approaches to contribute to understanding and managing environmental risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 331-346 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:331-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bill Durodié Author-X-Name-First: Bill Author-X-Name-Last: Durodié Title: The changing nature of riots in the contemporary metropolis from ideology to identity: lessons from the recent UK riots Abstract: Whereas past episodes of rioting in UK cities confronted the state authorities with a conscious and collective political problem -- either through opposition to job losses or to institutional racism -- in the post-political climate today we witness a shift towards individual action driven more by identity than by ideology. The one element that united the otherwise disaggregated rioters across the UK recently was more their taste in expensive sportswear (branded trainers) and electrical goods (plasma television screens) than anything else. Far from being a backlash against the police shooting of a petty, local black criminal in north London, or to the austerity measures introduced by the Liberal-Conservative government to combat the UK state deficit, some commentators suggest that what we now see is the product of a generation brought up on welfare for whom the old allegiances of work, family and community have lost their meaning and who, accordingly, are only able to assert their identity through the expression of their consumer tastes. This article examines what really drove the recent UK riots and explores the twin crises -- of authority and of identity that they have exposed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 347-354 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.643479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.643479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:347-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John C. Besley Author-X-Name-First: John C. Author-X-Name-Last: Besley Author-Name: Katherine A. McComas Author-X-Name-First: Katherine A. Author-X-Name-Last: McComas Author-Name: Craig W. Trumbo Author-X-Name-First: Craig W. Author-X-Name-Last: Trumbo Title: Citizen views about public meetings Abstract: The current study seeks to demonstrate that a citizen views about public meeting structure and related groups matter in predicting satisfaction with public engagement and willingness to attend future meetings. Public health agencies frequently use public meetings to communicate risk information, but relatively little social science research has examined how potential meeting participants view them. Using survey data (N = 866) collected in seven US communities where health agencies were investigating possible local cancer clusters and holding public meetings to communicate with local residents, the current study replicates and extends an earlier inquiry related to citizens satisfaction with public meetings used for risk communication. Whereas previous research found that expectations, health agency credibility, and risk perceptions predicted satisfaction with public meetings, the current results did not show a significant relationship between agency credibility, risk perceptions, and satisfaction. Further, the results suggest it may make sense to consider 'views about public meetings' as a single measure that includes citizens' structural expectations for meetings. Finally, the current study finds that views about public officials and views about meetings relate to individuals' willingness to attend future meetings. Additional variable development and modeling research is suggested. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 355-371 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:355-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Flynn Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Flynn Author-Name: Miriam Ricci Author-X-Name-First: Miriam Author-X-Name-Last: Ricci Author-Name: Paul Bellaby Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Bellaby Title: Ambiguity, complexity and uncertainty surrounding the hazards of hydrogen and public views of emergent risks Abstract: New technologies and emergent risks pose special problems for risk governance and regulation. This paper outlines some of the uncertainties about the hazards of hydrogen energy and examines qualitative evidence from recent deliberative Citizens' Panels in England and Wales about hydrogen energy technologies. It is shown that laypeople express ambivalent and contradictory views about, and critical trust in, experts' views about hydrogen. The findings are discussed in relation to the International Risk Governance Council framework for emergent risks characterised by ambiguity, complexity and uncertainty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 373-387 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634517 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:373-387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Mei Soon Author-X-Name-First: Jan Mei Author-X-Name-Last: Soon Author-Name: Richard N. Baines Author-X-Name-First: Richard N. Author-X-Name-Last: Baines Title: Farm food safety and diseases risk assessments: case studies from the horticultural and salmonid farms Abstract: This study explores the perceptions of selected fresh produce and salmonid farms on the types and importance of various risk assessments conducted at the primary production level. Both the fresh produce and salmonid farms in this study are vigilantly conducting risk assessments to prevent or reduce potential food safety and infectious diseases from occurring. The participating farms generally carried out at least eight types of risk assessments such as health and safety, water, workers' hygiene, site assessment and pesticides/veterinary medicines on an annual basis. Health and safety, pesticides/veterinary health, fresh produce safety and fish health assessments are some of the most important types of risk assessments for the farms. Most farms will continue with the good practice of conducting risk assessments even if it is not required by their customers or regulations but would prefer to reduce the amount of paper/electronic-based risk assessments. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 389-403 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634518 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:389-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabriele Prati Author-X-Name-First: Gabriele Author-X-Name-Last: Prati Author-Name: Luca Pietrantoni Author-X-Name-First: Luca Author-X-Name-Last: Pietrantoni Title: Predictors of safety behaviour among emergency responders on the highways Abstract: Safety behaviour is one of the main determinants of job-related accidents. Few studies have focused on safety behaviour of emergency responders. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact of psychosocial predictors on safety behaviour, taking into consideration a sample of Italian emergency responders operating on the highways (N = 203). Results showed that adherence to safety procedures, reporting accident risk and use of individual protection devices were predicted by risk perception and safety climate. The attitude of priorities of rescue operations vs. safety predicted reporting accident risk. The conceptual and practical implications that emerged are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 405-415 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:405-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hamzah Abdul-Rahman Author-X-Name-First: Hamzah Author-X-Name-Last: Abdul-Rahman Author-Name: Faizul Azli Mohd-Rahim Author-X-Name-First: Faizul Azli Author-X-Name-Last: Mohd-Rahim Author-Name: Wang Chen Author-X-Name-First: Wang Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Reducing failures in software development projects: effectiveness of risk mitigation strategies Abstract: Risks as uncertain conditions with negative consequences on a software project could increase the failure rate of a project if it is ignored. To identify the effectiveness of risk management strategies, a questionnaire survey among over 1000 software professionals was conducted. Post Hoc Multiple Comparison Test and Kendal's non-parametric test were employed to analyse risk mitigation strategies in terms of effectiveness in reducing time and cost overruns. Findings reveal risk mitigation strategies related to the technical part are not as efficient as that in the managerial part such as the users' involvement and commitment in reducing time and cost overruns. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 417-433 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:417-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simone Dohle Author-X-Name-First: Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Dohle Author-Name: Carmen Keller Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Keller Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: Fear and anger: antecedents and consequences of emotional responses to mobile communication Abstract: Many people fear that exposure to mobile phone base stations leads to severe health effects. In addition to those fears, many citizens are unsatisfied or even angry about prevailing base station site-selection procedures. In the present study, it was investigated how these emotions, i.e. fear and anger, determine risk and benefit perceptions and the acceptance of mobile communication. Using structural equation modeling, we found that benefit perception and the acceptance of mobile phone base stations were primarily determined by anger. Risk perception, in contrast was influenced by both emotions. In addition, controllability and fairness emerged as important cognitive appraisals, or antecedents, of fear and anger, while certainty was not related to these emotions. In sum, our findings highlight that fear and anger have specific influences on risk, benefit, and acceptance of mobile communication. Furthermore, the study provides an in-depth understanding of the antecedents that lead to emotional responses within the context of mobile communication. Implications for risk communication will be derived. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 435-446 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.636835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.636835 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:435-446 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacopo Torriti Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo Author-X-Name-Last: Torriti Title: Financial risks of astronomic proportions Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 447-448 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.601930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.601930 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:447-448 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan B. Wiener Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan B. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiener Title: Uncertain risks regulated Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 448-451 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.635034 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.635034 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:448-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Glynis M. Breakwell Author-X-Name-First: Glynis M. Author-X-Name-Last: Breakwell Title: Risk: a very short introduction Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 451-452 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.643665 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.643665 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:451-452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nils-Eric Sahlin Author-X-Name-First: Nils-Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Sahlin Author-Name: Göran Hermerén Author-X-Name-First: Göran Author-X-Name-Last: Hermerén Title: Personalised, predictive and preventive medicine: a decision-theoretic perspective Abstract: Background. The last decade has witnessed remarkable developments in medical treatment that is personalised, predictive and preventive. The advances made here have the potential to bring about radical change, not only in diagnostic tests and prescriptions, but also in more fundamental patterns in the provision of health care. Methods. The conceptual framework and principles of modern decision theory are applied to some of the ethical issues raised by recent advances in personalised, predictive and preventive medicine, including questions about limits of autonomy and the implications of justice and fairness in the distribution of health care services. Results. A new way of conceptualising and understanding the ethical issues raised by personalised, predictive and preventive medicine is sketched. Such medicine involves decisions under risk and decisions under uncertainty, depending on the extent to which current knowledge gaps can be filled. Conclusions. The various ways of conceptualising and understanding these problems need to be discussed before personalised, predictive and preventive medicine is implemented in practical health care. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 453-457 Issue: 5 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.634524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.634524 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:5:p:453-457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Corinne Moser Author-X-Name-First: Corinne Author-X-Name-Last: Moser Author-Name: Michael Stauffacher Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Stauffacher Author-Name: Pius Krütli Author-X-Name-First: Pius Author-X-Name-Last: Krütli Author-Name: Roland W. Scholz Author-X-Name-First: Roland W. Author-X-Name-Last: Scholz Title: The influence of linear and cyclical temporal representations on risk perception of nuclear waste: an experimental study Abstract: Time is an important aspect of the issue of nuclear waste, both from a technical and from a perceptional perspective. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between time and risk perception of nuclear waste, applying the discounting paradigm and therefore limiting time to one very narrow aspect: its duration. However, time is a multifaceted concept and encompasses more than a linear property. The aim of our study is to test the influence of a different aspect of time, namely temporal representations (linear or cyclical) on risk perception of nuclear waste. In an experimental study we demonstrate that both linear and cyclical representations have a reducing effect on risk perception compared to the control condition, where no specific time representation was activated. Examining group differences, we also demonstrate that temporal representations have a differing influence depending on whether participants have a stable belief about nuclear waste or whether they belong to an ambivalent group that does not yet hold a stable belief. Furthermore, we replicate the well-documented gender gap in risk perception. Our results bear potentially interesting implications for risk communication by demonstrating a causal relationship between the graphic representation of time and risk perception of nuclear waste. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 459-476 Issue: 5 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.636836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.636836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:5:p:459-476 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cecile Wendling Author-X-Name-First: Cecile Author-X-Name-Last: Wendling Title: What role for social scientists in risk expertise? Abstract: When it comes to risks -- health and environmental risks, like those linked to the use of nanotechnologies, pesticides, etc. -- three main groups of actors are easily identified, brought together through boundary organisations such as environmental and sanitary risk agencies: the natural and technical scientists, who provide their expertise to assess risks (especially toxicologists, epidemiologists and microbiologists); the policy makers, who take decisions regarding risk management and risk regulation; the lay public, who are more and more involved in participatory frameworks. Sometimes three other groups of actors are added: the 'economists' who can for instance conduct cost--benefit assessments or multi-criteria analyses (especially ecological economists, public economists, political economists and social economists); the 'philosophers'/'ethicists' who can use ethics to highlight moral choices and responsibilities in face of risks; and the 'jurists'/'legal experts' who can justify authorisation or interdiction according to law. Inversely, there is a group of actors which is not clearly identified, that of social scientists, even though a considerable quantity of social science knowledge on risk has been produced. Why is there such a discrepancy? This article, based on a critical review of the literature, aims to make sense of the fuzziness surrounding the involvement of social scientists when it comes to risk expertise. The article shows that one reason for this puzzling situation is to be found in the gap between what social scientists often want to do when they are called in as risk experts and what natural scientists and public policy makers actually expect from them. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 477-493 Issue: 5 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.636837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.636837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:5:p:477-493 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Palmer Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Title: Risk governance in an age of wicked problems: lessons from the European approach to indirect land-use change Abstract: This paper assesses the recent European governance of risks associated with indirect land-use change (ILUC) arising from biofuel production. Deploying the theoretical concepts of 'wicked problems', 'incertitudes' and 'co-production', it argues that Europe's existing risk governance apparatus has systematically failed to acknowledge the inherent difficulties of both identifying and interpreting knowledge pertaining to this issue, thereby sanctioning a risk management strategy that is both cognitively and democratically illegitimate. In short, existing modes of risk governance have assumed that the questions 'what makes ILUC problematic?' and 'how problematic is ILUC?' are both resolvable through objective, scientific risk assessments, when in fact they are not. This paper's first contribution is to outline the precise characteristics of ILUC that serve to render it a wicked problem, focusing in particular on the epistemological hurdles facing those who seek to answer the two key questions outlined above. Its second contribution is then to assess the appropriateness of those science-policy relationships which have thus far been cultivated in Europe as part of attempts to deal with this issue. Specifically here, the reification of 'ILUC factors' as the dominant metric of ILUC risk assessment is argued to have comprised a classic instance of 'co-production', leading to the systematic 'closing down' of broader political debates around the issue. The paper concludes by contending that Europe's risk governance apparatus will have to strive to be more inclusive, transparent, adaptable and reflexive in the future, particularly given the increasing prominence today of such multi-dimensional 'wicked' problems, both in the environmental sphere and beyond. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 495-513 Issue: 5 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.643477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.643477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:5:p:495-513 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Palmer Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Title: Risk governance in an age of wicked problems: lessons from the European approach to indirect land-use change Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 515-515 Issue: 5 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.657499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.657499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:5:p:515-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miranda Larsson Author-X-Name-First: Miranda Author-X-Name-Last: Larsson Author-Name: Erik Grunnesjö Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Grunnesjö Author-Name: Johan Bergström Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Bergström Title: What counts as a reasonable extent? -- a systems approach for understanding fire safety in Sweden Abstract: Swedish legislation requires that any owner or user of a building maintain a reasonable level of fire protection measures to ensure the safety of all people located in the building. If a building, in the wake of a fire, in court is determined not to have had a reasonable fire protection, the blame will likewise be assigned to the building owner or user. Using the perspective of risk governance, this study aims at analysing how regulation and stakeholders interact to maintain a specific level of fire protection in hotels. The focus is on identifying problems and frictions that have emerged from the complex relationships, and differences of interests, between the different stakeholders. Based on a stakeholder analysis, 11 respondents were selected for an interview study. The main problems identified in the analysis are that there are ambiguities for the individual hotel owner to know whether her or his fire protection measures are reasonable according to the law, that the system has emerged without clear political goals, problems related to the process of local supervision, that the ambiguous situation gives rise to opportunities of other stakeholders to claim the definition of what counts as a reasonable extent, and the ethical problems associated with convicting a single individual for failure in a complex multi-actor system. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 517-532 Issue: 5 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.643478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.643478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:5:p:517-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Hellier Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hellier Author-Name: M. Tucker Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Tucker Author-Name: L. Newbold Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Newbold Author-Name: J. Edworthy Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Edworthy Author-Name: J. Griffin Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Griffin Author-Name: N. Coulson Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Coulson Title: The effects of label design characteristics on perceptions of genetically modified food Abstract: Objective. To explore the effects on perceptions of labelling food for genetically modified content. Background: there is increasing public pressure for the compulsory labelling of genetically modified food content on all food products, and yet little is known about how the design and content of such food labels will influence product perceptions. The current research draws upon warning label research -- a field in which the effect of label design manipulations on perceptions of, and responses to, potential or perceived risks is well documented. Method. Two experiments are reported that investigate how label design features influence the perception of genetically modified foods. The effects of label colour (red, blue and green), wording style (definitive vs. probabilistic and explicit vs. non-explicit) and information source (government agency, consumer group and manufacturer) on hazard perceptions and purchase intentions were measured. Results. Hazard perceptions and purchase intentions were both influenced by label design characteristics in predictable ways. Any reference to genetic modification, even if the label is stating that the product is free of genetically modified ingredients, increased hazard perception, and decreased purchase intentions, relative to a no-label condition. Conclusion. Label design effects generalise from warning label research to influence the perception of genetically modified foods in predictable ways. Application. The design of genetically modified food labels. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 533-545 Issue: 5 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.646288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.646288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:5:p:533-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John T. Brady Author-X-Name-First: John T. Author-X-Name-Last: Brady Title: Health risk perceptions across time in the USA Abstract: Risk research has tended to focus on the elements of a risk that make it of more concern to the public or characteristics of the individual that change their risk perceptions. While these two lines of research have identified a number of important factors they have, for the most part, been isolated in time. This study begins to introduce time as a factor in risk perception research. Urban Americans were the focus of the study. The research was conducted over three years at six-month intervals. A mailed survey was sent to 250 individual household each survey period. Participants were asked about their perceptions of risk for Americans in general and for themselves and their families. They were asked to evaluate the overall risk environment compared to a year earlier and were asked to rank eight risk factors, again both for Americans in general and themselves and their families. Ordinal regression was the primary method of analysis. Participants perceived risk as increasing for each period of the study. The regression results for the general risk perceptions for Americans in general found attitudes to government, TV news viewership, and the January 2008 time period to be significant. For respondents and their families, income, children under 18, and attitude to government involvement were significant. For particular risk factors for Americans in general, the model provided the best fit for infectious diseases and the worst fit for accidents away from home. For respondents and their families, the model provided the best fit for natural disasters and the worst fit for food-related illnesses. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 547-563 Issue: 6 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.643476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.643476 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:6:p:547-563 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wim Van Wassenhove Author-X-Name-First: Wim Author-X-Name-Last: Van Wassenhove Author-Name: Kerstin Dressel Author-X-Name-First: Kerstin Author-X-Name-Last: Dressel Author-Name: Alice Perazzini Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Perazzini Author-Name: Giuseppe Ru Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe Author-X-Name-Last: Ru Title: A comparative study of stakeholder risk perception and risk communication in Europe: a bovine spongiform encephalopathy case study Abstract: The 'Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) Roadmap' was published by the European Commission on 15 July 2005. The TSE Roadmap proposes the relaxation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) measures in the short, medium and long term. According to the Roadmap, any relaxation of BSE measures following the scientific assessment should be initiated by an open discussion with all stakeholders and supported by a strong communication strategy. This paper discusses the risk perception, risk communication and risk management of TSEs in Europe, exemplified by the TSE Roadmap. The main conclusion is that in general, BSE is no longer a 'hot' topic for stakeholders, but there are slight differences between countries with respect to specific measures. Another important conclusion is that the TSE Roadmap is a very effective tool for risk communication with stakeholders. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 565-582 Issue: 6 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.646290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.646290 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:6:p:565-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Silke Gabbert Author-X-Name-First: Silke Author-X-Name-Last: Gabbert Author-Name: Christina Benighaus Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Benighaus Title: Quo vadis integrated testing strategies? Experiences and observations from the work floor Abstract: Integrated testing strategies (ITSs) have received much attention as promising tools for more resource-efficient hazard and risk assessment of chemicals and for reducing animal use in toxicological testing. The usage of ITSs crucially depends on their acceptance and application by various stakeholder groups, for example chemical industry, scientific organisations and regulatory authorities. However, little is known about stakeholders' views on the use and application of ITSs. In this study, we present results from semi-structured interviews with different stakeholder groups. Interviewees were asked to express their personal views and opinions about what an ITS is or should be, about ITS advantages and limitations, about ITS implementation and acceptance and about needs for further research. Using qualitative data analysis, we identified a set of core themes that stakeholders considered most relevant with respect to these six topics. Our results illustrate that stakeholder perspectives differed considerably for each of the topics addressed. We found particularly diverging views across stakeholder groups with respect to ITS limitations and acceptance. This underlines that improving stakeholder integration and intensifying the dialogue about useful and successful ITS applications should receive more attention for strengthening ITSs as effective decision-support tools. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 583-599 Issue: 6 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.646291 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.646291 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:6:p:583-599 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Krewski Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Krewski Author-Name: Michelle C. Turner Author-X-Name-First: Michelle C. Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: Louise Lemyre Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Lemyre Author-Name: Jennifer E.C. Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer E.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Expert vs. public perception of population health risks in Canada Abstract: In the field of risk analysis, there is ongoing tension between expert risk assessment and public risk perception. This paper presents the results of a health risk perception survey administered to Canadian health experts as a follow-up to a previous survey. A total of 125 experts (75 physicians and 50 toxicologists) recruited through professional organizations completed a self-administered questionnaire in 2004. Experts were asked to provide ratings of perceived risk of 30 health hazards as well as detailed ratings of five health hazards (motor vehicles, climate change, recreational physical activity, cellular phones, and terrorism) and five health outcomes (cancer, long-term disabilities, asthma, heart disease, and depression) in terms of perceived health risk, personal control, knowledge, uncertainty, worry, and acceptability. Sources of information on health risks, confidence in those information sources, as well as health risk beliefs were also examined. Experts perceived behavioral health hazards, such as cigarette smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity, posed the greatest health risk, and medical technologies, including vaccines, medical X-rays, and laser eye surgery, posed the least risk. Experts reported receiving 'a lot' of information from university scientists/scientific journals and medical doctors and reported having 'a lot' of confidence in those sources. High levels of environmental and social concern were observed, as well as a high degree of personal agency over health risks. Health risk perceptions varied by professional affiliation but not gender. Results are compared to a recent public risk perception survey in Canada. Differences between public and expert risk perceptions may hold instructive pointers for risk management and risk communication strategies designed to improve population health. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 601-625 Issue: 6 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.649297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.649297 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:6:p:601-625 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Title: Selenium:mercury molar ratios in fish from the Savannah River: implications for risk management Abstract: The risk to humans from contaminants in fish is dealt with by issuing consumption advisories, which are devised from consumption patterns, contaminant levels, and toxicity of those contaminants. The primary contaminant of concern in fish is mercury, and recently it has been suggested that the protective effects of selenium on mercury toxicity should be considered in risk management. The relationships between mercury, fish species and fish size, and selenium:mercury (Se:Hg) molar ratios were examined for freshwater fish from the Savannah River. The data indicated: (1) significant variation in Se:Hg molar ratios among and within species, (2) mean selenium molar ratios for the 11 species were negatively correlated with mean mercury levels and mean fish length, (3) greater variation in individual variances within species than the variation in mean ratios among species, (4) some species with high mean ratios had individuals with ratios below 1, and (5) even the species with the highest mean ratios had some individuals close to a molar ratio of one. These data suggest that the great variability of the Se:Hg molar ratios within a species results in the ratios being unpredictable. That is, knowing the mean Se:Hg molar ratio for a given species does not predict the ratios of individuals, or thus the protectiveness of selenium on mercury toxicity. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 627-644 Issue: 6 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.649298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.649298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:6:p:627-644 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sverre Kjetil Rød Author-X-Name-First: Sverre Kjetil Author-X-Name-Last: Rød Author-Name: Carl Botan Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Botan Author-Name: Are Holen Author-X-Name-First: Are Author-X-Name-Last: Holen Title: Risk communication and worried publics in an imminent rockslide and tsunami situation Abstract: In this paper determinants of adequate worry were studied in the case of an impending rockslide and tsunami in the fjords around Åknes on the west coast of Norway. Approximately 3000 people live in this danger zone. A rockslide may cause up to 54 million cubic metres (1.9 billion cubic feet) of rock to slide into the fjord below, causing a major tsunami. In relation to risk communication, the study sought insights into the determinants of adequate worry in this certain, but time-indeterminate, natural disaster. A questionnaire designed to measure the public's 'otte', a parochial Norwegian expression translated as a nagging worry about the rockslide, was mailed to all 875 inhabitants aged 18 years and older in the four small communities along the fjord; 382 responded (43.6%). The results indicated that members of the public who had trust in the experts and engaged in dialogue with them tended to worry more than others. Those who reported concerns about issues unrelated to the disaster tended to worry less about a possible rockslide. Analyses also revealed that those who lived in a community with extraordinary assets worried the most. Compliance with the evacuation procedures and trust in the experts were positively correlated with the level of worry. In order to address the needs of the public, this study suggests that not only are facts and figures about risk important but also issues that address the worries of the public. Implications for risk communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 645-654 Issue: 6 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.652650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.652650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:6:p:645-654 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sverre Kjetil Rød Author-X-Name-First: Sverre Kjetil Author-X-Name-Last: Rød Author-Name: Carl Botan Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Botan Author-Name: Are Holen Author-X-Name-First: Are Author-X-Name-Last: Holen Title: Risk communication and worried publics in an imminent rockslide and tsunami situation Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 655-655 Issue: 6 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.655540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.655540 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:6:p:655-655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate Holland Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Holland Author-Name: R. Warwick Blood Author-X-Name-First: R. Warwick Author-X-Name-Last: Blood Author-Name: Michelle Imison Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Imison Author-Name: Simon Chapman Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Chapman Author-Name: Andrea Fogarty Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Fogarty Title: Risk, expert uncertainty, and Australian news media: public and private faces of expert opinion during the 2009 swine flu pandemic Abstract: During the outbreak of emerging infectious diseases scientists and public health officials play a key role in informing communities about what is happening, why and what they can do about it, and the news media are critical to how expert knowledge is presented to the public. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the media-oriented practices of experts and to gauge their perceptions of risk communication during public health emergencies. This study investigates the experiences of scientists and public health officials who were sources for the Australian news media during the 2009 pH1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. The paper discusses the perception among some participants that their colleagues were 'toeing the party' line as distinct from offering individual 'expert opinion', and identifies the different meanings they associated with responsible expert risk communication. In their encounters with the media some indicated frustration with news media constraints, while others demonstrated an internalization of the kind of skills required to play the 'media game'. The paper discusses the ways in which scientific experts balanced their roles and responsibilities in the context of institutional pressures to be an active media performer. The study affirms the importance of looking beyond media texts and to the activities and perceptions of media sources in order to fully appreciate framing contests, especially when there is a suggestion that dissenting views on disease risk are restricted from entering public debate. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 657-671 Issue: 6 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.652651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.652651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:6:p:657-671 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mercedes Ayuso Author-X-Name-First: Mercedes Author-X-Name-Last: Ayuso Author-Name: Lluís Bermúdez Author-X-Name-First: Lluís Author-X-Name-Last: Bermúdez Author-Name: Miguel Santolino Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Santolino Title: Influence of parties' behavioural features on motor compensation disputes in insurance markets Abstract: Disputes between parties involved in motor insurance claims compensations are analysed. The decision to resolve the disagreement by either negotiation or trial may depend on how risk and confrontation adverse or pessimistic the claimant is. The extent to which these behavioural features of the claimant might influence the final compensation amount is examined. An empirical analysis, fitting a switching regression model to a Spanish database, is conducted in order to analyse whether the choice of the conflict resolution procedure is endogenous to the compensation outcomes. The results show that compensations awarded by courts are always higher, although 95% of cases are settled by negotiation. We show that this is because claimants are adverse to risk and confrontation, and are pessimistic about their chances at trial. By contrast, insurers are risk/confrontation neutral and more objective in relation to the expected trial compensation. During the negotiation insurers accept to pay the subjective compensation values of claimants, since these values are lower than their estimates of compensations at trial. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 673-691 Issue: 6 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.652652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.652652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:6:p:673-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tara K. McGee Author-X-Name-First: Tara K. Author-X-Name-Last: McGee Author-Name: Gordon A. Gow Author-X-Name-First: Gordon A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gow Title: Potential responses by on-campus university students to a university emergency alert Abstract: University campuses across Canada and elsewhere are developing and implementing emergency alert systems to warn campus community members about a variety of threats. In this study, focus group discussions were used to examine how undergraduate students living on campus may respond to an emergency alert. A focus group activity used tornado, fire and threatening message alert messages to provide a context for the focus group discussions. After reading the warning message, most students understood the warning message but there was uncertainty about the non-specified threat and how and where to evacuate. Many would believe a message sent by the university as long as it was sent via a phone number that they associated with the university. Personalization of risk varied, and students reported that they would confirm a warning message with a variety of sources including student colleagues, faculty and teaching staff, television and internet sources. Taking protective action by sheltering in place was deemed to be feasible, however evacuation off campus was found to be problematic. We found that the nature of short message service text messages, the characteristics of universities, and the students' home being in an on-campus residence influenced how the students may respond to an emergency alert message. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 693-710 Issue: 6 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.652653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.652653 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:6:p:693-710 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Turner Gibbs Author-X-Name-First: Mark Turner Author-X-Name-Last: Gibbs Title: Time to re-think engineering design standards in a changing climate: the role of risk-based approaches Abstract: The design and construction of the built environment requires explicitly addressing the risk-resilience tradeoff -- too weak and the structure may fail, too strong and it will result in excess capacity, cost and embodied energy. This tradeoff is generally managed through the establishment of, and compliance with building standards and codes that often specify the exact methodology by which design parameters shall be calculated from environmental measurements of wind speeds, wave heights, flood levels and other environmental variables. Furthermore, these standards commonly legislate that historical data be used to calculate these design parameters. However, climate science has revealed that in some, if not many cases, these historical datasets may not be representative of future conditions and thus using historical data to develop design parameters for future long-lived infrastructure may increase the likelihood that the risk-resilience tradeoff becomes inadvertently skewed. Hence we now have a conundrum in that engineers are directed to design structures using standards that are based on time series on environmental parameters that we believe in some cases may be unrepresentative of the conditions which structures may face. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 711-716 Issue: 7 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.657220 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.657220 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:7:p:711-716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathan F. Dieckmann Author-X-Name-First: Nathan F. Author-X-Name-Last: Dieckmann Author-Name: Ellen Peters Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Peters Author-Name: Robin Gregory Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Gregory Author-Name: Martin Tusler Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Tusler Title: Making sense of uncertainty: advantages and disadvantages of providing an evaluative structure Abstract: In many decision contexts, there is uncertainty in the assessed probabilities and expected consequences of different actions. The fundamental goal for information providers is to present uncertainty in a way that is not overly complicated, yet sufficiently detailed to prompt decision-makers to think about the implications of this uncertainty for the decision at hand. In two experiments, we assess the pros and cons of providing an evaluative structure to facilitate the comprehension and use of uncertainty information and explore whether people who vary in numeracy perceive and use uncertainty in different ways. Participants were presented with scenarios and summary tables describing the anticipated consequences of different environmental-management actions. Our results suggest that different uncertainty formats may lead people to think in particular ways. Laypeople had an easier time understanding the general concept of uncertainty when an evaluative label was presented (e.g. uncertainty is High or Low). However, when asked about a specific possible outcome for an attribute, participants performed better when presented with numerical ranges. Our results also suggest that there appear to be advantages to using evaluative labels, in that they can highlight aspects of uncertainty information that may otherwise be overlooked in more complex numerical displays. However, the salience of evaluative labels appeared to cause some participants to put undue weight on this information, which resulted in value-inconsistent choices. The simplicity and power of providing an evaluative structure is a double-edged sword. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 717-735 Issue: 7 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.666760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.666760 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:7:p:717-735 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helena Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Author-Name: Carl Johan Lagerkvist Author-X-Name-First: Carl Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Lagerkvist Title: Measuring farmers' preferences for risk: a domain-specific risk preference scale Abstract: A behavioral framework and psychometric theory were used to develop a domain-specific scale to measure farmers' preferences (attitudes) for risk, when the expected benefits and perceived risks of each domain were explicitly modeled. Exploratory factor analyses based on a sample of 237 Swedish farmers highlighted three risk domains, which we termed 'Up-to-date and in deliberate control of production,' 'Carefulness and planning in general' and 'Progressive farming.' The results suggested that farmers are risk-averse in all domains. External validation of the domain-specific measurement scale suggested that it could significantly predict the observed five-year volatility in farm income. The suggested domain-specific measurement scale is of practical importance for the farmers themselves, the agribusiness, and for policy-makers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 737-753 Issue: 7 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.657217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.657217 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:7:p:737-753 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pekka Räsänen Author-X-Name-First: Pekka Author-X-Name-Last: Räsänen Author-Name: Matti Näsi Author-X-Name-First: Matti Author-X-Name-Last: Näsi Author-Name: Outi Sarpila Author-X-Name-First: Outi Author-X-Name-Last: Sarpila Title: Old and new sources of risk: a study of societal risk perception in Finland Abstract: It has been argued that many of the present-day societies are witnessing the emergence of new types of concerns alongside the more traditional sources of distress. However, little research has focused on the perception of these new types of risks. This paper examines the risk perceptions across adult population in Finland. We compare the average ratings of different types of risks and then examine how much socio-demographic disparities exist among these ratings. Our data are derived from a nationally representative mail survey collected in the fall of 2009. The survey gave a response rate of 49% (n = 1202). Our findings show that there are differences in the risk perceptions between different types of risks. Socio-demographic differences matter, as age, gender and place of residence in particular appear as significant determinants of risk perception. Further on, women and older respondents rate international and traditional risks as well as media and pornography as more of a concern compared to men and younger respondents. Although existing theoretical literature suggests there to be only minor differences in risk perception between population groups, this study seeks to better understand what sort of differences there really exists. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 755-769 Issue: 7 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.657218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.657218 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:7:p:755-769 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yohannes Aberra Author-X-Name-First: Yohannes Author-X-Name-Last: Aberra Title: Perceptions of climate change among members of the House of Peoples' Representatives, Ethiopia Abstract: Climate change has become an issue which touches upon all spheres of life. To combat the problem, understanding the perceptions of all that have stake in it provides with stronger ground for decision-making. Ethiopia is one those countries that are or going to be severely affected by climate change, the solution of which partly depends on how its key decision-makers perceive the problem. In light of this a questionnaire survey was conducted on 195 volunteering members of the House of People's Representatives in Ethiopia. The results of data analysis reveal that most identified rainfall variability, declining hydrology and increasing temperature as manifestations of climate change, and emission reduction and forest protection as its key solutions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 771-785 Issue: 7 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.657219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.657219 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:7:p:771-785 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Özlem Şimşekoğlu Author-X-Name-First: Özlem Author-X-Name-Last: Şimşekoğlu Author-Name: Trond Nordfjærn Author-X-Name-First: Trond Author-X-Name-Last: Nordfjærn Author-Name: Torbjørn Rundmo Author-X-Name-First: Torbjørn Author-X-Name-Last: Rundmo Title: Traffic risk perception, road safety attitudes, and behaviors among road users: a comparison of Turkey and Norway Abstract: The present study aims to investigate differences in road safety attitudes, driver behavior, and traffic risk perception between Turkey and Norway. A questionnaire survey was conducted among a sample of Norwegian (n = 247) and Turkish (n = 213) road users. The results show that Turkish respondents perceived traffic risk to be higher than Norwegian respondents. Turkish respondents reported safer attitudes towards drinking and driving than Norwegian respondents, while Norwegians reported safer attitudes towards speeding. Turkish respondents reported a lower frequency of speeding behaviors than Norwegian respondents, whereas Norwegian respondents reported a lower frequency of drinking and driving. Traffic risk perception was related to road safety attitudes and behaviors among Norwegian respondents but not among Turkish respondents. The results were discussed with respect to differences in traffic safety, traffic culture, and the development levels in Turkey and Norway. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 787-800 Issue: 7 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.657221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.657221 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:7:p:787-800 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonas Hagmann Author-X-Name-First: Jonas Author-X-Name-Last: Hagmann Title: Fukushima: probing the analytical and epistemological limits of risk analysis Abstract: The Fukushima catastrophe tragically epitomizes the limitations of dealing with natural and technical hazards. Remarkably yet;authorities' review of the catastrophe continue to be limited to mistakes and responsibilities of practical risk management. Although state regulations are questioned;technical protection measures verified;and disaster management processes optimized;no deeper discussion about the actual analytical limits of risk analysis has been engaged thus far. What can risk analyses address and what remains beyond their scope? How trustworthy can risk analyses be;and what kind of statements about the future can they actually formulate? This article examines these broader analytical and epistemological boundaries of risk analysis. Drawing on cases of international nuclear risk management;it tests and problematizes how the definition of risk;the methodology of their registration;and the interpretation of results are reaching their limitations in contemporary risk analysis. Following this critical discussion of risk analysis;the article draws conclusions concerning the usefulness and necessity of a differentiated and informed discourse on the potential and the limitations of the risk analysis method;an approach which today enjoys increasing popularity in a variety of policy sectors ranging from critical infrastructure protection to national and international security. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 801-815 Issue: 7 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.657223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.657223 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:7:p:801-815 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Corinna Cagliano Author-X-Name-First: Anna Corinna Author-X-Name-Last: Cagliano Author-Name: Alberto De Marco Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: De Marco Author-Name: Sabrina Grimaldi Author-X-Name-First: Sabrina Author-X-Name-Last: Grimaldi Author-Name: Carlo Rafele Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Rafele Title: An integrated approach to supply chain risk analysis Abstract: Despite the increasing attention that supply chain risk management is receiving by both researchers and practitioners, companies still lack a risk culture. Moreover, risk management approaches are either too general or require pieces of information not regularly recorded by organisations. This work develops a risk identification and analysis methodology that integrates widely adopted supply chain and risk management tools. In particular, process analysis is performed by means of the standard framework provided by the Supply Chain Operations Reference Model, the risk identification and analysis tasks are accomplished by applying the Risk Breakdown Structure and the Risk Breakdown Matrix, and the effects of risk occurrence on activities are assessed by indicators that are already measured by companies in order to monitor their performances. In such a way, the framework contributes to increase companies' awareness and communication about risk, which are essential components of the management of modern supply chains. A base case has been developed by applying the proposed approach to a hypothetical manufacturing supply chain. An in-depth validation will be carried out to improve the methodology and further demonstrate its benefits and limitations. Future research will extend the framework to include the understanding of the multiple effects of risky events on different processes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 817-840 Issue: 7 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.666757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.666757 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:7:p:817-840 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angel Herrero Author-X-Name-First: Angel Author-X-Name-Last: Herrero Author-Name: Héctor San Martín Author-X-Name-First: Héctor Author-X-Name-Last: San Martín Title: Effects of the risk sources and user involvement on e-commerce adoption: application to tourist services Abstract: Past research has focused on the dimensions (consequences) of perceived risk and the effect of global risk on e-commerce adoption by consumers. This paper uses a new approach to examine the influence of perceived risk on e-commerce adoption and, on the basis of the Theory of Planned behaviour (TPB), develops an integrative model that includes the effect of three risk sources (i.e. technology, vendor and product) on the attitude towards the website use and online purchasing intention of users. In addition, this study examines how involvement, one of the main determinants of consumer behaviour, affects the role of these sources of perceived risk in e-commerce adoption. The results obtained in a sample of 1083 users of tourist services suggest that technology risk is the main determinant of online purchasing intention, which is also influenced by the variables from the TPB model. For its part, the technology risk and vendor risk have a negative influence on attitude towards the website use. In addition, both types of risk have a higher negative effect on attitude in the case of high-involvement users, supporting the moderating influence of involvement on e-commerce adoption. From a practical point of view, the findings of this research help managers to implement actions aimed at reinforcing the users' trust in their websites and, consequently, at fostering the online purchase. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 841-855 Issue: 7 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.666758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.666758 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:7:p:841-855 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Piers Fleming Author-X-Name-First: Piers Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming Author-Name: Ellen Townsend Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Townsend Author-Name: Joost A. van Hilten Author-X-Name-First: Joost A. Author-X-Name-Last: van Hilten Author-Name: Alexa Spence Author-X-Name-First: Alexa Author-X-Name-Last: Spence Author-Name: Eamonn Ferguson Author-X-Name-First: Eamonn Author-X-Name-Last: Ferguson Title: Expert relevance and the use of context-driven heuristic processes in risk perception Abstract: The effectiveness of a medical treatment should not predict its risk (highly effective treatments can be either safe or risky), however, people's use of heuristic shortcuts may lead them to judge a link between effectiveness and risk, typically a negative correlation. A particular concern is that experts might use such a strategy and that this is unlikely to provide an accurate judgement. This large-scale field-based experiment compares expert-relevant and non-expert-relevant contexts, for both expert and public judgements of risk and effectiveness in the context of blood transfusion medicine. Postal questionnaires were distributed to anaesthetists (experts, N = 123) and a general public (non-expert) comparison group (N = 1153); half of the participants were cued with accompanying general information about genetically-modified (GM) biotechnology and half received specific information about blood product technologies. The blood-focussed information served to emphasise the medical relevance of the questionnaire to the expert group. Regression analyses showed that generally perceived effectiveness predicted perceived risk for both experts and non-experts, which suggests heuristic processing. However, although experts appeared to engage in heuristic processing for risk perceptions in certain circumstances, this processing is strongly affected by context. Experts who received the medically relevant context rated perceptions of effectiveness independently of perceptions of risk, unlike those who received the GM context. This indicates a reduced reliance on a low-effort heuristic for experts given an expertise-relevant context. The results are considered in light of dual-process (rational-associative) accounts of reasoning. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 857-873 Issue: 7 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.666759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.666759 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:7:p:857-873 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trond Nordfjærn Author-X-Name-First: Trond Author-X-Name-Last: Nordfjærn Author-Name: Stig Halvard Jørgensen Author-X-Name-First: Stig Halvard Author-X-Name-Last: Jørgensen Author-Name: Torbjørn Rundmo Author-X-Name-First: Torbjørn Author-X-Name-Last: Rundmo Title: Safety attitudes, behaviour, anxiety and perceived control among professional and non-professional drivers Abstract: The current study aimed to investigate differences in psychological safety factors such as attitudes and behaviour among professional and non-professional drivers. Differences in accident involvement and the number of speeding tickets were also investigated. An additional aim was to study factors associated with risky driver behaviour and speeding tickets in these groups. A questionnaire survey was distributed by mail to a randomly selected sample from the Norwegian population registry (N = 6203). The response rate was 30% and the final sample consisted of 1864 individuals. Adjusted for demographic characteristics and road traffic exposure the results showed that professional drivers (n = 113) reported significantly less seat belt use and watchful driving than non-professional drivers (n = 1594). Professional drivers reported significantly less fun riding and safer attitudes regarding addressing the unsafe driving of others. The professional drivers also reported significantly safer behaviour related to drink driving, but lower priorities of road traffic safety. Professional drivers perceived significantly more control and had been involved in more accidents than the non-professional drivers. The results suggest that professional drivers may constitute a risk group in road traffic. Further research could focus on barriers of seat belt use and mechanisms, which could promote safety priorities in this driver group. The knowledge gained by such studies could be utilised by company managers in order to promote safer behaviour among professional drivers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 875-896 Issue: 8 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.670132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.670132 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:8:p:875-896 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer R. Allen Catellier Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer R. Author-X-Name-Last: Allen Catellier Author-Name: Z. Janet Yang Author-X-Name-First: Z. Janet Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Trust and affect: how do they impact risk information seeking in a health context? Abstract: This study examines college students' intention to seek information about the H1N1 flu vaccine. We specifically focused on the relationship between trust and affect and whether they work together to influence risk information seeking. Results indicated that positive affect moderated the relationship between trust and information seeking, but negative affect did not. While both positive affect and negative affect influenced risk information seeking, when combined with trust, only positive affect remained as a significant predictor. These results suggest that by understanding the role that trust and affect play, medical professionals and disease control agencies can tailor their communication efforts to increase an individual's intention to seek information about preventive measures. Specifically, maintaining the public's trust and positive feelings toward these entities is key to successful communication about prevention measures such as vaccination. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 897-911 Issue: 8 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.686048 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.686048 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:8:p:897-911 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joep Binkhorst Author-X-Name-First: Joep Author-X-Name-Last: Binkhorst Author-Name: Sytze F. Kingma Author-X-Name-First: Sytze F. Author-X-Name-Last: Kingma Title: Safety vs. reputation: risk controversies in emerging policy networks regarding school safety in the Netherlands Abstract: This article deals with risk controversies in emerging policy networks regarding school safety in the Netherlands. It offers a grounded account of the interpretations of school risks and safety measures by the various stakeholders of the policy network, in particular, schools, local government and the police. Theoretically, policy networks are conceived as mediating between the structural conditions of the 'risk-society' and the 'culture of fear' on the one hand and the institution of safety standards on the organizational level of schools on the other hand. It is argued that in the low-risk context of schools, it is particularly important to take into account the soft, cultural side of safety next to the hard, material side of safety. This distinction also accounts for the ambiguities and controversies over school risks. A further conclusion is that in this network a lack of local leadership seems to hinder the development of firm safety measures. Overall, this article highlights the paradox between a concern for safety and a concern for a school's reputation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 913-935 Issue: 8 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.686049 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.686049 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:8:p:913-935 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rob Ranyard Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Ranyard Author-Name: Sandie McHugh Author-X-Name-First: Sandie Author-X-Name-Last: McHugh Title: Bounded rationality in credit consumers' payment protection insurance decisions: the effect of relative cost and level of cover Abstract: A previous study found that credit consumers' decisions to purchase payment protection insurance (PPI) were surprising insensitive to changes in cost and level of cover. This was investigated further in a randomized-groups experiment in which these two factors and the cost of credit alternatives without PPI were systematically manipulated. High street bank customers (N = 215) were presented with realistic PPI purchase scenarios and a questionnaire assessing their willingness to pay (WTP) for PPI and perceptions of its usefulness. It was found that: (1) WTP and PPI decisions were insensitive to relatively large changes in level of cover; (2) the perceived usefulness of Premium and Basic levels of cover were not significantly different, although their usefulness was a significant predictor of PPI decisions and (3) sensitivity of PPI decisions to changes in cost was dependent on the cost of credit without PPI. The first two findings are explained in terms of simplified mental representations and the evaluability of insurance cover. It is concluded that further research on the effects of the relative cost of insurance is needed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 937-950 Issue: 8 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.686050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.686050 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:8:p:937-950 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dongqing Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Dongqing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Author-Name: Xiaofei Xie Author-X-Name-First: Xiaofei Author-X-Name-Last: Xie Author-Name: Jiaqiu Xie Author-X-Name-First: Jiaqiu Author-X-Name-Last: Xie Title: When do people feel more risk? The effect of ambiguity tolerance and message source on purchasing intention of earthquake insurance Abstract: The present study explored the impact of message source and ambiguity tolerance (AT) on risk perception and purchasing intention of earthquake insurance. Two months after Wenchuan earthquake, adult residents exposed to seismic hazard (n = 108) were first asked to finish the AT scale and five items of risk perception. After being provided with a risk message from 'news media' (publicity) or 'peers' (word-of-mouth), they were instructed to report their intention to purchase the seismic insurance. All sociodemographic data were also collected. Results indicated an interaction of message source and AT on intention of buying earthquake insurance with risk perception as a mediator. Specifically, people with higher AT felt more risk and were more willing to buy earthquake insurance when the risk message is from publicity than that from word-of-mouth; while people with lower AT demonstrated nearly the same risk perception and intention of buying insurance under both types of information conditions. The results were interpreted in relation to heuristic systematic model of persuasion, and were discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 951-965 Issue: 8 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.686051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.686051 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:8:p:951-965 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anat Gesser-Edelsburg Author-X-Name-First: Anat Author-X-Name-Last: Gesser-Edelsburg Author-Name: Mina Zemach Author-X-Name-First: Mina Author-X-Name-Last: Zemach Title: From a fiasco to the Supertanker grand finale: Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu's crisis communication during the Carmel disaster Abstract: On 2 December 2010, a forest fire broke out in the Carmel Mountains of northern Israel and burned for four days, becoming the biggest fire in Israel's history. Forty-four people were killed, 17,000 were evacuated from their homes, and 25 million square meters of land with millions of trees burned down, in what became known as the 'Carmel disaster.' This article examines Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's communication of the Carmel disaster, using content, rhetorical risk communication, performance analysis, and a national public opinion survey. We claim it exposes the dilemma of what we label 'cover-up risk communication.' The analysis will examine the geo and social political context in which the Carmel disaster occurred, the rhetorical and performance strategies the prime minister chose to use to communicate the risk in his television appearances during the crisis, and the mass media's response to them. The public's response to the prime minister's risk communication is presented through the national public opinion survey we conducted. This case study indicates that even if a leader makes effective use of central tenets of risk communication (inclusion, clarity, and addressing the public's values and norms), when risk communication serves to cover-up failure rather than being part of an overall policy of changing priorities for the benefit of the population, then it becomes what we labeled 'cover-up risk communication.' In addition, when the press does not fill its role as the public's 'watchdog,' it might reinforce cover-up communication by the leadership and compromise the chance to correct defects. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 967-989 Issue: 8 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.686052 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.686052 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:8:p:967-989 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S.M. Shirazi Author-X-Name-First: S.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Shirazi Author-Name: H.M. Imran Author-X-Name-First: H.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Imran Author-Name: Shatirah Akib Author-X-Name-First: Shatirah Author-X-Name-Last: Akib Title: GIS-based DRASTIC method for groundwater vulnerability assessment: a review Abstract: Groundwater vulnerability is a burning issue all over the world due to the deterioration of groundwater level and increasing contamination which poses serious detrimental risk to the environment. To identify this risk, extensive research has been carried out to assess the groundwater vulnerability by using different methods. Generally, the process-based method, statistical method, and overlay & index methods are used in this regard. DRASTIC method is one type of overlay & index method for vulnerability assessment. This paper represents a comprehensive review of available literature on the applications of Geographic Information System (GIS)-based DRASTIC method for groundwater vulnerability assessment. Also, some other types of overlay & index methods are compared with the DRASTIC method. This study discusses the rescaling of rating ranges and modification of DRASTIC parameters, and shows the comparison of DRASTIC method with other vulnerability assessment methods. In addition, this study identifies some research gaps on the present state of groundwater vulnerability assessment and proposes some research needs for further studies. The findings of this study indicate that the combination of GIS and DRASTIC are more viable for groundwater vulnerability assessment. Furthermore, modified DRASTIC method can be used for agricultural, arid, semi-arid, and basaltic regions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 991-1011 Issue: 8 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.686053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.686053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:8:p:991-1011 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelly Klima Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Klima Author-Name: M. Granger Morgan Author-X-Name-First: M. Granger Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Title: Thoughts on whether government should steer a tropical cyclone if it could Abstract: Previous work suggests if it were possible to lower sea-surface temperature using wind-wave pumps, it would sometime make sense to try to reduce the wind speed of a tropical cyclone (TC) that is likely to make landfall. While currently there is no plausible strategy to steer a TC, suppose that TC landfall location could be altered and subsequent damages perhaps reduced. Here, we ask whether and when such a modification might be desirable. As a thought experiment, we consider a hypothetical TC that will make landfall on the east coast of Florida. Using results from previous detailed damage modeling, we examine three simplified scenarios of TC modification resulting in altered landfall location. Even in these simplified scenarios, and assuming a zero cost for modification, we find that unless it becomes possible to steer a hurricane to the open ocean with something approaching certainty, it is likely that the complexities of the decision will always make it undesirable to undertake a modification intended to steer TCs. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1013-1020 Issue: 8 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.686054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.686054 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:8:p:1013-1020 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steve E. Corin Author-X-Name-First: Steve E. Author-X-Name-Last: Corin Author-Name: Andrea McNeill Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: McNeill Author-Name: Asela Atapattu Author-X-Name-First: Asela Author-X-Name-Last: Atapattu Title: Democracy and risk-based decision-making: the next step in public involvement Abstract: Risk assessment has struggled to reconcile public views and opinion with the results of science-based objective assessment. In this paper, we attempt to tease apart subjective and objective considerations that risk management decisions entail. Through the use of examples from the New Zealand Environmental Risk Management Authority, we argue that risk managers need to use quantitative tools in order to develop an objective understanding of the biophysical outcomes of an activity. Decision-making should then enter a phase where democratic methods are used to allow people to weigh these physical outcomes subjectively. We believe allowing subjective democratic decisions, based on objective reality, will help enable risk management to bridge gaps between practitioners and the public. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1021-1026 Issue: 8 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.686055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.686055 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:8:p:1021-1026 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisabeth Krausmann Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Krausmann Author-Name: Daniele Baranzini Author-X-Name-First: Daniele Author-X-Name-Last: Baranzini Title: Natech risk reduction in the European Union Abstract: A study was performed on the status of Natech risk reduction in Europeon Union Member States by means of a questionnaire survey. The results show that natural hazards are increasingly recognised as a possibly important external risk source for chemical facilities. The management of Natech risk is mainly addressed through the Member States' legal framework for chemical-accident prevention whose effectiveness appears, however, inconclusive. Guidance on Natech risk reduction to support legislation is scarce and, where existing, did not always prevent Natech accidents from occurring. In fact, in over half the responding countries Natech accidents have resulted in the release of toxic substances, fires or explosions with sometimes fatalities and injuries. The natural events that triggered these accidents were not necessarily the ones believed to be of most concern in the Natech context, indicating an incongruity between accident causes and risk perception. Gaps in Natech risk reduction were recognised and are mostly due to budget constraints and a lack of adequate resources which lead to the prioritisation of tasks deemed more important, a lack of training and insufficient knowledge of the dynamics of Natech accidents. This has resulted in a lack of specific Natech risk-assessment methodologies and tools. Consequently, industry in almost half of the responding countries is believed to insufficiently consider Natech risk in their facility risk assessment. The development of guidance on Natech risk assessment was indicated as the highest priority need for effective risk reduction. The study concludes with a number of priority areas for future work to improve the management of Natech risk. The results of a Natech questionnaire survey in OECD Member Countries which was performed in parallel show the same trend. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1027-1047 Issue: 8 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.666761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.666761 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:8:p:1027-1047 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerry Busby Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Busby Author-Name: Dominic Duckett Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Duckett Title: Social risk amplification as an attribution: the case of zoonotic disease outbreaks Abstract: Past work on social risk amplification has concentrated on studying large-scale, aggregated societal responses to risk issues as the outcome of social processes. An alternative approach, explored in this article, is to regard amplification as an attribution. Social risk amplification is something that social actors attribute to one another as they try to explain their systematic differences in response, not an objective characterisation of a response that is somehow disproportionate to its stimulus. This avoids the problem that the idea of a social amplification of risk can be taken to imply that a risk external to the social system can somehow be distorted by it. The attributional view also helps illustrate differences in risk response as much as commonalities. In order to explore risk amplification as an attribution we analyse the explanations and descriptions used by actors discussing recent outbreaks of zoonotic disease. We present a grounded analysis that produces a classification of these explanations and descriptions. It is evident from the clichés that informants used -- such as 'crying wolf', 'scare-mongering' and 'jumping on the bandwagon' -- that social actors have had a concept resembling social risk amplification that long predates the social amplification of risk framework. Moreover, they use it in a strongly normative way: sometimes saying this amplification is explicable and excusable, sometimes not. It is therefore a basis of social judgment. The idea of amplification as an attribution offers the particular advantage that it helps deal with situations where social actors develop their risk responses in reaction to the risk responses of other social actors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1049-1074 Issue: 9 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.670130 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.670130 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:9:p:1049-1074 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eun-Sung Kim Author-X-Name-First: Eun-Sung Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Technocratic precautionary principle: Korean risk governance of mad cow disease Abstract: This study investigates the multiplicity of sciences and the assemblage of technocracy with the precautionary principle (PP) in the Korean risk governance of mad cow disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [BSE]). It conducts a policy typological analysis and a sociocultural analysis of the PP. Korean BSE policies are built on the technocratic PP. This principle emphasizes the scientific evidence of risk, although taking precautionary policy actions against BSE. This principle led to the absence of a total BSE inspection, a specified risk material policy for Korean cattle, a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point policy for beef processing and circulation, and an animal feed ban on nonruminants. Moreover, the BSE debate is not one about a unified science vs. a unified PP, but rather it concerns complex struggles between PPs in alliance with different sciences. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1075-1100 Issue: 9 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.670131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.670131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:9:p:1075-1100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lijana Baublyte Author-X-Name-First: Lijana Author-X-Name-Last: Baublyte Author-Name: Martin Mullins Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Mullins Author-Name: John Garvey Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Garvey Title: Risk selection in the London political risk insurance market: the role of tacit knowledge, trust and heuristics Abstract: This study demonstrates that the basis of decision-making and risk selection in the London Political Risk Insurance (PRI) market is a combination of Art and Science with such factors as trust and reputation playing an important role. The study breaks new ground by uncovering and examining different methods and strategies of political risk underwriting employed in the insurance market, which does not rely on statistical tools as seen in more traditional insurance types. Adopting a grounded theory approach, the data was generated through 14 semi-structured and unstructured interviews conducted with PRI experts from five PRI companies and two leading political risk broking houses. The data also included documentation reviews and observations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1101-1116 Issue: 9 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.705312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.705312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:9:p:1101-1116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raquel Beatriz Jimenez Author-X-Name-First: Raquel Beatriz Author-X-Name-Last: Jimenez Author-Name: Nicolas Caceres Bronfman Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Caceres Author-X-Name-Last: Bronfman Title: Comprehensive indicators of traffic-related premature mortality Abstract: Motor vehicle circulation is associated with multiple social benefits; nevertheless, it is widely acknowledged that it also produces a variety of adverse health effects, of which the most relevant are associated with mortality from road accidents and exposure to atmospheric pollution. Though in Chile these impacts have been quantified and evaluated independently, no indicators have been developed so far to account for this activity's global impact on public health, or to express the individual impact that can be attributed to each vehicle category. In order to fill this void, the present study aimed at designing and quantifying indicators that account for the global impact on health that different motor vehicle categories impose on Chilean society. Health impact was quantified as the number of expected premature deaths caused by road accidents and exposure to atmospheric pollutants. Total premature mortality was understood as the total annual deaths that occurred as a consequence of road accidents and the exposure to O3 and PM2.5 derived from traffic-related emissions of its precursors. All estimations were made considering Chile's Metropolitan Region in 2005 as a basic scenario. Differentiated indicators were obtained for 15 vehicle categories as a function of different parameters: traveled kilometer, vehicle, and vehicle lifetime. According to our results, when the health impact of traffic accidents and exposure to traffic-related air pollution are considered simultaneously, major differences were observed with the indicators traditionally used by regulators involved in the traffic-related decision-making process. The implications of our results on risk management strategies are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1117-1139 Issue: 9 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.705314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.705314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:9:p:1117-1139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Henry Ngenyam Bang Author-X-Name-First: Henry Ngenyam Author-X-Name-Last: Bang Author-Name: Roger Few Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Few Title: Social risks and challenges in post-disaster resettlement: the case of Lake Nyos, Cameroon Abstract: This paper examines contemporary challenges in post-disaster resettlement in Cameroon. The focus is on the ongoing post-disaster experiences of survivors who were resettled in seven camps after the Lake Nyos Disaster in 1986. Empirical data obtained at the Ukpwa Waindo resettlement camp were used for analysis of impoverishment due to relocation and resettlement. Cameroon's weak macroeconomic situation that started a quarter century ago had serious consequences for the country's socio-economic trends, which is partly responsible for the slow recovery of disaster survivors. However, an analysis of social vulnerability using Cernea's Impoverishment Risk and Reconstruction model shows how the involuntary resettlement of disaster survivors has itself created deep seated socio-economic and cultural consequences. By analysing their socio-economic situation, this article shows that resettlement is not merely a housing solution, but a complex, multi-dimensional process, with potentially very high negative impact if not properly planned and implemented. Therefore, the lessons learnt from this resettlement experience can be applied to ensure that resettlement becomes an opportunity to improve resilience and living conditions of the stricken population, and reduce exposure to disaster risk. There is urgent need for the government to tackle these long-term socio-economic problems faced by the disaster survivors, and to develop an effective policy to reconstruct, protect, improve or at least restore the livelihoods of those subject to resettlement. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1141-1157 Issue: 9 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.705315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.705315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:9:p:1141-1157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Title: Rating of worry about energy sources with respect to public health, environmental health, and workers Abstract: Environmental risks of different energy sources pose a significant problem for managers, decision-makers, and the general public. Attitudes and perceptions may differ by type of energy, as well as the recipient of the harm. A post-Fukushima survey of students and others in a university community in central New Jersey was conducted to determine how much people worried about the potential effects of different energy types (nuclear, chemical, coal, hydroelectric, solar, wind, and gas), which aspect they worried about (public health, workers, and the environment), and which form they thought the USA should further develop. Ratings for worry varied significantly by energy type and receptor type. In general, worry was greater for all aspects of chemical, coal, nuclear, and gas, and significantly less for hydro, solar, and wind. Worry was generally higher for exposure from the plant, exposure from food and water, exposure to workers, and exposure for wildlife than for either transportation issues or exposure from everyday occurrences. The same exposures (or targets) were rated for each energy source. The greatest worry for each energy type was as follows: (1) nuclear exposure to radiation in food, although worker exposure and exposure from the plant were very close, (2) chemical exposure was from accidents in the plant, (3) coal was from harmful effects of mercury on wildlife, (4) hydro was from contamination of drinking water, (5) solar was from harmful UV radiation exposure in wildlife, (6) wind was from mortality of birds due to wind turbines, and (7) gas was from harmful gas exposure to wildlife. Overall, the highest rated features in terms of worry (four of seven energy forms) were for wildlife. The survey population believed that wind, solar, tidal, and hydro power should be developed further, and coal should be developed the least. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1159-1169 Issue: 9 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.705316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.705316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:9:p:1159-1169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ingunn Olea Lund Author-X-Name-First: Ingunn Olea Author-X-Name-Last: Lund Author-Name: Trond Nordfjærn Author-X-Name-First: Trond Author-X-Name-Last: Nordfjærn Author-Name: Torbjorn Rundmo Author-X-Name-First: Torbjorn Author-X-Name-Last: Rundmo Title: Associations between risk judgments and demand for transport risk mitigation Abstract: The present study tested a hypothesized model regarding associations between risk sensitivity, risk perception, transport priorities, worry, and demand for risk mitigation in transport. An additional aim was to investigate differences in risk perception, worry, risk sensitivity, transport priorities, and demand for risk mitigation in age-groups, gender, and educational levels. A mail survey was conducted in a representative sample of the Norwegian public over 18 years (n = 1947) in 2008. The response rate was 31%. The results showed that transport priorities were the strongest predictor of demand for risk mitigation. Risk perception seems to be mediated by worry. Risk sensitivity was directly associated with transport risk perception and, not as predicted, also directly with demand for risk mitigation. The two youngest age-groups (18--30 and 31--50 years) perceived the probabilities of transport accidents in private transportation as significantly larger and also judged other nontransport risks to be larger than those over 50 years of age. The youngest age-group was more worried about injuries from private transportation, but reported lower demands for risk mitigation. The findings merit further research into the relationship between risk perception and demand for risk mitigation. The results indicated that younger individuals were more worried about injuries and assessed the probability of accidents to be larger, while they report a lower demand for risk mitigation compared to older age-groups. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1171-1182 Issue: 9 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.705317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.705317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:9:p:1171-1182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Teng Huang Author-X-Name-First: Teng Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: Toward the NGO-involved schooling: a study on teachers' risk perceptions and teachings Abstract: This paper focuses on revealing the ambivalent situations in teachers' risk perceptions and teachings. Three ambivalent situations are found. The first is that, although the teachers reported that collective-related risks are more important than personal-related risks, they are less active in gathering knowledge regarding collective-related risks. The second situation is that, although teachers try to supplement their teaching materials with more risk phenomena, this may just be in response to their occupational needs, rather than due to their moral reflexivity. The third ambivalent situation is that the competitive and individualized environment seems to limit the teachers' risk teaching. Based on these findings and other research, the author states that NGO-involved schooling might be a significant strategy to face the challenge of world risks in the neoliberal world. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1183-1199 Issue: 9 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.713384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.713384 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:9:p:1183-1199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Øivind Solberg Author-X-Name-First: Øivind Author-X-Name-Last: Solberg Author-Name: Ove Njå Author-X-Name-First: Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Njå Title: Reflections on the ontological status of risk Abstract: In this article we discuss the concept of risk in an ontological perspective. Risk per se is not a self-explaining concept that 'exists' by its own virtue. Our discussion is therefore based on existing methodologies and epistemological claims concerning risk. With these claims as our point of departure, we examine risk in relation to the concept of time, state of affairs (the state of the world) and events and discuss relations and constitutional issues for the risk concept. Drawing on a relation between time and state of affairs, we argue that risk is rooted in the transition from the future to the present. Risk is being constituted by the transition from a myriad of future possibilities into one present reality (one actual contingent world). This implies that risk is not ontologically something of the future, but rather something of the present. However, we argue that risk does not exist in any ontological sense. What actually exist are possible (future) states of affairs and these may or may not be interpreted to hold risk. An implication of this is that all risk claims are subjective. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1201-1215 Issue: 9 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.713385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.713385 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:9:p:1201-1215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pierpaolo Mudu Author-X-Name-First: Pierpaolo Author-X-Name-Last: Mudu Author-Name: Elise Beck Author-X-Name-First: Elise Author-X-Name-Last: Beck Title: Navigating scientific routes to risk assessment: a tortuous path☆ Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1217-1222 Issue: 10 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.730227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.730227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:10:p:1217-1222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guido Signorino Author-X-Name-First: Guido Author-X-Name-Last: Signorino Title: Proximity and risk perception. Comparing risk perception 'profiles' in two petrochemical areas of Sicily (Augusta and Milazzo) Abstract: Studies on risk perception and 'proximity' usually compare populations living close to or far away from alleged pollution sources. Taking a different perspective, this paper compares the risk perception profiles of populations residing in the neighborhood of two petrochemical sites in Sicily (Italy), in order to check for similarities and differences. Based on the results of a survey carried out in the period 2008--2009 (1222 interviews), risk perception is investigated; finding that on a list of 15 social risks, the two populations show a similar risk perception only as far as hazards that can be retraced to the territorial industrial environment are concerned, while other risks are differently perceived. Specific risk perception indicators are presented and the relationship between risk perception, socioeconomic characteristics, and health is also deepened. The conclusion of this study is that proximity to industrial pollution sources influences risk perception and assimilates risk perception profiles of populations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1223-1243 Issue: 10 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.670129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.670129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:10:p:1223-1243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elise Beck Author-X-Name-First: Elise Author-X-Name-Last: Beck Author-Name: Isabelle André-Poyaud Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle Author-X-Name-Last: André-Poyaud Author-Name: Paule-Annick Davoine Author-X-Name-First: Paule-Annick Author-X-Name-Last: Davoine Author-Name: Sonia Chardonnel Author-X-Name-First: Sonia Author-X-Name-Last: Chardonnel Author-Name: Céline Lutoff Author-X-Name-First: Céline Author-X-Name-Last: Lutoff Title: Risk perception and social vulnerability to earthquakes in Grenoble (French Alps) Abstract: The city of Grenoble (French Alps) is characterized by a rather low seismicity as well as a tectonic context prone to the occurrence of major earthquakes (M = 6). The population is therefore not used to experiencing earthquakes: this can lead to a low culture of risk, which may imply a rather high vulnerability of the population. Consequently, it is necessary to better evaluate vulnerability and to find ways of reducing it. Social vulnerability is usually evaluated through surveys focusing on residential population. When these studies are carried out by geographers, they sometimes take into account a spatial dimension by mapping the results. Here, a temporal dimension is also integrated and residents as well as users of the city, i.e. users with any activity as working, shopping, having leisure time, etc. are surveyed. The method consists in building a social and spatial representative sample through three dimensions: social (age), temporal (hour of the day) and spatial (place of residence or activity). For this reason the household travel survey was used to build the sample. The risk perception survey shows that only 16% of the sample feel exposed to earthquakes. The youngest, most qualified, the students and working people seem to better know the adequate safety measures to be taken in case of an earthquake. Besides classic statistical analyses, the answers to the questionnaire were synthesized into a vulnerability index. Once more, the most qualified are characterized by a lower vulnerability. The cartography of the survey results provides interesting conclusions for authorities in charge of risk mitigation, who could then concentrate their preventive information campaign on certain districts or social groups. Among other conclusions, these maps highlight the gap between the physical vulnerability of buildings and the confidence of the population in their resistance in case of an earthquake. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1245-1260 Issue: 10 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.652649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.652649 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:10:p:1245-1260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hervé Flanquart Author-X-Name-First: Hervé Author-X-Name-Last: Flanquart Title: An unwelcome user? Or how to negotiate the use of a risky space Abstract: Taking as a starting point the distinction between danger and risk, with the latter being seen as a particular form of the former, in that the probability of its occurrence and the potential damage it causes can be clearly identified (and thus be insured against), questions can be asked about how the shift is made from one to the other, and what events may facilitate this change. This issue is here treated in the context of a sandy beach and cove which were formed as a result of renovation work on a harbor and which, spontaneously, became places frequented for pleasure and leisure activities. Initially, the dangerous industrial sites nearby were neglected as sources of risks, because the only risks identified by the users and the authorities were drowning or traffic accidents. Then, in the 1980s, various major industrial accidents occurred in Europe and the rest of the world, leading to greater awareness among national and European political authorities concerning the risks inherent to industrial production. This awareness led to directives and legislation reinforcing the regulations governing dangerous industrial sites and restricting access to places exposed to such risks. There is thus a shift from dangers that are little known or taken into account, to risks that are socially constructed, which the local authorities must manage according to the law, while also respecting the inhabitants' great desire to continue frequenting places to which they feel really attached. Over 30 years of history of the seawall and cove thus also show the difficulty in managing a territory when the authorities and users do not have the same perception of what the risks are and how to deal with them. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1261-1279 Issue: 10 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.609316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.609316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:10:p:1261-1279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emmanuel Bonnet Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel Author-X-Name-Last: Bonnet Author-Name: Marion Amalric Author-X-Name-First: Marion Author-X-Name-Last: Amalric Author-Name: Morgane Chevé Author-X-Name-First: Morgane Author-X-Name-Last: Chevé Author-Name: Muriel Travers Author-X-Name-First: Muriel Author-X-Name-Last: Travers Title: Hazard and living environment: combining industrial risk and landscape representations Abstract: In the context of the French estuary of the Seine River (Normandy), around the urban area of Le Havre, this paper studies the determinants of industrial risk perception of the resident population. More precisely, to what extent the presence of components in the industrial landscape may influence this risk perception. Several complementary methods were combined to evaluate risk perception, assess surrounding landscapes or measure the distance to landscape components. Qualitative, quantitative, and spatial data were collected, pooled and treated in a geographic information system in order to arrive at two main results. First, risk sensitivity depends on various factors including the landscape dimension and the visibility of industrial components. Second, mental maps drawn by people allow a better understanding of industrial risk sensitivity; it appears that areas of risk are more precisely delineated by people who are less worried about risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1281-1298 Issue: 10 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.646289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.646289 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:10:p:1281-1298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pietro Saitta Author-X-Name-First: Pietro Author-X-Name-Last: Saitta Title: History, space, and power: theoretical and methodological problems in the research on areas at (industrial) risk Abstract: The present article discusses methods and theoretical problems in the research on areas at industrial risk, using examples and problems deriving from studies conducted in Sicily, as well as the review of a number of contemporary studies. The author argues that much of the contemporary research on areas at risk focuses on the 'elites' (environmental movements, boards of citizens, and the like) rather than on populations, and does not reflect on the general ambivalence of the inhabitants. This tendency is also related to the frequent lack of historical analyses on the milieus hosting industrial plants, and the rhetoric employed by authorities and charismatic leaders in order to convince the populations to accept the industries into their territories. The author also reflects on the concept of space and notices that many studies focus mostly on the process of production of slums, neglecting the role of the industrial villages in the creation of perceptions and attitudes towards industry. In a similar manner, the state of local economies is often ignored in many analyses, so that considerations on the possibilities for alternative models of development are not provided. Yet, in spite of the fact that the current debate on risk is characterized by critical approaches, a number of studies appear to be implicitly conservative and cooperative with regard to state and capital and do not adequately reflect on the role of power in determining narratives and behaviors in areas at risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1299-1317 Issue: 10 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.571785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.571785 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:10:p:1299-1317 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Salvatore Engel-Di Mauro Author-X-Name-First: Salvatore Author-X-Name-Last: Engel-Di Mauro Title: Minding history and world-scale dynamics in hazards research: the making of hazardous soils in The Gambia and Hungary Abstract: Hazards can result from combined social and environmental processes. However, it remains commonplace to treat the occurrence of hazards as if isolated from what happens in other, at times faraway places and as if history did not matter. To illustrate how world-scale interconnections and historical processes impinge on the appearance of current hazards, I discuss case studies of soil acidification from The Gambia and Hungary. In the former, pressures from international financial institutions to raise export-oriented cash-crop productivity resulted in the 1980s construction of large-scale dams for wet rice cultivation and other development projects. The result has been the progressive activation of acid sulphate soils that threaten lowland cultivation and freshwater sources. In Hungary, internal social turmoil and contradictions influenced by the US-USSR conflict led to rapid industrialisation of farming and the intensification of export-oriented agricultural production in the mid-1960s. The consequent increasing reliance on agrochemicals has spread the incidence of soil acidification. Both of these cases demonstrate that localised hazards, entailing long-term deleterious consequences, cannot be fully explained or confronted without addressing historical and multiple-scale social processes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1319-1333 Issue: 10 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2011.591500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2011.591500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:15:y:2012:i:10:p:1319-1333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anita Howarth Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Howarth Title: The weakest link in existing studies: media--government risk interactions Abstract: This article argues that media--government interactions are critical to the trajectory of risk debates. These interactions are dynamic, entailing multifaceted shifts in responses and counter responses -- positions, arguments/discourses/representations and actions -- during the course of a scare. An exploration of such dynamics in the political--media complex is likely to tell us much about how their shifting relationship, roles and engagements influence the trajectory of different risk debates. With this in mind, this article undertakes a systematic and critical evaluation of the extent to which six existing risk frameworks are capable of capturing these interactional dynamics. The six analysed were moral panic, social amplification of risk, advocacy coalition framework, discourse coalition framework, social representation/cultivation analysis and 'circuit' frameworks. What this evaluation found was a media/policy centrism that undermines a study of both; problematic conceptualizations of communication and hence interactions; and relatively rigid research designs that facilitate a tracing of the contours of a debate but not the interactions within it. The article concludes that there is an urgent need for new frameworks better equipped to capture the interactional dynamics of risk in the political--media complex and it suggests some criteria that might inform such a development. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.713387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.713387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tobias Greitemeyer Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Greitemeyer Author-Name: Andreas Kastenmüller Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Kastenmüller Author-Name: Peter Fischer Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer Title: Romantic motives and risk-taking: an evolutionary approach Abstract: Risk-taking behavior is puzzling insofar as it may involve considerable losses (such as increased mortality rates). The present research advances an evolutionary account of risk-taking behavior in that one of its main functions is to get access to potential mating partners. Inasmuch as reproductive competition among men is more pronounced than among women, men in particular are expected to take risks in order to gain sexual access to women. In fact, four studies revealed that activating a mating goal was associated with men's propensity to risk-taking. Across a wide range of different risk-taking domains, a romantic motive increased men's reported willingness to take risks. In contrast, women's risk-taking was not affected by activating a mating motive. These findings suggest that risk-taking behavior has (in part) been evolved to enhance an individual's ability to attract a mate. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 19-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.713388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.713388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:19-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luc Collard Author-X-Name-First: Luc Author-X-Name-Last: Collard Author-Name: Alexandre Oboeuf Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre Author-X-Name-Last: Oboeuf Title: Do dangerous sports specialists play more dangerously? An experimental study on sample selection Abstract: Dangerous/extreme sports specialists are often accused of reckless behaviour. The present research study sought to test that assumption. Sixty-six sportspeople (mean ± SD age: 20.3 ± 1.2) of both genders (including nine extreme sports specialists) took part in a sports game ('chickie run') which obliged them to choose between cautious and risky behaviours. The participants played each other in pairs, i.e. 65 matches per player. In 'chickie run', the two players start 20 m apart and run straight towards each other. If the players collide at the meeting point, they each lose 2 points. If both players 'chicken out' by deviating from their line, each scores 2 points. If one chickens out and the other does not, the defecting player scores 0 and the non-defector gains 4 points. In theory, players should defect every other time in the iterated 'chickie run' game (as long as one does not take account of the opponent's reputation). Out of the 2145 recorded matches, the sportspeople generally tended to play according to this symmetric risk (expected Nash equilibrium: 1 point per match). Only extreme sports specialists tended to maximize their score (1.34 points per match) by playing significantly more cautiously (they deviated 3 times out of 4, with a Maximin profile, p > 0.01). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 39-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.725671 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.725671 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:39-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tingting Wang Author-X-Name-First: Tingting Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Demetrios J. Moschandreas Author-X-Name-First: Demetrios J. Author-X-Name-Last: Moschandreas Author-Name: Chakkrid Sattayatewa Author-X-Name-First: Chakkrid Author-X-Name-Last: Sattayatewa Author-Name: Dhesikan Venkatesan Author-X-Name-First: Dhesikan Author-X-Name-Last: Venkatesan Author-Name: Kenneth E. Noll Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth E. Author-X-Name-Last: Noll Author-Name: Krishna R. Pagilla Author-X-Name-First: Krishna R. Author-X-Name-Last: Pagilla Title: A methodological approach for assessing indoor occupational risk from odor perception Abstract: This paper combines risk assessment principles with odor measurement concepts to develop a risk management tool that assists water reclamation plants' administrators to identify, predict, and interpret the magnitude of risk associated with occupational odor perception. Analogous to the noncarcinogenic hazard index, an Odor Hazard Index (OHI) was formulated based on an Odor Reference Concentration (ORfC), which is a new concept similar to the widely used Reference Concentration (RfC) for inhalation exposures to chemicals. The OHI equals to the ratio of observed odor concentration over the ORfC, and sets a new acceptable level of odor perception, which specifies that 80% of building occupants do not perceive the odor. As the OHI approaches unity, concern about negative responses to odor perception increases. The OHI was estimated using a database generated in the dewatering building of a large water reclamation plant and was applied to evaluate odor levels and their perception at conditions with and without an odor control strategy. The control strategy was assessed using AERMOD model estimations of H2S outdoor concentrations to assure that it did not impact surrounding residential areas. The OHI responds to research limitations of odor risk assessment and management, and helps determine if a particular control strategy reduces indoor odors to acceptable levels. The risk management component of this study verified that outdoor acute and long-term ambient H2S standards are not violated as a result of the control strategy implemented by this work. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 51-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.725672 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.725672 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:51-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yutaka Tanaka Author-X-Name-First: Yutaka Author-X-Name-Last: Tanaka Title: Attitude gaps between conventional plant breeding crops and genetically modified crops, and psychological models determining the acceptance of the two crops Abstract: Thus far, people's attitudes toward biotechnology and genetically modified (GM) crops have been investigated in the European Union, USA, Japan, and other nations. However, direct comparisons between people's attitudes toward conventional plant breeding crops and their attitudes toward GM crops will show the characteristics of people's attitudes toward GM crops more clearly, and this will bring about valuable suggestions considering risk communication about GM crops. The first purpose of this study was to show attitude gaps between conventional plant breeding crops and GM crops. Referring to preceding studies related to the acceptance of biotechnology, a causal model was constructed to predict the acceptance of GM crops and plant breeding crops. Four factors -- perceived risk, perceived benefit, trust, and sense of bioethics -- were set up as important psychological factors determining the acceptance of GM crops and plant breeding crops in the structural equation models. The second purpose of this study was to verify the validity of these causal models. A social survey was administered in Tokyo, Japan, with a sample of 600 men and women aged 20 years or older who participated. The results showed that people have a more negative attitude toward GM crops than toward conventional plant breeding crops in every factor, that is, perceived risk, perceived benefit, trust, sense of bioethics, and acceptance. The plausibility of the causal models was tested by using structural equation modeling, and the results indicated that the four factors explain the acceptance very well in both models. Moreover, although perceived risk is the most important factor in the acceptance of GM crops, trust is the most important factor in the acceptance of conventional plant breeding crops. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 69-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726236 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:69-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Darrick T. Evensen Author-X-Name-First: Darrick T. Author-X-Name-Last: Evensen Author-Name: Daniel J. Decker Author-X-Name-First: Daniel J. Author-X-Name-Last: Decker Author-Name: Richard C. Stedman Author-X-Name-First: Richard C. Author-X-Name-Last: Stedman Title: Shifting reactions to risks: a case study Abstract: Social science research in the field of risk analysis has emphasised evaluating the magnitude of individuals' reactions to risks (e.g. strength and salience of concerns, frequency and forcefulness of behaviours that respond to risks). Fewer studies assess the factors that contribute to risk reactions or the types of risks to which reactions are directed (e.g. human health, wildlife health or ecosystem health risks; economic or aesthetic concerns). Theoretical and empirical research on amplification and attenuation of risk (e.g. the Social Amplification of Risk Framework) reveals that the strength of people's reaction to risks can change markedly over time, as a function of new stimuli. We expand on this foundation to consider here how the types of risks members of the public react to may also shift over the course of their exposure to a hazard, particularly as more information about the hazard becomes available. This case study of risk reactions related to an outbreak of type E botulism in north-western Michigan, USA, demonstrates that the types of risks people react to can change substantially over time. We identify factors that contributed to changes in types of risk reactions, and then consider how these factors potentially distinguish the botulism outbreak from other outbreaks. This case study suggests that, under certain conditions, risk communication can meaningfully alter the types of risks that people react to in response to an environmental hazard. We discuss implications of these findings for risk research, risk communication and environmental conservation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 81-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726238 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:81-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sweta Chakraborty Author-X-Name-First: Sweta Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty Title: Part I: the role of trust in patient noncompliance: a qualitative case study of users of statins for the chronic treatment of high-cholesterol in New York City Abstract: Current reports state that 50--70% of American patients who have been prescribed chronic drug therapies do not take their medications in accordance with their physician's instructions. This not only leads to poorer end-prognoses, but can add up to 100 billion dollars in terms of public health costs stemming from more rapid onsets of disease, higher rates of hospitalizations, and lost productivity. The unresolved magnitude of such adverse outcomes merits a deeper inspection into the risk of noncompliance, particularly in relation to the current climate of social distrust. This study applied the mental models approach for the purpose of understanding lay perceptions in relation to existing scientific information on the risk of noncompliance. In accordance with the approach, 30 participants were interviewed and 200 questionnaires were administered in New York City to eligible users of statins for the chronic treatment of high cholesterol. This original research reports the primary findings from the 30 qualitative in-depth interviews. Several themes of distrust in various actors in the healthcare system were identified during the interviews and a suggested correlation between distrust and noncompliance emerged. The results of these findings should be taken into consideration for any future efforts at addressing risks associated with patient noncompliance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 97-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.727097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.727097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:97-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sweta Chakraborty Author-X-Name-First: Sweta Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty Title: Part II: the role of trust in patient noncompliance: a quantitative case study of users of statins for the chronic treatment of high cholesterol in New York City Abstract: It is widely known that increased perceived risk associated with a drug, even if in a completely different class of medicines, may influence patient compliance to their treatment regimes. Media reports of alleged scandals and controversies associated with certain prescription drugs, such as Vioxx, are easily accessible in public recollections and may influence attitudes towards other drugs. Reports of increased noncompliance following such media reports contribute to the existing 50--70% of the US adult population of chronic prescription users who do not take medications in accordance with physicians' instructions. This can have impacts ranging from faster onset of disease for the noncompliant individual to wider impacts for society as a whole, such as increased federal spending on social health funds. The rates of noncompliance described, and their alleged relationship with increased public suspicions, suggest a role for trust in shaping compliance behavior in patients. This study applied the mental models approach for the purpose of understanding lay perceptions in relation to existing scientific information on the risk of noncompliance. In accordance with the approach, 30 participants were interviewed, and 200 questionnaires were administered in New York City to eligible users of statins for the chronic treatment of high cholesterol. This original research reports the primary findings from the 200 confirmatory questionnaires in relation to the qualitative interview findings from the previous article. The themes of distrust in various actors in the health care system identified during the interviews were supported statistically through the questionnaires, and a statistically significant correlation between distrust and noncompliance was established. The results of this research should be taken into consideration for any future efforts at addressing risks associated with patient noncompliance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 113-129 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.727098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.727098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:113-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sweta Chakraborty Author-X-Name-First: Sweta Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty Title: Part II: the role of trust in patient noncompliance: a quantitative case study of users of statins for the chronic treatment of high cholesterol in New York City Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.744889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.744889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Konstantinos P. Tsagarakis Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos P. Author-X-Name-Last: Tsagarakis Author-Name: Angeliki N. Menegaki Author-X-Name-First: Angeliki N. Author-X-Name-Last: Menegaki Author-Name: Kyriaki Siarapi Author-X-Name-First: Kyriaki Author-X-Name-Last: Siarapi Author-Name: Fotini Zacharopoulou Author-X-Name-First: Fotini Author-X-Name-Last: Zacharopoulou Title: Safety alerts reduce willingness to visit parks irrigated with recycled water Abstract: This study demonstrates the effects of framing safety precautions on the presentation of a controversial product (recycled water [RW]) to the inhabitants of two Greek towns by asking them whether they would visit various configurations of a public park irrigated with RW. The same questions are posed in an additional version augmented with a safety alert. Among many others, results mainly show that willingness to visit (WTV) a park irrigated with RW or willingness to pay for RW decrease when respondents are confronted with the safety statement that 'the irrigated parts are isolated and have been properly marked for the visitor so that he/she does not come into touch with RW'. Moreover, WTV does not decrease when there is previous experience with the park. The upgrade of RW from secondary to tertiary treatment is valuated only when safety alerts are present. The paper yields promotion insights useful for relevant utilities, organizations, and governments which are interested in forming a social marketing mix for this product while contributing to the theoretical and empirical understanding of framing effects with their experimental demonstration in the two case studies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 133-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:133-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura N. Rickard Author-X-Name-First: Laura N. Author-X-Name-Last: Rickard Author-Name: Katherine A. McComas Author-X-Name-First: Katherine A. Author-X-Name-Last: McComas Author-Name: Christopher E. Clarke Author-X-Name-First: Christopher E. Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Author-Name: Richard C. Stedman Author-X-Name-First: Richard C. Author-X-Name-Last: Stedman Author-Name: Daniel J. Decker Author-X-Name-First: Daniel J. Author-X-Name-Last: Decker Title: Exploring risk attenuation and crisis communication after a plague death in Grand Canyon Abstract: In 2007, a US National Park Service (NPS) biologist working in Grand Canyon National Park in the state of Arizona died from pneumonic plague contracted from a mountain lion, prompting NPS, in partnership with local and federal agencies, to inform publics about plague risk within park contexts. Overall, the incident attracted limited media attention and public concern about an increased risk of plague. Drawing on the Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF), the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication model (CERC) and the related literature outlining 'best practices' in crisis communication, we explore how characteristics of this incident may have attenuated, rather than amplified, plague risk. Results are drawn from the data collected at a workshop with NPS employees and in-depth interviews with these and other individuals. Theoretical and practical implications of this research, including future directions for pairing CERC and SARF in organizational risk and crisis communication research are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 145-167 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.725673 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.725673 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:145-167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ants Tammepuu Author-X-Name-First: Ants Author-X-Name-Last: Tammepuu Author-Name: Kalev Sepp Author-X-Name-First: Kalev Author-X-Name-Last: Sepp Title: Emergency risk assessment: the Estonian approach Abstract: Although risk assessment in the field of civil protection is a vital element of emergency and disaster prevention, EU policy directives do not promote a common methodological approach for evaluating the performance of emergency risk assessments (EmRAs). Consequently, new member states have based the development of their national risk assessment systems on examples from the EU-15 member states and elsewhere. The latest important trend in the EU is the construction of unified guidelines on risk assessment and mapping for disaster management. This paper explores the developments in and problems of the risk assessment of emergency situations in post-Soviet Estonia. In the 1990s, the requirements for EmRA in Estonia were vague; only since 1998 has the Chemicals Act established more concrete requirements for hazardous industrial plants. Entry into the EU required Estonia to abide by and implement EU regulations. The primary aim of the current study was to conduct a survey on the development of Estonian EmRA since the restitution of Estonia as an independent state (1991). A secondary aim was to examine the impact of guidelines from other states and international institutions on the process of developing Estonia's regulations. Although this study emphasises the success of the key stages in the developmental process of Estonia's EmRA system, it also demonstrates the need for further improvement of the system's legal and methodological basis, as well as the practical arrangement of EmRA. The problems and solutions of EmRA in Estonia have common features with those in other EU member states, and therefore more cooperation inside the Union is recommended. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 169-193 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726237 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726237 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:169-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lei Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Gui-zhen He Author-X-Name-First: Gui-zhen Author-X-Name-Last: He Author-Name: Arthur P.J. Mol Author-X-Name-First: Arthur P.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mol Author-Name: Yong-long Lu Author-X-Name-First: Yong-long Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Title: Public perceptions of environmental risk in China Abstract: China, as a 'double risk' society, is in urgent need for effective environmental risk management systems. Compared with other risks, man-made environmental risks have not been given due weight. Public awareness and perceptions of environmental risks are crucial in all phases of effective risk management. However, little is known about public perceptions of environmental risks in China. To contribute to better understanding of public perception of environmental risk, a questionnaire survey was conducted among university students in Beijing, who represent a group with high level of education and a generally high sensitivity to new information. The results show that even this group has limited knowledge about environmental risks and current risk management systems. Further studies are needed to understand the social construction of environmental risks in China and to seek ways to involve the Chinese public in emergency response and risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 195-209 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726240 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726240 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:195-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aaron M. McCright Author-X-Name-First: Aaron M. Author-X-Name-Last: McCright Author-Name: Riley E. Dunlap Author-X-Name-First: Riley E. Author-X-Name-Last: Dunlap Title: Bringing ideology in: the conservative white male effect on worry about environmental problems in the USA Abstract: Extending existing scholarship on the white male effect in risk perception, we examine whether conservative white males (CWMs) are less worried about the risks of environmental problems than are other adults in the US general public. We draw theoretical and analytical guidance from the identity-protective cognition thesis explaining the white male effect and from recent political psychology scholarship documenting the heightened system-justification tendencies of political conservatives. We utilize public opinion data from nine Gallup surveys between 2001 and 2010, focusing on both a single-item indicator and a composite measure of worry about environmental problems. We find that CWMs indeed have significantly lower worry about environmental problems than do other Americans. Furthermore, the results of our multivariate regression models reveal that this CWMs effect remains significant when controlling for the direct effects of political ideology, race, and gender and the effects of nine social, demographic, and temporal control variables -- as well as the effect of individuals generalized (nonenvironmental) risk perceptions. We conclude that the white male effect is due largely to CWMs, and that the latters low level of concern with environmental risks is likely driven by their social commitment to prevent new environmental regulations and repeal existing ones. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 211-226 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726242 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:211-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Max Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Max Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Title: The representation of nano as a risk in Swedish news media coverage Abstract: Focusing on the role of language in categorization and on the broad conceptual field centred on the morpheme nano, this study addresses the association between phenomena referred to by words having nano as a constituent and risk in Swedish newspaper reporting. The study raises the question of how nano-associated phenomena (e.g. nanotechnology and nanoparticle) are represented as risks? Articles considered for analysis contain both a word having nano as a constituent and the Swedish words for risk or danger. Articles representing nano-associated phenomena (e.g. nanotechnology and nanoparticle) as risks mainly fall into one of five groups: (I) nanotechnology, without reference to particles, materials or products; (II) nanotechnology, nanoparticles, nanomaterials and/or products containing such particles and materials; (III) nanoparticles in products, but without reference to nanotechnology; (IV) nanotechnology and nanorobots; and (V) non-nanotechnological nanoparticles. For each group, using a theoretical approach addressing the relational nature of risk, the paper analyses representations of objects at risk, bad outcomes, causal conditions, reference to applications and sources cited. Various patterns of these categories emerge for the five groups, indicating a diversified set of associations between nano and risk. In certain respects, the findings support the results of other studies of media reporting on nanotechnology, suggesting certain international patterns of newspaper coverage of nanotechnology drawing on both science and science fiction. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 227-244 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726243 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726243 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:227-244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Theresa Ellen Burns Author-X-Name-First: Theresa Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Burns Author-Name: Carl Ribble Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Ribble Author-Name: Melissa McLaws Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: McLaws Author-Name: David Kelton Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Kelton Author-Name: Craig Stephen Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Stephen Title: Perspectives of an underrepresented stakeholder group, backyard flock owners, on poultry health and avian influenza control Abstract: This study examines backyard poultry flock owners perspectives about bird health and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in order to understand how they compare to previous reports of public responses to emerging infectious diseases and how they might influence compliance with government HPAI control activities. We conducted interviews with backyard flock owners in southwestern British Columbia, Canada because it has a high density of commercial and backyard poultry flocks and is the location of three recent HPAI outbreaks, including a large outbreak in 2004 in which 553 backyard flocks were culled. We used a qualitative open-ended interview method to build trust with interviewees and collect rich data, and latent content analysis to extract participants' perspectives from the interview transcripts. The 18 backyard flock owners interviewed saw their poultry as very different from commercial poultry. They kept birds for emotional reasons, to provide food, and to preserve poultry genetic diversity. They stated that small flock husbandry methods, including access to the outdoors, were important for the health of their flock. They viewed HPAI as a trade concern for commercial poultry farms and distrusted government's motivation for and technical proficiency at implementing disease control activities in backyard flocks. Participants felt that government's role should be to keep people informed about where infected farms were located and to provide information on how to self-quarantine backyard flocks and where to report potential cases. All participants stated that before they would support culling of their flock, their birds would need to show clinical signs of disease or have a positive test for avian influenza. These perspectives were not well aligned with current Canadian HPAI control policies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 245-260 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726244 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:245-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David J. Ball Author-X-Name-First: David J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ball Author-Name: John Watt Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Watt Title: The risk to the public of tree fall Abstract: This paper is concerned with the quantification of tree risk to the British public as a whole; with factors which influence actual risk, such as location and meteorology; and with perceived risk which can be a driver of control actions. The emergent risk is found to be very small and the perceptual factors examined do not support anything other than a proportionate approach to safety management. Policy implications are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 261-269 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.737827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.737827 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:261-269 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A.S. Jovanović Author-X-Name-First: A.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jovanović Author-Name: O. Renn Author-X-Name-First: O. Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Search for the 'European way' of taming the risks of new technologies: the EU research project iNTeg-Risk Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 271-274 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.743162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.743162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:271-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A.S. Jovanović Author-X-Name-First: A.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jovanović Author-Name: D. Baloš Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Baloš Title: iNTeg-Risk project: concept and first results Abstract: In 2012, the iNTeg-Risk project (www.integrisk.eu-vri.eu) has successfully finished its first 3 years of work. At this point, the project has already yielded a part of large set of results envisaged for its 4.5 years long work plan. This paper recalls the main goals of the project and analyzes the results delivered; as for instance, the work done in single emerging risk representative applications, the work on the development on the iNTeg-Risk paradigm, framework and methodologies of/for emerging risk management, the work on 'iNTeg-Risk 1StopShop' (the platform for integrating project results) and its main elements --Risk Atlas, RiskEars (the database of early emerging risk indications/notions), the database of key performance indicators, the work on Safetypedia, etc. The work on harmonization of practices when dealing with emerging risks is certainly the most relevant result in the first years of work on the project. The work has been based on (a) the comparison of different application areas and (b) definition of the elements needed for building the 'common European approach' to emerging risks. Some real-life events which took place in the first 2 years of the project (e.g. oil spill in Gulf of Mexico, Fukushima disaster accident in Viareggio, incidents caused by unmanned devices, natural hazards in populated areas, ...) have clearly justified some of the choices made in the definition phase of the project. In addition, they have confirmed the need to strengthen the efforts needed to achieve a common understanding about principles of dealing with emerging risks on the broader level -- e.g. in the area of EU standardization where the respective preparatory work has started, too. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 275-291 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:275-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Author-Name: Christina Benighaus Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Benighaus Title: Perception of technological risk: insights from research and lessons for risk communication and management Abstract: Technology has become a familiar companion in all areas of life. Production consumption, administration, education, communication, and leisure activities are all shaped by the use of technologies. However, people often associate with the term 'technology' attributes, such as catastrophic and potentially dangerous, and tend to take the benefits of technological products for granted. This asymmetry in risk--benefit perception is one of the main reasons why many consumers are concerned about 'hidden' risks of technologies and why they demand stringent regulatory actions when they feel unduly exposed to potential emissions or waste products associated with the lifecycle of technologies. This situation is often aggravated by social amplification processes, by which even small risks receive high media attention and are blown out of proportion in the public arena. At the same time, however, one needs to acknowledge that many technologies have the potential to harm the human health and the environment. The purpose of this article is to review our knowledge about risk perception with respect to technologies, in particular emerging technologies, and to suggest possible strategies to use this knowledge for improving our risk management practice. Technological risk perception is defined in this article as the processing of physical signals and/or information about a potentially harmful impact of using technology and the formation of a judgment about seriousness, likelihood, and acceptability of the respective technology. Based on the review of psychological, social, and cultural factors that shape individual and social risk perceptions, we have attempted to develop a structured framework that provides an integrative and systematic perspective on technological risk perception and that may assist risk management and regulation in taking perceptions into account. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 293-313 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:293-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie-Valentine Florin Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Valentine Author-X-Name-Last: Florin Title: IRGC's approach to emerging risks Abstract: As a follow up to the development of the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) risk governance framework with Prof. Ortwin Renn, IRGC has focused its attention on identifying commonly recurring 'deficits' in risk governance -- defined as deficiencies or failures in risk governance structures and processes -- and to understand their causes and how they can be prevented or mitigated through improved assessment, management and communication. This article summarises two recently published IRGC reports. It presents the concept of risk governance deficit and how it can be used. It gives a brief description of each deficit, grouped in two clusters, relating to risk assessment and to risk management. The article then presents the concept of 'contributing factors' related to how and why new risks emerge and provides a summary table of these factors. This approach can contribute to the development of effective systems to further improve existing industrial, environmental and workplace safety governance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 315-322 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729517 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:315-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Knut Øien Author-X-Name-First: Knut Author-X-Name-Last: Øien Title: Remote operation in environmentally sensitive areas: development of early warning indicators Abstract: Exploration and production of oil and gas in certain sensitive areas such as the Barents Sea and Lofoten is controversial and further expansion depends on the ability to avoid harmful spills. One way of improving the ability to avoid such spills is to use early warning indicators. The objective of the work presented in this paper is to describe and compare strengths and weaknesses of different approaches for the development of early warning indicators. The approaches that have been compared are: safety performance-based methods; risk-based methods; incident-based methods; and resilience-based methods. There are pros and cons with all methods. All methods are very favorable with respect to some characteristics and at the same time very unfavorable to some other characteristics. They are also different in terms of scope and depth of analysis. This suggests that we should be flexible with respect to the choice of methods, and preferably use more than one method. Thus, the main conclusion is that it is favorable to have the possibility to use several different methods for the establishment of early warning indicators. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 323-336 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729523 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:323-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicola Paltrinieri Author-X-Name-First: Nicola Author-X-Name-Last: Paltrinieri Author-Name: Nicolas Dechy Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Dechy Author-Name: Ernesto Salzano Author-X-Name-First: Ernesto Author-X-Name-Last: Salzano Author-Name: Mike Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Author-Name: Valerio Cozzani Author-X-Name-First: Valerio Author-X-Name-Last: Cozzani Title: Towards a new approach for the identification of atypical accident scenarios Abstract: Proper hazard identification (HAZID) in safety reports has become progressively more difficult to achieve. Several major accidents in Europe in recent years, such as Buncefield and Toulouse, were not even considered by their site 'Seveso-II' Safety Case. One of the reasons is that available HAZID methodologies take no notice of apparently least likely events. Nonidentified scenarios thus constitute a latent risk, whose management is extremely complex and open ended. For this reason, the EC project iNTeg-Risk, in one of its tasks, aimed to investigate the issue of atypical scenarios and explain how they could have been identified. This study wants to describe the approach used and its immediate results, paving the way towards a new method for the identification of atypical accident scenarios. An in-depth accident analysis of some of these accidents was performed, in order to outline general features of plants in which they occurred, their causes, consequences, and lessons learned. This analysis followed a precise common scheme, which allowed a systematic approach to the problem by the experts involved. Based on the findings, failures connected to risk management and risk appraisal were identified. Three main basic issues in risk appraisal were identified: the low perception of emerging risks related to atypical accident scenarios, the lack of knowledge about related events, such as early warnings, and the incapability of current techniques in leading analysts to the identification of atypical scenarios. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 337-354 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729518 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:337-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dirk Scheer Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Author-X-Name-Last: Scheer Title: Risk governance and emerging technologies: learning from case study integration Abstract: Emerging technologies are underway in a wide array of industrial applications and need fields. When innovating on technologies, one main objective is to improve the management of safety related to their emerging risks. The iNTeg-Risk project undertook 17 case studies covering current key innovations and focusing on their corresponding risks. Thus, a major challenge is to integrate the case study research into a common framework on adequate future risk and safety concepts which might serve policy and stakeholder decision-makers as a background for risk-related decisions in the future. Within this paper, we looked on similarities and disparities on how these case studies assess, manage, and communicate risk issues. A telephone survey with case study task leaders has been carried out in order to identifying the state-of-the-art of how the case studies deal with risk governance issues. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 355-368 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:355-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atsuo Kishimoto Author-X-Name-First: Atsuo Author-X-Name-Last: Kishimoto Title: Redefining safety in the era of risk trade-off and sustainability Abstract: While the risk level of visible factors has lowered, that of invisible and uncertain factors begin to attract attention, such as climate change triggering large-scale disasters and possible counter-risks arising from emerging technologies. Costs involved in reducing risk have risen considerably and a number of unintended counter-risks have also become apparent. Since the various measures implemented to counter global warming, including geoengineering measures, may lead to an increase in acute or chronic health and safety risks, there exists an urgent need for formulation of a framework for debating different kinds of risks by employing a common platform and expanding it along the spatial and temporal axes. In order to extend the scope of impact assessment with regard to the decision-making process and develop a common approach to risk assessment, the author argues that certain shortfalls need to be addressed, such as those that exist with regard to substances, domains, risks, and benefits, as well as in relation to time and space. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 369-377 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:369-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Flynn Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Flynn Author-Name: Miriam Ricci Author-X-Name-First: Miriam Author-X-Name-Last: Ricci Author-Name: Paul Bellaby Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Bellaby Title: Deliberation over new hydrogen energy technologies: evidence from two Citizens' Panels in the UK Abstract: Hydrogen energy and hydrogen energy technologies are still largely at the experimental and demonstration project stages. If the hydrogen is produced sustainably from renewable sources, it may be a potential means of reducing carbon dioxide emissions and achieving other environmental objectives. But hydrogen technologies are still 'emergent' -- seeking a niche to compete against incumbent technologies in stationary and mobile applications. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (buses and automobiles) and hydrogen refuelling stations have been developed, but they have yet to become established in the market. Much attention has been given to technical risk assessment of hydrogen as a hazardous gas, but broader 'whole systems' appraisals of a hydrogen infrastructure (for domestic and transport uses) are lacking. Importantly, public risk perceptions are seen as crucial factors influencing acceptance or rejection. This paper examines qualitative evidence about public attitudes towards hydrogen energy technologies and compares results from two Citizens' Panels carried out recently in England and Wales. These Citizens' Panels enabled selected samples of the general public to question the experts and deliberate over the issues raised. The paper highlights unresolved questions concerning 'critical trust' of experts and other stakeholders, and citizens' demands for greater familiarity with the hydrogen technologies in practical, everyday settings, in order to offer judgements about their desirability and feasibility. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 379-391 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.743160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.743160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:379-391 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A.S. Jovanović Author-X-Name-First: A.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jovanović Author-Name: V. Pilić Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Pilić Title: Dealing with risk--risk interdependencies and trade-offs in relation to development and use of new technologies Abstract: The paper deals with the recognized need to systematically explore trade-offs in modern among single risks in modern risk management systems. These risk trade-offs have often been downplayed as 'side effects' or 'unintended consequences' and, even more often, poorly examined, quantified, and managed. The paper proposes how to deal with the real or possible trade-offs and within a framework which covers also the emerging risks: from early notion and indications up to fully developed and recognized (mature) risks. The trade-offs have been quantified primarily by means of indicators key/safety performance indicators. The framework relies very much on the ideas proposed by IRGC, ISO 31000, Solvency directive and other recognized concepts and takes practical examples from the running EU project iNTeg-Risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 393-406 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:393-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Murès Zaréa Author-X-Name-First: Murès Author-X-Name-Last: Zaréa Author-Name: Gael Pognonec Author-X-Name-First: Gael Author-X-Name-Last: Pognonec Author-Name: Christina Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Author-Name: Tilo Schnur Author-X-Name-First: Tilo Author-X-Name-Last: Schnur Author-Name: José Lana Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Lana Author-Name: Christoph Boehm Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Boehm Author-Name: Marco Buschmann Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: Buschmann Author-Name: Chabane Mazri Author-X-Name-First: Chabane Author-X-Name-Last: Mazri Author-Name: Eric Rigaud Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Rigaud Title: First steps in developing an automated aerial surveillance approach Abstract: Partners in emerging risk representative application (ERRA) A3 'Emerging risks related to the industrial use of automated and un-manned surveillance of industrial infrastructure' develop a set of new technologies to automate aerial surveillance by collecting images with a drone and automatically processing them to identify threats to buried oil and gas transmission pipelines. Progress on two aspects is presented, on one hand, technology development, and on the other hand, dealing with the emerging risks associated with these new technologies. Technology development covers three functions assembled in a workflow: • Image collection via a light drone with an autonomous navigation system and image geographical positioning system (GPS) referencing capabilities. • Image automated pre-processing: image assembly and georeferencing. • Threat detection: image analysis by change detection is performed using Definiens software for identifying external interferences like construction work and excavations threatening the pipeline. This set of technologies is perceived as an emerging risk that is appraised from several points of view: • Technology: unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), image georeferencing and assembly, change detection for threat identification. • Human and Organisational and Communication: investigate the acceptance of this technology by the population and local authorities. • Regulatory: check conditions that will ensure acceptance of operational use of light drones in some European countries. • This general approach is needed to ensure both technology optimisation and the shortest path to reliable practical applications. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 407-420 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:407-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikael Ström Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Ström Author-Name: Raija Koivisto Author-X-Name-First: Raija Author-X-Name-Last: Koivisto Author-Name: Dag Andersson Author-X-Name-First: Dag Author-X-Name-Last: Andersson Title: UML modelling concepts of HAZOP to enhance the ability to identify emerging risks Abstract: Unified Modelling Language (UML) has a graphical notation for 13 different types of diagrams and can be used as a general modelling tool. Well-known examples of diagram types are class diagrams for modelling classes that can be instanced into objects, state machine diagrams for modelling states in systems and activity diagrams for modelling process flows. A literature survey shows that UML has been used to model concepts and methodologies of risk assessment and risk management. One example is the Coras Framework. The international standard CEI IEC 61882 Hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies describes concepts for investigating and detecting possible hazards in systems. In CEI IEC 6882, guide words like 'More' and 'Less' are applied to system parameters to invoke deviations in the system and assess possible hazards due to the deviation from the design intent. In this paper, we have used UML to model concepts of CEI IEC 61882 Hazards and operability studies. Diagrams of UML were used to show dependencies and relations between parts of the target system and concepts of CEI IEC 61882. Extensions of UML are suggested to better capture and display the concepts of CEI IEC 61882, the results of a HAZOP study and emerging risk. These extensions are referred to as UML for emerging risks (UML-ER). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 421-432 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:421-432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pablo Lerena Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Lerena Author-Name: Pertti Auerkari Author-X-Name-First: Pertti Author-X-Name-Last: Auerkari Author-Name: Christian Knaust Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Knaust Author-Name: Iris Vela Author-X-Name-First: Iris Author-X-Name-Last: Vela Author-Name: Ulrich Krause Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich Author-X-Name-Last: Krause Title: Approaches towards a generic methodology for storage of hazardous energy carriers and waste products Abstract: Energy carriers -- either conventional or 'new' ones -- have to be provided in large amounts to meet the requirements of permanent availability and reliable supply of electricity. Depending on their state of aggregation, energy carriers are either stored in large masses (if solid or liquid) or at elevated pressures (if gaseous). Both impose the hazard of large-scale fire, in the latter case additionally the danger of explosion or unintended release. Very similar hazards occur for wastes. Solid wastes are present in large masses and only a small part is recycled. Most of the solid wastes are used in energy conversion. The main gaseous waste is CO2. During capturing also the hazard of unintended release exists. In this article, existing approaches for safe storage and fire prevention are discussed and a generic methodology is outlined. This methodology consists of the following steps: • gaining knowledge about the behaviour of the material stored (reactivity, thermal stability, etc.), • assessing the environmental conditions for the storage site (neighbourhood, safety distances, etc.), • assessment of prospective consequences of an incident and • development of individual loss prevention conceptions. All steps require both experimental testing and theoretical considerations about accident scenarios as integral parts of the methodology. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 433-445 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729524 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:433-445 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juha Sipilä Author-X-Name-First: Juha Author-X-Name-Last: Sipilä Author-Name: Pertti Auerkari Author-X-Name-First: Pertti Author-X-Name-Last: Auerkari Author-Name: Anna-Mari Heikkilä Author-X-Name-First: Anna-Mari Author-X-Name-Last: Heikkilä Author-Name: Ulrich Krause Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich Author-X-Name-Last: Krause Title: Emerging risk of autoignition and fire in underground coal storage Abstract: The risk and prevention of autoignition in underground coal storage facilities are reviewed in the light of the recent incidents of smouldering fires. Also, the opportunities are considered on the efficiency of the alternatives to prevent and extinguish closed-space fires. The complexities in avoiding and extinguishing underground fires are highlighted in the case example, describing the observations and outcome of a smouldering coal fire in the storage. The principles of self-heating and most critical factors in spontaneous combustion such as the condition and quality of coal are fairly well known, but usually only provide partial help in fire prevention. The documented cases and the case example suggest that nitrogen injection can be useful for extinguishing controllable fires. Three-phase foams and oxygen-displacing exhaust gases appear preferable against uncontrolled fires, particularly if access to the fire area is limited or impossible. Otherwise, efficient fire extinction during power plant operation can be challenging, as any air ingress tends to feed the fire and results in losses of the extinguishing agent and the heating value of coal. Methods and indicators for detecting and predicting the ignition are discussed, and improvements are suggested to enhance the storage and plant availability. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 447-457 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:447-457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leo Breedveld Author-X-Name-First: Leo Author-X-Name-Last: Breedveld Title: Combining LCA and RA for the integrated risk management of emerging technologies Abstract: Emerging risks of innovative technologies, like for instance nanotechnology, require proactive assessments in order to guarantee that their future materials and products will not result in adverse effects on health, safety and the environment. The combination of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Risk Assessment (RA) offers a systematic approach to identify and assess potential impacts. LCA is a well-known analytical tool, standardised in ISO 14040-14044, to assess the environmental impact of the entire life-cycle of a product or service. Its strengths are the systematic approach to analyse all life-cycle stages of complex systems. Integrated risk management can benefit in various ways from LCA. Firstly, LCA offers a new dimension to the safety paradigm, exploring the principles and synergies between LCA and RA. Secondly, LCA offers a systematic approach to analyse the risks of innovative technologies along their entire life-cycle (from design, building, maintenance, operation to decommissioning). Thirdly, LCA offers an analytical tool to quantify the environmental impact of emerging technologies. In combination with RA, LCA can provide scientifically sound information for the early assessment of potential impacts on health, safety and the environment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 459-468 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729526 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:459-468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ernesto Salzano Author-X-Name-First: Ernesto Author-X-Name-Last: Salzano Author-Name: Anna Basco Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Basco Author-Name: Valentina Busini Author-X-Name-First: Valentina Author-X-Name-Last: Busini Author-Name: Valerio Cozzani Author-X-Name-First: Valerio Author-X-Name-Last: Cozzani Author-Name: Enrico Marzo Author-X-Name-First: Enrico Author-X-Name-Last: Marzo Author-Name: Renato Rota Author-X-Name-First: Renato Author-X-Name-Last: Rota Author-Name: Gigliola Spadoni Author-X-Name-First: Gigliola Author-X-Name-Last: Spadoni Title: Public awareness promoting new or emerging risks: Industrial accidents triggered by natural hazards (NaTech) Abstract: Dramatic natural events recently stroke several countries worldwide. The impact of the natural events on industrial sites often resulted in large releases of hazardous materials, causing severe technological accidents (Natural-Technological or NaTech events). Industrial operators were often found unprepared or off-guard for unannounced events but also when they had received early warnings. Due to these occurrences, public awareness has raised and the issue of NaTech is now considered as an emerging risk. Due to the climate change and increase in the frequency of some categories of natural disasters, the likelihood of NaTech scenarios is growing, thus NaTech may be also considered as a new risk in some areas of the world. In the present study, the process that ended in the awareness of the scientific community and of the general public toward NaTech has been analyzed. Available tools and knowledge gaps in the assessment of NaTech scenarios are evidenced. The analysis is mainly addressed to the potential impact of flood, lightning, and earthquake events on industrial installations where hazardous substances are present, aiming at the identification of strategies to improve the resilience of industrial facilities to technological accidents caused or intensified by natural hazards. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 469-485 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:469-485 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juha Sipilä Author-X-Name-First: Juha Author-X-Name-Last: Sipilä Author-Name: Pertti Auerkari Author-X-Name-First: Pertti Author-X-Name-Last: Auerkari Author-Name: Yngve Malmén Author-X-Name-First: Yngve Author-X-Name-Last: Malmén Author-Name: Anna-Mari Heikkilä Author-X-Name-First: Anna-Mari Author-X-Name-Last: Heikkilä Author-Name: Iris Vela Author-X-Name-First: Iris Author-X-Name-Last: Vela Author-Name: Ulrich Krause Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich Author-X-Name-Last: Krause Title: Experience and the unexpected: risk and mitigation issues for operating underground storage silos for coal-fired power plant Abstract: Observed autoignition events and extinguishing the resulting smouldering fires in an underground storage system of a coal-fired power plant have provided insight into the array of contributing variables, and some experience on quantifying the risk with alternative scenarios of event initiation, progress and potential mitigation. Although the first attempts to quantify the risk suggest high sensitivity to the sequence of action taken after fire alarm, and no similar storage sites really exist, some recommended preventive, corrective and other mitigating activities can be at least partly defined and improved by using the cumulative experience and parallel efforts in other closed or underground storage sites. However, there are also so-called black (or at least grey) swans: unexpected events for which the facility may be poorly prepared for. In the case of the underground storage silos, such an event was experienced when incoming cold coal during a harsh winter season froze the sewer system that normally protects the stored coal from seepage water. With blocked normal bypass, the seepage water found its way to the coal silos and created large clumps of icy coal that blocked the coal conveyors. Although freezing weather is not unusual at high-latitude power plants, the common methods to combat freezing of coal are mainly useful for open storage sites and above-ground transport. Options for mitigation are discussed, as well as the event chain leading to an event that had never previously occurred. The case is discussed from the point of view of options to prepare for rare or unforeseen events. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 487-500 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729530 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:487-500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Petar Stanojevic Author-X-Name-First: Petar Author-X-Name-Last: Stanojevic Author-Name: Branislav Orlic Author-X-Name-First: Branislav Author-X-Name-Last: Orlic Author-Name: Mirjana Misita Author-X-Name-First: Mirjana Author-X-Name-Last: Misita Author-Name: Nada Tatalovic Author-X-Name-First: Nada Author-X-Name-Last: Tatalovic Author-Name: Gyöngyvér B. Lenkey Author-X-Name-First: Gyöngyvér B. Author-X-Name-Last: Lenkey Title: Online monitoring and assessment of emerging risk in conventional industrial plants: possible way to implement integrated risk management approach and KPI's Abstract: Existing methodologies and practices do not provide enough possibility for online monitoring and assessment of emerging risks occurring as a result of a change in technology, product, operating conditions, as well as in organization of activities in conventional industrial plants. Typical today's off and online methods and corresponding software packages are used as risk assessment methods, while various risk aspects (such as: process risks, process equipment integrity risks, organizational risks, and health and environmental risks) are being assessed and treated independently. However, it is clear that risk assessment and making decisions in line with that has to be based on information collected from different (independent) sources in online mode. Also, the fact that additional risks in operations may occur due to unexpected changes in technology, accidents or unexpected process equipment degradation should be taken into account. When monitoring and process management systems are being designed and developed, only the process aspect and process risk are usually analyzed, while other risk aspects are not taken into account (like health and environmental risks). A new approach, to be presented in this paper, provides a possibility of online monitoring and assessment of risks (e.g. in petrochemical industry, power industry, etc.). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 501-512 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.729531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.729531 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:3-4:p:501-512 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Huansheng Ning Author-X-Name-First: Huansheng Author-X-Name-Last: Ning Author-Name: Jiakang Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jiakang Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Weishi Chen Author-X-Name-First: Weishi Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Lévy flight-based real-time bird strike risk assessment for airports Abstract: Bird strike is a terrible but common incident in aviation. There is, however, a lack of systematic approaches for real-time bird strike risk assessment at present. This paper provides a novel method for bird strike risk assessment at airports with the detected data (e.g. data from radar systems), including the estimation of bird strike probability and collision severity. The Lévy flight model, an influential random walk model in bird foraging behaviour research, is adopted for the bird strike probability estimation. After dividing the area around the airport into a square matrix, the Lévy flight model is modified by the Chapman Kolmogorov equation. Meanwhile, the estimation of collision severity is based on the bird mass. The proposed method is applied to Dalian Zhoushuizi Airport with simulated bird data. The simulated results demonstrate the efficiency and real-time performance of our method. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 513-521 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.705313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.705313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:5:p:513-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ellen C. Rogerson Author-X-Name-First: Ellen C. Author-X-Name-Last: Rogerson Author-Name: James H. Lambert Author-X-Name-First: James H. Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Author-Name: Alexander F. Johns Author-X-Name-First: Alexander F. Author-X-Name-Last: Johns Title: Runway safety program evaluation with uncertainties of benefits and costs Abstract: Risk and safety programs need to be monitored and evaluated through real-world experience and performance. Several perspectives on the program might be useful across organizational units, stakeholders, and subject-matter experts. Quantifications of risks, benefits, and costs of the programs as well as the associated parameter uncertainties will vary by perspective. The literature has quantified the benefits of a safety program in single stakeholder/expert perspectives. This paper describes a layering of perspectives of program effectiveness and characterizes the variation of estimated program efficacy across the several perspectives. Within each perspective, the uncertainties of model selection and the estimation of cost-benefit analysis parameters are addressed via interval numbers. The approach is demonstrated for safety trainings that are aimed to reduce runway incursions for 80 airports across a region, an issue of highest priority for the US National Transportation Safety Board. The several perspectives of the demonstration are the pilot/driver, the airport owner/operator, and the safety regulator. The results suggest for each of the perspectives which of the airports should receive the trainings. The paper will be of interest for the performance evaluation of safety programs with uncertainties of program benefits and costs and multiple agencies, users, customers, and other stakeholders/experts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 523-539 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.725674 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.725674 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:5:p:523-539 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Birnur Özbaş Author-X-Name-First: Birnur Author-X-Name-Last: Özbaş Author-Name: İlhan Or Author-X-Name-First: İlhan Author-X-Name-Last: Or Author-Name: Tayfur Altıok Author-X-Name-First: Tayfur Author-X-Name-Last: Altıok Title: Comprehensive scenario analysis for mitigation of risks of the maritime traffic in the Strait of Istanbul Abstract: In this paper, the results of a scenario analysis are presented using the models developed by the authors in their prior work. Therein an aggregate risk-simulation model of the maritime traffic in the Strait of Istanbul was developed giving consideration to traffic rules, vessel profiles, pilotage services, meteorological, geographical conditions, and vessel scheduling. A risk assessment was carried out by incorporating a probabilistic accident risk model into the simulation model to establish a baseline level of risk. Herein, 16 scenarios are described as modifications of the baseline scenario for the purpose of studying maritime risk mitigation in this geographic context. We have evaluated the impact of several factors such as vessel arrival rates, vessel pursuit distances, number of pilots, local traffic density, and vessel scheduling practices such as the single-lane traffic regime start time on safety risks. We also present a discussion on the impact of each factor on vessel passages and waiting times at both entrances of the Strait. We conclude with risk mitigation recommendations that reduce both risk and waiting times, and thus can be considered 'win-win' from both an operational and risk reduction perspective. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 541-561 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:5:p:541-561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Cedergren Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Cedergren Title: Designing resilient infrastructure systems: a case study of decision-making challenges in railway tunnel projects Abstract: In order to minimise the impact on society in the case of severe disturbances affecting infrastructure systems, it is essential that these systems are resilient to failures, i.e. that they are able to continue operations or quickly recover a stable state after a major mishap. Numerous opportunities for taking measures to increase resilience of infrastructures exist already in the design phase of new elements in these systems. This paper therefore investigates to what extent resilience of the railway system is considered at the design stage of new railway tunnels in Sweden. The case study builds upon interviews with key stakeholders involved in the decision-making process regarding safety measures in six railway tunnel projects, comprising a total of 28 tunnels (representing the majority of contemporary railway tunnel projects in Sweden). The theoretical perspective is based upon insights from the fields of resilience engineering and risk governance. The results revealed that power relations between the different stakeholders largely influenced the decision-making process in the studied railway tunnel projects. Diverse roles and perspectives among these actors led to disagreements in the majority of the projects. As a result, both of the key stakeholders experienced that they were trapped in different kinds of double binds, i.e. situations requiring a choice between equally bad outcomes. These double binds, and the significant influence from local actors on decision-making, resulted in a restricted consideration of the system's resilience on the regional and national levels. These findings underline the important relationship between decision-making at the local level in each railway tunnel project and the impact from these decisions on the system's resilience at the global level. The paper therefore contributes to increased understanding of the way that micro-level decisions affect macro-level characteristics of complex socio-technical systems. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 563-582 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726241 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:5:p:563-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tobias Greitemeyer Author-X-Name-First: Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Greitemeyer Title: Exposure to media with prosocial content reduces the propensity for reckless and risky driving Abstract: Past research has predominantly focused on negative effects of media exposure. However, as pointed out by the General Learning Model (GLM), exposure to media may have positive consequences as well. Two studies tested the effects of exposure to media with prosocial (relative to neutral) content on participant's propensity for reckless and risky driving. Study 1 revealed that those participants who had played a prosocial video game were less prone to self-reported reckless and risky driving than those who had played a neutral video game. This effect was replicated in Study 2, employing a different type of media exposure (i.e. listening to music). Taken together, the present findings lend credence to GLM's assumption that the effects of media exposure depend to a great extent on the content of the media. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 583-594 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726248 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:5:p:583-594 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gwendolyn C.H. Bakx Author-X-Name-First: Gwendolyn C.H. Author-X-Name-Last: Bakx Author-Name: Rudy A.L. Richardson Author-X-Name-First: Rudy A.L. Author-X-Name-Last: Richardson Title: Risk assessments at the Royal Netherlands Air Force: an explorative study Abstract: In this paper, differences in the assessment of mission risks and mission benefits between operators and members of the management level in the transport helicopter branch of the Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF) are studied. Results were obtained from a risk analysis that was conducted in accordance with RNLAF procedures. The analysis suggests that the two organizational levels have a coherent perception on risks despite their hierarchical position. Perceived measures of control -- controllability -- seem to induce the inclusion or the exclusion of what is appeared to be a risk. The analysis also suggests that risk management tools may obscure these perceptual differences. Risk management tools may therefore not be sufficient to attain safe operations. In discussions and future studies on risk management and on hierarchical differences in risk perception, this is something to take well notice of. Also, managers and others involved in risk management need to recognize the implications of using risk management instruments that are based on simplified models of risk. This research adds to the risk management theory because it connects multi-dimensional risk theory with actual organizational risk management practice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 595-611 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:5:p:595-611 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olja Čokorilo Author-X-Name-First: Olja Author-X-Name-Last: Čokorilo Author-Name: Petar Mirosavljević Author-X-Name-First: Petar Author-X-Name-Last: Mirosavljević Author-Name: Ljubiša Vasov Author-X-Name-First: Ljubiša Author-X-Name-Last: Vasov Author-Name: Branimir Stojiljković Author-X-Name-First: Branimir Author-X-Name-Last: Stojiljković Title: Managing safety risks in helicopter maritime operations Abstract: Nowadays, helicopters have been used in maritime transportation to serve offshore platforms. This paper outlines methodology for assessing safety risks by operating in the vicinity of helidecks. During each flight, decisions must be made regarding the events that involve interactions between the four safety risk elements -- the pilot in command, the aircraft, the environment and the operation. This paper evaluates helicopter crash statistics based on region and flight phase. Data collected were used for developing methodology for computing the helicopter impact frequency into facility of interest. The analysis for helicopter impact frequency calculations is based on number of operations, crash rate, frequency, average length of flight and crash area. Furthermore, the conclusion was defined based on future measurements for helicopter accidents mitigation or reduction. The presented paper contributes to safety risk assessment in helicopter maritime operations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 613-624 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.737828 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.737828 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:5:p:613-624 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eirik Bjorheim Abrahamsen Author-X-Name-First: Eirik Bjorheim Author-X-Name-Last: Abrahamsen Author-Name: Willy Røed Author-X-Name-First: Willy Author-X-Name-Last: Røed Author-Name: Ruben Jongejan Author-X-Name-First: Ruben Author-X-Name-Last: Jongejan Title: A practical approach for the evaluation of acceptable risk in road tunnels Abstract: In many European countries it is common to adopt quantitative criteria in evaluation of acceptable risk in road tunnels. Such criteria, usually expressed by FN-criteria and IR-values, will easily lead to a regime that is difficult to adopt in practice, as the use of such criteria requires extensive analyses and documentation for all types of tunnels. In this paper, a more practical approach for the evaluation of acceptable risk in road tunnels is presented, in which quantitative risk acceptance criteria are used for some road tunnels, while qualitative criteria are used for others. This means that varying degrees of effort and documentation are necessary for the evaluation of acceptable risk in road tunnels. The approach suggested is inspired by challenges in Norway. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 625-633 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:5:p:625-633 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Arnau-Sabatés Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Arnau-Sabatés Author-Name: Mercè Jariot Garcia Author-X-Name-First: Mercè Author-X-Name-Last: Jariot Garcia Author-Name: Màrius Martínez Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Màrius Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez Muñoz Author-Name: Josep Montané Capdevila Author-X-Name-First: Josep Author-X-Name-Last: Montané Capdevila Title: The relationship between awareness of road safety measure and accident involvement in pre-drivers: the basis of a road safety programme Abstract: Objectives: This research aims to carry out a first validation of the QAR-Precon screening questionnaire applied in Catalonia during the drivers' initial training, analyse the differences in risky road user behaviour according to two main variables: whether they had any experience of an accident and sex and examine the different risky road user patterns of pre-drivers. Methods: In order to group the questionnaire variables together, an exploratory factorial analysis (principal component analysis (PCA)) was used. Subsequently, the reliability coefficients of the questionnaire and the subscales were calculated. Lastly, ANOVA models were used to compare differences in the whole sample and a cluster analysis was performed to identify different risky pre-driver groups. Results: The factorial analysis (PCA) reveals the existence of five risk factors (speed and risk, external circumstances, distraction, alcohol and driving and other elements of driving) that explain 44.6% of the variance. More males than females reported that they had a higher tendency to take risks in all the risky factors exposed and injured pre-drivers reported less awareness of road safety than pre-drivers who had not been injured. A two-cluster solution indicated that it was possible to distinguish a group of pre-drivers who engaged in high risky behaviour (high group) from the group who engaged in moderate and low levels of risky road user behaviour (low group). Conclusions: The implications of these findings for programme designs and training initiatives to improve efficiency in reducing the accident rate are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 635-650 Issue: 5 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761272 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761272 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:5:p:635-650 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Huber Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Huber Author-Name: Henry Rothstein Author-X-Name-First: Henry Author-X-Name-Last: Rothstein Title: The risk organisation: or how organisations reconcile themselves to failure Abstract: Over the last decade, the ideas, concepts and tools of risk management have colonised the way that organisations frame potential adverse outcomes associated with their activities. Intended as a means of optimising the tolerance, rather than elimination, of adverse organisational outcomes, risk management has been promoted as a means of challenging organisational practice, particularly in the context of heightened accountability pressures that can readily make organisations risk averse. Relatively little attention, however, has been paid to the extent to which risk ideas are able to challenge traditional organisational ways of understanding and responding to adverse outcomes. In this article, therefore, we examine the implementation of risk management practices in two contrasting organisational contexts; the UK Department for the Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the English university sector. Our studies suggest that risk management processes can be readily filtered and reinterpreted through a series of ideological, methodological and organisational mechanisms to reflect and reinforce organisational understandings and practices. We build on this analysis to point to what might tentatively be termed 'Risk Organizations', which are distinctive, at least in principle, by the way in which they seek to identify, but also come to terms with, failure. As such, rather than providing a means of organisational challenge, the systematic application of risk management practices tends to act as a conservative force of organisational continuity. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 651-675 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:6:p:651-675 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Maxim Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Maxim Author-Name: Pascale Mansier Author-X-Name-First: Pascale Author-X-Name-Last: Mansier Author-Name: Natalia Grabar Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Grabar Title: Public reception of scientific uncertainty in the endocrine disrupter controversy: the case of male fertility Abstract: Scientific controversies are associated with significant uncertainty. Despite this uncertainty, available knowledge must be communicated to the public, who are potentially at risk. There are contradictions in the existing literature about the value of communicating uncertainty associated with science. Some scientists and decision-makers believe that communicating uncertainty to the public will produce panic and confusion, and will discredit science. Others believe that uncertainty must be communicated to increase trust in science. We tested reactions to communication about uncertainty related to the controversial link between exposure to endocrine disrupters and a decline in human male fertility. Our empirical setup used focus groups and qualitative analysis of participants' perceived uncertainty and their emotions. The results show that laypeople raise more and different uncertainties than those communicated by researchers. Moreover, laypeople did not react to uncertainty 'globally;' they had different reactions to the different sources of uncertainty. Uncertainty did not elicit panic in this case study. Rather, uncertainty was reassuring, except when it was associated with an inability to precisely identify and, therefore, control the cause of male reproductive disorders. We discuss the emotions expressed and their relationships with communication about scientific uncertainty (powerlessness, guilt, outrage, etc.). We also note that feelings of confusion increase after uncertainty has been communicated. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 677-695 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:6:p:677-695 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandy Jung Author-X-Name-First: Sandy Author-X-Name-Last: Jung Author-Name: Denise Ledi Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Ledi Author-Name: Melissa K. Daniels Author-X-Name-First: Melissa K. Author-X-Name-Last: Daniels Title: Evaluating the concurrent validity of the HCR-20 scales Abstract: The Historical, Clinical and Risk Management (HCR-20) violence risk assessment scheme was constructed to be applicable to a variety of populations, including civil and forensic psychiatric patients and correctional offenders. Research has demonstrated that the HCR-20 is strongly linked to forensic hospital readmissions and to increased risk for future violence. However, few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the HCR-20; of particular interest, the HCR-20 clinical and risk management (RM) items have had little cross-validation with other measures using independent samples. The present study is an archival examination of offenders who have been assessed at a forensic outpatient clinic and for whom the HCR-20 was used as part of the assessment. Concurrent validity was explored by correlating the Historical, Clinical and RM scales and its items with theoretically relevant constructs as measured by other psychometric measures, including the personality assessment inventory. A series of analyses to investigate the validity of the HCR-20 are reported using a small community forensic sample originally assessed at the presentence stage in the legal process. This research provides a much needed investigation of the concurrent validity for the scales and items of the HCR-20. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 697-711 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:6:p:697-711 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Larock Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Larock Author-Name: Jamie Baxter Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Baxter Title: Local facility hazard risk controversy and non-local hazard risk perception Abstract: Facility siting disputes are as much about the socio-politics in a place as they are about the risks posed by the facility; yet not much is known about how localized controversy about one hazard effects the perception of other, non-local, hazard risks. Our exploratory study tests the idea that a local facility risk controversy (landfill expansion) is tied to an overall sensitivity to risks from a wider range of potentially hazardous facilities. We use logistic regression models of questionnaire survey responses from 205 residents living near two landfills that were recently expanded or proposed to be expanded. Psychometric risk variables, cultural theory of risk variables, and sociodemographic variables are used as controls to see if risk-in-place/context variables related to threat and governance (e.g. fairness and fiduciary equity) predict not only risk from the landfill but also risk from three other potentially hazardous facilities (incinerator, chemical, and nuclear). The risk-in-place/context variables are predictive across all hazards but there is little consistency in the mix of predictors across models. The results suggest that facility controversy is linked to how residents view risks from non-local facility hazards and that this effect varies by place. This points to the need for more research in this area, and is suggestive that risk-hazard controversy may foster localized risk-averse places or wider risk-averse communities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 713-732 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.737821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.737821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:6:p:713-732 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Knight Lapinski Author-X-Name-First: Maria Knight Author-X-Name-Last: Lapinski Author-Name: Lindsay Neuberger Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay Author-X-Name-Last: Neuberger Author-Name: Meredith L. Gore Author-X-Name-First: Meredith L. Author-X-Name-Last: Gore Author-Name: Bret A. Muter Author-X-Name-First: Bret A. Author-X-Name-Last: Muter Author-Name: Brandon Van Der Heide Author-X-Name-First: Brandon Author-X-Name-Last: Van Der Heide Title: Shark bytes: message sensation value and emotional appeals in shark diving websites Abstract: Websites designed to promote risky activities provide a novel context for studying the role of emotional appeals and message sensation value (MSV) in risk messages in order to ultimately understand the type of messages that motivate people to engage in risk behaviors. Framed in theories of message design and emotion, this study investigates representations of threat, efficacy, and the extent to which risk messages appeal to a range of positive and negative emotions through the examination of 53 shark diving websites using content analysis and computer generated linguistic analysis. Results indicate that few websites provide explicit threat information (i.e. severity and susceptibility) but many do present implicit threats. Efficacy-related messages were present on all websites. Positive emotion was more common than negative emotion and there is little representation of the traditional components of MSV. Implications for theory development and communication about risk-seeking are addressed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 733-751 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.737822 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.737822 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:6:p:733-751 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Candice A. Reardon Author-X-Name-First: Candice A. Author-X-Name-Last: Reardon Author-Name: Kaymarlin Govender Author-X-Name-First: Kaymarlin Author-X-Name-Last: Govender Title: Masculinities, cultural worldviews and risk perceptions among South African adolescent learners Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between masculinities, cultural worldviews and societal risk perceptions in a sample of adolescent school-going boys in South Africa. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity and cultural theory of risk provided the theoretical frameworks for this study. The findings showed that males conforming to the traditional masculinity type were more likely to endorse a hierarchical and individualist worldview. They were also less concerned about the impact of a number of societal risks on the South African public such as environmental risks and risks associated with crime and social instability than participants conforming to the progressive masculinity type. Participants conforming to progressive masculine norms were more likely to hold an egalitarian worldview. The results of mediation analyses suggest that among self-identified traditional and progressive males in our study, judgements about certain risk concerns are best understood through their views of society and the preferred forms of social organisation and power in society. Given the above findings, it is suggested that intervention strategies in risk management need to appreciate that subjective processes of risk identification are fundamentally gendered in nature and may be influenced by one's cultural worldview. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 753-770 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.737823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.737823 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:6:p:753-770 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Henry Rothstein Author-X-Name-First: Henry Author-X-Name-Last: Rothstein Title: Domesticating participation: participation and the institutional rationalities of science-based policy-making in the UK food standards agency Abstract: This article explores the institutional factors shaping the impacts of public participation on the processes and outcomes of science-based policy-making. The article draws on the example of UK food safety regulation, which has been at the forefront of attempts in the UK to actively engage the public in decision-making since the creation of the UK Food Standards Agency in 2000. Four diverse examples of participative processes dating from the late 1990s to the present day are explored in order to chart how conceptions of participative reforms have changed over time and to analyse the impacts of those reforms on policy processes and outcomes. The article shows how the impact of participative practices on policy-making has been dependent on their ability to adapt to, and reinforce, rather than challenge, deeply entrenched policy-making norms, practices and cultures. Where participative processes have posed challenges, they have tended to be conceived and organised in ways that have minimised threats to policy practice. The analysis shows how, over time, the conceptions and practices of participation are dynamically shaped by active processes of 'domestication', whereby practices are institutionally 'selected' and 'adapted' to fit with entrenched policy needs, demands and expectations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 771-790 Issue: 6 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.775180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.775180 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:6:p:771-790 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Desmond Lam Author-X-Name-First: Desmond Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Bernadete Ozorio Author-X-Name-First: Bernadete Author-X-Name-Last: Ozorio Title: The effect of prior outcomes on gender risk-taking differences Abstract: This study proposed that men are more likely to take greater risk after a win ('house money' effect), while women are more likely to take greater risk after a loss ('escalation of commitment' effect). These effects are, however, moderated by prior experiences in risk-taking and role characteristics. Three distinct groups of 30 subjects (total = 90) each were solicited to play an experimental betting game. The subjects were categorized into risk providers (RP), risk customers (RC), and non-risk customers (NRC). RP are represented by casino executives, RC by leisure life-time casino gamblers, and NRC by non-casino gamblers. On average, RC group was found to take most betting risk. Male RCs were more likely to bet more after a win, while female RCs were more likely to bet more after a loss. NRCs, irrespective of gender, were more likely to bet more after a loss. There were no gender risk-taking differences in prior outcomes in the RP group. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 791-802 Issue: 7 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.737824 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.737824 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:7:p:791-802 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniela Winkler Author-X-Name-First: Daniela Author-X-Name-Last: Winkler Title: Two paths of risk regulation: the concurrence of scientific and sociocultural decision-making in the European law of agricultural genetic engineering Abstract: Future hazards which may result from genetically engineered plants can currently only be anticipated. Therefore, the handling of the potential risks is becoming a crucial political and legal question. The following article describes the differing national regulatory approaches in Europe: an economic, a scientific, and a sociopolitical approach pre-existed the European Union's deliberate release Directive, which itself follows a primarily science-based approach. The latter is based on objective technological assessments of individual cases. At the same time, however, the Directive contains elements of a sociocultural approach, which is open to value-based judgments and thus, necessarily takes a subjective, general assessment of the use of genetically modified organisms. As a result, the European law of Agricultural Genetic Engineering provides two paths of risk regulation in parallel. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 803-823 Issue: 7 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.737825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.737825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:7:p:803-823 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisabetta Genovese Author-X-Name-First: Elisabetta Author-X-Name-Last: Genovese Author-Name: Valentin Przyluski Author-X-Name-First: Valentin Author-X-Name-Last: Przyluski Title: Storm surge disaster risk management: the Xynthia case study in France Abstract: In recent years, a series of catastrophic storm surges have occurred in Europe. The large number of fatalities and high material damage are mainly due to an increase in vulnerability and exposure to coastal flooding of hit regions. It is, therefore, necessary to intensify research activities in order to better understand this kind of disasters, to reduce their impacts and to reinforce risk management. This study describes the consequences of Xynthia windstorm that hit France in 2010: strong wind gusts, associated to high-coefficient tides and very low pressure, caused a phenomenon of storm surge in the Atlantic coastal area of France. Sea walls, lacking maintenance and originally built to defend agricultural land, were not able to protect houses. Fourty-seven people were killed, most of them from drowning, and direct losses amounted to more than 2.5 billion Euros. Around 10,000 people were forced to evacuate after the inundation of their properties. Uncontrolled urbanization was involved in the increase of stakes, as demonstrated by the fact that all the 29 victims in the city of la Faute-sur-Mer were living in houses built after 1980. The paper describes the event considering the aspect of increased vulnerability in the affected area, the lack of preparedness that exacerbated the final damage, the emergency response phases and the adaptation strategies adopted by the French Government after the disaster. We conclude that an attentive governance should include a balanced approach to risk protection, to reduce vulnerability and exposure. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 825-841 Issue: 7 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.737826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.737826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:7:p:825-841 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K.V. Newby Author-X-Name-First: K.V. Author-X-Name-Last: Newby Author-Name: D.P. French Author-X-Name-First: D.P. Author-X-Name-Last: French Author-Name: K.E. Brown Author-X-Name-First: K.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: L.M. Wallace Author-X-Name-First: L.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wallace Title: Beliefs underlying chlamydia risk appraisals: the relationship with young adults' intentions to use condoms Abstract: Risk appraisals are identified by many theories of health behaviour as primary motivators of intention and action. However, limited evidence is available on the beliefs underlying risk appraisals. The nature of these beliefs must be understood in order to optimally modify risk appraisals in ways that motivate positive behaviour change. This study uses Cameron's illness risk representations framework to examine the extent to which beliefs about chlamydia predict risk appraisals and intentions to use condoms with casual sexual partners. A cross-sectional design was used. N = 921 secondary school and university students aged between 16 and 24 years completed the assessment of illness risk representations which includes measures of illness risk representation components namely identity, cause, timeline, consequences and control. As hypothesised, appraisals of the likelihood of chlamydia infection were positively associated with beliefs that symptoms of infection were present (identity), that exposure to chlamydia had occurred (cause) and that chlamydia affected young people (timeline). Severity appraisals were positively associated with beliefs that chlamydia would lead to pain, psychosocial and fertility consequences (all consequences scales). Contrary to hypotheses, severity appraisals were positively associated with beliefs that infection could be prevented (control over prevention) and cured (control over cure), and not associated with the belief that infection could be treated (control over treatment). Intentions to use condoms with casual sexual partners were predicted by beliefs about control over prevention. In conclusion, Cameron's framework appears to be useful for examining the content of risk appraisals and isolating beliefs to be targeted through health promotion interventions. The findings have provided new evidence about the basis for young adults' appraisals of the risk of chlamydia infection. They point to ways in which intentions to use condoms with casual sexual partners could be increased, through for example, developing skills around how to initiate condom use. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 843-860 Issue: 7 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.743158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.743158 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:7:p:843-860 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tao Ye Author-X-Name-First: Tao Author-X-Name-Last: Ye Author-Name: Ming Wang Author-X-Name-First: Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Exploring risk attitude by a comparative experimental approach and its implication to disaster insurance practice in China Abstract: This study employs the ordered lottery selection approach with field experiment to measure risk attitude of two distinct population groups in China -- farmers in Wuhan and freelancers in media and advertising in Beijing. A comparative design was used to reveal the cross-population difference in risk attitude and its affecting factors. The results showed that both groups exhibited constant partial risk aversion and decreasing absolute risk aversion, while the farmers were more risk-averse than the freelancers. The farmer and freelancer respondents demonstrated very different sensitivity to the warming-up games types involving 'gain-only' or 'gain-loss' while extremely risk-averse respondents in the warming-up games possessed the consistent attitudinal behavior in the formal tests. The comparative experiment revealed that gender and income were two statistically significant factors affecting risk attitude and they appeared to be consistent across the two distinct groups. Surprisingly, respondents' perceived frequency of risk occurrence was not correlated to their risk attitude. Moreover, the factors of leisure and investment behavior were significantly linked to the freelancers' risk attitude but not the farmers'. The experiment also found a non-linear relationship between risk attitude and education, and receiving college education was found to be a critical switching point that was significantly linked to respondents' risk choices. While further research is needed to better understand the governing mechanism in risk attitude, perception, and behavior, this paper tried to link the experimental results to the natural disaster insurance practice in China and discussed their implication to the policy design. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 861-878 Issue: 7 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.743159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.743159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:7:p:861-878 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edmund W.J. Lee Author-X-Name-First: Edmund W.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Shirley S. Ho Author-X-Name-First: Shirley S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ho Author-Name: Josephine K. Chow Author-X-Name-First: Josephine K. Author-X-Name-Last: Chow Author-Name: Ying Ying Wu Author-X-Name-First: Ying Ying Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Zixin Yang Author-X-Name-First: Zixin Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Communication and knowledge as motivators: understanding Singaporean women's perceived risks of breast cancer and intentions to engage in preventive measures Abstract: As breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in Singapore, encouraging them to engage in preventive measures becomes increasingly important. This study aims to take a closer look at the influence of attention to media, interpersonal communication, news elaboration, and knowledge on women's (aged between 30 and 70) perceived risks of breast cancer and their intentions to engage in preventive measures in Singapore. Attention to media, frequency of interpersonal communication, fatalistic belief, and knowledge structure density were found to be associated with risk perception of breast cancer among Singaporean women. Findings also showed that frequency of interpersonal communication, risk perception, elaboration, and factual knowledge were positively associated with women's intentions to take up preventive measures such as breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography. Implications for theory and practice were discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 879-902 Issue: 7 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761264 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:7:p:879-902 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eva Lermer Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Lermer Author-Name: Bernhard Streicher Author-X-Name-First: Bernhard Author-X-Name-Last: Streicher Author-Name: Rainer Sachs Author-X-Name-First: Rainer Author-X-Name-Last: Sachs Author-Name: Dieter Frey Author-X-Name-First: Dieter Author-X-Name-Last: Frey Title: How risky? The impact of target person and answer format on risk assessment Abstract: The present research examined the influence of different risk perspectives by the use of four different target persons (who could be affected: abstract person, self, specific person, and specific others) and of four different questionnaire answer formats (rating, open percentage, open, and closed frequency) on risk assessments. It was assumed that subjects use two different systems in terms of probabilistic reasoning: a distributional approach for abstract targets leading to higher risk estimates and a singular approach for specific targets leading to lower risk assessments. According to unrealistic optimism (UO) research (showing higher risk assessments for an abstract person than for self), the assumption was that risk assessments for a specific (named) target lead to lower risk assessments compared to an abstract target. Further, common quantitative answer formats for assessing risk were compared to explore differences in risk estimates. The hypotheses were tested using data of a sample of 512 students from a Bavarian university. The frequently confirmed finding of UO could be replicated with both rating scale and open frequency scale, which appeared to be more sensitive compared to the other used scales. However, UO disappeared when the comparison target was specific. Further, risk assessments for an abstract target were highest within every answer format and lowest for specific targets. Furthermore, results revealed that the type of answer format has a moderating effect on the extent of the influence of risk perspective on risk assessments. Overall, this study gives evidence that both the chosen scale and the risk perspective strongly influence risk assessments. Results aim to contribute to the research fields of quantitative assessment of perceived risk. They suggest that probabilistic reasoning in regard to risk not only underlies motivational or cognitive ego-defensive mechanisms but is rather presumably caused by the use of different systems of inferential strategies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 903-919 Issue: 7 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:7:p:903-919 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sigal Blumenfeld Author-X-Name-First: Sigal Author-X-Name-Last: Blumenfeld Title: Location of hazardous materials plants in Israel Abstract: The study described in this article examines the distribution of hazardous materials plants in Israel during 2002--2010. In particular, it focuses on densely populated areas destined for future urban expansion, areas in proximity to rivers and water sources, and main transportation arteries. The survey identified certain hazardous materials plants (representing 10% of all such plants in Israel) as highly dangerous owing to the kinds of substances they contain, the nature of their industrial activities, and potential environmental hazards. The location of hazardous plants showed a correlation between population density and industry, with the highest concentration of plants found in Tel Aviv (30%), Haifa and adjacent industrial areas (25%), and Ashdod (12%). Significant concentrations of hazardous plants were also found in Ramat Hovav, Netanya, and Acre (Akko). From 2000 to 2010, the number of hazardous materials plants known to the Ministry of Environmental Protection increased by 62%, with most of the increase concentrated in such coastal cities as Haifa and Tel Aviv, the rest in Israel's northern and southern (Negev) regions. Further analysis of these data revealed problems resulting from the proximity of these sites to potable and irrigation water sources and to transportation arteries. The main purposes of the study were, first, to develop a geo-tool for informed decision-making regarding the location of hazardous materials plants, and, second, to examine the distribution of such plants in Israel in order to prevent future industrial accidents. This article is part of a comprehensive study on the role of environmental policy in the planning of hazardous materials plants in Israel. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 921-935 Issue: 7 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761269 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:7:p:921-935 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shojiro Yasui Author-X-Name-First: Shojiro Author-X-Name-Last: Yasui Title: An analysis of the argument over the health effects of low-dose radiation exposure caused by the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi APP in Japan Abstract: Since the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Atomic Power Plant last March, there has been a huge controversy over the potential health effects of low-dose radiation exposure. This paper critically examines the argument between mainstream experts and nonmainstreamers, which is revealed as an interdisciplinary argument caused by the differences in the specialties to which the experts belong. The concepts of confounding control and statistical significance, which are epidemiologically powerful tools that can disprove the argument that harm was caused by other causes, appeared to be less effective for denying the existence of a hazard entirely. The concept of risk is the most significant cause of confusion related to low-dose exposure because the epidemiologists assume that risk is the incidence rate of diseases, but biologists believe that risk includes DNA damage that may cause cancer in the future. This paper also reveals that public debate is useful to make collective choices and decisions rationally when inferential questions become the subjects of dispute. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 937-944 Issue: 8 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788061 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:8:p:937-944 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diana van Dongen Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: van Dongen Author-Name: Liesbeth Claassen Author-X-Name-First: Liesbeth Author-X-Name-Last: Claassen Author-Name: Tjabe Smid Author-X-Name-First: Tjabe Author-X-Name-Last: Smid Author-Name: Danielle Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: Danielle Author-X-Name-Last: Timmermans Title: People's responses to risks of electromagnetic fields and trust in government policy: the role of perceived risk, benefits and control Abstract: Trust in government policy affects the way people perceive and handle risks. In our study, we investigated the relationships between trust in government policy regarding electromagnetic fields (EMF), perceived risk and perceived benefits of public and personal EMF sources, perceived control over exposure to EMF and responses to the possible EMF health risk (e.g. protest against placement of mobile phone base stations or power lines, or taking own measures against EMF exposure). Previous research indicated that perceived risk and benefits mediate the relationship between trust and people's risk responses. Additionally, we suggest that perceived control over EMF exposure affects the relation between trust in government policy and perceived risk, and, consequently, the risk responses. We performed a survey among the Dutch population (n = 1009), which contained questions about risk responses to EMF, perceived risk and benefits of several EMF sources, trust in government policy and perceived control over EMF exposure. Comparing public EMF sources, i.e. power lines and mobile phone base stations, to personal EMF sources, i.e. microwave ovens and cordless and mobile phones, we tested our hypotheses. Variations in risk responses to both public and personal EMF sources were mainly explained by risk perception. In addition, perceived risk partially mediated the relationship between trust in government policy and risk responses. For public sources, perceived control over exposure weakened the negative relationship between trust and perceived risk. We conclude that, especially in people with low perceived control, a lack of trust in government policy may enhance perceptions of health risks, thereby increasing their inclination for risk responses. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 945-957 Issue: 8 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761270 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:8:p:945-957 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Rudisill Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Rudisill Title: How do we handle new health risks? Risk perception, optimism, and behaviors regarding the H1N1 virus Abstract: During Autumn 2009, individuals worldwide were confronted with a new risk, the H1N1 (swine flu) virus and vaccination programs aimed at reducing this risk. We examine the hypothesis that risk perceptions for H1N1 as well as optimism about one's own chances of contracting H1N1 vs. those of others would impact intentions to get vaccinated against the virus as well as avoidance behaviors such as avoiding air travel, public places where people gather, and those exhibiting flu-like symptoms. To examine this hypothesis, this study uses a survey of 944 residents of Great Britain taken from 2 to 8 October 2009 by Ipsos MORI, prior to the start of the National Health Service (NHS) swine flu vaccination campaign. Controlling for respondents' personal characteristics as well as their risk perceptions for a familiar risk (food poisoning), we find that higher perceptions about the risk of H1N1 for oneself, trust in the NHS, avoiding those with flu-like symptoms, and having an at-risk condition for H1N1 are all significant and positive predictors of intent to vaccinate against the virus. While 42% of the sample exhibited optimism about their personal risk of contracting H1N1 relative to that of the average UK resident, optimism did not predict vaccination intentions, or avoidance behaviors. Higher risk perceptions for oneself regarding susceptibility to H1N1 as well as knowing friends who have had H1N1 and having an at-risk condition for H1N1 were associated with undertaking avoidance behaviors in general and a higher number of them. We conclude that for a risk about which individuals have limited reference points and great uncertainty because of the new nature of the risk, optimism does not influence the likelihood of associated preventive or avoidance behaviors as individuals rely on their risk perceptions only about themselves. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 959-980 Issue: 8 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761271 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:8:p:959-980 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wändi Bruine de Bruin Author-X-Name-First: Wändi Author-X-Name-Last: Bruine de Bruin Author-Name: Eric R. Stone Author-X-Name-First: Eric R. Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Author-Name: Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline MacDonald Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Author-Name: Paul S. Fischbeck Author-X-Name-First: Paul S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fischbeck Author-Name: Mohammad Baradaran Shoraka Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad Baradaran Author-X-Name-Last: Shoraka Title: The effect of communication design and recipients' numeracy on responses to UXO risk Abstract: Risk communications aim to affect recipients' understanding of specific risks, their trust and liking of the materials, affective responses, and associated behaviors. We developed communications about the number of construction workers expected to get hurt if building were permitted at the former Fort Ord weapons training site in California, despite its contamination with unexploded ordnance (UXO). We created eight versions, which presented text only or bar graph with text, the numerator of the risk (the number of workers expected to be hurt) with or without emphasis on the denominator (the total number of workers), and uncertainty information (the probability that different numbers of workers would be hurt) or not. Recipients varied in numeracy. We examined the effect of these communication features on recipients' (1) understanding, (2) trust and liking of the materials, (3) affective responses, and (4) support for construction and for construction workers if construction were to be implemented. Low-numerate individuals showed less understanding across all versions of the communication, yet preferred graph-with-text displays relatively more than text-only displays as compared to high-numerate individuals. Emphasizing the denominator increased understanding of text-only displays but decreased support for construction and construction workers for all communication versions. Moreover, recipients were more supportive of construction and construction workers after receiving text-only displays without uncertainty information or graph-with-text displays with uncertainty information, seemingly due to communications with those features being trusted and liked more. We discuss the implications for communicating risks in general and for communicating UXO-related risks to the community surrounding Fort Ord. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 981-1004 Issue: 8 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788055 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:8:p:981-1004 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Zingg Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Zingg Author-Name: Marie-Eve Cousin Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Eve Author-X-Name-Last: Cousin Author-Name: Melanie Connor Author-X-Name-First: Melanie Author-X-Name-Last: Connor Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: Public risk perception in the total meat supply chain Abstract: Due to past major food scares, food-safety perceptions have become a widely investigated topic. The aim of the present study was to examine food-safety perceptions separately for every step of the total meat supply chain, as such a detailed approach yields more promising strategies to ensure food safety in the future. Using a large-scale survey, we examined people's risk perceptions of 18 steps describing the total meat supply chain. The results revealed a clear distinction between risk perception at the production stage and risk perception at home in the total meat supply chain, in that people perceived significantly less risk at home. However, people's risk perceptions of the single stages in the total meat supply chain were overall slightly above average. Additionally, there were individual differences, as risk perception at the production stage was highly correlated with risk perception at home, meaning that some people perceived more risk than others overall. Using a multiple regression analysis, we found food-safety perceptions to be barely significant next to other important variables affecting people's meat-consumption decisions. For those analyses, we asked participants to assess several constructs previously found to be associated with meat consumption. The goal was to determine how food-safety perceptions influence people's meat consumption next to other important constructs in situations in which no major food scandal is present. The present paper concludes by discussing possible marketing and policy strategies to overcome people's inaccurate safety perceptions of the stages of the total food chain. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1005-1020 Issue: 8 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788057 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788057 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:8:p:1005-1020 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Enes Hoşgör Author-X-Name-First: Enes Author-X-Name-Last: Hoşgör Author-Name: Jay Apt Author-X-Name-First: Jay Author-X-Name-Last: Apt Author-Name: Baruch Fischhoff Author-X-Name-First: Baruch Author-X-Name-Last: Fischhoff Title: Incorporating seismic concerns in site selection for enhanced geothermal power generation Abstract: Enhanced (or engineered) geothermal systems (EGS) for generating electricity may provide significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, if they can be successfully sited. One potential threat to that siting is induced seismicity, which has led to EGS projects being stopped in Switzerland and Germany. We create and implement a framework for identifying regions with low risk of induced seismicity risk. Using a widely known and used model with high spatial resolution, we find that, to a first approximation, 60% of the best areas for EGS plants based on purely geological considerations meet this standard. Taking advantage of this potential requires two next steps in these regions. One is using the best available tools for local modeling of triggered seismicity, rather than the first-order national model used here. The second is creating a viable social process for securing the informed consent of local communities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1021-1036 Issue: 8 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788058 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:8:p:1021-1036 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ji Yan Author-X-Name-First: Ji Author-X-Name-Last: Yan Author-Name: Sally Brocksen Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Brocksen Title: Adolescent risk perception, substance use, and educational attainment Abstract: This paper studies whether adolescents who are more aware of the risks on substance use in the early teenage years are later less likely to turn into binge drinkers or smokers. It also examines if reduction in substance use, due to high risk perception among adolescents, consequently improves their educational achievement. This research is important for two reasons. First, enhancing risk perception of substance use is an important strategy to prevent the youth from binge drinking and smoking. Second, adolescent substance use and educational achievement are key predictors of adulthood outcomes. We apply a bivariate probit model to a large representative dataset which codes youth risk perception, substance use, and educational attainment. The analysis shows high risk perception lowers the likelihood of substance use among the high school seniors. The resulting low alcohol use increases the chance of attending college and decreases the probability of dropping out of high school. The reduction in cigarette use caused by high risk perception has a similar effect on such two educational outcomes. It also increases high school graduation by 22%. Overall, this study suggests that enhancing recognition on the hazards of substance use is an effective policy intervention to reduce adolescent binge drinking and smoking, as well as improve educational attainment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1037-1055 Issue: 8 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788545 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:8:p:1037-1055 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Title: Role of self-caught fish in total fish consumption rates for recreational fishermen: average consumption for some species exceeds allowable intake Abstract: Studies of fish consumption focus on recreational or subsistence fishing, on awareness and adherence to advisories, consumption patterns, and contaminants in fish. Yet the general public obtains their fish from commercial sources. In this paper I examine fish consumption patterns of recreational fishermen in New Jersey to determine: (1) consumption rates for self-caught fish and for other fish, (2) meals consumed per year, (3) average meal size, and average daily intake of mercury, and (4) variations in these parameters for commonly-consumed fish, and different methods of computing intake. Over 300 people were interviewed at fishing sites and fishing clubs along the New Jersey shore. Consumption patterns of anglers varied by species of fish. From 2 to 90% of the anglers ate the different fish species, and between 9 and 75% gave fish away to family or friends. Self-caught fish made up 7--92% of fish diets depending upon species. On average, self-caught fish were eaten for only 2--6 ;months of the year, whereas other fish (commercial or restaurant) were eaten up to 10 ;months a year. Anglers consumed from 5 to 36 meals of different fish a year, which resulted in intake of mercury ranging from 0.01 to 0.22 ;μg/kg/day. Average intake of Mako shark, swordfish, and tuna (sushi, canned tuna, self-caught tuna) exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency's oral, chronic reference dose for mercury of 0.1 ;μg/kg/day. However, computing intake using consumption for the highest month results in average mercury intake exceeding the reference dose for striped bass and bluefish as well. These data, and the variability in consumption patterns, have implications for risk assessors, risk managers, and health professionals. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1057-1075 Issue: 8 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788546 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788546 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:8:p:1057-1075 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mirjam Merz Author-X-Name-First: Mirjam Author-X-Name-Last: Merz Author-Name: Michael Hiete Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Hiete Author-Name: Tina Comes Author-X-Name-First: Tina Author-X-Name-Last: Comes Author-Name: Frank Schultmann Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Schultmann Title: A composite indicator model to assess natural disaster risks in industry on a spatial level Abstract: In the event of natural disasters, industrial production sites can be affected by both direct physical damage and indirect damage. The indirect damage, which often exceeds the direct ones in value, mainly arises from business interruptions resulting from the impairment of information and material flows as well as from domino effects in interlaced supply chains. The importance of industry for society and the domino effects often result in severe economic, social, and environmental consequences of industrial disasters making industrial risk management an important task for risk managers at the administrative level (e.g. civil protection authorities). Since the possible industrial disaster damage depends not only on hazard and exposure but also on the vulnerability of a system, an effective and efficient industrial risk management requires information about the system's regionalized vulnerability. This paper presents a new methodology for structural industrial vulnerability assessment based on production factors that enables to assess the regional industrial disaster vulnerability. In order to capture industry-specific vulnerability factors and to account for the processes underlying regional industrial vulnerability, a two-stage approach is developed. This approach combines a composite indicator model to assess sector-specific vulnerability indices (V s) with a new regionalization method. The composite indicator model is based on methodologies from the field of multicriteria decision analysis (MultiAttribute Value Theory) and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory Method is applied to correct the (V s) for interdependencies among the indicators. Finally, the developed approach is applied to an exemplar case study and the industrial vulnerability of 44 administrative districts in the German federal state of Baden-Wuerttemberg is assessed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1077-1099 Issue: 9 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.737820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.737820 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:9:p:1077-1099 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marian Garcia Martinez Author-X-Name-First: Marian Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia Martinez Author-Name: Paul Verbruggen Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Verbruggen Author-Name: Andrew Fearne Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Fearne Title: Risk-based approaches to food safety regulation: what role for co-regulation? Abstract: Food safety regulation is a key policy area that has witnessed an increasing alignment of risk and regulation. This paper examines the emergence and operation of co-regulation -- a hybrid form of regulation in which public and private actors coordinate their respective regulatory activities -- within the increasingly risk-based approaches to food safety management. On the basis of an analysis of emerging co-regulatory arrangements to food safety in the European Union, the paper contends that there are considerable difficulties in implementing such hybrid arrangements and deepens the basic preconditions under which they can attain the social goal of safe food supply. Specifically, it is argued that a regulatory framework that fosters public oversight and warrants data sharing and information exchange between the public and private actors involved is needed for the attainment of that goal. This framework has to be responsive to changing risk profiles and industry environments to ensure that food safety controls are risk-based, transparent and not captured by industry interests. This is particularly crucial for encouraging voluntary compliance as well as efficient allocation of limited regulatory resources. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1101-1121 Issue: 9 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.743157 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.743157 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:9:p:1101-1121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Drott Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Drott Author-Name: Lukas Jochum Author-X-Name-First: Lukas Author-X-Name-Last: Jochum Author-Name: Frederik Lange Author-X-Name-First: Frederik Author-X-Name-Last: Lange Author-Name: Isabel Skierka Author-X-Name-First: Isabel Author-X-Name-Last: Skierka Author-Name: Jonas Vach Author-X-Name-First: Jonas Author-X-Name-Last: Vach Author-Name: Marjolein B.A. van Asselt Author-X-Name-First: Marjolein B.A. Author-X-Name-Last: van Asselt Title: Accountability and risk governance: a scenario-informed reflection on European regulation of GMOs Abstract: Regulating risks in the face of scientific uncertainty poses a particular challenge to policy-makers. Such problems are amplified when decisions are taken in a multi-level framework of supranational governance. The genetically modified organism (GMO) regulation in the European Union constitutes an especially salient issue of risk governance in a multi-lateral arena, as the topic is politically highly visible and decision-making is slow and contested. Furthermore, as authority is dispersed among multiple actors, European risk governance is in need of adequate mechanisms ensuring that decision-makers justify and account for their behavior. While legitimacy aspects of GMO governance have widely been examined, accountability relations within the field of GMO risk governance have hitherto only weakly been explored. Hence, this paper analyzes the question of who can be held accountable under the complex system of supranational risk governance. This paper claims that mere adherence by actors to the regulatory procedures during the decision-making process does not necessarily imply that overall accountability can be secured, resulting in 'organized irresponsibility'. Although certain piecemeal accountability may exist, establishing overall accountability is complicated, precisely as a result of the complex system of interwoven rules. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1123-1140 Issue: 9 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.743161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.743161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:9:p:1123-1140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: André Naime Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Naime Author-Name: Jean Andrey Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Andrey Title: Improving risk-based regulatory processes: identifying measures to pursue risk-informed regulation Abstract: Traditional risk-based decision-making processes can compromise the safety of populations located in close proximity to hazardous installations, especially in situations where land-use planning and controls are weak. Related decision-making processes are frequently criticized for being centered on information that is narrowly scoped, provided by a limited number of technical studies, including quantitative risk assessments. This paper investigates six concepts and thinking outside the literature on risk regulation which offer opportunities to transform risk-based processes into risk-informed ones. Five considerations are developed to guide the development of a conceptual framework: the need for a better transition between analysis and management, a specific routine for risk management, the management for exposure to technological hazards, the integration between risk management practices with land-use planning, and a new resilience plan, potentially a more complete tool to supplement traditional risk management programs. The paper also identifies 13 guiding principles to pursue risk-informed regulation which are based on the conceptual considerations identified in the literature and knowledge of regulatory practices in diverse countries. Finally, the paper suggests how the proposed guiding principles can be adapted to the International Risk Governance Council's Risk Governance Model. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1141-1161 Issue: 9 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761265 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:9:p:1141-1161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Author-Name: Khara D. Grieger Author-X-Name-First: Khara D. Author-X-Name-Last: Grieger Author-Name: Knut Øien Author-X-Name-First: Knut Author-X-Name-Last: Øien Author-Name: Henning Boje Andersen Author-X-Name-First: Henning Boje Author-X-Name-Last: Andersen Title: Benefit-risk trade-offs in retrospect: how major stakeholders perceive the decision-making process in the Barents Sea oil field development Abstract: This study provides an analysis of risk-benefit communication and participation of the siting process for the Norwegian Goliat oil field development, within the context of a revised model of the International Risk Governance Council's framework. The main objective of the study is a retrospective review of the decision-making process seen through the lenses of the major stakeholders involved in this process. The research design used qualitative methods of empirical research including stakeholder interviews during a five-day period in 2011 in Northern Norway. Results showed that the siting process of Goliat was dominated primarily by the issue of benefit sharing. In view of potential risks to such oil development, local stakeholders felt entitled to some compensation in terms of shared benefits. However, over the course of time the high hopes that these benefits would materialize and provide additional benefits to the communities which would then be fairly distributed among the beneficiaries have been disappointed. We review the reasons behind these results as well as formulate recommendations regarding potential improvements to the risk-benefit communication process in addition to future siting processes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1163-1185 Issue: 9 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:9:p:1163-1185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig Mauelshagen Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Mauelshagen Author-Name: David Denyer Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Denyer Author-Name: Martin Carter Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Author-Name: Simon Pollard Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Title: Respect for experience and organisational ability to operate in complex and safety critical environments Abstract: The role of experience has been shown to be critical for risk management. Yet, few studies have conceptualised and explained the organisational processes that determine how experience informs risk management. We present a case study examining how experience informs the risk-based decisions of employees in a safety critical industry. Data were gathered through 28 semi-structured interviews in a power utility. Experience contributed significantly to risk-based decisions, particularly those involving complex or dynamic risks, across all functional and hierarchical divisions. Further, collective experience between organisational divisions and a widespread respect for experience promoted the sharing of experiential knowledge. This deepened the extent to which experience was incorporated into risk-based decisions and facilitated coordination between operational and strategic risk management. Respect for experience and collective experience are important contributors to organisational ability for adaptive and coordinated behaviour in complex and high risk environments. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1187-1207 Issue: 9 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761273 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:9:p:1187-1207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. Mascini Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Mascini Author-Name: P. Achterberg Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Achterberg Author-Name: D. Houtman Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Houtman Title: Neoliberalism and work-related risks: individual or collective responsibilization? Abstract: Based on a representative sample of the Dutch population (N = 2467), we test four hypotheses about how utilitarian individualism influences the responsibilization of work-related risks (i.e. the risk of dropping out of work because of unemployment, disability, or sickness). The risk society hypothesis understands utilitarian individualism as a laissez-faire ideological orientation and assumes it to lead to individual responsibilization. The blame culture hypothesis conceives utilitarian individualists as consumer citizens and predicts the reverse -- that those concerned expect to be protected by the government. The resentment hypothesis assumes that particularly utilitarian individualists with a vulnerable labor-market position individualize responsibility, because they distrust those who share their fate more than others do. The narcissism hypothesis reverses this logic, because it assumes that utilitarian individualists' narcissistic self-centeredness entices them to make others responsible for their own risks. The two hypotheses predicting an individualization of work-related risk due to utilitarian individualism are both confirmed, whereas the two hypotheses predicting it to result in their collectivization are both rejected. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1209-1224 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761274 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1209-1224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alasdair Marshall Author-X-Name-First: Alasdair Author-X-Name-Last: Marshall Author-Name: Udechukwu Ojiako Author-X-Name-First: Udechukwu Author-X-Name-Last: Ojiako Title: Managing risk through the veil of ignorance Abstract: Background. We view overconfidence within risk management as a problem likely to manifest within philosophical preferences for anticipationism over resilienism, and in assumptions that risks are objectively real external powers or potentialities rather than subjective knowledge propositions. Methods. We argue that the realist tradition within Italian social theory, first crystallised by Niccolò Machiavelli and later elaborated by the sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, offers valuable lessons for corporate risk management praxis by demanding that we map out the complex relations between the risk subjectivities of risk managers, and their objective risk environments, from a standpoint of psychological and sociological realism which stresses the risk ignorance of practitioners. We caution that risk management efforts to improve risk subjectivities to achieve perfect veridicality to objective risk environments might often amount to a wishful bildungsroman of epistemological growth, reflecting the common aspirations of risk managers to demonstrate professional competence. We suggest that the profession should control this overconfidence problem by stressing the corrigibility of risk subjectivities with reference to sociological understandings that reflect on the widespread risk ignorance that can persist and even intensify where risk management effort is made. Results. Following the macrosociological framework sketched by Pareto, we show how two common 'modes of uncertainty' can be scrutinised for their adaptive fitness to two common types of risk environment. Conclusions. It can be helpful to think sociologically of organisations as engaging with some highly significant strategic risks blindly through a veil of ignorance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1225-1239 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788056 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1225-1239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annette Kluge Author-X-Name-First: Annette Author-X-Name-Last: Kluge Author-Name: Björn Badura Author-X-Name-First: Björn Author-X-Name-Last: Badura Author-Name: Christian Rietz Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Rietz Title: Communicating production outcomes as gains or losses, operator skill and their effects on safety-related violations in a simulated production context Abstract: In this study, violation-producing conditions from an organizational and individual point of view are investigated. In concrete terms, framing effects of production outcome displays in relation to production goals, the risk of a technical accident, as well as person-related variables and their impact on violations are investigated based on the theoretical assumptions of prospect theory and risk-taking. It is assumed that violations are more likely when performance is below the aspiration level associated with an anticipated loss. A 2 × 3 factorial experimental design (n = 118) was selected in accordance with the 'Asian Disease' decision scenario in the form of a computer-simulated task environment Simulation Waste Water Treatment. Participants acted out the role of a production supervisor running a plant. Experimental conditions were (1) the framing of individual performance outcomes in relation to the production goals in terms of losses or gains, and (2) the risk (20, 35, and 5%) with which an accident (a deflagration) might occur through using a corner-cutting procedure. A significant main effect of the framing conditions and no effect of risk conditions or interaction effect emerged. An additional path analysis shows the influence of risky decision-making and acquired skills in terms of knowledge of the safety-related procedure on a violation. In summary, violations are strongly affected by (a) framing effects of production outcomes when the performance is below the aspiration level and (b) person-related variables, in particular risky decision-making and skill. Results strongly emphasize that we found violation-producing conditions over and above what has so far been proposed and give rise to our claim that communicating production outcomes as gains and the increase of skill increases the likelihood of compliance with safety-related procedures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1241-1258 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788059 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1241-1258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guizhen He Author-X-Name-First: Guizhen Author-X-Name-Last: He Author-Name: Lei Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Arthur P.J. Mol Author-X-Name-First: Arthur P.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mol Author-Name: Yonglong Lu Author-X-Name-First: Yonglong Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Title: Profiling the environmental risk management of Chinese local environmental agencies Abstract: The increasing frequency and impact of environmental accidents have pushed the issue of environmental risk management (ERM) to the top of the Chinese governments' agendas and popularized the term 'emergency response.' Although the boundary between environmental accidents and other types of accidents is blurred and effective ERM requires an integrated and coordinated management system, environmental risks have not been given due weight in the overall risk management framework in China. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Environmental Protection Bureaus at various governmental levels are responsible for the management of environmental risks. In recent years, major developments have taken place within these environmental agencies, but the upward trend in number of environmental accidents has remained unchanged. This raises questions on how these organizations respond to and prevent environmental risks, which shortcomings can be indicated, and what improvements can be made in ERM. This study addresses these questions through a survey among environmental bureaus at provincial and municipal levels. The results indicate that environmental emergency response and ERM have become a major concern of local environmental officials. However, the attitudes, available resources, and organizational capacities vary among environmental agencies, which results in considerable differences in the adopted strategies and management tools. This survey is the first attempt to profile the ERM of the Chinese environmental agencies, which serves as a basis for further analysis of ERM in China. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1259-1275 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788060 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1259-1275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher L. Cummings Author-X-Name-First: Christopher L. Author-X-Name-Last: Cummings Author-Name: David M. Berube Author-X-Name-First: David M. Author-X-Name-Last: Berube Author-Name: Mary E. Lavelle Author-X-Name-First: Mary E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lavelle Title: Influences of individual-level characteristics on risk perceptions to various categories of environmental health and safety risks Abstract: Over the last five decades, social science researchers have examined how the public perceives the risks associated with a variety of environmental health and safety (EHS) hazards. The body of literature that has been emerged diverse both in the methodology employed to collect and analyze data and in the subject of study. The findings have confirmed that risk perceptions vary between groups of individuals as well as between categories of EHS risks. However, the extant literature on EHS risk perceptions has failed to provide empirical insights into how risk perceptions can be best explained according to the interplay of both (1) the category of EHS hazard appraised and (2) the prominent individual-level characteristics that best explain observed risk perception differences. This study addresses this deficiency in the literature by providing insights into the individual and cumulative roles that various individual-level variables play in characterizing risk perceptions to various categories of EHS risks including 'agentic risks' like street drug use and cigarette smoking, 'emerging technological risks' like nanoparticles and cloning, and 'manufacturing risks' like air and chemical pollution. Our data are drawn from the 2009 Citizens, Science, and Emerging Technologies national study of United States households that investigated public perceptions of EHS risks, traditional and emerging media use, and various individual characteristics like personal demographics, socioeconomic factors, and perceptual filters. The findings show that some categories of EHS risks like those associated with emerging technologies may be more easily predicted than other categories of risks and that individual-level characteristics vary in their explanative power between risk categories even among a single sample of respondents. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1277-1295 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788544 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1277-1295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gianluca Dell'Acqua Author-X-Name-First: Gianluca Author-X-Name-Last: Dell'Acqua Author-Name: Francesca Russo Author-X-Name-First: Francesca Author-X-Name-Last: Russo Author-Name: Salvatore Antonio Biancardo Author-X-Name-First: Salvatore Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Biancardo Title: Risk-type density diagrams by crash type on two-lane rural roads Abstract: The research presented here aims to plot density diagrams per road crash risk type to identify all possible scenarios where driving is less than safe. The starting point was the prediction of injury crash rate on horizontal homogeneous segments of two-lane rural roads for three main injurious crash types (head-on/side collisions, rear-end crashes, and single-vehicle run-off-road crashes) as observed on the network. A careful analysis of the database shows that a wide variety of factors appear to be influenced or associated with the crash dynamic, as follows: the road scenario (combination of infrastructure and environmental conditions found at the site at the time of the crash), mean lane width, the horizontal curvature indicator (measurement of the curvature change rate), and mean speed. Crashes recorded from 2003 to 2010, of which 1597 were injurious, and 645 resulted only in damage to property, were analyzed on more than 3700 km of road network in Southern Italy. Generalized estimating equations with a negative binomial distribution were implemented. Risk-type density charts were plotted to thoroughly identify all possible combinations of existing explicative variables producing hazardous conditions on the road. The different shades in the diagrams represent different ranges of injurious crash rates: the white band shows low levels, while a black band shows high values. It is not possible to consider working on an explanatory variable to reduce hazardous conditions on the road network without also considering how this variation might affect the influence of the remaining explanatory variables on crash phenomena and, consequently, on the predictive model. The risk maps make it possible to keep under control in a simple and immediate approach the way each variable as a result of variations of a part or of all. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1297-1314 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1297-1314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sophie Nappert Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Nappert Title: David Vogel, The Politics of Precaution: Regulating Health, Safety, and Environmental Risks in Europe and the United States, Princeton University Press, 2012 Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1315-1317 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.756605 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.756605 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1315-1317 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sophie Nappert Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Nappert Title: The Reality of Precaution -- Comparing Risk Regulation in the United States and Europe, Jonathan B Wiener, Michael D Rogers, James K Hammitt, Peter H Sand, eds, RFF Press, 2011 Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1317-1320 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.756610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.756610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1317-1320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Roland W. Scholz: Environmental Literacy in Science and Society. From Knowledge to Decisions. Cambridge University Press 2011 Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1320-1322 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.756617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.756617 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1320-1322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Arvai Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Arvai Title: Thinking, fast and slow, Daniel Kahneman, Farrar, Straus & Giroux Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1322-1324 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.766389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.766389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1322-1324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sietske A. Veenman Author-X-Name-First: Sietske A. Author-X-Name-Last: Veenman Author-Name: Marjolein B.A. van Asselt Author-X-Name-First: Marjolein B.A. Author-X-Name-Last: van Asselt Title: The reality of precaution: comparing risk regulation in the United States and Europe, edited by J.B. Wiener et al., RFF Press, 2011 Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1324-1328 Issue: 10 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:16:y:2013:i:10:p:1324-1328 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ram Mohan M.P. Author-X-Name-First: Ram Mohan Author-X-Name-Last: M.P. Author-Name: Rajesh Babu R. Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh Babu Author-X-Name-Last: R. Title: Nuclear energy law and decision-making in India Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-6 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.849879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.849879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:1-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James E. Platte Author-X-Name-First: James E. Author-X-Name-Last: Platte Title: Indian nuclear fuel cycle decision-making: an analysis of influences Abstract: Early leaders of the Republic of India, including Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and prominent nuclear scientist Homi Bhabha, highly prioritized the development of nuclear technology. Nehru gave Bhabha much autonomy over the nuclear program, and Bhabha devised a three-stage nuclear program in the 1950s to utilize India's domestic reserves of thorium and uranium. India has remained committed to the three-stage program and also developed nuclear explosives in the 1970s. This paper uses prospect theory to analyze India's nuclear fuel cycle decision-making from 1948 to 1990. This analysis shows that India's nuclear program served two of the country's main strategic interests: self-sufficiency and attaining equal international standing with the great powers. Prospect theory helps explain how Indian leaders perceived these strategic interests and how the nuclear program fit into pursuing these interests. Indian leaders, in a risk averse gains frame, viewed signing the Non-Proliferation Treaty in the 1960s as risky because that could have reduced self-sufficiency. Indira Gandhi, in a risk acceptant losses frame, authorized the Pokhran-I nuclear explosive test in the early 1970s to demonstrate Indian capability, and India had to accept the isolation of its nuclear program from the global market as a result. Prospect theory allowed this analysis to focus on the frame of reference and perceptions of the decision-makers and then understand why certain policy options were selected over other policy options, rather than prescribing a particular model of nuclear decision-making. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 7-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822923 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:7-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M.V. Ramana Author-X-Name-First: M.V. Author-X-Name-Last: Ramana Author-Name: Ashwin Kumar Author-X-Name-First: Ashwin Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar Title: 'One in infinity': failing to learn from accidents and implications for nuclear safety in India Abstract: Safe operation of nuclear power facilities requires a culture of learning, but Indian nuclear authorities appear to continuously fail to learn the lessons of accidents including at facilities they operate. This paper examines how nuclear authorities in India responded to the Fukushima accidents and a previous accident at one of India's nuclear power plants, and infers what they seem to have learned from them. By evaluating this experience in light of a wide body of research on factors promoting reliability and safety in organizations managing complex and hazardous systems, it seeks to draw lessons about the prospects for nuclear safety in India. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 23-42 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822920 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822920 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:23-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Vinod Kumar Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Vinod Kumar Title: India's nuclear energy renaissance: stuck in the middle? Abstract: India envisioned an ambitious three-stage nuclear energy programme with plans to generate over 20,000 MW of power, though realities forced its revision to 10,000 MW. Despite being targeted by denial regimes after its 1974 peaceful nuclear explosion, the country managed to develop a largely indigenous infrastructure, propelled by the promise of exploiting its vast thorium resources. Having been stuck in the first-stage for long, India decided to integrate with the non-proliferation regime through the nuclear suppliers group waiver. The renewed access to nuclear commerce opened up opportunities for expanding its nuclear industry with international support, while sparing domestic resources for the three-stage plan. However, following the Fukushima incident and subsequent public upheavals, nuclear expansion plans face the prospect of being derailed. More spoilers came through India's nuclear liability and international restrictions on recycling technologies. The paper examines the current status of India's three-stage plan, the promise of the nuclear deal and the implications of public movements against nuclear expansion. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 43-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822921 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822921 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:43-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nupur Chowdhury Author-X-Name-First: Nupur Author-X-Name-Last: Chowdhury Title: Environmental risk regulation and the Indian Supreme Court: an exercise in de-formalization of the law? Abstract: The Supreme Court of India has become a prolific positive legislator through the interpretation of Constitutional values and principles. Environmental rights and obligations has been one area in which the Supreme Court has been actively engaging in building rights-based jurisprudence ensuring the protection of environment and health. However, environmental risks emanating from technological intervention has been an area in which the Supreme Court has only intervened reluctantly by relying on individual technical experts, who assume the role of amicus curiae. Reliance on technical experts reflects a move away from democratic legitimacy that Max Weber had underlined as intrinsic to the formal character of law. The Supreme Court's reluctance to intervene on issues of technology regulation is not surprising given that technological development is subsumed within a strong political narrative of national development and by implication for determining policy which is the domain of the executive. Interestingly, the Court has demonstrated no such reluctance in other areas -- such as in addressing environmental risks from forest degradation (Godavarman case). It has shown scant regard for executive turf. Are there then two parallel narratives that exist? A closer inspection reveals that both these are expressions of the same macro narrative, that of narrowing of forms of participation and legitimate spaces for the participation of the public in the policy discourse on environmental risk regulation. This narrative is explored through three ongoing cases in the Supreme Court (T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India; Aruna Rodrigues & Ors. v. Union Of India & Ors. and G. Sundarrajan v. Union of India & Ors.). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 61-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822918 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822918 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:61-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vyoma Jha Author-X-Name-First: Vyoma Author-X-Name-Last: Jha Title: International investment treaty implications for the Indian position on nuclear liability Abstract: With foreign corporations setting up nuclear reactors in India and the increasing likelihood of greater foreign direct investment in the nuclear energy sector, the threat of foreign investor claims against India's nuclear-related policies is a real one. For instance, Russia's most recent attempt to seek liability waiver under the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 could unravel a string of problems for India if viewed from an investment lens, thus making it crucial to assess the implications of India's investment treaties for its nuclear law and policy. This paper aims to provide an understanding of the opportunities and pitfalls that India's investment treaties present for its domestic nuclear-related policies and regulatory action. In doing so, the paper will analyze the core principles of international investment law and policy and the latest case developments, which includes 2011's controversial Vattenfall arbitration against Germany's decision to phase out nuclear energy, the first known nuclear-related investor-state arbitration. This paper makes the first attempt to outline why India's present position on nuclear liability leaves it vulnerable to investor challenge under its various investment treaty commitments. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 81-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822919 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:81-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ayushi Sutaria Author-X-Name-First: Ayushi Author-X-Name-Last: Sutaria Title: Placing the Indian civil nuclear liability regime in context: the extent of supplier's liability Abstract: Few legislative provisions have created as much controversy as Section 17 of the (Indian) Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010. This provision effectually creates supplier liability by providing a right of recourse for the operator of nuclear establishment. The paper explores the contours of this heated debate. The answer as to why India, in its Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010, has moved away from the standard international template of legal channelling of liability lies in the historical rationale for exclusive operator liability and the context in which India's liability law was drafted. The verdict in Bhopal Gas Tragedy case and the shabby manner of dealing with the disaster necessitated a victim-centric approach. While it is necessary to balance the double insurance economic argument against tortious liability principles, the cap provisions and lack of incentives in the overall legal framework for supplier to take preventive actions tilts the balance in latter's favour. The Act, however, is intended not only to respond to past events but also to govern future situations of nuclear incidents. Thus, a holistic and thorough discussion of related provisions of the Act assumes paramount significance. The enforcement of this legislation was subsequently followed by promulgation of Rules which have, in turn, further complicated the issue. In this paper, the author starts by outlining the basic principles underlining the international civil nuclear liability framework, with specific focus on channelling of liability and right of recourse, vis-a-vis the supplier. Having explained the broader international framework, the author then analyses the 2010 Indian Act and subsequent 2011 Rules, explaining the complications created through the same. Moreover, the author also delves into exploring how the Indian legislative framework will operate in practice. The author concludes that the Indian enactments have not been given a thorough consideration. The task shall be upon both, the Legislature and the Judiciary, to clarify this area of law that has significant implications on the industry as well as on the common public. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 97-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822922 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822922 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:97-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ram Mohan M.P. Author-X-Name-First: Ram Mohan Author-X-Name-Last: M.P. Title: Nuclear liability law of India: an appraisal of extent of liability, right of recourse and transboundary applicability Abstract: The making of the 'Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act 2010' was one of the finest legislative endeavours in the recent times. The exercise was significant because nuclear energy and the consequences of pursuing such an energy form were debated extensively in the Parliament for the first time. The result was a liability law that had an exceptional domestic political acceptability, but in many ways appeared to defy conventional international practice. The international nuclear community, led by supplier countries and vendors has argued that the law should be amended to be compatible with the established practice of international nuclear liability law. Examining through two specific examples -- limitation of liability and right of recourse, the author argues, that though the Indian law gives the impression of defiance, the Parliament has only utilised the provisions of international nuclear law conventions -- expanding boundaries of interpretation. Further, a section on transboundary applicability of the Indian law, and India's commitment under Convention on Supplementary Compensation to its neighbours is analysed to see the operational difficulties. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 115-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841735 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841735 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:115-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Reyners Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Reyners Title: Underground nuclear repositories and international civil liability: the time factor Abstract: International conventions dealing with civil liability and compensation for nuclear damage which were mostly adopted in the early 60s were primarily designed to apply to accidents likely to occur during the operation of large nuclear installations. Accordingly, they did not take into consideration the particular aspect of the long-term management and disposal of radioactive waste and, obviously, the introduction of a new category of nuclear facility: the underground repositories for spent nuclear fuel and high-level, long-lived radioactive waste which contain material remaining hazardous for quasi-indefinite periods of time. Since, amendments to these conventions partly allow addressing this particular risk but some serious questions remain concerning the ability of the current legal regime to cope with the test of time. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 133-143 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841740 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:133-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anupam Jha Author-X-Name-First: Anupam Author-X-Name-Last: Jha Title: Dynamics of legal regime on safety of nuclear power plants in India after Fukushima disaster Abstract: In view of the Fukushima disaster of 2011, it has become a necessity to review the legal regime pertaining to safety of nuclear installations in not only every country but also at the international level. Given the vast energy needs of India and abysmally low availability at present, diversification of different sources of power, including nuclear, is vigorously pursued. However, the legal regime in India is undergoing a challenge from the recent dynamics of international law regarding safety of nuclear power plants, regulatory institutions and transparency. The recent public protests at Kudankulaum and Jaitapur has shown that safety of nuclear reactors for the public and transparency in nuclear power activities are very important concerns. The higher judiciary has also tried to mantle this new approach by allowing some of the petitions filed by the members of civil society, including activists and by examining its merits and demerits. This paper attempts to examine the dynamics of national and international law on safety of nuclear plants as well as the issues related to regulatory institutions and transparency in nuclear power. In doing so, the paper analyses several issues of power structure within regulatory institutions, regulatory independence, peer review system in international law and its effectiveness, reservation to treaties, extent of revealing information related to nuclear activities, and reticence of the judiciary to examine scientific reports. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 145-160 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841736 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:145-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trond Kongsvik Author-X-Name-First: Trond Author-X-Name-Last: Kongsvik Author-Name: Torgeir Haavik Author-X-Name-First: Torgeir Author-X-Name-Last: Haavik Author-Name: Gudveig Gjøsund Author-X-Name-First: Gudveig Author-X-Name-Last: Gjøsund Title: Participatory safety barrier analysis: a case from the offshore maritime industry Abstract: This paper argues that a participatory approach directly involving employees in safety barrier analysis can provide 'added value' to traditional barrier analyses. Employee participation (EP) could motivate employees to use their knowledge, suggest improvement measures and express their concerns. EP has not received much attention from safety researchers, although one may find several indirect arguments for EP informing the influential safety theoretical perspectives. An example of how participatory safety barrier analysis can be completed and what can be accomplished through such an approach is illustrated via a case study from an offshore logistics chain, and by an analysis of barriers that should prevent collisions between supply vessels and offshore installations. Such collisions could be the initiating event for a major accident. The empirical foundation for the paper is a hazard identification technique session, group and individual interviews, document studies and two search conferences involving approximately 150 participants. It is argued that a participatory approach to safety barrier analysis can reveal 'holes' in the defences that otherwise could have gone overlooked, and contribute to the generation of contextualized, definite measures that could strengthen a safety barrier system. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 161-175 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761275 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:161-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David B. Portnoy Author-X-Name-First: David B. Author-X-Name-Last: Portnoy Author-Name: Annette R. Kaufman Author-X-Name-First: Annette R. Author-X-Name-Last: Kaufman Author-Name: William M.P. Klein Author-X-Name-First: William M.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Klein Author-Name: Todd A. Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Todd A. Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Author-Name: Mary de Groot Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: de Groot Title: Cognitive and affective perceptions of vulnerability as predictors of exercise intentions among people with type 2 diabetes Abstract: Most conventional measures of risk perception such as perceived likelihood address largely deliberative or cognitive perceptions of vulnerability. Nevertheless, affective perceptions of vulnerability such as worry may have different antecedents and consequences than do these conventional measures, serve as stronger predictors of behavior, and qualify effects of conventional deliberative risk perceptions on behavior. In this study, we assessed how worry -- the most common measure of affective perceptions of vulnerability compared with three conventional measures of risk (absolute risk, comparative risk, and conditional risk) in predicting behavioral intentions. Participants were 83 adults with type 2 diabetes who assessed their risk of heart disease and reported their intentions to increase physical activity (which reduces heart disease risk). As predicted, worry was the only significant predictor of exercise intentions such that higher worry was associated with higher intentions. Importantly, this relationship was stronger among individuals who perceived their absolute risk to be relatively higher and those who perceived their comparative risk to be relatively lower, demonstrating that cognitive and affective perceptions interact. These findings highlight the importance of not conflating affective and cognitive perceptions of vulnerability when assessing perceived risk and suggest the need for more research on how to best conceptualize perceived risk in different samples and settings. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 177-193 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.794153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.794153 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:177-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel J.C. Skinner Author-X-Name-First: Daniel J.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Author-Name: Sophie A. Rocks Author-X-Name-First: Sophie A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rocks Author-Name: Simon J.T. Pollard Author-X-Name-First: Simon J.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Pollard Title: A review of uncertainty in environmental risk: characterising potential natures, locations and levels Abstract: Uncertainties, whether due to randomness or human or system errors, are inherent within any decision process. In order to improve the clarity and robustness of risk estimates and risk characterisations, environmental risk assessments (ERAs) should explicitly consider uncertainty. Typologies of uncertainty can help practitioners to understand and identify potential types of uncertainty within ERAs, but these tools are yet to be reviewed in earnest. Here, we have systematically reviewed 30 distinct typologies and the uncertainties they communicate and demonstrate that they: (1) use terminology that is often contradictory; (2) differ in the frequencies and dimensions of uncertainties that they include; (3) do not uniformly use systematic and robust methods to source information; and (4) cannot be applied, on an individual basis, to the domain of ERA. On the basis of these observations, we created a summary typology -- consisting of seven locations (areas of occurrence) of uncertainty across five distinct levels (magnitude of uncertainty) -- specifically for use with ERAs. This work highlights the potential for confusion, given the many versions of uncertainty typologies which exist for closely related risk domains and, through the summary typology, provides environmental risk analysts with information to form a solid foundation for uncertainty analysis (based on improved understanding) to identify uncertainties within an ERA. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 195-219 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.794150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.794150 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:195-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Urs Steiner Brandt Author-X-Name-First: Urs Steiner Author-X-Name-Last: Brandt Title: The implication of extreme events on policy responses Abstract: This paper considers a situation where a real risk exists that requires precautions, but the public mostly experiences the risk through infrequently occurring extreme events; this type of risk includes risk from climate change, international terrorism, natural calamities or financial crises. The analysis shows that if a risk-mitigating policy is based on the perceived riskiness of that risk, it will call for disproportionate responses (compared to what the 'real' risk suggests) by either under- or over-investing in risk-reducing policies, depending on the characteristics of the problem, implying significant volatility in the policy response. This type of response provides at least three challenges to society: policy cycles where implementation lags behind the actual change in risk, a lock-in to inefficient technologies and additional costs. Finally, this paper addresses the question of how the above-mentioned challenges can be managed through proper risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 221-240 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.794151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.794151 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:221-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ming-Tsang Hsieh Author-X-Name-First: Ming-Tsang Author-X-Name-Last: Hsieh Author-Name: Wen-Chin Tsao Author-X-Name-First: Wen-Chin Author-X-Name-Last: Tsao Title: Reducing perceived online shopping risk to enhance loyalty: a website quality perspective Abstract: The popularization of the Internet has made shopping through online stores and online auction websites increasingly common. Trends in online group purchasing and encouragement from social networks have changed consumption habits and shifted attention to the development of e-commerce. Previous studies have indicated that relative to physical stores, consumers still perceive higher risk in online shopping. The purpose of this study mainly aims to explore the importance of perceived risk in online shopping from a website quality perspective. A structural equation model is developed to test casual effects within a conceptual model. The empirical results show that (1) system quality and information quality do not have significant negative effects on perceived risk; (2) only e-service quality has a significant negative effect on perceived risk; (3) perceived risk has a significant negative effect on online loyalty; and (4) the negative relationship between perceived risk and online loyalty on consumer-to-consumer platforms will be stronger than that on business-to-consumer platforms. The managerial implications for online marketing managers and limitations are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 241-261 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.794152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.794152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:241-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eun-sung Kim Author-X-Name-First: Eun-sung Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: How did enterprise risk management first appear in the Korean public sector? Abstract: This research addresses the rise and fall of the Crisis Management Guideline of Public Organizations (CMGPO) from a historical perspective. In the Korean public sector, as a form of enterprise risk management (ERM), CMGPO is not designed to be merely a tool of financial risk management but also to be a policy tool for crisis management. CMGPO emerged within the conflict between integrated crisis management and dispersed crisis management. The purpose of CMGPO is to bureaucratically integrate the crisis management of public organizations with the governmental crisis management system. ERM as a form of self-regulation is entangled with the pre-existing command and control of the Korean government over integrated crisis management. As a result, CMGPO is characterized as 'enforced self-regulation' rather than self-regulation; this is a fundamental idea in ERM. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 263-279 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.808685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.808685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:263-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy Prior Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Prior Author-Name: Jonas Hagmann Author-X-Name-First: Jonas Author-X-Name-Last: Hagmann Title: Measuring resilience: methodological and political challenges of a trend security concept Abstract: Modern societies are characterised by global connectedness and complexity. At the same time society, and the various infrastructures that connect and define it, are understood to be increasingly threatened by unpredictable and uncertain (or unknown) global risks. With this, the conceptualisation and development of resilience has become a dominant, yet enigmatic preoccupation: dominant because it is seen as a fundamental component of devolved proactive approaches to mitigating complex threats whatever their nature; and enigmatic because its practical application is as diverse as its definitions. Today, however, a significant challenge still lies in the accurate characterisation and quantification of resilience, and thus also the ability to provide a systematic basis for policy-making in resilience-based threat mitigation. This article examines the methodological challenges of operationalising resilience. It draws on several cases that detail ways of measuring resilience, reflecting on the development, benefits and limitations of these and highlighting important considerations pertinent in the construction of resilience indices. Doing so, however, the article also maintains that resilience should not be reduced to a methodological problem only, given that the methodological operationalisation of resilience also connects with analytical ideas of what and whose kind of responsibility should be measured and political conceptions of who assumes what tasks and responsibility in a resilience framework. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 281-298 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.808686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.808686 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:281-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ellen Townsend Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Townsend Author-Name: Alexa Spence Author-X-Name-First: Alexa Author-X-Name-Last: Spence Author-Name: Sarah Knowles Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Knowles Title: Investigating the operation of the affect heuristic: is it an associative construct? Abstract: Affect is of central importance in risk perception and risky decision-making, and the affect heuristic is a very influential construct developed in relation to this. We examined whether this heuristic operates at an associative level of processing as, despite much theorising, empirical evidence on this issue is lacking. We compared affective heuristic task performance with performance on established implicit association tasks. Participants (n = 151) completed explicit attitude and risk measures, and five experimental tasks (three Go/No-Go Association Tasks (GNAT), a priming task and a time-pressured affect heuristic task). A modified 'risk-benefit' GNAT provided a speeded analogue of the affect heuristic task which was equivalent to the evaluative GNAT in terms of response mode and cognitive effort. Affect heuristic task performance was not associated with implicit task performance. The evaluative GNAT did not correlate with the risk-benefit GNAT (speeded affect heuristic task). However, affect heuristic task performance was strongly associated with, and significantly predicted by, explicit affective attitude and explicit risk measures suggesting that this heuristic may primarily reflect deliberative rather than associative processing. Findings contradict the (much cited) notion that this important psychological construct operates at an associative level. However, the conclusions that can be drawn from this study are limited by the implicit attitude measures used here. In future research, it would be desirable to use different measures of implicit associations, e.g. the Single-Category Implicit Association task, to further interrogate the processes operating within the affect heuristic. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 299-315 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.808687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.808687 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:299-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicole Prause Author-X-Name-First: Nicole Author-X-Name-Last: Prause Author-Name: Steven Lawyer Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Lawyer Title: Specificity of reinforcement for risk behaviors of the Balloon Analog Risk Task using math models of performance Abstract: Risky decision-making has been studied using multitrial behavioral tasks. Concordance of such tasks to risky behaviors could be improved by: (1) mathematically modeling the components of decision change and (2) providing reinforcement specific to the risk behavior studied. Men completed two Balloon Analog Risk Tasks (BART). One provided financial reinforcement (money) and the other provided sexual reinforcement (seconds of erotic film viewing). Parameters of a mathematical model of BART performance were fit to each individual. Correlations between the model parameters and four risk categories (financial, sexual, antisociality, and substance use) demonstrated predictive utility for the same behaviors regardless of task reinforcement, providing little evidence of reinforcement specificity. A reward sensitivity parameter was uniquely related to sexual risk behavior. Additional analyses explored parameter stability fit to fewer trials. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 317-335 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.808688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.808688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:317-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gordana Radivojević Author-X-Name-First: Gordana Author-X-Name-Last: Radivojević Author-Name: Vladimir Gajović Author-X-Name-First: Vladimir Author-X-Name-Last: Gajović Title: Supply chain risk modeling by AHP and Fuzzy AHP methods Abstract: Supply chain management is a discipline dealing with organization, coordination, and optimization of relations within supply chains. Complexity and dynamics of supply chains are not always proportional to their reliability, and supply chain risk management becomes a very important tool in minimizing risk and uncertainties caused by, or impacting on, logistics-related activities or resources in the supply chain. Because risk modeling presents a very important segment of risk management, the paper includes a description of the main characteristics of supply chains and a model for risk assessment based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) methods. The main intention of the research presented here is to propose approaches based on application of the AHP and FAHP methods which are used as a tool for ranking supply chain risk categories, determining its share in total risk, and as a method for the supply chain risk assessment. The proposed approach is based on the experience and the knowledge of experts from insurance companies which are professionally engaged in the process of risk assessment, and possibility of its application is tested on a numerical example. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 337-352 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.808689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.808689 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:337-352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Monika Filipsson Author-X-Name-First: Monika Author-X-Name-Last: Filipsson Author-Name: Lill Ljunggren Author-X-Name-First: Lill Author-X-Name-Last: Ljunggren Author-Name: Tomas Öberg Author-X-Name-First: Tomas Author-X-Name-Last: Öberg Title: Gender differences in risk management of contaminated land at a Swedish authority Abstract: Any risk analysis process leading to the remediation of contaminated land will be affected by individual judgements. Many contaminated land risk assessments in Sweden are reviewed by the County Administrative Board (CAB), a regional government authority. The cost for risk assessments and eventually remediation is funded by whichever operator is legally responsible; however, when the responsible party is unknown, the cost can be met by government grants. A questionnaire was sent to all employees working with contaminated land at each of Sweden's CABs to investigate whether gender, age and work experience, as well as funding source, affect the reviewing of risk assessments, and the employees' perception of knowledge gained from the Sustainable Remediation (Hållbar Sanering) research programme. It was found that gender was the most significant factor, but also age and experience of the employees influenced the respondent's answers. The reviews of risk assessments also varied depending on funding source. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 353-365 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.808690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.808690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:353-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kinfe Gebreegziabher Author-X-Name-First: Kinfe Author-X-Name-Last: Gebreegziabher Author-Name: Tewodros Tadesse Author-X-Name-First: Tewodros Author-X-Name-Last: Tadesse Title: Risk perception and management in smallholder dairy farming in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia Abstract: Empirical studies on smallholder dairy farmers' risk perceptions and management strategies have still received little attention in agricultural research of developing countries. This study focuses on farmers' risk perception and management strategies of smallholder dairy farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Tigray in northern Ethiopia. Based on data collected from a sample of 304 smallholder dairy farm households, we used descriptive statistics for analyzing farmers' risk attitude and factor analysis for analyzing and classifying risk sources and management strategies. The majority of dairy farmers considered themselves risk takers towards farm decision that may have a positive impact on technology adoption. Factor analysis identified technological, price/market, production, financial, human, and institutional factor as major sources of risks. In addition, factor analysis indicates that disease reduction, diversification, financial management, and market network are perceived as the most effective risk management strategies. Our findings indicate that perceptions of risk and management strategies are farmer-specific; therefore, policy-makers need to consider tailor-made strategies that would address farmers' individual motives to manage risks and shocks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 367-381 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.815648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.815648 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:367-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guo-Liang Luo Author-X-Name-First: Guo-Liang Author-X-Name-Last: Luo Title: A research and defects analysis of the disaster relief system of China Abstract: Disasters, whether natural or human-induced, bring great pressure to governments. Disaster relief work can reflect the features of a government and test its ability in this respect. This article analyzes the basic political structure on which the establishment of China's disaster relief system is based and introduces some reform initiatives in disaster reduction that enhance the quick emergency response ability of governments. However, in view of the government feature of unitary responsiveness (U-form), it is doubtful whether such a government can pool resources to finish a 'central task' without ignoring many noncentral tasks. As a low-probability event, disaster relief is unlikely to become the central task of a government and thus tends to be ignored. Such neglect is strengthened by corruption, venality, and other unscrupulous behaviors resulting from the nexus between the government and businessmen and, radically, from the government's U-form character. This U-form feature strengthens China's 'strong government-weak society' structure, which becomes the leading cause of tense social contradictions and frequent violent conflicts. Therefore, the control of environmental hazards, epidemic transmission, food safety problems, mass disturbances, and other human-induced disasters depends fundamentally on the transition of the Chinese government from the unitary responsiveness to the multiple responsiveness. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 383-404 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.815651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.815651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:383-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom W. Reader Author-X-Name-First: Tom W. Author-X-Name-Last: Reader Author-Name: Paul O'Connor Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: O'Connor Title: The Deepwater Horizon explosion: non-technical skills, safety culture, and system complexity Abstract: The explosion and destruction of the Deepwater Horizon (DH) was a watershed moment for safety management in the US oil and gas industry. The 2011 National Oil Spill Commission investigation identified a range of operational behaviours and underlying safety management problems that were causal to the mishap. Yet, to date these have not been systematically considered within a human factors framework. To achieve this, we draw upon two applied psychology domains that are highly influential within safety research. First, we apply non-technical skills (NTS) (social and cognitive skills that underpin safe performance in complex work environments) theorem to understand operational activities in the lead-up and occurrence of the well blowout. NTS research is used to develop interventions for training and observing safety behaviours (e.g. decision-making, teamwork). Second, we apply safety culture theory to understand how the organisational and industry environment shaped the management of risk. Safety culture research is used to understand and change the socio-technical constraints and enablers of safety activity in high-risk workplaces. Finally, to integrate these perspectives, we take a systems-thinking perspective to understand the mishap. A common critique of accident narratives is their failure to systematically consider how the components of an incident interact together to escalate risk. From a systems-thinking perspective, understanding the interactions leading to the DH mishap is crucial for ensuring interventions are effective in preventing future mishaps. We develop an accident model that captures the various interactions and system factors leading to the blowout. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 405-424 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.815652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.815652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:405-424 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick R. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Patrick R. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Anna Olofsson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Olofsson Title: Risk, uncertainty and policy: towards a social-dialectical understanding Abstract: This editorial introduces a special issue devoted to studies of risk and uncertainty in their relation to policy and policy-making. The special issue comprises a rather diverse collection of six original research articles, each taking up a distinct perspective in scrutinising interfaces between policy, risk and uncertainty. The purpose of this editorial is to present some broader themes in the literature before moving on to sketch out a basic model for dialectically connecting risk and uncertainty to policy, as a basis for relating the respective insights which emerge within the six empirical articles. The editorial concludes with an overview of these six studies which appear in the special issue. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 425-434 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:425-434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guizhen He Author-X-Name-First: Guizhen Author-X-Name-Last: He Author-Name: Arthur P.J. Mol Author-X-Name-First: Arthur P.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mol Author-Name: Lei Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Yonglong Lu Author-X-Name-First: Yonglong Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Title: Nuclear power in China after Fukushima: understanding public knowledge, attitudes, and trust Abstract: To meet the increasing demand for energy, the past decade has seen the revitalization of nuclear power technologies and many countries adopting nuclear power as a priority strategy in their energy policy. However, Japan's Fukushima nuclear crisis, following the tsunami on 11 March 2011, challenged perceptions of much of the world's nuclear power industry -- but not in China. To explain how the future of nuclear power is decided in China, this study aims to understand the role of the public in the decision-making through exploring the current public knowledge of and trust in nuclear power, about which there is limited research compared to other environmental issues. Based on a questionnaire survey in Shandong province, this study concluded that, compared to many other countries with nuclear power, China had a different landscape of nuclear power information, knowledge, and trust. This paper helps to explain why the Chinese government is able to continue the development of nuclear power, without much public debate and participation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 435-451 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726251 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726251 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:435-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Myra Hamilton Author-X-Name-First: Myra Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton Title: The 'new social contract' and the individualisation of risk in policy Abstract: Over the last three decades in Australia and Britain, there has been a transformation in the character of the post-Second World War welfare state away from shared responsibility for managing social risks through collective pooling mechanisms towards more individualised responsibility for managing lifecourse risks such as unemployment, parenthood and disability. In liberal welfare states like Australia and Britain, one result has been a range of activation or 'workfare' policies. While there has been much discussion about the reasons for these policies and the outcomes for citizens, there is very little exploration of the process by which risks have been individualised through government activation policies. The principle of individual responsibility is politically difficult to sell to citizens and yet how it has been packaged in policy terms has been neglected in the literature. This paper aims to explore the political rationale for the individualisation of risk in the process of contemporary welfare reform by examining government policy documents in Australia and Britain over the last 30 years -- the period in which contemporary welfare reform and its emphasis on activation policies emerged. In both countries, I will argue that it is ideas about contractual reciprocity that have been mobilised to legitimise the principle that individuals should manage the risks associated with the lifecourse. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 453-467 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.726250 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.726250 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:453-467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muriel Figuié Author-X-Name-First: Muriel Author-X-Name-Last: Figuié Title: Towards a global governance of risks: international health organisations and the surveillance of emerging infectious diseases Abstract: The World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) have introduced normative and cognitive changes in response to the challenge of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). These changes take the form of a paradigm shift from 'an international management of threats' towards 'a global governance of risks'. The distinction between these two paradigms is developed in this paper based on literature on public health policy and on risk sociology. Here, we suggest that risks differ from threats (or classical risks) by being uncertain, global and anticipated catastrophes. They require an alternative paradigm of risk governance based on precaution, transparency and participation. To demonstrate empirically this shift, the paper analysed the WHO and OIE's response to recent EIDs, and in particular bird flu (H5N1). With H5N1, these organisations have shown an unprecedented ambition to handle a 'pre-pandemic' virus; they have called for increased transparency from Member States on their epidemiologic status, and for the inclusion of a wider range of stakeholders into the task of epidemiologic surveillance. This paper shows that the WHO and the OIE framed EIDs as modern risks and handled them using the 'global risks governance' paradigm. In doing so, they seized the opportunity, in a competitive way, to legitimise a wider scope of intervention for themselves by revising their regulatory tools (the International Health Regulation and the Terrestrial Animal Health Code) and by extending the obligations of the Member States via their system of notifiable events. This shift raises the issue of the instrumentalisation of the paradigm of global risk governance. It questions States' sovereignty, and stakeholder's participation and it highlights the political potential of modern risks, the link with the production of knowledge and the activity of surveillance in a world at risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 469-483 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2012.761277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2012.761277 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:469-483 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabiana Barbi Author-X-Name-First: Fabiana Author-X-Name-Last: Barbi Author-Name: Leila da Costa Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Leila da Costa Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Title: Risks and political responses to climate change in Brazilian coastal cities Abstract: Climate change is characterized as one of the most pressing issues in the twenty-first century. There are still many uncertainties related to the rapidity of these changes and how devastating they will be. It is recognized that climate change poses a major threat to important development issues such as water supply, food security, human health, natural resources and protection against natural hazards. Thus, modern society is challenged to manage growing risks and threats. In terms of responses to risks posed by climate change, it has been argued that governments are important actors that play a key role setting regulations, institutions and appropriate modes of governance in order to address these risks at different levels and scales. This article investigates whether climate change risks have promoted the construction of a climate agenda in some Brazilian coastal cities and analyses how climate change risks are being framed by local governments in terms of policy strategies and instruments in these cities. The analysed cities do not have specific climate strategies, but climate change risks have been addressed by local governments in their different sectors of activity. Our findings suggest that the responses to climate-related risks are blended with the responses to problems typically faced by local governments, such as floods, irregular land occupation, landslides on hillside areas, among others, which can be exacerbated by climate change. These responses are not in step with governmental actors' perceptions and concerns, particularly with regard to risks related to sea level rise. In this sense, multi-level and intersectoral responses are required. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 485-503 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.788548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.788548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:485-503 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sebastian Linke Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Linke Author-Name: Michael Gilek Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Gilek Author-Name: Mikael Karlsson Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsson Author-Name: Oksana Udovyk Author-X-Name-First: Oksana Author-X-Name-Last: Udovyk Title: Unravelling science-policy interactions in environmental risk governance of the Baltic Sea: comparing fisheries and eutrophication Abstract: Interactions between scientific assessments and management decision-making are key determinants for the efficiency of environmental risk governance. This applies particularly to marine ecosystems like the Baltic Sea, where fisheries and eutrophication pose serious threats connected to environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainability. Using contemporary science-policy theory, this paper investigates structures, challenges and prospects of science-policy interfaces connected to fisheries and eutrophication governance in the Baltic Sea. We analyse and compare the two cases with respect to two aspects: first the design and organisational structures of the institutional frameworks and second the management of uncertainties and stakeholder disagreements in the two risk cases. The analyses reveal how conventional natural science-based policy-making is insufficient for the requirements of complex environmental governance arenas like fisheries and eutrophication. Both cases show a high, almost exclusive, dependence on science-based advice regarding the organisational and institutional structures of their science-policy interfaces. They also expose remarkable differences with respect to stakeholder disagreements about the interplay between science, other knowledge and policy decisions. In the eutrophication case, consensual science-based advice shaped policy decisions in a comparatively uncomplicated manner. In fisheries by contrast, stakeholder disagreements and different interpretations of scientific uncertainties created serious confusions about the basic role of science in policy. We identify and discuss factors contributing to the observed differences in the science-policy interplay of fisheries and eutrophication management. Our results highlight a misleading conceptual understanding of science-policy interfaces between the normative idea of objective, science-based policy-making and the political challenges of dealing with the social aspects of uncertainty and stakeholder disagreements in environmental risk governance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 505-523 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.794154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.794154 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:505-523 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Bröer Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Bröer Author-Name: Gerben Moerman Author-X-Name-First: Gerben Author-X-Name-Last: Moerman Author-Name: Pita Spruijt Author-X-Name-First: Pita Author-X-Name-Last: Spruijt Author-Name: Ric van Poll Author-X-Name-First: Ric Author-X-Name-Last: van Poll Title: Risk policies and risk perceptions: a comparative study of environmental health risk policy and perception in six European countries Abstract: This paper explores the influence that health risk policies have on the citizens' perceptions of those health risks. Previously, detailed mixed methods research revealed that noise annoyance policies shaped noise perception. This idea is now applied to nine different environmental health risks in six European countries. When attention is given to a risk in policy, peoples' concerns about that risk are assumed to be amplified or shaped. To assess this hypothesis, the research employs a constructionist 'resonance' model. It compares how risks are ranked on the policy agenda with how citizens rank the risks in terms of the relative threat they pose to individuals' health when assessed alongside other threats. The relationship between policy and perception is explored with a mixed methods approach comprising survey data about risk perception and interview data on national policy from six countries. The survey asked people to rank nine risks according to their own priorities (n = 5964). In interviews with experts, the policy priorities concerning the same risks were assessed (n = 35). Citizens' trust towards health risk authorities, media use and recent incidents was assessed as mediators between policy and perception. On an aggregate level, the expected relationship cannot be confirmed. At a lower level, meaningful relationships can be identified between policy and perception. This study shows correlations between EU policy and citizens' priorities, and EU policy appears highly relevant to the national risk policy. The relationship between policy and perception does appear to be pertinent to some risks in some countries. Therefore, analyses of the construction of risk need to be case-sensitive. Aggregate survey data can only partly illuminate the phenomenon of interest in this article. New longitudinal research seeks further insight into the range of factors that are relevant to understanding if, how and when policy affects perception. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 525-542 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:525-542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: The substitution principle in chemical regulation: a constructive critique Abstract: The substitution principle is one of the building blocks of modern day chemical regulation as highlighted in the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals regulation. But what is the substitution principle, what is the history of its use and how do relevant authorities and regulatory actors view it? This article addresses these questions and is based on a grey literature review and 90 in-depth face-to-face formal and informal interviews with leading policy-makers in Europe, with a specific focus on Scandinavia. The paper shows that the substitution principle is surprisingly under researched topic and that there is no clear consensus on how to best apply the principle. The penultimate section puts forward a series of recommendations with regard to the use of the substitution principle that European policy-makers and regulators may wish to adopt. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 543-564 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841733 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:543-564 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomas Öberg Author-X-Name-First: Tomas Author-X-Name-Last: Öberg Title: Substitution of chemicals based on assessment of hazard, risk and impact Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 565-568 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841737 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841737 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:565-568 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: The substitution principle in chemical regulation: a constructive critique, by Ragnar Löfstedt Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 569-571 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841738 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:569-571 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Olofsson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Olofsson Title: The substitution principle in chemical regulation: a constructive critique Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 573-575 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841739 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841739 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:573-575 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Royal Society of Chemistry Author-X-Name-First: Royal Society of Chemistry Author-X-Name-Last: Royal Society of Chemistry Title: The substitution principle in chemical regulation: a constructive critique (Löfstedt, R.) Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 577-580 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841741 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:577-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam D.K. Abelkop Author-X-Name-First: Adam D.K. Author-X-Name-Last: Abelkop Author-Name: John D. Graham Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Title: Principles and tools of chemical regulation: a comment on 'the substitution principle in chemical regulation: a constructive critique' Abstract: In this short comment, we make three points. First, replacing one chemical with another should be seen as only one of a portfolio of tools to manage the risks of existing chemicals. Substitution is preferable when it offers attractive benefits (relative to costs and risks) compared to the next-best alternative measure. Depending on the nature of the market failure and the cost-effectiveness of alternative measures, chemical replacement may or may not be the preferred remedy. Second, the principle of substitution, like its close cousin precaution, is a guideline for consideration by decision-makers rather than a policy tool. Confusion can arise when the principle of substitution is treated as if it is an operational tool. Finally, the most difficult challenge in chemicals risk management is how to create proper incentives for continuous safety improvements through a variety of risk management measures, including substitution. Chemicals already on the market have a commercial advantage over chemical innovations that may be safer, greener and otherwise preferable. We offer some general comments about how the incentives faced by industry can be modified to accelerate risk management, including advances in green chemistry. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 581-586 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:581-586 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan E. Dudley Author-X-Name-First: Susan E. Author-X-Name-Last: Dudley Title: Comment on Löfstedt's 'The substitution principle in chemical regulation: a constructive critique' Abstract: This commentary on Ragnar Löfstedt's constructive critique of the substitution principle observes that while the principle is intuitively appealing, it begins to unravel on closer examination. When considering government intervention to effect societal improvements, it is important to be aware of two problems. First, predicting the actual outcome of an intervention is very difficult, and second, people disagree about what constitutes 'societal improvements'. This commentary examines the substitution principle in light of those problems and offers a set of guiding principles for evaluating and developing alternative policy frameworks that will improve public health and welfare. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 587-591 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.873478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.873478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:587-591 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julie Girling Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Girling Title: Commentary on the Löfstedt substitution paper Abstract: As noted by Professor Löfstedt in his paper, the substitution of chemicals with safer alternatives forms the core of the EU's flagship REACH Regulation. However, it is important to acknowledge that the principle of substitution is not something new dreamt up by Brussels bureaucrats, but rather reflects existing business practice. Therefore, one would think that this is an issue that both business and regulators can agree on. Of course, in practice the reality is much more nuanced. Substitution can only be effective provided certain conditions are met and that the process is based on sound science and a full risk assessment. By rushing substitution without thinking through the consequences, regulators can risk the process being at best ineffective, and at worst causing significant harm to human health and the environment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 593-595 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.875937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.875937 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:593-595 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Comment on paper: the substitution principle by Ragnar Löfstedt Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 597-599 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.880729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.880729 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:597-599 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniela Knuth Author-X-Name-First: Daniela Author-X-Name-Last: Knuth Author-Name: Doris Kehl Author-X-Name-First: Doris Author-X-Name-Last: Kehl Author-Name: Ed Galea Author-X-Name-First: Ed Author-X-Name-Last: Galea Author-Name: Lynn Hulse Author-X-Name-First: Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Hulse Author-Name: Jordi Sans Author-X-Name-First: Jordi Author-X-Name-Last: Sans Author-Name: Lola Vallès Author-X-Name-First: Lola Author-X-Name-Last: Vallès Author-Name: Malin Roiha Author-X-Name-First: Malin Author-X-Name-Last: Roiha Author-Name: Frank Seidler Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Seidler Author-Name: Eberhard Diebe Author-X-Name-First: Eberhard Author-X-Name-Last: Diebe Author-Name: Lena Kecklund Author-X-Name-First: Lena Author-X-Name-Last: Kecklund Author-Name: Sara Petterson Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Petterson Author-Name: Jerzy Wolanin Author-X-Name-First: Jerzy Author-X-Name-Last: Wolanin Author-Name: Grzegorz Beltowski Author-X-Name-First: Grzegorz Author-X-Name-Last: Beltowski Author-Name: Marek Preiss Author-X-Name-First: Marek Author-X-Name-Last: Preiss Author-Name: Marie Sotolárová Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Sotolárová Author-Name: Marketa Holubová Author-X-Name-First: Marketa Author-X-Name-Last: Holubová Author-Name: Turhan Sofuoglu Author-X-Name-First: Turhan Author-X-Name-Last: Sofuoglu Author-Name: Zeynep Baskaya Sofuoglu Author-X-Name-First: Zeynep Baskaya Author-X-Name-Last: Sofuoglu Author-Name: Luca Pietrantoni Author-X-Name-First: Luca Author-X-Name-Last: Pietrantoni Author-Name: Elisa Saccinto Author-X-Name-First: Elisa Author-X-Name-Last: Saccinto Author-Name: Silke Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Silke Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Title: BeSeCu-S - a self-report instrument for emergency survivors Abstract: Little intercultural research with standardised instruments has been conducted regarding survivors' responses (i.e. their emotions, cognitions and activities) to emergency situations. Based on results from focus groups, with survivors and experts, as well as a pre-test, a standardised psychological instrument was developed: the BeSeCu-S (Behaviour, Security, and Culture - Survivor). The BeSeCu-S is a questionnaire for people who have experienced an emergency situation where lives and property were threatened and evacuation from a structure was a valid option. It is subdivided into four main stages of such an event: Beginning, Realisation, Evacuation and Aftermath. A total of 1112 survivors from eight different countries and five different emergency situations took part in the field study. The results indicate that the questionnaire can enable researchers to analyse survivors' responses in relation to pre-, peri- and post-event factors (e.g. emergency knowledge, time to begin evacuating, injuries and post-traumatic stress symptoms). Additionally, analyses across different nationalities, event types and stages of an event appear possible. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 601-620 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.815649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.815649 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:601-620 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nikolai Mouraviev Author-X-Name-First: Nikolai Author-X-Name-Last: Mouraviev Author-Name: Nada K. Kakabadse Author-X-Name-First: Nada K. Author-X-Name-Last: Kakabadse Title: Risk allocation in a public-private partnership: a case study of construction and operation of kindergartens in Kazakhstan Abstract: In Kazakhstan, a transitional nation in Central Asia, the development of public-private partnerships (PPPs) is at its early stage and increasingly of strategic importance. This case study investigates risk allocation in an ongoing project: the construction and operation of 11 kindergartens in the city of Karaganda in the concession form for 14 years. Drawing on a conceptual framework of effective risk allocation, the study identifies principal PPP risks, provides a critical assessment of how and in what way each partner bears a certain risk, highlights the reasons underpinning risk allocation decisions and delineates the lessons learned. The findings show that the government has effectively transferred most risks to the private sector partner, whilst both partners share the demand risk of childcare services and the project default risk. The strong elements of risk allocation include clear assignment of parties' responsibilities, streamlined financing schemes and incentives to complete the main project phases on time. However, risk allocation has missed an opportunity to create incentives for service quality improvements and take advantage of economies of scale. The most controversial element of risk allocation, as the study finds, is a revenue stream that an operator is supposed to receive from the provision of services unrelated to childcare, as neither partner is able to mitigate this revenue risk. The article concludes that in the kindergartens' PPP, the government has achieved almost complete transfer of risks to the private sector partner. However, the costs of transfer are extensive government financial outlays that seriously compromise the PPP value for money. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 621-640 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.815650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.815650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:621-640 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hatem Elleuch Author-X-Name-First: Hatem Author-X-Name-Last: Elleuch Author-Name: Wafik Hachicha Author-X-Name-First: Wafik Author-X-Name-Last: Hachicha Author-Name: Habib Chabchoub Author-X-Name-First: Habib Author-X-Name-Last: Chabchoub Title: A combined approach for supply chain risk management: description and application to a real hospital pharmaceutical case study Abstract: Managing risks in supply chains has emerged as an important issue in supply chain management. This research area has become familiar as supply chain risk management (SCRM). There are numerous approaches and techniques that are proposed in SCRM literature, but little in concrete and systematic approach for SCRM. In this paper, a SCRM framework comprising of different techniques and specialized procedures is proposed that can assist supply chain decision makers to risk identification, assessment and management. The combined approach consists of including the following. (1) Failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis to identify risk. (2) design of experiment to design risks mitigation and action scenarios. (3) Discrete event simulation to assess risks mitigation action scenario. (4) analytic hierarchy process to evaluate risk management scenarios. (5) desirability function approach to minimize the risk. The proposed approach is illustrated through a real hospital pharmaceutical supply chain case study. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 641-663 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.815653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.815653 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:641-663 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jungbu Kim Author-X-Name-First: Jungbu Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Seong Soo Oh Author-X-Name-First: Seong Soo Author-X-Name-Last: Oh Title: The virtuous circle in disaster recovery: who returns and stays in town after disaster evacuation? Abstract: Given the importance of encouraging residents of a disaster-stricken community to remain there during the recovery process, this paper examines the determinants of disaster evacuee decisions to return to their communities, and if they return, to stay in the community where they lived before the disaster. The data come from two panel surveys of Hurricane Katrina survivors. The surveys were taken in 2005, just after Katrina, and again in 2006, a year after the disaster. Although the study sample is not indicative of the pre-Katrina population of New Orleans, it is of great value in allowing us to understand the behaviors of disaster survivors and in helping to design disaster recovery plans. Analytical results show that government performance in initial disaster recovery and individual perceptions of future lives in the community play an important role in evacuees' decisions of whether to stay in the pre-Katrina communities. Race, risk, and damage done are also valid predictors of return decisions. This finding emphasizes the importance of both governmental initial response to the disaster and effective communication of a clear vision toward a fully recovered community. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 665-682 Issue: 5 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822917 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822917 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:5:p:665-682 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Baram Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Baram Title: International workshop on liability and insurance and their influence on safety management of industrial operations and products Abstract: This issue of the Journal of Risk Research features the NeTWork workshop on liability and insurance and their influence on safety management of industrial operations and products. The international workshop was held on 11-13 October 2012 at the Abbeye Sorreze with the support of the Fondation pour une Culture de Securite Industrielle (Foncsi), Toulouse. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 683-687 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889196 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:6:p:683-687 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael G. Faure Author-X-Name-First: Michael G. Author-X-Name-Last: Faure Title: The complementary roles of liability, regulation and insurance in safety management: theory and practice Abstract: Liability rules, regulation and insurance have all been proposed in legal and economic theory as instruments to prevent safety risks created by enterprises. Moreover, these rules can also be found in combination in most legal systems. Indeed, liability rules are often advanced as the market solution to safety since they simply allocate a price to unsafe behaviour by signalling that the operator will have to compensate the victims in case of an accident (strict liability) or when the accident was caused through his fault (negligence). Liability rules are thus supposed to have a deterrent effect and should thus promote safety management within enterprises. However, law and economics literature has also clearly pointed at the shortcomings of liability rules in preventing risks: information may be better available with the regulator; the deterrent effect of liability rules can fail as a result of latency, problems of proof and causal uncertainty and insolvency problems may equally limit the deterrent effect of tort rules. That is why many risks posed by industry are often controlled via ex ante safety regulation. However, regulation has its limits as well (more particularly the fact that they can become outdated quickly since they are often static rather than dynamic; that they need a strong enforcement in order to be effective and that regulatory standards may be inefficient as a result of lobbying by private interests). That is why it is suggested that liability rules may still play an important complementary role even in cases where industrial risks are primarily controlled via safety regulation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 689-707 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889199 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:6:p:689-707 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gary E. Marchant Author-X-Name-First: Gary E. Author-X-Name-Last: Marchant Title: 'Soft Law' mechanisms for nanotechnology: liability and insurance drivers Abstract: Nanotechnology presents significant challenges to traditional approaches of health, safety, and environmental regulation, which has been accordingly slow to be implemented. To help fill this gap, a number of 'soft law' voluntary programs for risk management of nanomaterials have been implemented or proposed, but participation in, and impacts of, such programs has been disappointedly limited to date. This article suggests two potential drivers to increase participation in voluntary risk management programs for nanomaterials: liability and insurance. Given the lack of regulation and public concerns about nanotechnology, personal injury, and other product liability litigation is highly likely. Companies subject to such lawsuits will be able to help defend the reasonableness of their actions by pointing to their participation in voluntary risk management programs, while companies that declined to participate will be more vulnerable to liability for failing to take reasonable precautions. Insurers of companies handling nanomaterials may provide additional pressure for such companies to participate in voluntary risk management programs by incentivizing risk management practices in their underwriting of nanotechnology risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 709-719 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:6:p:709-719 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre Bentata Author-X-Name-First: Pierre Author-X-Name-Last: Bentata Title: On the joint use of safety regulation and civil liability to promote safe management of hazardous operations: a French case study Abstract: The aim of this article is to analyze the precise role of environmental civil liability in France. We do so by focusing on data from France, and claim that judges in fact seize hold of the possibility of combining regulation and civil liability. In other words, civil liability and regulation are complementary because they promote a duty of care in different ways. Moreover, judges and regulators interact; they provide each other with relevant information that is mutually beneficial for the maintenance of standards. Based on a unique database - that gathers all the litigations concerning environmental accidents judged by the French Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation) from 1956 to 2010 - we conclude that judges heavily rely on prior regulation, especially in cases of causal uncertainty. We argue that particularly in those cases where liability would traditionally be weak, courts tend to rely on breaches of regulation as evidence of increased risk of an activity by the perpetrator. On the other hand, judges can hold regulators liable when regulators did not monitor a regulated plant and this threat provides regulators with incentives to design and to apply stringent standards over risky activities. For these reasons, we conclude that regulation and civil liability should be jointly used to promote smart interdependencies that mitigate civil liability and regulatory failures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 721-734 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889198 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:6:p:721-734 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bastian A. de Mol Author-X-Name-First: Bastian A. Author-X-Name-Last: de Mol Title: Regulation of risk management of medical devices and the role of litigation Abstract: Patient health often depends on medical devices and implants. Thanks to these advancements, trust in and expectations of medical technology are high. But history shows critical device failures of heart valves, breast implants, hip prostheses and heart stimulators occurring under the regulatory system for such devices which certifies their efficacy and safety similar to the drug regulation process. Thus, questions remain regarding the effectiveness of the regulatory system to minimize risk. Differences between device regulation in Europe and the USA are shown, basically entailing that Europeans have quicker access to new technology but at the price of greater risk of harm. Given the investments to develop new devices and implants and the assumed thoroughness of the regulatory system, a certified device in Europe is considered safe and meeting the state-of-the-art standards of technology. Therefore, passing successfully the road map to certification, the certificate exempts the manufacturer of liability in case the device fails. Recently, it was revealed that regulation may fail due to underestimation of risks when used in patients, mainly due to lack of impartial and effective knowledge on the part of experts involved in the certification process. Conflicts of interest of experts and clinical investigators may also result in unacceptable exposure of patients to risk of device failure. Trust and good faith still play an important role in order to make a justified risk-benefit balance and to accept 'earn as you learn' as a leading principle. The past shows that thanks to litigation and class actions, legislation can be adjusted and compliance with regulations realized. The complexity of the system and restriction of patients' rights to be compensated for harm due to risky exposure to unproven but certified technology makes criminal and civil litigation still indispensible. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 735-748 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:6:p:735-748 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Hudson Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Hudson Title: Accident causation models, management and the law Abstract: To apportion blame, and by extension liability, for an accident it is necessary to decide causality, who caused the accident and how it was caused. The same requirements apply to the preventative management of such potential accidents, except blame is assigned post-hoc, after the event, whereas preventative management is essentially proactive and obviates the need for blame. Much thinking is based on the notion that there is a single root cause of an incident, the most important cause and therefore the one pointing at liability as well as determining the main target for prevention. This is embedded in the idea that incident causation is linear and deterministic, that there are clear sequences of causes going back to a root cause. This way of thinking has proved very successful and its preventative application may be regarded as reducing the number of (potential) accidents by 80%. Most of these 80% accidents are personal; the development and use of the Swiss Cheese model, aimed also at process incidents, has led to a further reduction of possibly 80% of the remaining potential incidents, now covering some 96% in total. Such models are still deterministic, but non-linear in their causal effects. The remaining 4% of possible incidents, especially complex and major process accidents, unfortunately appears to be much more intractable. The proposal is that these incidents have a causal structure that is both non-linear and non-deterministic, being inherently probabilistic. This has consequences for the management and prevention of such incidents, because of their complexity, but also for the legal approach, that has to confront non-deterministic and non-linear causation. The legal viewpoint is made more complex because, in hindsight, such incidents still appear to be simple, linear and deterministic. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 749-764 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:6:p:749-764 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob Kringen Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Kringen Title: Liability, blame, and causation in Norwegian risk regulation Abstract: This paper addresses the mechanisms, processes, and rationales for causal attribution, blame, and liability within the legal context of Norwegian risk regulation, using the petroleum industry as a point of reference. Legalistic and judicial norms and practices have traditionally favored blaming approaches, whereas mature risk management philosophies have gradually abandoned single-cause/human error approaches. A variety of systemic models are developed that analyze accidents and incidents or near-misses as complex interactions between a variety of underlying root causes. Technical failure and human error may be triggering causes, but allowed only by failures in underlying systems, conditions, or barriers. This has created contradictions between legal liability approaches and risk management approaches to industrial failure and accidents. The purpose of the former has been criminalization and punishment, whereas the purpose of the latter has been organizational learning, preferably across sectors and domains. The paper examines how systemic models gradually have entered into the judicial context and discusses different factors that can account for this development. First, a mature model of risk management adapted to complex technologies and encompassing a highly institutionalized no-blame culture within the regulatory domain; second, the combination of close and - in terms of professional expertise - asymmetric relations between the regulators and the police/prosecuting authority; third, available legal rationales and warrants that allow systemic and situational attribution of causes; fourth, national egalitarianism and an institutionalized tripartite regulatory system, including strong unions that actively and effectively resist any attempts to attribute causes of industrial failures and accidents to operational error at the blunt end ('human error'). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 765-779 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:6:p:765-779 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rob Goble Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Goble Title: Pandora's Risk, by Kent Osband, New York, Columbia University Press, 2011, 304 pp., $49.95/£34.50 (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-231-15172-6 Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 781-783 Issue: 6 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.853373 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.853373 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:6:p:781-783 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hong-Yue Sun Author-X-Name-First: Hong-Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Li-Lin Rao Author-X-Name-First: Li-Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Rao Author-Name: Kun Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Kun Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Shu Li Author-X-Name-First: Shu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Formulating an emergency plan based on expectation-maximization is one thing, but applying it to a single case is another Abstract: This research extends the exploration of single-play/multiple-play distinctions from monetary gambling paradigm to emergency management situation. We conducted three studies (two survey studies and one eye tracking study) to test whether an emergency plan we formulated in advance based on expectation-maximization would be likely to be applied in a single case. In the first two survey studies we found that the plan with the higher EV was more likely to be preferred when the plan was applied 100 times or to 100 areas than when the plan was applied only once or to only one area. We also found significant framing and reflection effects, both of which violated the invariance principle in the single-application condition, but not in the multiple-application condition. Furthermore, in the eye tracking study, we found distinctly different eye movement patterns in the single-application condition and the multiple-application condition. The eye movement patterns in the multiple-application condition are more consistent with the predictions deduced from expectation computation. The overall results suggest that a gap exists between the formulation and the implementation of an emergency plan. Formulating an emergency plan based on expectation-maximization is doable, but applying it to a single case may be more challenging. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 785-814 Issue: 7 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.816333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.816333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:7:p:785-814 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pedcris M. Orencio Author-X-Name-First: Pedcris M. Author-X-Name-Last: Orencio Author-Name: Masahiko Fujii Author-X-Name-First: Masahiko Author-X-Name-Last: Fujii Title: A spatiotemporal approach for determining disaster-risk potential based on damage consequences of multiple hazard events Abstract: Natural hazards have become increasingly frequent in the Philippines, making the determination of risks associated with large-scale natural hazards and disasters in this area increasingly important. This study developed a method for estimating the risk of disasters from multiple hazards in this country at the province level. The locational probability and consequences of five natural hazards were analyzed over a 30-year period (1982-2011), and the disaster-risk potential of provinces was estimated based on the combined damage cost per capita from five hazards over that period. Information from the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters Emergency Disasters Database (CRED-EMDAT) was used to analyze the areas and populations affected, damage costs, and frequency and duration of five hazards (i.e. meteorological, climatological, hydrological, geophysical, and biological). The estimated values were then presented spatially using a geographic information system. The results suggested that meteorological hazards were the most common hazards affecting most provinces in the Philippines, whereas hydrological hazards produced the most damage. Small island provinces and coastal zones were among the areas with the highest disaster-risk potential. This assessment can aid in decision making with regard to financing disaster prevention schemes and in planning for the increasing occurrences of natural hazard-related disasters. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 815-836 Issue: 7 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.816334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.816334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:7:p:815-836 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Michelle Driedger Author-X-Name-First: S. Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Driedger Author-Name: Christine Mazur Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Mazur Author-Name: Bhavnita Mistry Author-X-Name-First: Bhavnita Author-X-Name-Last: Mistry Title: The evolution of blame and trust: an examination of a Canadian drinking water contamination event Abstract: Assigning 'blame' is a normal human reaction when trying to identify who or what was responsible for something going wrong. What was done, by whom, the extent of the damage, combined with the system in place to prevent a reoccurrence can influence short and long-term trust. Studies to date have examined how governments have handled large-scale public health disasters without necessarily taking a close look at the factors leading to blame and the potential role it plays in the loss of trust in government in the affected communities. This study examines the evolution of blame and restoration of trust by the public after a localized public health risk event, the contamination of drinking water supplies by E. coli bacteria in Walkerton, Ontario, Canada in May 2000. Data are drawn from an analysis of national media sources from May 2000 to December 2011 and focus group discussions with members of the general public in 10 select communities in Ontario. An evolution of blame was revealed in the data analysis: over time, members of the public directed blame from a more general scope to specific targets as information became available. Within a relatively short period of time, Walkerton residents appeared to lose trust in both their water supply and those who are supposed to protect it. By contrast, focus group participants had mixed reactions: at a surface level, they expressed a general loss of trust in 'government,' but when probed more deeply, they remained confident in the overall system of regulations to ensure public protection. Nonetheless, Walkerton has served to raise public expectations about food and drinking water issues. 'Walkerton' is frequently invoked when the potential exists for a 'system' failure and public health is put at risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 837-854 Issue: 7 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.816335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.816335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:7:p:837-854 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sergio Iavicoli Author-X-Name-First: Sergio Author-X-Name-Last: Iavicoli Author-Name: Stavroula Leka Author-X-Name-First: Stavroula Author-X-Name-Last: Leka Author-Name: Aditya Jain Author-X-Name-First: Aditya Author-X-Name-Last: Jain Author-Name: Benedetta Persechino Author-X-Name-First: Benedetta Author-X-Name-Last: Persechino Author-Name: Bruna Maria Rondinone Author-X-Name-First: Bruna Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Rondinone Author-Name: Matteo Ronchetti Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Ronchetti Author-Name: Antonio Valenti Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Valenti Title: Hard and soft law approaches to addressing psychosocial risks in Europe: lessons learned in the development of the Italian approach Abstract: Psychosocial risks in the workplace have been identified as some of the most significant emerging risks, particularly since issues such as work-related stress, which is closely linked to psychosocial risks, are widely recognised as major challenges in modern occupational safety and health. This paper presents the policy framework and key initiatives that have been implemented for the management of psychosocial risks in the workplace in Europe. It discusses several approaches and initiatives, both from a hard and soft law perspective, that have been implemented at European Union and national level. Within this context, it discusses the key issues that pertain to the development of national approaches, focussing as an example on the Management Standards for work-related stress developed in the UK and their recent adaptation in Italy. The Italian approach is discussed in detail as an example that may highlight key process elements in the development of psychosocial risk management policies, and promote good practice in this area through lessons learned. It is concluded that it is more pressing now than ever for a critical evaluation of efforts employed so far to address psychosocial risks to be conducted, and an approach at European level to be developed that will allow both flexibility and a certain level of benchmarking across members states. Such an approach can be supported by European bodies, responsible for surveillance and promotion of good practice, working in collaboration with similar national bodies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 855-869 Issue: 7 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:7:p:855-869 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jahon Khorsandi Author-X-Name-First: Jahon Author-X-Name-Last: Khorsandi Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: A risk perspective supporting organizational efforts for achieving high reliability Abstract: Many industries and organizations are actively searching for approaches that can help them enhance the reliability of their operations and avoid mishaps. The concept of high reliability organizations (HROs) has been given considerable attention in this regard. HRO theorists have emphasized the process of mindfulness as a characteristic that allows for better interaction with risk and uncertainty, in order to minimize the potential for failures. From a risk management perspective however, it is not straightforward how to best proceed to obtain a mindful infrastructure which enables such capabilities. Various perspectives on risk and uncertainties exist, which call for different approaches and solutions. A key question studied in this paper is to what extent are traditional risk perspectives based on probability and historical data limited in their ability to support an HRO mindset for managing risk. The main purpose of the paper is to draw attention to an alternative risk perspective that replaces probability with uncertainty in the definition of risk, and to show how such a risk perspective can better support the implementation of HRO theory than the more traditional perspectives. We discuss the implications of such a shift in thinking - from focusing on probabilities to the broader domain of uncertainties regarding risk - for organizations that are seeking to improve their risk management capabilities and enhance the reliability of their operations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 871-884 Issue: 7 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:7:p:871-884 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dustin C.S. Wagner Author-X-Name-First: Dustin C.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wagner Author-Name: Kash Barker Author-X-Name-First: Kash Author-X-Name-Last: Barker Title: Statistical methods for modeling the risk of runway excursions Abstract: The goals of this paper are to: (i) enhance the manner in which fatal airport runway excursions are modeled and quantified and (ii) explore a means to mitigate their occurrence and severity. While other research in predicting runway excursions has focused on the type of excursion, this work focuses on predicting if the excursion will generate fatalities. As the adverse effects of fatalities can be extreme in nature, there exists a need to be able to: (i) understand the root causes of fatal excursions, (ii) predict the likelihood of fatal excursions, and (iii) measure the efficacy of risk management strategies employed to prevent them. This work summarizes and applies techniques of data analysis for runway excursions, a significant problem in air travel safety which can lead to fatalities. The techniques deployed in this work to model excursions include logistic regression and Bayesian logistic regression, each of which have strengths and weaknesses in terms of descriptive (e.g. highlighting factors that impact fatalities) and prescriptive (e.g. predicting fatalities under particular operating conditions) domains. An innovative use of the results of this data analysis is in enhancing the likelihood assessment of the traditional risk matrix, which combines (often arbitrary) assessments of likelihood and consequence for particular risk scenarios. Several real-world excursion response options aimed at reducing fatalities through improvements to aviation facilities and processes are compared on the basis of impact, cost, and feasibility. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 885-901 Issue: 7 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:7:p:885-901 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Alfredo Revollo-Fernandez Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Alfredo Author-X-Name-Last: Revollo-Fernandez Author-Name: Alonso Aguilar-Ibarra Author-X-Name-First: Alonso Author-X-Name-Last: Aguilar-Ibarra Title: Measures of risk associated to regulations compliance: a laboratory experiment on the use of common-pool resources Abstract: Analyzing the behavior of users of natural resources towards risk is of paramount importance to sustainability. This paper analyzes the degree of risk-aversion under an experimental setting, to different fishing control measures applied by an authority. In order to have a quantitative assessment of such attitudes, we applied four measures of risk-aversion, two are standard measures: the constant relative risk-aversion utility function, and the Arrow-Pratt absolute risk-aversion measure. Furthermore, we propose two new measures: risk-elasticity of extractions and a non-compliance risk index. The risk-aversion measured in this paper demonstrates that the sample studied with groups of students are, in general, risk-averse or slightly risk-loving (rather neutral) towards enforcement. The results show that, although a general tendency of lower extractions took place in comparison to a no-enforcement (i.e. open-access) treatment, a high level of enforcement (60% probability) led to higher extractions than at 20% and 40% enforcement level. There were also gender differences: women were more risk-averse than men. We conclude that there was a Motivation Crowding Effect present in players' behavior, and that gender differences are worth studying in further research on risk attitudes and management of common-pool resources. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 903-921 Issue: 7 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:7:p:903-921 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandre Oliveira Tavares Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre Oliveira Author-X-Name-Last: Tavares Author-Name: Pedro Pinto dos Santos Author-X-Name-First: Pedro Pinto dos Author-X-Name-Last: Santos Title: Re-scaling risk governance using local appraisal and community involvement Abstract: This paper describes a risk governance model applied on a local scale, showing the advantages and constraints found during its application. The risk governance model, built on a municipal scale, results from the application of the International Risk Governance Council framework. The model is characterised by the cyclicity between the assessment and management spheres, assuming communication to be essential in all stages. Its application in central Portugal is rooted in a specific knowledge of hazards and their impacts, the human and financial constraints, and the expectations of citizens and stakeholders. The results show that preformatted management solutions derived from national civil protection stakeholders can be adapted to a local physical, social and institutional context. It was found that this depends significantly on the stakeholders' concerns assessment, as this allows the subsequent risk management options to be adapted and legitimised. As a result, more appropriate land-use regulations and mitigation strategies are being designed, which are related to urban planning, road design, risk sensitisation and communication tools. However, two features are likely to lead to an overlapping of competences and conflicts concerning responsibility for decision-making in the actual civil protection structure: the current constraints on resources on an operational level and the potentially inadequate representation of stakeholders on a strategic level. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 923-949 Issue: 7 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822915 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:7:p:923-949 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Konstantinos Kazaras Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos Author-X-Name-Last: Kazaras Author-Name: Konstantinos Kirytopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos Author-X-Name-Last: Kirytopoulos Title: Challenges for current quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models to describe explicitly the road tunnel safety level Abstract: The number of road tunnels in Europe has increased rapidly over the last years. Nevertheless, this increasing number is raising upfront an endogenous problem, which is the severity of accidents that may occur. After the spate of tunnel fires in Europe over the past decade, the European Commission embarked upon a major review of road tunnel safety and launched the Directive 2004/54/EC that sets minimum safety requirements and suggests, apart from the measures imposed based on tunnel characteristics, the implementation of a risk assessment in several cases. As a result, many risk assessment methods have been proposed worldwide, most of them based on quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models. Although QRAs are helpful to address physical aspects and facilities of the infrastructures, current approaches in the road tunnel field have several challenges to meet in order to provide decision-makers with the overall risk picture. Taking into account that QRAs are progressively becoming the selected method to manage tunnel safety and risk, this paper's purpose is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to inform safety managers and engineers about items which are not adequately handled by current road tunnel QRA models. On the other hand, it aims to suggest potential areas in which improvements should be made. Taking into consideration the challenges and the limitations discussed herein, this paper concludes that QRA models should not be the single criterion for the safety assessment process of these critical infrastructures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 953-968 Issue: 8 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822916 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:8:p:953-968 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L.S. Fruhen Author-X-Name-First: L.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fruhen Author-Name: R.H Flin Author-X-Name-First: R.H Author-X-Name-Last: Flin Author-Name: R. McLeod Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: McLeod Title: Chronic unease for safety in managers: a conceptualisation Abstract: To achieve a high level of safety, managers of organisations in hazardous industries need to maintain a state of constant wariness towards the management of risks, often conceptualised as 'chronic unease'. Despite the prevalence of this term in the literature, there is limited evidence to enable a definition or operationalisation of this concept. To develop a better understanding of chronic unease, a literature search of articles using this term was conducted. Descriptions of chronic unease from nine articles were coded resulting in the identification of five themes: pessimism, propensity to worry, vigilance, requisite imagination and flexible thinking, as the components of chronic unease. We propose a preliminary conceptualisation of chronic unease based on these attributes, which suggests that this specific type of strain may be a desirable state for managers in relation to the control of risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 969-979 Issue: 8 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822924 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:8:p:969-979 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Author-Name: Michael Gochfeld Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Gochfeld Author-Name: Christian Jeitner Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Jeitner Author-Name: Mark Donio Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Donio Author-Name: Taryn Pittfield Author-X-Name-First: Taryn Author-X-Name-Last: Pittfield Title: Sushi consumption rates and mercury levels in sushi: ethnic and demographic differences in exposure Abstract: There are few papers on sushi consumption and its role in methylmercury exposure. We interviewed 1289 people in a New Jersey university community regarding fish and sushi consumption and collected 'sushi' samples for total mercury analysis from New Jersey stores and supermarkets and from New York City, and Chicago. The 92% of interviewees who ate fish, ate an average of 5.06 fish and fish-sushi meals/month; 77% of interviewees reported eating sushi (mean = 3.27 meals/month). Caucasians and Asians ate more sushi meals/month, and more sushi pieces/meal than other ethnicities, with East Asians eating more than South Asians. Some people in all ethnic groups ate more than 40 fish-sushi pieces/ month. Total mercury levels varied significantly by type and quality of sushi, with tuna sashimi having the highest mean levels (0.68 ± 0.05 μg/g = ppm on wet weight basis equivalent to about 0.61 ppm of methylmercury). Tuna roll averaged 0.46 ± 0.09 ppm of total mercury. Other types of sushi averaged less than 0.06 ppm total mercury. Eight interviewees reported eating fish or fish-sushi meals at least daily. We estimated mercury exposure at the 90th percentile of fish-sushi consumption, assuming an average 19.3 g of fish per piece of sashimi grade tuna (averaging 0.608 ppm MeHg), using the USEPA recommended default body mass of 70 kg and the Reference Dose of 0.1 μg/kg/day. The methylmercury intake was estimated at 0.34 μg/kg/day which exceeds the EPA Reference Dose. The top 10% of all ethnic groups exceeded the Reference Dose while Caucasians and Asians exceeded the CDC/ATSDR's Minimal Risk Level of 0.3 μg/kg/d, as well as the WHO Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (1.6 μg/kg). The large tuna such as Bluefin, which are prized for sushi, have the highest mercury levels and are also the most endangered by overfishing. These data suggest that sushi can pose a significant risk from mercury exposure. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 981-997 Issue: 8 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.822925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.822925 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:8:p:981-997 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frank Schiller Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Schiller Author-Name: George Prpich Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Prpich Title: Learning to organise risk management in organisations: what future for enterprise risk management? Abstract: Enterprise risk management (ERM) was originally developed to manage financial risks and was later transferred to other businesses, sectors and, crucially, government. ERM aims at a maximum of comprehensiveness suggesting the integration of all risks to an organisation's objective in a portfolio to inform organisational strategy. However, the concept suffers from unknown interdependencies between risks, implementation strategies that lack empirical validation and ambivalences and uncertainties arising from their management. It is only weakly rooted in organisational theory. Drawing on knowledge generation, theory key aspects for the empirical study of risk management in organisations are identified. These address the commensuration of risks, the comprehensiveness of the risk portfolio and the communication of explicit and tacit knowledge enabling organisational learning processes in different institutional contexts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 999-1017 Issue: 8 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841725 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:8:p:999-1017 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Tortosa-Edo Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Tortosa-Edo Author-Name: M.A. López-Navarro Author-X-Name-First: M.A. Author-X-Name-Last: López-Navarro Author-Name: J. Llorens-Monzonís Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Llorens-Monzonís Author-Name: R.M. Rodríguez-Artola Author-X-Name-First: R.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Artola Title: The antecedent role of personal environmental values in the relationships among trust in companies, information processing and risk perception Abstract: Trust and risk perception are important issues for industries such as petrochemical companies, typically considered 'less trustworthy' because of the hazards associated with their activities. In this context, individual's trust in companies may have influence on information processing mode that individual adopts to reach a judgement such as risk perception associated with industrial hazards. We take the heuristic-systematic theory (HSM) as the model for processing information about industrial risk, with trust in companies as its antecedent and risk perception as its consequence. However, this process may be influenced by factors such as personal specific values. This paper analyses, to our knowledge for the first time, the antecedent role of personal values towards environmental issues in the HSM of information processing. The model was tested using data from interviews with 992 residents in an area of the province of Castelló (Spain) close to a petrochemical complex. Structured equation models were used to analyse the data. The results demonstrate the proposed relationships. The main contribution of this paper is the corroboration of the direct and indirect effects of personal environmental values on the variables that make up the trust in companies-HSM of information processing-risk perception sequence. Finally, we recommend that the companies of the petrochemical complex consider the frank, open and bidirectional communication with the residents as the key element to break the association among pro-environmental values, distrust in the companies and perception of the risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1019-1035 Issue: 8 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841726 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:8:p:1019-1035 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tapio Litmanen Author-X-Name-First: Tapio Author-X-Name-Last: Litmanen Author-Name: Barry D. Solomon Author-X-Name-First: Barry D. Author-X-Name-Last: Solomon Author-Name: Mika Kari Author-X-Name-First: Mika Author-X-Name-Last: Kari Title: The utmost ends of the nuclear fuel cycle: Finnish perceptions of the risks of uranium mining and nuclear waste management Abstract: There has been substantial social scientific research to determine how people perceive the risks of nuclear power, wastes, and waste management, but not much attention has been given to risk perceptions of other types of nuclear activities. Knowledge about attitudes towards uranium mining and exploitation is increasing, and more attention should be paid to how people perceive the risks of both ends of the nuclear fuel cycle. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the risk perceptions towards nuclear waste and uranium mining and how these perceptions relate to each other. The analysis is based on Finnish survey data (N = 1180) gathered in 2007. Renewed international interest in nuclear power raised the price of uranium from 2005 to 2007. International mining companies started uranium explorations in Finland because Finnish bedrock is the oldest in Europe, and it is similar to and of the same age as that of the major foreign uranium producers and exporters. Changes in Finnish nuclear power policy make this study timely: while the site for a spent nuclear fuel repository in Eurajoki was chosen in 2001, in 2010, two companies were selected to construct two new nuclear power reactor units in the country. Cross-tabulation of a series of contingency tables based on the survey was used to explore a diversity of nuclear risk perception views. We found that the perception of risks of nuclear waste is quite diversified and that there is no any clear linkage between nuclear waste attitudes and uranium mining attitudes. Although we found that there is a group of double risk deniers and a group of double risk perceivers, risk attitudes cannot be derived automatically from the attitudes towards either end of the nuclear fuel cycle. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1037-1059 Issue: 8 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841727 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:8:p:1037-1059 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allan M. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Allan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Vladimír Baláž Author-X-Name-First: Vladimír Author-X-Name-Last: Baláž Title: Mobility, risk tolerance and competence to manage risks Abstract: Migration is a risky behaviour because of the uncertainty about future wages, living conditions, changing relationships with family and friends and cultural adjustment. While there has been some research on risk and uncertainty in migration, this has mostly been approached as a form of 'rational' decision-making: such approaches explain why some groups of individuals are more likely than others to migrate, but are limited in explaining individual variations in behaviour within these groups. Individual migrants vs. non-migrants are self-selected in terms of tolerance of risk and uncertainty but, with very few exceptions, there has been no research on migration within the framework of risk tolerance/aversion and competence to manage risk. Moreover, existing research is based on, and constrained by the limitations of, incumbent data-sets. Drawing on a specially commissioned large-scale survey of the UK population, this paper uses principal component analysis and logistic regression to analyse the extent to which risk and risk-related measures can be used to predict four different types of mobility profiles. There are significant associations between these individual mobility characteristics and general risk/uncertainty tolerance, and competence-based tolerance. These are strongest in terms of the two most polarised mobility types: the least mobile, the Stayers, and the most mobile, the Roamers. Recognising that previous migration is exogenous, a further analysis of migration intentions, with previous migration included as an independent variable, finds the propensity for future migration is, in fact, negatively associated with previous migration, probably due to the importance of 'pure risk' as opposed to acquired competence via migration experience, and to life cycle considerations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1061-1088 Issue: 8 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841729 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:8:p:1061-1088 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: A possible way forward for evidence-based and risk-informed policy-making in Europe: a personal view Abstract: European regulatory policy, especially in the chemicals and environmental sectors, is not as predictable, evidence-based, risk-informed, or clear as it could be. There are a number of reasons for this, all somewhat related to the new more adversarial model of regulation. This includes the involvement of influential environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and member states (such as Denmark and Sweden) that are highly active in environmental and chemical control. In addition, we see the rise of the campaigning journalist or newspaper that often bases their articles on emotions rather than scientific facts - the UK Daily Mail newspaper is a typical example. Finally, a number of academics, think tanks, and stakeholders tend to amplify their research findings if there is a nice 'news hook' (such as this chemical may cause cancer, or this pharmaceutical is unsafe) without presenting their research findings within a wider context. In this article, I first briefly outline the history of environmental policy-making in Europe then discuss the rise of the new model of adversarial regulation. Secondly, I provide evidence of some of the unintended consequences of the new model, and give a couple of case study examples. In the concluding part of the essay, I offer possible solutions that could aid in helping to make chemical and environmental control policy in Europe more evidence-based and risk-informed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1089-1108 Issue: 9 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.919518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.919518 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:9:p:1089-1108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Author-Name: Michael Gocheld Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Gocheld Author-Name: Charles W. Powers Author-X-Name-First: Charles W. Author-X-Name-Last: Powers Author-Name: David Kosson Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Kosson Author-Name: James Clarke Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Author-Name: Kevin Brown Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Mercury at Oak Ridge: outcomes from risk evaluations can differ depending upon objectives and methodologies Abstract: Risk evaluations play an important role in environmental management, remediation and restoration. Yet when different agencies and groups evaluate risk, the objectives and methods may differ, leading to different conclusions, which can confuse managers, policy-makers and the public. In this paper, we examine two evaluations of the potential risk from mercury contamination deriving from the Y-12 facility at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation (Tennessee, USA). The US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) examined the past and present risks from mercury to humans, using data provided in government reports and publications. The Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP) used a risk-informed prioritization model, developed for managers to evaluate different remediation projects. The CRESP prioritization model considered both human and ecological receptors, as well as future potential risks. Risk was an important component of both evaluations, and both evaluations found that there was a completed pathway of mercury from the source on the Oak Ridge Reservation to offsite human receptors, although the evaluations differed in their final conclusions. CRESP evaluated the risk as 'high', while the ATSDR noted that the risk was 'moderate' for people consuming fish from East Fork Poplar Creek. In both cases, the pathway to off-site human exposure was through fish consumption. The two evaluations are compared with respect to purpose, specific goals, target audience, receptors, assumptions, time frames, evaluation criteria and conclusions. When these aspects are considered, the risk evaluations are congruent, although the risk communication messages differ. We conclude that there are many different possible risk evaluations, and the aforementioned variables must be carefully considered when making management decisions, determining remediation goals, and communicating with regulators, managers, public policy-makers and the public. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1109-1124 Issue: 9 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841731 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:9:p:1109-1124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Lynn Waishwell Author-X-Name-First: Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Waishwell Title: Q method can identify diverse perspectives on 'helpful' information on cancer clusters and inform risk communication generally Abstract: Communication by state public health agencies about cancer clusters is complicated by divergent official and citizen beliefs about causation (e.g. chance versus environmental pollution). We use Q method, rarely applied in the risk field, to explore disparate perspectives on what people deem helpful and unhelpful in background (not site-specific) information about cancer clusters. Q method identified five unique perspectives, with low inter-factor correlations: Cancer Causation, Best Information, Cancer Frequency, Study Success, and Empathy/Competence. Besides discussing implications of these perspectives for improving communication about cancer clusters, we use this case to illustrate Q method's more general ability to represent variability in attitudes about risk and risk information and to improve risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1125-1145 Issue: 9 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.879491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.879491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:9:p:1125-1145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristina S. Westerdahl Author-X-Name-First: Kristina S. Author-X-Name-Last: Westerdahl Title: Societal consequences of radioactive releases in March 2011 in Japan and implications for the resilience concept Abstract: The nuclear accident in Japan in March 2011 was an extreme event and studies of its consequences can offer new insights into long-term effects on society. This study of societal consequences in November 2012 is a follow-up of a previous study of the most important consequences a year earlier. At twenty months after the accident, the radioactive contamination and ensuing need for decontamination still dominates since reconstruction and return of evacuees cannot begin until an area has been decontaminated. Health concerns remain, although extensive screening is under way, and the results so far indicate that the risks for negative effects are low. The costs to society of these and other consequences of the nuclear accident are huge and will continue to grow. The future consequences related to the radioactive substances released in 2011 will develop as a function of the relatively long half-life of cesium-137 (ca. 30 years) and the perception of the situation guiding human and organisational behaviour. Temporal and spatial scales are noticeable in how the consequences have developed. A systems perspective also appears to be valid. These observations are used to explore the definition of resilience by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. This showed that the definition can apply to an extreme disaster, that it constructs resilience as a graded property and that it encompasses both proactive and reactive resilience. However, the underpinning abilities to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover as well as their internal relations need further exploration and discussion. The discussion here shows that examining resilience in relation to a real event can be fruitful for understanding the concept and its definition. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1147-1160 Issue: 9 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841732 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841732 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:9:p:1147-1160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.C.M. Roodenrijs Author-X-Name-First: J.C.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Roodenrijs Author-Name: M.M. Kraaij-Dirkzwager Author-X-Name-First: M.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Kraaij-Dirkzwager Author-Name: J.H.T.C. van den Kerkhof Author-X-Name-First: J.H.T.C. Author-X-Name-Last: van den Kerkhof Author-Name: H.A.C. Runhaar Author-X-Name-First: H.A.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Runhaar Title: Risk governance for infectious diseases: exploring the feasibility and added value of the IRGC-framework for Dutch infectious disease control Abstract: The quality of the Dutch system for control of infectious diseases is considered to be high. However, sometimes (e.g. during the Mexican flu and HPV vaccination in 2009, during the Q-fever outbreak from 2008 to 2011) the system encounters problems in terms of perceived effectiveness and public acceptance. This raises the question: Are other governance arrangements available that could contribute to a higher effectiveness and acceptance of infectious disease control? If so, how feasible are these arrangements in the light of the high time pressure in the case of an emergent outbreak of infectious diseases? In this paper, we explore the feasibility and added value of the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC)-framework. This framework aims to improve risk governance by tailoring the risk governance approach to the specific characteristics of the risk (the IRGC distinguishes between simple, complex, uncertain and ambiguous risks). Two recent infectious disease episodes - Q-fever and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) - were analysed. The actual risk governance approach was compared with a hypothesized situation, in which the IRGC-framework would have been applied. Data were collected by means of a review of literature, policy documents, newspaper articles and interviews with risk assessors and risk managers. This exploratory study revealed that Dutch infectious disease control incorporates many elements of the IRGC-approach, although some of these elements are used in an intuitive rather than in an explicit manner. Few elements are lacking. Incorporation of these elements (e.g. concern assessment) would have been both feasible and useful during the Q-fever epidemic (ambiguous risk), but not during the SBV outbreak (uncertain risk). We expect that primarily in cases of ambiguous infectious disease risks an explicit risk characterization and the further incorporation of concern assessment could strengthen Dutch infectious disease control. To assess whether a risk is (becoming) ambiguous remains a challenge to be operationalized. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1161-1182 Issue: 9 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.875935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.875935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:9:p:1161-1182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pigi A. Vangeli Author-X-Name-First: Pigi A. Author-X-Name-Last: Vangeli Author-Name: Antonia Koutsidou Author-X-Name-First: Antonia Author-X-Name-Last: Koutsidou Author-Name: Alexandra Gemitzi Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Gemitzi Author-Name: Konstantinos P. Tsagarakis Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos P. Author-X-Name-Last: Tsagarakis Title: Public perception for monitoring and management of environmental risk: the case of the tires' fire in Drama region, Greece Abstract: This paper analyzes residents' perceptions concerning an industrial accident with environmental impacts. The data used were obtained by 505 face-to-face interviews. Binary and logit models were developed to elicit parameters that affect the risk perception of residents in nearby potentially affected agglomerations. Additionally, using geographical information systems, the spatial properties of risk perception of the accident are presented interpolating the point data so as to produce various grids of risk perception. Finally, we estimated the willingness to pay (and parameters affecting it) for remediation to environmental monitoring with the aid of a proposed trusted lab. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1183-1206 Issue: 9 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.875932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.875932 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:9:p:1183-1206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tanja Perko Author-X-Name-First: Tanja Author-X-Name-Last: Perko Author-Name: Peter Thijssen Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Thijssen Author-Name: Catrinel Turcanu Author-X-Name-First: Catrinel Author-X-Name-Last: Turcanu Author-Name: Baldwin Van Gorp Author-X-Name-First: Baldwin Author-X-Name-Last: Van Gorp Title: Insights into the reception and acceptance of risk messages: nuclear emergency communication Abstract: The objective of this paper is to test whether the effect of variables such as knowledge, attitudes, trust, risk perception, and psychometric risk characteristics changes in the different stages of risk-related information processing. To address this question, a distinction is made between two information-processing steps, reception (measured as a person's ability to retain the information communicated) and acceptance (measured as a person's level of agreement with the communicated information). An empirical study was conducted, using a radiological accident (2008) in Belgium as a communication case study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted on a large sample of Belgian population representative with respect to province, region, level of urbanization, gender, age, and professionally active status (N = 1031) and among the population living in vicinity of the accident (N = 104). All factors were measured on reliable scales (Cronbach's α > .75). The reception-acceptance model was used to produce new insights into risk communication. The results demonstrate that knowledge was the driving factor only for the reception of risk messages, while heuristic predictors such as psychometric risk characteristics, attitudes, and trust were most influential for the acceptance of risk messages. It is discussed how the results will facilitate a more thorough understanding of information processing and how they could be used to design more focused risk communication strategies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1207-1232 Issue: 9 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.875933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.875933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:9:p:1207-1232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamie K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Title: Editorial announcements Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.991197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.991197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Olofsson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Olofsson Author-Name: Susanna Öhman Author-X-Name-First: Susanna Author-X-Name-Last: Öhman Title: Vulnerability, values and heterogeneity: one step further to understand risk perception and behaviour Abstract: The aim is to investigate differences in risk perception and behaviour among different population groups selected by gender, age, country of birth, disability and sexual orientation in the light of general values and vulnerability. The analyses use data from two Swedish national surveys from 2005 to 2008. People with foreign background perceive controlled and dread risks as a greater threat than do native-born people, but there is no difference in behaviour when general values and vulnerability have been controlled for. Compared to women, men rate known and dread risks as lower, but controlled risks as higher. Further, men's behaviour is more risk-oriented and less risk-reducing, and homosexuals and bisexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to report risk behaviour. Compared to previous studies of the so-called White Male Effect carried out in the USA, gender does not play a similar role in Sweden. On the contrary, it seems as if gender is of less importance and that the strength of the association varies depending on type of risk or risk behaviour. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 2-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.879485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.879485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:2-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melanie De Vocht Author-X-Name-First: Melanie Author-X-Name-Last: De Vocht Author-Name: Verolien Cauberghe Author-X-Name-First: Verolien Author-X-Name-Last: Cauberghe Author-Name: Mieke Uyttendaele Author-X-Name-First: Mieke Author-X-Name-Last: Uyttendaele Author-Name: Benedikt Sas Author-X-Name-First: Benedikt Author-X-Name-Last: Sas Title: Affective and cognitive reactions towards emerging food safety risks in Europe Abstract: Climate change and globalization may impact the microbiological food safety on fresh produce that is eaten raw. Hence, food risk communication to inform consumers needs to be carried out. The present study investigates affective and cognitive reactions of individuals towards a risk message with regard to the emerging food safety risks, using the risk-as-feelings theory and the affect heuristic as a theoretical basis. This research elaborates on whether these reactions towards a risk message vary across some European countries (i.e. Norway, Spain, Serbia and Belgium). The results show that compared to affective reactions, cognitive reactions have a higher predictive influence on behavioural intentions (i.e. the intention to alert loved ones, rinse fresh produce better, think about how to avert the risk and seek information). Both affective and cognitive reactions, as well as their predictive impact, differ significantly amongst the countries. Trust in the government, subjective knowledge about the topic and behavioural intentions differ as well per country. Based on these varying results of the impacts of affective and cognitive reactions on behavioural intentions that were observed in different countries, it is recommended that risk communication strategies be adapted on a national rather than on a European level. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 21-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.879486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.879486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:21-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Perko Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Perko Author-Name: B. Adam Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Adam Author-Name: K.R. Stassen Author-X-Name-First: K.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Stassen Title: The differences in perception of radiological risks: lay people versus new and experienced employees in the nuclear sector Abstract: This paper studies the differences in perception of two radiological risks - an accident at a nuclear installation and medical X-rays - between four different groups: the general population without (1) and with experience related to radiological risks (2), new employees (3) and professionally exposed people (4) in the nuclear sector. More precisely, this study determines if differences in risk perception can be explained by the level of experiences with ionizing radiation, the knowledge level about radiological risks, the confidence in authorities, the attitude towards nuclear energy, the trust in a management of nuclear installations, gender and age. The data are gathered using computer assisted personal interviews based on the SCK-CEN Barometer of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre. The relations between risk perception and the independent variables are tested with linear regression analysis. The risk perception of both risks differs significantly between the four population groups. The professionally exposed people and the new employees in the nuclear sector have a significant higher risk perception for medical X-rays compared to the risk for an accident at a nuclear installation. For the general population without experience, it was just the opposite. The general population with experience does not have a significant difference in risk perception between the two radiological risks. Level of experiences with ionizing radiation is determined as an important variable; people have a lower perception of radiological risks when they have higher experiences with risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 40-54 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.879488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.879488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:40-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Börjesson Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Börjesson Author-Name: J. Österberg Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Österberg Author-Name: A. Enander Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Enander Title: Risk propensity within the military: a study of Swedish officers and soldiers Abstract: Issues concerning risks in the military have gained increased attention within the Swedish Armed Forces, particularly relating to the new focus on an all voluntary force participating in international missions. Military activities inevitably include an element of calculated risk-taking, while at the same time the unnecessary taking of risks must be minimized. Within the context of the specific mission and situation, a number of factors relating to demographic variables, traits and beliefs may influence individual inclinations towards risk behaviour. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between such factors and individual risk propensity. Data were collected from two samples of Swedish soldiers and officers. Examining demographic variables, negative safety values and risk propensity were found to decrease with age, while men demonstrated a more sceptical view of safety measures and a higher risk propensity than women. The trait known as lack of deliberation, reflecting an inability to think ahead and foresee consequences, was positively related to risk propensity. A more sceptical view of safety was shown to be associated with a higher sense of personal invincibility and together with lack of deliberation predicted variations in danger-seeking scores. The distinction between functional and non-functional risk-taking is discussed on the basis of the relationships found in the study. Implications for recruitment to the military as well as for training and leadership are suggested, emphasizing the need for military leaders to balance their leadership in terms of safety-oriented and risk-promoting behaviours. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 55-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.879489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.879489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:55-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jungeun Yang Author-X-Name-First: Jungeun Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: The influence of culture on Koreans' risk perception Abstract: Since the candlelight protest against US beef imports in 2008, Korea has been considered to have entered the risk society. However, little is known about Koreans' risk perception, much less about how the cultural characteristics influence the risk perception of Koreans. The purpose of the study was to find out the Koreans' risk structure and to examine the influence of culture on risk perception. Exploratory factor analysis revealed seven risk factors including crimes, economic risks, uncontrollable risks, accidents, environmental risks, natural disasters, and future risks. The mean scores of each risk factors showed that Koreans were more concerned of environmental risks, crimes, and economic risks. Hierarchical regression analyses followed, employing both etic and emic cultural variables. Results found that the emic cultural variables significantly increased the explained variance for 'social risks' (crimes, economic risks, uncontrollable risks, and environmental risks). Findings suggested that the unique cultural characteristics of Koreans were closely related to the perception of social risks, that is, the kind of risks that were caused and considered to be managed on a societal level. The study contributes to the understanding of Koreans' risk perception from cultural perspective. Limitation and future research direction is discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 69-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.879490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.879490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:69-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Max Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Max Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Author-Name: Rickard Arvidsson Author-X-Name-First: Rickard Author-X-Name-Last: Arvidsson Author-Name: Åsa Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Åsa Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Author-Name: Hervé Corvellec Author-X-Name-First: Hervé Author-X-Name-Last: Corvellec Author-Name: Sverker Molander Author-X-Name-First: Sverker Author-X-Name-Last: Molander Title: Dis-Ag-reement: the construction and negotiation of risk in the Swedish controversy over antibacterial silver Abstract: What constitutes a potentially hazardous object is often debated. This article analyses the polemic construction and negotiation of risk in the Swedish controversy over the use of antibacterial silver in health care and consumer products. This debate engages the media, government agencies, parliament and government, non-governmental organizations and companies. Texts and websites from these actors were studied using content analysis. Antibacterial silver is construed by some actors as a risk object with harmful effects on a series of objects at risk: the environment, public health, organisms and sewage treatment. In contrast, other actors deny that antibacterial silver is a risk object, instead construing it as mitigating risk. In such a schema, antibacterial silver is conceived of as managing the risk objects of bacteria and micro-organisms, in turn managing the risk objects of infection, bad smell and washing, and in turn helping the environment and public health (objects at risk). The structure of the debate suggests two basic modes of risk communication. First, antibacterial silver is construed as a risk object, endangering a variety of objects at risk, such as organisms, public health, the environment and sewage treatment. Second, this association between antibacterial silver and objects at risk is obstructed, by denying that antibacterial silver is a risk object or by associating silver with the benefit of mitigating risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 93-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.879492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.879492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:93-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jungbu Kim Author-X-Name-First: Jungbu Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Seong Soo Oh Author-X-Name-First: Seong Soo Author-X-Name-Last: Oh Title: Confidence, knowledge, and compliance with emergency evacuation Abstract: Hurricane Katrina vividly showed that policy compliance can be a life-or-death matter in times of natural disasters. Although a substantial number of emergency management studies examined the determinants of evacuation compliance, they largely focused on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Research in policy implementation shows that public confidence in government institutions and knowledge about policies implemented are critical factors for securing compliance from target populations. Building upon this literature, we examine whether confidence and knowledge factors can predict compliance behaviors with policies of disaster response. Our analysis of a nationwide survey indicates that confidence in Federal Emergency Management Agency significantly increases the probability of compliance with evacuation orders. Individuals with better knowledge of local disaster response plans are also more likely to comply with evacuation orders than others. These findings suggest that enhancing the effectiveness of disaster management policy may require a fundamentally different approach with a new focus on institutional capacity and process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 111-126 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.880728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.880728 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:111-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi Author-X-Name-First: Ghozlane Author-X-Name-Last: Fleury-Bahi Author-Name: Marie Préau Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Préau Author-Name: Thouraya Annabi-Attia Author-X-Name-First: Thouraya Author-X-Name-Last: Annabi-Attia Author-Name: Aurore Marcouyeux Author-X-Name-First: Aurore Author-X-Name-Last: Marcouyeux Author-Name: Inga Wittenberg Author-X-Name-First: Inga Author-X-Name-Last: Wittenberg Title: Perceived health and quality of life: the effect of exposure to atmospheric pollution Abstract: Interest in understanding how atmospheric pollution affects well-being and quality of life has increased during the last ten years. The existing literature examines the role of psychological and psychosocial factors in understanding the effect of risk perception and annoyance due to air pollution on perceived health and quality of life. However, less attention has been paid to the combined effect of subjective ecological vulnerability and socioeconomic insecurity on quality of life. Drawing on the transactional models of environmental satisfaction and stress, we investigate how health risk perception, perceived annoyance due to air pollution and socioeconomic insecurity could be associated with perceived health and perceived quality of life in two French cities, selected on the basis of their high objective air pollution, and in a reference one with a low level of air pollution. The survey was conducted among a stratified random sample of 1500 participants (500/city). The results highlight the importance of the subjective perception of annoyance and of health risk perception due to air pollution in the combined effects of socioeconomic and ecological factors of vulnerability for the polluted cities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 127-138 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841728 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:127-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Silke Roth Author-X-Name-First: Silke Author-X-Name-Last: Roth Title: Aid work as edgework - voluntary risk-taking and security in humanitarian assistance, development and human rights work Abstract: Contemporary societies have been characterized as risk societies. While considerable research on individualized risk and risk management exists, voluntary risk taking has so far found less attention. This article explores the tensions between voluntary risk-taking at the individual level and risk management at the organizational level by analysing aid work as edgework. Between 1990s and 2009, the number of attacks on aid personnel including killing, kidnapping and armed attacks has steadily increased. Security and how to deal with it has become a central concern of aid organizations. While the increased insecurity of aid workers and the responses of aid organizations to security threats have been widely documented, less attention has been paid to the role risk-taking plays in aid workers lives. Edgework is a form of voluntary risk-taking and has been primarily studied in the context of risk-taking leisure such as action and adventure sport. Aid work encompasses a wide range of interventions, including development and emergency relief. Depending on assignment and region, people working in the aid industry find themselves in high- or low-risk situations. Based on biographical interviews with people working in aid, this article addresses motivations for getting involved in aid work and experiences of danger in Aidland. Contrasting individualized risks with security procedures of aid organizations, my article contributes to a better understanding of risk-taking behaviour in general and in the context of overseas aid in particular. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 139-155 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.875934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.875934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:139-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuya Nakayachi Author-X-Name-First: Kazuya Author-X-Name-Last: Nakayachi Author-Name: Hiromi M. Yokoyama Author-X-Name-First: Hiromi M. Author-X-Name-Last: Yokoyama Author-Name: Satoko Oki Author-X-Name-First: Satoko Author-X-Name-Last: Oki Title: Public anxiety after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake: fluctuations in hazard perception after catastrophe Abstract: In 2011, Japan received a massive blow from the Tohoku Earthquake and the ensuing disaster at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Generation Plant (hereafter, the Fukushima Nuclear Plant), with 18,000 people dead or missing, and more than 330,000 evacuated long-term. Anxiety among the people of Japan concerning earthquakes and nuclear accidents is higher than ever, but other hazards confront them as well. This research investigated whether the Japanese people's anxiety about a variety of other hazards has increased or decreased since the Tohoku Earthquake. Based on the availability heuristic, the contrast effect, and the finite-pool-of-worry hypothesis, it was predicted that public anxiety about earthquakes and nuclear accidents would increase, but anxiety about other hazards would decrease. Data from two nationwide surveys conducted in January 2008 and January 2012 were compared to see the change in societal levels of anxiety toward 51 types of hazards. The results showed that anxiety had increased after the Tohoku Earthquake for only one hazard other than earthquakes and nuclear accidents. For 29 other hazards, the anxiety levels had significantly decreased; and for the remaining 19 hazards, there was no significant change. These results support the prediction, indicating that post-disaster, the overall anxiety levels of the Japanese people tended to decline. Practical implications were discussed with a focus on problems that might be caused by the changes in anxiety level. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 156-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.875936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.875936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:156-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Silvia Bruzzone Author-X-Name-First: Silvia Author-X-Name-Last: Bruzzone Title: Risk forecast as work practice: between codified and practical knowledge Abstract: If the use of meteorological data has progressively expanded in tackling different sources of risk, less developed is by contrast a reflection on how meteorological systems apply in local contexts and to what extent that locality may affect the use and the content of forecasting recipients. By focusing on a wildfire forecasting, I show how forecasting practice cannot be reduced to the implementation of meteorological devices; it rather takes shape in the articulation between the technical device and different sources of knowledge - tacit, practical and 'profane'. This articulation work, this study gives account of, reveals some specific challenges in the introduction of forecasting systems in risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 170-181 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:170-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeroen M.M. Neuvel Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen M.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Neuvel Author-Name: Dirk Jan de Boer Author-X-Name-First: Dirk Jan Author-X-Name-Last: de Boer Author-Name: Wilbert K.F. Rodenhuis Author-X-Name-First: Wilbert K.F. Author-X-Name-Last: Rodenhuis Title: Managing vulnerability: the implementation of vulnerability reduction measures Abstract: Activities involving hazardous substances may cause safety risks to the environment. In addition to hazard reduction measures, such as implementing safety management systems at hazardous facilities, and exposure reduction measures, such as employing safe distances between vulnerable objects and hazardous activities, safety risks can be further minimised through the implementation of vulnerability reduction measures. In the area near where activities involving dangerous substances are being carried out, measures can be taken to reduce the vulnerability, such as increasing the possibilities for emergency response and evacuation. This paper examines what the issues influencing the consideration and implementation of vulnerability reduction measures are. This is done through an examination of land use planning projects in the Netherlands and an analysis of two examinations from the National Human Environment and Transport Inspectorate on the implementation of vulnerability reduction measures to discuss the representativeness of the findings for the Netherlands. The examinations, including the examinations of the Inspectorate, show that the consideration of vulnerability reduction measures is narrower than required by Dutch rules and regulations. Additionally, the implementation of measures is limited. Only half of the vulnerability reduction measures that are adopted in land use plans are actually implemented. Important factors that hampered the consideration and adoption of measures are the restrictions of actual rules and regulation with respect to the enforceability of measures, the limited expertise of those involved and the lack of clarity in tasks and roles regarding the consideration and monitoring of vulnerability reduction measures. More fundamentally, the effectiveness of measures and the need for further risk reduction was discussed. Consequently, more insight is required into the costs and benefits of vulnerability reduction measures and if a more explicit consideration of vulnerability in land use planning practices is desired, elaboration will be needed in the areas of planning legislations, procedures and expertise. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 182-198 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:182-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xi Lu Author-X-Name-First: Xi Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Xiaofei Xie Author-X-Name-First: Xiaofei Author-X-Name-Last: Xie Author-Name: Ji Xiong Author-X-Name-First: Ji Author-X-Name-Last: Xiong Title: Social trust and risk perception of genetically modified food in urban areas of China: the role of salient value similarity Abstract: Lacking specific knowledge, the public perceives technical risks based on their trust in the authorities. This article explored the role of shared value in the process of trust judgment and risk perception of genetically modified (GM) foods. Study 1 showed that social trust was a mediator between shared value and risk perception. Higher value similarity between individual and spokesperson resulted in deeper trust in the institution; moreover, social trust effectively reduced public risk perception of GM foods. Study 2 demonstrated that shared value improved in the care and competence dimensions of trust. The two dimensions of trust were positively related, but only competence had a significant influence on risk perception. Implications for risk communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 199-214 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889195 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:199-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John C. Besley Author-X-Name-First: John C. Author-X-Name-Last: Besley Author-Name: Katherine A. McComas Author-X-Name-First: Katherine A. Author-X-Name-Last: McComas Title: Something old and something new: comparing views about nanotechnology and nuclear energy Abstract: Much discussion surrounds the question of whether people tend to perceive new and emerging technologies in ways similar to how they perceive older, more familiar technologies. The study argues that the direct association between familiarity and support is just one way of thinking about how familiarity may affect views about emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology and nuclear energy. The study uses a probability-based survey of Americans where half received questions about nanotechnology and half received nearly identical questions about nuclear energy. Overall, it shows that the 'standard' predictors of technology support - risk/benefit perceptions, familiarity, and views about decision-makers - are similar for both nanotechnology and nuclear energy but that lower familiarity may also result in less ability for these variables to statistically explain support for nanotechnology. The data provide only partial evidence that citizens meaningfully differentiate between the two very different technologies, and the patterns of results lend support to the theory that generalized views about science and science decision-makers - in addition to issue-specific concerns - are central to understanding opinion dynamics involving emerging technologies like nanotechnology. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 215-231 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.896397 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.896397 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:215-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Corinna Cagliano Author-X-Name-First: Anna Corinna Author-X-Name-Last: Cagliano Author-Name: Sabrina Grimaldi Author-X-Name-First: Sabrina Author-X-Name-Last: Grimaldi Author-Name: Carlo Rafele Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Rafele Title: Choosing project risk management techniques. A theoretical framework Abstract: The pressure for increasing quality while reducing time and costs places particular emphasis on managing risk in projects. To this end, several models and techniques have been developed in literature and applied in practice, so that there is a strong need for clarifying when and how each of them should be used. At the same time, knowledge about risk management is becoming a matter of paramount importance to effectively deal with the complexity of projects. However, communication and knowledge creation are not easy tasks, especially when dealing with uncertainty, because decision-making is often fragmented and a comprehensive perspective on the goals, opportunities and threats of a project is missing. With the purpose of providing guidelines for the selection of risk techniques taking into account the most relevant aspects characterising the managerial and operational scenario of a project, a theoretical framework to classify these techniques is proposed. Based on a literature review of the criteria to categorise risk techniques, three dimensions are defined: the phase of the risk management process, the phase of the project life cycle and the corporate maturity towards risk. The taxonomy is then applied to a wide selection of risk techniques according to their documented applications. This work helps to integrate the risk management and the knowledge management processes. Future research efforts will be directed towards refining the framework and testing it in multiple industries. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 232-248 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.896398 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.896398 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:232-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Author-Name: Michael Gochfeld Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Gochfeld Title: Concerns and perceptions immediately following Superstorm Sandy: ratings for property damage were higher than for health issues Abstract: Governmental officials, health and safety professionals, early responders, and the public are interested in the perceptions and concerns of people faced with a crisis, especially during and immediately after a disaster strikes. Reliable information can lead to increased individual and community preparedness for upcoming crises. The objective of this research was to evaluate concerns of coastal and central New Jersey residents within the first 100days of Superstorm Sandy's landfall. Respondents living in central New Jersey and Jersey shore communities were differentially impacted by the storm, with shore residents having higher evacuation rates (47% vs. 13%), more flood waters in their homes, longer power outages (average 23 vs. 6days), and longer periods without Internet (29 vs. 6days). Ratings of concerns varied both among and within categories as a function of location (central vs. coastal New Jersey), stressor level (ranging from 1 to 3 for combinations of power outages, high winds, and flooding), and demographics. Respondents were most concerned about property damage, health, inconveniences, ecological services, and nuclear power plants in that order. Respondents from the shore gave higher ratings to the concerns within each major category, compared to those from central Jersey. Four findings have implications for understanding future risk, recovery, and resiliency: (1) respondents with the highest stressor level (level 3) were more concerned about water damage than others, (2) respondents with flood damage were more concerned about water drainage and mold than others, (3) respondents with the highest stressor levels rated all ecological services higher than others, and (4) shore respondents rated all ecological services higher than central Jersey residents. These data provide information to design future preparedness plans, improve resiliency for future severe weather events, and reduce public health risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 249-265 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.896401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.896401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:249-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Behnam Taebi Author-X-Name-First: Behnam Author-X-Name-Last: Taebi Author-Name: Ibo van de Poel Author-X-Name-First: Ibo Author-X-Name-Last: van de Poel Title: The socio-technical challenges of nuclear power production and waste management in the post-Fukushima era: editors' overview Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 267-272 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1009699 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1009699 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:267-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mariliis Lehtveer Author-X-Name-First: Mariliis Author-X-Name-Last: Lehtveer Author-Name: Fredrik Hedenus Author-X-Name-First: Fredrik Author-X-Name-Last: Hedenus Title: Nuclear power as a climate mitigation strategy - technology and proliferation risk Abstract: Recent years have witnessed renewed interest in nuclear power in large extent due to the need to reduce carbon emissions to mitigate climate change. Most studies of cost and feasibility of stringent climate targets that include nuclear power focus on the currently available light water reactor (LWR) technology. Since climate mitigation requires a long-term commitment, the inclusion of other nuclear technologies such as mixed oxide-fuelled LWRs and fast breeder reactors may better describe the future energy supply options. These different options also entail different nuclear weapon proliferation risks stemming from uranium enrichment or reprocessing of spent fuel. To investigate this relation, we perform a scenario analysis using the global energy transition model. Our results indicate that meeting a scenario with a 430ppm CO2 target for 2100 is feasible without the involvement of nuclear power; however the mitigation costs increase by around 20%. Furthermore, a lasting contribution by nuclear power to climate change mitigation can only be achieved by alternative fissile material production methods and global diffusion of nuclear technologies. This in turn bears important implications for the risk of nuclear proliferation for several reasons. First, knowledge and competence in nuclear technology becomes more accessible, leading to the risk of nuclear programmes emerging in states with weaker institutional capacity. Additionally, even if the reprocessing step in a fast breeder cycle proves to be essentially proliferation resistant, the build-up of breeder reactor systems necessitates a long transition period with large-scale use of enrichment technology and its related proliferation risks. Our study does not include the costs posed on society by nuclear accident risk and by the need to upscale safeguards and regulatory capacity to deal with increased proliferation risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 273-290 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.889194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.889194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:273-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lars Löfquist Author-X-Name-First: Lars Author-X-Name-Last: Löfquist Title: After Fukushima: nuclear power and societal choice Abstract: The main objective of article is to evaluate nuclear power in relation to alternative energy sources. A central claim is that the accident in Fukushima does not change the challenges facing the global system for electricity production. Given the need to minimize climate change and that nuclear power provides electricity with lower carbon emissions than fossil fuels, it is impossible to replace both nuclear power and fossil fuel plants in a few years. These plants provide a substantial part of our total generating capacity and cannot be easily substituted. However, if we made significant but non-radical reductions of our electricity consumption, the process of replacing both nuclear power and fossil fuels with renewable sources becomes easier. Reduction can be motivated by an egalitarian theory of justice which claims that it is wrong to maintain a lifestyle that threatens present humans and transfers risks unto future generations. Finally, it is concluded that our total electricity consumption is as important as its production when we plan for our society's energy future. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 291-303 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841730 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:291-303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William E. Kastenberg Author-X-Name-First: William E. Author-X-Name-Last: Kastenberg Title: Ethics, risk, and safety culture: reflections on Fukushima and beyond Abstract: Most of the postmortem investigations and published reports concerning the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident have focused on the design, operation, and regulation of the 'machine' itself, i.e. the four nuclear power plants. This paper focuses on an aspect of the accident that has received much less attention: ethics, risk, and safety culture with respect to the individuals and organizations responsible for the design, operation, and regulation of the machines, namely the people. More specifically, this paper discusses the relationship between safety culture and societal culture, and how it may have influenced the accident at Fukushima. The paper argues that when safety culture, which is explicit and is 'designed' to fulfill a task in present time, and societal culture, which is implicit and evolves 'organically' over millennia, are incongruent with each other, the latter can undermine the former. To rectify this situation, the paper concludes that a cultural risk assessment be carried out to help mitigate this situation in the future. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 304-316 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.896399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.896399 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:304-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Cotton Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Cotton Title: Structure, agency and post-Fukushima nuclear policy: an alliance-context-actantiality model of political change Abstract: The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster has radically reshaped domestic Japanese energy policy, political economy and citizen-state relationships within a very short time period. This destabilised period of post-Fukushima nuclear policy is considered in meta-theoretical terms, drawing upon the work of Colin Hay in describing a punctuated evolution model of stability and change. This, in turn, draws upon the concepts of structure and agency, and the material and ideational. I assess and apply Jessop and Hay's strategic-relational approach (SRA) to resolving these issues, with reference to the Fukushima disaster throughout. The ontological weaknesses of the SRA are discussed, namely the weak conceptualisation of 'the material', leading to the construction of a new hybrid model. Hay's concept of structure-strategy-agency is augmented into one of alliance-context-actantiality; drawing upon concepts from actor network theory to better articulate the role of artefacts, physical and material processes in influencing stability and change in risk politics. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 317-332 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.919512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.919512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:317-332 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Nihlén Fahlquist Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Nihlén Author-X-Name-Last: Fahlquist Author-Name: Sabine Roeser Author-X-Name-First: Sabine Author-X-Name-Last: Roeser Title: Nuclear energy, responsible risk communication and moral emotions: a three level framework Abstract: Communication about nuclear risks is treacherous territory, especially after Fukushima, requiring not only considerations about effectiveness, but also about ethical legitimacy. In this paper, a three-level framework of morally responsible risk communication is developed, focusing on the procedure, the message and the effects of risk communication. This gives rise to three conditions of ethically responsible risk communication: it requires a legitimate procedure, an ethically justified risk message and concern for and evaluation of the effects of the message and procedure. The role of emotions, such as sympathy, empathy and feelings or responsibility, is emphasized as a key to addressing and explicating moral values at these three levels. Emotions point out moral aspects of risks such as justice, fairness and autonomy. This framework can shed important new light on morally responsible communication about nuclear risks. The first condition of this framework requires that the procedure of communication is participatory, in order to include the relevant moral emotions and values concerning nuclear energy of all stakeholders. A legitimate procedure does not guarantee an ethically justified message concerning nuclear risks. For this reason, the second condition requires an ethical deliberation of the message and the values and emotions entailed in it. Finally, the third condition requires a moral evaluation of the effects of risk communication concerning nuclear energy. A successful risk communication effort triggers reflection, compassion and a willingness to take responsibility for energy-related issues. Problematic effects of risk communication can be a lack of trust or a sense of hopelessness and passivity. Evaluating all three levels from a moral point of view should be done in an iterative way, allowing possible revisions and improvements. Considering the high stakes and current stalemates in the nuclear debate, the suggested model provides a promising, constructive and morally legitimate way forward. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 333-346 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.940594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.940594 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:333-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Bergmans Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmans Author-Name: Göran Sundqvist Author-X-Name-First: Göran Author-X-Name-Last: Sundqvist Author-Name: Drago Kos Author-X-Name-First: Drago Author-X-Name-Last: Kos Author-Name: Peter Simmons Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Simmons Title: The participatory turn in radioactive waste management: deliberation and the social-technical divide Abstract: National policies for long-term management of radioactive waste have for decades been driven by technical experts. The pursuit of these technocratic policies led in many countries to conflict with affected communities. Since the late 1990s, however, there has been a turn to more participatory approaches. This participatory turn reflects widespread acknowledgement in the discourse of policy actors and implementing organisations of the importance of social aspects of radioactive waste management (RWM) and the need to involve citizens and their representatives in the process. This appears to be an important move towards democratisation of this particular field of technological decision-making but, despite these developments, technical aspects are still most often brought into the public arena only after technical experts have defined the 'problem' and decided upon a 'solution'. This maintains a notional divide between the treatment of technical and social aspects of RWM and raises pressing questions about the kind of choice affected communities are given if they are not able to debate fully the technical options. The article aims to contribute to better understanding and addressing this situation by exploring the complex entanglement of the social and the technical in RWM policy and practice, analysing the contingent configurations that emerge as sociotechnical combinations. Drawing upon empirical examples from four countries that have taken the participatory turn - Belgium, Slovenia, Sweden and the United Kingdom - the article describes the different ways in which sociotechnical combinations have been constructed, and discusses their implications for future practice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 347-363 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.971335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.971335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:347-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Scourse Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Scourse Author-Name: W.P. Aspinall Author-X-Name-First: W.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Aspinall Author-Name: N. Chapman Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Chapman Title: Using expert elicitation to characterise long-term tectonic risks to radioactive waste repositories in Japan Abstract: Siting and designing technological facilities that need to be located in regions susceptible to major tectonic events require evaluation of the full range of knowledge and appraisal of plausible alternative models and interpretations, all within a probabilistic framework. This challenge has been clearly demonstrated by the extreme effects of the March 2011 Tohoku earthquake and is nowhere more problematic than in siting facilities with hazard potentials that last for thousands of years, such as geological repositories for radioactive waste. The use of formalised expert elicitation to help derive credible impact scenarios and their likelihoods of occurrence is being trialled for the first time in the Japanese geological disposal programme. This paper looks at the methodology for eliciting expert judgement under uncertainty, and explores the broader possibilities of this approach for tectonic hazard forecasting. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 364-377 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.971334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.971334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:364-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Catharina Landström Author-X-Name-First: Catharina Author-X-Name-Last: Landström Author-Name: Anne Bergmans Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmans Title: Long-term repository governance: a socio-technical challenge Abstract: As geological disposal (GD) of higher activity radioactive wastes seems to be moving towards implementation in some countries (most prominently perhaps in Finland and Sweden), this paper reflects on a number of governance questions this raises. We highlight the near long-term governance of such repositories (that is to say the process beginning with construction and finishing when closure is fully completed). This time period comes into view when the implementation process shifts from siting to hosting. The notion of hosting emphasises the relationship between the repository and its host community. A relationship that demands, we argue in this paper, a re-figuration of the geography and temporality of GD. Hosting a geological disposal facility brings with it specific socio-technical challenges, i.e. problems which involve both social and technical adjustments, as well as reconfigurations of the boundary between them. In this paper, we discuss three such challenges, namely complexity (due to the changes in spatial organisation), residual risk (referring to events that are not accidents, but sub-critical in relation to hazards or anomalies in relation to expectations) and perpetual uncertainty (with respect to both scientific knowledge and societal decision-making). As such, the question of the long-term governance of geological repositories is not specific to the post-Fukushima era. However, we do see a strong link between this question and the question of the (long-term) governance of major accident sites, of which Fukushima figures as one of the most poignant examples, and which also face issues of complexity, residual risk and perpetual uncertainty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 378-391 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:378-391 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carl Reinhold Bråkenhielm Author-X-Name-First: Carl Reinhold Author-X-Name-Last: Bråkenhielm Title: Ethics and the management of spent nuclear fuel Abstract: In March 2011, Swedish Nuclear Fuel Management Co (SKB) submitted an application to the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM), and the Nacka Land and Environmental court to build a repository for high-level spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in the municipality of Östhammar. The purpose of this paper is (1) to present the KBS-3 method for the direct disposal of high-level SNF and the debate about the method, (2) to analyze the ethical principles involved, and (3) how to resolve possible conflict between these principles. The paper is divided in three parts. Part 1 contains a presentation of the KBS-3 method and different items in the debate about it. Part 2 concerns the ethical dimension of the method and the different ethical principles that can be discerned explicitly or implicitly in the discussion and the regulatory framework that informs the discussion. Part 3 contains an analysis of the conflicting principles and how this conflict can be resolved. For example, it is argued that some kind of ethical meta-norm might be formulated and that the ethical principles involved in the management of SNF might be assessed in reference to such ethical meta-norm. Finally, it is discussed if and how the conflict between different principles for the management of SNF might be resolved through closer consideration of the relationship between ethical principles and technical practice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 392-405 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.988170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.988170 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:392-405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisabetta Genovese Author-X-Name-First: Elisabetta Author-X-Name-Last: Genovese Author-Name: Colin Green Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Green Title: Assessment of storm surge damage to coastal settlements in Southeast Florida Abstract: Coastal cities are growing at a very rapid pace, in terms of both population and physical assets, and great uncertainty surrounds the future evolution of hurricane intensity and sea-level rise. The combination of these trends will contribute to large financial losses due to property damage in the absence of specific protections. Southeast Florida represents a clear hot spot of coastal flood exposure: more than 5million inhabitants live in the counties of Miami Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach, and the population is still growing. It is also a low-lying area where tropical hurricanes hit frequently. This article illustrates a methodology to assess coastal flood damage in urban settlements and it aims to determine more general lessons useful for all coastal cities. We consider the impact of different storm surges predicted by the SLOSH model and investigate flood risk considering different types of hurricanes. For each event, we apply a specific damage function and determine whether the considered storm surges potentially lead to an asset loss, considering both properties and their contents. The results show that, in the absence of protections, losses will be very high for large storm surges, reaching up to tens of billions of US dollars. In the second part of the analysis, we demonstrate how economic impact changes when protections are built up, considering different heights of protections. These results could be used as inputs into a robust decision-making process to determine the future of coastal protection in southern Florida. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 407-427 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.896400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.896400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:407-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ersin Ancel Author-X-Name-First: Ersin Author-X-Name-Last: Ancel Author-Name: Ann T. Shih Author-X-Name-First: Ann T. Author-X-Name-Last: Shih Author-Name: Sharon M. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Sharon M. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Mary S. Reveley Author-X-Name-First: Mary S. Author-X-Name-Last: Reveley Author-Name: James T. Luxhøj Author-X-Name-First: James T. Author-X-Name-Last: Luxhøj Author-Name: Joni K. Evans Author-X-Name-First: Joni K. Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Title: Predictive safety analytics: inferring aviation accident shaping factors and causation Abstract: This paper illustrates the development of an object-oriented Bayesian network (OOBN) to integrate the safety risks contributing to an in-flight loss-of-control aviation accident. With the creation of a probabilistic model, inferences about changes to the states of the accident shaping or causal factors can be drawn quantitatively. These predictive safety inferences derive from qualitative reasoning to conclusions based on data, assumptions, and/or premises, and enable an analyst to identify the most prominent causal factors leading to a risk factor prioritization. Such an approach facilitates a mitigation portfolio study and assessment. The model also facilitates the computation of sensitivity values based on perturbations to the estimates in the conditional probability tables. Such computations lead to identifying the most sensitive causal factors with respect to an accident probability. This approach may lead to vulnerability discovery of emerging causal factors for which mitigations do not yet exist that then informs possible future R&D efforts. To illustrate the benefits of an OOBN in a large and complex aviation accident model, the in-flight loss-of-control accident framework model is presented. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 428-451 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.896402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.896402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:428-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trond Nordfjærn Author-X-Name-First: Trond Author-X-Name-Last: Nordfjærn Author-Name: Özlem Şimşekoğlu Author-X-Name-First: Özlem Author-X-Name-Last: Şimşekoğlu Author-Name: Seda Can Author-X-Name-First: Seda Author-X-Name-Last: Can Author-Name: Oya Somer Author-X-Name-First: Oya Author-X-Name-Last: Somer Title: Social cognition and personality traits related to risky driving in a Turkish sample Abstract: Aims: The aim of the study was to make a theoretical contribution by investigating social cognitive factors and personality traits related to risky driver behaviour in a Turkish sample. The study tested three theoretical models by Structural Equation Modelling: (1) a model using risk perception and attitudes towards traffic safety to predict driver behaviour, (2) a model which used normlessness and sensation-seeking traits to predict such behaviour and (3) a model which used both the social cognitive factors and personality traits to predict driver behaviour. Methods: A questionnaire survey with validated measurement instruments was conducted in a sample of Turkish drivers (n=213). The response rate was 61%. Results: A combined social cognitive and personality trait model had tolerable fit and explained 24% of the variance in driver behaviour. The relations between personality traits and risk perception with driver behaviour were mediated through attitudes towards traffic safety. Risk-taking personality traits had relatively strong relations to unsafe driver behaviour, whereas risk perception had a relatively weak relation to such behaviour. Conclusions: A combined social cognitive and trait approach may be efficient in human factor campaigns aimed to reduce risky driver behaviour in Turkey. Personality traits may be important for driver behaviour because they influence the attitudinal determinants of such behaviour. Increased police enforcement of road traffic regulations may reduce risky driving among individuals with normlessness and sensation-seeking traits. Personality traits may also guide efforts aimed at early identification of risky drivers and campaigns could be tailored to specific personality characteristics. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 452-466 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.907330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.907330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:452-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caterina Lucarelli Author-X-Name-First: Caterina Author-X-Name-Last: Lucarelli Author-Name: Pierpaolo Uberti Author-X-Name-First: Pierpaolo Author-X-Name-Last: Uberti Author-Name: Gianni Brighetti Author-X-Name-First: Gianni Author-X-Name-Last: Brighetti Title: Misclassifications in financial risk tolerance Abstract: This paper analyses the empirical risk tolerance of individuals and the role of physiological measures of risk perception. By using a test that mimics the financial decision process in a laboratory setting (N=445), we obtained an ex-post empirical measure of individual risk tolerance. Predictive classification models allow us to evaluate the accuracy of two alternative risk-tolerance forecasting methods: a self-report questionnaire and a psycho-physiological experiment. We find that accuracy of self-assessments is low and that misclassifications resulting from questionnaires vary from 36 to 65%: individuals asked to self-evaluate their risk tolerance reveal a high probability of failing their judgement, i.e. they behave as risk takers, even if, before the task, they define themselves as risk averse (and vice versa). Conversely, when the risk-tolerance forecast is obtained from individuals' physiological arousal, observed via their somatic activation before risky choices, the rate of misclassification is considerably lower (~17%). Emotions are confirmed to influence the financial risk-taking process, enhancing the accuracy of the individual risk-tolerance forecasting activity. Self-report questionnaires, conversely, could lead to inadequate risk-tolerance assessments, with consequent unsuitable investment decisions. Bridging these results from the individual to the institutional level, our findings should enhance cautiousness, among regulators and financial institutions, on the (ab)use of risk tolerance questionnaires as tools for classifying individuals' behaviour under risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 467-482 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910678 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:467-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Portman-Smith Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Portman-Smith Author-Name: Ian A. Harwood Author-X-Name-First: Ian A. Author-X-Name-Last: Harwood Title: 'Only as good as your last gig?': an exploratory case study of reputational risk management amongst self-employed musicians Abstract: Reputations can take years to build and moments to lose, with significant impacts on the longer term viability of an organisation. There has been a significant increase in literature on reputation risk and its management in recent times, although this has essentially focused on larger corporations. At the other end of the scale, in micro-enterprises, there appears to be very little coverage. To start to address this gap, this study provides insights into perceptions of reputational risk (RR) and reputational risk management (RRM) practice in the music industry. It explores how RR is understood in an unconventional, non-corporate context using a case study of 11 self-employed musicians operating in the South of England, UK. Respondents identified 'competition' as being the key risk that they faced, along with insufficient funding, unregulated contracts and protecting intellectual property rights. They did not though, at first, view their reputation in terms of risk. There was no consensus on the definitions of reputation or risk, yet there was awareness that two components determined reputation: musical ability and personal qualities. Despite appearing to have a lack of knowledge and understanding of RRM, the musicians were able to identify strategies for managing reputation, such as: behavioural adaptations, working with agents, choice of venues, use of technology, working collaboratively (with links to social identity) and being constantly reliable. They were also able to identify their stakeholders and the factors influencing their reputation, but this information was not widely used in a strategic way to routinely monitor or manage reputation. An identified 'barrier' to RRM was the lack of understanding of this complex issue. Having explored perceptions of reputation and RRM in micro-enterprises, this work forms a platform upon which the next stage of actually (re)designing processes and systems specifically for managing RRM in Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises can be built. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 483-504 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910679 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:483-504 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Bozek Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Bozek Author-Name: A. Bumbova Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Bumbova Author-Name: E. Bakos Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Bakos Author-Name: A. Bozek Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Bozek Author-Name: J. Dvorak Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dvorak Title: Semi-quantitative risk assessment of groundwater resources for emergency water supply Abstract: The submitted paper proposes the possible use of integrated semi-quantitative risk assessment of groundwater resources. There are risks resulting from both natural and anthropogenic hazard sources. Activation of these types of hazard sources can cause damage to, or destruction of, particular hydrogeological structures and technological equipment of selected groundwater resources suitable for the emergency drinking water supply of the population. The process of risk assessment is based on the described register of hazards, including semi-quantitative assessment of the frequency with which the assessed sources of hazards are activated, the register of sensitivity together with the semi-quantitative sensitivity assessment of selected threatened elements of the assessed water resource and the determination of their criticality. The semi-quantitative risk assessment should become one of the important criteria for classifying groundwater resources which have been proposed for emergency water supply. The classification carried out on the basis of the above-mentioned principle can contribute to faster selection and effective use of groundwater resources, as well as to the enhancement of emergency and crisis planning systems when the public system is either damaged or destroyed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 505-520 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910680 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:505-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Bilusich Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Bilusich Author-Name: Steven Lord Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Lord Author-Name: Rick Nunes-Vaz Author-X-Name-First: Rick Author-X-Name-Last: Nunes-Vaz Title: The implications of empirical data for risk Abstract: It is of interest for national governments to assess strategic issues such as natural hazards and anthropogenic threats with some reference to risk, in order to support prioritisation of treatment solutions. With most threats of strategic relevance such as earthquakes, pandemics and terrorism following a distribution in size of events, representation of the risk for a threat as a single frequency-consequence pair is often inadequate as this single pair may exclude a significant portion of data and their contribution to total risk. Identifying the entire distribution of event sizes and their frequencies is better suited for understanding the relative contributions to total risk from high and low consequence events. If the distribution of event sizes does follow a law, the finite size of data-sets makes identifying the law difficult. This paper outlines the steps required to utilise empirical data to inform the risk of strategic threats and support decision-makers to prioritise treatment options according to their relative contributions to total risk. Potential pitfalls and limitations are also described. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 521-538 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910682 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910682 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:521-538 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Newby Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Newby Author-Name: Whitney DeCamp Author-X-Name-First: Whitney Author-X-Name-Last: DeCamp Title: Bad reputation: stigma as an inhibitor of risk behaviors Abstract: In recent years, it has been suggested that technological and scientific advancements have made the world a safer place, yet the fear of risk and threats to safety is higher than ever. This theory suggests that people are increasingly basing decisions about risk behaviors on the potential impact on their reputation. Specifically, the stigma of taking risks has been alleged to be a primary factor inhibiting risk-taking behavior. This claim, however, has remained theoretical and without empirical tests to determine its validity. The present study uses data collected from a random sample of college students, including data from open-ended responses to vignette-style questions, to assess the presence and impact of the fear of stigma as a factor in making decisions regarding risk behaviors. Results indicate that stigma is considered by individuals, but is not as meaningful an inhibitor as other factors, such as fear of harm and fear of harming others. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 539-551 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910681 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910681 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2014:i:5:p:539-551 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Darinka Asenova Author-X-Name-First: Darinka Author-X-Name-Last: Asenova Author-Name: Stephen J. Bailey Author-X-Name-First: Stephen J. Author-X-Name-Last: Bailey Author-Name: Claire McCann Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: McCann Title: Public sector risk managers and spending cuts: mitigating risks Abstract: This paper reports case study research, the results of which are used to consider whether councils have recognised the potentially substantially increased social risks they may create as they seek to reduce their spending in line with the UK Government's programme of public sector austerity. It discusses the conceptual shift in the public sector risk management literature towards social risk management (SRM), presents empirical evidence of social risks and considers the approach to SRM developed by other organisations. It finds no evidence of SRM within the case study authorities and so advocates a shift in the public sector risk management culture from a preoccupation with defensive-institutional risk management practices to a more proactive social dimension. In so doing, it discusses the goals of SRM, the constraints limiting their achievement, metrics for measuring social risk, tools for mitigating social risk and the problems faced when operationalising SRM. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 552-565 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910683 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2014:i:5:p:552-565 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trond Nordfjærn Author-X-Name-First: Trond Author-X-Name-Last: Nordfjærn Author-Name: Amin Mohamadi Hezaveh Author-X-Name-First: Amin Mohamadi Author-X-Name-Last: Hezaveh Author-Name: Amir Reza Mamdoohi Author-X-Name-First: Amir Reza Author-X-Name-Last: Mamdoohi Title: An analysis of reported driver behaviour in samples of domestic and expatriate Iranians Abstract: Objective: Few studies have examined the differences in self-reported driver behaviour between drivers of one nationality who live in their country of origin (domestic drivers) and those who live abroad (expatriate drivers). This study aimed to explore the differences in self-reported driver behaviour among domestic and expatriate Iranian drivers. In addition, we explore the factors associated with self-reported accident involvement including personal injuries in these groups. Methods: A web-based version of the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) measuring self-reported driver errors and violations was distributed to respondents by availability sampling in social networks and by bulk email services. About 1000 individuals living in all provinces in Iran were invited to participate in the survey. We also invited Iranians living in more than 20 countries. A total of 634 domestic Iranians and 135 expatriate Iranians responded to our enquiry. The measure of driving behaviour asked the respondents about violations and error conduct during the last two years on any kind of road. The sample of domestic and expatriate drivers did not differ significantly in gender, age, education and driving hours per day. Domestic drivers were more likely to have experienced an accident in their lifetime. Both samples were relatively young of age (Domestic M integer=28.53, SD=6.85; Expatriate M integer=29.21, SD=7.71). Results: The results suggested that emotional violations were more common among the drivers living in Iran. Emotional violations and driver errors were related to self-reported accident involvement among domestic drivers while ordinary rule violations were associated with such accidents in the expatriate group. Conclusions: Iranian expatriate drivers reported less emotional violations than domestic drivers. A potential reason is that road traffic infrastructure and regulation enforcement in high-income developed countries do not facilitate emotional violations. Implications for road traffic safety and methodological limitations of the study are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 566-580 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910684 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2014:i:5:p:566-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Knuth Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Knuth Author-Name: D. Kehl Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Kehl Author-Name: L. Hulse Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Hulse Author-Name: L. Spangenberg Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Spangenberg Author-Name: E. Brähler Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Brähler Author-Name: S. Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Title: Risk perception and emergency experience: comparing a representative German sample with German emergency survivors Abstract: People's perception of risk and its influencing factors has become an important element of research in past decades. The present paper investigated the influence of emergency experiences on risk perception and the impact of experience and gender on the accuracy of risk perception. A representative sample of the German population was subdivided into a general survivor group who had experienced at least one emergency previously (N=165) and a general public group with no prior emergency experiences (N=2248), which were compared to a German sample of survivors from the EU-funded Behavior, Security, and Culture (BeSeCu) international study of human behavior in emergency situations and evacuations (N=201). The perceived risk of different emergencies - including larger-scale events like floods and other important but often overlooked events like domestic fires - was assessed with a questionnaire. Objective risk was also calculated for different emergencies and compared to the risk perceptions of each group to provide a measure of accuracy. The results of this study showed that emergency experiences increase perceived risk, for the experienced event in particular, and this outcome was evident regardless of whether the event was a large-scale one like a natural disaster or a smaller-scale one like a fire in one's home. Additional data from the BeSeCu survivors identified several pre-, peri-, and post-event factors that might have influenced this outcome. Further results included the finding that gender is an important factor that moderates the accuracy of risk estimations but researchers should be mindful that the presence and pattern of any gender difference in perceived risk accuracy may vary across different types of event. Possible reasons and implications of the results are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 581-601 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2014:i:5:p:581-601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Behrouz Behnam Author-X-Name-First: Behrouz Author-X-Name-Last: Behnam Author-Name: Martin Skitmore Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Skitmore Author-Name: Hamid Reza Ronagh Author-X-Name-First: Hamid Reza Author-X-Name-Last: Ronagh Title: Risk mitigation of post-earthquake fire in urban buildings Abstract: Post-earthquake fire (PEF) is considered one of the most high risk and complicated problems affecting buildings in urban areas and can cause even more damage than the earthquake itself. However, most standards and codes ignore the implications of PEF and so buildings are not normally designed with PEF in mind. What is needed is for PEF factors to be routinely scrutinized and codified as part of the design process. A systematic application is presented as a means of mitigating the risk of PEF in urban buildings. This covers both existing buildings, in terms of retrofit solutions, and those yet to be designed, where a PEF factor is proposed. To ensure the mitigation strategy meets the defined criteria, a minimum time is defined - the safety guaranteed time target - where the safety of the inhabitants in a building is guaranteed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 602-621 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910686 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2014:i:5:p:602-621 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Corinne Moser Author-X-Name-First: Corinne Author-X-Name-Last: Moser Author-Name: Michael Stauffacher Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Stauffacher Author-Name: Yann B. Blumer Author-X-Name-First: Yann B. Author-X-Name-Last: Blumer Author-Name: Roland W. Scholz Author-X-Name-First: Roland W. Author-X-Name-Last: Scholz Title: From risk to vulnerability: the role of perceived adaptive capacity for the acceptance of contested infrastructure Abstract: Infrastructure projects such as repositories for nuclear waste or hazardous waste sites impose risks (in the form of potential burdens or losses) over extensive timescales. These risks change dynamically over time and so, potentially, does their management. Societies and key actors go through learning processes and subsequently may be better able to deal with related challenges. However, social scientific research on the acceptance of such projects is mainly concerned with (static) risk perception issues and does not include dynamic aspects. Adaptive capacity, which is part of the concept of vulnerability, therefore represents a promising complementing facet for this line of research. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of perceived adaptive capacity (PAC) for the acceptance of contested long-term infrastructure for the two issues of nuclear and hazardous waste. In an online experimental survey (N=300) examining either the acceptance of a nuclear waste repository or of a hazardous waste site, we demonstrate that (i) PAC can be separated empirically as a psychological construct from risk and benefit perception, and (ii) PAC explains a significant additional share of variance in the acceptance of both waste types beyond risk and benefit perception. Furthermore, we report what adaptation mechanisms of PAC participants expect to occur in the future. We conclude that such a dynamic perspective yields important insights in understanding individual decision-making regarding long-term infrastructure projects. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 622-636 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910687 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2014:i:5:p:622-636 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yixin Hu Author-X-Name-First: Yixin Author-X-Name-Last: Hu Author-Name: Dawei Wang Author-X-Name-First: Dawei Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Kaiyuan Pang Author-X-Name-First: Kaiyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Pang Author-Name: Guangxing Xu Author-X-Name-First: Guangxing Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Jinhong Guo Author-X-Name-First: Jinhong Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Title: The effect of emotion and time pressure on risk decision-making Abstract: Emotion and time pressure are two important factors affecting risk decision-making. This study explored the interaction of emotion and time pressure on risk decision-making by adopting 3 (emotion state: positive emotion, negative emotion, and control group)×2 (time constraint: high time constraint and no time constraint) between-subject experiment design. The results showed that (1) both emotion and time pressure exerted significant effect on risk decision-making (generally, positive emotion renders participants more risk prone than negative emotion, and high time pressure promotes people more risk seeking than no time pressure); (2) time pressure polarized the effects of different emotions on risk decision-making. As effects of emotions were polarized under high time pressure, two distinct cognitive pathways may function in human decision-making. Based on our experimental result and previous neuroeconomic works, we proposed a novel dual cognitive pathways model to explain phenomenon in the current article. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 637-650 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2014:i:5:p:637-650 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clémence Guillard-Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Clémence Author-X-Name-Last: Guillard-Gonçalves Author-Name: Susan L. Cutter Author-X-Name-First: Susan L. Author-X-Name-Last: Cutter Author-Name: Christopher T. Emrich Author-X-Name-First: Christopher T. Author-X-Name-Last: Emrich Author-Name: José Luís Zêzere Author-X-Name-First: José Luís Author-X-Name-Last: Zêzere Title: Application of Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) and delineation of natural risk zones in Greater Lisbon, Portugal Abstract: Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) was applied to Greater Lisbon (Portugal). Based on the concepts used for the SoVI assessments in the US, 46 variables representing social vulnerability of the 149 civil parishes of Greater Lisbon were chosen. Thirty-eight variables were selected after application of correlation tests. They were standardized, and a Principal Component Analysis and a Varimax rotation were applied to them. Seven factors were extracted using the Kaiser criterion, which explain 79.5% of the variance, and the SoVI scores were then mapped using a standard deviation classification. Twelve of the 149 civil parishes of Greater Lisbon have a very high social vulnerability and 24 of them have a high social vulnerability. The map of SoVI was then integrated with susceptibility maps of earthquakes, floods, flash floods, landslides, tsunami, and coastal erosion, thus delineating risk zones. Twenty-two civil parishes of Greater Lisbon have a very high risk; among them, 17 belong to Lisbon Municipality, four belong to Loures Municipality, and one belongs to Vila Franca de Xira Municipality. Finally, exposed population was considered and combined with risk zones map in order to assess the number of people being potentially exposed to risk and their location. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 651-674 Issue: 5 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910689 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2014:i:5:p:651-674 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: Effective risk communication and CCS: the road to success in Europe Abstract: Over the past ten years or so, there have been multiple attempts to site and build carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities in Europe, North America and elsewhere. To date, most of those attempts have not been successful. In Europe, for example, there are currently no commercial CCS facilities in operation. There are a number of reasons for this, ranging from lack of political will, the collapsing price of CO2, lack of commercial drivers to capture and store CO2, and public opposition to the proposed facilities. There have been several case studies examining the communication challenges associated with the siting of CCS facilities. Up till now, most of this research has been carried out by climate change or carbon policy experts as well as social researchers rather than scientists representing the wider risk communication community, aside from some notable exceptions. This study does the opposite by examining CCS from a broader risk communication perspective. It provides a brief overview of risk communication theory in order to situate some of the findings of the CCS communication research, and then, it makes some recommendations on how the siting of CCS facilities could be improved including the importance of trust, proactive communication and early stakeholder involvement. In conclusion, this study notes that if the science associated with the technology is communicated in the correct manner and if the key risk communication recommendations are adhered to, then the siting of future CCS facilities should be successful. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 675-691 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1017831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1017831 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:675-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bart W. Terwel Author-X-Name-First: Bart W. Author-X-Name-Last: Terwel Title: Public participation under conditions of distrust: invited commentary on 'Effective risk communication and CCS: The road to success in Europe' Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 692-694 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983953 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:692-694 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marjoke Heneweer Author-X-Name-First: Marjoke Author-X-Name-Last: Heneweer Author-Name: Tim Bertels Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Bertels Author-Name: Ingrid Meier Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Author-X-Name-Last: Meier Title: Health risk perception and effective communication regarding CCS. Commentary to 'Effective risk communication and CCS: the road to success in Europe', by Ragnar Lofstedt Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 695-698 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:695-698 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wändi Bruine de Bruin Author-X-Name-First: Wändi Author-X-Name-Last: Bruine de Bruin Author-Name: Lauren A. Mayer Author-X-Name-First: Lauren A. Author-X-Name-Last: Mayer Author-Name: M. Granger Morgan Author-X-Name-First: M. Granger Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Title: Developing communications about CCS: three lessons learned Abstract: To curb the risks of climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change posits that global CO2 emissions from the energy supply sector must be reduced to 90% below 2010 levels between 2040 and 2070. Electricity generation is the largest contributor to emissions from the energy supply sector. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) holds the promise of helping to reduce CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants, as part of a low-carbon portfolio that could also include energy efficiency, natural gas, renewables and nuclear power. To inform people's decisions about whether or not to support the implementation of CCS, our team created brochures about 10 low-carbon technologies as well as a computer tool that helped users to develop technically realistic low-carbon portfolios. Here, we highlight three main lessons we learned in developing these communications about CCS: (1) when learning about CCS people also want to know about other alternatives; (2) using simple wording improves understanding, even about complex technologies; and (3) the time to communicate about CCS is now. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 699-705 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983951 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:699-705 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirsty Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Kirsty Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Comment on paper 'Effective risk communication and CCS: the road to success in Europe' Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 706-709 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983950 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:706-709 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David M. Reiner Author-X-Name-First: David M. Author-X-Name-Last: Reiner Title: Where can I go to see one? Risk communications for an 'imaginary technology' Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 710-713 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1040657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1040657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:710-713 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Hayes Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes Author-Name: Sarah Maslen Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Maslen Title: Knowing stories that matter: learning for effective safety decision-making Abstract: Ongoing safe operation of hazardous industries such as hydrocarbon production and transportation, air traffic control and nuclear power generation depends on effective decision-making by those in key positions. Safety studies often focus on the extent to which actions of operational personnel in particular are dictated by procedures or rules and hence reinforce the need for compliance to ensure the best outcomes. This article directs attention to a different area - the judgements made by experts in the cases that are not covered by rules and, in particular, the key role of stories and storytelling. This ethnographic research draws on literature related to high-reliability theory, organisational learning and naturalistic decision-making to examine how experts working in diverse critical contexts use stories to share and make sense of their experiences. It argues that such stories are vital to effective decision-making as a result of both the general and specific lessons that they embody. Our analysis shows that experts use stories as parables to nurture their ability to imagine possible outcomes and maintain a safety imagination. Stories are also embedded in work practices to support decision-making in the moment. Finally, stories are strongly linked to organisational learning for experts as a group and in mentoring less-experienced colleagues. We argue that the increased focus on incident reporting systems in hazardous industries, which is driven at least in part by a consideration of organisational learning, is failing in this regard because such systems do not facilitate story-based learning. We appeal to organisations to support story-based learning with as much vigour as formal systems for professional development and reporting. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 714-726 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:714-726 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Z. Janet Yang Author-X-Name-First: Z. Janet Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Mihye Seo Author-X-Name-First: Mihye Author-X-Name-Last: Seo Author-Name: Laura N. Rickard Author-X-Name-First: Laura N. Author-X-Name-Last: Rickard Author-Name: Teresa M. Harrison Author-X-Name-First: Teresa M. Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison Title: Information sufficiency and attribution of responsibility: predicting support for climate change policy and pro-environmental behavior Abstract: This study extends the central part of the risk information seeking and processing model to examine how message elaboration influences individuals' support for climate change mitigation policy and their intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior. Data were collected through online experimental surveys at two large universities in the Northeastern United States. Results indicate that perceived issue salience triggered negative affect and information insufficiency, both of which prompted systematic processing, which subsequently led to greater policy support and stronger intention to adopt more pro-environmental behaviors. From an applied perspective, this study suggests important pathways to encourage greater message elaboration, which may lead to increased public support for mitigation policies and adoption of pro-environmental behavior. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 727-746 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910692 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:727-746 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hossein Mahmoudi Author-X-Name-First: Hossein Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmoudi Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Author-Name: Volker Hoffmann Author-X-Name-First: Volker Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann Author-Name: Steven Van Passel Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Van Passel Author-Name: Hossein Azadi Author-X-Name-First: Hossein Author-X-Name-Last: Azadi Title: Social risk screening using a socio-political ambiguity approach: the case of organic agriculture in Iran Abstract: While ecological sustainability of organic agriculture (OA) has been frequently investigated, there are limited studies on its social sustainability, especially in developing countries. Given significant benefits of OA, screening the potential social risks associated with OA seems necessary. This paper introduces a socio-political ambiguity approach based on a hybrid model of 'risk and social impact assessment' for screening the risks of OA. As a case study, the paper focuses on the OA development in Iran using qualitative research to elicit opinions and judgments of farmers, consumers, and policy-makers. The results of the study revealed that there are serious ambiguities and risks associated with OA. This paper demonstrates that risks (especially social risks) of OA have received too little attention and were considered as can be neglected. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 747-770 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910696 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910696 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:747-770 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elvira Cicognani Author-X-Name-First: Elvira Author-X-Name-Last: Cicognani Author-Name: Bruna Zani Author-X-Name-First: Bruna Author-X-Name-Last: Zani Title: Communication of health risks from exposure to depleted uranium (DU) in Italy: a case study Abstract: The potential effects of depleted uranium (DU) on the health of military personnel, civilians and on the environment have been the focus of considerable debate in the last two decades. In Italy, the issue came to the attention of the public when some soldiers developed cancer after participating in peace missions in the Balkans in the second half of the nineties. In this case study, we draw on theoretical perspectives on risk and crisis communication to examine how communication strategies on DU risk lead to the creation of a 'DU case' in Italy, through the amplification of public perception of risk. In-depth interviews were conducted with experts, policy-makers, journalists and members of associations of soldiers and families of victims (n = 30) and were qualitatively analysed. The findings indicate the presence of three temporal phases through which the 'DU case' unfolded, characterized by different forms of communication, which influenced risk responses by amplification effects. A chain of communication errors could be identified, which explains the ineffectiveness of the initial responses of public authorities to the risk event, leading to a crisis that persisted for some years. The media played a central role in communication in all phases of the crisis. The findings have several implications for the improvement of the public responses to this type of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 771-788 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:771-788 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vera Karin Brazova Author-X-Name-First: Vera Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Brazova Author-Name: Piotr Matczak Author-X-Name-First: Piotr Author-X-Name-Last: Matczak Author-Name: Viktoria Takacs Author-X-Name-First: Viktoria Author-X-Name-Last: Takacs Title: Evolution of civil security systems: the case of three Central European countries Abstract: National civil security systems (CSSs) are powerful risk management tools. They do, however, sometimes fail to adjust, as e.g. the Fukushima disaster demonstrates. Understanding the (mal)adaptation of CSSs is thus crucial. Yet, comprehensive analyses of the evolution of CSSs are not common. It is the aim of this paper to fill this gap and, more importantly, to identify the main causes of changes. This paper investigates how the CSSs of the Central European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland) have changed since their democratic transition in 1989. We aim to understand the role of the main drivers of change leading to the adaptation of the CSSs. Specifically, the impact of the so-called focusing events is investigated that are identified based on the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database. We base our work on a review of legal acts, documents and interviews with experts and practitioners. We find common patterns in all three countries with a specific crisis being constitutive for the CSS change on the one hand and with the 'paradigmatic policy change' of 1989/1990 not playing a decisive role. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 789-806 Issue: 6 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:6:p:789-806 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stein Haugen Author-X-Name-First: Stein Author-X-Name-Last: Haugen Author-Name: Eirik Albrechtsen Author-X-Name-First: Eirik Author-X-Name-Last: Albrechtsen Title: Society for Risk Analysis Europe 22nd Annual Meeting, Trondheim, Safe societies - coping with complexity and major risk Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 807-807 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1066972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1066972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:807-807 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erhard Petzel Author-X-Name-First: Erhard Author-X-Name-Last: Petzel Author-Name: Roman Czaja Author-X-Name-First: Roman Author-X-Name-Last: Czaja Author-Name: Gebhard Geiger Author-X-Name-First: Gebhard Author-X-Name-Last: Geiger Author-Name: Christian Blobner Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Blobner Title: Does lift of liquid ban raise or compromise the current level of aviation security in the European Union? Simulation-based quantitative security risk analysis and assessment Abstract: To protect aviation security against terrorist attacks, air passengers and luggage must be screened for threat items, such as explosives using liquids, aerosols and gels (LAG). This paper treats basic problems of the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of liquid screening within a rigorous methodological framework of quantitative security risk assessment. The risks to be evaluated are measured in terms of statistical distributions of fatalities incurred in in-flight terrorist attacks simulated in computer experiments. The simulations combine 'What-if' attack scenarios involving the use of LAG explosives, LAG explosive detection systems and alternative procedures of security checks of passengers and hand luggage at European airports. The operational constraints and consequences of security incidents are modelled as random events, employing software-based business process-modelling techniques. Frequency distributions of fatalities generated in the computer experiments are evaluated and compared, systematically and in quantitative terms, using risk assessment methods recently developed in the operational sciences. Basic consequences of the lift of the current liquid ban on aviation security in the European Union will be discussed with reference to the results obtained in the risk analysis. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 808-821 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961510 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:808-821 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Janne Merete Hagen Author-X-Name-First: Janne Merete Author-X-Name-Last: Hagen Author-Name: Anne Kari Valdal Author-X-Name-First: Anne Kari Author-X-Name-Last: Valdal Author-Name: Kenneth Pettersen Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: Pettersen Author-Name: Brita Gjerstad Author-X-Name-First: Brita Author-X-Name-Last: Gjerstad Title: Evaluation of comprehensive security systems for public transport - a methodological approach Abstract: This paper presents a risk-based framework for debating and evaluating the benefits and costs of security capacities for the public transport sector. The framework takes into account non-quantifiable decision variables and dilemmas, and uncertainties related to input data. The framework consists of process description and a range of suggested evaluation criteria as well as guidelines on how to perform the evaluation. The criteria cover expenses, legal and ethical challenges, passengers' perception, other side effects, and feasibility. In addition to guidelines on prioritizing and evaluating the different criteria, the interpretation and use of the numerical results is discussed. The framework also discusses the follow-up management strategies based on the outcome of the evaluation. In short, it describes a possible way of following up the output of security risk assessments and the identified security gaps/risks. It involves stakeholders and offers a transparent process for prioritizing, and finally, selecting security measures. In its simplest form, the whole evaluation can be conducted by experts in a workshop, making qualitative assessments of a few criteria. This can be useful as a first screening for choosing capacities/measures for further studies. More advanced users can apply quantitative studies and surveys; however, the framework will remain the same. The use of and the strengths and weaknesses of the framework has first been pre-tested in a constructed practical case, in which a fictional personal transport operator was expected to choose among five possible security capacities to mitigate a security gap (risk), and thereafter, tested in a real case by a small public transport operator. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 822-839 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961512 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:822-839 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yeonjae Ryu Author-X-Name-First: Yeonjae Author-X-Name-Last: Ryu Author-Name: Seoyong Kim Author-X-Name-First: Seoyong Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Testing the heuristic/systematic information-processing model (HSM) on the perception of risk after the Fukushima nuclear accidents Abstract: The accidents at the Fukushima nuclear stations provided a great deal of information about the risks from nuclear power accidents. It is generally assumed that when people interpret such information, they utilize specific modes of information processing to judge the risks. Our study tests the heuristic/systematic information-processing model (HSM) on people's perceptions of the Fukushima accidents. Because very few studies apply the HSM in a real-life context rather than in an experimental setting, our study will shed light on whether the HSM can explain this social phenomenon. To test the two modes of information processing in risk judgment, we collected social survey data (n = 1200) through multiple-stage random quota sampling. The main topics for analysis were as follows: first, we examined how the antecedents - source, message, and receiver factors - influenced the choice of heuristic or systematic processing in the case of the Fukushima accident. Second, we analyzed the impact of the two modes of information processing on the perceived risks from the Fukushima accident. Third, we investigated the mediation of the two modes between the antecedents and the perceived risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 840-859 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910694 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:840-859 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M.G. Mennen Author-X-Name-First: M.G. Author-X-Name-Last: Mennen Author-Name: M.C. van Tuyll Author-X-Name-First: M.C. Author-X-Name-Last: van Tuyll Title: Dealing with future risks in the Netherlands: the National Security Strategy and the National Risk Assessment Abstract: Threats to our safety and security are continuously changing and are becoming increasingly intertwined. Relatively minor threats can, through interdependencies, lead to societal disruption. In order to classify potential future risks, threats, and hazards and enhance adequate preparation and capacity building, the Dutch government approved a National Security Strategy. This all-hazard strategy includes both natural hazards and hazards caused by technical failure and malicious threats. Using this Strategy, the government is able to continually improve its overview of risks and to determine priorities regarding the allocation of resources for the prevention of, preparation for, and response to disasters. Analysis is performed using a methodology called the National Risk Assessment (NRA). In this methodology, future threats and hazards are described in scenarios, which are assessed in terms of likelihood and impact using a uniform scoring method and are therefore rendered comparable. The impact criteria reflect the five vital interests of the Netherlands: territorial security, physical safety (public health), economic security, ecological security, and social and political stability. The NRA is produced by an expert network consisting of research institutes, universities, civil services, public service corporations, and consultancy firms. On the basis of the NRA, a capabilities analysis is performed. This analysis assesses whether the country (government, private sector, and civilians) has sufficient capabilities (people, material, knowledge, skills, procedures) at its disposal to adequately deal with the threat, and considers which capabilities should be strengthened or developed. For example, the risk assessment of the occurrence of a pandemic flu showed that it could have crippling effects for the continuous functioning of critical infrastructure processes. As a response, Government and critical infrastructure companies developed business continuity plans for pandemic situations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 860-876 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.923028 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.923028 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:860-876 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Ketil Rød Author-X-Name-First: Jan Ketil Author-X-Name-Last: Rød Author-Name: Tomasz Opach Author-X-Name-First: Tomasz Author-X-Name-Last: Opach Author-Name: Tina-Simone Neset Author-X-Name-First: Tina-Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Neset Title: Three core activities toward a relevant integrated vulnerability assessment: validate, visualize, and negotiate Abstract: Future climate in the Nordic countries is expected to become 'warmer, wetter, and wilder', and this will probably cause more extreme weather events. Therefore, local authorities need to improve their ability to assess weather-related hazards such as floods, landslides, and storms, as well as people's sensitivity and capacity to cope with or adjust to such events. In this article, we present an integrated assessment of vulnerability to natural hazards, which incorporates both exposure and social vulnerability. In our assessment, we screen places and rank them by their relative scores on exposure and vulnerability indices. We also design a web-based visualization tool - ViewExposed - that shows maps that reveal a considerable geographic variation in integrated vulnerability. ViewExposed makes it easy to identify the places with the highest integrated vulnerability, and it facilitates the understanding of the factors that make these places exposed and/or vulnerable. For empirical validation, we correlate the exposure indices with insurance claims due to natural damage. However, we also emphasize the importance of a dialog with relevant stakeholders to ensure a participatory validation. Our top-down exposure and vulnerability assessment benefits from a participatory bottom-up assessment. This is crucial to support decisions about where to implement adaptive and preventive measures against hazards related to climate change. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 877-895 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.923027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.923027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:877-895 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Maslen Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Maslen Title: Organisational factors for learning in the Australian gas pipeline industry Abstract: Accident analyses have captured critical moments where warnings have been shown to go ignored, and the scale of what could go wrong misjudged. These shortcomings need not be viewed as individual professional failures. Rather, expertise and professionalism can be viewed as the outcome of the organisational and institutional contexts that support or inhibit them. This article argues that building expertise is a necessary and resource-intensive process that requires ongoing and largely informal processes that support professionals and maximise the connections between daily work and potential disasters. These processes and connections are most effective when supported by organisations structurally, through resourcing, through a culture of reporting and when lessons are used to update an organisation's rules and procedures. These findings are based on semi-structured interviews with 34 engineers in the Australian gas pipeline industry. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 896-909 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.919514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.919514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:896-909 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicola Paltrinieri Author-X-Name-First: Nicola Author-X-Name-Last: Paltrinieri Author-Name: Faisal Khan Author-X-Name-First: Faisal Author-X-Name-Last: Khan Author-Name: Valerio Cozzani Author-X-Name-First: Valerio Author-X-Name-Last: Cozzani Title: Coupling of advanced techniques for dynamic risk management Abstract: Identification and assessment of hazards and risks in the activities of the process industry are of paramount importance for the prevention of major accidents. Although several techniques of HAZard Identification (HAZID) and quantified risk analysis have often been proved effective in the industry, they generally lack the dynamic dimension of risk management. In other words, they lack the ability to learn from new risk notions, experience and early warnings. When carrying out HAZID and risk assessment, there is the need to know how to deal with atypical accident scenarios as soon as their emergence is demonstrated. The related risk needs to be addressed in an ever-changing environment. In fact, what is not identified or assessed cannot be prevented or mitigated and latent risk is more dangerous than recognized one due to the relative lack of preparedness. This study proposes a dynamic approach to risk by coupling an advanced technique for hazard identification to an innovative method for risk assessment: the Dynamic procedure for atypical scenarios identification (DyPASI) and the Dynamic risk assessment (DRA) method. DyPASI was developed within the EC project iNTeg-Risk. This technique aims to complete and update HAZID. Atypical accident scenarios, which by definition are deviating from normal expectations of unwanted events or worst case reference scenarios, are identified through a systematic screening of related emerging risk notions. The DRA method aims to estimate the updated expected frequency of accident scenarios by means of Bayesian inference. Real time abnormal situations or incident data are used as new information to update the failure probabilities of the system safety barriers, which necessarily affect the overall scenario frequencies and the related risk profile. The BP Texas City refinery accident, that occurred on 23 March 2005, was considered as a case study. The results obtained from the application of the dynamic risk approach show that the accident should have been expected and its occurrence probability could have been reduced through this approach. The results highlight the need of safety culture and decision-making processes capable of dealing dynamically with emerging and increasing risk issues. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 910-930 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.919515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.919515 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:910-930 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Preben H. Lindøe Author-X-Name-First: Preben H. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindøe Author-Name: Jacob Kringen Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Kringen Title: Risk governance of hazardous industrial ports and areas: a case study of industrial areas and harbors in Norway Abstract: Composite industrial areas created to store, process, and transport energy pose risks to the health, safety, property, and environment of their host communities. Whether these risks are seen as acceptable may, however, depend on frameworks applied in risk governance processes and may also be subject to controversy between stakeholders and roles. Individual companies and actors may follow safety standards and regulations within their domain, but the accumulated risks may not be properly evaluated. Furthermore, attitudes and perceptions about risk in host communities may trigger conflicts regarding the siting or continuance of activities or plans for new activities. The paper addresses these issues from a risk governance perspective, focusing on conflicting goals, roles, and knowledge base among decision-makers and on regulatory complexity. The empirical basis is comprised of two case studies of industrial areas including storage and transport of energy and dangerous goods in major harbors close to urban and populated areas. The first case is an LNG storage and distribution facility located in a harbor and industrial area in the Sola municipality near the city of Stavanger. Disputes about safety issues have arisen during the planning, construction, and current operation of this facility. The second case is a multiple-facility industrial area in Oslo Harbor that has been undergoing a major expansion combined with parallel expansions in public environments (e.g. housing, transport, institutions, etc.). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 931-946 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1017829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1017829 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:931-946 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent van der Vlies Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: van der Vlies Title: A qualitative approach to risk management of hazardous materials in the Netherlands: lessons learned from 7 sluice cases Abstract: The debate on risks related to hazardous materials has intensified in the Netherlands since the 1980s. Following the Bijlmer airplane disaster in Amsterdam in 1992 and the SE Fireworks disaster in the city of Enschede in 2000, society has become more aware of the risks involved in the production, storage and transport of hazardous materials. In order to prevent disasters and improve the safety of those living in the vicinity of risky activities, the Dutch government implemented its external safety policy (externe veiligheidsbeleid). External safety policy aims to control the risks for civilians relating to the production, storage and use of hazardous materials as well as transport by road, rail or water and through pipelines. The Dutch government has specified generic external safety norms to direct decision-making. However, risks are calculated with models which not only use transport of hazardous materials as their input but also population numbers in the adjacent area. Since not many people live directly adjacent to dams and sluices, it would seem improbable that an incident would create many problems due to low-population density. However, if sluices and floodgates were destroyed by an incident involving hazardous materials, the primary function would be diminished, resulting in new risks. The normally used quantitative approach does not therefore seem to be a sufficient means to control risks. In collaboration with Rijkswaterstaat, the executive arm of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, we conducted seven case studies to test an alternative approach. By using risk inventories and evaluations, questionnaires and interviews, we developed a new qualitative risk assessment method. This paper outlines our approach and presents the effectiveness of a qualitative risk analysis for controlling external safety risks related to water transport. We will particularly reflect on its effectiveness with regard to controlling risks at sluices and dams. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 947-964 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.940595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.940595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:947-964 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roh Pin Lee Author-X-Name-First: Roh Pin Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Stability of energy imageries and affect following shocks to the global energy system: the case of Fukushima Abstract: Energy debates in the public sphere are often loaded with emotions. This is especially so following energy catastrophes which call for a more thorough understanding of affective rationality in the energy context. This research contributes to this effort by carrying out an in-depth effort to capture qualitative imageries and quantitative imagery-specific affect associated with nuclear, coal, natural gas, solar, and wind energy sources. Additionally, a detailed analysis of changes to energy imageries and imagery-specific affect in the aftermath of an energy catastrophe (i.e., Fukushima nuclear accident) is carried out. Two hundred and seventy-five German young adults took part in the study between December 2010 and January 2011 (before the Fukushima incident) while 452 young adults participated in the second round of the study between May and August 2011 (after the Fukushima incident). Word associations are used to elicit mental imageries and affect toward multiple energy sources. Content-analysis of imageries and quantitative analysis of the affective evaluation of such imageries revealed several interesting findings. Results provide insights into aspects of each energy source eliciting high levels of concern/support (as indicated by imageries associated with strong negative/positive affect). The robust association of each energy source with particular imageries is found to remain persistent after the Fukushima nuclear accident. While no change in affect toward nuclear and wind imageries are observed, some changes in affect toward imageries associated with coal, natural gas and solar are found. Nevertheless, the observed stability in the majority of qualitative imageries and quantitative imagery-specific affect after the Fukushima incident suggests that affective energy imageries are deeply anchored in people's minds and point to a potential lock-in of affective mental associations in the energy context. Implications for future research, policy, and managerial decision-makers are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 965-988 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:965-988 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roshni Pramanik Author-X-Name-First: Roshni Author-X-Name-Last: Pramanik Title: Challenges in coordination: differences in perception of civil and military organizations by comparing international scientific literature and field experiences Abstract: The extreme pressure resulting from modern-day disasters in terms of severe shortages of resources, mass casualties, infrastructure breakdown, large-scale damage and their impact necessitate coordination between all the agencies involved in disaster response. Better coordination in international disaster response operations will make them more effective in organizing the different phases of relief, rehabilitation and recovery. Recent disasters such as the hurricane Katrina, the Indian Ocean tsunami and the earthquake in Haiti have seen multiple civil agencies and the military working together. However, challenges have been identified in civil-military coordination. Differences in working procedures and a lack of knowledge on the other's organizational identities resulted in stereotyping and prejudices, which are root obstacles to coordination. The aim of this study was to identify the perception-related challenges in civil-military coordination, and how they are perceived in the field by civil and military teams, and to investigate whether perception-related challenges and their implications have been reported in the international literature. A systematic literature review and 12 semi-structured interviews were carried out to answer these questions. Nine out of the 12 respondents were practitioners from the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) and the Swedish military, with experience of international disaster response missions that involved civil-military interactions, and 3 were trainees from Karlberg Military Academy, Stockholm, who were expected to participate in similar operations in the near future. The questions asked during the interviews were based on the systematic literature review. National backgrounds, attitudes and perceptions of the professionals towards the other organization were found to be key factors influencing civil-military coordination. This indicates that comparisons between the perceptions of professionals from both civil and military teams with different nationalities and different political histories should be carried out in future research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 989-1007 Issue: 7 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1043566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:7:p:989-1007 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ram Mohan M.P. Author-X-Name-First: Ram Mohan Author-X-Name-Last: M.P. Author-Name: Rajesh Babu R. Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh Babu Author-X-Name-Last: R. Title: Special Issue on 'Nuclear energy and Indian society: public engagement, risk assessment and legal frameworks' Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1009-1011 Issue: 8 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1070025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1070025 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:8:p:1009-1011 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Mei Ling Wong Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Mei Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Title: Organisational risk perception and transformations in India's nuclear establishment Abstract: The discourse on nuclear power and risk has shifted over the last few decades from security concerns emanating from nuclear weapons to threats to public safety in the event of industrial nuclear accidents. While the main focus of existing scholarship has been on public risk perceptions, comparatively little is known about organisational risk perceptions and the factors that influence organisations' willingness to accept the incalculable risks of nuclear power. This paper provides insights into how the nuclear establishment in India thinks about risk. Drawing on interviews with the senior management of nuclear organisations, the analysis shows that organisational risk perception is not merely a human construct or the outcome of simple technical cost-benefit rationalities. It is the result of interactions between material and ideational conditions of risk. These conditions are expressed through three core organisational narratives: (1) the growth imperative, (2) technological nationalism and (3) faith in systems and technology. While there is generally a strong consensus on these narratives within and among the nuclear organisations in India, the data also show that organisations are not homogenous entities. Instances of self-critique and reflexivity exist which could open new spaces for change towards a more inclusive organisational discourse on nuclear risk in India. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1012-1029 Issue: 8 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910697 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:8:p:1012-1029 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M.V. Ramana Author-X-Name-First: M.V. Author-X-Name-Last: Ramana Author-Name: Ashwin K. Seshadri Author-X-Name-First: Ashwin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Seshadri Title: Negligence, capture, and dependence: safety regulation of the design of India's Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor Abstract: This article contributes a case study of regulation of the design of India's Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). This reactor is the first of its kind in India, and perceived by the nuclear establishment as critical to its future ambitions. Because fast breeder reactors can experience explosive accidents called core disruptive accidents whose maximum severity is difficult to contain, it is difficult to assure the safety of the reactor's design. Despite the regulatory agency's apparent misgivings about the adequacy of the PFBR's design, it eventually came to approve construction of the reactor. We argue that the approval process should be considered a case of regulatory failure, and examine three potential factors that contributed to this failure: institutional negligence, regulatory capture, and dependence on developers and proponents for esoteric knowledge. This case holds lessons for nuclear safety regulation and more generally in situations where specialized, highly technical, knowledge essential for ensuring safety is narrowly held. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1030-1050 Issue: 8 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.1003958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003958 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:8:p:1030-1050 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M.P. Ram Mohan Author-X-Name-First: M.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Ram Mohan Author-Name: Akshay Shandilya Author-X-Name-First: Akshay Author-X-Name-Last: Shandilya Title: Nuclear energy and risk assessment by Indian courts: analysis of judicial intervention in the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Abstract: Judicial intervention on nuclear energy safety discourse in India is very recent. The debate on the Civil Nuclear Liability for Damage Act 2010 in the Parliament and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan provoked public apprehension about nuclear safety in India. The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project (KNPP) in South India became the flash point. The localized agitation against the project consequently gained momentum and was taken up aggressively by civil society groups citing safety compromise on various technical parameters. Though the government constituted expert committees to assuage any misgivings, the matter, however, was challenged before the Madras High Court and as appeal before the Supreme Court of India. The former assured safety and legality of the project and the latter endorsed this view, with supplemental directions, determining the superiority of expert committees who unequivocally concluded that the project was safe. The Courts similarly converged on the issue that the project was of national importance. On the access to project information, though the Central Information Commission ordered to make public the KNPP site and safety evaluation reports, however, Nuclear Power Corporation appealed to the Delhi High Court arguing the information was proprietary and obtained a stay order. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1051-1069 Issue: 8 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913665 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913665 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:8:p:1051-1069 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Evelyne M. Ameye Author-X-Name-First: Evelyne M. Author-X-Name-Last: Ameye Title: United States and India: two nuclear states with legislation that truly holds responsible parties liable in case of a nuclear accident Abstract: Nuclear law tends to be an 'exception' to ordinary tort law in many ways. This is due to its early military roots and initial fears of catastrophe containment. Yet, this 'exception' is not justified anymore. Producing energy in nuclear power plants is business-as-usual nowadays and is insured by multinational corporations like Swiss Re, Generali, Münich Re, AXA, etc. In this article, a key exception provided by nuclear law will be explained: how suppliers and designers of defective reactors escape any responsibility in case of a nuclear accident. Two nuclear states have adopted laws that deviate from this exception: the USA and India. Indeed, in both the USA and India, suppliers and designers of defective reactors can be held liable in case of a nuclear accident. In this author's opinion, the nuclear liability package provided for in the laws of the USA and India is a gateway to justice in case of a nuclear accident and should be an example for the rest of the world. Surprisingly, though, both countries are in disagreement on nuclear law issues. Explanations in this article will be given in simple terms, in an attempt to demystify legal issues surrounding nuclear energy. Nuclear energy should not be an exception, and Indian and US laws have understood that. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1070-1082 Issue: 8 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.971421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.971421 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:8:p:1070-1082 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroaki Nakanishi Author-X-Name-First: Hiroaki Author-X-Name-Last: Nakanishi Title: Japan-India civil nuclear energy cooperation: prospects and concerns Abstract: India is a non-party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. However, India argues its impeccable non-proliferation record shows the country as a responsible state with advanced nuclear technology that should be allowed to acquire the same benefits and advantages of nuclear energy cooperation under the existing global nuclear non-proliferation regime. This statement needs careful analysis of whether or not the Japan-India civil nuclear energy cooperation agreement could be successfully concluded and acceded to. This paper elaborates on the possibilities and concerns related to the matter from a politico-legal point of view, in order to materialise a mutually satisfactory and legitimate bilateral agreement. The scope of possible civil nuclear energy cooperation may be limited, probably not exceeding the level that the US has agreed with India, right now. It is, however, a necessary initial step for dramatically reconstructing our relationship, which may allow for greater cooperation in the near future. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1083-1098 Issue: 8 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913666 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913666 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:8:p:1083-1098 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tyson Smith Author-X-Name-First: Tyson Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Nuclear licensing in the United States: enhancing public confidence in the regulatory process Abstract: A nuclear regulator's paramount purpose is to utilize its expertise to ensure protection of public safety. But, recent actions by countries, such as Germany, to phase out nuclear power illustrate that public perception of nuclear safety can change swiftly despite a country's long history of safely operating nuclear power plants. Public trust, acceptance, and involvement in nuclear regulatory decisions, therefore, are critical to a successful nuclear power program. In the United States, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission ('NRC') has a long-standing practice of conducting its regulatory responsibilities in an open and transparent manner. The NRC, as a regular part of its decision-making process, also reaches out to affected and interested parties and invites their involvement in its regulatory processes. The NRC's efforts to instill public confidence are an explicit recognition that nuclear safety and security are the public's business. While the NRC must balance the public's rights to participate in the licensing process with the applicant's right to an efficient and timely licensing decision on an application, ultimately the NRC's decision-making process is more effective and more broadly accepted by the public when it includes participation of a diverse range of interested and affected parties. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1099-1112 Issue: 8 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.919520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.919520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:8:p:1099-1112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Clark Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Author-Name: Jessica Smith Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Carole Conroy Author-X-Name-First: Carole Author-X-Name-Last: Conroy Title: Domestic fire risk: a narrative review of social science literature and implications for further research Abstract: In this paper, we make the case for more social science research into fire incidents and fire-related risk behaviour. Unlike other vulnerabilities, such as crime, illness or risk-associated activities such as smoking, or accident avoidance, remarkably little research has focused on this area. This is perhaps surprising given the propensity for fire, its emotional, social and economic impacts, and evidence that fires and fire victims are not equally distributed across socio-demographic or geographical domains. In making our case, we outline: recent numbers and trends in incidents in the UK, focusing on domestic incidents and recent policy developments affecting fire and rescue services. Next, we review the social-science based literature on fire incidents, suggesting that while this offers useful insight, much more needs to be done to develop a rigorous evidence base. While we would not want to dismiss or downplay existing social science contributions, our contention is that a considerable number of opportunities exist for further work in this area. Consequently, we propose a number of ways in which popular ideas about risk theory can be applied to a domestic fire context and raise a number of questions that social scientists are well positioned to contribute to an interdisciplinary understanding of domestic fire incidents and associated risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1113-1129 Issue: 9 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913660 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:9:p:1113-1129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Erik Vinnem Author-X-Name-First: Jan Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Vinnem Title: Analysis of hydrocarbon leaks and verification as an operational barrier Abstract: Prevention of hydrocarbon (HC) leaks is important; they are the most critical precursor events that may lead to major accidents, such as the Piper Alpha catastrophe in 1988. The number of HC leaks on offshore production installations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf peaked just after year 2000, with more than 40 leaks per year with initial rate above 0.1 kg/s. The Norwegian Oil and Gas Association carried out a reduction project from 2003 until 2007, which resulted in 10 HC leaks above 0.1 kg/s in 2007. The number of leaks increased in the years after 2007 and was on average 15 in the period 2008-2010, without any significant increase in the number of installations. A new initiative was launched early in 2011 in order to reduce the number of HC leaks further. A study performed by the project concludes that more than 50% of the leaks are associated with failure of operational barriers during manual intervention into the process systems. Human and organisational factors are dominating with respect to circumstances and root causes. The study has further demonstrated the high importance of verification as an operational barrier and has shown that many of the failures do not have multiple operational barriers in the form of several verifications and a leak test at the end. This finding is crucial in order to understand the criticality of performing the planned verifications, perform them in an independent manner according to the procedures and make sure that the focus is on detecting failures during the verification. This paper presents the analysis of HC leaks, with emphasis on operational barriers and importance of verification. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1130-1144 Issue: 9 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913661 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:9:p:1130-1144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paula Santos Ceryno Author-X-Name-First: Paula Santos Author-X-Name-Last: Ceryno Author-Name: Luiz Felipe Scavarda Author-X-Name-First: Luiz Felipe Author-X-Name-Last: Scavarda Author-Name: Katja Klingebiel Author-X-Name-First: Katja Author-X-Name-Last: Klingebiel Title: Supply chain risk: empirical research in the automotive industry Abstract: Supply chain risk management (SCRM) has become a popular topic over the past decade. It is not a surprise that the automotive industry has been a motivating arena for research within this field; however, the few existing empirical studies reveal that SCRM practices within this industry are still in their infancy. Because the identification of risks can be viewed as the trigger for SCRM, attempts to develop a risk profile for this industry that could serve as a guide to start the SCRM process are needed. This research identifies the main risks along the automotive supply chain by investigating their manifestation in three supply chains in Brazil and offers an initial risk profile for the Brazilian automotive industry. Although the importance of SCRM has been recognised by all analysed companies, the research findings underline the lack of preparedness regarding either identifying risk or considering risk-mitigation strategies and risk assessment. In this context, this study identifies the main risk in which a supply chain can be exposed, through the analysis of real-life manifested risks along different supply chains, as a way to help the supply chain start a SCRM process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1145-1164 Issue: 9 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:9:p:1145-1164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Agnieszka D. Hunka Author-X-Name-First: Agnieszka D. Author-X-Name-Last: Hunka Author-Name: Mattia Meli Author-X-Name-First: Mattia Author-X-Name-Last: Meli Author-Name: Annemette Palmqvist Author-X-Name-First: Annemette Author-X-Name-Last: Palmqvist Author-Name: Pernille Thorbek Author-X-Name-First: Pernille Author-X-Name-Last: Thorbek Author-Name: Valery E. Forbes Author-X-Name-First: Valery E. Author-X-Name-Last: Forbes Title: Ecological risk assessment of pesticides in the EU: what factors and groups influence policy changes? Abstract: For the last couple of years, European environmental risk assessment (ERA) regulations have undergone significant changes. The new 1107/2009 directive which came into effect in 2011 has triggered an on-going debate on defining specific protection goals for ERA. During this period, we conducted a study on policy change among the most influential ERA stakeholders from Europe. We interviewed 43, purposively sampled, participants from the European safety authorities, plant protection product industry and academia. Transcribed interviews underwent thematic analysis conducted separately by two coders. As we followed the advocacy coalition framework, our findings focus on stakeholders' processes, interrelations and values behind the ERA policy change. The main challenges emerging from our analysis turned out to be the slow uptake of scientific developments into ERA and very broadly defined protection goals. The use of safety factors and cut-off criteria left risk assessors with many uncertainties. With ERA in its current form it turned out to be impossible to determine whether the current scheme is over- or under-protective. Still, the study shows that the problem of over- or under-protectiveness lies deep in the perception of stakeholders and depends greatly on their priorities. Academics strive for better ecological relevance as a priority. They have concerns that ERA is oversimplified. Regulators worry that ERA relies too much on risk mitigation and is possibly not protective enough, but at the same time, the majority believes that the assessment is well established and straightforward to follow. Industry representatives would like to see ERA based more on probabilistic risk assessment. Recent changes, according to risk assessment and management practitioners have led to an inevitable increase in complexity, which is not perceived as a positive thing, and does not necessarily translate into better risk assessment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1165-1183 Issue: 9 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913663 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913663 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:9:p:1165-1183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaoxing Qi Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoxing Author-X-Name-Last: Qi Author-Name: Peter M. Vitousek Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Vitousek Author-Name: Liming Liu Author-X-Name-First: Liming Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Identification and evaluation of risk factors related to provincial food insecurity in China Abstract: Understanding the risk factors which could cause provincial food insecurity is of great importance for maintaining China's food security. In this research, fault-tree analysis has been used to identify risk sources and corresponding risk factors, and both the ratio and growth rate analysis method and the risk coefficient method have been used to evaluate the risk profile for each province. The results showed that constrained land resources and natural disasters were the most common risk factors and agricultural machinery inputs were the least frequent risk factor across all provinces. Fertilizer inputs were no longer a risk in 16 high-yielding provinces. Among natural disaster risks, floods mainly occurred in the eastern, northeastern, central, southern, and southwestern regions, with droughts predominately located in the northern, northeastern, western, and southwestern regions. Overall, natural disasters in major grain-producing provinces were much more serious than in other provinces. Methodical construction of agricultural infrastructure and building of early warning systems for natural disasters should be proposed to reduce losses due to natural disasters and policies on fertilizer application should shift from actively encouraging more use to controlling excess application. Those provinces that now are able to fulfill their food-security mandates should shift their focus to resource and environmental sustainability. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1184-1202 Issue: 9 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913667 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913667 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:9:p:1184-1202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Janelle E. MacKenzie Author-X-Name-First: Janelle E. Author-X-Name-Last: MacKenzie Author-Name: Christopher N. Watling Author-X-Name-First: Christopher N. Author-X-Name-Last: Watling Author-Name: Nerida L. Leal Author-X-Name-First: Nerida L. Author-X-Name-Last: Leal Title: What aspects of demographic, personality, attitudes and perceptions of law enforcement influence self-reported likelihood of drink driving? Abstract: The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between a number of individual factors (demographic factors (age and gender), personality factors, risk-taking propensity, attitudes toward drink driving, and perceived legitimacy of drink driving enforcement) and how they influence the self-reported likelihood of drink driving. The second aim of this study was to examine the potential of attitudes mediating the relationship between risk-taking and self-reported likelihood of drink driving. In total, 293 Queensland drivers volunteered to participate in an online survey that assessed their self-reported likelihood to drink drive in the next month, demographics, traffic-related demographics, personality factors, risk-taking propensity, attitudes toward drink driving and perceived legitimacy of drink driving enforcement. An ordered logistic regression analysis was utilised to evaluate the first aim of the study; at the first step the demographic variables were entered; at step two the personality and risk-taking were entered; at the third step, the attitudes and perceptions of legitimacy variables were entered. Being a younger driver and having a high risk-taking propensity were related to self-reported likelihood of drink driving. However, when the attitudes variable was entered, these individual factors were no longer significant; with attitudes being the most important predictor of self-reported drink driving likelihood. A significant mediation model was found with the second aim of the study, such that attitudes mediated the relationship between risk-taking and self-reported likelihood of drink driving. Considerable effort and resources are utilised by traffic authorities to reducing drink driving on the Australian road network. Notwithstanding these efforts, some participants still had some positive attitudes toward drink driving and reported that they were likely to drink drive in the future. These findings suggest that more work is needed to address attitudes regarding the dangerousness of drink driving. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1203-1219 Issue: 9 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.923026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.923026 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:9:p:1203-1219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Jablonowski Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Jablonowski Title: Surviving progress: managing the collective risks of civilization Abstract: As optimism is becoming ever more apparent, progress carries with it both promise and pitfalls. Though it is quite natural for humans to take an optimistic view of life, this optimism must at the same time be tempered with realism. We cannot therefore let a focus on average, or expected, outcomes cause us to ignore possible high-stakes (existential) risks associated with what is becoming an increasingly complex world. In this paper, we argue that a more complete view is necessary for a proper assessment of not only the technical aspects of high-stakes risk management, but also the social, political, and economic framework within which it is carried out. Unfortunately, attention to such crucial details is not often the case. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1221-1229 Issue: 10 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.815647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.815647 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:10:p:1221-1229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James T. Luxhøj Author-X-Name-First: James T. Author-X-Name-Last: Luxhøj Title: A conceptual Object-Oriented Bayesian Network (OOBN) for modeling aircraft carrier-based UAS safety risk Abstract: This paper illustrates the conceptual development of a demonstration Object-Oriented Bayesian Network (OOBN) to integrate the hazards associated with an experimental Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) planned for deployment from an aircraft carrier. The final Air/Ship Integration (A/SI) demonstration model is characterized by a top-level Bayesian network model with nine sub-nets comprising 70 causal factors with 15 mitigations. With the creation of a probabilistic model, inferences about changes to the states of the causal factors given the presence or absence of controls or mitigations can be ascertained. These inferences build on qualitative reasoning and enable an analyst to identify the most prominent causal factor groupings leading to a prioritization of the most influential causal factors. Mitigation effects can be systematically studied and assessed. The A/SI OOBN demonstration model illustrates the construction of an integrative safety risk model that may be used to compute a higher-order system mishap probability for an experimental UAS that interacts with ship operations in a highly severe, dynamic sea environment. In addition to computing mishap probabilities, the Bayesian approach may also be used to support control contingency management for possible mitigation implementation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1230-1258 Issue: 10 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913664 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913664 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:10:p:1230-1258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eun-Sung Kim Author-X-Name-First: Eun-Sung Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: The construction of scientific uncertainty and evidentiary hierarchy in the Camp Carroll controversy Abstract: The Camp Carroll controversy occurred in the aftermath of testimony given by three veteran United States soldiers, who stated that the Eighth US Army buried Agent Orange at Camp Carroll in South Korea during the late 1970s. This paper focuses on three scientific debates arising from the activities of the ROK-US Joint Investigation Team, which conducted an extensive probe into this allegation over a period of eight months. Critically engaging with Silvio Funtowicz and Jarome Ravetz's typology of scientific uncertainty, the paper explores how scientific uncertainty is apparent in these debates, and how the Joint Investigation Team determined the hierarchy of evidence when finalizing its report. The main findings are summarized below. The Joint Investigation Team examined interview, documentary, and scientific evidence in order to prove the alleged burial of Agent Orange at Camp Carroll. The investigation faced technical, methodological, and epistemological challenges by various stakeholders. In the absence of contradictory scientific and documentary evidence, the team rejected interview evidence from the former United States Forces Korea veterans, in accordance with a technocratic approach to evidentiary hierarchy. Scientific uncertainty was used as a shield to block the institutional discussion of and therefore revision to the US-ROK Status of Forces Agreement. The conclusion highlights my critical thinking about Funtowicz and Ravetz's concept of scientific uncertainty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1259-1279 Issue: 10 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:10:p:1259-1279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anita Cremers Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Cremers Author-Name: Hester Stubbé Author-X-Name-First: Hester Author-X-Name-Last: Stubbé Author-Name: Dolf van der Beek Author-X-Name-First: Dolf Author-X-Name-Last: van der Beek Author-Name: Maaike Roelofs Author-X-Name-First: Maaike Author-X-Name-Last: Roelofs Author-Name: José Kerstholt Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Kerstholt Title: Does playing the serious game B-SaFe! make citizens more aware of man-made and natural risks in their environment? Abstract: The goal of the present study was to investigate whether playing a serious game concerning natural and man-made risks leads to increased risk awareness and additional information search. As an experimental task, we developed a serious board game. Fifty-six students participated in the experiment; half of them played the serious game whereas the other half only filled in a questionnaire at pretest and posttest (after two weeks). Participants who had played the game were more aware of risks in their own environment. Furthermore, playing the serious game counterbalanced the decline in self-efficacy as seen in the control condition. In both conditions, participants gathered more information on natural risks. This positive effect in the control condition is probably a side effect of the method used: a reasonably elaborate questionnaire in combination with a delay of two weeks. In all, the results provide a positive basis for further development of the game and to use it on a larger scale to empower citizens to take more responsibility for their own safety. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1280-1292 Issue: 10 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.919513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.919513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:10:p:1280-1292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ides Y. Wong Author-X-Name-First: Ides Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: D. Mahar Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahar Author-Name: K. Titchener Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Titchener Title: Driven by distraction: investigating the effects of anxiety on driving performance using the Attentional Control Theory Abstract: This study investigates the effects of trait anxiety on self-reported driving behaviours through its negative impacts on Central Executive functions. Following a self-report study that found trait anxiety to be significantly related to driving behaviours, the present study extended the predictions of Eysenck and Calvo's Attentional Control Theory, proposing that anxiety affects driving behaviours, in particular driving lapses, through its impact across the Central Executive. Seventy-five Australian drivers participated in the study, completing the Parametric Go/No-Go and n-back tasks, as well as the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Driving Behaviour Questionnaire. While both trait anxiety and processing efficiency of the Central Executive was found to significantly predict driving lapses, trait anxiety remained a strong predictor of driving lapses after processing efficiency was controlled for. It is concluded that while processing efficiency of the central Executive is a key determinant of driving lapses, another Central Executive function that is closer to the driving lapses in the trait anxiety - driving lapses relationship may be needed. Suggestions regarding how to improve future trait anxiety - driving behaviours research are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1293-1306 Issue: 10 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.919516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.919516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:10:p:1293-1306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yanick Farmer Author-X-Name-First: Yanick Author-X-Name-Last: Farmer Title: Using vNM expected utility theory to facilitate the decision-making in social ethics Abstract: The overall objective of this article is to demonstrate that in social ethics, certain problems related to decision-making are easier to resolve using conceptual tools borrowed from mathematics than using philosophical ethics theories, such as classical utilitarianism. With the help of a case study, the first part of the article will attempt to point out that if an agent bases his reasoning on the verbal and purely qualitative concepts of the classical utilitarian theory, he will find himself confronting 'undecidable' dilemmas, for which making a specific choice becomes almost arbitrary. The second part of the article proposes a more formal quantification of utility and attitude towards risk that can help the agent to overcome the uncertainties emanating from a strictly qualitative perception of the real world's configuration. This method for decision-making is inspired by the works of Howard Raiffa, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1307-1319 Issue: 10 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.923024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.923024 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:10:p:1307-1319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Hove Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Hove Author-Name: Hye-Jin Paek Author-X-Name-First: Hye-Jin Author-X-Name-Last: Paek Author-Name: Moonyoung Yun Author-X-Name-First: Moonyoung Author-X-Name-Last: Yun Author-Name: Bokyung Jwa Author-X-Name-First: Bokyung Author-X-Name-Last: Jwa Title: How newspapers represent environmental risk: the case of carcinogenic hazards in South Korea Abstract: This study pursues the following aims: to examine how news stories use frames, emotions, and uncertainty to present environmental risk information; to identify which aspects of risk issues they highlight; and to analyze how these stories' representations of risk and uncertainty might differ according to the sources they use. Content analysis of 641 news stories in South Korea over the last decade yields three findings: (1) reassurance was the most frequently used news frame, while uncertainty and emotion were used less often than expected; (2) news stories using government/industry/experts as sources vs. activists/lay people highlighted different news frames and risk information; and (3) the two most frequently used uncertainty presentation formats were single point estimate and verbal estimate. This study contributes to existing literature on the roles of media in environmental risk communication in two ways. First, it examines the specific formats journalists use to present uncertainty about risks. Second, it integrates news frames with the emotional characteristics of risk communication and with differences in risk information characteristics according to source. Implications are discussed regarding how a better understanding of news representations of risk could inform and enhance cooperation between experts and journalists, and lead to more effective environmental risk communication. Finally, this content analysis provides a stepping stone for future research that could further investigate and test how publics respond to risk messages that have varying permutations of emotional content and risk presentation formats. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1320-1336 Issue: 10 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.923025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.923025 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:18:y:2015:i:10:p:1320-1336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Celine Klemm Author-X-Name-First: Celine Author-X-Name-Last: Klemm Author-Name: Enny Das Author-X-Name-First: Enny Author-X-Name-Last: Das Author-Name: Tilo Hartmann Author-X-Name-First: Tilo Author-X-Name-Last: Hartmann Title: Swine flu and hype: a systematic review of media dramatization of the H1N1 influenza pandemic Abstract: Highly disconcerting at the time, in retrospective, the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic looks like much ado about nothing. As a consequence, many accused the media of having created an artificial hype or hysteria around the new virus, thus contributing to unwarranted public fear. The current paper set out to examine the validity of such accusations. We integrated empirical findings on whether the media dramatized H1N1 on a global scale through systematically reviewing prior content-analytic studies. We developed a coding scheme specifying three indicators of dramatized media coverage that - together - inform about how mass media coverage about H1N1 may amplify risk perceptions in the public: (a) the volume of media coverage, (b) the media content presented, particularly an overemphasis of threat while neglecting measures of self-protection and (c) the tone of coverage. Results show that media attention was immense, that news content stressed threat over precautionary measures, while the pattern of coverage tonality remained nebulous due to conflicting findings. The present review also revealed a critical gap in existing knowledge about the tone of media coverage on H1N1, and discusses implications for future research on dramatization of public health risks by the media. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.923029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.923029 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:1-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsung-Han Yang Author-X-Name-First: Tsung-Han Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Cheng-Yuan Ku Author-X-Name-First: Cheng-Yuan Author-X-Name-Last: Ku Author-Name: Man-Nung Liu Author-X-Name-First: Man-Nung Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: An integrated system for information security management with the unified framework Abstract: Information security management plays an essential role for drawing the roadmap of information security; thus, many theoretical methodologies and practical standards are brought into this domain. However, many standards and methodologies are too cumbersome to be adopted by an organization. Additionally, there is no unified framework to systematically handle the tedious tasks of information security management. This study's primary goal is to design an integrated system for information security management (ISISM) that aims to use current methodologies and standards to solve the above-mentioned issues. Because business impact analysis and risk analysis are the most important areas within this domain, we carefully select the related methods and then integrate them into a unified framework, upon which the proposed ISISM depends. To achieve this outcome for this study, security requirement engineering is adopted, which enables the designed system to support system users in generating risk assessment reports with related information security policies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 21-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.940593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.940593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:21-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannot Rodríguez Author-X-Name-First: Hannot Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez Title: From objective to constituted risk: an alternative approach to safety in strategic technological innovation in the European Union Abstract: Safety is a legitimate means of limiting technological innovation in our societies. However, the potential socio-economic impact of curtailing techno-industrial progress on the grounds of safety means that risk governance policies tend to restrict the range of legitimate approaches to safety on the principle that it can only be discussed in the frame of an allegedly objective scientific representation of risk. In European risk governance, socio-economic factors such as the underlying innovation rationales and goals are not openly considered to be related to the constitution of safety, but tend largely to be treated as factors of subjective reaction towards risk and technology. This paper seeks to overcome that approach by proposing a 'constitutive' understanding of how risk and socio-economic factors and dynamics relate, focusing in particular on the 'safe and responsible' development of nanotechnology in the European Union (EU). I argue that risk is constituted according to socio-economic considerations, and that the controllability of the environmental and health risks of nanotechnology in the EU is assumed on principle in the very strong institutional commitment to the industrial exploitation of nanotechnology R&D. Using a constitutive approach, we may legitimately conceive a broader set of potential safety scenarios, while at the same time highlighting major obstacles to implementing more critical constitutions of techno-industrial risk in the framework of a highly competitive knowledge-based global economy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 42-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.940596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.940596 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:42-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. van Winsen Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: van Winsen Author-Name: Y. de Mey Author-X-Name-First: Y. Author-X-Name-Last: de Mey Author-Name: L. Lauwers Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Lauwers Author-Name: S. Van Passel Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Van Passel Author-Name: M. Vancauteren Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Vancauteren Author-Name: E. Wauters Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Wauters Title: Determinants of risk behaviour: effects of perceived risks and risk attitude on farmer's adoption of risk management strategies Abstract: The importance of risk perception and risk attitude for understanding individual's risk behaviour are independently well described in literature, but rarely combined in an integrated approach. In this study, we propose a model assuming the choice to implement certain risk management strategies to be directly driven by both perceptions of risks and risk attitude. Other determinants influence the intention to apply different risk strategies mainly indirectly, mediated by risk perception and risk attitude. This conceptual model is empirically tested, using structural equation modelling, for understanding the intention of farmers to implement different common risk management strategies at their farms. Data are gathered in a survey completed by 500 farmers from the Flanders region in Belgium, investigating attitudes towards farming, perceived past exposure to risk, socio-demographic characteristics, farm size, perceptions of the major sources of farm business risk, risk attitudes and the intention to apply common risk management strategies. Our major findings are: (i) perception of major farm business risks have no significant impact on the intention of applying any of the risk strategies under study, (ii) risk attitude does have a significant impact. Therefore, rather than objective risk faced and the subjective interpretation thereof, it is the general risk attitude that influence intended risk strategies to be implemented. A distinction can be made between farmers willing to take risk, who are more inclined to apply ex-ante risk management strategies and risk averse farmers who are less inclined to implement ex-ante risk management strategies but rather cope with the consequences and diminish their effects ex-post when risks have occurred. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 56-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.940597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.940597 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:56-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hoi Yan Cheung Author-X-Name-First: Hoi Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Cheung Author-Name: Joseph Wu Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Jun Tao Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Tao Title: Predicting domain-specific risk-taking attitudes of mainland China university students: a hyper core self-evaluation approach Abstract: This study applied the framework of hyper core self-evaluation to examine the risk-taking attitudes, in the ethical, financial, health/safety, recreational, and social domains, of 437 university students from Harbin, China. Under the hyper core self-evaluation approach, overconfidence and hubristic pride were found to be significant predictors of risk-taking attitudes in the ethical, financial, and health/safety domains. The control variable of sensation seeking found in the Impulsive Behavior Scale was also significant in predicting risk-taking attitudes in certain domains. Different regression analysis models were run to generate these results. Limited studies have focused on Chinese university students' risk taking attitudes in different domains, and most studies have merely applied sensation seeking and impulsivity in understanding risk-taking. However, this empirical study contributes to finding out whether a particular group of Chinese students had high levels of overconfidence and hubristic pride (as many young people do) and whether these common characteristics could contribute to the understanding of risk-taking attitudes in the five domains. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 79-100 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.948903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.948903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:79-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sissel H. Jore Author-X-Name-First: Sissel H. Author-X-Name-Last: Jore Title: Norwegian media substantiation of counterterrorism measures Abstract: The aim of this article is to investigate how terrorism countermeasures have been justified and reasoned for in the public arena, specifically in Norwegian media discourses from 1993 to 2007. Changes in the media discourse on the terrorism threat and terrorism countermeasures have been investigated by analyzing the changes in the media representation of the terrorism threat and the arguments behind the implementation of counterterrorism measures. The analysis shows that the media's framing of terrorism has gone from presenting terrorism mainly as a threat against specific people or delimited events related to international conflicts in the 1990s to a threat against civilians and whole sectors of society after 9/11. Terrorism is presented through the media after 9/11 as an omnipresent, societal threat that citizens should be protected from no matter how low the probability of this terrorism might be. In parallel, counterterrorism measures have gone from being described as threats against civil liberties in the 1990s to a necessity after 9/11. The media articles have given a picture of terrorism countermeasures as a topic not defined on the basis of traditional normative risk criteria. As presented in the media, these measures seem beyond rational evaluation and assessment. They have primarily been described as necessary and independent of the risk; factors such as precaution, compliance, solidarity, and moral obligations have been the dominant underpinning arguments behind their implementation. This approach to counterterrorism might (if unquestioned) pave the way for further implementation of such measures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 101-118 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:101-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Áine Regan Author-X-Name-First: Áine Author-X-Name-Last: Regan Author-Name: Monique Raats Author-X-Name-First: Monique Author-X-Name-Last: Raats Author-Name: Liran Christine Shan Author-X-Name-First: Liran Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Shan Author-Name: Patrick G. Wall Author-X-Name-First: Patrick G. Author-X-Name-Last: Wall Author-Name: Áine McConnon Author-X-Name-First: Áine Author-X-Name-Last: McConnon Title: Risk communication and social media during food safety crises: a study of stakeholders' opinions in Ireland Abstract: Social media is a particular communication platform which has witnessed an exponential growth in use and influence in recent years, democratising the communication process, and offering risk communicators a way of putting into practice those principles which are advocated to be at the core of risk management and communication. However, little is known about stakeholders' willingness to embrace this new form of communication in a food crisis. The current study presented an exploratory investigation of the opinions of Irish stakeholders on the position of risk communication in a crisis, with a particular focus on understanding what application social media may have. In-depth one-to-one interviews were carried out with key stakeholders holding frontline positions in managing and communicating about risk in the food sector in Ireland. The stakeholders identified risk communication as a central activity in a food safety crisis, driven by an obligation to protect both consumer health and the reputation of the Irish food sector. Stakeholders relied primarily on risk communication to disseminate information in a crisis so to educate and inform the public on a risk and to prevent confusion and alarmism; most did not explicitly value two-way risk communication in a crisis. The ability to effectively manage future crises may depend on stakeholders' willingness to adapt to the changing communication landscape, namely - their willingness to adopt social media and use it effectively. The findings indicate that the stakeholders interviewed are appreciative of the need to engage with social media in times of a food safety crisis. However, most valued social media as a one-way channel to help spread a message and there was little reference to the interactive nature of this medium. Implications for integrating social media into crisis risk communication strategies are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 119-133 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961517 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:119-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: V. Tortosa-Edo Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Tortosa-Edo Author-Name: M.A. López-Navarro Author-X-Name-First: M.A. Author-X-Name-Last: López-Navarro Author-Name: J. Llorens-Monzonís Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Llorens-Monzonís Title: Antecedent factors of the need for information regarding petrochemical complex hazards Abstract: Information transparency is a relevant factor nowadays. The current legislation has forced hazardous companies to improve their communication policy with the local community, but this entails the difficulty that each individual has a different need for information. This study considers the main antecedents of need for information to explain these differences. The paper analyses, to our knowledge for the first time, the direct influence of personal beliefs about environmental issues on the individual’s need for information. The research focused on the residents (992) of an area near to a petrochemical complex. The results, derived from the structural equation modelling analysis, confirmed the influence of environmental beliefs, trust in companies and negative affective response on the need for information. In the light of these results, we recommend that the companies of the complex develop a risk communication policy based on personal environmental beliefs, in order to understand the public’s concerns and their needs for risk information. Finally, the analysed companies need to see risk communication as a long-term and ongoing process that involves active dialogue and enables stakeholders’ participation, with the aim of establishing a communication network. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 135-152 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:135-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rick Wylie Author-X-Name-First: Rick Author-X-Name-Last: Wylie Author-Name: Stephen Haraldsen Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Haraldsen Author-Name: Joe M. Howe Author-X-Name-First: Joe M. Author-X-Name-Last: Howe Title: A two-stage approach to defining an affected community based on the directly affected population and the sense of community Abstract: Studies have demonstrated the inadequacy of relying on existing administrative boundaries or simple proximity to define an affected community. The proposal and siting of hazardous facilities can have a range of impacts upon people across wide areas, with some more affected than others as a result of living with the physical impacts of construction or the fear associated with perceived risk. We term those most affected the directly affected population and propose a two-stage model for identifying an affected community which places those most affected at the centre of the definition. The second stage is to identify the relationships those most affected have with the wider elements of the sense of community to discover the existing community or communities which are affected. Illustrated by the siting of a low-level radioactive waste disposal facility at Dounrey in the north of Scotland, we show that elements of the lived community experience may have very different shapes, extents and conflicting interests which pose challenges for their incorporation into a siting process. The two-stage model presented in this paper, by placing those most directly affected at the centre and working from there out into the existing communities, identifies issues early in any siting process to improve their incorporation and amelioration. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 153-163 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961511 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:153-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrik Baard Author-X-Name-First: Patrik Author-X-Name-Last: Baard Title: Risk-reducing goals: ideals and abilities when managing complex environmental risks Abstract: Social decision-making involving risks ideally results in obligations to avoid expected harms or keep them within acceptable limits. Ambitious goals aimed at avoiding or greatly reducing risks might not be feasible, forcing the acceptance of higher degrees of risk (i.e. unrealistic levels of risk reduction are revised to comport with beliefs regarding abilities). In this paper, the philosophical principle ‘ought implies can’ is applied to the management of complex risks, exemplified by the risks associated with climate change. In its common interpretation, the principle states that we cannot expect an agent to perform something that lies beyond his or her abilities. However, it is here argued that this principle requires setting thresholds for legitimate claims of inabilities that justify the waiving of normative demands. This paper discuss three claims: (1) that caution is required before revising a risk-reducing goal that is perhaps exceedingly ambitious; (2) that claims on abilities are not only descriptive, but also value-laden; and (3) that the function of a goal has to be clarified before risk-reducing goals are revised. Risk-reducing goals that initially seem unrealistic arguably serve performance-enhancing purposes in risk management. Neglecting such goals could lead to choosing less desirable, but certainly feasible, risk-reducing goals. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 164-180 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961513 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:164-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hichem Khlif Author-X-Name-First: Hichem Author-X-Name-Last: Khlif Author-Name: Khaled Hussainey Author-X-Name-First: Khaled Author-X-Name-Last: Hussainey Title: The association between risk disclosure and firm characteristics: a meta-analysis Abstract: The empirical literature on the determinants of risk disclosures offers mixed results. This complicates efforts among stakeholders to understand the factors affecting firms’ decision to report risk information. The aim of our paper is to analyze the findings of 42 empirical studies using a meta-analysis technique. We examine whether differences in the findings are attributable to random error or due to legal and institutional systems, uncertainty avoidance, disclosure regime (mandatory vs. voluntary), industry types, and the proxies used to measure corporate characteristics. We find that all moderators affect the relationship between corporate size and risk reporting. Legal system, disclosure regime, industry types, and leverage ratio measurement moderate the association between leverage ratio and risk disclosure. Industry types and uncertainty-avoidance level affect the relationship between profitability and risk disclosure. Finally, the association between risk factor and risk disclosure is moderated by industry types. We discuss the implications of our findings and offer suggestions for future research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 181-211 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961514 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:181-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giuseppa Ancione Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppa Author-X-Name-Last: Ancione Author-Name: Ernesto Salzano Author-X-Name-First: Ernesto Author-X-Name-Last: Salzano Author-Name: Giuseppe Maschio Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe Author-X-Name-Last: Maschio Author-Name: Maria Francesca Milazzo Author-X-Name-First: Maria Francesca Author-X-Name-Last: Milazzo Title: A GIS-based tool for the management of industrial accidents triggered by volcanic ash fallouts Abstract: In this last decade, worldwide attention has been focused on the hazards derived from the interaction between extreme natural phenomena and critical infrastructures and/or chemical and process industry (natural--technological hazards or Na-Tech). Due to the recent occurrence of significant events, great attention has also been given to Na-Tech hazards triggered by volcanic eruptions; in particular, the eruption of the Icelandic volcano alarmed the European community due to the ash fallout over the continent, which caused significant problems for the population, road, rail and air traffic and production activities. This study aims at defining a procedure for the representation of the vulnerability of industrial facilities to potential volcanic ash fallouts. Its implementation on a Geographical Information System has also been executed and a semi-automatic procedure for the vulnerability mapping has been constructed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 212-232 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961515 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:212-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elaine Desmond Author-X-Name-First: Elaine Author-X-Name-Last: Desmond Title: The legitimation of risk and Bt cotton: a case study of Bantala village in Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract: This article explores Ulrich Beck’s theorisation of risk society through focusing on the way in which the risk of Bt cotton is legitimated by six cultivators in Bantala, a village in Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, in India. The fieldwork for this study was conducted between June 2010 and March 2011, a duration chosen to coincide with a cotton season. The study explores the experience of the cultivators using the ‘categories of legitimation’ defined by Van Leeuwen. These are authorisation, moral evaluation, rationalisation and mythopoesis. As well as permitting an exploration of the legitimation of Bt cotton by cultivators themselves within the high-risk context of the Indian agrarian crisis, the categories also serve as an analytical framework with which to structure a discourse analysis of participant perspectives. The study examines the complex trade-off, which Renn argues the legitimation of ambiguous risk, such as that associated with Bt technology, entails. The research explores the way in which legitimation of the technology is informed by wider normative conceptualisations of development. This highlights that, in a context where indebtedness is strongly linked to farmer suicides, the potential of Bt cotton for poverty alleviation is traded against the uncertainty associated with the technology’s risks, which include its purported links to animal deaths. The study highlights the way in which the wider legitimation of a neoliberal approach to development in Andhra Pradesh serves to reinforce the choice of Bt cotton, and results in a depoliticisation of risk in Bantala. The research indicates, however, that this trade-off is subject to change over time, as economic benefits wane and risks accumulate. It also highlights the need for caution in relation to the proposed extension of Bt technology to food crops, such as Bt brinjal (aubergine). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 233-245 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:233-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liesbeth Claassen Author-X-Name-First: Liesbeth Author-X-Name-Last: Claassen Author-Name: Ann Bostrom Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Bostrom Author-Name: Danielle R.M. Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: Danielle R.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Timmermans Title: Focal points for improving communications about electromagnetic fields and health: a mental models approach Abstract: Central to the precautionary policy is the provision of information about electromagnetic fields (EMF) technology, exposures, potential health risks and exposure management actions to the public. To meet this need at the broadest level, beyond the specific technology foci of previous research, a research project was commissioned as part of Dutch Electromagnetic Fields and Health Research Programme. This study provides an assessment of Dutch EMF information needs from an ensemble of sources by addressing people’s existing ideas and beliefs, using a mental models approach. A summary expert model of influences on and consequences of exposure derived from search of the relevant literature is informed by interviews with 15 scientists and professionals with diverse expertise. Although the professionals characterize the physical characteristics and psychological aspects of exposure to EMF in daily life similarly, there is no consensus regarding potential health effects. Interviews with 12 lay people followed by a confirmatory survey of the general Dutch public (n = 403) reveal not only wide variation in beliefs regarding potential health effects of EMF, but also overestimation of the amount of radiation from public sources relative to personal sources of EMF. People do not feel adequately informed by the government about EMF, and knowledge of government policies on EMF is limited. Together, the evidence suggests three focal points for improving EMF risk communications: providing more clarity regarding the uncertainty of evidence for health effects, illuminating personal EMF exposures in daily life and providing more accessible and transparent information on governmental policies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 246-269 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:246-269 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K.A. Laferriere Author-X-Name-First: K.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Laferriere Author-Name: E.J. Crighton Author-X-Name-First: E.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Crighton Author-Name: J. Baxter Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Baxter Author-Name: L. Lemyre Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Lemyre Author-Name: J.R. Masuda Author-X-Name-First: J.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Masuda Author-Name: F. Ursitti Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Ursitti Title: Examining inequities in children’s environmental health: results of a survey on the risk perceptions and protective actions of new mothers Abstract: Young children are more highly exposed and vulnerable to environmental health hazards than adults due to a variety of physiological and behavioural factors. Despite the significant responsibility mothers typically bear in managing their children’s health, little is known about how they perceive and negotiate these risks in their day-to-day lives. To better understand mothers’ environmental health risk perceptions and associated protective actions across socio-economic and geographic contexts, a telephone survey was conducted among new mothers (n = 606) recruited through two Public Health Units in Ontario, Canada. Analyses revealed that approximately half of the respondents were moderately or highly concerned about environmental health risks, ranging in nature from household products to outdoor air contaminants. Factors affecting the likelihood of experiencing concern included lower income and lower levels of perceived control. With regard to protective actions, 43% reported taking three or more actions to reduce environmental health risks to their children, with the likelihood of taking action being negatively affected by factors including low income and first language other than English or French, and positively affected by being a first-time parent (primiparous). This study contributes to our understanding of environmental health risk perceptions and associated protective behaviours among new mothers, and has implications for the development of more context-focused risk management and communication strategies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 271-287 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961518 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:271-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alessio Cornia Author-X-Name-First: Alessio Author-X-Name-Last: Cornia Author-Name: Kerstin Dressel Author-X-Name-First: Kerstin Author-X-Name-Last: Dressel Author-Name: Patricia Pfeil Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Pfeil Title: Risk cultures and dominant approaches towards disasters in seven European countries Abstract: This paper builds upon the risk culture concept started with Mary Douglas’ and Aaron Wildavsky’s seminal work on risk and culture. Based upon the empirical results of a qualitative sociological study on sociocultural factors affecting risk perception and crisis communication in seven European countries, a theoretical model, illustrating how differences in disasters framing imply diverse approaches to risk and disaster management, is suggested. According to this framework, culturally bounded assumptions and conventions strongly influence how communities make sense of risks and hazards and how these communities consider some ways of dealing with disasters more appropriate than others. The framework suggested in this article distinguishes between risk cultures of a given society, which do not necessarily respond to nation states. In order to explain differences in how cultures deal with risks and disasters, and to define the main features of our typology, three main interrelated dimensions have been selected: disaster framing, trust in authorities and blaming. By analyzing differences and similarities in how people perceive and interpret disasters, as well as to whom the responsibility for risk prevention and crisis management is attributed, in seven European countries, three specific ideal types of risk cultures emerged: state-oriented risk culture, individual-oriented risk culture and fatalistic risk culture. Implications for crisis management and communication in case of a disaster will be addressed for each of these risk cultures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 288-304 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961520 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:288-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alireza M. Gelyani Author-X-Name-First: Alireza M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gelyani Author-Name: Jon Tømmerås Selvik Author-X-Name-First: Jon Tømmerås Author-X-Name-Last: Selvik Author-Name: Eirik Bjorheim Abrahamsen Author-X-Name-First: Eirik Bjorheim Author-X-Name-Last: Abrahamsen Title: Decision criteria for updating test intervals for well barriers Abstract: In this paper, we discuss whether or not the decision-making process regarding test intervals for well barriers should adopt the same decision criteria as those recently suggested for safety instrumented systems (SIS). We conclude that the criterion suggested for halving the test intervals for SIS is also appropriate to use for well barriers. The criterion for doubling the test interval for SIS is, however, not considered appropriate, as it does not give sufficient weight to the uncertainties. A new type of criterion for doubling the test interval for well barriers that better reflects the uncertainties is suggested. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 305-315 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:305-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melanie De Vocht Author-X-Name-First: Melanie Author-X-Name-Last: De Vocht Author-Name: An-Sofie Claeys Author-X-Name-First: An-Sofie Author-X-Name-Last: Claeys Author-Name: Verolien Cauberghe Author-X-Name-First: Verolien Author-X-Name-Last: Cauberghe Author-Name: Mieke Uyttendaele Author-X-Name-First: Mieke Author-X-Name-Last: Uyttendaele Author-Name: Benedikt Sas Author-X-Name-First: Benedikt Author-X-Name-Last: Sas Title: Won’t we scare them? The impact of communicating uncontrollable risks on the public’s perception Abstract: Authorities often refrain from communicating risks out of fear to arouse negative feelings amongst the public and to create negative reactions in terms of the public’s behavior. This study examines the impact of communicating risks on the public’s feelings and behavioral intentions regarding an uncontrollable risk related to fresh produce. In addition, the impact of risk communication is compared between a situation in which the risk either does or does not develop into a crisis, by means of a 2 (risk communication vs. no risk communication) × 2 (crisis communication vs. no crisis communication) between-subjects factorial design. The results show that communicating risks has a positive impact on the behavioral intention to keep on eating fresh produce compared to when no risk communication was provided, as it reduces negative feelings amongst the public. In addition, the findings illustrate that when a risk develops into an actual crisis, prior risk communication can result in greater trust in the government and reduce perceived government responsibility for the crisis when the crisis hits. Based on these findings, it can be suggested that risk communication is an effective tool for authorities in preparing the public for potential crises. The findings indicate that communicating risks does not raise negative reactions amongst the public, on the contrary, and that it results in more positive perceptions of the authorities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 316-330 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.971336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.971336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:316-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Kerr Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Kerr Title: The art of risk management: the crucial role of the global art insurance industry in enabling risk and security Abstract: This article investigates the under-researched sphere of insurance. It uses empirical research data to focus on one case study, the London art world, to analyse how the global art insurance industry ‘does’ security and how it enables risk and security to be embraced. Examining how the industry plays a crucial role in the security of art and within the art world itself, the article argues that the global art insurance industry’s role is largely beneficial for the art world because by enabling risk to be embraced through insurance, its pre-crime and post-crime responses, and its influence ‘beyond’ insurance, it emboldens and fuels the dynamic, thriving global art world. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 331-346 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.971337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.971337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:331-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erika Wall Author-X-Name-First: Erika Author-X-Name-Last: Wall Title: Visualizing risk: using participatory photography to explore individuals’ sense-making of risk Abstract: Although the field of risk research is increasingly alert to new theoretical and empirical perspectives, it is still the case that few studies take a visual approach, despite its obvious worth in capturing people’s experiences of everyday life. This paper considers how a visual approach can be used to deepen our knowledge of sense-making of risk, particularly young people’s views on risk. It presents empirical findings from a study that uses participatory photography to capture what individuals define as serious risks in everyday life and how these risks are expressed (722 participants in Sweden, aged 5--33, mostly children or adolescents). The conclusion is that focusing on stories embedded in images independently contributes new knowledge about how the individual makes sense of risk in everyday life, and especially that visual methods of data collection and analysis illuminate how individual sense-making of risk is intertwined with other aspects of meaning-making in everyday life. In other words, it is time for a visual turn in risk research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 347-363 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983943 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:347-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick John Ring Author-X-Name-First: Patrick John Author-X-Name-Last: Ring Author-Name: Cormac Bryce Author-X-Name-First: Cormac Author-X-Name-Last: Bryce Author-Name: Ricky McKinney Author-X-Name-First: Ricky Author-X-Name-Last: McKinney Author-Name: Rob Webb Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Title: Taking notice of risk culture -- the regulator’s approach Abstract: Following the financial crisis and a series of mis-selling and ‘rigging’ scandals in the financial services, organisational culture, and particularly the risk culture of organisations, has come to be regarded as a key issue for both financial firms and their regulators This paper considers the extent to which regulatory published notices, ‘Final Notices’ (FNs), relating to breaches of the regulatory Handbook, are able to provide lessons, or pointers, in the development of ‘appropriate’ cultures. By undertaking a qualitative content analysis of all the FNs in 2012, we examine the extent to which FNs draw attention to issues of culture, and to the regulator’s analysis of the drivers of culture published as part of its treating customers fairly (TCF) initiative. The analysis finds that, although not easy to extract, there are important learning points in FNs relating to organisational culture, and in particular to the factors driving behaviours and outcomes that are signs of poor culture. This paper suggests that, whilst it may not be for a regulator to dictate firms’ culture, it could do much more to make use of the content of FNs as a learning tool for firms; particularly in the context of its cultural framework for TCF. This would support the ‘outcomes-based’ approach being espoused by the UK’s regulators. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 364-387 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983944 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983944 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:364-387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie Juanchich Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Juanchich Author-Name: Miroslav Sirota Author-X-Name-First: Miroslav Author-X-Name-Last: Sirota Title: How to improve people's interpretation of probabilities of precipitation Abstract: Most research into uncertainty focuses on how people estimate probability magnitude. By contrast, this paper focuses on how people interpret the concept of probability and why they often misinterpret it. In a weather forecast context, we hypothesised that the absence of an explicit reference class and the polysemy of the percentage format are causing incorrect probability interpretations, and test two interventions to help people make better probability interpretation. In two studies (N = 1337), we demonstrate that most people from the UK and the US do not interpret probabilities of precipitation correctly. The explicit mention of the reference class helped people to interpret probabilities of precipitation better when the target area was explicit; but this was not the case when it was not specified. Furthermore, the polysemy of the percentage format is not likely to cause these misinterpretations, since a non-polysemous format (e.g. verbal probability) did not facilitate a correct probability interpretation in our studies. A Bayes factor analysis supported both of these conclusions. We discuss theoretical and applied implications of our findings. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 388-404 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983945 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:388-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anat Gesser-Edelsburg Author-X-Name-First: Anat Author-X-Name-Last: Gesser-Edelsburg Author-Name: Yaffa Shir-Raz Author-X-Name-First: Yaffa Author-X-Name-Last: Shir-Raz Author-Name: Manfred S. Green Author-X-Name-First: Manfred S. Author-X-Name-Last: Green Title: Why do parents who usually vaccinate their children hesitate or refuse? General good vs. individual risk Abstract: This study examines vaccination hesitancy or refusal following the 2013 polio outbreak in Israel, based on two theoretical models. The first is Sandman’s theoretical model, which holds that risk perception is comprised of hazard plus outrage. The second model is the affect heuristic that explains the risk/benefit confounding. It aims to expose the barriers that inhibited parental compliance with OPV vaccination for their children. The study employed mixed methods -- a questionnaire survey (n = 197) and content analysis of parents’ discussions in blogs, Internet sites, and Facebook pages (n = 2499). The findings indicate that some parents who normally give their children routine vaccinations decided not to give them OPV due to lack of faith in the health system, concerns about vaccine safety and reasons specific to the polio outbreak in Israel. Some vaccinated due to a misunderstanding, namely, they believed that OPV was supposed to protect their children, when it was actually for overall societal well-being. This study highlights the difficulty of framing the subject of vaccinations as a preventive measure, especially when the prevention is for society at large and not to protect the children themselves. The findings of this study are important because they provide a glimpse into a situation that can recur in different places in the world where a disease considered to have been ‘eradicated’ returns, and the public is required to take measures which protect the public but which might put individuals at risk. The conclusions from the analysis of the findings of this study are that the public’s risk perception is based on a context-dependent analysis, which the communicating body must understand and respect. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 405-424 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983947 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983947 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:405-424 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiuchang Wei Author-X-Name-First: Jiuchang Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Author-Name: Ming Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Fei Wang Author-X-Name-First: Fei Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Dingtao Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Dingtao Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Title: The effects of firm actions on customers’ responses to product recall crises: analyzing an automobile recall in China Abstract: In times of product-harm crises, the involved firms always employ some countermeasures, such as releasing messages relevant to their response actions. To evaluate the influence of these messages on the perceptions and behavioral responses of corporate customers relative to the recalls, we conducted a case study of the Volkswagen automobile recall in China in 2013. Guided by the protective action decision model, we developed a conceptual model to first study customers’ responses to the recall crisis. Based on this model, we further examined the influence of two types of firm actions, namely technical and ceremonial, on the customer crisis-coping process. Results show that product experience, risk perception, and information seeking significantly influence customers’ behavioral intentions during the product recall crisis. Customers in the technical action group exhibit a higher level of risk perception based on their product experience and have a higher likelihood of seeking information. However, information seeking fails to influence their behavioral intentions. Ceremonial actions overcome the disadvantages of technical actions, but customers’ lack of solution information should be met. In this sense, crisis-involved firms are encouraged to employ a combination strategy including the implementation of the two types of firm actions and then promptly release the messages containing both actions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 425-443 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983946 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983946 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:425-443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eamonn M. McAlea Author-X-Name-First: Eamonn M. Author-X-Name-Last: McAlea Author-Name: Martin Mullins Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Mullins Author-Name: Finbarr Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Finbarr Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Author-Name: Syed A.M. Tofail Author-X-Name-First: Syed A.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Tofail Author-Name: Anthony G. Carroll Author-X-Name-First: Anthony G. Author-X-Name-Last: Carroll Title: Engineered nanomaterials: risk perception, regulation and insurance Abstract: Concerns surrounding the health risk of engineered nanomaterials, effective regulation and the lack of specifically tailored insurance products for the nanotechnology sector are putting the industry’s long-term economic viability at risk. From the perspective of the underwriter, this article speculates on the relationship between risk perception, regulation and insurability. In the nanotechnology sector, regulators are currently failing to keep pace with innovation, and insurers generally lack guiding principles for underwriting occupational risk from nanomaterial exposure. Such vulnerabilities when combined with misguided risk perceptions can lead to the overpricing of risk transfer and ill-conceived regulatory initiatives, thus potentially exhausting resources and stifling innovation in the sector. In the absence of well-developed regulatory protocols, the insurance industry has, and will continue, to occupy a key role as an effective lobby in terms of improved risk management practice. We suggest that the insurance industry will increasingly rely on control banding frameworks and ‘risk mitigation at source’ methods developed in conjunction with their clients to manage severe acute diversifiable risks. Long tail risk will continue to represent a serious challenge to insurers and regulators. In the meantime, insurers will have to bridge their current needs with improvised solutions. As an example of one possible solution, we outline a framework that utilizes financial instruments to hedge an insurer’s exposure to uncertain estimates of these long-term risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 444-460 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.988168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.988168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:444-460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melanie Connor Author-X-Name-First: Melanie Author-X-Name-Last: Connor Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: The stability of risk and benefit perceptions: a longitudinal study assessing the perception of biotechnology Abstract: The study of public perceptions is considered to be important for making sound policy decisions, since the public decides which products will enter and sustain in the market. Stability of public perceptions is important for policy-makers; only if public attitudes and perceptions remain constant, policy-makers will be able to take them into account. The aim of the present study was to examine the stability of participants’ risk and benefit perceptions of gene technology over a period of two years. In spring, 2008 and in spring, 2010, the same sample of participants filled out an identical questionnaire. Results of structural equation modelling show that risk and benefit perceptions of gene technology applications are moderately stable (r = .5--.7). Furthermore, results show that people distinguish between medical, plant and food applications and applications involving animals when evaluating the risk of gene technology. When evaluating the benefits, participants also take consumer-related benefits into account, such as enhancement of functional properties. Results of the present study suggest that risk research should regularly examine people’s risk perceptions in order to gain a clearer picture of the dynamics of people’s perception and preferences not only of novel technologies, but also of entrenched technologies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 461-475 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.988169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.988169 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:461-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kai Kuang Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Kuang Author-Name: Hyunyi Cho Author-X-Name-First: Hyunyi Author-X-Name-Last: Cho Title: Delivering vaccination messages via interactive channels: examining the interaction among threat, response efficacy, and interactivity in risk communication Abstract: New media-based interactive risk communication has gained increasing attention and importance. While extant research has focused on the main effects of interactivity on attitudinal and behavioral outcomes, little research has investigated how risk message content may interact with risk message modality such as interactivity in generating effects, or the psychological processes underlying it. In this study, we examined the interaction effect of interactivity, threat, and response efficacy on individuals’ involvement with risk message, attitudes toward vaccination, and information seeking intention in the context of meningococcal vaccination through a 2 (interactivity: low, high) × 2 (threat: low, high) × 2 (response efficacy: low, high) experiment. Results indicated a significant three-way interaction among interactivity, threat, and response efficacy on message involvement: individuals with high-threat, high-response efficacy perceptions were more involved with the message when it was presented in a more interactive modality. With high-threat, low-response efficacy, the interactive modality of the message did not influence levels of message involvement. Furthermore, message involvement mediated the effect of the three-way interaction among threat, response efficacy, and interaction on information seeking intentions. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 476-495 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.988284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.988284 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:476-495 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dragana Makajic-Nikolic Author-X-Name-First: Dragana Author-X-Name-Last: Makajic-Nikolic Author-Name: Natasa Petrovic Author-X-Name-First: Natasa Author-X-Name-Last: Petrovic Author-Name: Marko Cirovic Author-X-Name-First: Marko Author-X-Name-Last: Cirovic Author-Name: Mirko Vujosevic Author-X-Name-First: Mirko Author-X-Name-Last: Vujosevic Author-Name: Vladanka Presburger-Ulnikovic Author-X-Name-First: Vladanka Author-X-Name-Last: Presburger-Ulnikovic Title: The model of risk assessment of greywater discharges from the Danube River ships Abstract: Having in mind the immense value of the Danube River and knowing that risk assessment of its pollution is one of the key elements for ecology and the health of people in its region, in this paper we emphasized the importance of risk assessment of ship-generated wastewater -- particularly in the case of greywater discharges. Although, a number of methods for measuring and analysing different environmental risks have been developed, previous research shows that the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) method is applicable in solving environmental issues. Therefore, we conducted our research with the main purpose to develop a model of FMEA method application for assessing the risks of ship-generated greywater discharges based on estimated data for total quantity of greywater, the size of the exposed population to the pollution of greywater and the possibilities of this pollution detection. Risk analysis was performed on official data for nine ports on the Danube River on inland waterways of the Republic of Serbia. Based on the obtained results, we concluded that measures, recommendations and risk prevention strategies for ship-generated greywater discharges should go into two major directions: (1) decreasing the pollution caused by greywater discharges; (2) increasing the number of water quality monitoring stations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 496-514 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.988286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.988286 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:496-514 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miika Vuori Author-X-Name-First: Miika Author-X-Name-Last: Vuori Title: Revisiting local responses to mass violence Abstract: This study examines the extent to which individual and sociological factors relate to worry about mass violence, which, in this study, is investigated as worry about the recurrence of school shootings. First, it is expected that socio-demographic and vicarious event-related factors explain individual variation in worry about mass violence. Second, responses to a localized event may associate with negative perceptions of community solidarity. In addition, individual responses regarding school shootings cannot easily be separated from other forms of insecurity, such as concerns about societal disintegration (e.g. eroding moral values) and popular discussions about crime (e.g. terrorism). Two independent postal surveys were collected from the small Finnish community of Jokela approximately 6 (N = 330) and 18 (N = 278) months after the rampage school shootings in the local high school. Independent samples t tests and linear regression are used as analyses methods. Results from regression analyses of the six-month post-event responses indicate that knowing a victim of a school shooting event relates to increased worry about mass violence. Decreased perceptions of social solidarity are also associating with increased worry after controlling for other individual and sociological factors. After 18 months, both knowing a victim and having school-aged children within one’s household explain even more of the variation in worry, while perceptions of solidarity is no longer a statistically significant predictor. In addition, at both 6 and 18 months, the higher the perceptions of risks to Finnish society from social change and from crime, the higher the worry about mass violence at schools. Surprisingly, the positive association between self-reported subjective anxiety and worry about mass violence does not reach a statistical significance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 515-532 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.1003317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:515-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rui Gaspar Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Gaspar Author-Name: Sílvia Luís Author-X-Name-First: Sílvia Author-X-Name-Last: Luís Author-Name: Beate Seibt Author-X-Name-First: Beate Author-X-Name-Last: Seibt Author-Name: Maria Luísa Lima Author-X-Name-First: Maria Luísa Author-X-Name-Last: Lima Author-Name: Afrodita Marcu Author-X-Name-First: Afrodita Author-X-Name-Last: Marcu Author-Name: Pieter Rutsaert Author-X-Name-First: Pieter Author-X-Name-Last: Rutsaert Author-Name: Dave Fletcher Author-X-Name-First: Dave Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher Author-Name: Wim Verbeke Author-X-Name-First: Wim Author-X-Name-Last: Verbeke Author-Name: Julie Barnett Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Title: Consumers’ avoidance of information on red meat risks: information exposure effects on attitudes and perceived knowledge Abstract: In accordance with cognitive dissonance theory, individuals generally avoid information that is not consistent with their cognitions, to avoid psychological discomfort associated with tensions arising from contradictory beliefs. Information avoidance may thus make risk communication less successful. To address this, we presented information on red meat risks to red meat consumers. To explore information exposure effects, attitudes toward red meat and perceived knowledge of red meat risks were measured before, immediately after, and two weeks after exposure. We expected information avoidance of red meat risks to be: positively related to (1) study discontentment; and (2) positive attitudes toward red meat; and negatively related to (3) information seeking on red meat risks; and (4) systematic and heuristic processing of information. In addition, following exposure to the risk information, we expected that (5) individuals who scored high in avoidance of red meat risks information to change their attitudes and perceived risk knowledge less than individuals who scored low in avoidance. Results were in line with the first three expectations. Support for the fourth was partial insofar as this was only confirmed regarding systematic processing. The final prediction was not confirmed; individuals who scored high in avoidance decreased the positivity of their attitudes and increased their perceived knowledge in a similar fashion to those who scored low in avoidance. These changes stood over the two-week follow-up period. Results are discussed in accordance with cognitive dissonance theory, with the possible use of suppression strategies, and with the corresponding implications for risk communication practice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 533-549 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.1003318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:533-549 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rui Maio Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Maio Author-Name: Tiago Miguel Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Tiago Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Author-Name: Romeu Vicente Author-X-Name-First: Romeu Author-X-Name-Last: Vicente Author-Name: João Estêvão Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Estêvão Title: Seismic vulnerability assessment of historical urban centres: case study of the old city centre of Faro, Portugal Abstract: The necessity of implementing seismic vulnerability assessment procedures to the Portuguese building stock has become urgent as recent predictions indicate the possibility of the occurrence of an earthquake similar to the well-known 1755 Lisbon earthquake within the next 50 years. Obviously, at first instance, large-scale procedures should be used rather than more extensive and accurate methodologies suited for individual buildings assessment. Moreover, it is fundamental to operate in the most vulnerable areas in our built environment, typically, the historical urban centres. As it is recognised, it is within these areas, that old masonry buildings are generally concentrated, being both the most representative and vulnerable constructive typology. Comprising 354 buildings, the case study of the old city centre of Faro is herein presented aiming at analysing and evaluating the seismic vulnerability of its old masonry building stock. In order to achieve these objectives, a vulnerability-index-based methodology was used for the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of the old masonry buildings belonging to the historical centre of Faro (Ribeirinha area) carried out through detailed inspection and survey. The results obtained were analysed using a geographical information system tool. The integration of such vulnerability and loss results represents a valuable tool for city councils and/or regional authorities to plan interventions, on the basis of a global view of the site under analysis, leading this way to more accurate and comprehensive risk mitigation strategies which comply with the requirements of safety and emergency planning. The application of this large-scale scoring methodology has confirmed moderate-to-high values for the vulnerability of this particular area, which combined with its high seismicity, may be quite alarming. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 551-580 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.988285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.988285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:551-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geordan Graetz Author-X-Name-First: Geordan Author-X-Name-Last: Graetz Author-Name: Daniel M. Franks Author-X-Name-First: Daniel M. Author-X-Name-Last: Franks Title: Conceptualising social risk and business risk associated with private sector development projects Abstract: There are various definitions of social risk. For some, social risk pertains to social protection, and risk-taking is thought to enhance human welfare. For others, social risk is contrasted with empirical risk, where the perception of risk by lay members of society differs from that of experts in any given field. More recently, social risk has come to be associated with the potential future negative social impacts of corporate activities and private sector development on individuals and groups. This paper theorises the relationships between social risk and business risk in the context of private sector developments. Many business leaders continue to conflate social risk with their existing understandings of business risk, with social risk understood to be the risk to the business arising from the actions of community stakeholders. Conceiving of social risk in this way has implications for the discrete identification, prevention and mitigation of social and business risks and impacts, and has ramifications for corporate risk management strategies, as well as companies’ relationships with community stakeholders. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 581-601 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.1003323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:581-601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily G. Grenen Author-X-Name-First: Emily G. Author-X-Name-Last: Grenen Author-Name: Rebecca A. Ferrer Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrer Author-Name: William M.P. Klein Author-X-Name-First: William M.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Klein Author-Name: Paul K.J. Han Author-X-Name-First: Paul K.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Han Title: General and specific cancer risk perceptions: how are they related? Abstract: Understanding how people construe and act upon cancer risk is important for efforts to target risk-increasing health behaviors. Importantly, research participants are often asked to estimate their risk for cancer (in general), which could mask the fact that cancer represents a range of diseases, and that different cancer types can have distinct risk factors. It is unclear whether individuals perceive general cancer risk as being comprised of an aggregation of risk for specific cancer sites, or whether general cancer risk perceptions reflect the specific type of cancer most salient to them. In this study, general cancer risk perceptions were regressed on specific risk perceptions for colon, lung, prostate (men only), and breast (women only), using data from a nationally representative sample. We found that among men and women, all forms of cancer predicted independent variance in estimates of general cancer risk. There were also stronger relationships between general risk perceptions and each specific risk perception than between any two specific risk perceptions, suggesting that individuals differentiate between specific cancers and general cancer risk. These findings offer some confidence that people’s estimates of general cancer risk take multiple cancer types into account. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 602-613 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.1003321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:602-613 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elena Svetieva Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Svetieva Author-Name: Lisa Zadro Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Zadro Author-Name: Thomas F. Denson Author-X-Name-First: Thomas F. Author-X-Name-Last: Denson Author-Name: Emily Dale Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Dale Author-Name: Kathleen O’Moore Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: O’Moore Author-Name: Wu Yi Zheng Author-X-Name-First: Wu Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng Title: Anger mediates the effect of ostracism on risk-taking Abstract: The present research tested the effects of being ostracized on risk-taking behavior and how emotional responses to ostracism mediate these effects. In two experiments, undergraduates were either ostracized or included during an Internet ball-toss game (Cyberball). In Experiment 1 (N = 52), ostracism increased self-reported risk-taking inclinations, and the relation between ostracism and risk-taking was mediated by feelings of anger, but not control. In Experiment 2 (N = 72), ostracism increased risky driving during a driving video game. The effect of ostracism on risk-taking was again mediated by post-ostracism anger (but not control or ostracism-induced sadness). This research suggests that anger elicited by ostracism may increase risk-taking. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 614-631 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.1003320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003320 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:614-631 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jakub Traczyk Author-X-Name-First: Jakub Author-X-Name-Last: Traczyk Author-Name: Tomasz Zaleskiewicz Author-X-Name-First: Tomasz Author-X-Name-Last: Zaleskiewicz Title: Implicit attitudes toward risk: the construction and validation of the measurement method Abstract: Methods that are typically used to examine individual differences in risk attitudes (e.g. lotteries, dilemmas, questionnaires) require participants to explicitly declare their willingness to take risk. Therefore, they may be biased by the need for self-presentation or situational characteristics such as time pressure and cognitive constraints that lead to more spontaneous and automatic processing of risk-related information. The aim of this study was to construct an indirect measure of risk attitudes that is free of these methodological limitations. The method based on the Implicit Association Test shows high internal reliability and satisfactory stability over time. It correlates moderately with different explicit measures of risk attitudes that are related to sensation seeking. Finally, it is characterized by a high predictive power. Adding the implicit measure to the set of independent variables representing declarative evaluations of risk attitudes significantly improved the model predicting risky real-life behavior. We argue that the indirect assessment of risk attitudes presented in this paper may be used as an universal measure of people’s risk propensity that is free of biases related to self-presentation and situational factors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 632-644 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.1003957 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003957 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:632-644 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L.S. Fruhen Author-X-Name-First: L.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fruhen Author-Name: R. Flin Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Flin Title: ‘Chronic unease’ for safety in senior managers: an interview study of its components, behaviours and consequences Abstract: The high reliability literature describes a sense of chronic unease as supporting managers’ ability to deal with (safety) risks. This concept has been proposed to contain five components, namely the traits of propensity to worry, pessimism, and the cognitive abilities of requisite imagination, flexible thinking and vigilance. We study their applicability to senior managers’ experience of chronic unease and explore related behaviours and consequences. Semi-structured interviews (n = 27) were conducted with senior managers from the energy sector. Content analysis identified flexible thinking most frequently, followed by pessimism, propensity to worry, vigilance and requisite imagination. Experience additionally emerged as a theme. Sections that had been coded as flexible thinking were frequently also coded as a behaviour, suggesting it to be a partially observable response to chronic unease. Other behaviours that emerged as related to chronic unease were demonstrating safety commitment, transformational and transactional leadership styles, and seeking information. Chronic unease was described as having positive effects on safety, positive and negative effects on team interaction and negative effects on business and the managers’ personal outcomes. The findings indicate that the five components provide a basis for the measurement of chronic unease and suggest central behaviours and responses that should be considered in its future investigation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 645-663 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.1003322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003322 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:645-663 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Merryn Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Merryn Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Author-Name: Nick Pidgeon Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Pidgeon Author-Name: Lorraine Whitmarsh Author-X-Name-First: Lorraine Author-X-Name-Last: Whitmarsh Author-Name: Rhoda Ballinger Author-X-Name-First: Rhoda Author-X-Name-Last: Ballinger Title: Expert judgements of sea-level rise at the local scale Abstract: Whilst local projections of sea-level rise (SLR) are necessary to facilitate targeted climate change adaptation and communication strategies, downscaling from global climate models can be problematic. Here, we use expert probability judgement to elicit a suite of local projections, and associated uncertainties, for future SLR on the Severn Estuary in the south-west of the UK. Eleven experts from a range of policy and academic backgrounds took part in a structured probability elicitation exercise for the years 2050, 2100 and 2200. In addition to the quantitative elicitation, the experts’ reasoning during the task was qualitatively analysed. Quantitative analyses show that although there is consensus that sea levels will rise on the Estuary in future, there is wide variation between judgements and much uncertainty regarding the magnitude of future rise. For example, median estimates of SLR (compared to the 2011 level) range from 9.6 to 40 cm in the year 2050; 20 to 100 cm in 2100; and 35 to 300 cm in 2200. Fifty per cent confidence intervals and ninety per cent confidence intervals vary even more. Qualitative analyses indicate that experts’ judgements may have been influenced by their choice of methods and information sources, the ways in which they thought about the future, and heuristics. The study shows the merits of integrating qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the reasoning behind uncertainty judgements. We conclude that where expert probability judgements are to be used to characterise uncertainty such reasoning should be made explicit. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 664-685 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1043568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:664-685 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meghan Leaver Author-X-Name-First: Meghan Author-X-Name-Last: Leaver Author-Name: Tom W. Reader Author-X-Name-First: Tom W. Author-X-Name-Last: Reader Title: Non-technical skills for managing risk and performance in financial trading Abstract: Recent large-scale failures in financial institutions have been found to be caused, in-part, by human factors-related issues in financial trading. In other environments where risk management and performance are intertwined, a human factors approach is often adopted to understand how the ‘non-technical skills (NTS)’ (leadership (LD), decision-making (DM), situation awareness (SA), teamwork) of organisational actors influence outcomes. Yet, to date, there has been minimal application of human factors research in financial trading. This study (i) identifies ‘real-world’ (i.e. non-laboratory) research studies investigating the NTS important for performance in financial trading, (ii) examines and synthesises data on the NTS found to underpin good or poor performance and (iii) considers the quality and coverage of research investigating NTS in financial trading, and identifies potential areas for future research. Nineteen studies were identified through a systematic literature search and then content-analysed for associations between NTS and performance in financial trading. The review found a range of decision-making (e.g. heuristics and biases, intuitive DM, emotional regulation) and LD skills (e.g. setting standards, monitoring behaviour, encouraging speaking-up) to have been identified as important for managing risk and performance in financial trading environments. Furthermore, SA (e.g. information search and assessment strategies, vigilance, identifying ‘noise’ data) and teamwork (e.g. avoiding ‘role’ conflict, communication between traders) were found to be important, yet remain less explored within the literature, and should be the focus of future research. NTS appear essential for effective risk management within the financial sector, yet further field research is required to examine the context-relevant behaviours that underpin safe activity. This will facilitate the development of evidence-based systems for assessing and training NTS competencies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 687-721 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.1003319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:6:p:687-721 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wanyun Shao Author-X-Name-First: Wanyun Author-X-Name-Last: Shao Title: Are actual weather and perceived weather the same? Understanding perceptions of local weather and their effects on risk perceptions of global warming Abstract: I use one nationally representative sample from CBS News/New York Times Poll on Environment (2007), supplemented with monthly temperature and precipitation data from the United States Historical Climatology Network and extreme weather events data from National Climatic Data Center, to examine how different weather measures and individuals’ socio-demographic background, political predisposition, and beliefs about global warming affect the perception of local weather. Beliefs about global warming are found to play a dominant role in determining the perception of local weather. Specifically, people who view that global warming is causing an immediate impact, is serious, and needs to be a priority are much more likely to perceive a strange pattern of weather in the recent past. This finding conforms to motivated reasoning which refers to the tendency to interpret evidence to confirm the preexisting beliefs and predisposition. Among all the weather measures, the total number of extreme weather events in the past three years appears to be the only significant indicator of perceived weather. Specifically, individuals who have experienced more extreme weather events in their home counties are more likely than those elsewhere to perceive the weather is stranger than usual. I further examine how actual weather and perceived weather together affect perceptions of global warming. The results illustrate that the perception of local weather has stronger explanatory power than actual weather. People who perceive the strange weather patterns are much more likely than others to see the immediate impacts and priority of global warming. Future studies are needed to investigate the dynamic relationship between perceptions of global warming and perceptions of weather and climate. In addition, more studies are needed to further examine how the public forms their opinions toward various specific types of the local weather and climate. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 722-742 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.1003956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.1003956 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:6:p:722-742 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jale Tosun Author-X-Name-First: Jale Author-X-Name-Last: Tosun Author-Name: Susumu Shikano Author-X-Name-First: Susumu Author-X-Name-Last: Shikano Title: GMO-free regions in Europe: an analysis of diffusion patterns Abstract: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been a controversial issue in the European Union (EU). A growing number of member states and regions within the member states oppose the EU’s agro-biotechnology policy, resulting in a complex multi-level structure of policy-making. This study is interested in the regional opposition to GMOs and scrutinises the determinants of membership in the European Network of GMO-free Regions. In terms of theory, this study builds on the literature of policy diffusion. For the analytical purpose, we distinguish among four diffusion mechanisms: learning from earlier adopters, economic competition among proximate regions, imitation of economically powerful regions and deviation from national law. Our research questions are the following: How has membership developed since the foundation of the network? Which mechanisms explain the diffusion patterns observed? The empirical findings show that membership in the network has grown substantially between 2003 and 2014, which supports the general expectation that there is a diffusion of GMO-free regions. Yet, most new member regions are located in the same member states as the regions that founded the network. In other words, what is observed is intra-country diffusion rather than inter-country diffusion. The empirical findings provide support for the importance of learning from earlier adopters for the growing of the European Network of GMO-free Regions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 743-759 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1034161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1034161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:6:p:743-759 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raquel Bertoldo Author-X-Name-First: Raquel Author-X-Name-Last: Bertoldo Author-Name: Claire Mays Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Mays Author-Name: Marc Poumadère Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Poumadère Author-Name: Nina Schneider Author-X-Name-First: Nina Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider Author-Name: Claus Svendsen Author-X-Name-First: Claus Author-X-Name-Last: Svendsen Title: Great deeds or great risks? Scientists’ social representations of nanotechnology Abstract: Nanotechnologies are becoming a larger presence in everyday life and are viewed by governments and economic actors as a key area for development. The theory of social representations suggests that specialist views eventually disseminate to shape representations among the public. Yet nanotechnologies remain relatively little known to the general public. The media emphasize potential benefits, while potential risks get less attention. The literature has not yet addressed whether representations by a well-informed population (scientists) are indeed structured in terms of the risk--benefit polarity that dominates research framing to date. We attempted a systematic assessment of how background knowledge about nanotechnology may influence experts’ perception. Study 1 delivered the first demonstration derived from a qualitative analysis confirming the existence of a polarized representation of nanotechnologies, contrasting opportunity (medical, economic, and technological) and risk. Interestingly, risk was distinguished at two levels: that associated with nanomaterial characteristics (toxicity, reactivity) and at the larger scale of impact (health, environment, legislation). Does this polarity indicate a ‘yes, but’ logic (nanotechnology carries opportunity but also risk), or two clusters of specialists (sensitive, respectively, to opportunity or to risk)? Study 2 surveyed a larger sample of experts who self-described their scientific background and role viz. nanotechnology. Role had no influence. Specialists consensually viewed that nanotechnology represents opportunity, but depending on scientific background they did not agree to the same extent that nanotechnology also constitutes a risk. Participants with a physics and chemistry background tended to represent nanotechnologies predominantly in terms of opportunities and not in terms of inherent risks or impacts. In contrast, toxicologists, life and social scientists appeared to explicitly incorporate both benefits and risks in their representation of this new technology. Environmental scientists were a more diverse group, divided between the two patterns of representation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 760-779 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042503 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:6:p:760-779 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mihaela Chraif Author-X-Name-First: Mihaela Author-X-Name-Last: Chraif Author-Name: Mihai Aniţei Author-X-Name-First: Mihai Author-X-Name-Last: Aniţei Author-Name: Vlad Burtăverde Author-X-Name-First: Vlad Author-X-Name-Last: Burtăverde Author-Name: Teodor Mihăilă Author-X-Name-First: Teodor Author-X-Name-Last: Mihăilă Title: The link between personality, aggressive driving, and risky driving outcomes -- testing a theoretical model Abstract: This study tested a theoretical model of the relationship between the Big Five Personality Factors, aggressive driving and ‘risky driving outcomes’ (accidents, traffic tickets, and license suspension). It also tested the mediation effect of aggressive driving in the relationship between the five factor personality model and risky driving outcomes. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the 293 participants’ responses. Bivariate correlations showed that aggressive driving was negatively related to emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness and positively related to risky driving outcomes. Agreeableness was negatively related to accidents, tickets, and license suspension. Conscientiousness was negatively related to tickets. The structural model was supported by data in which agreeableness predicted risky driving outcomes. Emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness predicted aggressive driving, which in turn predicted risky driving outcomes. Aggressive driving was shown to be a mediator in the relationship between agreeableness and risky driving outcomes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 780-797 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:6:p:780-797 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeryl L. Mumpower Author-X-Name-First: Jeryl L. Author-X-Name-Last: Mumpower Author-Name: Xinsheng Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xinsheng Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Arnold Vedlitz Author-X-Name-First: Arnold Author-X-Name-Last: Vedlitz Title: Predictors of the perceived risk of climate change and preferred resource levels for climate change management programs Abstract: In a 2013 US national public opinion survey, data were collected from 1321 adult respondents for five psychometric variables -- Dread, Scientists’ Level of Understanding, Public’s Level of Understanding, Number Affected, and Likelihood -- for six threats (sea-level rise, increased flooding, and four others) associated with climate change. Respondents also rated perceived risk and indicated the resource level that they believed should be invested in management programs for each threat. Responses did not vary significantly across the six threats, so they were combined. The survey collected standard demographic information, as well as measuring climate change knowledge and environmental values (New Ecological Paradigm, NEP). Psychometric variables predicted perceived risk extremely well (R = .890, p > .001); all five psychometric variables were significant predictors. The results were generally consistent with previous research except that Scientists’ Level of Understanding was a positive, rather than negative, predictor of perceived risk. Jointly the demographic variables, knowledge, and environmental values significantly predicted perceived risk (R = .504, p > .001). Consistent with previous research, significant positive predictors were age, Democratic Party Identification, and NEP score; significant negative predictors were male gender and White ethnicity. When demographic variables, knowledge, and environmental values were added to psychometric ones, only the psychometric variables were statistically significant predictors. Perceived risk strongly predicted resource level (r = .772, p > .001). Adding demographic, knowledge, and environmental value variables to perceived risk as predictors of resource level did not appreciably increase overall predictive ability (r = .790, p > .001), although White ethnicity emerged as a significant negative predictor and religiosity, Democratic Party Identification, Liberal Political Ideology, and NEP score were significant positive predictors. The results demonstrate that risk perceptions of climate change and policy preferences among climate change management options are highly predictable as a function of demographic, knowledge, environmental values, and psychometric variables. Among these, psychometric variables were found to be the strongest predictors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 798-809 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1043567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043567 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:6:p:798-809 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sílvia Luís Author-X-Name-First: Sílvia Author-X-Name-Last: Luís Author-Name: Luísa Pinho Author-X-Name-First: Luísa Author-X-Name-Last: Pinho Author-Name: Maria Luísa Lima Author-X-Name-First: Maria Luísa Author-X-Name-Last: Lima Author-Name: Catarina Roseta-Palma Author-X-Name-First: Catarina Author-X-Name-Last: Roseta-Palma Author-Name: Filomena Cardoso Martins Author-X-Name-First: Filomena Cardoso Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Author-Name: António Betâmio de Almeida Author-X-Name-First: António Author-X-Name-Last: Betâmio de Almeida Title: Is it all about awareness? The normalization of coastal risk Abstract: Coastal risk is already high in several parts of the world and is expected to be amplified by climate change, which makes it necessary to outline effective risk management strategies. Risk managers assume that increasing awareness of coastal risk is the key to public support and endorsement of risk management strategies -- an assumption that underlies a common worldview on the public understanding of science, which has been named the deficit model. We argue that the effects of awareness are not as straightforward. In particular, awareness of coastal hazards might not lead to more technically accurate risk perceptions. Based on research on risk perception normalization, we explored the hypothesis that coastal risk awareness reduces coastal risk perception -- in particular the perceived likelihood of occurrence of coastal hazards -- through its effect on reliance on protective measures to prevent risk. Individuals can rely on protective measures, even when those are not effective, as a positive illusion to reduce risk perception. This effect might be stronger for higher probability hazards and for permanent residents of costal zones. Data from 410 individuals living in coastal zones corroborated most of our expectations. Global results demonstrated a risk normalization effect mediated by reliance on current measures. Additional analyses made clear that this effect occurred in 2 of the 5 high-probability hazards (flood and storm), and not in the low-probability hazard (tsunami). Normalization might be more likely among high-probability hazards which entail catastrophic and immediate impacts. This effect was also found among permanent residents, but not among temporary residents. Results imply that coastal risk management might benefit from (a) taking risk perception normalization effects into account, (b) tailoring strategies for permanent and temporary residents and (c) promoting a higher public engagement, which would facilitate a more adaptive and effective coping with coastal risk than the use of positive illusions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 810-826 Issue: 6 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:6:p:810-826 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matteo Spada Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Spada Author-Name: Peter Burgherr Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Burgherr Author-Name: Markus Hohl Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Hohl Title: Toward the validation of a National Risk Assessment against historical observations using a Bayesian approach: application to the Swiss case Abstract: National Risk Assessment (NRA) studies have recently received increased interest from governments, authorities and other involved stakeholders, e.g. civil protection agencies, emergency planners, etc. The NRA approach combines risk assessment methods and decision-making processes in a structured manner to support the prioritization and management of national hazards and threats. A NRA commonly builds upon an intensive information processing and judgmental exercise, therefore, in a qualitative or semi-quantitative way, requiring the cooperation of experts from various fields. The validation of a NRA is of great importance to ensure that the analysis of national hazard scenarios results in the implementation of adequate preparedness strategies and contingency planning. In this study, a first step toward a comprehensive framework for NRA validation is presented. The method is developed to evaluate the accuracy and consistency of establishing risk indicator values by expert elicitation by comparing it against historical experience. The proposed method is based on Bayesian analysis, and is tested in three hazard scenario case studies for the Swiss NRA. The results for the chosen Swiss NRA cases show that expert estimates and quantitative assessment of historical experience are overall in good agreement. However, scenario-specific assumptions and boundary conditions defined by the experts are not in all cases supported by evaluation of historical experience. Finally, the main drawback of the proposed approach is that it can only be applied to hazard scenarios with sufficient historical observations, while it has the advantage to be generic and thus applicable to other risk assessment contexts outside of NRA. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1323-1342 Issue: 11 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1459794 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:11:p:1323-1342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sophie Kuppler Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Kuppler Author-Name: Peter Hocke Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Hocke Title: The role of long-term planning in nuclear waste governance Abstract: A central challenge in nuclear waste governance is the long time frame over which institutional control of the waste is needed. Most countries favour some kind of underground storage of the high-level wastes, but have not proceeded far with the implementation, yet. Even in Finland, the first country in which an operating licence for a specific disposal site has been issued, closure of the repository is foreseen for the 2120s. This means that several generations of professionals and citizens will have to deal with the waste and related risks. Scientific knowledge as well as preferences will change over time. Thus, a central question for responsible nuclear waste management is to think about how political decision-makers, public administration, industry and the interested public can co-design a governance process over such a long period of time. With this paper we intend to open the debate on those questions by providing a first problem description. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1343-1356 Issue: 11 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1459791 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:11:p:1343-1356 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Ashley Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Simon Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Aviation crew resource management – a critical appraisal, in the tradition of reflective practice, informed by flight and cabin crew feedback Abstract: Credited with numerous successes, such as the saving of 185 lives at Sioux City, crew resource management (CRM) serves a fast-paced and fast-changing industry. In the tradition of reflective practice, this paper presents a timely practitioner-informed critique with the intention of both improving the pedagogy of CRM training and identifying applications beyond aviation: other high-risk industries are experiencing the sorts of catastrophic failures seen by commercial aviation in the 1960s and 1970s. The questionnaire survey produced expected and unexpected results. Unexpected results included the claim that practicing CRM brings psycho-social benefits. Suggested improvements to the pedagogy of CRM training included the widening of the CRM training audience to include operational personnel other than flight and cabin crew, and introduction of experiential/action learning (learning-by-doing) exercises, such as spending time in a full-function, three-axis flight-simulator. Research in the field of educational technology and curricula has shown experiential/action learning to be the most effective mode of teaching. The quality of survey participants’ suggestions confirms the usefulness of craft knowledge and practitioner feedback specifically, and of reflective practice generally. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1357-1373 Issue: 11 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1459800 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:11:p:1357-1373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachael Shwom Author-X-Name-First: Rachael Author-X-Name-Last: Shwom Author-Name: Robert E. Kopp Author-X-Name-First: Robert E. Author-X-Name-Last: Kopp Title: Long-term risk governance: when do societies act before crisis? Abstract: Many environmental problems entail a temporal dilemma. Societies benefit from resource use now that will have cumulative negative impacts on future generations. All too often, societies only act to address these risks after a crisis (such as a fisheries collapse or a river on fire) has occurred. Climate change presents a particularly challenging case since when society decides the harms are too great to withstand, reducing greenhouse gas emissions drastically will take time and society will be left to suffer, adapt or undertake risky geoengineering. In this article, we ask the question: Under what conditions do societies act to address a long-term risk before crisis? We draw from the literature in economics, psychology, sociology and political science to provide a range of potential factors that would contribute to addressing long-term risks. We find that long-term risk governance is under-theorized and that existing relevant understandings are highly fragmented. We also find that empirical studies testing these theories are limited in number and have mixed results. We propose that case studies of long-term risks that have been addressed could be a fruitful avenue forward in developing a more cohesive and empirically rooted theory of when societies address a future risk before a crisis point. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1374-1390 Issue: 11 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1476900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1476900 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:11:p:1374-1390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elise Beck Author-X-Name-First: Elise Author-X-Name-Last: Beck Author-Name: Stéphane Cartier Author-X-Name-First: Stéphane Author-X-Name-Last: Cartier Author-Name: Ludvina Colbeau-Justin Author-X-Name-First: Ludvina Author-X-Name-Last: Colbeau-Justin Author-Name: Carine Azzam Author-X-Name-First: Carine Author-X-Name-Last: Azzam Author-Name: Maud Saikali Author-X-Name-First: Maud Author-X-Name-Last: Saikali Title: Vulnerability to earthquake of Beirut residents (Lebanon): perception, knowledge, and protection strategies Abstract: Lebanon is characterized by strong but rare earthquakes. Beirut’s important urban density results in a high level of human vulnerability. A questionnaire survey performed on a sample of 176 people allows better understanding of the individual vulnerability of residents facing earthquakes. The survey questions the perceptions and the knowledge about seismic hazards, the behaviors in case of an earthquake, and the protection strategies. The results show a good perception of the seismic threat but dispersed knowledge. The residents know how efficient earthquake-resistant construction is, expect more information but remain skeptical about institutions. Among the variables explaining this, education has a key role, unlike classical factors such as gender, the presence of children, or the lessons drawn from past experience. A synthetic index built from the answers to the questionnaire confirms the role of education. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1391-1408 Issue: 11 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1466826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1466826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:11:p:1391-1408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marije H. Bakker Author-X-Name-First: Marije H. Author-X-Name-Last: Bakker Author-Name: José H. Kerstholt Author-X-Name-First: José H. Author-X-Name-Last: Kerstholt Author-Name: Marco van Bommel Author-X-Name-First: Marco Author-X-Name-Last: van Bommel Author-Name: Ellen Giebels Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Giebels Title: Decision-making during a crisis: the interplay of narratives and statistical information before and after crisis communication Abstract: Decision-making during a crisis is affected by several sources of information and prior knowledge, such as factual (statistical) information, narratives of others, and real-time governmental messages. The present study investigated how two types of information (statistics and narratives) influence helping behavior after the occurrence of a traffic accident. We used a scripted crisis scenario in a virtual environment, where several types of behavior could be measured. The main dependent variable was whether participants would move the victim or not. By moving the victim, he would be rescued from a potentially unsafe position (the tilted truck could contain poisonous substances), but moving also entailed a risk of increased injury (according to the statistical information the most likely consequence). Our results indicate that more victims were moved in the narrative condition before an official message was received. Participants who had received statistical information or both types of information performed similar to the control condition. After the official message, informing participants to keep distance, more victims were moved in the narrative condition and in the combined narrative and statistical condition. A narrative therefore has stronger effects when (information about) the actual situation matches the narrative’s content. In contrast with our expectations, affective response did not mediate the relationship between narrative information and moving victims. An alternative explanation would be that narratives trigger a more heuristic way of information processing. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1409-1424 Issue: 11 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1473464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1473464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:11:p:1409-1424 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaoli Lu Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoli Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Ziqiang Han Author-X-Name-First: Ziqiang Author-X-Name-Last: Han Title: Emergency management in China: towards a comprehensive model? Abstract: The institutional structures and processes of emergency management have been infused with ideas of Comprehensive Emergency Management (CEM) and the so-called all-hazard approach in various countries since the mid-1980s. China’s new emergency management system has moved to the direction of a more CEM-like system, though some experts advocate an even more comprehensive system. This article examines the applicability of three popular CEM principles in the Chinese context: all-hazard, all-phase and all-stakeholder involvement. We argue that (1) an all-hazard coordinating ministry was established for a different reason; (2) integrating all-phase management (especially mitigation phase) should not only be applied in post-catastrophes reconstructions, but also in prior disaster mitigation phases; (3) too much stake has been imposed on individual leaders in vertical governmental relations which hinders opportunities on trial and error learning after an emergency. Finally, we try to contribute to the extensions of the CEM concept after comparing applications in different political and administrative contexts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1425-1442 Issue: 11 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1476901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1476901 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:11:p:1425-1442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jinkyung Choi Author-X-Name-First: Jinkyung Author-X-Name-Last: Choi Author-Name: Douglas Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Barbara Almanza Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Almanza Title: Food safety risk for restaurant management: use of restaurant health inspection report to predict consumers’ behavioral intention Abstract: This study investigated the impact of inspection reports on consumers’ restaurant selection behavior. This study used scenario approach questionnaires to generate protection motivation in participants. The protection motivation theory (PMT) was employed to measure positive relationships between PMT variables: vulnerability, severity, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and protection motivation. Results suggest respondents’ vulnerability, severity, response efficacy, and self-efficacy positively influence their protection motivation. Results also showed that protection motivation was positively related to behavioral intention to dine at a restaurant that has good food safety practices. Findings of this study contribute to the current literature by indicating PMT is useful in explaining the impact of health code violations on consumers’ choices of where to eat. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1443-1457 Issue: 11 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501590 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501590 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:11:p:1443-1457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Book Reviews Journal: Pages: 697-701 Issue: 6 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600603394 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600603394 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:6:p:697-701 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Virna Vaneza Gutiérrez Author-X-Name-First: Virna Author-X-Name-Last: Vaneza Gutiérrez Author-Name: Luis Abdón Cifuentes Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Abdón Cifuentes Author-Name: Nicolás C. Bronfman Author-X-Name-First: Nicolás Author-X-Name-Last: C. Bronfman Title: The Influence of Information Delivery on Risk Ranking by Lay People Abstract: An experiment was conducted in a real environment to test how information delivery affects risk ranking. Another aim was to propose the best format for delivering information. Different people received different types of information about risks in a risk ranking exercise: Group 1 received a descriptive paragraph about the hazards (Format 1); Group 2 added a table with specific information on risk attributes (Format 2); Group 3 added information on the steps taken locally to mitigate the risks (Format 3), and Group 4 received a data table without identifying the hazard (Format 4). Agreement among subjects' rankings within a group and from group to group was used to measure the potential impact of information delivery. Average pair‐wise Spearman correlation was used to compare the level of agreement within each group. Results showed greater consensus in the group using Format 4 than in Formats 1, 2, and 3, with the only significant difference between Format 4 and each one of the others. The results show that the amount of information, and the way it is delivered, may affect how lay people rank risks, but the differences are not statistically significant. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 641-655 Issue: 6 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600717525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600717525 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:6:p:641-655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Weyman Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Weyman Author-Name: Nicholas Pidgeon Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Pidgeon Author-Name: John Walls Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Walls Author-Name: Tom Horlick‐Jones Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Horlick‐Jones Title: Exploring Comparative Ratings and Constituent Facets of Public Trust in Risk Regulatory Bodies and Related Stakeholder Groups Abstract: This paper reports on two comparative ranking tasks performed by a sample of the British citizens (N = 304). The first was designed to compare levels of relative trust vested in a sample of UK risk regulatory bodies and associated stakeholder groups. The second sought to elicit a ranking of a range of previously identified facets of social trust referenced to their desirability as attributes of a government funded risk regulatory body. The ranking tasks were embedded within a broader programme of research focused on “Evaluating public understandings of and trust in the Health and Safety Executive” (Pidgeon et al., 2003). It is argued that deriving rankings of multi‐faceted phenomena using the method of paired comparisons offers a more robust approach to rating social trust entities than the direct ranking techniques used in previous studies in this area. Results are discussed with reference to qualitative findings from the broader programme of work on public trust in HSE (Pidgeon et al., 2003) and the wider literature on public trust in risk regulation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 605-622 Issue: 6 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600799812 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600799812 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:6:p:605-622 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lennart Sjöberg Author-X-Name-First: Lennart Author-X-Name-Last: Sjöberg Title: As Time Goes By: The Beginnings of Social and Behavioural Science Risk Research Abstract: Attempts at studying risk issues in the social and behavioural sciences have now been going on for about 30 years. A brief summary of the first Swedish project, launched in 1975, and now available on the Internet site www.dynam‐it.com/risk, is presented. It was a fairly large‐scale attempt to review work then available or in a start‐up phase in several disciplines, mainly in the social sciences, but also in some of the humanities and in technology. The usual problems of interdisciplinary work were met with, and are briefly noted here. However, there was also a philosophical rift between empirical and theoretical/conceptual approaches which surfaced in requirements of “a theory of risk” and an accompanying and integrated analysis of risk generation in society. These requirements are as difficult to meet today as they were in the 1970s, and in some quarters they are just as demanding. However, the quest for “a theory of risk” is arguably meaningless, and fruitful research on risk topics is hardly to be expected to be the result from merely analysing the meaning of the word. Risk is just a four‐letter word. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 601-604 Issue: 6 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600799911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600799911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:6:p:601-604 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lennart Sjöberg Author-X-Name-First: Lennart Author-X-Name-Last: Sjöberg Title: Rational Risk Perception: Utopia or Dystopia? Abstract: Societal conflicts with regard to risk management are common. The public has different beliefs than many experts and administrators with regard to such issues as the citing of a repository for spent nuclear fuel or whether genetically modified organisms should be allowed to enter the human food chain. As a result, political tensions arise and there may be a skew allocation of resources for risk mitigation. The question raised in the article is if a consensus society is possible and desirable. If views converge on high risk beliefs, the cost would be very high as well. If views converge on low risks, some hazards could be neglected and environmental damage considerable, as used to be the case in the Former Soviet Union and other socialist countries which lacked a free press. A consensus society is neither possible nor desirable. No party has access to the final truth with regard to risks and hazards; diversity is an asset. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 683-696 Issue: 6 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600799952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600799952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:6:p:683-696 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Torbjørn Rundmo Author-X-Name-First: Torbjørn Author-X-Name-Last: Rundmo Author-Name: Bjørg‐Elin Moen Author-X-Name-First: Bjørg‐Elin Author-X-Name-Last: Moen Title: Risk Perception and Demand for Risk Mitigation in Transport: A Comparison of Lay People, Politicians and Experts Abstract: This paper aims at examining risk perception, worry and demand for risk mitigation in transport and to compare judgements made by lay people, politicians and experts. The results are based on three questionnaire surveys carried out during autumn and winter 2004. The first study involved a representative sample of the Norwegian population (n = 1716), the second sample a group of Norwegian politicians (n = 146) and the third a group of experts on transport safety (n = 26). Studies carried out previously (Sjöberg, 1998a, 1999) have given support to the idea that consequences are more important for demands of risk mitigation than probability assessments. In the present study it is hypothesised that this may be because they are associated with worry and it is also proposed that worry relates more strongly to demands for risk mitigation than evaluation of consequences. The results of SEM‐modelling showed that worry was a stronger and more significant predictor of demands for risk mitigation compared to consequences and worry mediated the effect of consequences. Probability assessment was a totally insignificant predictor. In accordance with previous studies, the results showed that experts demanded less risk reduction than lay people and politicians. The results indicate that this is because they stress the probability more than the other two groups. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 623-640 Issue: 6 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600813811 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600813811 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:6:p:623-640 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David French Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: French Author-Name: Stephen Sutton Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Sutton Author-Name: Ann Louise Kinmonth Author-X-Name-First: Ann Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Kinmonth Author-Name: Theresa Marteau Author-X-Name-First: Theresa Author-X-Name-Last: Marteau Title: Assessing Perceptions of Risks due to Multiple Hazards Abstract: Valid measures of how people view risks due to combinations of hazards are needed. 320 adult smokers responded to four vignettes in which hypothetical men were described as having high or low levels of (1) smoking and (2) either (a) blood cholesterol or (b) family history of CHD (coronary heart disease). Ratings of the risk of a heart attack were made using one of three different rating scales: (a) nine‐point, (b) 101‐point, and (c) unbounded. The nine‐point scale yielded a strong sub‐additive interaction, the 101‐point scale yielded a weak sub‐additive interaction, and the unbounded scale yielded a weak synergistic interaction. Although respondents preferred the nine‐point scale, evidence from this and other studies suggest that scales with nine points or fewer should not be used to assess perceptions of risks due to multiple hazards. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 657-682 Issue: 6 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600813837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600813837 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:6:p:657-682 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martina Raue Author-X-Name-First: Martina Author-X-Name-Last: Raue Author-Name: Bernhard Streicher Author-X-Name-First: Bernhard Author-X-Name-Last: Streicher Author-Name: Eva Lermer Author-X-Name-First: Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Lermer Author-Name: Dieter Frey Author-X-Name-First: Dieter Author-X-Name-Last: Frey Title: Being active when judging risks: bodily states interfere with accurate risk analysis Abstract: Research on embodiment shows that bodily states influence affect and cognition, but embodiment theories have hardly been applied to risk research. Understanding how the bodily state of being physically active interferes with accurate risk judgments is especially important in risky activities, such as risk sports or even biking in the city. The present investigation consisted of two field studies (Study 1, N = 45; Study 2, N = 110) and one experimental study (Study 3, N = 44) examining the influence of physical activity on risk judgments. In Study 1, backcountry skiers judged risks of backcountry skiing while on tour and in Study 2 indoor climbers judged climbing risks. In Study 3, participants were riding on a stationary bicycle in the laboratory and judged risks related and unrelated to that activity. It was found that physical activity can decrease the perceived likelihood of risks, both related and unrelated to the activity, and that this effect is moderated by experience. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 445-462 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1057206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1057206 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:445-462 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H.E. Stubbé Author-X-Name-First: H.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Stubbé Author-Name: M.L. van Emmerik Author-X-Name-First: M.L. Author-X-Name-Last: van Emmerik Author-Name: J.H. Kerstholt Author-X-Name-First: J.H. Author-X-Name-Last: Kerstholt Title: Helping behavior in a virtual crisis situation: effects of safety awareness and crisis communication Abstract: Incident evaluations show that bystanders tend to help: they do not wait for professionals to arrive, but act as required by the situation at hand. In the present study, we investigated how safety awareness (induced before an accident happened) and providing a course of action by emergency services affect helping behavior after witnessing a virtual accident with two victims. The main task of the participants was to arrive at a job interview in time. Safety awareness was manipulated by the specific organization they went to: either promoting safe traffic or healthy living. The results show that all participants were inclined to help. Participants who were primed towards safe traffic more often called the emergency number, but talked to the victim less often. Participants who had received specific courses of action moved the victim less often. In all, the results clearly indicate the value of effective risk communication (before an event occurs) and crisis communication (after an event has occurred), as both types of information improve the quality of actual helping behavior at the scene. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 433-444 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1071865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1071865 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:433-444 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gwendolyn C.H. Bakx Author-X-Name-First: Gwendolyn C.H. Author-X-Name-Last: Bakx Author-Name: James M. Nyce Author-X-Name-First: James M. Author-X-Name-Last: Nyce Title: Risk and safety in large-scale socio-technological (military) systems: a literature review Abstract: Contemporary military practice relies more and more on technology and its artefacts and seem to have become, thereby, large-scale socio-technological systems; systems in which the social and the technological are closely tied together. An important issue in these kinds of systems, especially military ones, is how to safely use this technology. This paper reviews the literature for research on risk and safety in large-scale socio-technological systems for their ability to account for the complex dynamics from which safety in these kinds of systems tends to emerge – or not. After this, it evaluates some current accounts of risk and safety in the military specifically, so as to assess the ‘status’ – or analytical strength – of accounts of risk and safety in this domain. More rigour is needed in evaluations of risk and safety of technology in the military so as to provide analyses with sufficient analytic strength. This rigour, it turns out, can often be found in the interdisciplinary STS (science, technology and society) literature that, until today however, does not often seem to address risk and safety of large-scale socio-technological systems directly, and which seems to pay even less attention to risk and safety in the military. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 463-481 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1071867 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1071867 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:463-481 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jianhua Xu Author-X-Name-First: Jianhua Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Cheryl S.F. Chi Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl S.F. Author-X-Name-Last: Chi Author-Name: Kejun Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Kejun Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Title: Concern or apathy: the attitude of the public toward urban air pollution Abstract: It is important to understand public attitudes when designing policy instruments to motivate actions. Attitude is partially socially constructed and thus must be studied locally rather than inferred from other settings. This study explored public attitudes toward air pollution among Beijing residents through interviews and thematic analysis. In contrast to previous studies mostly focusing on a certain dimension of attitudes, we attempted to show an initial picture of attitudes in three dimensions, knowledge and belief, perception and concern, and covert and overt behaviors, and identify underlying factors accounting for such attitudes. The results showed that the interviewees largely knew the sources and impacts of air pollution but also demonstrated misunderstandings; half of them perceived air pollution as ‘severe’ and three-fourths of them showed little concern about air pollution; their protective and mitigation responsive behaviors were inadequate. Factors affecting such attitudes, both existing and missing in current literature, were identified. Perceived air pollution is determined by sensory cues and imagination, and mediated by lived experiences and place identity. Lack of concern about air pollution can largely be explained by a feeling of uncontrollability and the crowding effect in competing for attention. This lack is further influenced by the perceived benefits of living in large cities, perceived fairness of the impact across the population, and perceived delay of the health impacts posed by air pollution. Protective behaviors, specifically wearing facemasks, are influenced by perceived severity, vulnerability, efficacy, and barriers. Mitigation behavior, which refers to reducing car use in this case, is discouraged by a lack of feeling responsible and by perceived inconvenience and ineffectiveness. At an academic level, the results of this exploratory study are expected to provide a base for further investigations of factors affecting public attitudes. From a policy perspective, the results should provide information for designing policy instruments to raise awareness and motivate actions to cope with air pollution. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 482-498 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1071869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1071869 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:482-498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hendrik Hillen Author-X-Name-First: Hendrik Author-X-Name-Last: Hillen Author-Name: Holger Pfaff Author-X-Name-First: Holger Author-X-Name-Last: Pfaff Author-Name: Antje Hammer Author-X-Name-First: Antje Author-X-Name-Last: Hammer Title: The association between transformational leadership in German hospitals and the frequency of events reported as perceived by medical directors Abstract: This paper aimed to evaluate how transformational leadership behaviour is associated with patient safety culture in a hospital context. In line with findings from other high-hazard industries, we predicted that in hospitals, executives’ perceived emphasis on transformational behaviour would positively influence the frequency of events reported by staff on the front line of service provision. Our hypothesis was confirmed by fitting a multivariable regression model to a sample of 507 medical directors of German acute-care hospitals. Results revealed transformational leadership in hospitals was a significant predictor of the reporting frequency of safety events, as perceived by medical directors. Our findings highlighted the critical role that executive behaviour plays in staff participation in patient safety initiatives. Preventing patients from unintended harm can then be traced back to the organisational level that is the farthest away from direct patient interaction. Consequently, these findings may provide guidance for hospitals aiming to raise employees’ awareness of patient safety and prevent unintended patient harm prospectively. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 499-515 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1074935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1074935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:499-515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiayin Pei Author-X-Name-First: Jiayin Author-X-Name-Last: Pei Author-Name: Guang Yu Author-X-Name-First: Guang Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Xianyun Tian Author-X-Name-First: Xianyun Author-X-Name-Last: Tian Author-Name: Maureen Renee Donnelley Author-X-Name-First: Maureen Renee Author-X-Name-Last: Donnelley Title: A new method for early detection of mass concern about public health issues Abstract: During a public health crisis, risk communication professionals and other risk managers need timely and reliable information about the public reaction as soon as possible in order to effectively carry out their responsibilities. Based on a data-set of microblog news posts, this article presents a method that can forecast to what extent news about a public health issue will be disseminated. The study makes advances in rapidly tracking citizens’ reaction towards public health issues by monitoring news media on microblog sites. The findings show that the proposed method can detect early on the intensity of social reaction on a public health issue as well as provide alert signals. The method can also complement existing risk detection systems and help in the design of other powerful risk analytics tools. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 516-532 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1100655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1100655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:516-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sophie Tourenq Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Tourenq Author-Name: George Boustras Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Boustras Author-Name: Jan M. Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: Jan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Title: Risk communication policy design: Cyprus compared to France and the Netherlands Abstract: This study aims at analyzing differences between risk communication policies in Cyprus, compared to the Netherlands, and France. It analyzes risk communication policies indirectly through a qualitative analysis of the information provided by official websites, which are considered to be proxies of these policies. The websites review will focus on the type of the information disclosed online, and the similarities and differences between the websites, regarding the information provided, the way it is communicated, the backing on credible sources, and the supplying of more information if desired, but also simply through the presenting of the WebPages. The results indicate that the Netherlands and France have created risk dedicated websites besides the ministries’ websites with information on risks, prevention and the authorities’ actions. There is a gap between strategies. The Dutch strategy is to give more responsibilities to the public, by encouraging individuals to be resilient and responsible for their own safety at a certain level by promoting preventive behaviors. The French strategy is to provide risk-dedicated information to the public, also on prevention and government actions. Opposed to this, the Cypriot authorities simply avoid this strategic question by confining the risk communication to the crisis phase, without entrusting people with a role in risk management, and by strictly one-directional communication, with government delivering and the public digesting (or not). Suggestions for risk communication policy development are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 533-550 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1100656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1100656 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:533-550 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oliver Todt Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Todt Author-Name: José Luis Luján Author-X-Name-First: José Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Luján Title: The role of epistemic policies in regulatory science: scientific substantiation of health claims in the European Union Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the concept of scientific substantiation in European health claims regulation. It focuses on the controversies about the demand for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between food consumption and health outcomes in claim substantiation. Our analysis, on the basis of regulatory and scientific documents, identifies two opposing views about the aims of health claims regulation. Each of these two stances links certain regulatory objectives with specific epistemic policies, that is particular sets of scientific methodology, criteria, and procedure. The regulators, in selecting a demanding evidentiary approach based on a hierarchy of methodologies that requires causal data for substantiation of claims, give priority to preventing the authorization of false claims. The opposing view, espoused by the critics of this approach, opts for less demanding requirements for substantiation, implying the market availability of a wider range of products with health claims that may provide individual as well as public health benefits. We argue that one of the objectives that underlie the European regulators’ demand for causal data is to protect their own credibility, by trying to isolate them from value-laden debates about the limitations of scientific methodologies, as well as the societal and policy implications of regulatory decision-making. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 551-565 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1100661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1100661 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:551-565 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Special Issue on ‘Risk Analytics and Business Intelligence’ Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 566-567 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1286092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1286092 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:566-567 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Erratum Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 568-568 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1288415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1288415 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:568-568 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fei Wang Author-X-Name-First: Fei Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Jiuchang Wei Author-X-Name-First: Jiuchang Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Author-Name: Shih-Kai Huang Author-X-Name-First: Shih-Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Michael K. Lindell Author-X-Name-First: Michael K. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindell Author-Name: Yue (Gurt) Ge Author-X-Name-First: Yue (Gurt) Author-X-Name-Last: Ge Author-Name: Hung-Lung Wei Author-X-Name-First: Hung-Lung Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Title: Public reactions to the 2013 Chinese H7N9 Influenza outbreak: perceptions of risk, stakeholders, and protective actions Abstract: This study used the Protective Action Decision model to guide a survey of 762 respondents in Anhui province, China during the 2013 Avian Influenza A (H7N9) outbreak. The data suggest that three types of psychological variables – risk perceptions, protective action perceptions, and stakeholder perceptions – influenced people’s behavioral expectations of adopting protective actions. In addition, the effects of demographic variables on behavioral expectations were quite variable, with some being unrelated to behavioral expectations, some being related but unmediated by the psychological variables, and others being either partially or completely mediated by the psychological variables. These results can help public health officials to communicate more effectively when encouraging people to protect themselves during an influenza emergency. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 809-833 Issue: 7 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1247377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1247377 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:7:p:809-833 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Janet Z. Yang Author-X-Name-First: Janet Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Haoran Chu Author-X-Name-First: Haoran Author-X-Name-Last: Chu Title: Who is afraid of the Ebola outbreak? The influence of discrete emotions on risk perception Abstract: The appraisal tendency framework (ATF) suggests that discrete emotions mediate the relationship between cognitive appraisals and behaviors. Based on the ATF, this study analyzed and found that fear, anger, anxiety, disgust, and sadness were positively related to the US public’s risk perception about the Ebola outbreak. Fear was also found to inhibit the degree to which systematic processing of the relevant risk information influenced participants’ support for institutional mitigation measures such as sending more health professionals to help countries in West Africa deal with the Ebola outbreak. The result partially confirms the ATF and offers important practical implications in regard to the communication of emergent public health crises. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 834-853 Issue: 7 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1247378 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1247378 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:7:p:834-853 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristin Halvorsen Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Halvorsen Title: Rhetorical accounts of risk: interprofessional risk assessment in operational planning meetings Abstract: In the context of high-risk industries, risk assessment takes place not only through standardized methods for risk analysis, but is frequently negotiated and discussed as an integral part of operational decision-making. This is not least the case in the context of operational planning. Frequent changes in operations require ongoing assessment of risk as tasks are rescheduled and resources reallocated. The current study explores how professionals account for the presence or absence of risk in a setting in which risk analysis is not the primary objective. With data from the offshore petroleum industry, the rhetorical aspects of risk assessments are examined. A series of interprofessional planning meetings were video recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a rhetorical discourse analytic framework. The data are analyzed at a micro-interactional level in order to study how accounts of risk are presented and negotiated in this particular setting. The meaning and consequences of operational plan changes, and their implications for safety, are seen as negotiated discursively through interprofessional meeting talk. The analysis shows that accounts of risk are characterized by shifting rhetorical strategies that can be heard to echo established risk discourses often referred to as ‘technico-scientific’ and ‘contextualized’ conceptions of risk. Rhetorical devices are used interchangeably and strategically by the participants as they account for risk from their respective institutional positions and their specific areas of expertise and responsibility. The accounts are found to be increasingly persuasive and rhetorical in style as disagreements over risk and prioritizations surface. Accounts of risk, then, are not simply objective presentations of probability and consequence, but rather powerful tools for achieving specific professional outcomes. The study contributes to the understanding of risk assessment at its most concrete and practical level; as it takes place through professional interaction in an operational setting. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 854-868 Issue: 7 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1247379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1247379 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:7:p:854-868 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christian Oltra Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Oltra Author-Name: Roser Sala Author-X-Name-First: Roser Author-X-Name-Last: Sala Title: Perception of risk from air pollution and reported behaviors: a cross-sectional survey study in four cities Abstract: We investigate how public perceptions of air pollution, risk beliefs and self-reported actions to limit personal exposure to ambient air pollution vary across cities. Our analysis also examines the extent to which a number of individual-level variables are associated to self-protective and information-seeking actions due to bad air quality. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey in four cities with a total sample of 1202 inhabitants. We found a moderate variation in the subjective evaluation of local air pollution between cities, as well as in the levels of annoyance and distress due to air pollution. There was relatively little variation in perceived severity, worry and self-reported actions. No variation was found for self-reported attention to air quality levels and controllability beliefs regarding the risks from air pollution. Preliminary modeling of four self-reported actions suggests that self-reported attention to air quality levels and worry are important predictors of self-protective and information seeking behavior. We conclude that both personal and contextual factors have to be taken into account in order to understand public reactions to outdoor urban air pollution. We discuss the implications in terms of risk and health communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 869-884 Issue: 7 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1264446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1264446 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:7:p:869-884 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hong-Zhi Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hong-Zhi Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Yu Zheng Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng Author-Name: Li-Lin Rao Author-X-Name-First: Li-Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Rao Author-Name: Fang Wang Author-X-Name-First: Fang Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Yue Sun Author-X-Name-First: Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Gui-Hai Huang Author-X-Name-First: Gui-Hai Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Shu Li Author-X-Name-First: Shu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Zhu-Yuan Liang Author-X-Name-First: Zhu-Yuan Author-X-Name-Last: Liang Title: Not all gamblers are created equal: gambling preferences depend on individual personality traits Abstract: Previous studies have presented evidence revealing that the dispositional personalities of consumers, or the traits associated with their gambling behaviors and risk preferences, differ across various gambling types. Those studies leave open the question of whether and how personality differences affect domain-specific gambling preferences. Using latent class analysis (LCA), we explored the latent classes of risk preference for different gambling types and the effects of personality traits on these classes. A total of 732 Macau residents completed a questionnaire assessing 13 gambling types and personality traits. Preferences for gambling shown by the participants varied between three latent classes of games: chance gambling, entertainment gambling, and technical gambling. Moreover, not all personality traits consistently predicted preferences for these gambling classes. For instance, aggression-hostility positively predicted a general preference for both chance gambling and technical gambling, but impulsive sensation-seeking positively predicted only a preference for chance gambling. However, neuroticism-anxiety traits showed no such predictive effect for any of the three gambling classes. This study suggests that personality patterns emerge for overall and specific gambling types and underscores the value of LCA to help resolve the longstanding debate over whether gambling is domain specific. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 885-898 Issue: 7 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1264447 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1264447 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:7:p:885-898 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Florent Lheureux Author-X-Name-First: Florent Author-X-Name-Last: Lheureux Author-Name: Colette Charlois Author-X-Name-First: Colette Author-X-Name-Last: Charlois Author-Name: Laurent Auzoult Author-X-Name-First: Laurent Author-X-Name-Last: Auzoult Title: Not all high-alexithymia individuals are risk-takers: private self-consciousness moderates the relationship between alexithymia and risk-taking behaviours Abstract: This article concerns the influence which alexithymia exerts on risk-taking. In particular, alexithymia is seen as a factor which encourages risk-taking as it allows high-alexithymia individuals to feel emotions which are sufficiently intense to compensate for their deficit of emotional awareness. In this connection, we make the hypothesis that alexithymia’s influence is moderated by private self-consciousness (SC). This is because private SC increases the likelihood that high-alexithymia individuals become aware of their risk-taking tendency and that this tendency is discrepant with their pro-safety standards (‘putting someone in danger is bad’) or self-schemas (‘I am a responsible person’). Thus, private SC is likely to enable and motivate them to consciously regulate their behaviour in a safer direction. This hypothesis was empirically tested by a questionnaire amongst 372 French drivers, whose SC, alexithymia, as well as their current adoption of eight risky behaviours (with a more detailed analysis of speeding). The use of conditional process analyses reveal no main effects of alexithymia and private SC but strong interaction effects, while controlling for other predictors. More precisely, when private SC is low high-alexithymia individuals break more the speed limits and adopt more frequently risky behaviours than low-alexithymia drivers. Conversely, when private SC is high, they are less risk-prone. As practical implication, we recommend the use of techniques increasing private SC amongst high-alexithymia persons. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 899-913 Issue: 7 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1264448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1264448 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:7:p:899-913 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magnus Weber Author-X-Name-First: Magnus Author-X-Name-Last: Weber Title: The acerbity of the social: how to include the social in governmental risk assessments Abstract: This paper addresses the expansion of risk practices through a case study of a government led project in Sweden purposed to develop a method to include social events in mandatory risk practices. Social heterogeneity was to be transformed into straightforward causality in order to turn the social into a manageable object. In this regard, the project was quite successful. By inviting social scientists into the process, otherwise often marginalized within risk practice, causality and quantifiable risk factors could be established and the model became a rigorous and legitimate scientific model. Although experts were granted significant autonomy and became experts far beyond their own area of expertise, the success of the model lies rather in allowing experts authority within confined boundaries. Grand narratives and critical perspectives are disregarded as too abstract and if social scientists are to infuse aspects of social critique they must adapt to these circumstances: they must become instrumentalists. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 914-931 Issue: 7 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1264449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1264449 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:7:p:914-931 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John B. Coles Author-X-Name-First: John B. Author-X-Name-Last: Coles Author-Name: Jing Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Jun Zhuang Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Zhuang Title: Scalable simulation of a Disaster Response Agent-based network Management and Adaptation System (DRAMAS) Abstract: The objective of this paper is to advance the study of disaster response and recovery (generally, disaster relief) by providing tools and insights to agencies that work in disaster relief. This paper is built on extensive research of disaster relief literature and practice, and provides a comprehensive analysis of agency posturing following an extreme event. We present the Disaster Response Agent-based network Management and Adaptation System (DRAMAS) model, which uses stochastic processes to model the complex interactions between relief agencies of different sizes and capabilities. The DRAMAS simulation environment provide an excellent testing ground for hypotheses regarding relief agency partnerships, goals, roles, and prior involvement, by providing a depiction of the change in agency partnerships and resource investments following a disaster. The goal of this research is to expand the current body of knowledge and examine the fundamental principles of agency success during relief operations. We find that (a) larger relief networks tended to be less efficient at meeting the typical needs of the community, (b) having a relief network with more agents appeared to increase the time it took for a typical need, (c) having a high percentage of local agents resulted in an increased time for typical services, (d) a more dense network resulted in more effective identification of long-term needs and also improved services time, etc. Results from this work provide a path for improving our understanding of interagency partnerships and interaction, and could provide new insights into the behavior of agency networks in response to a disaster. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 269-290 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:269-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marko Kovic Author-X-Name-First: Marko Author-X-Name-Last: Kovic Author-Name: Silje Kristiansen Author-X-Name-First: Silje Author-X-Name-Last: Kristiansen Title: The gambler’s fallacy fallacy (fallacy) Abstract: The gambler’s fallacy is the irrational belief that prior outcomes in a series of events affect the probability of a future outcome, even though the events in question are independent and identically distributed. In this paper, we argue that in the standard account of the gambler’s fallacy, the gambler’s fallacy fallacy can arise: the irrational belief that all beliefs pertaining to the probabilities of sequences of outcomes constitute the gambler’s fallacy, when, in fact, they do not. Specifically, the odds of the probabilities of some sequences of outcomes can be epistemically rational in a given decision-making situation. Not only are such odds of probabilities of sequences of outcomes not the gambler’s fallacy, but they can be implemented as a simple heuristic for avoiding the gambler’s fallacy in risk-related decision-making. However, we have to be careful not to fall prey to a variant of the gambler’s fallacy, the gambler’s fallacy fallacy (fallacy), in which we do not calculate odds for the probabilities of sequences that matter, but rather simply believe that the raw probability for the occurrence of a sequence of outcomes is the probability for the last outcome in that sequence. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 291-302 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1378248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1378248 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:291-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice Hamilton-Webb Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton-Webb Author-Name: Rhiannon Naylor Author-X-Name-First: Rhiannon Author-X-Name-Last: Naylor Author-Name: Louise Manning Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Manning Author-Name: John Conway Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Conway Title: ‘Living on the edge’: using cognitive filters to appraise experience of environmental risk Abstract: Individuals respond to an experience of risk, both in attitudinal and behavioural terms as a result of how that experience is interpreted and appraised. Experience of local flooding can in theory, inform individuals’ attitudes towards climate change. This trend however, is not observed in all cases and is highly dependent on the local, situational context. This paper postulates that the variation observed in attitudinal and behavioural responses by farmers to climate change following experiences of local flooding can, in part, be explained by the Cognitive Filters of Experience Appraisal Model introduced in this paper. The model is developed firstly through a review of the existing literature concerning appraisal (cognitive and experience). Secondly, the model is framed by empirical research via fifteen face to face interviews with farmers in Gloucestershire, England, who have all directly experienced flooding in recent years. The study is exploratory in nature, and the qualitative data serve as contextualised accounts of the different patterns of experience appraisal. The paper contributes to existing literature by developing current understandings of experience appraisal as well as providing qualitative detail to an area which has generally only been researched quantitatively. The model of experience appraisal which is put forward could be applied to multiple contexts of environmental risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 303-319 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1378249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1378249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:303-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Weinkle Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Weinkle Title: The new political importance of the old hurricane risk: a contextual approach to understanding contemporary struggles with hurricane risk and insurance Abstract: In the United States, policy-makers struggle to resolve conflict between public demands for affordable insurance costs covering hurricanes and market demands for risk-based insurance pricing. Given the socially constructed nature of risk, a risk-based pricing approach prioritizes insurer values and business practices over all societal value goals expressly limiting democratic inclusion in decision-making about risk. As a step towards the more democratically inclusive approach of risk governance, this article uses the state of Florida as a case study to provide a narrative of the social and political context for the evolution of the idea of U.S. hurricane risk. I argue that today’s hurricane risk is a product of long-standing shared efforts to build prosperity. However, it is no longer a simple risk for society to overcome on its way to economic well-being. Contemporary hurricane risk is systemic and serves as a nexus for political battles over American values. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 320-333 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1378250 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1378250 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:320-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Buttny Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Buttny Title: Accounting for ‘how we know’ about the safety/risks with hydrofracking: an intergovernmental hearing on the revised Environmental Impact Statement on whether to permit hydrofracking in New York state Abstract: An intergovernmental hearing on permitting hydrofracking in New York State is examined. This hearing proved to be a key moment in the debate on hydrofracking. The Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) advocates for accepting their revised Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), while some Assembly members raise concerns about the risks and are critical of the EIS. The focus is on how techno-scientific discourse is formulated to argue for or against permitting hydrofracking. In particular, models are cited. The DEC uses extreme-case formulations to amplify their knowledge claims about their modeling. ‘Extreme-case formulations’ involve heightened, maximal descriptions of how they know through modeling. Formulations can also be used to deflate the accuracy of modeling. The boom-and-bust cycle model is challenged by the DEC through the practice of reformulation. The boom-and-bust cycle is reformulated to a more benign process to counter the Assembly member’s account. Such techno-scientific discourse of modeling and with their extreme-case formulations need to be seen as a situated social activity and for their discursive, rhetorical, or affective dimensions in contexts such as intergovernmental hearings. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 334-345 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1378251 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1378251 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:334-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Hazard avoidance, symbolic and practical: the case of Americans’ reported responses to Ebola Abstract: Reducing potential dangers by changing routine behavior to avoid certain people, places, or technologies can be prudent, but reporting avoidance also can be symbolic. This study probed Americans’ reactions to Ebola from December 2014 to May 2015 with a longitudinal study (final n = 625), plus a representative sample in May: How much did they claim to avoid West Africans, commercial flights, Ebola-associated cities, and four other targets? What factors affected self-reported avoidance? Did people with opportunities to implement avoidance report more (e.g. frequent flyers can change their routine behavior more to avoid commercial flights than can infrequent flyers)? The December 2014 survey found most people never considered avoidance, but substantial minorities claimed acting or intending to avoid each target; substantial majorities of May 2015 respondents reported avoidance intentions if a new Ebola outbreak occurred in Africa or the United States. Perceptions of personal risk, concern about infection, and following Ebola news were primary factors in reported avoidance, with temporal reversals (e.g. news following increased avoidance in December but decreased it in May). Opportunity enhanced reported avoidance in December 2014 by indirect effects through personal risk, concern, and news following, but decreased avoidance intentions in May 2015 through direct effects of opportunity on avoidance. Temporal shifts in avoidance reports and associations seem consistent with objective declines in Ebola cases, perhaps mediated by changes in news coverage. Further consideration of avoidance behavior and the role of opportunity could enhance hazard management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 346-363 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1378252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1378252 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:346-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Paula Beck da Silva Etges Author-X-Name-First: Ana Paula Beck Author-X-Name-Last: da Silva Etges Author-Name: Marcelo Nogueira Cortimiglia Author-X-Name-First: Marcelo Nogueira Author-X-Name-Last: Cortimiglia Title: A systematic review of risk management in innovation-oriented firms Abstract: Innovation and risk are inseparable. In fact, literature on innovation management often recommends that innovation-oriented firms must actively monitor, evaluate, analyze and treat future events in order to mitigate risks whenever possible. This approach is particularly important in emergent economies characterized by unstructured national innovation systems and constant economic and market instability. However, there has been no systematic effort to identify and categorize risks that potentially impact businesses based on innovation. Thus, we propose an interpretative framework of risk events with potential financial impact in innovation-oriented firms constructed and tested by means of a mixed studies review. The risk events were identified through a comprehensive systematic search and review of the published literature on risk and innovation. From the 115 works that were analyzed, it was possible to identify nine categories of risk events frequently associated with innovation-oriented businesses that may generate financial impacts. The proposed interpretative framework was tested in an empirical study with 13 innovation-oriented firms located in six Brazilian technological parks. Results from the empirical study suggest that managers found the proposed interpretative framework complete and comprehensive. Moreover, the empirical study signaled which risk events are more relevant for the Brazilian context. The proposed framework is a first necessary step for future development of ERM models applicable in innovation-intensive contexts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 364-381 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1382558 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1382558 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:364-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jing Zeng Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Zeng Author-Name: Jiuchang Wei Author-X-Name-First: Jiuchang Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Author-Name: Weiwei Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Weiwei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Author-Name: Dingtao Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Dingtao Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Xunguo Lin Author-X-Name-First: Xunguo Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Title: Residents’ behavioural intentions to resist the nuclear power plants in the vicinity: an application of the protective action decision model Abstract: Nuclear power is growing rapidly in China. The ultimate goal of developing nuclear power is to mitigate the energy crisis, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and ensure sustainable economic development. However, the ‘not-in-my-backyard’ (NIMBY) attitude may influence the implementation of nuclear power projects. This study explores the determinants of behavioural intentions to resist nuclear power plants (NPPs) based on the protective action decision model (PADM). A survey of the residents (N = 432) near the Haiyang NPP significantly validated the hypothesized relations. Results suggest that information acquisition and public participation can significantly predict perceived knowledge. Perceived knowledge is important in predicting perceived benefits, NIMBY attitude, and behavioural intentions. Moreover, two inverted-U relationships for perceived knowledge with the NIMBY attitude and with behavioural intentions are observed. Furthermore, the NIMBY attitude and behavioural intentions are significantly stimulated by perceived risks, but failed to be motivated by perceived benefits. An inverted-U relationship between perceived benefits and perceived risk is also indicated. The results that the NIMBY attitude and residential distance to NPP have played significant roles in predicting behavioural intentions are obtained. Implications of our results and areas of further researches are discussed in this article as well. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 382-400 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1391316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1391316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:382-400 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Véronique Labelle Author-X-Name-First: Véronique Author-X-Name-Last: Labelle Author-Name: Linda Rouleau Author-X-Name-First: Linda Author-X-Name-Last: Rouleau Title: The institutional work of hospital risk managers: democratizing and professionalizing risk management Abstract: The growing importance of risk management programs and policies in health care organizations has given rise to a new organizational figure, the risk managers. This paper seeks to better understand their role by looking at their risk work as a form of institutional work. From an inductive study of hospital risk managers in the Quebec health care sector, we provide a situated account of the risk work or ‘the effortful pattern of practices’ accomplished by hospital risk managers at the intra- and extra-organizational levels. The results show that they engage in two broader recursive forms of institutional work. At the intra-organizational level, it is by building bridges, autonomizing teams, legitimizing risk work, and pragmatizing interventions that hospital risk managers contribute to democratizing the risk management practices in their organization. At the extra-organizational level, it is by networking with colleagues, hybridizing knowledge, shaping identity, and debating solutions that they contribute to articulating a professionalization project. We argue that the recursive relationship between these two forms of institutional work, namely democratizing and professionalizing risk management, demonstrates how the risk work done at one level facilitates the risk work accomplished at the other. The paper provides three contributions. First, it opens the black box of the hospital risk managers’ roles by showing the complexity of their risk work, instead of formalizing expectations about their role in a normative way, as is generally the case. Second, this research provides evidence about how actors with limited collective power and resources such as hospital risk managers participate in disseminating risk management programs and policies. Third, the paper offers a multi-level understanding of the ways by which hospital risk managers work to institutionalize risk management program and policies. The paper ends by discussing the importance of gaining a better understanding of the risk managers’ role and their institutional work. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1053-1075 Issue: 8 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1147488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1147488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:8:p:1053-1075 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philipp Babcicky Author-X-Name-First: Philipp Author-X-Name-Last: Babcicky Author-Name: Sebastian Seebauer Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Seebauer Title: The two faces of social capital in private flood mitigation: opposing effects on risk perception, self-efficacy and coping capacity Abstract: Impacts of flooding are expected to increase, most notably in residential areas. As a consequence, private households are increasingly encouraged to engage in private flood mitigation complementary to public measures. Despite the growing literature on private flood mitigation, little is known about how social capital influences households’ perception of and coping with flood risks. This study draws on survey data of 226 flood-prone households in two Austrian Alpine municipalities, both recently affected by riverine flooding. We show that social capital cuts both ways: on the positive side, social capital increases perceived self-efficacy and provides critical support during and most notably after flood events. On the negative side, social capital reduces flood risk perceptions of private households. While social ties are effective when responding to and recovering from floods, the expectation of social support downplays risk, making precautionary action by households less likely. The results also show that flood-affected households receive more social support than they provide to others. In the long-run, this can lead to a problematic reciprocity imbalance, challenging the long-term stability of the interpersonal exchanges underlying social capital. Among the various sources of social support, informal social networks (neighbours, friends and relatives) provide the most important workforce in the response and recovery phase of a flood event. It is therefore crucial for flood risk management to recognise and promote the protective quality of social capital alongside conventional structural and non-structural measures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1017-1037 Issue: 8 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1147489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1147489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:8:p:1017-1037 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Magendans Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Magendans Author-Name: J.M. Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: J.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Author-Name: S. Zebel Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Zebel Title: Psychological determinants of financial buffer saving: the influence of financial risk tolerance and regulatory focus Abstract: With governments redistributing more responsibilities unto citizens, individuals have an increasing need for financial resources acting as a buffer against life’s setbacks and unexpected expenditures. The purpose of this study was to examine psychological determinants of saving for a financial buffer, for which a theoretical model was formulated based on the theory of planned behaviour with three new, domain-specific psychological constructs: financial risk tolerance, regulatory focus and perceived saving barriers. Data were collected with an online questionnaire that utilised convenience and snowball sampling to target both students and working individuals (N = 272). Regression analyses offered support for the proposed model, showing that participants’ financial risk tolerance (i.e. an individual’s attitude towards financial risk taking) was significantly associated with their subjective financial knowledge and regulatory focus. Furthermore, perceived financial self-efficacy and financial risk tolerance both predicted participants’ intention to save for a financial buffer. In turn, perceived financial self-efficacy and saving intention predicted self-reported saving behaviour. Importantly, perceived saving barriers mediated the relationship between saving intention and self-reported saving behaviour. In line with the proposed model, results also showed that a specific attitude-based construct (financial risk tolerance) is a considerably better predictor of saving intention than general measures of attitude towards saving. This study is also the first to demonstrate that regulatory focus influences financial risk tolerance. Implications of these findings for stimulating saving behaviour are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1076-1093 Issue: 8 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1147491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1147491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:8:p:1076-1093 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Gaskell Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Gaskell Author-Name: Katrin Hohl Author-X-Name-First: Katrin Author-X-Name-Last: Hohl Author-Name: Monica M. Gerber Author-X-Name-First: Monica M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gerber Title: Do closed survey questions overestimate public perceptions of food risks? Abstract: In this paper, we show that the widely accepted methodology for the assessment of risk perception – Likert-type survey questions featuring a set of risks with fixed response alternatives measuring the extent of worry or concern – may overestimate food risk perception. Using a European representative sample survey (n = 26,961) that included an open-ended question asking about problems and risks with food and eating, followed by a battery of closed questions (CQs) assessing food risk perception, we find a similar ranking of perceived food risks across the two methods. Across Europe, the five priority concerns are chronic food-related illness; food origins and quality; acute food-related illness; chemical contamination; and adulteration of food. However, the discrepancies between mentioning a risk in the open-ended question and the expression of worry about risks in the CQ are substantial. Of those who did not mention a specific risk category in the open question, between 60 and 83% (depending on risk category) expressed worry in the CQ. This parallels previous research on the fear of crime, showing that survey responses lead to greatly inflated estimates of the public’s fear of crime than is evidenced by qualitative questioning. It is also consistent with evidence from research on cognitive aspects of survey methodology, suggesting that survey questions may frame the respondent’s thinking about an issue. We conclude with recommendations for the use of branched questions in the quantitative elicitation of public perceptions of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1038-1052 Issue: 8 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1147492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1147492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:8:p:1038-1052 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sven Ove Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sven Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Title: Five caveats for risk–risk analysis Abstract: Risk analysis should be symmetrical in the sense that when evaluating an option for decision-making, we assess the risks that it may increase in the same way as those that it may decrease. However, implementing such symmetry is not always easy. In this contribution, five complications that have to be dealt with are introduced and briefly discussed: (1) We need to take all types of advantages and disadvantages into account, not only the risks. (2) There is more than one way to weigh risks against each other. (3) Decision-makers may legitimately put more weight on the direct effects of their decisions than on more indirect and uncertain effects, in particular, if the latter fall outside of their area of responsibility. (4) When a trade-off between risks is unsatisfactory, we should search for innovative solutions that make the trade-off unnecessary. (5) An exclusive focus on risks does not solve the incommensurability problem. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 984-987 Issue: 8 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1147493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1147493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:8:p:984-987 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan M. Kahan Author-X-Name-First: Dan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Kahan Title: ‘Ordinary science intelligence’: a science-comprehension measure for study of risk and science communication, with notes on evolution and climate change Abstract: This paper describes the ‘ordinary science intelligence’ scale (OSI_2.0). Designed for use in the empirical study of risk perception and science communication, OSI_2.0 comprises items intended to measure a latent capacity to recognize and make use of valid scientific evidence in everyday decision-making. The derivation of the items, the relationship of them to the knowledge and skills OSI requires, and the psychometric properties of the scale are examined. Evidence of the external validity of OSI_2.0 is also presented. Finally, the utility of OSI_2.0 is briefly illustrated by its use to assess standard survey items on evolution and global warming: when administered to members of a US general population sample, these items are more convincingly viewed as indicators of one or another latent cultural identity than as indicators of science comprehension. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 995-1016 Issue: 8 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1148067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1148067 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:8:p:995-1016 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Author-Name: Anne Schlag Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Schlag Title: Risk-risk tradeoffs: what should we do in Europe? Abstract: Risk-risk tradeoffs occur when a regulator focuses on decreasing one particular risk in one area which leads to another risk appearing elsewhere which was not originally considered. These risk-risk tradeoffs abound all around us and are frequently ignored by regulators. In this article we firstly, examine why risk-risk tradeoffs are often ignored. Secondly we summarize some of the criticisms to the use of risk-risk tradeoffs and then we look at the phenomenon via a number of European based case studies. In the final section of the paper we put forward a series of recommendations to help regulators to be better equipped in dealing with risk-risk tradeoffs. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 963-983 Issue: 8 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153505 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:8:p:963-983 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ullrika Sahlin Author-X-Name-First: Ullrika Author-X-Name-Last: Sahlin Author-Name: Maj Rundlöf Author-X-Name-First: Maj Author-X-Name-Last: Rundlöf Title: Differences in the strengths of evidence matters in risk–risk trade-offs Abstract: Making decisions between alternatives are challenging when there is weak or unreliable knowledge about the risks and benefits of the alternatives. This requires a trade-off between risks (and benefits). Here, we comment on a recent paper on risk–risk trade-offs and highlight the difficulties of making such trade-offs when the available evidence is of different strength. One current example of a risk–risk trade-off under weak evidence is the restriction and reevaluation of the risks of neonicotinoid insecticides to bees conducted by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). We argue that a risk–risk trade-off is essential in this context. Although considerable research efforts have been focused at determining the risks of neonicotinoids to bees, the evidence base is still limited. However, focus on strengthening evidence on impacts of one substance may lead policy-makers and public to believe that its substitutes are less harmful, when in fact evidence is weak on the impacts of these substitutes as well. We argue that a broader management of uncertainty is needed and that the difference in uncertainty underlying evidence of risk for different alternatives needs to be communicated to policy-makers. We suggest that this can be done, for example, using measures of uncertainty, which take into account strength in evidence, and combine these with principles to guide decision-making. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 988-994 Issue: 8 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1178662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1178662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:8:p:988-994 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ágnes Botos Author-X-Name-First: Ágnes Author-X-Name-Last: Botos Author-Name: John D. Graham Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Author-Name: Zoltán Illés Author-X-Name-First: Zoltán Author-X-Name-Last: Illés Title: Industrial chemical regulation in the European Union and the United States: a comparison of REACH and the amended TSCA Abstract: In June 2016, after decades of debate, the U.S. Congress enacted a major revision to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976, the U.S. regulatory law applicable to industrial chemicals. It has been theorized that Europe may seek to export its stricter environmental standards under REACH to the United States. Thus, it is interesting to examine whether the environmental, health, and safety practices – including the values – found in REACH impacted the TSCA reform debate in the U.S. We chose to focus the comparison on the following issues that were central features of REACH: responsibility to develop safety data, priorities for safety assessments, definition of the safety standard, restrictions on chemical use, and preemption of regulatory activity by lower levels of government. There are three major findings. First, the U.S. did not implement the EU’s solution of putting the burden of data generation, risk assessment, and risk management on the industry. Second, REACH is more precautionary in its design than the amended TSCA. Third, the new U.S. law is generally less strict than REACH in their requirements on industry, though it is also less preemptive of lower levels of government than REACH is. Moreover, the U.S. retains a common law approach to chemical-induced injury that is more punitive of industrial errors than is European Union law. The EU’s attempt to export REACH regulation failed in the case of U.S.A., as the U.S. Congress did not reform TSCA based on the REACH model. We conclude that, although the problems identified prior to the enactment of REACH were similar to those identified in the U.S., REACH’s key principles and elements were not adopted in the U.S. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1187-1204 Issue: 10 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1454495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1454495 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:10:p:1187-1204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hung-Chih Hung Author-X-Name-First: Hung-Chih Author-X-Name-Last: Hung Author-Name: Yu-Ting Lu Author-X-Name-First: Yu-Ting Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Chih-Hsuan Hung Author-X-Name-First: Chih-Hsuan Author-X-Name-Last: Hung Title: The determinants of integrating policy-based and community-based adaptation into coastal hazard risk management: a resilience approach Abstract: A growing number of studies focus on improving the understanding of how the households’ adaptations can be encouraged in the process of coastal hazards and risk management. Particularly, this process is undergoing a major paradigm shift as it moves from an approach dominated by policy-based adaptation to another one in which community-based resilience building is favored. Thus, this article aims to apply a resilience approach to improve the knowledge about how public measures influence private autonomous adaptation behavior, through a transdisciplinary investigation of household adaptation behavior and its determinants. The Resilience Framework of Household Autonomous Adaptation to Climate- and Weather-Related Hazard Risks (ROHACHR) is proposed and combined with a focus group meeting and multivariate analysis to compare pre-disaster, during a disaster, post-disaster adaptations, and resilience behavior of households. Using an empirical survey of the households in three coastal municipalities in Taiwan, we examine the relationships between public measures and private adaptations that provides three distinguishing types of household behavior: ‘core’, ‘trust in governmental aid’, and ‘awareness and structures’. Results show that providing hazard risk information may be one step toward encouraging private autonomous adaptations. Several factors that help foster resilience also appear to be influential in households’ adaptation decisions, such as specific and positive governmental aid, information trust, and social capital. Based on these results, it shows that the ROHACHR is useful to characterize households’ adaptation and resilience behavior and explain how they respond to public measures. Finally, the policy implications of our findings for improving resilience of coastal communities and encouraging public-private collaboration in the process of hazard risk management are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1205-1223 Issue: 10 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1454496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1454496 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:10:p:1205-1223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christine Skubisz Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Skubisz Title: College, mental health, and a violent student: employing numerical formats to communicate risk on campus Abstract: Non-experts, including college administrators, professors, and students are often faced with risk assessment decisions on campus. Despite this fact, there are few accepted professional standards for presenting statistical risk and far fewer recommendations for the communication of violence risk. Existing systematic reviews are both incomplete and limited in scope and more troubling are the contradictory conclusions and competing recommendations for the communication of information that is essential to decision-making. In this article, three directions in the violence risk communication literature were given attention. First, non-experts were asked to make risk estimates using information from an expert source. Second, this project moves research attention to an important domain, campus violence. Finally, multiple outcome variables were assessed in an effort to extend the scope of research beyond Bayesian reasoning. Measured outcomes included: risk judgments, linguistic features, and affective processing as put forth by the affective processing theories. When the effect of estimating or communicating risk as a probability was compared to a frequency: frequency evidence was rated as less confusing and easier to understand. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1224-1238 Issue: 10 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1459792 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:10:p:1224-1238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu Pan Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Pan Author-Name: Fujun Lai Author-X-Name-First: Fujun Author-X-Name-Last: Lai Author-Name: Zhuo Fang Author-X-Name-First: Zhuo Author-X-Name-Last: Fang Author-Name: Sihua Xu Author-X-Name-First: Sihua Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Li Gao Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Gao Author-Name: Diana C. Robertson Author-X-Name-First: Diana C. Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson Author-Name: Hengyi Rao Author-X-Name-First: Hengyi Author-X-Name-Last: Rao Title: Risk choice and emotional experience: a multi-level comparison between active and passive decision-making Abstract: Previous studies have consistently indicated the important role of emotional experience in decision-making. While both active and passive decision-making coexist in our daily lives, whether and how active and passive decision-making induce different emotional experience remains unclear. In the present research we conduct three studies to examine differences in emotional experience associated with active and passive decisions at multiple levels. First, at the individual level, using both active and passive modes of the Balloon Analog Risk Task in a laboratory behavior study, we demonstrate that active decision-making is associated with more positive emotional experience compared to passive decision-making, including more happiness, less distress, a greater sense of control, and a stronger sense of achievement. Second, at the neural level, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging and find greater activation in the brain’s emotional circuits during active decisions compared to passive decisions, regardless of the decision outcomes. Finally, at the population level, we conduct a large-scale survey to capture the perception of emotional experience during real-world active and passive decisions, and our results confirm that active decisions engender a greater sense of achievement and sense of control and people prefer active decisions to passive decisions. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of emotion experience in decision-making research and practices. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1239-1266 Issue: 10 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1459798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:10:p:1239-1266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael F. Mills Author-X-Name-First: Michael F. Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Title: Preparing for the unknown… unknowns: ‘doomsday’ prepping and disaster risk anxiety in the United States Abstract: This article examines the collapse-based thinking energising ‘doomsday’ prepping: a growing American phenomenon centred on storing food, water and weapons for the purpose of surviving disasters. Existing understandings of prepping indicate that its practitioners are driven to prepare by peculiar and delusional certainty that apocalyptic collapse will occur in the near future. This view, however, has not yet been tested by empirical research. This article draws on ethnography with 39 preppers in 18 American states to present a new understanding of this phenomenon, as it shows prepping consistently being practiced in the absence of both apocalyptic predictions and certainty regarding the future occurrence of disaster. Demonstrating that preppers’ activities are undergirded by precautionary projections around numerous non-apocalyptic ‘threats’, the article argues that prepping principally responds to uncertain anxieties around disaster risks. Moreover, it establishes that these imprecise anxieties are regularly influenced by preppers’ consumption of disaster-based speculation in mainstream news media – showing that their concerns tend to emerge in response to numerous disaster risks that are widely reported and recognised in wider American culture, rather than marginal conceptions of ‘threats’. The article, therefore, contends that, rather than being a marginal apocalyptic practice, prepping is a phenomenon with clear, previously unacknowledged links to broader risk communications and concerns in the twenty-first century United States – one that must be understood as a reflection of the broader resonance of disaster-based speculation and uncertainty in this cultural context. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1267-1279 Issue: 10 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1466825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1466825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:10:p:1267-1279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcus W. Mayorga Author-X-Name-First: Marcus W. Author-X-Name-Last: Mayorga Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: A longitudinal study of concern and judged risk: the case of Ebola in the United States, 2014–2015 Abstract: Longitudinal studies of dynamics of concern and judged risk for hazards have been rare, but can offer fresh insights. Four of five surveys of an American panel over five months provided data to test the relationship of diverse factors with concern and judged risk for self/family, the nation, and the world regarding Ebola, both at baseline and in trends for individuals. The initial survey in early December 2014 followed by three weeks the second and last death from Ebola in the U.S., whereas media coverage peaked in October after the first such death; the last survey occurred in May 2015, when new cases in West Africa had nearly ceased. We measured several predictors of risk perception from the literature, including news following, dread of Ebola, ‘near-miss’ beliefs of an outbreak, cultural cognition worldviews, and uncertainty aversion. Trend analyses document that judgments of personal risk remained stable over this period, while concern, U.S. risk, and global risk declined. Time series multilevel modeling allowed intercepts and individual slopes of concern and risk judgments to vary. Significant predictors of risk judgments included following Ebola news, perceived likelihood of an outbreak, ‘near-miss’ beliefs, cultural cognition worldviews, and dread of Ebola. These findings both confirm prior associations (e.g. news attention) and suggest new ones (e.g. near-miss beliefs affecting concern) for factors affecting concern and judged risk, as well as illustrate the new insights generated when longitudinal studies include three or more observations of the same variables. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1280-1293 Issue: 10 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1466827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1466827 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:10:p:1280-1293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Josephine Adekola Author-X-Name-First: Josephine Author-X-Name-Last: Adekola Author-Name: Denis Fischbacher-Smith Author-X-Name-First: Denis Author-X-Name-Last: Fischbacher-Smith Author-Name: Moira Fischbacher-Smith Author-X-Name-First: Moira Author-X-Name-Last: Fischbacher-Smith Title: Light me up: power and expertise in risk communication and policy-making in the e-cigarette health debates Abstract: This paper presents a detailed account of policy-making in a contemporary risk communication arena, where strong power dynamics are at play that have hitherto lacked theoretical analysis and empirical validation. Specifically, it expands on the understanding of how public health policy decisions are made when there is a weak evidential base and where multiple interpretations, power dynamics and values are brought to bear on issues of risk and uncertainty. The aim of the paper is to understand the role that power and expertise play in shaping public health risk communication within policy-related debates. By drawing on insight from a range of literatures, the paper argues that there several interacting factors that shape how a particular narrative gains prominence within a wider set of perspectives and how the arguments and findings associated with that perspective become amplified within the context of policy choices. These findings are conceptualised into a new model – a policy evaluation risk communication (PERC) framework – and are then tested using the Electronic cigarette debate as a case study. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1294-1308 Issue: 10 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1473463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1473463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:10:p:1294-1308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bethany Saxon Author-X-Name-First: Bethany Author-X-Name-Last: Saxon Author-Name: Sarah Bauerle Bass Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Bauerle Author-X-Name-Last: Bass Author-Name: Thomas Wright Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Jessie Panick Author-X-Name-First: Jessie Author-X-Name-Last: Panick Title: Ebola and the rhetoric of US newspapers: assessing quality risk communication in public health emergencies Abstract: The 2014 West African Ebola outbreak was the first to be actively covered by the US media because of cases treated on US soil. Despite little chance of widespread contagion, US media termed Ebola ‘apocalyptic.’ The objective of this study was to understand how information about Ebola provided to the public through US newspapers was presented to assess how risk communication principles were or were not used. We conducted a systematic content analysis using a purposive sample of 75 news articles published in five US newspapers between 1 August and 31 October 2014. The articles were analyzed using the Dudo et al. framework, based on the extended parallel process model, and assessed for self-efficacy information, personal risk conceptualization (risk magnitude and risk comparison information), and content framing. We found that while coverage was mostly factual, it inconsistently presented quality risk-related information, and rarely used contextual information that would help readers accurately assess risk. Few articles also provided usable, actionable directives, a tenet of good crisis communication that enhances self-efficacy and lowers risk perception. Results inform how news coverage can affect public risk perception of a new, ‘exotic’ pathogen, and how in the case of Ebola US newspapers may have contributed to the inflated risk perception observed in the US population, and may support better, more comprehensive media response during likely future outbreaks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1309-1322 Issue: 10 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1473465 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1473465 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:10:p:1309-1322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Viewpoint: A new approach to managing risk? Journal: Pages: 95-99 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376862 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376862 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:95-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideko Sone Author-X-Name-First: Hideko Author-X-Name-Last: Sone Author-Name: Ciharu Tohyama Author-X-Name-First: Ciharu Author-X-Name-Last: Tohyama Author-Name: Yasunobu Aoki Author-X-Name-First: Yasunobu Author-X-Name-Last: Aoki Author-Name: Junzo Yonemoto Author-X-Name-First: Junzo Author-X-Name-Last: Yonemoto Title: Risk assessment of the flavonoids, quercetin as an endocrine modifier Abstract: Flavonoids are constituents of a wide variety of plants and are consumed in vegetables, fruits and certain medicines. They display a dual character with respect to their pharmacological effects and potential toxicity. Recent studies have demonstrated that the flavonoid, quercetin promotes estradiol-induced tumorigenesis by elevating the level of its oestrogen metabolite. Flavonoids have been also characterized as a type of environmental oestrogen. In the present study, we evaluated whether quercetin is a potential carcinogen by consideration of its oestrogenic characteristics, as described in various reports. A complete database review of flavonoids including quercetin revealed that quercetin is only mutagenic in bacterial testing systems and is a weak carcinogenic in rodents, but there has been little evidence that quercetin is tumour-inducing in humans. National Toxicology Program (1992) showed that the nonobserved adverse effect level (NOAEL) is to be less than 416 mg kg-1 body weight day-1 for inducing renal tumours in rats. In a study of male hamsters, it has been found that when co-administrated with estradiol, quercetin had a NOAEL of 300 mg kg-1 day-1 corresponding to 0.3% of the diet and contributed to the development of estradiol-induced renal tumours in these animals. By employing a 200-fold safety factor to compensate for interspecies variation, intraspecies variation and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics variation, the acceptable daily intake (ADI) was estimated to be 1.5 mg kg-1 day-1. It was concluded that the average daily intake of quercetin exceeds this ADI value, suggesting that the risk of developing cancer from this flavonoid is not negligible given the wide exposure to quercetin in our daily life. Journal: Pages: 151-166 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:151-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefan Einarsson Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Einarsson Title: Human error in high hazard systems: Do we treat the problem in an appropriate way? Abstract: This article addresses the problem of human error within a technical environment. A model of a human-machine interface is presented to illustrate the work situation in an open perspective. The term human error is defined and briefly discussed. A general framework for controlling human error is presented with proactive and reactive approaches. Some well-known methods of human reliability assessment are discussed and the general limitations of the methods are elaborated. The reactive approaches are compared with proactive approaches, and the term 'safety culture' is elucidated. The importance of high reliability organizations to serve as model companies for other organizations is briefly discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 115-128 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376880 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:115-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Europe Section News Journal: Pages: 185-186 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376934 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:185-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Hunt Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Stephen Hunt Author-Name: Lynn J. Frewer Author-X-Name-First: Lynn J. Author-X-Name-Last: Frewer Title: Public trust in sources of information about radiation risks in the UK Abstract: Perceptions of trust have been identified as important in the risk communication process. This research is concerned with establishing the degree of trust non-experts in radiation place in various sources of information about different radiation hazards. Participants were asked directly about the degree to which they would trust information about radiation risks from a variety of sources, including a totally fictitious source included as a control. They were also asked about the degree to which they believed each source had a vested interest in misinforming the public about the risks from radiation, and the degree of knowledge they believed each source had about the risks from radiation. The results indicated that while perceptions of 'vested interest' and 'degree of knowledge' are important elements in determining levels of trust, neither by itself is sufficient to guarantee high degrees of trust in any given source. The fictitious source received a very high degree of knowledge rating. These findings are discussed in terms of the impact the name of a source alone can have on perceptions of trust in a risk information source, and implications for developing effective risk communication about radiation risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 167-180 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376916 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:167-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lennart Sjoberg Author-X-Name-First: Lennart Author-X-Name-Last: Sjoberg Title: Consequences of perceived risk: Demand for mitigation Abstract: This paper reports an investigation of demand for risk reduction, or risk intolerance. It has often been assumed that risk level is a good, almost self-evident, predictor of demand for risk reduction. However, few previous studies have addressed the issue explicitly. Two empirical studies are reported here. The first is concerned with a mixture of trivial, everyday risks and potentially fatal risks of the kind usually investigated in risk perception work. It was found that some trivial risks were rated to be just as high or higher than fatal risks, e.g. the risk of catching cold compared with the risk of getting AIDS. The level of perceived risk was found to be related mostly to the probability of harm or injury but demand for risk reduction was related mostly to the expected severity of 'consequences', should harm occur. In a study of home insurance customers, these findings were replicated. It is concluded that demand for risk reduction is driven by the severity of consequences, not probability of harm, or risk. The same is true for attitudes to insurance and protective action. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 129-149 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376899 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:129-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robyn Fairman Author-X-Name-First: Robyn Author-X-Name-Last: Fairman Title: A commentary on the evolution of environmental health risk management: A US perspective Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 101-113 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376871 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:101-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Book Review Journal: Pages: 181-183 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698799376925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698799376925 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:181-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Book reviews Journal: Pages: 815-818 Issue: 7 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600717509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600717509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:7:p:815-818 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcus Abrahamsson Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Abrahamsson Author-Name: Henrik Johansson Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson Title: Risk Preferences Regarding Multiple Fatalities and Some Implications for Societal Risk Decision Making—An Empirical Study Abstract: Risk preferences related to accidents or other situations involving the possibility of multiple fatalities were studied in 87 persons in Sweden belonging to two separate groups with professional or educational knowledge of risk‐ and crisis‐management issues. Use was made of a tradeoff method, the results obtained consisting of von Neuman–Morgenstern utility functions over the range of 0–1000 fatalities. Most of the utility curves for the number of fatalities were found to be convex, implying the majority of subjects to display risk‐seeking behaviour. Implications of the findings for societal risk decision making are discussed, along with prospective areas of application and the possibilities of considering other dimensions than the number of fatalities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 703-715 Issue: 7 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600799853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600799853 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:7:p:703-715 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robin Gregory Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Gregory Author-Name: Lee Failing Author-X-Name-First: Lee Author-X-Name-Last: Failing Author-Name: Dan Ohlson Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Ohlson Author-Name: Timothy Mcdaniels Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Mcdaniels Title: Some Pitfalls of an Overemphasis on Science in Environmental Risk Management Decisions Abstract: This paper addresses the question whether calls for “more” and “better” science will have the intended effect of improving the quality of decisions about environmental risks. There are reasons to be skeptical: key judgment tasks that fundamentally shape many aspects of decisions about environmental risk management lie outside the domain of science. These tasks include making value judgments explicit, integrating facts and values to create innovative alternatives, and constructively addressing conflicts about uncertainty. To bring new specificity to an old debate, we highlight six pitfalls in environmental risk decisions that can occur as the result of an overemphasis on science as the basis for management choices. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 717-735 Issue: 7 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600799895 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600799895 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:7:p:717-735 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Margarita Alario Author-X-Name-First: Margarita Author-X-Name-Last: Alario Author-Name: William Freudenburg Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Freudenburg Title: High‐risk Technology, Legitimacy and Science: The U.S. Search for Energy Policy Consensus Abstract: Since the 1980s, a growing body of social scientific research has focused on the organizational character of the institutions that are responsible for the management and functioning of high‐risk technological systems. While there are differences among the social theories of risks that have developed on both sides of the Atlantic, much of the work offers warnings that are relevant to public policy. The warnings have largely been ignored in recent U.S. policy decisions, as illustrated most clearly by the U.S. Energy Act of 2005, which largely overlooks important questions regarding the environmental and technological risks of the technologies favored by the Act. Sociological work suggests that the scientific systems that have been instrumental in the legitimization process of high‐risk technological options of energy, more broadly, should be examined in connection with the societal institutions having responsibility for transparency, safety, and environmental protection. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 737-753 Issue: 7 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600899521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600899521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:7:p:737-753 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Louise Lemyre Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Lemyre Author-Name: Michelle Turner Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: Jennifer Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Daniel Krewski Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Krewski Title: Public Perception of Terrorism Threats and Related Information Sources in Canada: Implications for the Management of Terrorism Risks Abstract: A national survey of terrorism‐related risk perceptions was recently conducted in Canada, with a total of 1,502 adult Canadians interviewed by telephone. This paper provides a descriptive account of the perception of terrorism threats in Canada, specific types and effects of terrorism, as well as information sources on terrorism. Overall, respondents reported that terrorism was a low to moderate threat to the Canadian population and an even lower threat to themselves as individuals. They also indicated that they currently worry little about terrorism in Canada. The Canadian media was cited as the source most often referred to when seeking credible information about terrorism, whereas elected politicians and government officials were referred to the least. Demographic differences in perceptions of terrorism were examined, with gender representing an important determinant. Survey results are discussed in relation to their implications for addressing and managing the risks of terrorism as well as preparedness planning in Canada. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 755-774 Issue: 7 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600924477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600924477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:7:p:755-774 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy McDaniels Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: McDaniels Author-Name: Patricia Keen Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Keen Author-Name: Hadi Dowlatabadi Author-X-Name-First: Hadi Author-X-Name-Last: Dowlatabadi Title: Expert Judgments Regarding Risks Associated with Salmon Aquaculture Practices in British Columbia Abstract: Making sound decisions about managing ecological risks necessarily involves relying on judgments by technical specialists informed by the best available scientific evidence. Yet, organizing those judgments in ways to assess the relative risks of different components of a technology, and considering priorities in managing those risks, is a difficult and under‐explored aspect of environmental management. In this study, we elicited the judgments of scientists associated with the salmon aquaculture industry in British Columbia in order to learn their expert viewpoints of potential risks. This paper presents survey results regarding structured judgments provided by scientists engaged in studies associated with aquaculture or preserving wild stocks of Pacific salmon species. There were statistically significant differences regarding judgments of the risks of various current aquaculture practices on wild salmon stocks. It was possible to rank the means of scientific judgment scores to prioritize these risks. Differences in rankings were location and context specific. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 775-800 Issue: 7 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600924501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600924501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:7:p:775-800 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan Miles Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Miles Author-Name: Christine Hafner Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Hafner Author-Name: Suzanne Bolhaar Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Bolhaar Author-Name: Eloina González Mancebo Author-X-Name-First: Eloina González Author-X-Name-Last: Mancebo Author-Name: Montserrat Fernández‐Rivas Author-X-Name-First: Montserrat Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández‐Rivas Author-Name: André Knulst Author-X-Name-First: André Author-X-Name-Last: Knulst Author-Name: Karin Hoffmann‐Sommergruber Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann‐Sommergruber Title: Attitudes Towards Genetically Modified Food with a Specific Consumer Benefit in Food Allergic Consumers and Non‐food Allergic Consumers Abstract: The aim of the reported study was to investigate attitudes towards genetically modified food with a specific consumer benefit. Fifty food allergic and one hundred non‐allergic consumers took part in a telephone interview study in each of Austria, Spain and the Netherlands. Participants were first asked about their purchase intentions for an unspecified genetically modified food. Next, participants were asked about their purchase intentions for a genetically modified food with a specific consumer benefit. Food allergic consumers were asked about ‘low‐allergen food’ produced using genetic modification and non‐allergic consumers were asked about ‘food that benefits your health’ produced using genetic modification. It was found that intention to purchase genetically modified food with these specific benefits was higher than intention to purchase an unspecified genetically modified food. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 801-813 Issue: 7 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669870600958061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669870600958061 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:9:y:2006:i:7:p:801-813 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mabel Stevenson Author-X-Name-First: Mabel Author-X-Name-Last: Stevenson Author-Name: Brian J. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Brian J. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Risk communication in dementia care: family perspectives Abstract: Family carers are often involved in decisions concerning the health and social care needs of people with dementia. These decisions frequently involve considering risks inherent in daily living situations and discussing these with care recipients and professionals. The purpose of this study is to understand the risks that present most concern to family carers; explore attitudes and approaches of this group towards risk; and examine how information about risks is shared between familial carers, care recipients and professionals working in dementia care. Five focus groups were held across Northern Ireland between April and July 2015 involving 22 carers. Risks of most concern were driving, falls, financial risks, getting lost and using electrical appliances. Concepts of ‘risk’ related to terms such as danger, harm and vulnerability with emphasis on consequences rather than likelihoods. The psychosocial benefits of taking risk were recognised by some participants. Discussion of risks with family members with dementia primarily involved bringing risk matters to the attention of the individual. Family carers talked with a wide range of professionals about risks. Divergences in perspectives were noted, particularly in relation to matters of health and safety. A model of risk communication is developed illustrating how this can play a key role in informed, shared decision-making where a family member has dementia, serving an important role in risk management processes in informal community dementia care. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 692-709 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1235604 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1235604 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:6:p:692-709 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Folkmann Wright Author-X-Name-First: Jan Folkmann Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: Risk management; a behavioural perspective Abstract: The risk contributor is usually regarded as responsible for risk mitigation and accident compensation, especially when the risk is due to the operation of a commercial company. The culpability of risk has resulted in several approaches to safety management. Risk management based on quantitative risk analysis (QRA) emerged in the defence and nuclear industry during and after Second World War and is by now introduced in almost every industry with high-risk potential. During this period, risk analysis and management as a profession has evolved considerably. Technical failures and operator errors used to be considered as the prime causes of accidents in the early days of risk analysis. Based on investigations of major accidents in the latter half of the last century, poor safety culture and mismanagement were introduced as possible additional causes of major accidents. Human error in decision-making is, however, rarely quantified and thus not included in QRA. Knowledge from the experimental analysis of behaviour is absent in practical or operational risk management. This paper advocates an approach to risk management where the decision part of the chain of events is explicitly included. The behavioural perspective introduced implies that the application of experimentally based behaviour science and QRA both should be pursued, mainly because QRA is a strong, and probably the best, defence against decision errors. In an operational situation, management must do trade-offs between objectives where safety is but one of several considerations. When the risk is not quantified, safety loses out to other more easily quantified objectives of a company. The fatal decision error that led to the Challenger accident is used as an example. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 710-724 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1235605 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1235605 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:6:p:710-724 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisa Calliari Author-X-Name-First: Elisa Author-X-Name-Last: Calliari Title: Loss and damage: a critical discourse analysis of Parties’ positions in climate change negotiations Abstract: The years-long negotiations on loss and damage (L&D) associated with climate change impacts reached a milestone with the adoption of the Paris Agreement, sanctioning the permanence of the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) created in 2013. The WIM aims at advancing knowledge gathering, coordination and support to address L&D associated with extreme and slow onset events in vulnerable developing countries (Decision 2/CP.19). Despite being among the most controversial issues to be recently treated in climate change negotiation, L&D has attracted little attention in the field of international relations. This paper aims at addressing this gap by reconstructing the emergence and evolution of the negotiating positions on L&D of developing and developed countries. It employs a critical discourse analytical approach and builds on Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework for critical discourse analysis, taking decision 2/CP.19 as the core communicative event. Consistently, the decision is analysed at three different levels: as a text (micro-scale); as a discursive practice (meso-scale); and as a social practice (macro-scale). The analysis makes use of a wide range of materials including previous decisions, High Level Segment statements and Parties submissions. It reconstructs Parties’ conflicting views on the positioning of L&D vis-à-vis the adaptation space (L&D as a part of, or as beyond adaptation) and the scientific, ethical and legal arguments employed to support these standpoints. It highlights, in particular, the strategic importance which the ‘compensation argument’ had in determining developing countries’ capacity to influence the UNFCCC process up to the inclusion of a specific article on L&D in the Paris Agreement. While calls for compensation might have lost momentum as a result of the Warsaw and Paris talks, the paper argues that their potential is far from exhausted. They in fact imply a more general request for climate justice which the UNFCCC has not yet addressed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 725-747 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1240706 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1240706 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:6:p:725-747 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Clark Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Author-Name: Jessica Smith Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Owning and testing smoke alarms: findings from a qualitative study Abstract: Reducing injury and death in house fires is an important public health intervention activity with the presence of an operating smoke alarm widely considered an important way of reducing harm from fire. Yet despite a number of initiatives and fire-safety campaigns, a number of households at greater risk of domestic fire fail to have a functioning alarm. This paper provides empirical insight into everyday experiences of owning, maintaining and testing smoke alarms among a purposive sample of individuals identified as being less likely to own a functioning smoke alarm. Analysis from focus group data identifies a number of reasons why individuals may not own or test an alarm, and provides new insight into how fire risk is understood in the context of a range of competing, and potentially more prominent, individual and household risks. We suggest that while initiatives that aim to reduce fire injury and death should be continued, their success, and indeed future research on fire risk, should pay attention to the mundane and everyday contexts within which individuals currently rarely reflect on their risk of experiencing a domestic fire. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 748-762 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1240707 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1240707 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:6:p:748-762 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Jonsson Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Jonsson Author-Name: Inga-Lill Söderberg Author-X-Name-First: Inga-Lill Author-X-Name-Last: Söderberg Title: Investigating explanatory theories on laypeople’s risk perception of personal economic collapse in a bank crisis – the Cyprus case Abstract: We investigate the explanatory power of decision, psychometric, and trust theory to describe laypeople’s risk perception of personal economic collapse in a bank crisis. The aim of this investigation is to improve the understanding of the effects of national initiatives for crisis fighting taken to prevent systemic risk. Using a stratified sample of 738 Cypriote citizens, we conducted an investigation in Cyprus in the spring of 2013 when the country was facing a bank crisis. At that point in time, the Cypriote Government had imposed capital controls to prevent a bank run. We find that decision theory variables alone have low explanatory value on laypeople’s risk perception, and that laypeople’s risk perception in this situation is affected primarily by psychometric variables. Further, confidence in one’s own bank also explains risk perception. Our findings contribute novel knowledge about risk perceptions in a financial crisis, with practical crisis management implications for regulators. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 763-779 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1247375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1247375 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:6:p:763-779 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alfons Oude Lansink Author-X-Name-First: Alfons Author-X-Name-Last: Oude Lansink Author-Name: Marc Schut Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Schut Author-Name: Josey Kamanda Author-X-Name-First: Josey Author-X-Name-Last: Kamanda Author-Name: Laurens Klerkx Author-X-Name-First: Laurens Author-X-Name-Last: Klerkx Title: A multi-level and multi-actor approach to risk governance: a conceptual framework to support policy development for Ambrosia weed control Abstract: Invasive species such as Ambrosia (an annual weed) pose a biosecurity risk whose management depends on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of many stakeholders. It can therefore be considered a complex policy and risk governance problem. Complex policy problems are characterised by high uncertainty, multiple dimensions, interactions across different spatial and policy levels, and the involvement of a multitude of actors and organisations. This paper provides a conceptual framework for analysing the multi-level and multi-actor dimensions of Ambrosia management. Potential and existing public, private and public–private management strategies are identified to address the interests and needs of different actor groups across different levels. We conclude that policies that promote a mix of public and private Ambrosia management strategies may respond better to the needs and interests of different actor groups across different levels than a one-size-fits-all approach. However, multiple policy strategies need to be aligned in order to lead to synergies and spreading coherent messages to the public. Collaboration may enhance the likelihood of biosecurity management and risk governance of Ambrosia being adequately implemented and enforced. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 780-799 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1247376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1247376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:6:p:780-799 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gianluca Dell’Acqua Author-X-Name-First: Gianluca Author-X-Name-Last: Dell’Acqua Author-Name: Mario De Luca Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: De Luca Author-Name: Daiva Žilionienė Author-X-Name-First: Daiva Author-X-Name-Last: Žilionienė Title: Using artificial neural network and multivariate analysis techniques to evaluate road operating conditions Abstract: Regional paved roads are low volume roads with a prevalence of heavy traffic. In the world, these roads concern about 80% of the total road network; however, the traffic that affects these roads is about 20%. Since regional roads are characterized by weak demand, budget for their management/maintenance is very low. This produces considerable difficulties in the choice of strategies for maintenance planning and scheduling. For this reason, the recurring topics of research in this field deal with typical roads issues and aim to develop low cost tools and methods. The study proposes a decision support system to evaluate regional paved roads operating condition in relation to the hydrogeological situation. In particular, the system allows to evaluate in a quick and easy manner, the operating conditions of the road, through low-cost tools (i.e. using low economic resources). This is very useful in the case of LVRs because administrations for these roads have a limited budget. The procedure is developed on a regional paved roads network based on more than 80 roads located in Southern Italy. Data is collected by direct surveys in the field and is integrated with cartography and information available in road agency records. From data analysis, obtained using two different techniques, an easy and quick use procedure is made. In particular, Model 1 is built through multivariate analysis and Model 2 using the artificial neural network (ANN) technique. The results show the validity of the two models in Regional paved roads operating conditions estimation in relation to hydrogeological situations of sites. Both models show good reliability. In particular, the first model (Model 1) is characterized by a high level of significance (p < 0.01) and by a coefficient of determination equal to 0.82. Comparative tests between the second model (Model 2) on which standard tests cannot be performed for obvious reasons, and the first model (Model 1). The results show that the ANN model (model 2), characterized by lower residual, simulates more accurately than the second (Model 1). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 679-691 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1264445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1264445 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:6:p:679-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shuguang Yao Author-X-Name-First: Shuguang Author-X-Name-Last: Yao Author-Name: Yanhua Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yanhua Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Jiaxi Peng Author-X-Name-First: Jiaxi Author-X-Name-Last: Peng Author-Name: Lei Song Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Song Title: The framing effect of negation frames Abstract: The current study explores the effect of negation frames on risky decision-making. Frames created with negation verbs, such as ‘not be saved’ rather than ‘die,’ are called negation frames. The results suggested that the effect of negation frames on decision-making is not significant. However, people tend to code negation frames differently. If negation frames are coded positively, people prefer a conservative option, whereas if negation frames are coded negatively, people prefer a risky option. Even in the same frame, this coding difference can result in decision-making differences. The findings of this study extend the meaning of the framing effect. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 800-808 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1281335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1281335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:6:p:800-808 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hoi Yan Cheung Author-X-Name-First: Hoi Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Cheung Author-Name: Timothy Teo Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Teo Author-Name: Ming-Tak Hue Author-X-Name-First: Ming-Tak Author-X-Name-Last: Hue Title: Modeling the relationships among emotional intelligence, sensation-seeking and risk-taking attitudes of university students in Hong Kong Abstract: This study investigated the risk-taking attitudes of 305 Chinese university students in Hong Kong by the prediction of sensation-seeking. To further understand the prediction of sensation-seeking, emotional intelligence (EI) was applied. First, the 30-item DOPSERT scale was used to examine the risk-taking attitude of students in different domains (ethical, financial, health/safety, social, and recreational). Then, a 12-item sensation-seeking subscale taken from the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale was applied to examine the participants’ levels of sensation-seeking. In this study, sensation-seeking was divided into the categories of exciting activities seeking and novel activities seeking (NAS). Finally, the 16-item Wong and Law’s Emotional Intelligence Scale was applied to examine participants’ use of self-emotion appraisal, others’ emotion appraisal, use of emotion, and regulation of emotion. The results of this study showed that for this group of Chinese university students, the use of emotion and regulation of emotion could significantly predict exciting activities seeking. NAS, however, could predict recreational risk-taking attitude and health and safety risk-taking attitude. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model was applied to understand the relationships among EI, sensation-seeking and risk-taking attitudes. The variables of EI and sensation-seeking were considered as factors within an ontogenic system of the ecological model. Few studies to date have focused on the relationship between EI and risk-taking. The results of this study provided support for a clear relation between EI and risk-taking. To be more specific, the use of emotion and the regulation of emotion had an effect on exciting activities seeking. This study also indicated how educators and counselors can make use of the findings to better control the risk-taking attitudes of young people, so they will be less likely to engage in risky behaviors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 569-589 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1100657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1100657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:569-589 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patric R. Spence Author-X-Name-First: Patric R. Author-X-Name-Last: Spence Author-Name: Kenneth A. Lachlan Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Lachlan Author-Name: David Westerman Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Westerman Author-Name: Xialing Lin Author-X-Name-First: Xialing Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Christina J. Harris Author-X-Name-First: Christina J. Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: Timothy L. Sellnow Author-X-Name-First: Timothy L. Author-X-Name-Last: Sellnow Author-Name: Deborah D. Sellnow-Richmond Author-X-Name-First: Deborah D. Author-X-Name-Last: Sellnow-Richmond Title: Exemplification effects: responses to perceptions of risk Abstract: Exemplification theory asserts that message components that are iconic and emotionally arousing are easily accessed, and are therefore relied upon when making subsequent behavioral decisions. A reanalysis of data from three studies collected at different times, unrelated experimental stimuli (terrorism, food ingredients, and bed bugs), different media (visual and print), varying geographic locations, different experimental conditions (laboratory and online), and diverse participants suggests that these processes work differently for men and women. Results suggest that the medium through which an exemplar is presented and/or experienced may be fairly inconsequential, but there are underlying processes which may determine the extent to which individuals will modify behavioral intentions related to risks. After witnessing exemplified portrayals, women were more likely than men to express a desire to modify behavior, perceive themselves as more susceptible to the risk, and perceive the risk as being more severe across the studies. The findings are discussed in terms of directions for future research and implications for risk communication practitioners. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 590-610 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1100658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1100658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:590-610 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anat Gesser-Edelsburg Author-X-Name-First: Anat Author-X-Name-Last: Gesser-Edelsburg Author-Name: Yaffa Shir-Raz Author-X-Name-First: Yaffa Author-X-Name-Last: Shir-Raz Title: Science vs. fear: the Ebola quarantine debate as a case study that reveals how the public perceives risk Abstract: This study focuses on newspaper coverage of the Hickox quarantine incident, using it as a case study to examine how the media characterized the spread of disease in an ongoing crisis situation characterized by uncertainty. The study builds on Slovic et al.’s research, who argue that risk perception is comprised of both emotional and analytical aspects. We employed a qualitative approach, first examining articles on Hickox’s story in The New York Times and New York Daily News between October 25 and 31, 2014; and second, readers’ comments in response to these articles. The findings from the newspaper articles show that in their treatment of the quarantine debate, the media did not address the issue of uncertainty, and thus continued the health authorities’ neglect of this issue. Although the media gave expression to various sides of the debate, it emphasized those who objected to the quarantine policy, thus raising the claim that the conflict was between ‘science’ and the public’s ‘irrational fears,’ and that the governors decided on quarantine in response to the public’s panic and fears. From our analysis of readers’ comments, it appears that these claims are unjustified. First, we found that the public did not speak in a single unified voice, but rather, was divided into supporters and opponents of quarantine. Both sides used scientific arguments and resorted to similar terminology, and tended to cite and present studies backing their arguments. As for irrational fears, although quarantine supporters expressed emotions, they indicated mainly concerns, not panic or hysteria. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 611-633 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1100659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1100659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:611-633 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Teo Keipi Author-X-Name-First: Teo Author-X-Name-Last: Keipi Author-Name: Atte Oksanen Author-X-Name-First: Atte Author-X-Name-Last: Oksanen Author-Name: James Hawdon Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Hawdon Author-Name: Matti Näsi Author-X-Name-First: Matti Author-X-Name-Last: Näsi Author-Name: Pekka Räsänen Author-X-Name-First: Pekka Author-X-Name-Last: Räsänen Title: Harm-advocating online content and subjective well-being: a cross-national study of new risks faced by youth Abstract: Harm-advocating online content includes pro-eating disorder, pro-self-harm, pro-suicide, and the positive portrayal of the deaths of real people (snuff or death sites). This material is often user-generated and easily accessible for an average online user, therefore offering a potential source of risk for many Internet users. This cross-sectional study examined the association between exposure to harm-advocating online content and users’ subjective well-being (SWB) among American (n = 1032) and Finnish (n = 555) young people aged 15–30. Exposure to different types of online harm-advocating content was prevalent in both countries. Lower SWB was associated with exposure to this material even when controlling for social networking site (SNS) activity and online and offline victimization. In the US sample, seeing death sites was not associated with SWB, but seeing other harm-advocating sites was. In both countries, those with high SNS activity were more likely to be exposed to online harm-advocating material. These results from two advanced information societies underline the importance of recognizing the existence of harmful online communities. These communities are grounded on social interaction that might involve risks for the well-being of adolescents and young adults. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 634-649 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1100660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1100660 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:634-649 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ö. Şimşekoğlu Author-X-Name-First: Ö. Author-X-Name-Last: Şimşekoğlu Author-Name: T. Nordfjærn Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Nordfjærn Title: The role of safety culture/climate and social cognitive factors for driving behaviors of Turkish professional drivers transporting petroleum products Abstract: The present study aimed to examine and compare the role of safety culture/climate and social cognitive factors on driving behaviors in a group of Turkish professional drivers transporting petroleum products. A questionnaire survey was conducted in a sample of 119 male drivers working for an oil company. The questionnaire included items related to demographic information and driving history; perceptions about the safety culture/climate of the company; fatalism; traffic risk perception; road safety attitudes; and driving behaviors. The results showed that being a truck driver compared to being a tanker driver was positively related to driving violations, while commitment to the management safety was negatively related to driving violations. On the other hand, safe attitudes towards speeding were negatively related to driving errors/lapses. Fatalism was positively related to both driving violations and errors/lapses. Also, compared to tanker drivers, truck drivers reported more violations and errors/lapses, a lower traffic risk perception and higher fatalism. Implications for the safety of professional drivers working for oil companies are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 650-663 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1118150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1118150 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:650-663 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tao Ye Author-X-Name-First: Tao Author-X-Name-Last: Ye Author-Name: Yangbin Liu Author-X-Name-First: Yangbin Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Jiwei Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jiwei Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Ming Wang Author-X-Name-First: Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Peijun Shi Author-X-Name-First: Peijun Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Title: Farmers’ crop insurance perception and participation decisions: empirical evidence from Hunan, China Abstract: The measurement of risk perception and risk attitudes, and their link to actual risk behaviors have been extensively discussed. However, the potential impact of perception of risk management instruments on the decision to use those instruments has rarely been addressed. This article hypothesizes that the degree of perception of insurance contracts and participation decisions could have substantial mutual influence depending on the development of the market. An empirical work is carried out based on a survey of data for paddy rice farmers in Hunan Province, China. It shows that the sampled farmers’ crop insurance perception was surprisingly low despite years of pilot programs and tens of billions of expenditure in government subsidies. The result of simultaneous equations model indicates that crop insurance perception and participation are simultaneously determined and mutually improving. Moreover, empirical evidence indicates that the impact of crop insurance participation on perception is slightly stronger than that of perception on participation, and thus provides weak evidence of a ‘learning-by-doing’ stage in China at present. Together with evidence of substantial local disparities in perception, implications for the Chinese government in further cultivating the crop and rural insurance market are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 664-677 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1118151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1118151 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:664-677 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: G. Loupa Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Loupa Author-Name: S. Fotopoulou Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fotopoulou Author-Name: K.P. Tsagarakis Author-X-Name-First: K.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Tsagarakis Title: A tool for analysing the interdependence of indoor environmental quality and reported symptoms of the hospitals’ personnel Abstract: The working environment and the working conditions can influence the well-being of hospital employees and consequently their performance at work. The present questionnaire-based study (737 valid questionnaires) developed and evaluated a quantitative structural equation model (SEM) that examines the interdependence between the indoor environmental quality (IEQ), the working conditions, the atopic constituents and the reported health complains of employees in three Greek hospitals. The results of the SEM reveal that IEQ could partially explain the employees’ symptoms in the hospitals. The working conditions proved to be a key factor in the relationship between IEQ and symptoms. Multi-group analysis has shown that this interdependence is affected by the building characteristics, by the gender, the smoking habits and the specialty of each participant, but not by their age. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 678-691 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1119182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1119182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:678-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumanan Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Kumanan Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Katherine M. Atkinson Author-X-Name-First: Katherine M. Author-X-Name-Last: Atkinson Author-Name: Dean A. Fergusson Author-X-Name-First: Dean A. Author-X-Name-Last: Fergusson Author-Name: Adalsteinn Brown Author-X-Name-First: Adalsteinn Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Alan Forster Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Forster Author-Name: Malia S. Q. Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Malia S. Q. Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Author-Name: Alan T. Tinmouth Author-X-Name-First: Alan T. Author-X-Name-Last: Tinmouth Author-Name: Jennifer Keelan Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Keelan Title: Problems with precaution: the transfusion medicine experience Abstract: The precautionary principle is a dominant paradigm governing risk-based decision-making. Today, there are increasing pressures to re-examine aggressive precautionary approaches, and to assess how the principle should be applied in the modern system. In this paper, we examined three key applications of precautionary approaches in the field of transfusion medicine to provide insight into the risks and benefits of these approaches. The three case studies examined were the donor deferral policies to safeguard against transfusion transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, variant Creutzfeldt–Jacob disease, and, lastly, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus. Characterization of precautionary applications was conducted using an embedded case study design. Our findings indicate that transfusion transmission mitigation strategies have become increasingly aggressive in the face of theoretical risks. In contrast, the review processes for implementation and reversal of precautionary policies have been slow, and historical donor deferral policies are still in place today. Application of precautionary approaches has proved challenging with both benefits and pitfalls. In light of emerging threats to the blood system, policy-makers should consider the implementation of frameworks to guide the appropriate application of precaution in transfusion medicine in the future. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 137-149 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351478 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:137-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Suraje Dessai Author-X-Name-First: Suraje Author-X-Name-Last: Dessai Author-Name: Wändi Bruine de Bruin Author-X-Name-First: Wändi Author-X-Name-Last: Bruine de Bruin Title: Public priorities and expectations of climate change impacts in the United Kingdom Abstract: Irrespective of the success of climate mitigation efforts, societies worldwide face the challenge of adapting to a changing climate. In this paper, we examine UK residents’ expectations of future threats and opportunities associated with climate change impacts, along with willingness to prioritise different climate change impacts for investment. Using a national survey (n = 2007), we report on three main findings. First, UK residents tend to expect threats related to flooding and wet weather to be more likely and concerning than heat extremes or opportunities. Second, UK residents’ expectations of climate change impacts do not align with expert assessments, especially showing lower estimates of heat-related threats as compared to experts. Third, willingness to allocate resources to potential climate change impacts tends to be more strongly associated with anticipated concern should they occur than climate change belief or the expected likelihood of them occurring. We discuss the implications of our findings for policies and communications about climate change adaptation in the UK and elsewhere. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 150-160 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:150-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dong-Young Kim Author-X-Name-First: Dong-Young Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Jaehwan Jung Author-X-Name-First: Jaehwan Author-X-Name-Last: Jung Title: Cultural attributes and risk perception: the moderating role of different types of research and development Abstract: Drawing on the grid–group culture theory, this study examines hypotheses to explain how the cultural attributes of an organization influence professionals’ perceptions of risk in the context of research and development (R&D) activities. Specifically, we explore whether two dimensions of cultural attributes – the grid dimension and the group dimension – affect organizational commitment and risk perception. We also investigate whether the impact of the cultural attributes on risk perception is mediated by organizational commitment and whether different types of R&D activities – applied research and developmental research – serve as a moderating variable on the relationships among cultural attributes, organizational commitment, and risk perception. The partial least squares method was used to analyze data collected from full-time senior researchers with over five years of experience at a large technology institute. Our findings indicate that cultural attributes influence the risk perception of R&D professionals through the mediating function of organizational commitment. Further, we found that different types of R&D activities have moderating effects on the relationship between organizational commitment and risk perception. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 161-176 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351475 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:161-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Soraya Boam Author-X-Name-First: Soraya Author-X-Name-Last: Boam Author-Name: Briony D. Pulford Author-X-Name-First: Briony D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pulford Title: Experiencing risk: the effect of the experiential life-skills centre ‘Warning Zone’ on children’s risk perception Abstract: This study examined the psychological effects of the Warning Zone experiential life-skills centre on risk perception. The aim of Warning Zone is to educate children about dangers and risks they may encounter in everyday life, with a view to preventing injury. To evaluate changes in risk perception, a quasi-experimental study was undertaken in which children’s risk perception was measured before, after, and one month after the Warning Zone experience. This research also examined children from different types of schools, in order to assess socio-economic factors. Children’s risk perception increased significantly after Warning Zone, and this significant increase was retained one month later. Differential effects of Warning Zone were found between children from different school types, as were pre-existing differences in risk perception between these groups. Children from more deprived backgrounds had better understanding of risks prior to their visit to Warning Zone and a month later had better retained the message of Warning Zone about risks. We conclude that Warning Zone is effective at raising children’s perceptions of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 177-190 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:177-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aitor Couce-Vieira Author-X-Name-First: Aitor Author-X-Name-Last: Couce-Vieira Author-Name: David Rios Insua Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Rios Insua Author-Name: Siv Hilde Houmb Author-X-Name-First: Siv Hilde Author-X-Name-Last: Houmb Title: GIRA: a general model for incident risk analysis Abstract: Most existing risk analysis methods focus on analysing risks that a system might face throughout its life. However, there is no explicit method for risk analysis during incidents. Approaches such as bow-ties and attack trees provide reliable information about triggers and escalation of incidents, but do not cover risk evaluation. Risk matrices include the entire risk analysis process; however, their risk evaluation approach is oversimplified. This paper presents a General Model for Incident Risk Analysis, which formalises the incident risk analysis process through an influence diagram. Our aim is to provide a decision support model that generates reliable risk information and enhances incident risk evaluation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 191-208 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1372509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1372509 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:191-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yufeng Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Yufeng Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Haotian Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Haotian Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Mo Luan Author-X-Name-First: Mo Author-X-Name-Last: Luan Author-Name: Hong Li Author-X-Name-First: Hong Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: No one left behind: how social distance affects life-saving decision making Abstract: Extant research on social distance and decision-making under risk has mostly focused on how people reach different decisions for themselves than others under the same circumstances. This research adds to this literature by studying how the social distance between the decision-maker and people in danger influences risk preference in life-saving domain. We found that decision-makers tend to be more risk-seeking when the lives of close others are at stake than distant others regardless of whether the situation is framed in terms of loss or gain. However, the effect of social distance on risk preference was eliminated when it was the responsibility of the decision-makers rather than the chance to pick the potential victims to save. By analyzing the shape of value function, we provided preliminary evidence for the hypothesis that decision-makers engage in feeling-based evaluation when close others’ lives are at stake but calculation-based evaluation when distant others’ lives are at stake, which could account for the effect of social distance on risk preference documented in this research. A final experiment yielded direct evidence that evaluation mode mediates the relationship between social distance and risk preference. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 209-219 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1378244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1378244 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:209-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michelle Stanley Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Stanley Author-Name: Michael J. Duncan Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan Author-Name: Mike Price Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Price Author-Name: Sheila Leddington Wright Author-X-Name-First: Sheila Author-X-Name-Last: Leddington Wright Author-Name: Jane Coad Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Coad Title: Exploring the preparation practices of teachers who organise secondary school ski trips in England and Wales Abstract: Secondary schools across England and Wales understand the importance of offering young people the opportunity to experience activity-based trips. One of these fundamental trips is the ski trip which enables young people to experience new challenges and adventure. However, within England and Wales, skiing is an atypical activity due to the lack of accessibility to the slopes. Consequently, it is vital to effectively prepare young people for skiing to promote enjoyment and reduce the likelihood of injury. The purpose of this study was to explore the current practices in the preparation of school ski trips within England and Wales. An electronic survey was administered to secondary schools across England and Wales with 270 completed responses of schools which organise ski trips. Analysis revealed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) across the regions with information being shared with parents prior to the ski trip. Young people are informed on similar information prior to and during the ski trip across the regions (p < 0.05). However, there was a significant difference between respondents screening (33%) and not screening students (67%) (p > 0.01) and under half (47%) of schools provide their pupils with exercise programmes prior to the school trip. Overall, these findings appear that ski trip organisers are consistent across England and Wales with their education of the young person and the management of the ski trip. Although, the knowledge gained by organisers to prepare young people is gathered from a variety of different sources. Therefore, it is essential for evidence-based information to be shared and disseminated to ski trip organisers to provide best practice and to facilitate other schools in providing ski trips for their pupils. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 220-231 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1378245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1378245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:220-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Hermann Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hermann Author-Name: Oliver Mußhoff Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Mußhoff Title: Displaying expected values in risk elicitation tasks: the effect of information in experimental risk research Abstract: We investigate the influence of providing expected lottery results to experiment participants in two common risk attitude elicitation tasks. In a between-subject design, either the Holt and Laury task or the Eckel and Grossman task is carried out by a sample of 208 students. We find no significant effect of shown expected values on the risk attitude measured by the tasks. This result even holds true if we divide the experiment participants into specific sub-groups, i.e. female and male, or lower numeracy and higher numeracy participants. Furthermore, comprehension and processing time are not significantly influenced by presented expected values. Therefore, we conclude that providing information on expected values does not influence decision-making in tasks involving risk. This result indicates the robustness of elicited risk attitudes to variation in common experimental methods, and demonstrates that more information could be provided without creating bias in the results. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 232-242 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1378246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1378246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:232-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Liland Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Liland Author-Name: Y. Tomkiv Author-X-Name-First: Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Tomkiv Author-Name: D. Oughton Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Oughton Author-Name: S. Navrud Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Navrud Author-Name: E. Romstad Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Romstad Author-Name: L. Skuterud Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Skuterud Title: The power of collaborative deliberation in stakeholder dialogue seminars Abstract: This paper quantifies the added value of using collaborative deliberation as an engagement element in a stakeholder dialogue seminar arranged over 3 days in Norway in 2015 with a wide range of national, regional and local stakeholders. The topic addressed was the possible impacts in western Norway from a hypothetical nuclear accident in the UK. The first day included information provision while the following 2 days were devoted to collaborative deliberation on the issue. Two questionnaire surveys were used to measure the degree of learning, networking, involvement and problem solving reported by the participants after the first day and the third day. The results from the surveys clearly suggest that collaborative deliberation gave an added value compared to information provision alone in our stakeholder dialogue seminar. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 243-267 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1378247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1378247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:243-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liesbeth Claassen Author-X-Name-First: Liesbeth Author-X-Name-Last: Claassen Author-Name: Diana van Dongen Author-X-Name-First: Diana Author-X-Name-Last: van Dongen Author-Name: Danielle R.M. Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: Danielle R.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Timmermans Title: Improving lay understanding of exposure to electromagnetic fields; the effect of information on perception of and responses to risk Abstract: Studies show that, although many people are concerned about the potential health risks of being exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF), lay understanding of exposure, an important determinant of risk perceptions and responses, is limited. In an online consumer panel (n = 245), we tested the effects of providing people with information about EMF on lay understanding of exposure, and on perceptions and responses to risks, using an experimental 2 × 2 × 2 design. Providing people with specific information explaining the distance–exposure relationship, clarifying EMF policy, or specifying personal exposure management options actions resulted in a better understanding of exposure. We demonstrated that information provision as such had no effects on concerns about EMF nor on perceived risk of personal sources, i.e. mobile phones, but lowered perception of risk of public sources, i.e. mobile phone base stations and high-voltage power lines. In addition, information explaining the distance–exposure relationship in combination with policy information resulted in reduced self-reported risk-aversive responses. Moreover, participants who understood more about exposure in relation to the distance to the source showed lower perceptions of risk, were less likely to restrict their own exposure, and more likely to accept new installations of public sources of EMF in their neighborhood. In contrast, awareness that exposure was mainly determined by personal use of EMF sources corresponded with higher perceptions of risk from personal sources and a higher likelihood to restrict one’s own exposure. Our findings provide focal points for improving communication on EMF. In particular, we suggest to include information clarifying the distance–exposure relationship to improve understanding of exposure. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1115-1131 Issue: 9 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1031268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1031268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:9:p:1115-1131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M.B. de Graaff Author-X-Name-First: M.B. Author-X-Name-Last: de Graaff Author-Name: C. Bröer Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Bröer Author-Name: R.A. Wester Author-X-Name-First: R.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Wester Title: Biomedical risks and citizenship: depoliticizing cell site deployment in the Netherlands and Southern California Abstract: Cell phone technology has become a ubiquitous quasi-utility worldwide. Meanwhile, controversies around its health risks are continually emerging in locations around the world. In this paper, we argue that the ongoing controversy is primarily the effect of practices that are trying to govern cell site risks, rather than inherent uncertainties or qualities of the technology. We understand this as a process of medicalization that engenders bio-citizenship. We extend bio-citizenship theory by exposing how actors show an astute and reflexive awareness of the mobilizing potential of medicalization.We study the governance practice of cell site deployment in the Netherlands and Southern California, USA and investigate how the risk issues and citizenship concerning cell site deployment are co-produced in four main governance practices. Network roll-out practices move health risks backstage, prevention practices push health risks and uncertainties into the future. Design practices actively avoid cell site risks, whereas care practices contain them. Government and industry have become aware of the contentious effect of cell site deployment and govern this to protect the roll-out of the technology. We call this depoliticization. Depoliticization can unintendedly open up new avenues for citizen mobilization. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1195-1210 Issue: 9 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1071864 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1071864 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:9:p:1195-1210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karel Svačina Author-X-Name-First: Karel Author-X-Name-Last: Svačina Title: How (not) to talk about the uncertain: siting geological disposal for highly radioactive waste in the Czech Republic Abstract: There is an ongoing controversy in the Czech Republic over where to site a deep geological repository for the country’s radioactive waste. Recently, the negotiations between municipalities and state authorities responsible for radioactive waste management experienced a sharp turn: after several years of dialogue guaranteed by the promise of the state authorities not to start site investigations at preselected sites without the consent of affected municipalities, the state authorities suddenly decided not to keep this promise, and to start site investigations without the municipalities’ consent, saying that time for dialogue will come after the site investigations will have been completed. This article explores the period of the failed dialogue with respect to how risks and uncertainties were treated in the negotiations. Drawing on two strands of scholarship on risk and uncertainty, the risk governance school and the STS perspectives on sociotechnical controversies, two paradigms for dealing with risk and uncertainty are outlined. These are used as a framework to analyse how implementers and local stakeholders articulated possible risk or uncertainty issues in negotiations about the Czech geological disposal between 2009 and 2013. The analysis shows that whereas the implementers adopt (sometimes even an extreme version of) the risk-based paradigm, the positions of the local stakeholders seem to be mixed. These observations lead to two conclusions: first, at the theoretical level, perhaps some of the STS literature was too quick to assume that people ‘want’ uncertainty. Second, at the practical level, it is suggested that in the light of the failed dialogue, it might be worth for the implementers to take a lesson from the uncertainty-based paradigm, and consider the possibility that perhaps still more work needs to be done in order to turn uncertainty into risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1211-1225 Issue: 9 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121901 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:9:p:1211-1225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Casey Canfield Author-X-Name-First: Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Canfield Author-Name: Wändi Bruine de Bruin Author-X-Name-First: Wändi Author-X-Name-Last: Bruine de Bruin Author-Name: Gabrielle Wong-Parodi Author-X-Name-First: Gabrielle Author-X-Name-Last: Wong-Parodi Title: Perceptions of electricity-use communications: effects of information, format, and individual differences Abstract: Electricity bills could be an effective strategy for improving communications about consumers’ electricity use and promoting electricity savings. However, quantitative communications about electricity use may be difficult to understand, especially for consumers with low energy literacy. Here, we build on the health communication and graph comprehension literature to inform electricity bill design, with the goal of improving understanding, preferences for the presented communication, and intentions to save electricity. In a survey-based experiment, each participant saw a hypothetical electricity bill for a family with relatively high electricity use, covering information about (a) historical use, (b) comparisons to neighbors, and (c) historical use with appliance breakdown. Participants saw all information types in one of three formats including (a) tables, (b) bar graphs, and (c) icon graphs. We report on three main findings. First, consumers understood each type of electricity-use information the most when it was presented in a table, perhaps because tables facilitate simple point reading. Second, preferences and intentions to save electricity were the strongest for the historical use information, independent of format. Third, individuals with lower energy literacy understood all information less. We discuss implications for designing utility bills that are understandable, perceived as useful, and motivate consumers to save energy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1132-1153 Issue: 9 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121909 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:9:p:1132-1153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristine Vedal Størkersen Author-X-Name-First: Kristine Vedal Author-X-Name-Last: Størkersen Author-Name: Stian Antonsen Author-X-Name-First: Stian Author-X-Name-Last: Antonsen Author-Name: Trond Kongsvik Author-X-Name-First: Trond Author-X-Name-Last: Kongsvik Title: One size fits all? Safety management regulation of ship accidents and personal injuries Abstract: Safety management regulation is an important supplement to market forces to establish a sufficient safety level in high-risk industries. The accident statistics in Norwegian maritime passenger transportation display a paradox: personal injuries have decreased while ship accidents have increased in the period during which safety management has been regulated (the International Safety Management Code was effectuated in the late 1990s). We interview regulators, shipping company management, and crewmembers about their practices and opinions regarding safety management regulation and use these data to explore how this regulation influences safety management practices to prevent different types of accidents. This study underlines earlier research showing that regulation serves to ‘raise the bar’ by heightening the industry levels of safety investments and organizational safety awareness. In addition, our results suggest that safety management regulation in maritime transportation is mostly effective for preventing personal injuries in cases in which the personal have sufficient time and resources available, and the procedures are consistent with seafarers’ professional values. For ship accidents, such as groundings, other causal factors come into play. We find that the negative consequences of regulation (proceduralization) in particular influence the performance of safety-critical tasks, such as navigation. This may explain why personal injuries have decreased while ship accident frequencies have continued to increase in spite of the regulations aimed at improving safety. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1154-1172 Issue: 9 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1147487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1147487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:9:p:1154-1172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stina Alriksson Author-X-Name-First: Stina Author-X-Name-Last: Alriksson Author-Name: Monika Filipsson Author-X-Name-First: Monika Author-X-Name-Last: Filipsson Title: Risk perception and worry in environmental decision-making – a case study within the Swedish steel industry Abstract: Sustainable development is an important issue for the industry in order to fulfil legislation requirements and to be able to use green marketing as a competitive advantage. The Swedish steel industry has implemented a large number of environmental improvements, for example, within energy efficiency, raw materials and recyclability. Technical improvements can help the industry decrease its environmental impact; however, in order to reach sustainable development, more factors need to be considered: an effective environmental decision-making process, for example. This process may be influenced by personal factors such as risk perception and worry, which are factors that will not contribute to an effective decision-making process. The aim of this study was to investigate if personal worry and risk perception influenced environmental decision-making within the Swedish steel industry. Thirty-eight interviews were performed at 10 Swedish steelworks using the Q-methodology. The major perceived environmental risks with the facility and personal worry were assessed, compared to the day-to-day work. It was concluded that the major perceived risks were emissions of carbon dioxide, use of non-renewable energy and emissions of particulate matter. The decision-makers were mainly worried about emissions of carbon dioxide, emissions of dioxin and use of non-renewable energy. The environmental issues that were prioritised in practice (day-to-day work) were emissions of carbon dioxide, emissions of particulate matter and emissions of metals. Even though emissions of carbon dioxide were given the highest priority in the Q-sorts, there was in general no clear relationship between risk perception and personal worry with the prioritised environmental issues at the steelworks. The quantitative analysis of the Q-sorts and the qualitative interviews both showed that the day-to-day work was unaffected by personal worry and risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1173-1194 Issue: 9 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:9:p:1173-1194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Rossignol Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Rossignol Author-Name: Catrinel Turcanu Author-X-Name-First: Catrinel Author-X-Name-Last: Turcanu Author-Name: Catherine Fallon Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Fallon Author-Name: Catherine Zwetkoff Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Zwetkoff Title: “How are you vulnerable?”: Using participation for vulnerability analysis in emergency planning Abstract: Scientists in many fields of research have developed models, theories, and concepts attempting to grasp and manage dangers that are often difficult to imagine. Among the different perspectives, the science and technology studies (STS) vulnerability approach seems very promising. Relying on a constructivist paradigm, it is based on an inductive collection and analysis of a wide range of factors, with a particular focus on cultural factors and actual day-to-day practices. In this paper, we present the roots of this approach and we display findings based on three case studies exploring emergency planning in three different contexts (a city near a SEVESO plant, a school near a nuclear plant, and a city confronted to multiple catastrophic scenarios). The cases studies were realized by conducting three Focus Groups with different types of stakeholders (citizens, teachers, firemen, decision-makers, etc.). After presenting the results of the case studies, we discuss how stakeholders’ participation can inform such type of vulnerability analysis in the context of emergency planning. We argue that participation fosters a deep understanding of actual safety governance practices which allows innovative results to emerge as well as it initiates a learning process among the participants. It contributes to questioning the relations between decision-makers, experts, and citizens. It has the potential of bypassing the positivist and quantitative rationale of safety, and thus, of redefining the vulnerability governance. As a conclusion, we question the role of such STS vulnerability approach within the actual vulnerability governance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1095-1114 Issue: 9 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:9:p:1095-1114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Fife-Schaw Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Fife-Schaw Author-Name: Gene Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Gene Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Title: Research Note: Extending the application of the psychometric approach for assessing public perceptions of food risk: some methodological considerations Abstract: The 'psychometric approach' to the study of public perceptions of hazards has largely been limited to describing and exploring patterns of perception using cross-sectional survey data. This article discusses a number of methodological issues that need to be considered prior to employing this approach in studies monitoring changes in perceptions, the impact of risk communications, differences between groups, and other potentially more informative applications. Drawing on data from a cohort-sequential UK survey, this article considers item presentation order, sample conditioning, reliability and validity in an investigation ofpublic perceptions of food-related hazards. The data suggest that item presentation order has a major effect on ratings- in particular ratings of hazard familiarity and there is evidence that this is in part due to anchoring effects. The findings suggest that the approach produces an acceptable level of test-retest reliability and validity and they replicate previous research in this area (e.g. Sparks and Shepherd, 1994). The data also reveal how public perceptions of the BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) hazard changed during the course of the UK crisis on just one of the two principal judgemental dimensions with BSE being perceived as significantly more dreaded but no less familiar. The implications are discussed in the context of general hazard/risk perception research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 167-179 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376653 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:167-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Book Reviews Journal: Pages: 180-186 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:180-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hakan Kallmen Author-X-Name-First: Hakan Author-X-Name-Last: Kallmen Title: Manifest anxiety, general self-efficacy and locus of control as determinants of personal and general risk perception Abstract: The hypothesis that risk perception is associated with differences in personality was proposed. Three personality variables were used, Rotter's Internal vs External Locus of Control Scale, Schwarzer's General Self-efficacy Scale and Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale. A scale asking for personal and general risk perception measured perceived risk. It was proposed that individuals low in anxiety, having an internal locus of control and high in self-efficacy should perceive general risks and personal risks higher than individuals high in anxiety and low in self-efficacy and having external locus of control should do. Fifty-nine business students responded to these three scales. The hypothesis was supported by the results and suggested that the personality measures and particularly anxiety were significantly associated to both personal and general risk perceptions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 111-120 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376626 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:111-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoff Nichols Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Nichols Title: Risk and adventure education Abstract: This article considers several research questions concerning adventure education and risk. These are: 'What is the role and nature of risk in adventure education?' 'Is the outcome of adventure education to encourage participants to take a more adventurous approach to life in general, or is it limited to introducing them to socially acceptable forms of risk-taking?' 'Is the scope of adventure education to use risks being reduced?' 'If it is, is this because of a greater general risk aversion in society, or a greater aversion to the risks associated with particular activities?' 'If the scope of adventure education to use risks is being reduced what is being lost?' 'If the scope of adventure education to use risks is being reduced will it have to accept this?' These questions are not well developed in the theory of adventure education. The article does this and relates them to the development of theory in risk research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 121-134 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376635 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:121-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Perri Author-X-Name-First: Author-X-Name-Last: Perri Title: The morality of managing risk: paternalism, prevention and precaution, and the limits of proceduralism Abstract: A widespread trend in risk management recently might be described as proceduralismthe search for procedures by which parties can be brought together, in the hope of bypassing substantive moral and political disagreements. This article argues that there are severe limits to what can be expected of proceduralism, distinguishing four basic types. It goes on to argue that a central area of substantive disagreement that must be addressed in risk management theory concerns the scope of justifiable paternalism and the scope of justifications for measures that place obligations on the ground that people have limited rights to impose costs, harms or risks upon others. The article sets out an argument about how far paternalistic arguments can be taken, and under what kind of constraints paternalism is acceptable, before setting out for comparison similar considerations in respect of arguments about harms to others. The implications of these arguments for the idea of autonomy are explored. Finally, various formulations of the precautionary principle are considered in the light of these consideration, and consequently doubt is cast upon the merits of these formulations of precaution. The article concludes by drawing together the consequences for a post-proceduralist conception of risk management that recognizes the importance of addressing substantive moral and political arguments in the course of conflict resolution. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 135-165 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376644 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376644 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:135-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan E Pickett Author-X-Name-First: Susan E Author-X-Name-Last: Pickett Author-Name: Tatsujiro Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Tatsujiro Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Title: Regulation of food safety risks: the case of food irradiation in Japan Abstract: As risk analysis becomes more important in the promulgation of international and domestic standards, scientific data and the utilization of this data as a foundation for regulations is fundamental in determining these standards. Over the past 20 years, the scientific understanding of food irradiation technology has increased significantly regarding the impact of the technology on various types of food and the potential applications. As a result, the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), acting together, announced a standard on the benefits of food irradiation in early 1980s. Despite the consensus amongst international organizations regarding the benefits of food irradiation, individual countries have not been as eager to promote this technology. Japan began an initial investigation into the applications of food irradiation over 30 years ago, yet today prohibits irradiation except for the potato. This paper examines the history of research and regulation on food irradiation in Japan, and how scientific information and other factors have influenced its regulatory policy. These factors, including industry willingness, regulatory structure and perception, are not outside exerting force on the regulations of this technology, but rather are inherently a part of the regulatory process itself, and lead to a 'vicious circle' of rigidity that closes off the opportunity to incorporate new scientific and technical information as it arises. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 95-109 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376617 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:95-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: GUEST EDITORIAL: The citation wars Journal: Pages: 93-94 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.1080/136698700376608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/136698700376608 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:93-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Neelke Doorn Author-X-Name-First: Neelke Author-X-Name-Last: Doorn Title: Resilience indicators: opportunities for including distributive justice concerns in disaster management Abstract: This paper presents a systematic review of the concept of resilience in the field of disaster management, with a focus on the use of indicators and the inclusion of social justice considerations. The literature is reviewed with reference to various definitions of resilience, the relation between concepts of resilience and vulnerability, the conceptualization of resilience and the use of indicators, and the inclusion of social justice issues. The analysis shows that different disciplines employ various definitions of resilience and conceptions of its relation to vulnerability. Although recognized as important, distributive issues are not currently addressed in the literature. As a result, we lack a clear sense of what equality or distributive justice should mean in the context of resilience and disaster management. An approach based on capabilities is proposed as a promising way forward. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 711-731 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1100662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1100662 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:6:p:711-731 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy Donovan Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Donovan Author-Name: J. Richard Eiser Author-X-Name-First: J. Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Eiser Author-Name: R. Stephen J. Sparks Author-X-Name-First: R. Stephen J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sparks Title: Expert opinion and probabilistic volcanic risk assessment Abstract: We present data from an international survey of scientists working at volcanic observatories concerning eruption likelihoods. The scientists were asked a range of questions using different types of phrasing. The data suggest that the phrasing of questions affects the ways in which probabilities are estimated. In total, 71% of respondents (N = 70) exhibited some form of inconsistency in their answers between and/or within different question formats. The data also allow for an analysis of the use of scaling in probabilistic assessment, and the use of quantitative versus verbal risk measurements. However, some respondents were uncomfortable with providing any numerical probability estimate, perhaps suggesting that they considered the uncertainty too high for meaningful judgements to be made. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 693-710 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1115425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1115425 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:6:p:693-710 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gisela Böhm Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Böhm Author-Name: Hans-Rüdiger Pfister Author-X-Name-First: Hans-Rüdiger Author-X-Name-Last: Pfister Title: The perceiver’s social role and a risk’s causal structure as determinants of environmental risk evaluation Abstract: We present a dual-process risk perception model that integrates cognitive and emotional as well as consequentialist and deontological components by distinguishing between two modes of evaluative processing: (a) a consequentialist evaluation that focuses on potential consequences and (b) a deontological evaluation that focuses on moral values. Each of these two modes is assumed to trigger specific cognitive evaluations, specific emotions, and specific behavioral tendencies concerning a perceived risk. We conducted an experiment (N = 270) that tested whether the relative dominance of the two evaluative modes would depend on the causal structure of the environmental risk being evaluated and on the social role of the evaluator. Three types of causal structure were varied by providing scenario information: (a) anthropogenic risks that endanger only nature, (b) naturally caused risks with potential harmful consequences for humans, and (c) anthropogenic risks that may harm humans. Participants evaluated each scenario from the perspective of one of three social roles: mayor, expecting parent, and environmental activist. For each scenario, participants specified their focus and evaluated the event’s morality and perceived risk, the intensity of specific emotions, and their preferences for prospective behaviors. Results showed that the consequentialist evaluation was generally stronger than the deontological evaluation and was less affected by the experimental manipulations. The deontological evaluation was substantially affected by the risk’s causal structure. It was stronger for anthropogenic than for natural causation; risks caused by humans were associated with greater perceived moral blameworthiness, more intense morality-based emotions (e.g. outrage), and a stronger tendency to perform agent-related behaviors (e.g. aggression) than naturally occurring risks. The effect of the social role was less pronounced than that of the causal structure. Furthermore, the effect of an evaluative focus on behavior was fully mediated by emotions for deontological evaluations and partially mediated for consequentialist evaluations. The implications for environmental risk perception and communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 732-759 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1118148 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1118148 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:6:p:732-759 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel D. Brody Author-X-Name-First: Samuel D. Author-X-Name-Last: Brody Author-Name: Wesley E. Highfield Author-X-Name-First: Wesley E. Author-X-Name-Last: Highfield Author-Name: Morgan Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Morgan Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Michael K. Lindell Author-X-Name-First: Michael K. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindell Author-Name: Russell Blessing Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Blessing Title: Understanding the motivations of coastal residents to voluntarily purchase federal flood insurance Abstract: Federally-backed flood insurance is the primary mechanism by which residents in the United States (US) prepare for and recover from floods. While there is a growing literature on the general uptake of flood insurance, little work has been done to address the factors motivating residents to voluntarily buy and maintain federally-based insurance policies. We address this issue by conducting a survey of coastal residents in four localities in Texas and Florida. Based on survey responses, we quantitatively examine the factors influencing whether residents located outside of the 100-year floodplain obtain insurance policies when it is not required. Using two-sample t-tests and binary logistic regression analysis to control for multiple contextual and psychological variables, we statistically isolate the factors contributing most to the decision to purchase insurance. Our findings indicate that a resident located outside the 100-year floodplain who has voluntarily purchased federal flood insurance can be characterized, on average, as more highly educated, living in relatively expensive homes, and a long-time resident who thinks about flood hazard relatively infrequently but who, nonetheless, thinks flood insurance is relatively affordable. Unexpectedly, the physical proximity of a respondent to flood hazard areas makes little or no discernible difference in the decision to obtain flood insurance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 760-775 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1119179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1119179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:6:p:760-775 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elisabeth Michel-Guillou Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Michel-Guillou Author-Name: Catherine Meur-Ferec Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Meur-Ferec Title: Representations of coastal risk (erosion and marine flooding) among inhabitants of at-risk municipalities Abstract: As part of an interdisciplinary research programme on coastal risks, a combined environmental psychology–geography approach was used to study representations of coastal erosion and sea flooding among inhabitants of coastal areas. The relationship between these representations and place, or more specifically sense of place, will initially be examined, followed by individuals’ preferred risk adaptation strategies. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 894 inhabitants from five coastal municipalities in Brittany. Results show that coastal risks are not a top priority for respondents. Paying particular attention to respondents who spontaneously cited coastal rather than other risks or no risk, we show that their relationship to place differs from the other respondents, as do their preferred adaptation strategies. These results lead to a better understanding of attitudes towards coastal risks among inhabitants of at-risk areas and provide more in-depth knowledge on coastal zone vulnerability. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 776-799 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1119181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1119181 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:6:p:776-799 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B Ding Author-X-Name-First: B Author-X-Name-Last: Ding Author-Name: M Stevenson Author-X-Name-First: M Author-X-Name-Last: Stevenson Author-Name: J.S. Busby Author-X-Name-First: J.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Busby Title: The relationship between risk control imperative and perceived causation: the case of product counterfeiting in China Abstract: The counterfeiting of safety critical products such as pharmaceuticals is a significant risk to public safety, but the literature suggests that much of the causation of counterfeiting is endogenous: the decisions of legitimate producers and consumers facilitate or incentivize the manufacture of counterfeits. This study examined what effect the perceived causation of counterfeiting risk (both the causes of counterfeiting, and the consequences caused by counterfeiting) had on the risk control imperative: the belief that more resources should be allocated to controlling this risk. This involved a questionnaire survey of individuals in China, asking them to respond to the risks arising from the counterfeiting of specific safety-critical product types. The study found that although some causes of counterfeiting were emphasized much more strongly than others (notably the failure of the authorities, profiteering among legitimate producers and the presence of criminal organizations), the less emphasized causes were still judged as being relevant. The study found that the association between the risk control imperative and both the perceived scale of risk and its causal origins varied across different product types. In one case, the scale of risk was virtually unrelated to control imperative, but in all cases, at least one of the causal factors, and at least one of the consequential factors, explained variation in control imperative. A qualitative comparative analysis also indicated specifically that control imperative was lower if an actor who was strongly implicated in the cause of the risks was also a bearer of the risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 800-826 Issue: 6 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:6:p:800-826 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mariea Grubbs Hoy Author-X-Name-First: Mariea Grubbs Author-X-Name-Last: Hoy Author-Name: Abbey Blake Levenshus Author-X-Name-First: Abbey Blake Author-X-Name-Last: Levenshus Title: A mixed-methods approach to assessing actual risk readership on branded drug websites Abstract: Despite FDA requirements that drug benefits and risks be presented in a ‘fair balance’ manner, little is known about the extent to which individuals actually seek and process risk information. Self-report measures of drug risk reading show mixed results. This exploratory study investigates this topic within the context of a branded prescription drug website for a fictional seasonal allergy drug. We use a mixed-methods approach involving eye-tracking, survey and qualitative data. While approximately 80% of participants (N = 29) claimed to have read half or more of the risk information, eye-tracking measures revealed limited to no risk reading when given the opportunity to freely view the site without explicit directions to read risk information. Survey results showed minimal unaided recall and modest aided recall of risks. To gain insight into why participants failed to seek drug risk information, we analyzed retro-active think aloud post-task interviews for potential explanations and looked for expressions of social desirability, information avoidance, optimism bias and familiarity. Perceived familiarity with the health condition, its risks and companion drug options surfaced as the primary explanation for failure to seek, and subsequently process, the risk information. This perceived familiarity prompted participants to ignore the risk information and discount the commercial information source. We offer practical recommendations to encourage risk reading in light of our findings. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 521-538 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1223160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1223160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:521-538 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chunbing Bao Author-X-Name-First: Chunbing Author-X-Name-Last: Bao Author-Name: Jianping Li Author-X-Name-First: Jianping Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Dengsheng Wu Author-X-Name-First: Dengsheng Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: A fuzzy mapping framework for risk aggregation based on risk matrices Abstract: Extant research has focused upon assessing individual risks with the aid of risk matrices. Although risk aggregation is an important issue in risk management, aggregation of risks measured by risk matrices remains unresolved despite the wide usage of risk matrices. This paper proposes a framework to resolve the problem. We start from modifying the two notions of non-aggregatability of risk matrices, namely, qualitative description of inputs and non-comparability of different types of consequences. Then, we explicate the strong connection between risk matrices and fuzzy sets and propose that the transformation from risk matrices to fuzzy sets clear some confusions encountered in the aggregation process. A framework which covers membership analysis, composing different risk and defuzzification of the aggregated membership function, is proposed to aggregate different risks. In the framework, we pay maximum attention to accurate estimation of memberships of different risks. Besides, technical problems of composition and defuzzification are solved in detail. At last, an illustrative example is presented to show the feasibility of our method where we report the ranking of the aggregated risks of different scenarios. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 539-561 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1223161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1223161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:539-561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Sok Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sok Author-Name: H. Hogeveen Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Hogeveen Author-Name: A.R.W. Elbers Author-X-Name-First: A.R.W. Author-X-Name-Last: Elbers Author-Name: A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink Author-X-Name-First: A.G.J.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Oude Lansink Title: Perceived risk and personality traits explaining heterogeneity in Dutch dairy farmers’ beliefs about vaccination against Bluetongue Abstract: When designing effective voluntary vaccination strategies against animal disease epidemics, policy-makers need to take into account that different groups of farmers base their participation decisions on different considerations. Using the past Bluetongue virus serotype 8 epidemic of 2006–2009 in Europe as an example, this paper uses the Reasoned Action Approach to identify a set of attitudinal beliefs being the major drivers behind the intended decision to participate in voluntary vaccination. The results show that there is heterogeneity among farmers in these beliefs. In particular, perceived risk, which was captured by a risk attitude and a risk perception of the farmer, and personality traits are associated with variability in beliefs about vaccination against Bluetongue. The patterns found between perceived risk, personality traits and other farm and farmer characteristics were discussed in relation to the governance of animal health. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 562-578 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1223162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1223162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:562-578 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kinfe G. Bishu Author-X-Name-First: Kinfe G. Author-X-Name-Last: Bishu Author-Name: Seamus O’Reilly Author-X-Name-First: Seamus Author-X-Name-Last: O’Reilly Author-Name: Edward Lahiff Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Lahiff Author-Name: Bodo Steiner Author-X-Name-First: Bodo Author-X-Name-Last: Steiner Title: Cattle farmers’ perceptions of risk and risk management strategies: evidence from Northern Ethiopia Abstract: This study analyzes cattle farmers’ perceptions of risk and risk management strategies in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. We use survey data from a sample of 356 farmers based on multistage random sampling. Factor analysis is employed to classify scores of risk and management strategies, and multiple regression is then used to investigate the relationship between scores and farmers’ characteristics. The results demonstrate that shortage of family labor, high price of fodder, and limited farm income were perceived as the most important risks. Use of veterinary services, parasite control, and loan utilization were perceived as the most important strategies for managing risks. Livestock disease and labor shortage were perceived as less of a risk by farmers who adopted the practice of zero grazing compared to other farmers, pointing to the potential of this practice for risk reduction. We find strong evidence that farmers engage in multiple risk management practices in order to reduce losses from cattle morbidity and mortality. The results suggest that government strategies that aim at reducing farmers’ risk need to be tailored to specific farm and farmer characteristics. Findings from this study have potentially important policy implications for risk management strategies in developing countries. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 579-598 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1223163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1223163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:579-598 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nan Li Author-X-Name-First: Nan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Dominique Brossard Author-X-Name-First: Dominique Author-X-Name-Last: Brossard Author-Name: Ashley A. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Ashley A. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Dietram A. Scheufele Author-X-Name-First: Dietram A. Author-X-Name-Last: Scheufele Author-Name: Kathleen M. Rose Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rose Title: How do policymakers and think tank stakeholders prioritize the risks of the nuclear fuel cycle? A semantic network analysis Abstract: In recent years, the importance of stakeholder involvement and of integrating diverse perspectives into risk management has gained increasing recognition. However, it remains a challenging task to identify all potentially relevant stakeholders and to reliably describe their deeply held beliefs regarding the risks associated with complex industrial systems. For example, the development of advanced nuclear fuel cycles presents such a case. Based on a review of policy-making literatures and a content analysis of congressional records, we identify federal agencies and nonprofit policy institutes (also known as ‘think tanks’) as key stakeholders that are representative of those actively involved in making high-level decisions on the US nuclear energy policy. Using a semantic network analysis approach, we visually delineate the thematic areas of each party’s perceptions concerning fuel cycle risks. The results show that although governmental and think tank stakeholders share common concerns in areas such as nuclear waste management, the economics of nuclear facilities, and proliferation, they tend to focus on distinct aspects of each area. Moreover, while governmental stakeholders are primarily concerned with the environmental and local impacts of nuclear fuel cycles, think tank stakeholders focus more on the relative advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy compared to other alternative energy options. Implications for risk management and risk communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 599-621 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1223164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1223164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:599-621 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karolien van Nunen Author-X-Name-First: Karolien Author-X-Name-Last: van Nunen Author-Name: Genserik Reniers Author-X-Name-First: Genserik Author-X-Name-Last: Reniers Author-Name: Koen Ponnet Author-X-Name-First: Koen Author-X-Name-Last: Ponnet Title: Measuring and improving safety culture in organisations: an exploration of tools developed and used in Belgium Abstract: To support organisations in addressing their safety culture, practical tools have been developed worldwide. Based on such practical tools, it is possible to measure where an organisation is situated regarding its safety culture in order to identify priority areas, formulate appropriate improvement strategies and determine changes over time. In this paper, it is examined which practical tools to measure and improve safety culture are provided on the Belgian market. In total, 15 Belgian tools were identified, of which 8 agreed to cooperate. Amongst the included tools, there is a lot of variation regarding the methods to diagnose the safety culture and the overall procedure to improve the safety culture. The importance to adapt the tool to the specific needs and context of organisations is acknowledged in most of the tools, as well as the importance to use a multi-method approach to measure the safety culture. Also, it is recognised that all hierarchic levels should participate during the process of diagnosing the safety culture. A point of attention is this overall participation during the validation of the results of the diagnosis, and the priority setting of the recommendations, which is mainly done by the higher management. The development of the Belgian tools is based on experience with a focus on direct practical application, which leads to the fact that none of the tools are validated through scientific evidence. Another point of attention is that organisations pay too little attention at the continuity of safety culture research. And finally, the question can be raised if the safety culture tools actually address the concept ‘safety culture’, or if they address only a subset of the concept. When safety culture is addressed, a comprehensive approach should be used, where technological, organisational, human and external aspects are taken into account as interacting and interrelating elements. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 622-644 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1235602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1235602 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:622-644 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Ashley Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Simon Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Pilot workload and fatigue on short-haul routes: an evaluation supported by instantaneous self-assessment and ethnography Abstract: In the context of claims that the European Aviation Safety Agency’s flight and duty- time regulations pose a threat to safety, pilot workload and fatigue were assessed on two short-haul routes using a mixed-methods approach. Data produced by the US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine Crew Status Survey (CSS) showed that pilots rarely assessed workload and fatigue to be high-risk. Data produced by an ethnographic study somewhat contradicted the CSS findings, with some pilots claiming to be fatigued. The combined data suggested a correlation between both workload and fatigue and aviation system dynamics such as airspace manoeuvring restrictions, especially in the vicinity of busy airports. The research presented an opportunity to test claims made for the CSS, specifically that it is ‘easily understood, easy to administer and minimally intrusive’. Missing forms and errors suggest that it is not as reliable a research instrument as proponents suggest, although contextual factors may have served to reduce the volume and quality of data. It is concluded that a pre-survey, systems-thinking-informed evaluation of the host airline would suggest ways of improving buy-in. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 645-677 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1235603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1235603 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:645-677 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dolruedee Kramnaimuang King Author-X-Name-First: Dolruedee Kramnaimuang Author-X-Name-Last: King Author-Name: Jan Hayes Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes Title: The effects of power relationships: knowledge, practice and a new form of regulatory capture Abstract: In the wake of disasters, criticism tends to target regulatory failures and regulatory capture. In this status quo, the roles of regulators are black-boxed and criticism fails to explore what has been happening within and around regulatory institutions. This paper explores how relationships between regulators of hazardous industry and those who interact with them affect regulatory practice. Actor-network theory was utilised to generate findings drawn from a study of the Australian pipeline industry in order to reveal perspectives and the approaches of regulators in regulating pipeline risks. The findings indicate that pipeline regulators have a particular logic in practicing risk analysis. This paper argues that such a logic can be theorised as a new form of regulatory capture that limits the way regulators regulate risks and constrains the potential of regulatory outcomes. It is urged that a new form of logics of practice needs to be developed so as to improve the process of risk regulation in preventing catastrophic accidents. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1104-1116 Issue: 9 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1382560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1382560 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:9:p:1104-1116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. R. Ward Author-X-Name-First: P. R. Author-X-Name-Last: Ward Author-Name: K. Attwell Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Attwell Author-Name: S. B. Meyer Author-X-Name-First: S. B. Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer Author-Name: P. Rokkas Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Rokkas Author-Name: J. Leask Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Leask Title: Risk, responsibility and negative responses: a qualitative study of parental trust in childhood vaccinations Abstract: Childhood vaccination programmes have benefits that far outweigh risks, in public health terms. However, some parents decide not to immunise their children. This paper explores the ways in which such parents talk about the perceived risks and benefits incurred by vaccinating (or not vaccinating) their children. Between 2013 and 2016, we undertook 29 in-depth interviews with non-vaccinating and/or ‘vaccine hesitant’ parents in Fremantle, Western Australia and Adelaide, South Australia. Our analysis of the interviews identified particular constructions of risk and responsibility. All interviews were transcribed and analysed using both inductive and deductive processes. Our analysis mirrors the chronological process through which parents navigate risk. We start with the concept of ‘responsibilisation’, which underpins parental engagement with decision-making and praxis. We then explore how responsiblisation takes the form of detailed and time-consuming ‘research’. Parents then attempt to navigate multiple and conflicting ‘risks’: the risk of vaccine-preventable diseases, risks associated with vaccination and risks associated with their own perceived lack of understanding. After engaging with risk, parents justify the decision and accept the associated ‘responsibility’. Parents use this sense of responsibility to navigate through the ‘responses’ of others, which we conceptualise as the risk of unwelcome consequences. In conclusion, parents have a reflexive understanding of the physical, psychological and socio-economic risks they incur as a consequence of their choice to either partially vaccinate, delay vaccination or reject vaccination for their children. They construct these risks with reference to particular discourses, engagement with expert opinion and lifestyle choices emblematic of late modernity. The risks they are willing to accept and the subsequent responsibility and blame they assume when choosing to abstain, or partially abstain, from vaccinating their children are, to the parents, coherent with their interpretation of best parenting practice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1117-1130 Issue: 9 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1391318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1391318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:9:p:1117-1130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Hayes Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes Author-Name: Sarah Maslen Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Maslen Author-Name: Christina Scott-Young Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Scott-Young Author-Name: Janice Wong Author-X-Name-First: Janice Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Title: The rise of defensive engineering: how personal liability considerations impact decision-making Abstract: Based on a survey of Australian engineers (n = 275) this paper examines the impact of personal liability considerations on engineering decision-making. Almost all respondents who make high-stakes decisions saw questions of liability as having both positive (90%) and negative (87%) impacts. Our analysis shows that awareness of personal liability acts to focus the attention of many engineers on the moral dimension of their work. However, it also encourages more expensive decision-making, inhibition of innovation and professional paralysis. We argue that while personal legal liability is a legitimate way to focus engineers’ attention on the potential impact of their work, a problem arises when decision-makers are held responsible for disasters over which they had little control. The focus then shifts to ‘defensive engineering’ practices that are aimed at limiting individual liability rather than disaster prevention. Legal processes that are seen to unfairly allocate blame do not encourage practices that support future disaster prevention. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1131-1145 Issue: 9 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1391319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1391319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:9:p:1131-1145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Mei Ling Wong Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Mei Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Stewart Lockie Author-X-Name-First: Stewart Author-X-Name-Last: Lockie Title: Sociology, risk and the environment: a material-semiotic approach Abstract: Sociology has made significant contributions to the conceptualisation of risk and critique of technical risk analysis. It has, however, unintentionally reinforced the division of labour between the natural/technical and social sciences in risk analysis. This paper argues that the problem with conceptualisations of risk is not a misplaced emphasis on calculation. Rather, it is that we have not adequately dealt with ontological distinctions implicit in both sociological and technical work on risk between material or objective risks and our socially mediated understandings and interpretations of those risks. While acknowledging that risks are simultaneously social and technical, sociologists have not, in practice, provided the conceptual and methodological tools to apprehend risk in a less dualistic manner. This limits our ability both to analyse actors and processes outside the social domain and to explore the recursive relationships between risk calculus, social action and the material outcomes of risk. In response, this paper develops a material-semiotic conceptualisation of risk and provides an assessment of its relevance to more sociologically informed risk governance. It introduces the ideas of co-constitution, emergent entities and enactment as instruments for reconciling the material and social worlds in a sociological study of risk. It further illustrates the application of a material-semiotic approach using these concepts in the nuclear industry. In deconstructing social–material dualisms in the sociology of risk, this paper argues that a material-semiotic conceptualisation of risk enables both technical and social perspectives on risk not only to coexist but to collaborate, widening the scope for interdisciplinary research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1077-1092 Issue: 9 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1422783 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422783 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:9:p:1077-1092 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. M. Hanea Author-X-Name-First: A. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hanea Author-Name: G. F. Nane Author-X-Name-First: G. F. Author-X-Name-Last: Nane Author-Name: B. A. Wielicki Author-X-Name-First: B. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Wielicki Author-Name: R. M. Cooke Author-X-Name-First: R. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Cooke Title: Bayesian networks for identifying incorrect probabilistic intuitions in a climate trend uncertainty quantification context Abstract: Probabilistic thinking can often be unintuitive. This is the case even for simple problems, let alone the more complex ones arising in climate modelling, where disparate information sources need to be combined. The physical models, the natural variability of systems, the measurement errors and their dependence upon the observational period length should be modelled together in order to understand the intricacies of the underlying processes. We use Bayesian networks (BNs) to connect all the above-mentioned pieces in a climate trend uncertainty quantification framework. Inference in such models allows us to observe some seemingly nonsensical outcomes. We argue that they must be pondered rather than discarded until we understand how they arise. We would like to stress that the main focus of this paper is the use of BNs in complex probabilistic settings rather than the application itself. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1146-1161 Issue: 9 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1437059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1437059 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:9:p:1146-1161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steve E. Corin Author-X-Name-First: Steve E. Author-X-Name-Last: Corin Author-Name: Asela Atapattu Author-X-Name-First: Asela Author-X-Name-Last: Atapattu Title: A case study demonstrates a democratic methodology for making risk-based decisions Abstract: Risk is a subjective notion allowing the boundaries between the role of a risk practitioner and a decision-maker to become blurred. A belief that the public misunderstands risk and the need to control the risk assessment process are two barriers to effective engagement. A lack of engagement and the ability to enable citizens to decide their own future can contribute to the controversy we see in important public debates. In our study, we surveyed four stakeholder groups in the New Zealand to determine how they each rated the risks and benefits of a case study on the three biophysical impacts of the economy, environment and human health. Our survey methodology incorporated a continuous scale along three axes and this design enabled costs and benefits to be traded-off between individuals, giving them a representative voice. We used these results to investigate whether or not it would be feasible to use such an approach to make decisions. Our results indicate that public decision-making is possible, which in this case broadly reflected agreement between the public and the official decision. Such an approach holds promise for expanding the role of public engagement and input into the risk assessment process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1093-1103 Issue: 9 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1503613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1503613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:9:p:1093-1103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra Seno-Alday Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Seno-Alday Title: Bringing people (back) into risk analysis Abstract: This paper explores the different ways in which people (i.e. human factors) have been incorporated in extant studies of risk. A preliminary scan of the literature shows that people are not just passive maleficiaries of risk but are also active participants in its inception. People are actors whose biases and behaviors give rise to risk and make an impact on both the degree of its likelihood and the severity of its consequences. Because people themselves undertake risk analysis (either as experts and/or stakeholders), the risk analysis process itself is subject to biases and human error. Therefore, it is argued that human factors must be explicitly brought into risk conceptualization, analysis, and theory development in order to enrich and extend the frontiers of the field. Scholarly contributions by members of the Society for Risk Analysis Australia and New Zealand (SRA-ANZ) investigating the challenges and complexities of incorporating people in risk analysis are introduced in this issue. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1069-1076 Issue: 9 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:9:p:1069-1076 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jens O. Zinn Author-X-Name-First: Jens O. Author-X-Name-Last: Zinn Title: The meaning of risk-taking – key concepts and dimensions Abstract: Dealing with and taking risks are central issues of current societies which had been characterised by heightened debates and conflicts about risk (Beck, Giddens). Even though there is good knowledge available, policies and strategies to reduce people’s risk-taking are often less successful than expected. Experts are puzzled about common people not following good advice presuming people’s lack of understanding. While this might be true in many cases a growing body of research shows, rather than being merely ignorant or misinformed, people often have good knowledge when taking risks. A growing body of research provides knowledge about the complexities, dynamics and contradictions of people’s risk-taking. However, there have been little attempts to systematise this body of knowledge. This article contributes to such an enterprise. It suggests distinguishing between different motives for risk-taking, different levels of control and a number of ways how reflexivity about risk is rooted in the social realm. It also explores how risk-taking is part of developing and protecting a valued identity. The article concludes, across different domains there is good evidence for how structural and cultural forces combine and shape risk-taking while people take risks to develop a valued identity and to protect it. Advancing expert’s understanding of risk-taking and change people’s risk-taking require considering and approaching the larger social contexts and individual risk practices in everyday life. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-15 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351465 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351465 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:1-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zeinab Amin Author-X-Name-First: Zeinab Author-X-Name-Last: Amin Title: A practical road map for assessing cyber risk Abstract: The increase in interconnectivity and developments in technology have caused cyber security to become a universal concern. This paper highlights the dangers of the evolution of cyber risk, the challenges of quantifying the impact of cyber-attacks and the feasibility of the traditional actuarial methodologies for quantifying cyber losses. In this paper, we present a practical roadmap for assessing cyber risk, a roadmap that emphasizes the importance of developing a company and culture-specific risk and resilience model. We develop a structure for a Bayesian network to model the financial loss as a function of the key drivers of risk and resilience. We use qualitative scorecard assessment to determine the level of cyber risk exposure and evaluate the effectiveness of resilience efforts in the organization. We highlight the importance of capitalizing on the knowledge of experts within the organization and discuss methods for aggregating multiple assessments. From an enterprise risk management perspective, impact on value should be the primary concern of managers. This paper uses a value-centric/reputational approach to risk management rather than a regulatory/capital-centric approach to risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 32-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351467 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:32-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yan Sun Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Shengxiang She Author-X-Name-First: Shengxiang Author-X-Name-Last: She Author-Name: Fan Yang Author-X-Name-First: Fan Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Peta Ashworth Author-X-Name-First: Peta Author-X-Name-Last: Ashworth Author-Name: Iveta Eimontaite Author-X-Name-First: Iveta Author-X-Name-Last: Eimontaite Author-Name: Junxiu Wang Author-X-Name-First: Junxiu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Critical factors and pathways influencing genetically modified food risk perceptions Abstract: This study aims to identify the critical factors and paths that affect the Chinese public’s risk perceptions of genetically modified (GM) foods from an emotional appraisal perspective. Using an experiment conducted with university undergraduate business students in China, we examined the evaluative pathways of the Chinese public by manipulating fairness and controllability appraisals in scenarios constructed about GM foods risk. The experiment was designed around two evaluative pathways – consequentialist and deontological perspectives – focusing on controllability and fairness. This led to a distinct set of emotional responses. It was found that both consequence-based and morality-based emotions caused stronger perceived risks toward GM foods. Understanding these responses provides new insight into how scientists and experts in China might best frame their communications about GM foods. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 44-54 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:44-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nahui Zhen Author-X-Name-First: Nahui Author-X-Name-Last: Zhen Author-Name: Jon Barnett Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Author-Name: Michael Webber Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Webber Title: Trust and the risk of consuming polluted water in Shanghai, China Abstract: It is commonly understood that political trust reduces public perceptions of various kinds of risk. However, this knowledge largely comes from research conducted in liberal democratic states, and so may have little explanatory power in China. Though it has an authoritarian government, China has enjoyed relatively high levels of political trust, and so is a unique case from which to advance knowledge about political trust and risk perception. We describe the relationship between risk perception and political trust in China through analysis of results from a survey of 5007 residents in Shanghai asking about people’s perceptions of the risk of consuming tap water (a key public good), and their levels of trust in the public water authorities. Findings reveal that political trust in general, and trust in the perceived fairness, honesty and capability of water authorities significantly reduces the perception of the risk of consuming tap water. This suggests that the inverse relationship between trust and risk perception applies regardless of whether a society is democratic or authoritarian. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 55-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351469 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:55-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nagwan R. Zahry Author-X-Name-First: Nagwan R. Author-X-Name-Last: Zahry Author-Name: John C. Besley Author-X-Name-First: John C. Author-X-Name-Last: Besley Title: Genetic engineering, genetic modification, or agricultural biotechnology: does the term matter? Abstract: The risk perception and communication literature appears to use terms such as genetic engineering (GE), genetic modification (GM), and agricultural biotechnology (agbiotech) almost interchangeably. The present research therefore seeks to compare the effect of these three terms on consumers’ cognitive, affective and behavioral component of attitude. The variables under investigation are consumers’ perceptions of risk, benefits, personal control over technology, support and promotion of the development of technology, dread, labeling, and purchase intentions. The study draws on the equivalency framing literature in conducting two question wording experiments whereby participants are randomly assigned to receive a version that uses just one of the three different terms. The first experiment found that the framing effect of food technology as either GE or GM may be contingent on source of information. When the technology was framed as GE and the information source was a consumer organization, respondents reported higher perceived personal control over the technology compared to when the information source was government, newspaper, or no source. Therefore, framing food as GE may be a somewhat beneficial for those who seek to promote the technology while framing the technology as GM might help those who oppose the technology. The second experiment found that using the terms agbiotech and GE were associated with higher perceived benefits, positive feelings, and purchase intention compared to GM. The ‘agbiotech’ term garnered the most relative support for the technology. Implications are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 16-31 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351470 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:16-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donna G. Curtis Maillet Author-X-Name-First: Donna G. Curtis Author-X-Name-Last: Maillet Author-Name: Melanie G. Wiber Author-X-Name-First: Melanie G. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiber Author-Name: Allain Barnett Author-X-Name-First: Allain Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Title: Actions towards the joint production of knowledge: the risk of salmon aquaculture on American Lobster Abstract: Joint production of knowledge (JPK) is said to facilitate proactive mitigation of risks in marine resource management. However, lack of consensus on who should be involved, when it is happening and the exact mechanisms of sharing knowledge has precluded the development of an effective implementation framework. Here, we explore one approach to building a post-normal science, one that both includes local ecological knowledge and bridges scientific silos. We first identify several actions of knowledge production and then provide an Atlantic Canadian case study, drawn from an assessment of the impact of aquaculture on American lobster, to illustrate necessary actions on the road to JPK. Key actions include theorizing relationships, agreeing on key concepts, specifying, and interpreting required data, identifying principles and making evaluations. We fill a lacuna in the JPK literature by: first, defining knowledge as the result of a set of actions; second, using knowledge generating actions to explore how different knowledge sets come together to contribute to JPK; and third, identifying how knowledge actions can facilitate or inhibit JPK. We conclude that this list of the essential actions of knowledge production is necessary to the successful development of alternative approaches to risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 67-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:67-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Herrero Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Herrero Author-Name: Alberto Urueña Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Urueña Author-Name: Andrea Torres Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Torres Author-Name: Antonio Hidalgo Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Hidalgo Title: Smartphone addiction: psychosocial correlates, risky attitudes, and smartphone harm Abstract: Smartphone use has brought convenience to users, although its excessive use and addiction might also have negative consequences. Using a representative sample of 526 smartphone users in Spain, the present study analyzes smartphone extensive use and addiction as well as its relationship to smartphone harm. Self-reported and scanned data were obtained from users and their smartphones. Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that higher levels of smartphone extensive use were found for female respondents, those high on general propensity to risk, neuroticism, and low on conscientiousness, openness, or social support. Multivariate binary logistic results showed that general propensity to risk and low social support were predictive of smartphone addiction. The combination of high smartphone extensive use and low social support was positively and significantly related to the existence of smartphone harm as well as higher levels of risk attitudes toward smartphone use. These results might indicate that when low social support is coupled with an extensive smartphone use, respondents not only show a more positive attitude toward risky behaviors while using their smartphone but, also, a greater level of harm is found in their terminals. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 81-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:81-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abdul-Akeem Sadiq Author-X-Name-First: Abdul-Akeem Author-X-Name-Last: Sadiq Author-Name: Kevin Tharp Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Tharp Author-Name: John D. Graham Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Author-Name: Jenna Tyler Author-X-Name-First: Jenna Author-X-Name-Last: Tyler Title: Temporal stability and changes in risk perception rankings of hazardous activities and technologies Abstract: Researchers have extensively studied risk perceptions of hazardous activities and technologies to better understand how to analyze risk to inform and improve risk communications and risk management policy-making in various facets of society. Despite the existence of such studies, there is limited research on how stable or different risk perceptions of various activities and technologies are across time. A better understanding of the temporal aspect of risk perceptions can lead to more effective policy responses by ensuring that policies based on risk perceptions continuously reflect current public risk perceptions. Hence, the purpose of this descriptive study is to explore the question: ‘How stable or different are risk perceptions of hazardous activities and technologies over time?’ To answer this question, this study compares the risk rankings for 29 hazardous activities (e.g. smoking cigarettes) and technologies (e.g. driving a motor vehicle) from a risk perception survey of 2008 U.S. employees conducted in 2014 with similar 29 items from Slovic to his colleagues’ 1976/1977 survey. Specifically, we use Spearman’s rank order correlation to compare the risk rankings by Slovic and his colleagues’ three lay groups – League of Women Voters, college students, and active club members – with the risk rankings by similar lay groups from the Pacific Region in the 2014 survey. In general, the results of this descriptive study indicate some stability of risk perception over time, but some interesting differences remain. This study concludes by suggesting future research topic areas on risk perceptions of hazardous activities and technologies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 93-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:93-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Manuela Meraner Author-X-Name-First: Manuela Author-X-Name-Last: Meraner Author-Name: Robert Finger Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Finger Title: Risk perceptions, preferences and management strategies: evidence from a case study using German livestock farmers Abstract: We analyze the factors affecting farmers’ choice accounting for farm, farmer, and household characteristics as well as elicited risk perception and risk preferences. We consider three alternative hypothetical methods for assessing risk preferences to test the stability and behavioral validity of them. Our case study focuses on livestock farmers in the German region North Rhine-Westphalia. We find that risk preferences are context depending, i.e. differ across different fields of farm-level decision-making. Furthermore, our analysis shows that risk-averse farmers are more likely to prioritize on-farm risk management strategies over off-farm strategies. Moreover, higher risk perception, age, subjective numeracy, farm succession, farm size, and the proportion of rented land show a significant impact on farmers’ risk behavior Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 110-135 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351476 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:110-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Fellenor Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Fellenor Author-Name: Julie Barnett Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Author-Name: Clive Potter Author-X-Name-First: Clive Author-X-Name-Last: Potter Author-Name: Julie Urquhart Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Urquhart Author-Name: John D. Mumford Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Mumford Author-Name: Christopher P. Quine Author-X-Name-First: Christopher P. Author-X-Name-Last: Quine Title: Ash dieback and other tree pests and pathogens: dispersed risk events and the Social Amplification of Risk Framework Abstract: It is widely acknowledged within the risk literature that the mass media play a pivotal role in shaping information about risk events for audiences. While some risk events reflect occurrences specific to particular times and locations, other risk events are more difficult to temporally and spatially situate as they are dispersed across years or months and are not constrained to particular geographic locations. Studies examining the relationship between the social amplification or attenuation of risks and their framing in the media have tended to focus on the former type of event. In this paper, we explore the social amplification of risk in relation to ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus), a tree health issue that attracted intense media attention in the United Kingdom in 2012, and characterise what we designate as a dispersed risk event. Drawing on the influential Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF), we present a frame analysis of UK national newspaper articles to assess the connection between media coverage of dieback and risk amplification, and the extent to which dieback coverage drew on other tree health issues and objects of media attention. Focusing particularly on the blame frame around dieback, the paper considers the implications of conceptualising dispersed risk events for the SARF and its amplification metaphor. Moreover, given that risk events such as dieback are often associated with policy shifts, we suggest that there is value for risk communicators and policymakers in broadening their focus to incorporate more of the ‘history’ of risk events in order to anticipate likely anchors of public and media attention.Abbreviations: BSE: bovine spongiform encephalopathy; Defra: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; DED: Dutch elm disease; EAB: Emerald ash borer; EU: European Union; FMD: foot and mouth disease; FC: Forestry Commission; GSBB : Great spruce bark beetle; HCLM: Horse chestnut leaf miner; HTA: Horticultural Trades Association; OPM: Oak processionary moth; SARF: Social Amplification of Risk Framework; TPP: tree pests and pathogens Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1459-1478 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1485170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1485170 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1459-1478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiaxin Chen Author-X-Name-First: Jiaxin Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Chuqian Chen Author-X-Name-First: Chuqian Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Yuqing Wang Author-X-Name-First: Yuqing Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Guibing He Author-X-Name-First: Guibing Author-X-Name-Last: He Title: Probability discounting of environmental gains: do we multiply or add up? Abstract: Individuals often discount and transform risky environmental outcomes into psychological certainty equivalences (CEs) during environmental decision-making. Their preference for different alternatives is influenced by the discounting degree. Our first experiment undertook a preliminary inspection of the probability discounting of environmental gains through a matching method; whereas in Experiment 2, the discounting rule of environmental gain was compared with monetary gain by a new line-projective method, which asked participants to project their subjective value evaluation explicitly on a line of specific length. The environmental gain and its mental value-equivalent monetary gain were analogical with respect to discounting degree and process model fitting. The probability discounting of both gains was better described by an additive-utility model than the normative exponential and hyperbolic models, which means that individuals were likely to discount the risky outcome by simply adding the disutility of uncertainty to the gain’s nominal utility, rather than by multiplying the initial value by a discounting factor. It may be of great value in shedding light on the lay public evaluation of risky environmental interventions and boosting pro-environmental policy support. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1479-1489 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1485167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1485167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1479-1489 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gongmin Bao Author-X-Name-First: Gongmin Author-X-Name-Last: Bao Author-Name: Zhongju Liao Author-X-Name-First: Zhongju Author-X-Name-Last: Liao Author-Name: Damian Hine Author-X-Name-First: Damian Author-X-Name-Last: Hine Title: Managerial cognition, emergency preparedness and firm's emergency response performance Abstract: Building on cognitive classification theory, schema theory and accident-causing theory, this article aims to examine the effect of firms’ managerial cognition on emergency preparedness behavior, and their emergency response performance. Data were collected through cross-sectoral survey method on 271 Chinese firms across manufacturing and mining industries. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that cognitive complexity was associated positively with multiple dimensions of emergency preparedness (information, resource and system preparedness). Cognitive focus was associated negatively with emergency preparedness. We also found information, resource and management system-wide preparedness can improve emergency response performance significantly. Based on the findings, this paper gives practical implications for firms to prevent and respond to emergencies. Integrating and articulating diverse information and knowledge sources, as well as direct and/or vicarious experience, reduce the likelihood of unexpected emergencies unplanned responses. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1490-1502 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1485171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1485171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1490-1502 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philipp Babcicky Author-X-Name-First: Philipp Author-X-Name-Last: Babcicky Author-Name: Sebastian Seebauer Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Seebauer Title: Unpacking Protection Motivation Theory: evidence for a separate protective and non-protective route in private flood mitigation behavior Abstract: Flood preparedness of private households is regarded an essential building block of integrated flood risk management. In the past decade, numerous empirical studies have employed the protection motivation theory (PMT) to explain flood mitigation behavior at the household level. However, much of this research has produced mixed results and could not consistently confirm the strength and direction of the relationships between the PMT components. Based on a survey of 2,007 households in flood-prone areas, this study revisits the model structure of the PMT by means of structural equation modeling. Compared to the methods used in previous studies, this modeling technique allows us to capture the PMT components in greater detail and to comprehensively test their hypothesized interrelations. Our results point to two separate routes leading to two different response types: A protective route from coping appraisal to protective behavior, and a non-protective route from threat appraisal to non-protective responses. Risk perception is not found to be part of the protective route, neither are non-protective responses confirmed to undermine protection motivation. The two separate routes are observed consistently across all combinations of the six protective and four non-protective responses assessed in this study. In the light of encouraging private flood adaptation, risk communication measures should specifically target the protective route and avoid (accidentally) providing incentives that fall within the non-protective route. This cross-sectional study, however, cannot establish how the two routes interrelate over time. More experimental and longitudinal research is required to address potential feedback effects and the role of decision stages. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1503-1521 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1485175 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1485175 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1503-1521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Myoungsoon You Author-X-Name-First: Myoungsoon Author-X-Name-Last: You Author-Name: Jeongsub Lim Author-X-Name-First: Jeongsub Author-X-Name-Last: Lim Author-Name: Minsun Shim Author-X-Name-First: Minsun Author-X-Name-Last: Shim Author-Name: Youngkee Ju Author-X-Name-First: Youngkee Author-X-Name-Last: Ju Title: Outrage effects on food risk perception as moderated by risk attitude Abstract: For a deeper understanding of the dynamics of food risk perception, we examined the role of perceived outrage factors in guiding risk perception. Their interactions with risk attitude and media use were investigated as well. A nationwide survey (N = 1000) was conducted on five outrage factors (familiarity, trust, catastrophic potential, effects on children, and dread) with respect to four types of food risk (Benzopyrene in noodle soup, Norovirus in school cafeteria food, Misuse of plastic coffee bags, and Salmonella in infant food) in South Korea. The results confirmed that perceived outrage factors were overall positively associated with risk perception. Trust, catastrophic potential, and dread were associated with heightened risk perception regarding all of the four types of food risk. Familiarity and effect on children were also connected to a higher risk perception in two out of the four types of food risk. In addition, these outrage effects were partially moderated by risk attitude. Risk aversion attitudes weakened the association between perceived outrage factors (trust and catastrophic potential) and risk perception in three out of the four types of risk. The implication of the main outrage effect and its interaction with risk attitude was discussed in light of risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1522-1531 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501591 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1522-1531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aigul Mavletova Author-X-Name-First: Aigul Author-X-Name-Last: Mavletova Author-Name: Kirill Gavrilov Author-X-Name-First: Kirill Author-X-Name-Last: Gavrilov Author-Name: Tatiana Tholmogorova Author-X-Name-First: Tatiana Author-X-Name-Last: Tholmogorova Title: Gamifying a web survey among adolescents: effects on understanding of risk, risk calculation, and ratio-bias Abstract: We measured if a gamified design of a web survey can improve accuracy in understanding of risk and risk calculation among adolescents aged 11–15 years. We collected data from 213 respondents. They were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: a traditional web survey and a gamified web survey (gamified design). The gamified design increased risk understanding and accuracy in risk calculation in cognitively demanding questions. A positive effect of the gamified design varied depending on the risk literacy of the participants. In addition, the gamified design increased perception of risk as more serious and at the same time slightly decreased the ratio-bias effect (the effect with a larger denominator producing higher risk evaluation than a smaller denominator). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1532-1545 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501592 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1532-1545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell Lundberg Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Lundberg Author-Name: Henry H. Willis Author-X-Name-First: Henry H. Author-X-Name-Last: Willis Title: Examining the effectiveness of risk elicitations: comparing a deliberative risk ranking to a nationally representative survey on homeland security risk Abstract: Comparing homeland security risks is a challenging example of comparative risk assessment. One methodology designed for comparing diverse risks of this sort is the Deliberative Method of Ranking Risks. Previous studies have evaluated the utility of the method in absolute terms, examining informed rankings at various stages of the process; this paper represents the first known approach to compare the method relative to another approach. As the Deliberative Method for Ranking Risks is designed to engage deliberative System 2 thought, we compared the rankings from the method to those from a nationally representative survey (RAND’s American Life Panel) that engages experiential System 1 thought. We find evidence that the Deliberative Method for Ranking Risks works as intended, developing more informed rankings with less evidence of bias. The Deliberative Method for Ranking Risks can be a useful improvement for ad hoc comparisons of risk in the homeland security domain. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1546-1560 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1546-1560 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karin Edvardsson Björnberg Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Edvardsson Björnberg Author-Name: Charlotta Zetterberg Author-X-Name-First: Charlotta Author-X-Name-Last: Zetterberg Author-Name: Sven Ove Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sven Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Author-Name: Erik Andreasson Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Andreasson Author-Name: Li-Hua Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Li-Hua Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Title: Consistent risk regulation? Differences in the European regulation of food crops Abstract: In the EU legal system, there is a large difference between the procedures and requirements for the introduction of crops that are classified as genetically modified (GM) and crops not so classified. In order to investigate whether this regulatory divide is compatible with real risks two cases of GM crops and two cases of non-GM crops are scrutinized. It is concluded that the regulatory divide cannot be justified from the viewpoint of risk assessment, since the GM/non-GM dichotomy is not an accurate indicator of either health risk or environmental risk. Much better such indicators are available and should form the basis of a legislation aimed at preventing the introduction of crops that are harmful for human health or the environment. If the legislator has other reasons to regulate GM crops differently than conventional crops, then those reasons should be stated in the legislation and determine the types of measures that it prescribes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1561-1570 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501594 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1561-1570 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aline Furtado Louzada Author-X-Name-First: Aline Author-X-Name-Last: Furtado Louzada Author-Name: Nírvia Ravena Author-X-Name-First: Nírvia Author-X-Name-Last: Ravena Title: Dam safety and risk governance for hydroelectric power plants in the Amazon Abstract: The construction and operation of hydroelectric power plants threatens the safety of downstream communities, most often owing to structural failures and equipment damage. Hundreds of new hydroelectric reservoirs have been proposed for the Amazon region, which could have serious socio-environmental impacts on indigenous and riverside communities. The objective of this study is to contribute to the discussion on dam safety in hydroelectric power plants, focusing on risk governance, and specifically the configuration of social involvement in participatory decision-making. Data were selected from three main groups: technical documents (reports and manuals), legal-normative documents (legislation and normative resolution), and scientific manuscripts, using the methodological technique of discourse analysis. The study has two primary focuses: (1) a theoretical conceptual framework that guides discussions on the risks associated with dams; and (2) the challenges associated with the risk governance of hydroelectric power plants in the Amazon. For hydroelectric power plants in the Amazon, particularly with regard to risk, there is limited space for dialog between dam developers and social groups. This generates risk governance deficits, limiting the participation of social actors in discussions on dam safety. It is important to ensure the involvement of society in the evaluation, mitigation, and communication of risks related to dam safety. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1571-1585 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1571-1585 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M.B. (Bert) de Graaff Author-X-Name-First: M.B. (Bert) Author-X-Name-Last: de Graaff Author-Name: Christian Bröer Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Bröer Title: Governance and risk in everyday life: depoliticization and citizens' experiences of cell site deployment in the Netherlands and Southern California Abstract: This paper uses multi-level longitudinal mixed-methods to map changes in citizens’ experiences of technological risks and asks if these are influenced by risk governance. We focus on the uncertain health risks of mobile phone cell sites. We quantitatively survey a national level panel of citizens in the Netherlands and make use of mixed-method panels of citizens who are being confronted with siting practices in the Netherlands and Southern California.We find that often and unsurprisingly cell site deployment is of limited importance in the everyday lives of citizens. However, at closer inspection we find three ways in which risk governance affects citizens’ experiences. First, the framing of cell site deployment among citizens closely resembles the frames in policy. Second, following the depoliticization of cell phone health risks, the absence of alarming health effects and the withering of public debate, a stable three quarter of citizens seems unconcerned for a couple of years, while an equally stable quarter reports health worries. This stability is in line with the stabilized dominant policy discourse. Third, on an individual and local level, we do find some changes in citizens’ risk perception, framings, feelings and – albeit very limited, actions. These changes can partly be traced to local siting procedures. Our findings point to the need to examine the concrete practices through which a problem and its public emerge over time in the context of wider dominant political discourses. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1586-1601 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501596 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1586-1601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ken Strahan Author-X-Name-First: Ken Author-X-Name-Last: Strahan Author-Name: Stuart J. Watson Author-X-Name-First: Stuart J. Author-X-Name-Last: Watson Title: The protective action decision model: when householders choose their protective response to wildfire Abstract: Confronted with an imminent bushfire threat, Australian householders can respond by evacuating, waiting to see what the bushfire does before deciding, or remaining to defend property from the fire. This decision-making is central to householders’ survival because late evacuation has been associated with fatalities. North Americans who seek alternatives to mandatory evacuation from wildfires are confronted with similar choices.Lindell and Perry’s Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) has been extensively used to analyse the behaviour and decision-making of people subject to threat from a wide range of hazards and has acquired the status of a theory of hazard decision-making. It has not been widely used for the study of hazards in Australia. This paper addresses the question of how the PADM can be applied to the analysis of behaviour in Australian bushfires and North American wildfire, and whether the model requires adjusting for effective use in a context where householders choose their protective response rather than having decisions made for them.The paper addresses Australian bushfire policy, which emphasises the dangers of staying to defend during extreme fire weather conditions and promotes leaving early as the safer option but allows householders to decide whether to ‘stay or go’ during a bushfire. This Australian policy approach impacts key elements of the PADM, most importantly how long-run hazard adjustments, preparatory, mitigating and equipping actions, effect the perception of evacuating or remaining. The paper concludes that the PADM should be modified to reflect the complexity of choice confronting Australian bushfire prone householders and North Americans considering alternatives to mandatory evacuation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1602-1623 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501597 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1602-1623 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph A. Hamm Author-X-Name-First: Joseph A. Author-X-Name-Last: Hamm Author-Name: Jeffrey G. Cox Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey G. Author-X-Name-Last: Cox Author-Name: Adam Zwickle Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Zwickle Author-Name: Jie Zhuang Author-X-Name-First: Jie Author-X-Name-Last: Zhuang Author-Name: Shannon M. Cruz Author-X-Name-First: Shannon M. Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz Author-Name: Brad L. Upham Author-X-Name-First: Brad L. Author-X-Name-Last: Upham Author-Name: Minwoong Chung Author-X-Name-First: Minwoong Author-X-Name-Last: Chung Author-Name: James W. Dearing Author-X-Name-First: James W. Author-X-Name-Last: Dearing Title: Trust in whom? Dioxin, organizations, risk perception, and fish consumption in Michigan’s Saginaw Bay watershed Abstract: Trust is generally recognized as important for risk-relevant behavior but research suggests that trust in different organizations may have varying effects. This research advances the literature by testing two hypotheses which postulate that this variability can be explained by risk perception. We collected data from 351 anglers regarding their trust in nine organizations whose efforts are relevant to dioxin contamination in Michigan’s Saginaw Bay Watershed, risk perceptions, and self-reports of risky behavior (i.e. consumption of local fish identified as especially likely to contain contaminants). As hypothesized (H1), the negative effect of trust in two agencies—the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) and a Michigan Department of Health and Human Services-sponsored River Walker Program (RWP)—on risky behavior was significantly mediated by risk perception but these effects differed from each other such that trust in the MDNR was associated with increased perceptions of risk while trust in the RWP was associated with decreased perceptions of benefit. Also as hypothesized (H2), the positive effect of trust in Dow Chemical Company on risky behavior was significantly mediated by risk perception such that increased trust in Dow was associated with reduced risk perception. The current results lend credence to arguments regarding the importance of specificity in the target of trust and advance this literature by suggesting that differential effects on risk perception help explain this variability. Thus, organizations whose efforts focus on risk communication appear ideally situated to reduce risky behavior through a negative impact on risk perception. Other organizations, however, may run the risk of increasing risky behavior if their efforts result in reduced perceptions of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1624-1637 Issue: 12 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501599 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:12:p:1624-1637 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anat Gesser-Edelsburg Author-X-Name-First: Anat Author-X-Name-Last: Gesser-Edelsburg Author-Name: Yaffa Shir-Raz Author-X-Name-First: Yaffa Author-X-Name-Last: Shir-Raz Title: Communicating risk for issues that involve ‘uncertainty bias’: what can the Israeli case of water fluoridation teach us? Abstract: Water fluoridation is a controversial issue in public health. Despite the uncertainty regarding its efficacy and safety, health officials continue to communicate it as ‘unequivocally’ safe and effective. Our focus is on how health officials and policy-makers in Israel frame the issue of water fluoridation in terms of certainty while promoting a mandatory fluoridation policy. According to van Asselt and Vos, the uncertainty paradox describes situations in which uncertainty is acknowledged, but the role of science is framed as providing certainty. Our study is an analysis of documents and media articles emphasizing the paradoxical language used by official representatives on the controversial topic of fluoridation. A central contribution of this study is that we coin the term ‘uncertainty bias,’ in which policy-makers do exactly what they accuse laypeople of doing, framing uncertainty in biased terms. We found that in order to establish mandatory regulation, health ministry officials expressed information in an unbalanced format, promoting the topic of fluoridation by framing it in exclusively positive terms. This study does not focus on the practice of water fluoridation per se, and is not intended to decide for or against it, but rather, to explore how the debate regarding it is communicated. Understanding this particular case can shed light on how other controversial topics are transformed into health policy that is characterized in equivocal terms. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 395-416 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1215343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1215343 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:395-416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A.M. Hanea Author-X-Name-First: A.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hanea Author-Name: M.F. McBride Author-X-Name-First: M.F. Author-X-Name-Last: McBride Author-Name: M.A. Burgman Author-X-Name-First: M.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Burgman Author-Name: B.C. Wintle Author-X-Name-First: B.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Wintle Title: Classical meets modern in the IDEA protocol for structured expert judgement Abstract: Expert judgement is pervasive in all forms of risk analysis, yet the development of tools to deal with such judgements in a repeatable and transparent fashion is relatively recent. This work outlines new findings related to an approach to expert elicitation termed the IDEA protocol. IDEA combines psychologically robust interactions among experts with mathematical aggregation of individual estimates. In particular, this research explores whether communication among experts adversely effects the reliability of group estimates. Using data from estimates of the outcomes of geopolitical events, we find that loss of independence is relatively modest and it is compensated by improvements in group accuracy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 417-433 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1215346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1215346 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:417-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erdem Kirkbeşoğlu Author-X-Name-First: Erdem Author-X-Name-Last: Kirkbeşoğlu Author-Name: John Hood Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Hood Title: An analysis of the carrying capacity and life process risks of UK and Turkish insurance intermediaries Abstract: The primary aim of this paper is to examine the strategic risks associated with environmental selection and how this affects the life process risks of insurance intermediaries. To achieve this aim; firstly the carrying capacity of UK and Turkish insurance intermediaries is calculated and, secondly, the demographic, ecological and environmental variables that affect that carrying capacity are examined. Our study provides two contributions to the literature. For the first time, carrying capacity analysis is applied for an organisational community. As much as previous studies assume the existence of carrying capacity as theoretical, it has not been previously calculated on a quantitative basis. The second contribution is related to risk and insurance literature, specifically the life process risks of insurance intermediaries. The main rationale behind that analysis is the construction of a map that will simplify the strategic risk and reward decisions of insurers as to which areas are potentially profitable, or are indicative of fruitful relationships with intermediaries. Additionally, this research enables us to identify the areas that have potential for development in terms of insurance. For this reason, uncertainties relating to the selection of authorised brokers/agents as a strategic risk is, perhaps, minimised. Moreover, we have examined whether probable variables that can affect carrying capacity have contextual differences or not. The findings exhibit that there is contextual differentiations concerning the variables that affect the carrying capacity of both countries. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 434-462 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1220414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1220414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:434-462 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter M. Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Author-Name: Franziska Boerner Author-X-Name-First: Franziska Author-X-Name-Last: Boerner Author-Name: Frank Claus Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Claus Title: How far is how far enough? Safety perception and acceptance of extra-high-voltage power lines in Germany Abstract: The results of a 2 × 2 factorial online experiment are reported. The first factor refers to the information on precautionary measures and the second factor on the information regarding the share of EMF exposure from extra-high-voltage power lines compared to overall EMF exposure measured in-house. The study is based on a community sample of 440 subjects. Information on the share of EMF exposure from extra-high-voltage power lines at the in-house overall EMF exposure has no statistically significant effect of safety distances and acceptance distances. Further findings indicate that communications of precautionary measures produce a countervailing effect: on average, subjects require a higher distance from their homes compared to those who were not informed about precautionary measures. However, there is also a positive effect of precautionary information on the acceptance belief. Subjects who received this information are, in average, less negative about the claim that compliance with the value limit is sufficient in order to agree with the construction of a power line. Possible explanations of the findings such as cognitive dissonance, negativity bias, and style of information processing are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 463-479 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1220415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1220415 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:463-479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Max Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Max Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Title: Risk association: towards a linguistically informed framework for analysing risk in discourse Abstract: This article addresses a fundamental feature of risk discourse, namely, risk association, defined as the process whereby an agent establishes a connection between something, x, and the notion of risk. In addition, risk association can be defined as the result of such a process, i.e. an established connection between x and risk. A special case of risk association is when x is linked to harmful properties and thus is represented as a risk. Although fundamental to any analysis of socio-cognitive attention to risks, the process of risk association is often taken for granted in risk research. A layered model of risk association is presented taking linguistic practices, i.e. the use of words, as the point of departure. Accordingly, there are both central and more peripheral means of risk association. The central means include the morpheme ‘risk’. More peripheral means of risk association are close synonyms and antonyms of risk (e.g. ‘hazard’, ‘danger’, ‘safety’ and ‘security’) and other related words (e.g. ‘crisis’, ‘protection’ and ‘threat’). For an illustration, the model is applied to an empirical example: the instructions for Swedish government agencies. The example illustrates how the exact vocabulary considered for operationalization in analysis has important consequences for the conclusions that follow with respect to the extent to which government agencies are associated with risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 480-501 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1223158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1223158 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:480-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shupei Yuan Author-X-Name-First: Shupei Author-X-Name-Last: Yuan Author-Name: John C. Besley Author-X-Name-First: John C. Author-X-Name-Last: Besley Author-Name: Chen Lou Author-X-Name-First: Chen Author-X-Name-Last: Lou Title: Does being a jerk work? Examining the effect of aggressive risk communication in the context of science blogs Abstract: Understanding aggressive risk communication is important because many scientists use this approach and we know little about its effects. Two studies were conducted to assess the effect of exposure to aggressive risk communication by a scientist on respondents’ perceptions of risk communication quality, supportive behavior (i.e. forwarding the communication), risk communicator likability, and overall views about scientists. Perceived aggressiveness (studies 1–2) and expectation violation (study 2) were considered as mediators. Analyses suggest both direct and indirect negative effects of aggressive risk communication in the case of likability but potentially positive effects in terms of evaluating the message quality. Moreover, expectation violation provided one possible explanation for the effect of aggression. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 502-520 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1223159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1223159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:502-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Corrigendum Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: (i)-(i) Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1243838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1243838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:(i)-(i) Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aigul Mavletova Author-X-Name-First: Aigul Author-X-Name-Last: Mavletova Author-Name: James Witte Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Witte Title: Is the willingness to take risks contagious? A comparison of immigrants and native-born in the United States Abstract: A number of studies have shown that immigrants are more willing to take risks than native-born populations. In this paper, we measure if the willingness to take risks is contagious and if this effect is different for immigrants and native-born individuals in the United States. We suggest that the willingness to take risks may be contagious, like emotions and generosity, i.e. an individual may be more willing to take risks if others make risky decisions. We measure if contagion has a stronger effect on willingness to take risks among immigrants than native populations using a variety of vignettes, specifically in the domains of career, financial investment, and health. Respondents were randomly assigned either to a control or experimental condition. In the experimental condition, we attempted to induce risk-taking by suggesting that other individuals made risky decisions in the lottery-choice tasks (a ‘risk shift condition’). Contrary to expectations, the risk shift condition had a positive effect on willingness to take risks among native-born, while a negative effect or no effect was found among immigrants (conservative shift). Native-born found the situations more beneficial in the risk shift condition than in the control condition, while immigrants found them less beneficial in the risk shift condition. The conservative shift was found among immigrants, as well as males and self-employed. Risk shift condition reduced the sense of power among power-motivated individuals (males and immigrants), which produced a less optimistic evaluation of risky situations. While taking into consideration that others make risky decisions, immigrants and males perceived situations as less beneficial for them. The results of the experiment have some implications for our understanding of the link between a sense of power and the willingness to take risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 827-845 Issue: 7 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1119180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1119180 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:7:p:827-845 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiuchang Wei Author-X-Name-First: Jiuchang Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Author-Name: Weiwei Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Weiwei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Author-Name: Dora Marinova Author-X-Name-First: Dora Author-X-Name-Last: Marinova Author-Name: Fei Wang Author-X-Name-First: Fei Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Household adoption of smog protective behavior: a comparison between two Chinese cities Abstract: This study compares residents of two Chinese cities – one with a high risk and one with a low risk of air pollution, in terms of their smog experience, reliance on smog information sources, risk perception, attribution of responsibility and intention for adoption of protective behavior regarding smog. The results indicate that the two cities differ considerably in their smog experience, somewhat less so in reliance on smog information sources and risk perception, and very little in protective behavior. Using multiple regression analyses, the study revealed a basic chain of reaction in which demographic characteristics and location cause smog experience and smog information, smog experience and smog information cause risk perception, risk perception causes attribution of responsibility, and attribution of responsibility causes intention to adopt protective behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed and recommendations for further research are suggested. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 846-867 Issue: 7 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121904 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:7:p:846-867 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Louise Eriksson Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson Title: The importance of threat, strategy, and resource appraisals for long-term proactive risk management among forest owners in Sweden Abstract: In natural hazards management, it is important to understand what motivates people to act when they or their property are threatened by natural hazards. Despite the importance of both threat and coping appraisals for responses to threats, less is known about the relations between threat and coping appraisals when risk management is long term. The present study examined appraisals of threat (cognitive and emotional), personal resources (cost and self-efficacy), and strategies (response-efficacy) as predictors of proactive management responses (past behavior and future intention) among forest owners in Sweden by means of a questionnaire (n = 1482). A path analysis revealed that threat appraisals and response-efficacy were direct predictors of past risk management behavior and the intention to respond in the future. Appraisals of resources, including cost and self-efficacy, were indirectly – via forest susceptibility and threat appraisals – related to threat responses. Although the model displayed reasonable fit for both owners more and those less involved in forestry, the cognitive appraisals variable was not a significant predictor of responses among owners less involved in forestry. In the full sample, the examined model explained approximately 50% of the variance in threat appraisals, and 28 and 17% in future intention and past behavior, respectively. Theoretical implications for how threat and coping appraisals are related during long-term risk management, and practical implications for forest risk management, are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 868-886 Issue: 7 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121905 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:7:p:868-886 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael K. Lindell Author-X-Name-First: Michael K. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindell Author-Name: Jeryl L. Mumpower Author-X-Name-First: Jeryl L. Author-X-Name-Last: Mumpower Author-Name: Shih-Kai Huang Author-X-Name-First: Shih-Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Hao-Che Wu Author-X-Name-First: Hao-Che Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Charles D. Samuelson Author-X-Name-First: Charles D. Author-X-Name-Last: Samuelson Author-Name: Hung-Lung Wei Author-X-Name-First: Hung-Lung Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Title: Perceptions of protective actions for a water contamination emergency Abstract: Local authorities who believe their water systems are contaminated need to warn those at risk to take protective actions. In the past, such efforts have often achieved only partial success in preventing people from deciding to continue consumption of contaminated drinking water. To examine the possible antecedents of decisions to comply with water consumption advisories, this study examined 110 Boston residents’ actual protective actions and 203 Texas students’ expected protective actions; their perceptions of three protective actions on seven attributes; and their risk perceptions, water contamination experience, facilitating conditions, and demographic characteristics. The profiles of the protective actions for the hazard-related and resource-related attributes suggest reasons why people preferred to use bottled water rather than boil or personally chlorinate water. In particular, perceived effectiveness in protecting health was the most important correlate of protective action, which means that a protective action can have a high level of implementation even though it has poor ratings on other attributes such as cost. In addition, this study indicates public health officials may also need to address people’s misconceptions about the hazard-related and resource-related attributes of any relevant protective actions. Finally, consistent with an extensive body of previous research, students were similar to residents in many important respects even though were some statistically significant differences. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 887-908 Issue: 7 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121906 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121906 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:7:p:887-908 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Osberghaus Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Osberghaus Title: Prospect theory, mitigation and adaptation to climate change Abstract: Prospect theory (PT) is a widely accepted theory for decisions under uncertainty. However, so far a systematic application to climate policy (CP) does not exist. One important postulation of PT is that outcomes are perceived as gains or losses, relative to the reference point. When it comes to CP, different decision-makers may have different reference points. For example, one decision-maker perceives the current climate as the reference point whereas another decision-maker may have another one, say climate in 100 years. For the former, climate damages are losses and the benefits of CP are reductions of losses. For the latter, benefits of CP are gains. PT suggests that the former places a higher value in CP than the latter. After a critical review whether and how PT may be applied to CP, the paper systematically presents this and other cases where PT offers new insights into climate-related analyses, notwithstanding the importance of well-known aspects such as discounting, altruism, political and economic costs. It is shown that accounting for PT may contribute to a better understanding of some well-known puzzles in the climate debate, including different preferences for CP amongst individuals and nations, the role of technical vs. financial adaptation, and the apparent preference for hard protection measures in coastal adaptation. Finally, concrete possibilities for empirical research on these effects are proposed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 909-930 Issue: 7 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121907 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:7:p:909-930 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Travis B. Paveglio Author-X-Name-First: Travis B. Author-X-Name-Last: Paveglio Author-Name: Amanda D. Boyd Author-X-Name-First: Amanda D. Author-X-Name-Last: Boyd Author-Name: Matthew S. Carroll Author-X-Name-First: Matthew S. Author-X-Name-Last: Carroll Title: Re-conceptualizing community in risk research Abstract: Community is an important concept for determining the factors that influence peoples’ perceptions of and actions surrounding risk. However, there are multiple and conflicting definitions for the concept of community and scholars operationalize it in various ways. In this paper, we argue for a renewed focus on community as a guiding consideration in discussions of risk management and the related concepts of resilience, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity. We outline classic and current conceptions of community to articulate how its conceptualization in ongoing risk research might lead to different outcomes, foci, or recommendations about collective adaptation. This includes a discussion of how historic and emerging methodological approaches for studying risk make implicit choices about what community is or how it influences collective response. We close by providing a set of potential axioms that can help researchers better integrate the complexity of community into studies of risk and understand how populations respond to it. Better integrating community into studies of risk could promote policies and communication that are tailored to the unique local context of diverse populations. Such tailoring is more likely to promote adoption of risk mitigations among local populations and perpetuate adaptation as a part of local culture. We contend that a more holistic and systematic approach to documenting local context better encompasses the variable influences that community can have on collective ability to respond to risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 931-951 Issue: 7 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121908 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:7:p:931-951 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.T. Selvik Author-X-Name-First: J.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Selvik Author-Name: E.B. Abrahamsen Author-X-Name-First: E.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Abrahamsen Title: How to classify failures when collecting data for safety-instrumented systems in the oil and gas industry Abstract: The oil and gas industry places a high value on achieving high reliability and availability on safety critical equipment. To achieve this, assessments of the reliability performances of such equipment are required, both before and during the production phase. The fact that the reliability data available to support the assessments is often sparse or insufficiently detailed presents a challenge. These assessments also typically require insights into the system in which the equipment is used and information about failure detection. However, this ensemble information is often difficult to achieve in the way the data are collected today. As a response to this challenge, one suggested option is to collect reliability data using one acknowledged failure mode classification specifically designed to assess the reliability of safety-instrumented systems. This is a classification adopted from the International Electrotechnical Commission standard 61508. In this article, we discuss the pros and cons of adopting this failure mode classification in generic reliability data collection in the oil and gas industry. One argument discussed is that the data may lack relevant information about the associated safety system and thus be valid for a specific system only, not for generic equipment and systems in general. Hence, should the classification be implemented, the collected data should be used with care. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 952-962 Issue: 7 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:7:p:952-962 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Louis Lebel Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Lebel Author-Name: Phimphakan Lebel Author-X-Name-First: Phimphakan Author-X-Name-Last: Lebel Title: Emotions, attitudes, and appraisal in the management of climate-related risks by fish farmers in Northern Thailand Abstract: Many previous studies have documented that farmers are risk-averse, while other studies have shown that farmers analyze and estimate risks. Conventional risk aversion measures and analytical judgment often do not fully explain decision behavior. Thus, it may be necessary to consider emotions. The objective of this study was to enhance understanding of the interactions between attitudes, analysis, and emotions in making risk decisions. The study used a mixture of methods, including: a tablet game, risk aversion scales, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with fish cage farmers in Northern Thailand. There was no significant difference in risk aversion with respect to gender, age group, or region. Having sufficient capital made it possible to take more risks. Recently being impacted by floods or droughts, or being very concerned with climate change, was not associated with taking fewer risks. Measures of risk aversion did not predict risk decisions. Feeling worried, concerned, anxious, or stressed were the most common negative emotions referred to in interviews. Fear was a reason for not taking risks. Common positive emotions were joy, excitement, and feeling relaxed or relieved. Men who expressed feeling excited or thrilled chose riskier, higher stocking densities in games than women. A common belief was that men were quicker and more confident when making decisions. Another was that emotions had little impact on decisions, but were a response to success and failure – a claim inconsistent with other findings that imply emotions are also important prior to stocking decisions, and while waiting for the harvest. Fear and anxiety in the period prior to harvest may help motivate risk management practices, such as close monitoring and aeration. In conclusion, emotions may play a more important role in making decisions about climate-related risks than was previously recognized. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 933-951 Issue: 8 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1264450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1264450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:8:p:933-951 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yan Li Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Xinyu Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xinyu Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Risk assessment for public–private partnership projects: using a fuzzy analytic hierarchical process method and expert opinion in China Abstract: Public–private partnerships (PPP) have been widely used in China to procure public facilities and services. Complicated problems in PPP projects in China arise because of a variety of risk factors. A proper risk assessment model is needed to identify risks and provide risk response strategies for future Chinese PPP projects. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) method provides the ability to solve complex risk assessment of PPP projects. Current risk assessment models are limited to PPP projects in specific countries and do not consider unique risks in China, especially political, economic, social, and legal risks. This paper designed a risk evaluation index system for PPP projects based on the Delphi expert investigation method, and then established an optimized risk evaluation model for PPP projects in China using the F-AHP method. The risks identified are confirmed by interviewing experts from Chinese local government departments, private enterprise, third-party intermediary consulting and regulatory agencies, and academic organizations. The results show that the risks that ranked among the top ten are closely related to China’s political and economic policies and relationships among stakeholders. It can be concluded that government authorities play a critical role in providing a favorable political, social, and economic environment and an effective institutional framework for PPP projects. Furthermore, it is also important to deal with relationships among stakeholders based on the public–private ‘win–win’ principle. This study provides risk response strategies, addressing key issues from eight aspects: an impeccable legal and regulatory framework; a central coordinating and regulating PPP authority; supportive governmental authorities; institutional capacity-building; favorable economic conditions and viability; community, partner, and moral accountability; clear division of responsibilities through contracts; and effective advisory management. These effective measures may be useful in reducing the adverse effects of risk for PPP projects in China. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 952-973 Issue: 8 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1264451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1264451 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:8:p:952-973 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Serdar Dindar Author-X-Name-First: Serdar Author-X-Name-Last: Dindar Author-Name: Sakdirat Kaewunruen Author-X-Name-First: Sakdirat Author-X-Name-Last: Kaewunruen Author-Name: Min An Author-X-Name-First: Min Author-X-Name-Last: An Title: Identification of appropriate risk analysis techniques for railway turnout systems Abstract: The construction of railway turnout entails a complex geometry and multi-disciplinary engineering science, which makes it one of the most critical railway infrastructures. As such, these characteristics pose various risks in rail operation. A considerable number of derailment incidents at the turnouts are reported annually worldwide. Not only do these incidents cause operational downtime and financial loss, they also give rise to casualties and sometimes loss of life. One of the fundamental reasons for this may well be the fact that the railway industry pays little attention to the risk elements of railway turnouts. The paper provides an integrated approach of how to deal with the many different risks arising from various sources in railway turnout systems by suitably identifying the multi-disciplinary risk analysis methods for the complex systems. In order to do so, available open literatures are critically analysed by virtue of comparison, industry experiences and deductions. As a result, various qualitative- and quantitative-based risk analysis methods are proposed to fully understand a number of technical phenomena, e.g. ageing, degradation and signalling faults, in a railway turnout system. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 974-995 Issue: 8 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1264452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1264452 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:8:p:974-995 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gülbanu Kaptan Author-X-Name-First: Gülbanu Author-X-Name-Last: Kaptan Author-Name: Arnout R.H. Fischer Author-X-Name-First: Arnout R.H. Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer Author-Name: Lynn J. Frewer Author-X-Name-First: Lynn J. Author-X-Name-Last: Frewer Title: Extrapolating understanding of food risk perceptions to emerging food safety cases Abstract: Important determinants of risk perceptions associated with foods are the extent to which the potential hazards are perceived to have technological or naturally occurring origins, together with the acute vs. chronic dimension in which the potential hazard is presented (acute or chronic). This study presents a case study analysis based on an extensive literature review examining how these hazard characteristics affect people’s risk and benefit perceptions, and associated attitudes and behaviors. The cases include E. coli incidences (outbreaks linked to fresh spinach and fenugreek sprouts), contamination of fish by environmental pollutants, (organochlorine contaminants in farmed salmon), radioactive contamination of food following a nuclear accident (the Fukushima accident in Japan), and GM salmon destined for the human food chain. The analysis of the cases over the acute vs. chronic dimension suggests that longitudinal quantification of the relationship between risk perceptions and impacts is important for both acute and chronic food safety, but this has infrequently been applied to chronic hazards. Technologies applied to food production tend to potentially be associated with higher levels of risk perception, linked to perceptions that the risk is unnatural. However, for some risks (e.g. those involving biological irreversibility), moral or ethical concerns may be more important determinants of consumer responses than risk or benefit perceptions. (Lack of) trust has been highlighted in all of the cases suggesting transparent and honest risk–benefit communications following the occurrence of a food safety incident. Implications for optimizing associated risk communication strategies, additional research linking risk perception, and other quantitative measures, including comparisons in time and space, are suggested. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 996-1018 Issue: 8 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1281330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1281330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:8:p:996-1018 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cameron Thomas Whitley Author-X-Name-First: Cameron Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Whitley Author-Name: Louie Rivers III Author-X-Name-First: Louie Author-X-Name-Last: Rivers III Author-Name: Seven Mattes Author-X-Name-First: Seven Author-X-Name-Last: Mattes Author-Name: Sandra T. Marquart-Pyatt Author-X-Name-First: Sandra T. Author-X-Name-Last: Marquart-Pyatt Author-Name: Arika Ligmann-Zielinska Author-X-Name-First: Arika Author-X-Name-Last: Ligmann-Zielinska Author-Name: Laura Schmitt Olabisi Author-X-Name-First: Laura Schmitt Author-X-Name-Last: Olabisi Author-Name: Jing Du Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Du Title: Climate-induced migration: using mental models to explore aggregate and individual decision-making Abstract: The US Dust Bowl of the 1930s (a prolong period of drought experienced in the United States accompanied by severe sand storms) is often described as an abnormal event. However, climate change is likely to increase the frequency and impact of similar occurrences. Because of this, a growing number of scholars have begun to examine multiple facets of climate-induced migration from various disciplinary traditions. Specifically, scholars have called for continued research into individual decision-making processes. Responding to this call, we construct a mental model from historical interviews of those who migrated to California during the US Dust Bowl. Our model provides insight into the migration process with a unique focus on individual decision-making processes of migrants. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1019-1035 Issue: 8 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1281331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1281331 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:8:p:1019-1035 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathaniel J.S. Ashby Author-X-Name-First: Nathaniel J.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ashby Author-Name: Tim Rakow Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Rakow Title: When time is (not) money: preliminary guidance on the interchangeability of time and money in laboratory-based risk research Abstract: The familiar adage that ‘time is money’ may not be entirely accurate according to research involving hypothetical choice: People’s decisions are less sensitive to temporal expenditures and outcomes than monetary ones. We provide a novel examination of whether similar patterns of risky choice are found for time and money when choices are consequential (i.e. monetary outcomes are obtained and temporal outcomes are experienced) – both for one-shot and repeated choices, over gains and losses. On the aggregate, across decision contexts (described and experienced), choices are similar for time and money. However, on the level of the individual, little relationship between risk preferences for time and money are observed. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1036-1051 Issue: 8 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1281334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1281334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:8:p:1036-1051 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Kathy Tannous Author-X-Name-First: W. Kathy Author-X-Name-Last: Tannous Author-Name: M. Whybro Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Whybro Author-Name: C. Lewis Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Author-Name: S. Broomhall Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Broomhall Author-Name: M. Ollerenshaw Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Ollerenshaw Author-Name: G. Watson Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Watson Author-Name: C. Fish Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Fish Author-Name: E. Franks Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Franks Title: Home Fire Safety Checks in New South Wales: an economic evaluation of the pilot program Abstract: Traumatic events such as fire can result in fatality, injury, and loss of property; even a minor fire can interrupt the normal flow of people’s lives. During the years 2009–2013, urban and regional New South Wales (NSW) experienced an annual average of 4329 residential structural fires with 593 injuries and 22 fatalities at an annual cost of $656 million dollars. In 2014, Fire and Rescue NSW piloted a program called Home Fire Safety Checks (HFSC), aimed at high-risk households. In total, 228 homes in 8 suburbs received safety checks, including having smoke alarms installed, having batteries changed in smoke alarms, and being provided with fire blankets and fire safety information. The pilot study design enabled detailed economic evaluation of the program, including both development costs and ongoing costs for a full roll-out. Analysis of the cost of fire within NSW, combined with measurements of the success of similar programs internationally, demonstrates the program’s cost effectiveness. Savings per dollar spent exceed $12 if the program includes 1% of high-risk homes and obtains a 0.75% reduction in number of fires. These results demonstrate that a full roll-out of the HFSC program warrants ongoing funding. External factors affecting program delivery include community acceptance and willingness to participate in the program, particularly very high-risk individuals, and ongoing behavioral change. In addition, HFSC faces the same ongoing funding challenges other preventative community programs face in a period of tightening state budgets. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1052-1067 Issue: 8 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1281336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1281336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:8:p:1052-1067 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolf Lidskog Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Lidskog Author-Name: Daniel Sjödin Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Sjödin Title: Risk governance through professional expertise. Forestry consultants’ handling of uncertainties after a storm disaster Abstract: How do forestry consultants provide advice when facing a situation of great uncertainty? This question serves as the point of departure in analyzing how forestry consultants provide guidance in extreme situations. Three empirical cases are analyzed, all related to a storm that caused the most severe damage in Swedish history. The first case concerns how forestry consultants handled the immediate uncertainties in their advice on how to manage the windthrow. The second case concerns how they handled the risks associated with the large-scale timber depots that resulted from the decision to transport all windthrown trees away from the forest. The third case concerns how forestry consultants handled uncertainties regarding the reforestation of the area. Whereas there was discursive closure in the two first cases, and the forest owners followed the recommendations made by the forestry consultants, there was no discursive closure in the third case, resulting in the forest owners deciding against the advice provided by the consultants. In conclusion, this result is explained with reference to the epistemic authority and embodied knowledge of the forestry consultants. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1275-1290 Issue: 10 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1043570 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043570 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:10:p:1275-1290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Maslen Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Maslen Author-Name: Jan Hayes Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes Title: Preventing black swans: incident reporting systems as collective knowledge management Abstract: In hazardous industries, disasters are mercifully rare and yet the potential is ever present. For this reason, companies and industries as a whole put substantial effort into gathering information about past small failures and their causes in an attempt to learn how to prevent more serious events. Despite these efforts, recent research has captured how organizations can ‘fail’ to learn. Disastrous events can become ‘black swans’ and remain unpredicted despite the existence of information warning of them. This article engages with this challenge by analyzing incident-reporting systems as a tool for collective knowledge. Drawing together the literatures on organizational knowledge management and incident reporting, we examine incident-reporting systems as used and as structured. We explore the potential use of incident-reporting systems for mediation and synchronization of knowledge within and across groups of professionals and organizations. We also address the social practices that translate information in databases into collective knowledge. Building on the work of Hecker, we argue that research concerned with incident reporting and organizational learning would benefit from using ‘knowledge’ and specifically ‘collective knowledge’ as its reference point. We show that conceptualizing this problem in terms of ‘reporting’ and ‘learning’ distracts attention from the knowledge needs for people to learn. We argue that we must ask: What do people need to know to play their part in major accident prevention? And how is that knowledge effectively shared? We conclude with an empirical research agenda in light of this investigation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1246-1260 Issue: 10 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1057204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1057204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:10:p:1246-1260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Murray Lee Author-X-Name-First: Murray Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Alyce McGovern Author-X-Name-First: Alyce Author-X-Name-Last: McGovern Title: Logics of risk: police communications in an age of uncertainty Abstract: The risk society thesis suggests that risk thinking has, in the twenty-first century, become pervasive across numerous organisations, including police. Police are now one of a number of agents that put themselves forward as expert advisers on risk reduction and management techniques. Police organisations not only govern through risk logics and make claims to special expertise in risk management, communication and reduction; they are also increasingly governed by risk logics that, amongst other things, circumscribe what information can be released to the media and public, when, by whom, and to what ends. Based on qualitative research interviews with police communications professionals in Australian policing organisations, this paper argues that risk as an organising logic has strongly influenced the nature of contemporary police/media/public communications. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1291-1302 Issue: 10 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1115423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1115423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:10:p:1291-1302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Micic Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Micic Title: Risk reality vs risk perception Abstract: Here we explore new tools to improve risk communication within built infrastructure procurement by considering quantitative engineering risk and perceived risk associated with groups of stakeholders. In particular, the perceived risk is assumed to be dependent on motivational values that individuals identify with. The motivational values are evaluated using 40 questions Swartz Portrait Value Questionnaires. Ten hazards are considered in a survey to identify two dimensions, fear and unknown for a specific group of stakeholders. From the outcomes, it was identified that using a hybrid approach to establish the motivational values and risk perceptions for the stakeholder group risk communication could be improved. Furthermore, the outcomes could be used to target information to stakeholders or intervene to ensure that infrastructure performs according to expectation. As a result, it could become possible to revise what are currently inconsistent acceptable risk levels that have been embedded in regulatory documentation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1261-1274 Issue: 10 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121900 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:10:p:1261-1274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ole A. Lindaas Author-X-Name-First: Ole A. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindaas Author-Name: Kenneth A. Pettersen Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Pettersen Title: Risk analysis and Black Swans: two strategies for de-blackening Abstract: With his book The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, Nassim N. Taleb brought the Black Swan metaphor to the center of risk analysis debates. His main thesis is that the course of the world is determined by the sudden coming of a small number of high impact events whose occurrences are detectable only through hindsight. When relying on prediction, risk analysis is doomed to fail. The standard route of refutation and rehabilitation of predictive practices has been to oppose Taleb’s worldview. In this article, we develop an alternative route of refutation in which we separate Taleb’s claim of unpredictability from his worldview. Moreover, in our justification of the possibilities of predicting in a Black Swan world, we favor an extension of the Black Swan domain so that it includes unknown knowns in addition to unknown unknowns. The article advocates for a bridging of perspectives in which predicting not only involves the sphere of knowledge, but also the sphere of imagination, bringing the risk communication to the fore. Related to the analysis of extraordinary high-impact events, the merits of an imaginative perspective on prediction is illustrated by the terrorist attacks in Norway on July 22 2011, and some key challenges for further developing such a perspective within risk analysis are sketched. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1231-1245 Issue: 10 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:10:p:1231-1245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Evelyne Baillergeau Author-X-Name-First: Evelyne Author-X-Name-Last: Baillergeau Title: Talking about risk-taking with potentially ‘problematic’ risk-takers: a study of preventive interactions under high uncertainty Abstract: Drawing upon examples in the realms of crime prevention and public health, this article discusses the interactions between agents involved in preventive strategies and people identified as likely to engage in ‘problematic’ risk-taking in areas where there are frequently high levels of uncertainty. Considering the substance of the interactions between risk assessors and/or risk managers and risk bearers provides ground for challenging common assumptions regarding the relevance of the persistent divide between ‘expert knowledge’ vs. ‘lay beliefs’ and to develop an alternative framework for analysing the judgements of the various stakeholders regarding uncertainty, namely: probabilistic, clinical and experiential knowledge of risky situations. In turn, analysing the extent to which these sources of knowledge are interrelated and used is indicative of the extent to which uncertainty is acknowledged – or denied – through prevention, once it has been turned into interactions that involve risk assessors/managers and risk-takers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1303-1318 Issue: 10 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1154092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1154092 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:10:p:1303-1318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Mueller Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller Author-Name: Mark G. Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Mark G. Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: The curse of the Black Swan Abstract: When unexpected and emotion-engaging events become Black Swans and carry an ‘extreme impact,’ this derives not so much those qualities or from their intrinsic size or importance as from reaction, or overreaction, they generate; but one that is often as extreme and unpredictable as the event itself. Most consequential development in human history, however, stems not from such events, but from changes in thinking and behavior that are gradual and often little-noticed as they occur. In addition, when an unexpected, emotion-grabbing event becomes a Black Swan, the response is likely to become internalized, and getting people to re-evaluate through sensible risk analysis and risk communication is extremely difficult. As part of this, events that are aberrations are often unwisely taken instead to be harbingers – and continue to be so even in the face of repeated disconfirming evidence. An examination of the 9/11 response in the US illustrates these points. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1319-1330 Issue: 10 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1216007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1216007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:10:p:1319-1330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabe Mythen Author-X-Name-First: Gabe Author-X-Name-Last: Mythen Author-Name: Jamie K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Title: Communicating risk under high uncertainty: developing cross-disciplinary knowledge Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1217-1219 Issue: 10 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1261996 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1261996 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:10:p:1217-1219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamie K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Author-Name: Gabe Mythen Author-X-Name-First: Gabe Author-X-Name-Last: Mythen Title: Risk communication: against the Gods or against all odds? Problems and prospects of accounting for Black Swans Abstract: Recent academic and policy preoccupations with ‘Black Swans’ underscore the predicament of capturing and communicating risk events when information is absent, partial, incomplete or contingent. In this article, we wish to articulate some key thematic and theoretical points of concurrence around which academic and practitioner interests in risk communication under conditions of ‘high uncertainty’ intersect. We outline the historical context and recent debate concerning the limits to ‘risk thinking’ spurred by Black Swans, and in particular how this calls for a more holistic approach to risk communication. In order to support a more critical foresight agenda, we suggest incorporating ‘adaptive governance’ principles to decentre focal risk communication concerns on the mitigation of short-term security threats, which critics argue can also lead to other unforeseen dangers. Finally, we welcome further interdisciplinary inquiry into the constitution and use of risk communication under high uncertainty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1220-1230 Issue: 10 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1262002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1262002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:10:p:1220-1230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 10 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1262012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1262012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:10:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C.J.M. Bruschke Author-X-Name-First: C.J.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Bruschke Author-Name: H.I.J. Roest Author-X-Name-First: H.I.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Roest Author-Name: R.A. Coutinho Author-X-Name-First: R.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Coutinho Title: Q fever: the Dutch policy Abstract: Between 2007 and 2010, the Netherlands experienced an unprecedented outbreak of Q fever of more than 4000 human cases. Q fever infections of dairy goats, leading to abortion waves, were considered to be the cause of this outbreak. Measures to combat the outbreak had to be taken based on limited scientific knowledge and were aimed at the interruption of the infection cycle. Next to a notification obligation, hygienic and manure measures were made obligatory. A voluntary vaccination programme started in 2008 in the risk region and was made compulsory and extended to the whole country in the years thereafter. Unexpectedly, the implemented measures did not lead to the desired result and the number of patients increased instead of decreased in the second year of the epidemic. The measures were not effective, and the scientific knowledge was still limited and did not provide the necessary answers in 2008. To curb the epidemic, the control had to change from a risk-based approach to the precautionary principle which finally, during the lambing season of 2009/2010, led to the culling of more than 50,000 pregnant goats from infected herds. After taking this drastic measure, on top of the hygiene measures and compulsory vaccination of all dairy goats in the country, the number of patients decreased to the pre-outbreak level and in 2012 the epidemic could be declared ended. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1022-1035 Issue: 8 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:8:p:1022-1035 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Regine Paul Author-X-Name-First: Regine Author-X-Name-Last: Paul Author-Name: Frédéric Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Author-Name: Mara Wesseling Author-X-Name-First: Mara Author-X-Name-Last: Wesseling Title: Risk-based governance against national obstacles? Comparative dynamics of Europeanization in Dutch, French, and German flooding policies Abstract: Comparative studies have recently highlighted obstacles related to continental European countries’ proclivity for adopting risk-based governance. However, so far, the interface between risk-based policy-making in the EU and potential policy change in reluctant member states has been underexplored. We compare flooding policies in the Netherlands with those in France and Germany to establish the extent to and conditions under which EU-level risk-based policies can transform national governance approaches. Drawing on the concept of Europeanization, we compare national adaptation pressures stemming from the EU floods directive, investigate adaptation dynamics, and account for transformations towards risk-based thinking. We find that Europeanization enabled a mainstreaming of risk-based flooding policies in France and Germany, as national actors used the EU as a venue to entice a desired policy rationalization and centralization. By contrast, and somewhat unexpectedly, the Netherlands partially retrenched from EU procedures because the directive’s reporting mechanisms were considered to breach The Hague’s aspirational policy approach. Overall, the paper identifies a strong potential for even ‘soft’ EU policies to ease national reluctance to risk-based governance approaches, but it also indicates limits where member states use risk-based techniques within an aspirational protection framework. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1043-1062 Issue: 8 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1074936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1074936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:8:p:1043-1062 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Willem Hofland Author-X-Name-First: Willem Author-X-Name-Last: Hofland Author-Name: Michiel C.T.H. Dijkman Author-X-Name-First: Michiel C.T.H. Author-X-Name-Last: Dijkman Title: Fire hazard vs. risk of chemical substances Abstract: Flame retardants can be added to different materials or applied as a treatment to materials such as textiles and plastics to prevent fires from starting, limit the spread of fire and minimise fire damage. In total there are in excess of 140 different substances with flame retardant characteristics, consisting of all different types of chemicals. These substances are necessary because materials that need to be made fire resistant are very different in their physical nature and chemical composition. Flame retardants react differently with fire depending on their chemical nature. Consequently, flame retardants need to be matched appropriately to the type of host material, so we always have to find bespoke solutions. Flame retardants are used predominantly in electronics and electrical devices for instance in TVs, computers and servers; building and construction materials like insulation, foam and paint; furnishings such as sofas, curtains, blinds and mattresses; and transportation for example in airplanes, trains and cars. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1071-1077 Issue: 8 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1088055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1088055 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:8:p:1071-1077 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Author-Name: Christopher Hesselbein Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Hesselbein Title: Foreword Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1005-1006 Issue: 8 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1168620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1168620 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:8:p:1005-1006 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan van Tol Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: van Tol Title: Dutch Risk and Responsibility programme. Some research into citizens’ views on a proportionate handling of risks and incidents Abstract: The Dutch Risk and Responsibility programme has been studying and discussing the ‘risk regulation reflex’ since 2010. As the Dutch government aims at playing a smaller and more realistic part in dealing with risks, it is critical to know how citizens would view such a change. Or do they really demand the government to provide 100% safety, as often seems to be assumed by journalists, politicians and policy-makers? This article describes two studies into the attitudes of citizens towards safety risks and how the programme takes those insights on board. Research in the course of a year, combining quantitative and qualitative methods, found that the majority of respondents appeared to have a down-to-earth and rational attitude towards risks they voluntarily and even involuntarily face. These attitudes do however need to be addressed specifically. And when considering a policy response to a serious incident, the government does not necessarily have to take the strong initial emotion as a starting point. Instead, it can quite plausibly tune in to the public’s down-to-earth attitude. A second study deals with the various perspectives citizens use when accepting risks. The general public tend to follow a broad scope of moral values when deciding on the acceptability of risks, whereas government tends to limit itself purely to risk reduction. When analysing citizens’ perceptions of risk it is more important to question whether a risk is morally acceptable rather than focusing on the exact size of the risk. Technocratic argumentation only strengthens the moral need to reduce risks, as it disconnects risks from the moral reasons why we perhaps ought to take them. And, only the latter contains the key to achieve risk acceptance by the public. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1014-1021 Issue: 8 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:8:p:1014-1021 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donald Macrae Author-X-Name-First: Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Macrae Title: Managing a political crisis after a disaster: how concern assessment can address the political aspects involved in framing a solution Abstract: The risk framework developed by the International Risk Governance Council includes a ‘concern assessment’ in parallel to the more conventional risk assessment. This factor in risk analysis has had a low profile, but this paper argues that it could be a vital factor in managing a political crisis in reaction to a disaster. The Dutch Government’s ‘Risk and Responsibility’ programme focuses on the tendency of politicians to resort too easily to over-regulation as a response to disasters and the use of concern assessment could provide a way of providing a political analysis of the issues involved. Responses to disasters require good risk analysis, but when there is high public anxiety as a result of the incident then that anxiety is itself an issue, especially for politicians, and requires a different approach than a technical, evidence-based rational analysis. The anxiety is a combination of concerns and requires both analysis and assessment. The anxiety may be an integral part of the main issue or may develop into a parallel issue. Politicians need to understand the nature and strengths of the concerns and consider them alongside more technical recommendations for action. The paper proposes that the concern assessment should lead to a concern response, which should be a political value statement. Rather than announcing a process or a solution, the political value statement should respond directly to the concerns expressed through the public’s anxiety and identify the main values or outcomes that any solution should provide. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1036-1042 Issue: 8 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910693 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:8:p:1036-1042 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeroen Devilee Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen Author-X-Name-Last: Devilee Author-Name: Julia Verhoeven Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Verhoeven Author-Name: Martijn Beekman Author-X-Name-First: Martijn Author-X-Name-Last: Beekman Author-Name: Anne B. Knol Author-X-Name-First: Anne B. Author-X-Name-Last: Knol Title: Can a pre-assessment help us to properly manage controversial risks of chemicals? A discussion on potential improvement of the REACH restriction process Abstract: The REACH regulation has been adopted to regulate the safe use of chemicals in Europe. One of the instruments of this regulation is the restriction of chemicals that cause unacceptable risks. A Member State can prepare a dossier to propose the restriction of the placing on the market or use of a substance. Up to now, seven restriction proposals have been evaluated, based primarily on the best scientific information available (predominantly on the Risk Assessment, RA). Experience with one of these dossiers, on phthalates, has learned that dossiers that are very uncertain, contested or ambiguous would, in addition to the RA, benefit from a Socio-Economic Analysis (SEA). This may avoid prolonged concern and societal debate among European citizens and scientists and prevents improper or incomplete informed decision-making. For ambiguous risks like phthalates, the use of a more extensive SEA in addition to the RA might help to weigh all relevant aspects in the subsequent decision-making. The use of (extensive) SEA does not seem necessary for all types of risks. Therefore, we argue that the REACH restriction process would benefit from a pre-assessment in which the type of risk to be managed is characterized. The subsequent evaluation process can then be designed according to the type of risk at hand. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1063-1070 Issue: 8 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.910695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.910695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:8:p:1063-1070 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Hesselbein Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Hesselbein Title: Finding the middle of the road: report on the International Conference on Risk and Responsibility Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1007-1013 Issue: 8 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.911200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.911200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:8:p:1007-1013 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lacey N. Wallace Author-X-Name-First: Lacey N. Author-X-Name-Last: Wallace Title: Implied threat or part of the scenery: Americans’ perceptions of open carry Abstract: Existing empirical studies of American perceptions of open gun carrying are limited to polls that often omit key background characteristics of respondents. The present study examined American perceptions of open carry by studying perceptions of safety across locations such as home, work, and shopping areas and by level of familiarity with the individual engaging in open carry. Data were drawn from a 45-question, nationwide online survey conducted in 2016. Respondents included more than 250 household gun owners and 250 non-owners. The data were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression models. Overall, results showed that respondents felt uncomfortable in a situation involving open carry, and even less comfortable when the person engaging in open carry was a stranger. Gun owners, whites, and those with higher levels of education all expressed greater feelings of perceived safety. Respondents also reported that concern over mental state was a key factor in their perceived safety. Explanations for these findings, practical implications, and directions for future research are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 817-832 Issue: 7 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1422781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422781 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:7:p:817-832 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Johannes Persson Author-X-Name-First: Johannes Author-X-Name-Last: Persson Author-Name: Niklas Vareman Author-X-Name-First: Niklas Author-X-Name-Last: Vareman Author-Name: Annika Wallin Author-X-Name-First: Annika Author-X-Name-Last: Wallin Author-Name: Lena Wahlberg Author-X-Name-First: Lena Author-X-Name-Last: Wahlberg Author-Name: Nils-Eric Sahlin Author-X-Name-First: Nils-Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Sahlin Title: Science and proven experience: a Swedish variety of evidence-based medicine and a way to better risk analysis? Abstract: A key question for evidence-based medicine (EBM) is how best to model the way in which EBM should ‘[integrate] individual clinical expertise and the best external evidence’. We argue that the formulations and models available in the literature today are modest variations on a common theme and face very similar problems when it comes to risk analysis, which is here understood as a decision procedure comprising a factual assessment of risk, the risk assessment, and the decision what to do based on this assessment, the risk management. Both the early and updated models of evidence-based clinical decisions presented in the writings of Haynes, Devereaux and Guyatt assume that EBM consists of, among other things, evidence from clinical research together with information about patients’ values and clinical expertise. On this A-view, EBM describes all that goes on in a specific justifiable medical decision. There is, however, an alternative interpretation of EBM, the B-view, in which EBM describes just one component of the decision situation (a component usually based on evidence from clinical research) and in which, together with other types of evidence, EBM leads to a justifiable clincial decision but does not describe the decision itself. This B-view is inspired by a 100-years older version of EBM, a Swedish standard requiring medical decision-making, professional risk-taking and practice to be in accordance with ‘science and proven experience’ (VBE). In the paper, we outline how the Swedish concept leads to an improved understanding of the way in which scientific evidence and clinical experience can and cannot be integrated in light of EBM. How scientific evidence and clinical experience is integrated influences both the way we do risk assessment and risk management. In addition, the paper sketches the as yet unexplored historical background to VBE and EBM. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 833-843 Issue: 7 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1409251 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1409251 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:7:p:833-843 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shanshan Lu Author-X-Name-First: Shanshan Author-X-Name-Last: Lu Author-Name: Jiuchang Wei Author-X-Name-First: Jiuchang Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Title: Public’s perceived overcrowding risk and their adoption of precautionary actions: a study of holiday travel in China Abstract: The importance of travel risk has been recognized, but only a limited number of studies have been conducted on this risk and the precautionary actions the public may take to manage it during holidays. This study applied the protective action decision model and the protection motivation theory to examine the public’s intent to take precautionary actions during holiday times to handle the risk of overcrowding in China. Our survey showed that efficacy-related attributes of precautionary actions were positively correlated, whereas resource-related attributes were negatively correlated, with the intention to take precautionary measures. Risk perception also significantly influenced the adoption intention, but the amount of variance in the intention to adopt precautionary actions that was motivated by risk perception was lower than that related to efficacy-related attributes. In addition, we found that risk perception mediated the influence of past overcrowding experiences on people’s intention to adopt precautionary measures. Travel frequency, length of time spent away for the holiday, and the number of underage family members involved were significantly correlated with the intention to adopt precautionary actions. Finally, this paper discussed suggestions and implications for travelers, tourist departments, and related stakeholders. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 844-864 Issue: 7 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1422784 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422784 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:7:p:844-864 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Myoungsoon You Author-X-Name-First: Myoungsoon Author-X-Name-Last: You Author-Name: Youngkee Ju Author-X-Name-First: Youngkee Author-X-Name-Last: Ju Title: Interaction of individual framing and political orientation in guiding climate change risk perception Abstract: There is a general agreement that climate change is a potential hazard threatening the global village. An appropriate level of risk perception should be a critical issue in coping with the global environmental risk. We examined the determinants of the level of climate change risk perception. In particular, we examined if individual framing of climate change interacts with political orientation in guiding climate change risk perception. The main effect of the two factors was also investigated. A nationwide online survey (N = 592) was conducted in South Korea by a professional survey agent. When self-efficacy, trust, and other demographics were controlled for, multiple regression analyses revealed that those focusing on what is happening (diagnostic framing) rather than what-to-do (prognostic framing) had higher risk perception. More importantly, only conservatives showed significantly different levels of risk perception according to their framing of the issue. Conservatives inclined to diagnostic framing showed higher risk perception than conservatives favoring prognostic framing. This difference disappeared when it comes to South Korean liberals, indicating an interaction between individual framing and political orientation. The significance of investigating individual framing, not media framing, and their interaction with political orientation are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 865-877 Issue: 7 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1422785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422785 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:7:p:865-877 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Linda A. White Author-X-Name-First: Linda A. Author-X-Name-Last: White Author-Name: Michal Perlman Author-X-Name-First: Michal Author-X-Name-Last: Perlman Author-Name: Adrienne Davidson Author-X-Name-First: Adrienne Author-X-Name-Last: Davidson Author-Name: Erica Rayment Author-X-Name-First: Erica Author-X-Name-Last: Rayment Title: Risk perception, regulation, and unlicensed child care: lessons from Ontario, Canada Abstract: In 2014, the Province of Ontario, Canada undertook a number of legislative changes regarding child care. Part way through the process, a series of tragic focusing events occurred: a number of infants and children died in unlicensed child care over a short period of time. Despite these events, the Province chose to allow a portion of the family child care (FCC) sector to remain unlicensed and essentially unregulated in a sector that is otherwise subject to strict licensing and regulation. Drawing on research on risk regulation, we analyse FCC regulation in comparison to other sectors and find that FCC is surprisingly under-regulated, given the health and safety risks. Legislative debate analysis reveals a number of rationales for non-regulation. In addition to pragmatic political concerns such as costs associated with licensing, analysis reveals concerns about choice and accessibility over quality and safety. We conclude with a call for a research agenda to further examine parents’ and policy-makers’ perceptions of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 878-896 Issue: 7 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1422786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:7:p:878-896 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy L. Sellnow Author-X-Name-First: Timothy L. Author-X-Name-Last: Sellnow Author-Name: Deanna D. Sellnow Author-X-Name-First: Deanna D. Author-X-Name-Last: Sellnow Author-Name: Emily M. Helsel Author-X-Name-First: Emily M. Author-X-Name-Last: Helsel Author-Name: Jason M. Martin Author-X-Name-First: Jason M. Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Jason S. Parker Author-X-Name-First: Jason S. Author-X-Name-Last: Parker Title: Risk and crisis communication narratives in response to rapidly emerging diseases Abstract: The uncertainty inherent in crises can create a narrative space that is often filled by multiple interpretations about both what is happening and what steps should be taken to resolve the crisis. As more information becomes known, these competing crisis narratives gradually merge into a dominant narrative about the crisis, lessons learned from it, and recommendations for the future. This case study examines the swine industry’s response to the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDv) outbreak. The virus spread rapidly throughout the industry and, in a matter of months, had killed approximately 10% of the U.S. swine population. This analysis examines the crisis communication that ensued during that time. More specifically, 13 specialists representing the National Pork Board, American Association of Swine Veterinarians, veterinarians highly active in treating PEDv, university extension agents, and academic researchers were interviewed for this study. A narrative analysis of the interview content revealed that communication efforts made by swine industry leaders successfully shifted the PEDv story from that of competing narratives to a dominant narrative that helped resolve the crisis efficiently. This success is attributed, in part, to effective use of all available industry resources for both conducting research and sharing information rapidly through pre-established communication networks and widely read resources. Results of this narrative analysis reveal a key recommendation that maybe generalizable to similar crisis events. That is, an effective crisis narrative should focus not only on what protective actions to take, but also on a clear explanation regarding the nature of the crisis. Moreover, such explanations must be translated intelligibly to diverse non-scientific publics and provide a compelling rationale for why the recommended actions are vital. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 897-908 Issue: 7 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1422787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:7:p:897-908 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Freddie J. Jennings Author-X-Name-First: Freddie J. Author-X-Name-Last: Jennings Title: Where to turn? The influence of information source on belief and behavior Abstract: When individuals face risks, they seek information to reduce uncertainty. This study examines where people turn for information and the effects this information seeking has on belief and behavior. Genetically, modified organisms pose a perceived environmental and health risk to society, creating worry and fear (negative affect) in many individuals. Though many people turn to personal sources, such as friends and family, for risk-relevant information, others turn to the news. Using structural equation modeling, the current research is able to analyze direct and indirect effects to construct a model of risk information seeking that differentiates these two forms of information seeking behavior. The results are intriguing, as personal information seeking and news information seeking have significantly different impacts on policy belief and avoidance behavior. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 909-918 Issue: 7 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1422788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422788 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:7:p:909-918 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelsey D. Meagher Author-X-Name-First: Kelsey D. Author-X-Name-Last: Meagher Title: Public perceptions of food-related risks: a cross-national investigation of individual and contextual influences Abstract: Public concerns about food risks have grown in recent decades in response to many food-related scandals. Despite some evidence that risk concerns vary across societies and risk domains, these variations remain understudied. To address this gap, this paper conducts a multi-level analysis of public concerns about biological and chemical/technical food risks in 26 European countries. Findings confirm previous work on individual predictors of risk concern and suggest that several contextual factors contribute to cross-national variations: aggregate perceptions of risks as unnatural, retail concentration in the food sector, and media coverage. The effect of institutional trust on risk concerns varies substantially across nations. Findings also reveal important differences in public concerns about biological versus chemical/technical food risks, supporting the view that food risk perception is multi-dimensional and complex. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 919-935 Issue: 7 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1422789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422789 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:7:p:919-935 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer R. Marlon Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer R. Author-X-Name-Last: Marlon Author-Name: Sander van der Linden Author-X-Name-First: Sander Author-X-Name-Last: van der Linden Author-Name: Peter D. Howe Author-X-Name-First: Peter D. Author-X-Name-Last: Howe Author-Name: Anthony Leiserowitz Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Leiserowitz Author-Name: S. H. Lucia Woo Author-X-Name-First: S. H. Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Woo Author-Name: Kenneth Broad Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: Broad Title: Detecting local environmental change: the role of experience in shaping risk judgments about global warming Abstract: Anthropogenic climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events (e.g. flooding, heat waves, and wildfires). As a result, it is often reasoned that as more individuals experience unusual weather patterns that are consistent with changing climate conditions, the more their concern about global warming will increase, and the more motivated they will become to respond and address the problem effectively. Social science research evaluating the relationships between personal experiences with and risk perceptions of climate change, however, show mixed results. Here, we analyze a representative statewide survey of Floridians and compare their risk perceptions of five-year trends in climate change with local weather station data from the five years preceding the survey. The results show that Floridians are unable to detect five-year increases in temperature, but some can detect changes in precipitation. Despite an inability to detect the correct direction of change, respondents were significantly more likely than not to correctly identify the season in which most change occurred. Nevertheless, compared to local experience, risk perceptions of climate change were more strongly predicted by subjective experiences of environmental change, personal beliefs about climate change, and political ideology. Results from the study suggest that long-term changes in climate patterns and extreme weather events need to be interpreted by weather and climate experts within the context of climate change; individuals cannot be expected to detect or comprehend such complex linkages directly. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 936-950 Issue: 7 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1430051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1430051 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:7:p:936-950 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mats G. Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Mats G. Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Author-Name: Heidi C. Howard Author-X-Name-First: Heidi C. Author-X-Name-Last: Howard Title: Genetics and risk – an exploration of conceptual approaches to genetic risk Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 101-108 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1382562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1382562 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:101-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julia Inthorn Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Inthorn Title: Genetic risk information Abstract: Risk information and communication of health risks play a large role in medicine. With the growing importance of genetics and genomics in medicine, the importance of risk communication will even increase in the future. This paper starts with a discussion on the concept of medical risk information and then focusses on genetic risk information. Three examples of genetic risk information are discussed (carrier testing, susceptibility testing and pharmacogenomics testing) in order to exemplify the broad variety of types of risk information and their specific challenges for medical counselling. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 109-116 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1382563 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1382563 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:109-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heidi Carmen Howard Author-X-Name-First: Heidi Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Howard Author-Name: Erik Iwarsson Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Iwarsson Title: Mapping uncertainty in genomics Abstract: The relatively novel and dynamic science of genomics holds many unknowns for stakeholders, and in particular for researchers and clinicians, as well as for participants and patients. At a time when many authors predict a future in which genomic medicine will be the norm, it is particularly relevant to discuss the unknowns surrounding genetics and genomics, including the notions of risk and uncertainty. This article will present a discussion regarding the uncertainty pertaining specifically to high throughput sequencing approaches, including the topic of incidental findings. This discussion will be guided by a taxonomy of uncertainty conceptualised around three areas of uncertainty: the source of uncertainty, the issues of uncertainty and the loci of uncertainty. This taxonomy can be used as a tool by all stakeholders involved in genomics to help further understand and anticipate uncertainties in genomics. Furthermore, to better contextualize this information, and also because this contribution is born out of an international project titled ‘Mind the Risk’, which addresses risk information in genetics and genomics from many different disciplinary perspectives, another aim of this article is to briefly present the basic issues pertaining to the unknowns, risks, and uncertainties of genetics as well as genomics for an audience of non-geneticists. Ultimately, the mapping out of uncertainty in genomics should allow for a better characterization of the uncertainty and consequently for a better management and communication of these uncertainties to end-users (research participants and patients). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 117-128 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1215344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1215344 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:117-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie Falahee Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Falahee Author-Name: Gwenda Simons Author-X-Name-First: Gwenda Author-X-Name-Last: Simons Author-Name: Karim Raza Author-X-Name-First: Karim Author-X-Name-Last: Raza Author-Name: Rebecca J. Stack Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca J. Author-X-Name-Last: Stack Title: Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of risk in the context of genetic testing for the prediction of chronic disease: a qualitative metasynthesis Abstract: Advances in genomic technologies and a growing trend towards stratified and preventive approaches to medicine mean that increasing numbers of individuals may have access to information about their genetic makeup, and their risk of developing diseases. This is likely to impact on healthcare professionals involved in the delivery of genetic tests, or in supporting patients who are affected by a disease with a genetic risk factor. It is therefore important to understand healthcare professionals’ perceptions about providing these services, and how they feel about communicating information about genetic risk to patients. This paper provides a systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative research exploring healthcare professionals’ perceptions of genetic risk in the context of predictive genetic testing for chronic disease. Healthcare professionals expressed a range of reservations about the utility of predictive testing in this context. Professionals judged patients’ understanding of risk information to be limited and subject to bias and a range of sociocultural influences. Concerns about the psychosocial impact of genetic risk information were frequently cited, both in relation to individual patients and the wider impact on their families and communities. The need for provision of multidisciplinary support was described. The concept of responsibility was also an important theme. Healthcare professionals recognized the responsibility that accompanies risk knowledge, and that ultimately this responsibility lies with the patient, not the provider. Our analysis suggests that professionals’ evaluation of the utility of predictive genetic testing is influenced not only by resource deficits, but may also be interpreted as a response to challenging ethical and social issues associated with genetic risk, that are not well aligned with current medical practice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 129-166 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153503 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:129-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kerin Bayliss Author-X-Name-First: Kerin Author-X-Name-Last: Bayliss Author-Name: Karim Raza Author-X-Name-First: Karim Author-X-Name-Last: Raza Author-Name: Gwenda Simons Author-X-Name-First: Gwenda Author-X-Name-Last: Simons Author-Name: Marie Falahee Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Falahee Author-Name: Mats Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Mats Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Author-Name: Bella Starling Author-X-Name-First: Bella Author-X-Name-Last: Starling Author-Name: Rebecca Stack Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Stack Title: Perceptions of predictive testing for those at risk of developing a chronic inflammatory disease: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies Abstract: Background: The availability of tests to predict the risk of developing chronic diseases is increasing. The identification of individuals at high risk of disease can trigger early intervention to reduce the risk of disease and its severity. In order for predictive tests to be accepted and used by those at risk, there is a need to understand people’s perceptions of predictive testing. Method: A meta-synthesis of qualitative research that explored patient and public perceptions of predictive testing for chronic inflammatory diseases was conducted. Studies were coded by researchers and patient research partners, and then organised into common themes associated with the acceptability or use of predictive testing. Results: Perceived barriers to predictive testing were identified, including a concern about a lack of confidentiality around the use of risk information; a lack of motivation for change; poor communication of information; and a possible impact on emotional well-being. In order to reduce these barriers, the literature shows that a patient-centred approach is required at each stage of the testing process. This includes the consideration of individual needs, such as accessibility and building motivation for change; readily available and easy to understand pre and post-test information; support for patients on how to deal with the implications of their results; and the development of condition specific lifestyle intervention programmes to facilitate sustainable lifestyle changes. Conclusion: Patients and members of the public had some concerns about predictive testing; however, a number of strategies to reduce barriers and increase acceptability are available. Further research is required to inform the development of a resource that supports the individual to make an informed decision about whether to engage in a predictive test, what test results mean, and how to access post-test support. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 167-189 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1119183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1119183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:167-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Title: Towards a concept of genetic risk tolerance: a risk analysis perspective Abstract: The starting point of the MindTheRisk project has been to raise socio-political questions about whether lay public’s understanding is satisfied about the genetic information they receive, and to what extent regulators do take this aspect on board when they decide to allow or restrict genetic testing or to develop communications about genetic testing. This article draws on the concepts that have emerged among the risk research community to tackle “risk tolerance’’. It explores the application of those concepts to the sharing and regulating of genetic risk information. We start with a conceptualisation of risk acceptability/tolerability in the genetic context, before turning to concrete hurdles that need to be overcome and questions that need to be answered. Finally, we suggest some direction for policy. The paper is based on an in-depth review supplemented by pilot interviews conducted with the European Medicines Agency, National regulatory agencies, academic and members of a patient organisation, all directly involved in policy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 190-205 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1391314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1391314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:190-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sven Ove Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sven Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Title: Genetic risk assessment from an ethical point of view Abstract: This contribution provides analyses of four ethically problematic issues in genetic risk assessment and management. First, should we require a positive risk-benefit balance for each concerned individual, or is it sufficient that the total sum of benefits outweighs the total sum of risks? Secondly, should sensitive groups have special protection, and in that case with what types of measures? Thirdly, what types of measures should be taken to protect against the risks associated with teratogenic, embryotoxic and foetotoxic agents? Fourthly, how should we deal with the new issues relating to equity and to group-based risk assessment that genomic medicine gives rise to? Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 206-221 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1304980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1304980 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:206-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrik Kihlbom Author-X-Name-First: Ulrik Author-X-Name-Last: Kihlbom Title: Genetic risk and value Abstract: A conceptual truth about risks is that they involve a possible and future adverse effect or a negative value of some kind. The genetic risks that individuals may face in the health care setting differ in some crucial respects to other kind of risks. The aims of this paper are to analyse the notion of value in the context of genetic risk in the setting of health care, and to suggest a conception of the evaluative aspect of genetic risk that is fruitful for genetic risk information. Two influential and relevant approaches to value, preferentialism and the capability approach, are discussed in the light of certain distinctive features of genetic risk and a third, a sensibility theory of value is suggested. According to this view, the concept of risk is a so-called ‘thick’ evaluative concept that has both a world-guiding function as well as an action-guiding or normative function. It is argued that this provides a more promising way to think about genetic risks in the clinical setting. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 222-235 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200653 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:222-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Silke Schicktanz Author-X-Name-First: Silke Author-X-Name-Last: Schicktanz Title: Genetic risk and responsibility: reflections on a complex relationship Abstract: Responsibility is an important term to describe, understand and formulate moral assumptions related to the individual and social handling of risks. This paper examines three forms of emergence: an implicit moral, a descriptive-ethical and a normative-ethical one in the context of genetic risk. In social sciences and applied ethics, the term ‘responsibility’ has currently received attention by problematising how medicine or public health increasingly address ‘self-responsibility’ of patients and citizens. Furthermore, the responsible agency is descriptively or normatively utilised to describe the moral language of lay persons when addressing family responsibility in the case of disclosure of genetic information or genetic family planning. To systematise these different ways of how responsibility emerges, the paper provides a heuristic, conceptual matrix which allows to identify the underlying assumptions of moral agency, morally relevant social relationships and the temporal dimension of such agency. Exemplarily, the paper discusses how different dimensions of responsibility can normatively unfold for different types of genetic risk information despite everyday interpretations of a dominant type of responsibility. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 236-258 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1223157 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1223157 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:236-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Serena Oliveri Author-X-Name-First: Serena Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveri Author-Name: Gabriella Pravettoni Author-X-Name-First: Gabriella Author-X-Name-Last: Pravettoni Title: Capturing how individuals perceive genetic risk information: a phenomenological perspective Abstract: The prevailing scientific approach to genetic risk information centres around communication of risk in terms of numerical probabilities. However, it is well known that individuals have difficulties in understanding and making sense of this information in their own lives. There is, accordingly, a need to investigate whether any methodologies in psychological research may shed light on how individuals perceive genetic risk information within their specific contexts of family history, personal relationships, lifestyles and future plans. To explore whether hermeneutic phenomenology and methodology may offer a deeper understanding of an individual’s perception of having a hereditary predisposition, we conducted a literature search. We found that Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis may be a fruitful approach to an individual’s lived experiential world. The studies analysed showed how individuals interpret information about genetic risk in the light of their own beliefs about the multiple causes of illness, patterns of heredity and observable risk factors in their families. People’s understanding of their experience is derived from an intricate interconnectedness with others that arises in the context of a world shaped in equal measure by language and culture, on the one hand, and bodies and objects on the other. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 259-267 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1281333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1281333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:259-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guoqiang Shen Author-X-Name-First: Guoqiang Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Author-Name: Seong Nam Hwang Author-X-Name-First: Seong Nam Author-X-Name-Last: Hwang Title: Revealing global hot spots of technological disasters: 1900–2013 Abstract: Technological disasters can happen in any country in the world and cause human fatalities, injuries, and economic damages, among other physical and social consequences. As the world adopts more technologies, becomes further industrialized, continues faster urbanization, and has larger and more concentrated population, the occurrences and impacts of technological disasters are likely to be more frequent and severe and call for more scholarly research. However, there is a lack of good models for reliable technological risk analysis, which is the foundation for effective preparation for, sound mitigation of, and quick recovery from technological disasters. This research develops an expected risk analysis model, including a base sub-model and a location quotient sub-model, for nearly 200 countries of the world, using the technological disasters recorded in the EM-DAT database for the period 1900–2013. The sub-models are based on country-level risk impacts in terms of expected fatalities, injuries, people affected, and economic losses, their standard deviations, ranges, and corresponding country percentages and ranks. The sub-models are validated using correlations and scatter plots for the observed and expected risk impacts. The results show that the sub-models perform well by yielding consistent expected risks and related measures, indicating that the expected risk analysis model is a reasonably good alternative to existing risk analysis models. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 361-393 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1179214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1179214 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:361-393 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell Lundberg Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Lundberg Title: A multi-attribute approach to assess homeland security risk Abstract: The United States Department of Homeland Security manages a wide spectrum of risks involving crime, terrorism, accidents, and natural disasters. This paper supports disaster management by identifying which attributes should be used to describe risks comprehensively and assessing the need to incorporate such multiattribute information into risk management processes. Attributes for describing homeland security risks were selected through a literature review. These attributes were then used in a risk assessment of homeland security hazards that informed risk ranking sessions conducted with members of the general public. The results taken together support the use of a range of attributes and perspectives. While aspects of life/health and economic damage were considered most important by both experts and the lay public, other attributes were of widespread importance, including attributes related to dread and uncertainty. These results demonstrate how to present risks in a deliberative risk management process and the importance of doing so using a complete set of attributes to describe the risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 340-360 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200649 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:340-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wen Xue Author-X-Name-First: Wen Author-X-Name-Last: Xue Author-Name: Anthony D.G. Marks Author-X-Name-First: Anthony D.G. Author-X-Name-Last: Marks Author-Name: Donald W. Hine Author-X-Name-First: Donald W. Author-X-Name-Last: Hine Author-Name: Wendy J. Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Wendy J. Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Author-Name: Shouying Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Shouying Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Title: The new ecological paradigm and responses to climate change in China Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a Chinese-Mandarin version of the revised new ecological paradigm (NEP-R) scale. In a sample of 515 Mandarin-speaking Chinese nationals, we first assessed the factor structure and internal consistency of the NEP-R and assessed its validity by examining associations with global warming risk perceptions and mitigation behavior. Respondents completed the NEP-R scale, together with measures of risk perception and mitigation behavior. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a two-factor solution, reflecting ecocentric and anthropocentric worldviews, best fit the data. Multi-group path analysis revealed that respondents with stronger ecocentric and weaker anthropocentric worldviews perceived more risks associated with global warming. In turn, respondents who perceived more risks reported engaging in more global warming mitigation behaviors. But importantly, the path between risk perceptions and behavior was significantly stronger for highly educated respondents than for less educated respondents, suggesting that education may represent an important strategy for bridging the gap between perceived risks about global warming and action. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 323-339 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:323-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher A. Mundorf Author-X-Name-First: Christopher A. Author-X-Name-Last: Mundorf Author-Name: Maureen Y. Lichtveld Author-X-Name-First: Maureen Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Lichtveld Title: Using community-based, ethnographic methods to examine risk perceptions and actions of low-income, first-time mothers in a post-spill environment Abstract: Following the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill, area pregnant women were thought to be at-risk for poor health outcomes from the stress of managing health actions in this post-disaster environment. Research directed by an ongoing community–academic partnership sought to explore the specific role of culture in environmental risk protection actions among low-income pregnant women. As a part of the first-phase of a mixed-methods cultural study, community health workers (CHWs) used freelisting methods to survey low-income, first-time mother (n = 20) for the threats in the environment and relevant protective actions. Then, a separate pile sort activity (n = 31) was used to further investigate these cultural topics. Results elicited a diverse range of threats, protective actions, and sources of support across socio-demographic groups. Results also showed a culturally tailored conceptualization of threats in the environment. Exploring beliefs among a diverse population helps to uncover cultural differences in a population. Results will aid in developing culturally tailored policies and interventions, and increase the relevance of such interventions to address community concerns. Moreover, incorporating CHWs into the research process enhanced researcher literacy, and fostered mutual trust between the community and researchers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 308-322 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200656 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:308-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adrian Parke Author-X-Name-First: Adrian Author-X-Name-Last: Parke Author-Name: Mark D. Griffiths Author-X-Name-First: Mark D. Author-X-Name-Last: Griffiths Title: Identifying risk and mitigating gambling-related harm in online poker Abstract: The present paper conducts a critical analysis of the potential for gambling-related harm in relation to online poker participation, and a theoretical evaluation of current responsible gambling strategies employed to mitigate harm in online gambling and applies the evaluation of these strategies specifically to online poker gambling. Theoretically, the primary risk for harm in online poker is the rapid and continuous nature of poker provisions online, and has been demonstrated to be associated with disordered gambling behaviour, including the chasing of monetary losses. The following responsible gambling features were deemed relevant for consideration: informed player choice, voluntary self-exclusion, employee intervention, pre-commitment, in-game feedback, behavioural tracking tools, and age restriction and verification. Although current responsible gambling features are evaluated as theoretically robust, there remains a fundamental need for experimental validation of their effectiveness. Furthermore, despite online poker gamblers perceiving the responsible gambling features as valuable tools, in reality very few players regularly use available responsible gambling features. Ultimately, for the online poker gambling industry to retain market credibility and avoid substantial top-down regulation, it is imperative to demonstrate effectiveness of responsible gambling approaches, and increase customer utilisation of available harm-mitigation features. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 269-289 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:269-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victoria Sword-Daniels Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Sword-Daniels Author-Name: Christine Eriksen Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksen Author-Name: Emma E. Hudson-Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Emma E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hudson-Doyle Author-Name: Ryan Alaniz Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Alaniz Author-Name: Carolina Adler Author-X-Name-First: Carolina Author-X-Name-Last: Adler Author-Name: Todd Schenk Author-X-Name-First: Todd Author-X-Name-Last: Schenk Author-Name: Suzanne Vallance Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Vallance Title: Embodied uncertainty: living with complexity and natural hazards Abstract: In this paper, we examine the concept of embodied uncertainty by exploring multiple dimensions of uncertainty in the context of risks associated with extreme natural hazards. We highlight a need for greater recognition, particularly by disaster management and response agencies, of uncertainty as a subjective experience for those living at risk. Embodied uncertainty is distinguished from objective uncertainty by the nature of its internalisation at the individual level, where it is subjective, felt and directly experienced. This approach provides a conceptual pathway that sharpens knowledge of the processes that shape how individuals and communities interpret and contextualise risk. The ways in which individual characteristics, social identities and lived experiences shape interpretations of risk are explored by considering embodied uncertainty in four contexts: social identities and trauma, the co-production of knowledge, institutional structures and policy and long-term lived experiences. We conclude by outlining the opportunities that this approach presents, and provide recommendations for further research on how the concept of embodied uncertainty can aid decision-making and the management of risks in the context of extreme natural hazards. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 290-307 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:290-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Namkyung Oh Author-X-Name-First: Namkyung Author-X-Name-Last: Oh Title: Dimensions of strategic intervention for risk reduction and mitigation: a case study of the MV Sewol incident Abstract: Organizations in disaster management system should learn from previous experience and strategically use their lesson for the refinement of a system’s competencies for risk management. However, the MV Sewol incident revealed the absence of the organizational learning in the Korean disaster management system. With mixed methods of content analysis, in-depth interview, and social network analysis, this study identified key failure factors in response to the incident and categorized them by managerial, structural, and institutional domains. While the Korean government took bold steps to rebuild its risk management system, those efforts were biased to structural reforms and lacked fundamental changes in human and informational resources management. Based on the findings, this study suggests the balanced efforts for system refinement for effective risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1516-1533 Issue: 12 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1179210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1179210 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:12:p:1516-1533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lexin Lin Author-X-Name-First: Lexin Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Claudia Rivera Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Rivera Author-Name: Marcus Abrahamsson Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Abrahamsson Author-Name: Henrik Tehler Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Tehler Title: Communicating risk in disaster risk management systems – experimental evidence of the perceived usefulness of risk descriptions Abstract: Disaster risk management (DRM) requires the collaboration of a variety of stakeholders working in different sectors. They depend on each other to share risk information, and effective collaboration requires efficient communication. Clearly, the communication of risk descriptions is a key issue for the success of DRM activities. This study investigated the communication of risk-related information between DRM actors, and how to present such information in order to improve its usefulness as a basis for decision-making. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the issue. The first related to the type of hazard, while the second examined the presentation of likelihood and consequences. We addressed two research questions: Does the presentation of a risk description influence its perceived usefulness for decision-making in a DRM system? If so, which format is perceived as most useful? Our findings indicated that the type of hazard did not affect perceived usefulness to any significant extent. However, the presentation of likelihood and consequences did have a significant effect. These results indicate that the presentation of risk information greatly influences stakeholders’ ability to make well-informed decisions. Specifically, quantitative scale and semi-quantitative ranking scale formats are perceived as most useful. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1534-1553 Issue: 12 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1179212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1179212 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:12:p:1534-1553 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiao Wang Author-X-Name-First: Xiao Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Risk perceptions, moral attitudes, and anticipated guilt in US consumers’ climate change behavioral intentions Abstract: Various reports and research have documented the risks of global warming on humans and the non-human environment. A growing amount of media coverage positions the fight against global warming as a moral issue. However, additional research needs to be conducted regarding whether individuals’ risk perceptions are related to their moral attitudes and whether their moral attitudes toward global warming are associated with their behavioral intentions to alleviate global warming. Based on a cross-sectional survey (N = 572) and structural equation modeling analysis, the present investigation situated moral attitudes within a larger theoretical framework (i.e. the theory of planned behavior). Results found that the American public’s moral attitudes were predicted by subjective norms and risk to others and the environment, but not risk to themselves. Moral attitudes, in turn, predicted anticipated guilt. Collectively, moral attitudes, self-efficacy, anticipated guilt, and consideration of future consequences predicted one’s intentions to engage in behaviors to alleviate global warming. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1554-1567 Issue: 12 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1179213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1179213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:12:p:1554-1567 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gaspar Mairal Author-X-Name-First: Gaspar Author-X-Name-Last: Mairal Title: The disaster: risk or danger? Abstract: The sinking of the Prestige off the coast of Galicia in north-west Spain in November 2002 was an enormous environmental disaster and it had an immense media impact both nationally and internationally, lasting weeks as a social and political phenomenon. Five days before the ship sank, the captain had reported to the maritime authorities that the old tanker was damaged and in trouble. During these five days leading up to the shipwreck, a crucial decision had to be made: what should be done with this dangerous oil tanker? Temporality is a property of the hazardous events which, after being noticed, are evaluated as imminent or deferred. This temporality makes a clear difference between a risk and a danger. Whereas the risk has time to anticipate the events, danger has just a very short time or even has no time. At this point, the Prestige disaster turns to be paradigmatic. To tow away this damaged oil tanker was a risk decision which estimated that there was still a time to prevent its running aground what meant to follow the story repeatedly told by the narrative context of risk. However, the Prestige had been spilling out oil all the time and the damage was not a probability but a fait accompli. This accident has not a risk temporality; in fact, it had not temporality at all because it demanded an immediate intervention. My conclusion here is that this crisis was managed in terms of risk when it should have been treated as a danger situation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1568-1584 Issue: 12 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200651 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:12:p:1568-1584 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Stark Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Stark Author-Name: Austin S. Baldwin Author-X-Name-First: Austin S. Author-X-Name-Last: Baldwin Author-Name: Andrew W. Hertel Author-X-Name-First: Andrew W. Author-X-Name-Last: Hertel Author-Name: Alexander J. Rothman Author-X-Name-First: Alexander J. Author-X-Name-Last: Rothman Title: Understanding the framing effect: do affective responses to decision options mediate the influence of frame on choice? Abstract: Little research has examined how gain- and loss-framed options influence participants’ affective states. In the current paper, we present two studies that measure affective responses to framed options to identify a potential mediator of the relation between frame and choice. We found that participants reported more positive responses after reading gain-framed options that presented a certain outcome compared to loss-framed options that presented a certain outcome, consistent with the choice patterns of the framing effect. We also found that framing effects were mediated by affective evaluation of the options. We suggest future researchers continue to assess the influence of affective response on evaluating options and making decisions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1585-1597 Issue: 12 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200654 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:12:p:1585-1597 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 12 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1392727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1392727 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:12:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alasdair Breckenridge Author-X-Name-First: Alasdair Author-X-Name-Last: Breckenridge Title: Commentary on ‘Transparency and Trust in the European Pharmaceutical Sector’ Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1118-1119 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1027079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1027079 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1118-1119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert E. O’Connor Author-X-Name-First: Robert E. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor Title: Transparency and the regulatory process in Europe and the United States: two research priorities Abstract: Transparency research related to the regulatory process would benefit most from two types of empirical studies. One batch of studies, described in the fifth section of this essay, would focus on the American states and the member states of the European Union to identify the factors that determine whether regulatory processes are more transparent and whether transparency is successful in improving regulations and the regulatory process. In other words, we need comparative state (for the US) and member state (for the EU) studies to develop metrics for the quality of regulations and the role of transparency is advancing or weakening the quality of regulations at the state (for the US) and member state (for the EU) level. The second batch of studies, described in the sixth section of this essay, would explore who uses the information currently provided at the levels of transparency currently available in regulatory processes at the European Union and federal government of the United States. Who benefits from transparency and how are they using the available transparency mechanisms? Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1129-1140 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1071866 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1071866 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1129-1140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan E. Dudley Author-X-Name-First: Susan E. Author-X-Name-Last: Dudley Author-Name: Kai Wegrich Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Wegrich Title: The role of transparency in regulatory governance: comparing US and EU regulatory systems Abstract: The United States and European Union have focused on improving the practices used to develop and implement legal requirements as a way to improve the quality of regulations themselves. Transparency in the regulatory process, from determining regulatory goals, to evaluating alternative means to achieve those goals, to enforcing regulatory requirements, features high on the agenda of cross-cutting government reform programs that address the issue of ‘regulatory quality.’ This article examines the transparency of procedures in the US and the EU related to impact analysis and public comment. It examines the importance of transparency for ensuring the effectiveness of these two regulatory practices, summarizes regulatory procedures in the US and the EU, compares the different approaches, and highlights the relative merits of each. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1141-1157 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1071868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1071868 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1141-1157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Author-Name: Katherine McComas Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: McComas Author-Name: John Besley Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Besley Author-Name: Joseph Steinhardt Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Steinhardt Title: Transparency in the food aisle: the influence of procedural justice on views about labeling GM foods Abstract: Issues of transparency lay at the center of the debate surrounding the labeling of genetically modified (GM) food products in the USA. These issues include not only the argument that consumers should be allowed to make purchasing choices based on full disclosure of product ingredients but also that they should have access to the process that makes decisions about labeling. This study examines the influence of procedural justice on perceived decision legitimacy and decision support regarding GM food labeling decisions. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, participants recruited from an online Qualtrics panel (N = 450) were randomly assigned to read a fictitious news article about an agricultural company’s decision about whether to label their food products as having GM ingredients. Articles varied by the company’s labeling decision (label versus no label) and whether the company listened to public input prior to making the decision (public input versus no public input). The results showed significant main effects on decision support and perceived legitimacy for articles that mentioned public input. Specifically, when participants read articles stating that the company made its decision after listening to public input, they were more supportive of the decision and perceived the decision as more legitimate. Moreover, this main effect occurred irrespective of whether or not the company’s decision was to label GM foods. Our results confirm the influence of procedural justice perceptions in fostering support and perceived legitimacy for controversial risk-related decisions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1158-1171 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1118149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1118149 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1158-1171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Author-Name: Dominic Way Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Way Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Author-Name: Darrick Evensen Author-X-Name-First: Darrick Author-X-Name-Last: Evensen Title: Transparency of medicines data and safety issues–a European/US study of doctors’ opinions: what does the evidence show? Abstract: Over the past 10 years, European pharmaceutical regulators (especially the European Medicines Agency [EMA]) have enacted a wave of transparency policies. Since 2010, the overwhelming majority have focused on releasing more scientific medicines information online and providing open access to regulatory data. Amongst other benefits, EMA expects its policies to build public trust and provide outsiders with a better understanding of regulatory decision-making. Yet, few studies have empirically examined the EMA’s transparency policies, especially on the end users of ‘transparent’ information (e.g. medical doctors or patients). This paper presents standout findings from a November 2014 survey conducted in Spain, Germany, France and the United Kingdom with a sample of 1005 general practitioners and medical specialists treating either multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or HIV/AIDS. The study found that 76% of respondents think it is a bad idea to release information into the public domain before possible safety issues have been investigated by the regulators and (relevant) pharmaceutical company. The results also suggested that medical doctors in Europe have a poor understanding of pharmaceutical regulatory activities. In particular, the majority were largely unaware of the current activities of the EMA, did not have good knowledge of how the regulators assess the safety of medicines (e.g. only 17% said they had good knowledge of how EMA assess the safety of medicines) and were unfamiliar with regulatory documents frequently used by regulators and industry to discuss the safety of medicines (e.g. in approving a medicine). Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1172-1184 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1172-1184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dominic Way Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Way Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Author-Name: Ragnar Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Author-Name: Darrick Evensen Author-X-Name-First: Darrick Author-X-Name-Last: Evensen Title: Medicines transparency at the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the new information age: the perspectives of patients Abstract: The concept of transparency has gained widespread appeal in the European pharmaceutical domain, not least at the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Agency policies have two main objectives: (1) to enable the reuse of data (e.g. clinical study reports) and (2) to empower patients to directly and indirectly make more informed decisions on medicines. Past research has almost exclusively focused on the perspectives of external researchers intending to reanalyse data made publically available. Few studies, however, have explored what can be learnt from the perspectives of other actors (e.g. health care professionals, patients, the regulators themselves, industry and others). This empirical study explores the EMA’s transparency policies from the perspectives of patients. After presenting the results of a survey (N = 1010) with a sample of individuals diagnosed with five specific medical conditions (HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) from four EU countries (Germany, Spain, France and the UK), the authors argue that EMA’s transparency policies do not adequately address the real-world complexities of communicating with patients. In turn, the paper concludes that the perspective of patients provides an essential contribution to understanding the full net effects (positive, negative and/or limited) of EMA’s transparency policies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1185-1215 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1185-1215 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar E. V. Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar E. V. Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Author-Name: Jamie K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Title: State of the art transparency: lessons from Europe and North America Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1079-1081 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1249713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1249713 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1079-1081 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Author-Name: Dominic Way Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Way Title: Transparency and trust in the European pharmaceutical sector: outcomes from an experimental study Abstract: Many European pharmaceutical regulators have committed to a more open, inclusive, and transparent model of regulatory decision-making in recent years. Yet, based on little empirical evidence, they have overwhelmingly adopted ‘fishbowl’ transparency measures, ‘the full disclosure of information without explanatory information or contextualization’ (e.g. heightening access to raw data). This paper conveys recent findings from an open-ended questionnaire with 200 face-to-face interviews carried out in the UK and the Netherlands. The study provides evidence on how members of the public are likely to react to ‘fishbowl’ transparency policies and receiving decontextualized data. After showing respondents raw data from a periodic safety update report that regulators are proposing to proactively release, the survey found they were shocked, concerned, and more worried, while many said they would reconsider taking their medicines and seek further advice. Based on these findings, the authors argue that enhancing ‘transparency’ needs to be integrated with effective, evidence- and science-based benefit/risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1082-1103 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.919517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.919517 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1082-1103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Albert Meijer Author-X-Name-First: Albert Author-X-Name-Last: Meijer Title: Comment on paper ‘Transparency and trust in the European pharmaceutical sector’ Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1104-1106 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.923030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.923030 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1104-1106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Irish Medicines Board Title: Transparency and trust in the European pharmaceutical sector: outcomes from a qualitative study Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1107-1110 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.923031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.923031 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1107-1110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Miller MP Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Miller MP Title: Observations on ‘Transparency and trust in the European pharmaceutical sector’ Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1111-1113 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.940602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.940602 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1111-1113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Author-Name: Dominic Way Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Way Title: Transparency and trust in the European pharmaceutical sector: a Commentary Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1120-1128 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.961523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.961523 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1120-1128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jean Mossman Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Mossman Title: How much information is too much for patients? Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1114-1117 Issue: 9 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.971126 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.971126 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:9:p:1114-1117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: Editorial Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 673-673 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1630584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1630584 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:673-673 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Bendz Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Bendz Author-Name: Åsa Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Åsa Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Title: Drinking water risk management: local government collaboration in West Sweden Abstract: Drinking water provisioning can be approached as a paradigmatic case of transboundary risk management that requires government collaboration. In Sweden, as in most other countries, the provision of safe drinking water and the control of its quality is a responsibility of local governments. This explorative case study investigates how local level decision-makers (politicians and public administrators) identify and understand risks to drinking water services; how they construe governmental responsibility and collaboration between local governments. The empirical results show that decision-makers identify a number of systemically interrelated technical, natural and social risks; that responsibility is understood to be complex and fragmented and that they refrain from collaboration despite clear advantages in theory. Even if the payoff is high from a broad societal perspective for inter-municipal collaborative risk management of drinking water services, collaboration on the local level is low. Institutional uncertainties relating to the allocation of responsibility, transaction costs and political costs for individual municipalities may explain the reluctance to collaborate in this case. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 674-691 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1485168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1485168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:674-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charlotta Thodelius Author-X-Name-First: Charlotta Author-X-Name-Last: Thodelius Author-Name: Hans-Olof Sandén Author-X-Name-First: Hans-Olof Author-X-Name-Last: Sandén Title: Lethal school violence in Scandinavia: development of an incident typology and suggestions for prevention Abstract: In this paper, we address the question of lethal school violence and suggest some preventive strategies. Previous studies in the field have been dominated of cases from the U.S. or Germany, but in this paper we instead focus on lethal violence which has occurred in Scandinavia. Previous research of lethal violence and prevention against it often stresses the complexity and limitations in research. Mainly since the impossibility to profile perpetrators or make lists of warnings signs. In addition, since lethal violence are rare events, there are methodologic challenges related to studies of the phenomena. In the study, the included cases are different acts of lethal violence, occurred 1961–2016 (n = 12). In the first analysis, the aim is to construct a typology, and in the second analysis the typology is used for analysing suitable prevention strategies. The study emphasizes the relation between perpetrator, victim, school and traceable motive in the typology, and the result concludes three different types of lethal violence. The first is based on interpersonal revenge, the second institutional revenge and the third societal revenge. Two prevention strategies seem suitable: one aiming at schools organizational structure and the second to architectural decisions in the design process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 692-700 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1378253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1378253 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:692-700 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: Transparency at the Swedish Forest Agency: What does the evidence show? Abstract: Since February 2016, the Swedish Forest Agency (hereafter the ‘Agency’) has uploaded all requests for clear cuts on its Forest Data web-portal, which includes detailed forest maps which can be magnified online in order to pinpoint exactly where the clear cut is expected to take place (see https://skogskartan.skogsstyrelsen.se/skogskartan). The reason for doing so is to simplify the work of the Agency, as well as to assist forest and energy companies, environmental organizations and other bodies to get access to relevant information. In addition, the Agency believes that greater transparency will lead to more public trust and greater public understanding of the Swedish forest sector. In this study, evaluating the Agency’s transparency measure, it was uncovered that a majority of the Forest Agency’s board members and senior executives were in favour of the Agency’s transparency measures, something that a majority of the public interviewed also agreed with. Forest owners, however, had exactly the opposite view. That said, it is unclear whether the recently improved transparency measures will actually lead to greater public trust and knowledge of the Swedish forestry model. As most Swedes are unaware of how the Swedish forestry production model actually works, they will most likely be opposed to clear cuts if they found out that this was the main method for harvesting mature tree stands. Hence, the Agency’s transparency measures may actually decrease public trust in the forestry sector rather than anything else. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 701-716 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1460391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1460391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:701-716 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Max Boholm Author-X-Name-First: Max Author-X-Name-Last: Boholm Title: How do Swedish Government agencies define risk? Abstract: This study is guided by two research questions: first, how is the word risk defined by Swedish Government agencies and, second, do these agencies use the word risk consistently with how it is defined? These questions are answered by first selecting relevant agencies and then systematically searching for definitions of risk on these agencies’ websites. The study demonstrates that risk is defined in 14 ways, many of which vaguely express the idea that risk is the probability of an unwanted event multiplied by some measure of its consequences. The study also demonstrates that agencies often define risk in ways that are inconsistent with how they use the term (i.e. over and above how it is defined). The findings are discussed in light of normative desiderata for effective risk communication and risk management. The paper concludes with six recommendations for improving definitions of risk used by public agencies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 717-734 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1422782 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422782 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:717-734 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra Buratti Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Buratti Author-Name: Carl Martin Allwood Author-X-Name-First: Carl Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Allwood Title: The effect of knowledge and ignorance assessments on perceived risk Abstract: This study investigated the effects of two different types of subjective knowledge assessments on the level of knowledge assessment and risk perception in five risk domains: health, environment, crime, economy, and transport (Appendix 1). The two types of knowledge assessments were regular knowledge assessments and ignorance assessments, in which the participants were asked to assess their lack of knowledge. Furthermore, the effect of the order in which the subjective knowledge assessments and risk assessments were performed was investigated. Four different experimental conditions were used to explore the effects. In the knowledge first condition, all regular knowledge assessments were performed, followed by all risk assessments. In the alternate condition, the participants alternated between the knowledge assessments and risk assessments. In the risk first condition, the participants performed all risk assessments, followed by all knowledge assessments. Finally, in the ignorance first condition, the participants performed all ignorance assessments, followed by all risk assessments. The ignorance assessments indicated higher subjective knowledge ratings than the regular knowledge assessments in the first three conditions. The order in which the regular knowledge assessments were performed had no effect on the risk assessments. However, the ignorance assessments were associated with the lowest risk assessments of all four conditions. The participants may have associated their difficulty finding examples of ignorance with a lack of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 735-748 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1459795 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:735-748 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: Risk communication and fatty fish: the case of the Swedish Food Agency Abstract: This paper evaluates Swedish Food Agency’s communication strategy with regard to the benefits and risks associated with eating Baltic Sea fatty fish. It concludes that the agency is doing a rather good job in this area. Its levels of trust among the Swedish public remain high. The 2012–2013 campaign should be seen as a success especially with such a limited budget. A number of ‘at risk’ groups now have a better understanding about the risks of eating too much fatty fish from the Baltic Sea. What is concerning, however, is that a large number of females of childbearing age still have not picked up the agency’s message on this issue. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 749-757 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1473466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1473466 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:749-757 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christine Große Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Große Title: Sources of uncertainty in Swedish emergency response planning Abstract: With the growing importance of enhancing modern society’s resilience, planning for critical infrastructure protection has become essential. However, such national planning must contend with many types of uncertainty. This paper characterises sources of uncertainty that are associated with a lack of knowledge, as exemplified by Swedish planning of emergency power supplies. The planning under investigation concerns civil protection from the negative effects of a power shortage. A decision process is intended to support this national strategic management goal by identifying and prioritising electricity consumers who are critical to society at the local, regional and national levels. The analysis of related documentation yields three sources of uncertainty (S) interrelated with this multi-level planning (MLP) for emergency response: (S1) the planning process in general, (S2) the decision-making process in particular and (S3) the direction and guidance alongside these processes. Interviews with decision-makers reveal a detailed specification of these sources of uncertainty. The results thus provide a solid basis for further goal-directed improvement of national MLP approaches. Moreover, this specification contributes to scholarly debate on the systemic effects of sources of uncertainty due to a lack of knowledge. Lastly, the findings constitute a thinking framework that is suggested as a foundation for analytical work in similar complex planning environments as well as for evidence-based communication to the wider public concerning risks and resilience. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 758-772 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459796 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1459796 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:758-772 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: The communication of radon risk in Sweden: where are we and where are we going? Abstract: Overall, when the Swedish National Board of Housing and Planning has had a proper communication/information budget the Board has been successful with regard to communicating the risks associated with radon, leading to homes being measured, and ensuring that individuals apply for up to half the costs associated with radon sanitation measures. When the Board has not had these funds it has not been successful. What is clear now is that the Board will only reach parts of the government’s generation goal regarding reducing radon set out in the important Government Bill of 2001. Schools and larger dwellings will meet the government set radon standards, but single-family dwellings will not. As a result, radon pollution in some shape or form will continue to cause radon-induced lung cancer in some 500 Swedes per annum until new measures are taken. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 773-781 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1473467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1473467 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:773-781 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Cedergren Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Cedergren Author-Name: Vidar Hedtjärn Swaling Author-X-Name-First: Vidar Author-X-Name-Last: Hedtjärn Swaling Author-Name: Henrik Hassel Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Hassel Author-Name: Carl Denward Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Denward Author-Name: Karin Mossberg Sonnek Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Mossberg Sonnek Author-Name: Pär-Anders Albinsson Author-X-Name-First: Pär-Anders Author-X-Name-Last: Albinsson Author-Name: Johan Bengtsson Author-X-Name-First: Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Bengtsson Author-Name: Anna Sparf Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Sparf Title: Understanding practical challenges to risk and vulnerability assessments: the case of Swedish municipalities Abstract: Assessing risks and vulnerabilities in the multifaceted context of a municipality is challenging. There is a plethora of methods and tools to support this task. However, to achieve successful outcomes from Risk and Vulnerability Assessments (RVAs), merely applying theoretically and technically rigorous methods is far from enough; the question of how a method is implemented in a practical context is crucial for reaching intended outcomes. In this paper, we broaden the scope, from a strict consideration of technical and methodological matters, to a presentation of the more elusive challenges in accomplishing RVAs that are actually useful in a local context. We conduct and contrast two independent studies that were aimed at identifying general challenges in achieving a successful RVA process in Swedish municipalities. Based on the findings, we argue that there is a need for a considerably increased focus on municipal practices and on the implementation of methods in the practical context. Knowledge and understanding of such practical challenges are pivotal for efforts aimed at both developing methods for RVA and improving the entire RVA process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 782-795 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1485169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1485169 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:782-795 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sten Anttila Author-X-Name-First: Sten Author-X-Name-Last: Anttila Author-Name: Johannes Persson Author-X-Name-First: Johannes Author-X-Name-Last: Persson Author-Name: Måns Rosén Author-X-Name-First: Måns Author-X-Name-Last: Rosén Author-Name: Niklas Vareman Author-X-Name-First: Niklas Author-X-Name-Last: Vareman Author-Name: Sigurd Vitols Author-X-Name-First: Sigurd Author-X-Name-Last: Vitols Author-Name: Nils-Eric Sahlin Author-X-Name-First: Nils-Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Sahlin Title: Ruling out risks in medical research Abstract: In medical research, it is not unusual that risks are ruled out without any specification the exact risk that was ruled out. This makes it difficult to balance expected health benefits and risk of harm when choosing between alternative treatment options. International guidelines for reporting medical research results are sufficiently specific when it comes to establishing health benefits. However, there is a lack of standards for reporting on ruling out risks. We argue that transparency is needed, as in the case of non-inferiority trials. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statements should be revised accordingly. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 796-802 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1586750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1586750 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:796-802 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: The management and communication of a food risk controversy: the Swedish campylobacter case Abstract: Between September 2016 and May 2017 levels of campylobacter infections in Swedish conventionally reared broilers doubled to more than 20%. The increased levels of infected broilers in turn led to a massive increase in Swedes getting sick from campylobacter food poisoning. In April 2017, for example, the Swedish medical community reported that there were five times higher levels of Swedish campylobacter poisonings compared to a normal year and a vast majority of these were from domestic rather than foreign sources. This paper evaluates how the risks of campylobacter food poisoning were communicated by a number of different actors involved with the scare and is based on a content analysis of 10 of Sweden’s main newspapers in the period June 2016–September 2017 and 12 elite interviews with some of these individuals. In conclusion, I suggest a number a policy recommendations that the Swedish Agricultural Board and the Swedish Food Agency may want to implement going forward. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 803-816 Issue: 6 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1608287 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1608287 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:6:p:803-816 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Fellenor Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Fellenor Author-Name: Julie Barnett Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Author-Name: Clive Potter Author-X-Name-First: Clive Author-X-Name-Last: Potter Author-Name: Julie Urquhart Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Urquhart Author-Name: J.D. Mumford Author-X-Name-First: J.D. Author-X-Name-Last: Mumford Author-Name: C.P. Quine Author-X-Name-First: C.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Quine Title: The social amplification of risk on Twitter: the case of ash dieback disease in the United Kingdom Abstract: It has long been recognised that the traditional media play a key role in representing risk and are a significant source of information which can shape how people perceive and respond to hazard events. Early work utilising the social amplification of risk framework (SARF) sought to understand the discrepancy between expert and lay perceptions of risk and patterns of risk intensification and attenuation with reference to the media. However, the advent of Web 2.0 challenges traditional models of communication. To date there has been limited consideration of social media within the SARF and its role in mediating processes of risk perception and communication. Against this backdrop, we focus on the social media platform Twitter to consider the social amplification of risk in relation to ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus); a tree health issue that attracted intense media attention when it was first identified in the UK in 2012. We present an empirical analysis of 25,600 tweets in order to explore what people were saying about ash dieback on Twitter, who was talking about it and how they talked about it. Our discussion outlines the themes around which talk about ash dieback was orientated, the significance of users’ environmental ‘affiliations’ and the role of including links (URLs) to traditional media coverage. We utilise the notion of ‘piggybacking’ to demonstrate how information is customised in line with group/individual identities and interests and introduce the concept of the ‘frame fragment’ to illustrate how information is selected and moved around Twitter emphasising certain features of the messages. The paper affords a detailed consideration of the way in which people and organisations simultaneously appropriate, construct and pass on risk-relevant information. A conclusion is that social media has the potential to transform the media landscape within which the SARF was originally conceived, presenting renewed challenges for risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1163-1183 Issue: 10 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1281339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1281339 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:10:p:1163-1183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shi Zheng Author-X-Name-First: Shi Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng Author-Name: Zhigang Wang Author-X-Name-First: Zhigang Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Cheryl Wachenheim Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl Author-X-Name-Last: Wachenheim Title: Risk perceptions and risk attitudes among Chinese consumers: the toxic capsule crisis Abstract: The toxic capsule crisis (TCC) shocked China in 2012, and seriously harmed consumer confidence. Based on a firsthand survey in 12 provinces with 850 observations, this paper examines Chinese consumers’ risk perceptions and risk attitudes about drugs after the TCC. The empirical results suggest that Chinese consumers’ risk perceptions (attributed likelihood of a drug safety accident occurrence) and risk attitudes (measured as level of concern about drug labeling) are weakly negatively correlated, but that risk perceptions are positively correlated with consumer concern about drug safety problems in general. Risk perception was higher among male consumers and those from rural areas, reporting a religious faith, of higher education, and with a family member who has experienced problems caused by drug safety problems. Those reporting a higher level of concern about drug safety issues, with a higher level of understanding of TCC, who reported less frequent physical examinations, and who searched for information after the TCC also had a higher level of risk perception. Being or having a family member who engaged in the health industry and being more satisfied with the government response to the TCC decreased risk perception. Regarding risk attitude, older consumers, those with a higher level of education and with a self-reported religious faith, and those less prepared including those who did not purchase health insurance, do not have health exams as frequently, and who do not take measures of protection and isolation when ill are more concerned about drug labeling information. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1184-1196 Issue: 10 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1281337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1281337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:10:p:1184-1196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jenna L. Currie-Mueller Author-X-Name-First: Jenna L. Author-X-Name-Last: Currie-Mueller Title: Pointing fingers across the tracks: an examination of strategic messages in the Lac-Mégantic rail disaster Abstract: The oil industry transports crude oil via rail due to increasing demand. Though convenient, this can be dangerous, as many railways travel through populated regions, placing individuals in close range at risk of danger and death during a train derailment. In 2013, the deadliest rail disaster to happen in Canada in 140 years occurred when a Montreal, Maine & Atlantic (MMA) train carrying 7.7 ml of petroleum crude oil broke loose in Nantes, Quebec, and traveled towards Lac-Mégantic, Quebec. The train derailed and exploded in the city’s center, instantly killed 47 people, destroyed downtown, and forced the evacuation of over 2000 residents. The disaster prompted safety and criminal investigations, and litigation for personal, economic, and ecological reparations. This study uses dialectical tensions of strategic communication decision-making to examine the crisis and post-crisis stages of the event to determine how the tensions of organizational responsibility and emotional connection intersected during the crisis. Further, the impact of the crisis at an industry level and the resulting industry-wide lessons learned are revealed. Results were twofold: The tensions intersected with one another; and in socially stigmatized industries, organizational learning can occur on an industry-wide level. Tensions intersected when insensitive communication and messages disowning responsibility for the event initially occurred, and also later, when sensitive communication and taking ownership of the event were communicated. Learning occurred via observation, and actions were implemented in similar organizations in direct response of the event. In addition, regulations were created in direct response and implemented in both Canada and the United States. The study offers implications, discusses the complexity of transnational crises, and calls for future study of interacting tensions of strategic communication decision-making in order to understand how inherent tensions in a crisis situation prompt certain organizational responses to crises. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1197-1216 Issue: 10 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1281338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1281338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:10:p:1197-1216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Dean Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Dean Author-Name: M. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: H. Francis Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Francis Author-Name: D. Appleton Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Appleton Author-Name: M. Jones Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: An exploration of alcohol-related fire incidences Abstract: In this paper we examine an operational research project concerning the analysis of the characteristics of alcohol-related fire instances attended by a UK Fire and Rescue Service in the North West region of England and the development of a geographical information system for fire prevention support. The research project examined the circumstances of alcohol-related fires, their geographical distribution and the socio-economic characteristics of such fire incidences within the region studied, and also involved the design and implementation of a geographical information system for supporting prevention of such fires. Overall, it was found that cooking fires involving ‘harmful’ or ‘hazardous’ levels of alcohol consumption were most likely to be found amongst younger urban residents living in high levels of deprivation, students living in city centre locations and young families with high benefit need within the region studied. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1217-1232 Issue: 10 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1301537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1301537 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:10:p:1217-1232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikkel Gabriel Christoffersen Author-X-Name-First: Mikkel Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Christoffersen Title: Risk, danger, and trust: refining the relational theory of risk Abstract: The ‘relational theory of risk,’ proposed by Åsa Boholm and Hervé Corvellec in Journal of Risk Research in 2011, offers a theory of human constructions of risk, a theory that has not only sociological, but also ethical implications. Drawing upon interdisciplinary sociological and philosophical material, the present article suggests three ways to refine the relational theory of risk. First, I call attention to threatening relationships that are dangerous rather than risky. Second, I argue that a risk relationship only implies the ‘exclusion’ of the threatening object if the person who constructs the risk relationship chooses to distrust the threatening object rather than to trust it. Third, I amend the relational theory’s explanation of social risk conflicts by raising the question of the origin of the harm, either in the injured party itself or in the external environment. These refinements strengthen the explanatory power of the relational theory both regarding sociology and ethics. In consequence, I propose a Relational Theory of Risk and Danger. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1233-1247 Issue: 10 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1301538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1301538 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:10:p:1233-1247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maïté Brunel Author-X-Name-First: Maïté Author-X-Name-Last: Brunel Author-Name: Céline Launay Author-X-Name-First: Céline Author-X-Name-Last: Launay Author-Name: Valérie Le Floch Author-X-Name-First: Valérie Author-X-Name-Last: Le Floch Author-Name: Jacques Py Author-X-Name-First: Jacques Author-X-Name-Last: Py Author-Name: Nadine Cascino Author-X-Name-First: Nadine Author-X-Name-Last: Cascino Author-Name: Méliné Zorapapillan Author-X-Name-First: Méliné Author-X-Name-Last: Zorapapillan Author-Name: Gregory Lo Monaco Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Lo Monaco Title: Is the social representation of nanotechnology anchored in that of GMOs? Abstract: The use of nanotechnology (devices/materials composed of parts less than 10 nanometres) in the development of new products is rapidly expanding. Industrialists and decision-makers consider nanotechnology to be the next industrial revolution, but fear they risk the same resistance to nanotechnology that their counterparts experienced with genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Although risk perception studies have shown that perceived risk of GMOs is quite high compared to that related to nanotechnology, no study to date has explored a potential direct social representation link between the two. The present study aims to fill that gap by comparing the social representations of nanotechnology and GMOs among a population of non-experts. This study was conducted with 282 students in human and social sciences and natural sciences. Using a free association task with the inductive words ‘nanotechnology’ and ‘GMO (genetically modified organism)’, we identified the existing social representations of the two based on a structural approach. While the representation of GMOs is objectified in the field of agriculture, objectification for nanotechnology seems to still be lacking, although its possible objectification likely lies in computing and robotics. Our calculation of the rate of similarity of associative words with nanotechnology and GMOs indicated no present, direct link between their social representations. We discuss the possible evolution of the social representation of nanotechnology over time. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1248-1263 Issue: 10 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1304976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1304976 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:10:p:1248-1263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. Rajesh Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Rajesh Title: Pseudo resilient supply chains: concept, traits, and practices Abstract: Supply chain vulnerability (SCV) and its counterpart supply risk management are increasingly researched in recent years. SCV is often quantifiable and can be effectively monitored if practices are implemented on a systematic basis. It is essentially more important to extend the research in supply chain risk management so as to address certain traits where the companies perform poor or areas where they overlook their performances. Here, we introduce the concept and property, the so-called pseudo resilience in supply chains where supply chains pretend to perform better in its risk management capabilities, but are essentially vulnerable. Pseudo resilience is an incessant nature of many supply chains to overlook concomitant risks. Typical traits of pseudo resilience were identified in this research and a brief analysis of the disruptions and its effects was done. This research is a maiden effort in the direction of addressing the property of pseudo resilience in supply chains. It is imperative for managers to identify the traits of pseudo resilience in their supply chains so as to avoid the ill effects resulting from it. Further quantitative and qualitative researches are recommended for evincing the property of pseudo resilience in supply chains. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1264-1286 Issue: 10 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1304977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1304977 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:10:p:1264-1286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Evelina Trutnevyte Author-X-Name-First: Evelina Author-X-Name-Last: Trutnevyte Author-Name: Olivier Ejderyan Author-X-Name-First: Olivier Author-X-Name-Last: Ejderyan Title: Managing geoenergy-induced seismicity with society Abstract: Contemporary and future low-carbon energy supply requires using the deep underground. Ample evidence shows that onshore oil and gas extraction, associated wastewater injection, deep geothermal systems, and carbon capture and storage can induce damaging seismicity. While induced seismicity exhibits symptoms of a potentially controversial issue, research today has been limited to seismic hazard and risk. Here we argue for the need of social scientific insights to inform risk communication and processes of managing geoenergy-induced seismicity with society. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1287-1294 Issue: 10 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1304979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1304979 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:10:p:1287-1294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Erratum Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1295-1295 Issue: 10 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1263014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1263014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:10:p:1295-1295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Namkyung Oh Author-X-Name-First: Namkyung Author-X-Name-Last: Oh Author-Name: Junghyae Lee Author-X-Name-First: Junghyae Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Activation and variation of the United Nation’s cluster coordination model: a comparative analysis of the Haiti and Japan disasters Abstract: The coordinated response to extreme events is critical as illustrated by recent disasters in Haiti and Japan. As a way for coordinated provision of international humanitarian assistance to disaster-hit countries, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) developed cluster coordination model (CCM). With content analysis and network analysis of OCHA situation reports, this study checked four premises regarding activation of CCM, interaction between national and international actors, roles of proximity country, and level of cluster coordination. This study found that there were meaningful variations in implementing the CCM for 2010 Haiti and 2011 Japan disasters. From the analyses, we found that the current CCM may be vulnerable to black swan disasters; thus, extensive and active estimation of national disaster management capacities should be conducted to prevent collapse of national disaster management system. However, the reconciliation of state sovereignty and international humanitarian assistance also should be considered. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 41-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1017826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1017826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:41-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard D. Besel Author-X-Name-First: Richard D. Author-X-Name-Last: Besel Author-Name: Krista Burke Author-X-Name-First: Krista Author-X-Name-Last: Burke Author-Name: Vana Christos Author-X-Name-First: Vana Author-X-Name-Last: Christos Title: A life history approach to perceptions of global climate change risk: young adults’ experiences about impacts, causes, and solutions Abstract: Although the general acceptance of human-influenced global climate change within the technical sphere of science is important to consider, public perceptions of global climate change risks, impacts, causes, and solutions are as important to policy actions as scientific findings. Yet, studies analyzing climate change risk perceptions suffer from a number of limitations or use only a handful of approaches. Using a limited life history approach, this article answers calls for additional qualitative approaches in risk perception research. This article (1) introduces risk perception researchers to the limited life history method; (2) discovers that young adults articulate climate change solutions at the individual level, often as consumers, and blend their responses to climate change risks and advocacy for solutions with a general, environmentally friendly orientation, a ‘green posture;’ and (3) contends the key sources informing young adults’ perceptions about climate change risk have changed significantly from previous studies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 61-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1017830 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1017830 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:61-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Li-Lin Rao Author-X-Name-First: Li-Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Rao Author-Name: Yaoshan Xu Author-X-Name-First: Yaoshan Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Shu Li Author-X-Name-First: Shu Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yongjuan Li Author-X-Name-First: Yongjuan Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Rui Zheng Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng Title: Effect of perceived risk on nuclear power plant operators’ safety behavior and errors Abstract: Safety behavior and human errors are major concerns for nuclear power plant operators. The present study investigated how nuclear power plant operators’ perceived risk influences the quality of their own work performance in terms of safety behavior and errors. In total, 349 operators from two nuclear power plants in China participated in the present study. We found that perceived risk had a negative linear relationship with safety behavior and a quadratic relationship with errors. Leader support played a moderating role in the relationships between perceived risk, safety behavior, and errors. These results supported the job demands–resources model and provided further evidence for the relationship between perceived risk and outcomes related to safety behavior and errors. Our findings suggest that an effective way to address the issue of high perceived risk is to provide a supportive environment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 76-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1031267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1031267 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:76-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kun Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Kun Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Jinxing Wang Author-X-Name-First: Jinxing Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Takabumi Fukuda Author-X-Name-First: Takabumi Author-X-Name-Last: Fukuda Author-Name: Yoshiki Mikami Author-X-Name-First: Yoshiki Author-X-Name-Last: Mikami Title: Descriptive framework of injury data: a proposal based on a Japanese experience of injury database integration Abstract: This article proposes a descriptive framework for the comprehensive analysis of injury data on the basis of a Japanese experience of injury database integration during recent years. The framework combines two conceptual models of injury: an epidemiological model set forth in the World Health Organization’s Injury Surveillance Guidelines and a technical model presented in the safety-related standards of the International Organization for Standardization and International Labour Organization. The epidemiological framework composed of host, agent, vector and environment is useful for better understanding social risks in a complex society. However, injuries to consumers caused by various types of hazards are technical, microscopic processes, and their proper description requires a detailed technical framework and appropriate vocabulary, including lists of hazards, classification of products and mechanisms of injury. The proposed descriptive framework is therefore composed of five elements (host, vector, agent, environment and consequences), 30 attributes (three of which are in the Remarks section), and a set of vocabularies for the description of these attributes. The proposed framework will be useful in the data mining work needed for injury prevention at the social and technical levels. While international consensus exists for the descriptive frameworks of mortality statistics and occupational health and safety statistics, no such unanimity exists for product injury data. The proposed framework is designed to fill this gap. Although our proposal is based on Japanese experiences, the use of internationally recognized classifications and vocabularies makes the framework a worthy candidate for the integration of injury data in other countries. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 85-98 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:85-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Björn Sund Author-X-Name-First: Björn Author-X-Name-Last: Sund Author-Name: Mikael Svensson Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson Author-Name: Henrik Andersson Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Andersson Title: Demographic determinants of incident experience and risk perception: do high-risk groups accurately perceive themselves as high-risk? Abstract: This paper analyzes demographic determinants of incident experience and risk perception, as well as the relationship between the two, for eight different risk domains. Analyses were conducted by merging the results of a Swedish population-based survey, which includes approximately 15,000 individuals, with demographic and socio-economic register data. Being male was associated with higher incident experience yet a lower risk perception for nearly all risk domains. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher incident experience for falls, and being a victim of violence but lower incident experience for road traffic accidents. Lower socioeconomic status was also associated with higher risk perception for falls. On aggregate, ranking the different domains, respondents’ risk perception was in almost perfect correspondence to the ranking of actual incident experience, with the exception that the risk of being a victim of violence is ranked higher than indicated by actual incident experience. On a demographic group level, men and highly educated respondents perceive their risks to be lower than what is expected considering their actual incident experience. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 99-117 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:99-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dongyong Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Dongyong Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Stephen Morse Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Morse Author-Name: Bingjun Li Author-X-Name-First: Bingjun Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Risk management of Chinese food companies; a management perspective Abstract: This study investigated the current situation of food risk management (FRM) in Chinese companies and the factors that influence the effectiveness of risk management measures. FRM is considered from the perspective of food company managers in 161 food companies surveyed in the Provinces of Henan and Hubei, Central China. Results suggest that the current FRM situation in China is poor, and the most important factor influencing the effectiveness of FRM measures is the financial resource allocated to FRM. Other affecting factors include the level of corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement of the company and the company size (measured by the number of employees). The better the CSR, the better the FRM; the larger the company, the less effective the FRM measures are. The study provides some suggestions for policy-making and further research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 118-134 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042502 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:118-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Desmond Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Desmond Title: Risk definition and the struggle for legitimation: a case study of Bt cotton in Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract: This article explores the struggle for legitimation associated with the attempt to define the risk of Bt cotton, a genetically modified crop, in Andhra Pradesh, India. Beck asserts that, given the uncertainty associated with risk society, efforts to define risk are creating the need for a new political culture. This article argues that this political culture emerges from attempts to legitimate power within risk definition. This is examined using critical discourse analysis on interview excerpts with key figures in the Bt cotton debate. Legitimation is explored using the categories of legitimation developed by Van Leeuwen. These are (a) authorisation; (b) moral evaluation; (c) rationalisation; and (d) mythopoesis. The analysis highlights that the political culture which emerges in response to risk society is in a state of constant flux and contingent upon the ongoing struggle for legitimation with regard to the definition of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 135-150 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042504 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:135-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan M. Kahan Author-X-Name-First: Dan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Kahan Author-Name: Kathleen Hall Jamieson Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Hall Author-X-Name-Last: Jamieson Author-Name: Asheley Landrum Author-X-Name-First: Asheley Author-X-Name-Last: Landrum Author-Name: Kenneth Winneg Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: Winneg Title: Culturally antagonistic memes and the Zika virus: an experimental test Abstract: This paper examines a remedy for a defect in existing accounts of public risk perceptions. The accounts in question feature two dynamics: the affect heuristic, which emphasizes the impact of visceral feelings on information processing; and the cultural cognition thesis, which describes the tendency of individuals to form beliefs that reflect and reinforce their group commitments. The defect is the failure of these two dynamics, when combined, to explain the peculiar selectivity of public risk controversies: despite their intensity and disruptiveness, such controversies occur less frequently than the affect heuristic and the cultural cognition thesis seem to predict. To account for this aspect of public risk perceptions, the paper describes a model that adds the phenomenon of culturally antagonistic memes – argumentative tropes that fuse positions on risk with contested visions of the best life. Arising adventitiously, antagonistic memes transform affect and cultural cognition from consensus-generating, truth-convergent influences on information processing into conflictual, identity-protective ones. The paper supports this model with experimental results involving perceptions of the risk of the Zika virus: a general sample of US subjects, whose cultural orientations were measured with the Cultural Cognition Worldview Scales, formed polarized affective reactions when exposed to information that was pervaded with antagonistic memes linking Zika to global warming; when exposed to comparable information linking Zika to unlawful immigration, the opposing affective stances of the subjects flipped in direction. Normative and prescriptive implications of these results are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1260631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1260631 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:1-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seong Dae Kim Author-X-Name-First: Seong Dae Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Characterization of unknown unknowns using separation principles in case study on Deepwater Horizon oil spill Abstract: Unidentified risks, also known as unknown unknowns, have traditionally been underemphasized by risk management. Most unknown unknowns are believed to be impossible to find or imagine in advance. But this study reveals that many are not truly unidentifiable. This study develops a model using separation principles of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (whose Russian acronym is TRIZ) to explain the mechanism that makes some risks hard to find in advance and show potential areas for identifying hidden risks. The separation principles used in the model are separation by time, separation by space, separation upon condition, separation between parts and whole, and separation by perspective. It shows that some risks are hard to identify because of hidden assumptions and illustrates how separation principles can be used to formulate assumptions behind what is already known, show how the assumptions can be broken, and thus identify hidden risks. A case study illustrates how the model can be applied to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and explains why some risks in the oil rig, which were identified after the incident, were not identified in advance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 151-168 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983949 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:151-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Herrero Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Herrero Author-Name: Alberto Urueña Author-X-Name-First: Alberto Author-X-Name-Last: Urueña Author-Name: Andrea Torres Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Torres Author-Name: Antonio Hidalgo Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Hidalgo Title: My computer is infected: the role of users’ sensation seeking and domain-specific risk perceptions and risk attitudes on computer harm Abstract: Literature has traditionally shown the potentially harmful consequences of risk-taking in a variety of domains. Less scholarly attention, however, has been directed to the study of risk-taking in the computer use domain. Using scanned data from 1902 computers, we sought to analyze the potentially harmful consequences that sensation-seeking and computer use risk perceptions and attitudes had on users’ computer vulnerability. Results of the study indicated that general sensation-seeking as well as computer use risk perceptions and risk attitudes were predictive of computer harm. The general measure of sensation-seeking was predictive of both risk perceptions and risk attitudes which in turn translated into the existence of malicious software in users’ computers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1466-1479 Issue: 11 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153504 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:11:p:1466-1479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alice Hamilton-Webb Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton-Webb Author-Name: Louise Manning Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Manning Author-Name: Rhiannon Naylor Author-X-Name-First: Rhiannon Author-X-Name-Last: Naylor Author-Name: John Conway Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Conway Title: The relationship between risk experience and risk response: a study of farmers and climate change Abstract: Within the existing literature, the role of experience of risk on attitudinal and behavioural risk response has been relatively neglected. Recent research that draws on the psychological distance of climate change as a concept notes the importance of local, significant experience as a driver for encouraging appropriate response. The experience of flooding was used as the stimulus in this paper, and emphasis placed on whether direct and/or indirect experience of flood risk is associated with different responses to climate change risk. In order to explore the relationship between climate change risk experience and response in the form of on-farm mitigation and adaptation, this paper draws on a case study of farmers in England, many of whom have experienced flooding. Results from a quantitative survey undertaken with 200 farmers in Gloucestershire, England are discussed. Statistical analysis found experience of flooding to be significantly associated with a heightened concern for climate change. Although also finding an association between experience and behavioural response, the sample were most likely to be taking adaptive behaviour as part of normal practice, with factors such as lack of overall concern for climate change risk and absence of information and advice likely to be the main barriers to action. Risk communication needs to further emphasise the connection between climate change and extreme weather events to allow for farmers to perceive climate change as a relevant and locally salient phenomenon, and subsequent tailored information and advice should be offered to clearly illustrate the best means of on-farm response. Where possible, emphasis must be placed on actions that also enable adaptation to other, more immediate risks which farmers in this study more readily exhibited concern for, such as market volatility. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1379-1393 Issue: 11 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153506 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:11:p:1379-1393 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brooke Fisher Liu Author-X-Name-First: Brooke Fisher Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Holly Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Holly Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Author-Name: Elizabeth L. Petrun Sayers Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth L. Author-X-Name-Last: Petrun Sayers Author-Name: Gary Ackerman Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Ackerman Author-Name: Daniel Smith Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Irina Iles Author-X-Name-First: Irina Author-X-Name-Last: Iles Title: Preparing for the worst: public perceptions of risk management innovations Abstract: Scholars often call for research on the public’s involvement in crisis and risk mitigation. Yet, before the public can be persuaded to become involved in new mitigation initiatives, risk managers must first understand how members of the public perceive such initiatives. Grounded in diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory, this study presents insights from 70 adult residents of a US urban metro area through focus group research. Findings yield insights about public perceptions of risk management innovations including that ‘greater good’ incentives can motivate interest in innovations (more so than financial incentives), thereby extending DOI theory. In addition, participants suggested mechanisms for facilitating government transparency to encourage program participation, along with additional insights about involving the public in government-sponsored risk management innovations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1394-1417 Issue: 11 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153508 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:11:p:1394-1417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu-Shan Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yu-Shan Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Stanley Y.B. Huang Author-X-Name-First: Stanley Y.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: The effect of task-technology fit on purchase intention: The moderating role of perceived risks Abstract: Electronic commerce to date has experienced rapid growth, and online purchases have become very popular among online consumers. To successfully attract online consumers and benefit from doing so, e-tail product providers should learn about consumers’ purchase intention, its antecedents, and moderators. This study proposes a research model of purchase intention using perceived performance risk and perceived privacy risk as moderators based on a perspective of task-technology fit. In the proposed model, purchase intention is positively influenced by three antecedents: task-technology fit, perceived navigation, and perceived reputation. Each model path is moderated by perceived performance risk and perceived privacy risk, respectively. Empirically testing using a survey of 749 registered members (consumers) from the database of Taiwan’s largest e-learning commercial website confirms that task-technology fit, perceived navigation, and perceived reputation positively influence purchase intention. The relationship between task-technology fit, perceived navigation and purchase intention are significantly moderated by the perceived performance risk and perceived privacy risk. Finally, managerial implications and limitations of our findings are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1418-1438 Issue: 11 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1165281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1165281 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:11:p:1418-1438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sanne Vammen Larsen Author-X-Name-First: Sanne Vammen Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen Title: The challenges of risk society for impact assessment Abstract: This paper takes its point of departure in Ulrich Beck’s theory of risk society and the aspects that characterise this society. The paper puts forward a hypothesis, on which theoretical challenges the characteristics of risk society pose to impact assessment as a decision support tool; namely, the challenge of delivering assessments and predictions and the challenge of handling differences of opinion and debate. Through a case example of integration of climate change in strategic environmental assessment, the paper uses empirical evidence from a survey and a series of interviews to carry out a preliminary discussion of how the theoretical challenges are reflected in practice. The case study results show that the challenge of delivering assessments and predictions in a risk society is reflected in the current state of practice, while the challenge of handling differences of opinion and debate is not clearly reflected. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1439-1449 Issue: 11 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1178660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1178660 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:11:p:1439-1449 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kaori Kitagawa Author-X-Name-First: Kaori Author-X-Name-Last: Kitagawa Author-Name: John Preston Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Preston Author-Name: Charlotte Chadderton Author-X-Name-First: Charlotte Author-X-Name-Last: Chadderton Title: Preparing for disaster: a comparative analysis of education for critical infrastructure collapse Abstract: This article explores policy approaches to educating populations for potential critical infrastructure collapse in five different countries: the UK, the US, Germany, Japan and New Zealand. ‘Critical infrastructure’ is not always easy to define, and indeed is defined slightly differently across countries – it includes entities vital to life, such as utilities (water, energy), transportation systems and communications, and may also include social and cultural infrastructure. The article is a mapping exercise of different approaches to critical infrastructure protection and preparedness education by the five countries. The exercise facilitates a comparison of the countries and enables us to identify distinctive characteristics of each country’s approach. We argue that contrary to what most scholars of security have argued, these national approaches diverge greatly, suggesting that they are shaped more by internal politics and culture than by global approaches. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1450-1465 Issue: 11 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1178661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1178661 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:11:p:1450-1465 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Author-Name: Anne Katrin Schlag Author-X-Name-First: Anne Katrin Author-X-Name-Last: Schlag Title: Looking back and going forward: what should the new European Commission do in order to promote evidence-based policy-making? Abstract: In this paper, we first give an overview of what has happened in Europe within the area of regulation over the past 5 years or so. We then examine where the new European Commission and the Parliament are with regard to evidence-based and risk-informed policy-making taking a specific look at the importance of transparency among European regulatory agencies, the calls for better regulation that were initiated by First Vice President Timmermans, and the continued mis-use of the precautionary principle. In the final section, we provide a number of recommendations on what the Commission and the Parliament should do going forward including moving away from fish bowl to science-based transparency, making the member states more receptive to science-based policy-making and strengthening the capacity of the European Commission to further promote evidence-based and risk-informed policy-making. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1359-1378 Issue: 11 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1178663 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1178663 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:11:p:1359-1378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chantal Michel Author-X-Name-First: Chantal Author-X-Name-Last: Michel Author-Name: Christine Kutschal Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Kutschal Author-Name: Benno G. Schimmelmann Author-X-Name-First: Benno G. Author-X-Name-Last: Schimmelmann Author-Name: Frauke Schultze-Lutter Author-X-Name-First: Frauke Author-X-Name-Last: Schultze-Lutter Title: Convergent and concurrent validity of the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire as a screener for psychosis risk Abstract: For the broad identification of a risk for a serious mental disorder, valid and reliable screeners are needed to detect those most likely benefitting from a time-consuming and costly in-depth clinical assessment. In the early detection of psychoses, multiple screeners for an ultra-high-risk have already been suggested. Yet, no screener explicitly targets an increased risk according to the basic symptoms (BS) criteria. We therefore explored the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire (FCQ) as a potential screener for BS in comparison with their gold standard clinical assessment using the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI-A/SPI-CY) by examining its convergent (agreement between screener and gold standard, calculated by the overall percentages of agreement between FCQ and SPI-A/SPI-CY) and concurrent (degree to which a screener can identify individuals with the target condition, examined by diagnostic accuracy measures calculated using thresholds of receiver operating characteristic curves) validity. The sample consisted of 81 patients of a psychosis early detection service (41 with an at-risk mental state or psychosis, and 40 with a nonpsychotic mental disorder). Only two visual perception disturbances reached a beyond-chance level of agreement between FCQ and SPI-A/SPI-CY. For the BS criteria ‘cognitive perceptive basic symptoms’ and ‘cognitive disturbances’, only insufficient agreement between assessment techniques was detected with Cohen’s kappa being 0.228 and 0.130, respectively, with an overestimation by the FCQ. Diagnostic likelihood ratios indicated only a clinically irrelevant increase in the probability of detecting BS criteria; thus, the concurrent validity of both the total of all and of only criteria-relevant FCQ items was insufficient. Both concurrent and convergent validity of the FCQ were poor, and the FCQ dramatically overestimated clinician-assessed risk. Our results suggest that the FCQ should not be used as a screener for BS criteria and that the convergent validity is not guaranteed on the basis of face validity alone, but has to be formally assessed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1480-1496 Issue: 11 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1179209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1179209 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:11:p:1480-1496 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leonie Kaphahn Author-X-Name-First: Leonie Author-X-Name-Last: Kaphahn Author-Name: Louis Brennan Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Brennan Title: Reassessing the risk conditions for political instability in the light of the Arab Spring Abstract: In today’s globalized world, multinational firms contend with a diverse set of risk factors in their worldwide operations. The recent regime changes in northern African countries, also called the Arab Spring, have highlighted that political instability is one of these factors. As researchers and existing indices of political instability largely failed to predict those developments, firms had not incorporated them into their risk calculations and hence incurred losses while having to adapt their operations. This paper examines the conditions that contributed to the recent instability in North Africa using Tunisia and Egypt as case studies. It evaluates the extent to which existing measures of political instability incorporate those conditions. The analysis reveals that the main conditions contributing to the political turmoil can be seen in socio-economic factors, namely inequality, poverty, youth unemployment, a growing youth population, and especially in the case of Egypt an independent military. These findings reveal gaps in current measures of political instability, whose dominant focus is on factors describing violence and changes in the political system while neglecting the influence of a country’s socio-economic environment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1497-1515 Issue: 11 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1179211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1179211 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:11:p:1497-1515 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Corrigendum Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: i-i Issue: 11 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1367080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1367080 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:11:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah C. Jenkins Author-X-Name-First: Sarah C. Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins Author-Name: Adam J. L. Harris Author-X-Name-First: Adam J. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: R. Murray Lark Author-X-Name-First: R. Murray Author-X-Name-Last: Lark Title: When unlikely outcomes occur: the role of communication format in maintaining communicator credibility Abstract: The public expects science to reduce or eliminate uncertainty, yet scientific forecasts are probabilistic (at best) and it is simply not possible to make predictions with certainty. Whilst an ‘unlikely’ outcome is not expected to occur, an ‘unlikely’ outcome will still occur one in five times (based on a translation of 20%), according to a frequentist perspective. When an ‘unlikely’ outcome does occur, the prediction may be deemed ‘erroneous’, reflecting a misunderstanding of the nature of uncertainty. Such misunderstandings could have ramifications for the subsequent (perceived) credibility of the communicator who made such a prediction. We examine whether the effect of ‘erroneous’ predictions on perceived credibility differs according to the communication format used. Specifically, we consider verbal, numerical (point and range [wide/narrow]) and mixed format probability expressions. We consistently find that subsequent perceptions are least affected by the ‘erroneous’ prediction when it is expressed numerically, regardless of whether it is a point or range estimate. Our findings suggest numbers should be used in consequential risk communications regarding ‘unlikely’ events, wherever possible. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 537-554 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1440415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1440415 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:537-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam J. L. Harris Author-X-Name-First: Adam J. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: Oliver Sildmäe Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Sildmäe Author-Name: Maarten Speekenbrink Author-X-Name-First: Maarten Author-X-Name-Last: Speekenbrink Author-Name: Ulrike Hahn Author-X-Name-First: Ulrike Author-X-Name-Last: Hahn Title: The potential power of experience in communications of expert consensus levels Abstract: Understanding the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change has been dubbed a ‘gateway belief’ to engaging people in sustainable behaviour. We consider the question of how the impact of a consensus communication can be maximised. Firstly, the credibility of the communicator should be maximised. One way of achieving this is to present the opinions of a sample of scientists directly to individuals. The decision-making literature suggests that such a technique will confer an additional advantage over standard descriptions of consensus (e.g. ‘97% of scientists agree’). In decision-making research, low probabilities tend to be overweighted when probabilities are described, but underweighted when probability information is experienced. Consequently, statements of high consensus may lead to an overweighting of the dissensus, a phenomenon that may be reversed were the consensus to be ‘experienced.’ We obtain some positive support for our proposal that consensus is best ‘experienced’ in one of two experiments. We suggest that the lack of stronger positive support could relate to ceiling effects for the topics studied and propose that investigation of effective methods for ‘experiencing’ the consensus is a fruitful area for future research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 593-609 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1440416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1440416 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:593-609 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jon Roozenbeek Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Roozenbeek Author-Name: Sander van der Linden Author-X-Name-First: Sander Author-X-Name-Last: van der Linden Title: The fake news game: actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation Abstract: The rapid spread of online misinformation poses an increasing risk to societies worldwide. To help counter this, we developed a ‘fake news game’ in which participants are actively tasked with creating a news article about a strongly politicized issue (the European refugee crisis) using misleading tactics, from the perspective of different types of fake news producers. To pilot test the efficacy of the game, we conducted a randomized field study (N = 95) in a public high school setting. Results provide some preliminary evidence that playing the fake news game reduced the perceived reliability and persuasiveness of fake news articles. Overall, these findings suggest that educational games may be a promising vehicle to inoculate the public against fake news. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 570-580 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1443491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1443491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:570-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ondřej Kácha Author-X-Name-First: Ondřej Author-X-Name-Last: Kácha Author-Name: Kai Ruggeri Author-X-Name-First: Kai Author-X-Name-Last: Ruggeri Title: Nudging intrinsic motivation in environmental risk and social policy Abstract: Public and private institutions implement behavioral insights into policies to manage risks associated with environmental and social challenges. However, many such policies rely on providing external incentives, which inhibits sustained behavior change. We propose that message framing can be used to leverage intrinsic motivation toward pro-environmental and pro-social behaviors. Designing messages to raise feelings of autonomous choice has been shown to catalyze intrinsic engagement in promoted activities. We carried out a six-week randomized controlled trial (N = 128) to compare effects between autonomy-supportive messages and messages that contained social norms. Outcomes focused on engagement in sustainable behaviors, such as limiting electricity consumption and opting for locally produced goods. There were no significant differences in intrinsic motivation, participation in sustainable behaviors, or well-being for those frames, yet we observed moderate-to-strong relationships between these variables. While this indicates the specific intervention was not effective at inducing change, it is clear that effective risk policies should leverage intrinsic motivation to act sustainably. Harnessing the power of intrinsic motives will have a great chance at inducing lasting social change as well as improving well-being. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 581-592 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459799 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1459799 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:581-592 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sigrid Møyner Hohle Author-X-Name-First: Sigrid Møyner Author-X-Name-Last: Hohle Author-Name: Karl Halvor Teigen Author-X-Name-First: Karl Halvor Author-X-Name-Last: Teigen Title: When probabilities change: perceptions and implications of trends in uncertain climate forecasts Abstract: Past research has revealed a trend effect when people are faced with a revised probabilistic forecast: A forecasted event that has become more (vs. less) certain is taken to signal a trend toward even stronger (weaker) certainty in future revisions of the forecast. The present paper expands this finding by exploring the boundary conditions of the trend effect and how it affects judgments of the forecaster. In Study 1, the trend effect was shown to persist when receivers process the forecast more deliberately, by considering reasons for the revision. In Study 2, trend continuation was predicted even when the two forecasts were made by different experts at different points in time. Study 3 demonstrated that the effect disappears when receivers are given an earlier forecast disrupting the linearity of the trend (e.g. a 60–70% sequence preceded by a 70% forecast). In Study 4, two forecasters were perceived as more in agreement when revising divergent probabilities in the same rather than in opposite directions. If the event occurs, a forecast with downgraded probability (e.g. from 50 to 40%) was judged to be less accurate than an equally uncertain single forecast (40%). These results demonstrate the robustness of the trend effect based on two forecasts, affecting not only receivers’ expectations of what comes next, but also their perceptions of the forecaster and of forecast accuracy. The findings have implications for how people communicate and understand risks and other uncertain events in areas such as climate science, weather prediction and societal risk assessments. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 555-569 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1459801 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:555-569 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rouven Doran Author-X-Name-First: Rouven Author-X-Name-Last: Doran Author-Name: Gisela Böhm Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Böhm Author-Name: Hans-Rüdiger Pfister Author-X-Name-First: Hans-Rüdiger Author-X-Name-Last: Pfister Author-Name: Katharine Steentjes Author-X-Name-First: Katharine Author-X-Name-Last: Steentjes Author-Name: Nick Pidgeon Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Pidgeon Title: Consequence evaluations and moral concerns about climate change: insights from nationally representative surveys across four European countries Abstract: This paper examines consequence evaluations and moral concerns about climate change across four European countries. Data from nationally representative samples (each n > 1000) were analysed in order to explore the relative importance of consequences versus morality in explaining public support for different climate policies. Most respondents expected climate change to have largely negative consequences for their respective country. Climate change consequences were viewed most negatively in Germany, followed by France, the U.K. and Norway. While the vast majority of respondents expressed at least some degree of moral concern about climate change, a notable minority in each sample stated that they have no such concerns. Moral concerns were highest in France, followed by the U.K. and Norway, and lowest in Germany. It was found that both judgements explain support for policies that aim to mitigate climate change or aim to adapt to the impacts of climate change. However, our results further suggest that moral concern was a stronger predictor of policy support than consequence evaluations. If at all, consequence evaluations were more likely to predict policy support in Germany and Norway than in the U.K. and France. Overall, policies that involved subsidies received the strongest support, whereas policies involving individual costs received the least support. This research broadens our understanding of the intertwining between risk perceptions and public support for climate policies, documenting variability across and within countries. Implications for policy-makers with an interest in communicating climate change risks to the broader public audience are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 610-626 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1473468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1473468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:610-626 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Tobias Karg Author-X-Name-First: Simon Tobias Author-X-Name-Last: Karg Author-Name: Aaron Wiener-Blotner Author-X-Name-First: Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Wiener-Blotner Author-Name: Simone Schnall Author-X-Name-First: Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Schnall Title: Disgust sensitivity is associated with heightened risk perception Abstract: Disgust is a versatile emotion that is not only elicited by threats to one’s physical health but that has also recently been linked to social and especially moral concerns. Building on the hypothesis that disgust can be seen as part of a broader loss aversion system, four studies demonstrate that disgust sensitivity is linked to heightened risk perception. A preliminary study and Study 1 established a moderate correlation of disgust sensitivity with risk perception. Studies 2 and 3 confirmed the effect while controlling for potential affective influences, including current mood, or trait anxiety, respectively. Importantly, we find that the correlation is also independent of gender and age, and that disgust sensitivity is associated with a broad range of risk domains, including recreational, social, ethical, financial, and health and safety risks. Therefore, disgust may be part of a general risk aversion mechanism aimed at guiding behavior in uncertain situations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 627-642 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1474244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1474244 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:627-642 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bjørn Gunnar M. Isaksen Author-X-Name-First: Bjørn Gunnar Author-X-Name-Last: M. Isaksen Author-Name: Ken R. McNaught Author-X-Name-First: Ken R. Author-X-Name-Last: McNaught Title: Uncertainty handling in estimative intelligence – challenges and requirements from both analyst and consumer perspectives Abstract: Important assessments of events and activities relating to military, terrorist and hybrid adversaries and the intentions of foreign governments, are made every day, usually involving subjective or ‘estimative’ probabilities and an associated level of confidence. The way in which these uncertainties are accessed and communicated can potentially have enormous impact and consequences. Challenges are reinforced by increasingly complex intelligence problems for which the contemporary analytic paradigm is not tailored to cope. It is important to better understand how defence intelligence analysts and consumers handle uncertainty in their assessment and decision support activities and what challenges and requirements they face in doing so. This is mainly achieved by the use of semi-structured interviews with a sample of very senior consumers of military intelligence (mostly Flag Officers of the Norwegian Armed Forces) and focus group interviews with groups of Norwegian intelligence analysts. In general, respondents found it difficult or challenging to conceptualize uncertainty analytically. This has implications for the communication of uncertainty and its use in decision-making within the current framework. Secondly, respondents were receptive to suggested potential improvements to the existing framework. One such suggestion involved a differentiated framework, offering different levels of uncertainty resolution in different situations, although none of the respondents had any experience of such a framework for assessing or communicating uncertainty. We conclude with some recommendations to improve the process of uncertainty and risk communication in this important and consequential application area. Having particular implications for policy, we recommend that analysts follow a differentiated approach in handling different situations and problems comprising uncertainty, rather than pursuing a standard solution as is current practice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 643-657 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1474245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1474245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:643-657 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Jansen Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Jansen Author-Name: Liesbeth Claassen Author-X-Name-First: Liesbeth Author-X-Name-Last: Claassen Author-Name: Irene van Kamp Author-X-Name-First: Irene Author-X-Name-Last: van Kamp Author-Name: Daniëlle R. M. Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: Daniëlle R. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Timmermans Title: Understanding of the concept of ‘uncertain risk’. A qualitative study among different societal groups Abstract: In environmental health science, the concept ‘uncertain risk’ refers to situations in which epistemic uncertainties prevent definitive statements about the presence or existence of risk. The concept is difficult for risk communication and may easily lead to miscommunications and misunderstanding. This research investigated how the concept of uncertain risk is understood by different societal groups. We conducted in-depth interviews with the general public (N = 40), and online open-ended questionnaires and online focus groups with scientists, policy makers and communication experts (N = 49). Results show that the understanding of ‘uncertain risk’ varied within and between groups. While at least some representatives of all groups described epistemic uncertainties, groups focused on different aspects of risk. That is, scientists based their descriptions only on uncertainties in risk assessment. Policy makers commonly indicated that these uncertainties caused uncertainty in risk management. Communication experts mainly gave general descriptions, but recognized aspects that were important for other groups. Representatives of the general public often described aspects that deviate from the scientific understanding, such as a lack of personal control. In risk communication, stating that ‘a risk cannot be excluded’ is not clear. Different associations and understanding have to be taken into account in risk communication. Explicating uncertainties may improve consistent understanding and foster a more balanced dialogue between different societal groups. Further (empirical) research is needed to demonstrate if and how explicating evidence and uncertainties in specific cases of uncertain risks improves understanding within and between groups. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 658-672 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1503614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1503614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:658-672 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sander van der Linden Author-X-Name-First: Sander Author-X-Name-Last: van der Linden Author-Name: Ragnar Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Title: Editorial: The Cambridge Risk and Uncertainty Conference (RUC) Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 535-536 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1607890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1607890 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:535-536 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wafik Hachicha Author-X-Name-First: Wafik Author-X-Name-Last: Hachicha Author-Name: Manel Elmsalmi Author-X-Name-First: Manel Author-X-Name-Last: Elmsalmi Title: An integrated approach based-structural modeling for risk prioritization in supply network management Abstract: Supply networks are complex and suffer always from various risks. An effective supply chain management requires suitable strategies to mitigate them. In previous literature, there has been a range of research into risk in firms but little in supply networks. This can be explained due to the huge number of risk variables and their direct and indirect interrelations that may suffer all supply chain partners (firms). Therefore, for better risk mitigation, a risk prioritization step is vital. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to propose a new integrated approach based on two structural modeling tools. Firstly, interpretive structural modeling has been used to present a hierarchical model showing the interrelationships between the risk sources. Secondly, MICMAC analysis has been used to quantify and classify the risk variables based on their mutual influence and dependence. The objective is to ascertain the key risk variables and theirs relationships. These prioritized risk variables provide a useful tool to supply network managers to focus on those key variables that are most essential for effective risk management strategies. A real case study in food industry is provided in order to illustrate the application of the proposed approach. The findings may be useful to the practitioners in risk management and may also interest academicians, since the method used here can be applied in other areas of industrial management as well. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1301-1324 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.841734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.841734 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1301-1324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erika Wall Author-X-Name-First: Erika Author-X-Name-Last: Wall Title: Sense-making of risk and role-taking emotions: how young Swedes construe road traffic risk Abstract: The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of how young people make sense of traffic risk. The study also aims to contribute to current theory by refining the concept of ‘sense-making of risk’. The focus is to explore, empirically as well as theoretically, how role-taking emotions can contribute to this particular area of research. In order to chart both the sense-making of social interaction and the respondents’ subjective sense of traffic risk, the present study used both in-depth interviews and focus group interviews: the in-depth interviews comprised a total of 11 interviews with as many interviewees, while a total of 36 people were included in the eight focus group interviews. All interviewees were Swedish residents aged between 16 and 20. It is found that by adopting the perspective afforded by theory of emotion, it is possible to deepen our knowledge of individual sense-making of risk. Both primary emotions and role-taking emotions seem to be central to how young Swedes form their understanding of traffic risk. A focus on role-taking emotions reveals the value of indirect social interaction for the individual’s sense-making of risk in general, and adds to our knowledge of the individual’s sense-making of traffic risk in particular. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1285-1299 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.879487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.879487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1285-1299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olja Čokorilo Author-X-Name-First: Olja Author-X-Name-Last: Čokorilo Author-Name: Mario De Luca Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: De Luca Author-Name: Gianluca Dell’Acqua Author-X-Name-First: Gianluca Author-X-Name-Last: Dell’Acqua Title: Aircraft safety analysis using clustering algorithms Abstract: In recent years, there have been many cost-benefit studies on aviation safety, which deal mainly with economic issues, omitting some strictly technical aspects. This study compares aircraft accidents in relation to the characteristics of the aircraft, environmental conditions, route, and traffic type. The study was conducted using a database of over 1500 aircraft accidents worldwide, occurring between 1985 and 2010. The data were processed and then aggregated into groups, using cluster analysis based on an algorithm of partition binary ‘Hard c means.’ For each cluster, the ‘cluster representative’ accident was identified as the average of all the different characteristics of the accident. Moreover, a ‘hazard index’ was defined for each cluster (according to annual movements); using this index, it was possible to establish the dangerousness of each ‘cluster’ in terms of aviation accidents. Obtained results allowed the construction of an easy-to-use predictive model for accidents using multivariate analysis. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1325-1340 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2013.879493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2013.879493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1325-1340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Kasperson Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Kasperson Title: Four questions for risk communication Abstract: Over the past nearly 30 years, a flood of work on risk communication initiatives and analyses has appeared. And yet the practice of risk communication by corporations, federal agencies, and ideal government in many respect seem little changed from practice decades ago. The time is overdue to address some tough questions for the architects and craftsmen who shape and implement the practice of risk communication. This retrospective proceeds with four major questions:What major successes and failures can we point to that shed light on what has been learned and not learned since the 1989 NRC report?Assessing and communicating uncertainty often befuddles decision-makers and risk managers. How are these needs handled, and how well, in current practice and analysis? How can we do better?While risks are an inescapable part of the governance and democratic process, the reservoir of social trust is and has been in long-term decline. How successfully is declining trust handled in risk governance processes?Can the lessons learned and answers to the above be translated into a new list of principles for risk communication going forward?We take up these four questions in sequence. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1233-1239 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.900207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.900207 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1233-1239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: More questions than answers: a response to ‘Four questions for risk communication’ by Roger Kasperson (2014) Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1241-1243 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.913668 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.913668 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1241-1243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph Árvai Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Árvai Title: The end of risk communication as we know it Abstract: According to the US National Research Council, risk communication ought to be viewed as a dialogue among people conducted to help facilitate a more accurate understanding of risks and, related, the decisions they may make to manage them. But, in spite of this widely accepted perspective on risk communication, there is often a disconnect between how it is defined and how it is practiced. Rather than focusing on a true dialogue aimed at improving risk assessments and risk management decisions, risk communication is often viewed as means of simply educating people about existing risk assessments so that, on their own, they might make (or contribute to) better risk management decisions. More worrisome, risk communication is still often seen as a means of ‘correcting’ misconceptions about, or perceptions of, risk; in other words, risk communication is used as a vehicle for attempting to align lay perceptions with their expertly assessed severity. In this paper, I argue that risk communication must become more decision-focused if it is to meet the objectives set forth – in 1989 – by the US National Research Council. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1245-1249 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.919519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.919519 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1245-1249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ann Bostrom Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Bostrom Title: Progress in risk communication since the 1989 NRC report: response to ‘Four questions for risk communication’ by Roger Kasperson Abstract: While lauding research progress in risk communication, Roger Kasperson despairs of change in risk communication practices. Advances are nevertheless evident on several fronts, including the development and application of pragmatic and evidence-driven approaches to risk communication design, implementation of new engagement strategies, and efforts to communicate uncertainty. Systematic reviews in risk communication research are starting to appear, and will likely help clarify the lessons to be learned. Progress in these areas suggests building on current momentum by continuing to encourage: (1) systematic reviews of research and trends in risk communication; (2) judgment and decision-making research to inform risk communication design; and (3) integrative risk communication research, across disciplines and application domains. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1259-1264 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.923032 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.923032 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1259-1264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Baruch Fischhoff Author-X-Name-First: Baruch Author-X-Name-Last: Fischhoff Title: Four answers to four questions (about risk communication) Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1265-1267 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.940598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.940598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1265-1267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nick Pidgeon Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Pidgeon Title: Complexity, uncertainty and future risks Abstract: Roger Kasperson’s paper prompts us to reflect on whether traditional risk communication tools and approaches might be inadequate for many of the tasks now emerging. One can point to the increasingly complex nature of some technological and environmental hazards; the need to scrutinise emerging technologies upstream of significant applications; and fundamental changes to risk identities within society. Perhaps, we now genuinely face a risk society, exemplified by the dysfunction of global financial systems, extreme inequalities and encroaching environmental threats, alongside the unwinding of traditional social identities? Strategic capacity to address many of these fundamental risk challenges is lacking. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1269-1271 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.940599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.940599 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1269-1271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine A. McComas Author-X-Name-First: Katherine A. Author-X-Name-Last: McComas Title: Perspective on ‘Four Questions for Risk Communication’ Abstract: In his essay, ‘Four Questions for Risk Communication,’ Roger Kasperson challenges the risk communication community to take better stock of the lessons it’s learned over the past several decades. Implicated are the failure of many to reap the rewards or benefits of our field’s discoveries and the attendant responsibility we collectively bear in not communicating them well enough. Less a scolding than a call to action, Kasperson thoughtfully reflects on his four questions before offering some summary principles. In so doing, he has initiated a conversation that offers some key points of reflection on where our community stands today and where we might be going. Neither exhaustive in its scope nor patronizing in his directives, his essay is an invitation – a nudge – to begin a dialog on these issues and become more mindful of our own successes and failures in risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1273-1276 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.940600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.940600 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1273-1276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Four questions for risk communication: a response to Roger Kasperson Abstract: Based on an inclusive view of communication, the article claims that the ultimate goal of risk communication is to assist stakeholders and the public at large in understanding the rationale of a risk-based (risk-informed) decision, and to arrive at a balanced judgment that reflects the factual evidence about the matter at hand in relation to their own interests and values. Given this purpose of risk communication, the article by Roger Kasperson addresses four important issues: persistence for being effective, managing uncertainty, enhancing trust, and creating new principles for a democratic, fair, and knowledgeable communication process. All four aspects are of critical importance for the discussion on risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1277-1281 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.940601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.940601 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1277-1281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamie K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Title: Sociocultural vectors of effective risk communication Abstract: Kasperson’s reflections on the ‘state of the art’ in risk communication thinking and practice set out an ambitious programmatic vision of how future progress in effective risk communication might be achieved. In this critical but supportive response, I first outline two perspectives on how progress in risk communication might be evaluated. This is followed by some discussion relating these issues to the sociocultural nature of risk communication thinking and practice, and the normative basis of underlying assumptions and ideas of effectiveness. It is suggested that inasmuch as the practical application of effective risk communication requires knowledge of human thinking and behaviour, then further considerations of some sociocultural regularities, contingencies and varieties in risk communication thinking and behaviour within particular contexts should also have practical applications. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1251-1257 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.942498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.942498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1251-1257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Kasperson Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Kasperson Title: Commentary on commentaries Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1283-1284 Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.965502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.965502 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:1283-1284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 10 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.976040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.976040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:17:y:2014:i:10:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dean Curran Author-X-Name-First: Dean Author-X-Name-Last: Curran Title: Beck’s creative challenge to class analysis: from the rejection of class to the discovery of risk-class Abstract: Beck’s rejection of the relevance of class in Risk Society has had an immense impact on both the fields of class analysis and the sociology of risk. In outlining a novel theory of the systemic importance of risks as side-effects and in making bold claims about how the production and distribution of risks are undermining class inequalities, Beck posed a highly influential challenge to both risk and class studies. Beck’s impact on class analysis however has not been mainly due to widespread acceptance of his original claims about risk and class; rather, it has been research building upon Beck’s work so as to critically depart from his conclusions through which Beck has made his contributions to the study of class. In seeking to identify the impact of Beck’s work on the study of risk and class, this paper, firstly, outlines Beck’s challenge to class analysis. It then proceeds to identify three key areas of research whose development was motivated by their critical engagement with Beck’s work: the literature on risk and the continuity of class; the critical theory of the individualization of class inequality; and the political economy of risk-class. This paper then concludes by critically evaluating Beck’s more recent, partial acknowledgement of risk inequalities by arguing that there are significant limitations in his account of class, but that his work continues to offer a valuable opportunity to inspire future work on class and inequality. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 29-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:29-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joy Y. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Joy Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Cosmopolitan risk community in a bowl: a case study of China’s good food movement Abstract: Ulrich Beck fundamentally transformed our way of thinking about human interdependence through his three core theses on risk, individualisation and cosmopolitanisation. However, two commonly observed deficiencies in Beck’s grand theory were its Eurocentric orientation and a lack of empirical grounding. Based on 5 focus groups and 14 interviews with participants of the emerging Clean Food Movement in China, this paper extends the Beckian discussion outside Europe. Through examining how individuals understand both ‘traditional’ and ‘new’ risks associated with contemporary food consumption, this paper demonstrates that in the face of unpredictable and incalculable harms, risks are not seen as a ‘thing’, but are translated into ‘causal relations’. Subsequently, for Chinese stakeholders, the best way to safeguard food risks is to enact more visible and functioning interdependent relations in the food system. This in turn has given rise to new forms of communities which cut across conventional geographic, socio-economic and political boundaries. The paper deepens a Beckian theorisation in two ways. First, it demonstrates that the ‘enabling’ effect of risk towards a cosmopolitan society is not limited to obvious global crises, such as climate catastrophes and financial meltdown. In fact, the mundane yet intimate concern of putting ‘good’ food in one’s dinner bowl already presses actors to form new social solidarities that are cosmopolitan in nature. Second, it goes beyond Beck’s assertion that the risk society has culminated in a cosmopolitan moment, and explores how a performative cosmopolitan community reshapes the ‘relations of definition’ to mitigate risks on the ground. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 68-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:68-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Levy Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Levy Title: Risk and the cosmopolitanization of solidarities Abstract: For classical sociologists, national solidarity was a response to the risks and uncertainties of modernity. National solidarity was said to provide the foundations for social order and justice (Durkheim), serve as the basis for political legitimacy (Weber), and address issues of (in)equality (Marx). Throughout the twentieth century, national solidarity seemed to perform these functions adequately, if often at the expense of those not belonging to the national community. However, with the demise of progress as a cultural prophylaxis to contain the future, it is often said that newly emergent world risks spell the end of solidarity. On this view, risk, individualization, and the cosmopolitanization of life worlds are contributing to the fragmentation of societies and pushing solidarity toward expiration. Yet, this jeremiad is based on an anachronistic notion of solidarity, which does not account for the recent adaptations of nationhood. In contrast, I argue that new global risks are not detrimental to the notion of solidarity but rather serve as a precondition for the emergence of cosmopolitanized solidarities. Global culture and political norms from human rights to environmentalism have catalyzed a reimagining of nationhood itself. In order to grasp new forms of solidarity which buttress this reimagined nationhood, I draw on Ulrich Beck’s distinction between three historically specific iterations of the concept of risk, as something that: can be calculated; is malign and incalculable; has the potential to generate goods. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 56-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1359202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1359202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:56-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anders Blok Author-X-Name-First: Anders Author-X-Name-Last: Blok Title: The politics of urban climate risks: theoretical and empirical lessons from Ulrich Beck’s methodological cosmopolitanism Abstract: In the face of global climate risks, world cities increasingly figure in academic and policy discourse as strategic spaces for harnessing the expertise and governance capacity needed to steer societies toward more sustainable and low-carbon futures. This article reviews existing approaches to the study of urban climate politics, by way of asking what contribution Ulrich Beck’s theory of world risk society – and principles of methodological cosmopolitanism – make to such epochal conversations? Three main analytical frameworks stand out: low-carbon transition literature highlight generic processes of socio-technical ‘greening’ of urban infrastructures; urban policy mobility work documents growing intercity networks around climate and sustainability; and actor–network theory-informed takes on urban controversies engage the localized politics of specific city-based ‘riskscapes’. While each framework makes valuable contributions, this article suggests that all of them remain under-theorized from the point of view of the specific dynamics of local–global interdependencies in urban climate risk politics. In response, the article draws on Beck in outlining the contours of new urban–cosmopolitan risk communities. To this effect, empirical studies into large-scale East Asian and European port cities is used to illustrate how a shared transnational risk imaginary (e.g. of future sea-level rises) may help spur collective action and new forms of trans-boundary solidarity. Reflecting on such research practices, the article ends by pointing to the need for reworking methods of (multi-sited) ethnography and comparison as central parts of realizing Ulrich Beck’s cosmopolitan sociology in the domain of urban climate risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 41-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1359203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1359203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:41-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mads P. Sørensen Author-X-Name-First: Mads P. Author-X-Name-Last: Sørensen Title: Ulrich Beck: exploring and contesting risk Abstract: While risk research normally understands risk as an entity that can be calculated using statistics and probabilities – and which therefore also can become the object of insurance technology – it is the production of new, non-calculable risks and therefore also risks that cannot be insured against, which is at the centre of Ulrich Beck’s risk society theory. The article examines Beck’s conceptualization of risk and discusses how he has clarified and further refined the concept since publishing Risk Society in 1986. The article shows, first, how Beck understands risk as an entity that is neither danger nor risk in the traditional sense but rather something in between, which he refers to as ‘man-made disasters’ and ‘new risks’. The discussion then addresses Beck’s position in relation to the ontological status of risk, which is an intermediate position between realism and constructivism. The non-calculability and non-insurability of the new risks are also examined. The article discusses what it means that the new risks are not visible and the significance of non-knowledge for how we understand them. Finally, the new conditions of existence for politics, states and individuals are outlined in the aftermath of Beck’s risk society theory. The article concludes with a discussion of the analytical potential of the theory. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 6-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1359204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1359204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:6-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Burgess Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Burgess Title: Individualization revisited: global family developments, uncertainty and risk Abstract: As part of our special issue appreciating the work of Ulrich Beck, this article introduces and rearticulates his concept of individualization for an audience beyond those engaged with sociological theory. It is argued to be the ‘forgotten half’ of Beck’s approach that is in particular need of both restatement and reaffirmation of its contemporary relevance. It does so by firstly contextualizing and explaining its comparatively limited impact before elaborating the stages of the individualizing process and how his key notion of ‘disembedding without re-embedding’ is distinct from traditional sociological understanding of the individualizing dynamic within modernity. Its relevance and utility is then indicated through surveying developments in family and affective relations in China and America, two of Beck’s ideal types of individualization pattern. Both demonstrate a pattern of radical ‘disembedding’, and a conscious and partial ‘re-embedding’ in the case of the ‘neo-traditional’ American middle-class family. Following this, the article suggests a stronger potential connection between the risk and individualization dimensions of his approach than was drawn out by Beck himself, through focusing upon the uncertainty created by disembedding. The uncertainty that follows from individualization suggests precautionary retreat into security and the construction of risk as a means of embodying and managing uncertainty. Recognition of this social dynamic is potentially more useful in understanding risk than the better-known but very general theory of reflexive modernization that is the other half of Beck’s contribution to risk research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 83-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1359205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1359205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:83-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabe Mythen Author-X-Name-First: Gabe Author-X-Name-Last: Mythen Title: Thinking with Ulrich Beck: security, terrorism and transformation Abstract: Ulrich Beck is considered to be one of the most innovative and provocative social science thinkers of the last 50 years. His landmark contribution, Risk Society: Toward a New Modernity, sought to capture the underlying dynamics of the late twentieth century, drawing attention to the anthropogenic dangers generated by capitalist modernization. First published in Germany in 1986 under the title Risikogesellschaft, the best-selling book was translated into several languages and thrust Beck into the academic spotlight. The social and institutional critique presented in Risk Society caused ripples that spread way beyond academia, with the risk society thesis becoming the subject of widespread debate. However, in the field of risk research, Beck’s work has received a mixed reception. While some scholars have contested the foundational claims made in the risk society thesis, others have actively deployed the framework to analyze various incidents, processes, and transitions. Rather than seeking to cast judgment on the value of Beck’s overall contribution to studies of risk in the social sciences, this article seeks to actively deploy three concepts developed by Beck over the course of his career: staging; organized irresponsibility, and emancipatory catastrophism. In order to elucidate the explanatory capacity of these concepts, the phenomenon of terrorism is used as a touchstone for discussion. Following on from this – and as a means of extending appreciation of Beck’s work in risk studies – key areas worthy of further excavation are identified. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 17-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1362028 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1362028 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:17-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gabe Mythen Author-X-Name-First: Gabe Author-X-Name-Last: Mythen Author-Name: Adam Burgess Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Burgess Author-Name: Jamie K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Title: The prophecy of Ulrich Beck: signposts for the social sciences Abstract: This special issue on the legacy of Ulrich Beck is aimed to stimulate reflection both on the specific uses to which Beck’s conceptual and theoretical apparatus can be put within risk studies and the wider significance of his academic project for the social sciences. In this end-piece, we draw out the key themes which surface in the different contributions relating to five particular areas: the nature of risk; advancements in methods; issues of non-knowledge and uncertainty; the development of cosmopolitan risk communities; and the situated character of individualization. We discuss the implications of the accounts contained in this special issue and reflect on the impact and influence of Beck’s sustained engagement with colleagues around the globe, concluding that the concepts and methods that Beck bequeathed the social sciences are set to live on and thrive. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 96-100 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1362029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1362029 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:96-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Burgess Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Burgess Author-Name: Jamie Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Author-Name: Gabe Mythen Author-X-Name-First: Gabe Author-X-Name-Last: Mythen Title: Considering risk: placing the work of Ulrich Beck in context Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1383075 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1383075 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Esther Eidinow Author-X-Name-First: Esther Author-X-Name-Last: Eidinow Title: Special issue: fate, luck, and fortune: narratives of environmental risk editor's introduction Abstract: This special issue of the Journal of Risk Research presents papers developed by some of the scholars who participated in an AHRC-funded network, ‘Fate, Luck, and Fortune: Narratives of Environmental Risk’. The topic was conceived by Esther Eidinow (University of Bristol), PI on the project, and the network was developed with Georgina Endfield (University of Liverpool) as CI, while both were at the University of Nottingham. This introduction provides information about the rationale, method and activities of the network, and a discussion of its key findings. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1091-1100 Issue: 9 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1608288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1608288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:9:p:1091-1100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ross Balzaretti Author-X-Name-First: Ross Author-X-Name-Last: Balzaretti Title: Crossing the River Magra in the ‘land of broken bridges’: risk in early nineteenth-century travel narratives Abstract: On the 25 October 2011 the River Magra in the far east of the Italian region of Liguria flooded with catastrophic effects, killing thirteen people and causing millions of euros in damage. Managing such an extreme episode is very hard, as local policy makers know well because the Liguria region is currently experiencing regular flood events. Serious floods in this region have often occurred seasonally in October and November as the result of extremely intense rainfall. While everyone can agree that rivers in flood present real environmental risks to human life it is important to appreciate that risk can also be in the mind. Understanding how people deal with environmental risk in this respect can help inform current policy, for example what tactics might best be used to persuade people to leave their homes when flood events are forecast. This article shows how reading a series of reports by early nineteenth-century travellers who tried to cross the Magra in flood reveals that perceptions of risk had a considerable impact on their behaviour in the face of a clear environmental problem. Furthermore, because these written accounts were consumed by a reading public back home which enthusiastically embraced narratives of travel, especially ones which dealt with what has come to be known as ‘dark tourism’ (i.e. delighting in danger), we can learn how telling stories might still be an important or even necessary part of successful risk management in the future. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1101-1115 Issue: 9 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:9:p:1101-1115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David M. Wilkinson Author-X-Name-First: David M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilkinson Author-Name: Thomas N. Sherratt Author-X-Name-First: Thomas N. Author-X-Name-Last: Sherratt Title: The evolutionary background to (mis)understanding an uncertain world Abstract: Misunderstandings of causality are often referred to as superstitions. More formally, superstitious behaviours can be defined as actions (or inactions) that are performed in order to increase the probability that a beneficial outcome arises when there is no causal relationship between the action and the outcome. While superstitious behaviours are common in humans, they also arise in non-human animals. Although behaving superstitiously may on first reflection appear always maladaptive, recent models have shown that superstitions will readily arise as a by-product of adaptive learning, in which individuals seek to balance gaining new information about the world with exploiting their current information. In short, if a behavior appears associated with a beneficial outcome, it may not be worthwhile experimenting and losing out on this benefit to determine whether the association has arisen by chance. The models help explain why superstitions get started, and indicate the types of superstitious behaviours that are likely to persist. In support, empiricists have widely observed that superstitions are more likely to develop when the perceived benefit of adopting a behaviour is high compared to the cost of not adopting it and when the number of opportunities to test one’s understanding is low. Collectively, therefore, while superstitions are commonly presented as entirely irrational behaviours, they can actually represent a smart strategy, promoted by natural selection, in situations where causal relationships are uncertain. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1116-1127 Issue: 9 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1588914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1588914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:9:p:1116-1127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Burgess Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Burgess Title: Environmental risk narratives in historical perspective: from early warnings to ‘risk society’ blame Abstract: The ‘storying’ of risk is an important and neglected dimension and narratives such as ‘nuclear catastrophism’ have powerfully framed experience and acquired considerable independence, with ‘what might have been’ becoming inseparable from as real as what actually did. This article builds upon limited earlier risk narrative research, focusing upon their historical development in the United States and UK. Analysis proceeds from an understanding of risk as a tool that brings together an understanding of threats, what is threatened and how that might be remedied in the future, increasingly based upon past experience. Risk narratives emerge historically with the growth of concern for the public impact of environmental events, through individuals recognising these in secular terms, prepared to warn others and, later, challenge denial of institutional responsibility. But the explicit language of environmental risk only emerges in post-war America through public challenges to fluoridation, pesticides and consumer safety, the article arguing that we can approximately distinguish ‘risk society’ narratives concerned with human-made threat and an assumption of corporate and institutional responsibility, focused upon victims and blame for their condition. This singular focus can be problematic in its impact upon victims themselves in the case of nuclear catastrophism, however. A concluding suggestion is that if narrative is to be used in risk communication, it will require more sophisticated forms that go beyond only exposing risk, insisting upon blame and inferring limitless harm. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1128-1142 Issue: 9 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517383 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:9:p:1128-1142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antje Witting Author-X-Name-First: Antje Author-X-Name-Last: Witting Author-Name: Geoffrey Dudley Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Dudley Title: Narrative strategies in the policy process: social and cognitive foundations Abstract: Public policy decisions are often attributed to narrative strategies that impact policy-oriented learning within and across advocacy coalitions. Public policy research recognizes the role of influential individuals and their narrative strategies in this context. Yet frameworks that have been developed through this research lack sufficient guidance to distinguish individual learners. By combining theories of dual learning and public policy processes, this paper presents new strategies to better operationalize the concept of an individual learner, measure micro-level learning and thus the impact of narrative strategies. In particular four lessons are deduced from this literature and applied to empirical research into the rise of the sustainable mobility narrative in British road policy: First, policy learners interpret the world through the lens of their beliefs, and learn by combining heuristics and analytical processing. Second, they learn in different ways according to their education and experiences. Third, learning occurs in a political environment that is shaped to different extents by entrepreneurial and brokerage strategies promoting specific narratives. Fourth, exogenous factors impact these strategies, as does policy-oriented learning. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1143-1155 Issue: 9 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1588915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1588915 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:9:p:1143-1155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Lyons Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Lyons Title: ‘Gore is the world’: embodying environmental risk in An Inconvenient Truth Abstract: The challenge of constructing documentary films about environmental risk in order to ‘change political understanding and promote action’ is well recognized. Cinematic attempts to shock the public into action through images of future environmental catastrophe have been criticized for their counterproductive effect. This article looks closely at the most high-profile and commercially successful environmental risk documentary of all time, An Inconvenient Truth. Often dismissed as little more than a recording of former Vice-President Al Gore delivering a slide-show, closer inspection reveals a work that skilfully interweaves Gore’s slide presentation with a narrative strand of personal recollection that creates a reflexive ‘risk biography’. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach drawn from risk research, documentary scholarship and ideas of film performance, the article demonstrates how the film constructs Gore as a model of the risk-aware citizen exercising self-efficacy in the face of climate change. More subtly, the film employs a range of careful compositional and editing choices to shape and frame Gore’s performance. The climatic becomes climactic in large part through the ways in which Gore embodies risk through his performance, with his voice, movements, gestures and other non-verbal cues combining with cinematic formal and narrative technique to convey the sense that he is, in effect, the vulnerable world incarnate. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1156-1170 Issue: 9 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:9:p:1156-1170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Jacobs Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobs Author-Name: Frank Abbott Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Abbott Author-Name: Lachlan Urquhart Author-X-Name-First: Lachlan Author-X-Name-Last: Urquhart Author-Name: Dominic Price Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Price Title: Performing the future: an artist-led project engaging with risk, uncertainty and environmental change Abstract: This paper follows a practice-led methodology to explore how the diverse participants in the artist-led ‘Performing the Future’ project – including scientists working with climate models and over-60s groups in Liverpool and Cambridge – mediated their sense of risk and uncertainty in response to environmental change. We explore the nature of their participation and the different strategies used by the artists leading the project, describing the opportunities that emerged for more nuanced and complex visions of the realities of anthropogenic environmental change. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1171-1185 Issue: 9 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:9:p:1171-1185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gina Yannitell Reinhardt Author-X-Name-First: Gina Yannitell Author-X-Name-Last: Reinhardt Title: Imagining worse than reality: comparing beliefs and intentions between disaster evacuees and survey respondents Abstract: We often credit disasters, and their coverage in the media, with changes in the public perception of risk associated with low-probability, high-consequence events (LPHCs). With a change in perceptions, we also expect changes in beliefs, preferences, and behaviors. Do beliefs and behaviors change in different ways for people who live through these LPHC critical events, as opposed to people who observe them? This study compares hypothetical hurricanes with actual hurricane effects in a survey quasi-experiment. Findings indicate that hypothetical disasters induce stronger reactions than those experienced in the natural world, as Hurricane Katrina bystanders imagine themselves incurring much higher damages, and being much less likely to return to live in their hurricane-damaged homes, than actual Hurricane Katrina evacuees. Ultimately, respondents considering a hypothetical low-probability, high-consequence event exhibit exaggerated beliefs and opposite decisions of those who actually lived through one of these events. Results underline the importance of examining the differences between public perceptions and experiential reality. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 169-194 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1017827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1017827 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:169-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chang Hoon Oh Author-X-Name-First: Chang Hoon Author-X-Name-Last: Oh Title: How do natural and man-made disasters affect international trade? A country-level and industry-level analysis Abstract: This study examines the influence of disasters on international trade with a gravity equation model. Four types of disasters will be introduced: natural disasters, technological disasters, political risks, and financial crises. Existing literature implies that any type of disasters can either positively or negatively associated with international trade. The effects of disasters are different across the socioeconomic status of trade pairs and across industries as well as across different types of disasters. Results from country-level and industry-level show that natural disasters reduce international trade flows by raising trading and security costs and hardening borders. In contrast to previous findings, these results show that terrorism activities and technological disasters increase the international trade particularly between developed countries. The econometric specification controls unobserved characteristics of trade pairs and endogeneity problems. Managerial implications and future research are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 195-217 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042496 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:195-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karla Roxana Giordano Martínez Author-X-Name-First: Karla Roxana Author-X-Name-Last: Giordano Martínez Author-Name: Ángel Herrero Crespo Author-X-Name-First: Ángel Author-X-Name-Last: Herrero Crespo Author-Name: Ana Fernández-Laviada Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Laviada Title: Influence of perceived risk on entrepreneurial desirability and feasibility: multidimensional approach for nascent entrepreneurs Abstract: This study examines the influence of perceived risk on entrepreneurial desirability and feasibility as determining factors in the intention to start a self-owned business. Specifically, a multidimensional approach is taken to examine the different types of risks associated with entrepreneurship: economic, social, time, health and personal risks. The results obtained from a sample of 376 new entrepreneurs in Mexico confirm the fact that the perceived desirability and feasibility have a significant and positive effect on the intentions to start their own company. On one hand, the empirical evidence obtained shows a heterogenic effect of the risk dimensions associated with entrepreneurship on the perceived desirability and feasibility in their behaviour. Therefore, it was found that the economic risk associated with entrepreneurship has a negative effect on the feasibility to start a business, but does not significantly influence the desirability of that behaviour. On the other hand, a significant effect from the risk related to health is not seen on desirability and feasibility, but the negative influence of personal risk is empirically supported for both variables. Finally, the results obtained related to social and time risk are contradictory. Social risk negatively influences entrepreneurship desirability, but a positive effect is observed on the feasibility to create a business. For its part, the empirical evidence obtained does not support any effect of the time risk on the perceived feasibility of starting a business, but there is a positive on entrepreneurship desirability. These results, which are contrary to the traditional concept of risk as a barrier to entrepreneurship, are justified by the vocational nature of this behaviour and by the social sacrifices that are sometimes necessary to be able to make a business work. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 218-236 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042506 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:218-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vivianne H.M. Visschers Author-X-Name-First: Vivianne H.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Visschers Title: Judgments under uncertainty: evaluations of univocal, ambiguous and conflicting probability information Abstract: People often have to make decisions about problems that not only involve a probability of a risk, but also an uncertainty around this probability. In this paper, uncertainty that arises through a lack of knowledge (i.e. ambiguity) is distinguished from uncertainty that results from conflicting knowledge on the hazard’s probability of occurring. Previous studies have shown that people are ambiguity averse when comparing a univocal risky option with an ambiguous option. Moreover, they appeared to be conflict averse when comparing an ambiguous option to a conflicting option. Relatively little is known about how people evaluate univocal, ambiguous and conflicting information about the riskiness or effectiveness of a problem. Two studies were therefore conducted to investigate people’s choices and their perception of univocal, ambiguous and conflicting probability information among various scenarios. Respondents mainly appeared conflict averse and were only ambiguity averse when the information included both numerical and verbal descriptions of the uncertainty. Moreover, they did not distinguish between ambiguous and conflicting information in their judgements. I suggest that it is easier for people to distinguish conflicting information from univocal information than from ambiguous information, because conflicting and univocal information differ on two dimensions, certainty and credibility, whereas ambiguous and univocal information only differ on the certainty dimension. Future research and communicators of conflicting uncertainty information should therefore focus on the cause of the conflict and on the credibility of the information sources. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 237-255 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1043569 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043569 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:237-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hakim Djeriouat Author-X-Name-First: Hakim Author-X-Name-Last: Djeriouat Title: Self-determination and risk: the role of life goals and causality orientation in domain-specific risk propensity Abstract: A growing body of risk research shows that risk is content specific. Accordingly, various studies have highlighted some factors that could explain why people’s risk propensity may arise in certain domains of risk (e.g. the financial domain) but not in other domains (e.g. the recreational domain). Until now, no research has examined motivation as a possible correlate of domain-specific risk propensity. On the basis of self-determination theory (SDT), we examined the role of both extrinsic life goals (i.e. superficial goal striving, including fame, money, and physical attraction) and control-orientated personality style (i.e. feeling that one’s behaviors are governed by external contingencies) in the propensity to take risks in various domains (social, ethical, recreational, financial, and health/safety). A community sample of 197 participants completed measures scaled to assess extrinsic life goals, controlled orientation, and domain-specific propensity (DOSPERT). The results showed that pursuing extrinsic goals and being control oriented increased the propensity to take ethical, recreational, financial, and health/safety risks but decreased the propensity to take social risks. In addition, to corroborate that risk propensity is domain specific, these results indicate that superficial life aspiration and sensitivity to social pressures are highly predictive of instrumental risks (e.g. ethical and financial), moderately predictive of health risks, and negatively predictive of ego-threatening risks (e.g. social risk). The results are discussed in light of the domain-specific risk literature and in the perspective of interventions based on SDT. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 256-276 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1043573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:256-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heleen van Dijk Author-X-Name-First: Heleen Author-X-Name-Last: van Dijk Author-Name: Arnout R.H. Fischer Author-X-Name-First: Arnout R.H. Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer Author-Name: Hans J.P. Marvin Author-X-Name-First: Hans J.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Marvin Author-Name: Hans C.M. van Trijp Author-X-Name-First: Hans C.M. Author-X-Name-Last: van Trijp Title: Determinants of stakeholders’ attitudes towards a new technology: nanotechnology applications for food, water, energy and medicine Abstract: Stakeholder risk and benefit perceptions and attitudes towards a technology matter for the societal response to these technologies. This is especially the case for technological innovations where the public has no direct experience with the technology and its applications. In such cases, expert views are the main source for public opinion formation. Stakeholder risk and benefit perception, and their effect on attitudes towards a new technology (nanotechnology) and its applications were examined in two studies. In a survey, the effect of risk and benefit perception on attitudes to nanotechnology in specific application domains (energy, water, food and medicine) was examined. While risk and benefit perception predicted much of the variance in attitude, experts were more positive about medicine applications and more negative about food applications than could be explained through risk and benefit perception. In the second study, expert focus groups were asked for reasons why food and medicine were seen as more negative and positive than based on the risk and benefit perceptions as measured in the survey. For medicine, the urgency and unique potential of nanotechnology was seen as a reason as why this domain was liked more. For food, the high level of uncertainty about risk assessment and about exposure of consumers and the lack of urgency in applying nanotechnology to food was seen as a reason this domain was liked less. In addition, experts voiced concern about potential negative public response to food applications as reasons for their negative attitude. These results thus suggest that both risk and benefit perception consist of multiple dimensions that require further exploration. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 277-298 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1057198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1057198 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:277-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Licia Ravarotto Author-X-Name-First: Licia Author-X-Name-Last: Ravarotto Author-Name: Stefania Crovato Author-X-Name-First: Stefania Author-X-Name-Last: Crovato Author-Name: Claudio Mantovani Author-X-Name-First: Claudio Author-X-Name-Last: Mantovani Author-Name: Fabiano D’Este Author-X-Name-First: Fabiano Author-X-Name-Last: D’Este Author-Name: Anna Pinto Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Pinto Author-Name: Giulia Mascarello Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Mascarello Title: Reducing microbiological risk in the kitchen: piloting consensus conference methodology as a communication strategy Abstract: Foodborne diseases are a major public health problem. Improper storage and food preparation at home can favour microbial contamination of food. Consumers play a crucial role in controlling this risk. To reduce exposure to risk, it is essential to provide information and guidance on contamination management in the home. The aim of this study was to pilot a method of participatory communication addressed to young consumers and designed to reduce the microbiological risks associated with the consumption of meat products. The methodology was based on application of the ‘consensus conference’ model on food safety issues. The consensus conference served not only as a participatory strategy to share knowledge but also as a method for sharing in the development of risk communication content (guidelines) to be disseminated to the reference target. Young people’s perceptions, habits and behaviour in the kitchen were explored in the preparatory stage of the consensus conference by means of a survey and a focus group. Three consensus conferences were held in Italy attended by 60 university students (19 and 22 years old). Application of the consensus conference model as a communication process proved to be an effective opportunity to engage young consumers and experts on the topic of food safety. This discursive participation approach was broadly welcomed by the participants. Specifically, direct interaction with the experts was considered to be an important part of the communication process. The findings of the project were used to select concise communication content based on the perceptions, behaviours and fact-finding needs of the selected target. Publication of this content in the form of guidelines on microbiological risk management at home has enabled the results of the consensus conferences to be extended and the targeted communication material on risk reduction in daily food handling practices to be disseminated. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 934-950 Issue: 7 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1017828 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1017828 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:7:p:934-950 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C.D. Pérez-Blanco Author-X-Name-First: C.D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez-Blanco Author-Name: G. Delacámara Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Delacámara Author-Name: C.M. Gómez Author-X-Name-First: C.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Title: Revealing the willingness to pay for income insurance in agriculture Abstract: In spite of its minor and decreasing share in EU GDP, agriculture still plays a fundamental and strategic role in the economy. This is why EU institutions have supported for decades a series of policies to guarantee a stable agricultural income, including insurance. With different degrees of public support, insurance policies covering an increasing number of risks have been developed across the EU. Eventually, EU institutions have started to encourage the development of income insurance. Income insurance covers more risks and has higher uncertainty and costs than conventional single risk or combined yield insurance. Assessing and enhancing the viability of income insurance demands an in depth knowledge of farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for this product. This study develops a methodology to calculate the WTP for different degrees of income protection using a revealed preference model and the certainty equivalent theory. The methodology is applied in a drought prone area in southeastern Spain. Results show that WTP for income insurance in the area is higher than observed insurance premiums. This may play in favor of the development of more comprehensive income insurance systems. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 873-893 Issue: 7 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1042505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1042505 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:7:p:873-893 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dimitrios I. Stavrou Author-X-Name-First: Dimitrios I. Author-X-Name-Last: Stavrou Author-Name: Nikolaos P. Ventikos Author-X-Name-First: Nikolaos P. Author-X-Name-Last: Ventikos Title: A novel approach in risk evaluation for ship-to-ship (STS) transfer of cargo using process failure mode and effects analysis (PFMEA) Abstract: The ship-to-ship transfer (STS) of oil and oil products plays currently an important role on a worldwide scale. Usually, it refers to the transfer of cargo between seagoing ships positioned alongside each other. Although the procedure of STS transfer has become a day-to-day practice, it remains a difficult operation, which deserves special consideration. To reduce the adverse effect of a potential accident on humans as well as on the environment, a risk assessment is necessary to be done to evaluate the hazards that derive from such a difficult procedure. To this end, the process failure mode and effect analysis (PFMEA), which is under the umbrella of the traditional failure mode and effect analysis, is properly modified and applied to assess the hazards of a typical STS transfer procedure. PFMEA is based on the risk priority number with regard to each risk related to the procedure of interest by multiplying the numerical values of the severity, occurrence and detection indices. Although PFMEA is currently applied mainly to manufacturing processes, the aim of the paper was to implement this methodology to STS transfer of petroleum products. According to the study of PFMEA implementation, the petroleum cargo is the product similar to the product in a manufacturing procedure; hence, the different phases of the STS procedure are similar to the production line of the manufactured product. Moreover, proposals to eliminate the disadvantages of the implementation of PFMEA by a qualitative manner (using linguistic terms) are proposed. The objective target of this effort is to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of implementing the PFMEA in a maritime activity and therefore to address the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 913-933 Issue: 7 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1043572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:7:p:913-933 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Javier Cano Author-X-Name-First: Javier Author-X-Name-Last: Cano Author-Name: Alessandro Pollini Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro Author-X-Name-Last: Pollini Author-Name: Lorenzo Falciani Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Falciani Author-Name: Uğur Turhan Author-X-Name-First: Uğur Author-X-Name-Last: Turhan Title: Modeling current and emerging threats in the airport domain through adversarial risk analysis Abstract: Airports are critical infrastructures entailing intense human, commercial and economic activity. As such, they are preferred targets for criminal and terrorist groups, who are attracted by the promisingly high revenues they might get from an attack. Every year, airport authorities worldwide have to face, with limited resources, attacks arising from different adversaries. There are several sensible areas within an airport organization that are especially vulnerable to the terrorist threat, including, among others: (1) those related to human lives (of passengers or staff); (2) airport infrastructure (airport perimeter, main terminal, Air Traffic Control Tower, runways, hangars, etc.); (3) aircrafts and other ground vehicles; and (4) IT systems and services. Besides the more traditional ones, we are particularly concerned with attacks launched against the last type of targets, an emerging and increasingly worrisome threat. Specifically, we analyze the impact of cyber-attacks launched by organized groups whose main goal is to take hold of airport operations. In some cases, in order to have more chances to achieve their purpose (and take advantage of its eventual success), cyber attackers may be backed up by a terrorist group who will try to interfere with the Air Traffic Management network. In this paper, we aim at supporting airport authorities in their fight against both threats, by devising a security allocation plan. We provide an adversarial risk analysis model to address the problem, and apply it to obtain the optimal portfolio of preventive measures in an illustrative case study. The model is open to extensions, as e.g. larger and more complex technical infrastructures, new threats, or additional recovery measures deployed by different defensive agents. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 894-912 Issue: 7 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1057201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1057201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:7:p:894-912 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kalliopi Sapountzaki Author-X-Name-First: Kalliopi Author-X-Name-Last: Sapountzaki Author-Name: Ioannis Daskalakis Author-X-Name-First: Ioannis Author-X-Name-Last: Daskalakis Title: Transboundary resilience: the case of social-hydrological systems facing water scarcity or drought Abstract: ‘Transboundary Risk’ and its management are widely acknowledged concepts, real-world problems and policy challenges preoccupying the fields of geography, sociology, political science, management and disaster studies. Up to the present, the notion of ‘boundary’ in the study and management of transboundary risks principally refers to national borders, whereas other important boundaries, such as the physical boundaries of drainage basins, the boundaries of social-ecological systems (SESs) or the lines separating public from private space, are rarely considered with respect to their penetration by risk dynamics. Resilience has been acknowledged in the case of SESs as an operation appealing to various spatial and temporal scales for access to vital resources. However, the spatio-temporal boundaries which are surpassed or penetrated in the process of transition from one scale to another is an unexplored issue. The authors focus their attention on a specific type of SESs, the social-hydrological systems (SHSs), facing the stress (risk) of water scarcity or drought, and assume that resilience of SHSs may be a process of attraction of water resources from other, probably distant SHSs. This type of resilience which transfers vulnerability might be termed trans-boundary resilience because it necessitates the breaking of boundaries and the spatial transformation of SHSs. This view considers resilience as a transboundary and trans-scalar dynamic process facilitating resource transfer and unveils its spatial dimension as well as its ethical and normative aspects. These assumptions are empirically confirmed in a range of water scarcity and drought problems, which are the following: (a) cities relying on water transfer from distant river basins; (b) agricultural populations and holdings facing drought and relying on a shared aquifer; and (c) arid islands. Whether this type of resilience is valid in other SES cases and other types of risk, is a matter of future research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 829-846 Issue: 7 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1057202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1057202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:7:p:829-846 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carine J. Yi Author-X-Name-First: Carine J. Author-X-Name-Last: Yi Author-Name: Miwa Kuri Author-X-Name-First: Miwa Author-X-Name-Last: Kuri Title: The prospect of online communication in the event of a disaster Abstract: In modern society, enormous amounts of information are instantly exchanged, and topics shift rapidly. People desire and share information to foster a sense of membership in their societies. The trend of Internet communication is present in many types of groups. During the circumstances of disasters, the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and Tsunami and Typhoon Haiyan (local name, Yolanda) in the Philippines in 2013, social networking services (SNS) constituted a considerably effective method for sharing/exchanging information about the significance of the disaster, confirming family members’ and friends’ whereabouts, locating shelters, relief, food and goods rationing, and so on. Not only did individuals seek/provide information, but government agencies also utilized the social media channels to communicate with the public. Hence, developing and adopting communication in a virtual space were considerably effective for decision-makers in providing emergency services. This study examined SNS users’ accounts based on discretionary decisions during two major disasters: the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in 2011 and Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013. In the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in 2011, government agencies and NPOs actively utilized SNS functions, whereas the mass media distributed information during Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 951-963 Issue: 7 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1115424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1115424 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:7:p:951-963 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Etsuko Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Etsuko Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Author-Name: Hiroshi Kagemoto Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Kagemoto Author-Name: Yoshiaki Akutsu Author-X-Name-First: Yoshiaki Author-X-Name-Last: Akutsu Title: Consensus building in safety and security: a case study of Fukushima evacuees returning home Abstract: This study examines consensus building in environmental and energy policies by analyzing the minutes of the safety and security committee of the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) of the Japanese government, in the context of the discussion of the safe return of Fukushima evacuees after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami and the subsequent Fukushima nuclear disaster. One important issue associated with evacuation policies was the high number of evacuees, if not all, who were not willing to return to their old homes. Although the contents of governmental committee meetings are freely accessible through the internet, they have been rarely analyzed for these purposes. In this study, we used text-mining techniques to analyze NRA committee minutes quantitatively and qualitatively. We have three primary findings. First, the committee attempted to take evacuees’ feelings into account and pragmatically discuss what was needed to restore their lives and livelihoods, as well as to make its meetings transparent and open to the public by, for example, streaming them live on the internet. Second, in earlier committee meetings, government representatives insisted on specific policies made by themselves to control the return of evacuees. However, outside experts at the meetings convinced representatives that decisions regarding issues surrounding the safe return of evacuees should consider the opinions of the evacuees themselves. Third, the NRA reported the outcome of the meetings at a Cabinet meeting to accelerate policies requiring urgent implementation as well as those related to the alleviation of people’s anxieties regarding exposure to radioactivity or those related to equal treatment among those who wanted to voluntarily move away from the affected areas versus those who want to return to their homes. Finally, this analysis further identified a number of issues concerning citizen participation and governance associated with environment and energy policies, all of which need to be overcome in order to establish consensus among concerned stakeholders. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 983-1003 Issue: 7 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1121902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1121902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:7:p:983-1003 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ezgi Orhan Author-X-Name-First: Ezgi Author-X-Name-Last: Orhan Title: Urban spatial structuring following disasters: empirical findings from location choices of businesses in Adapazari, Turkey Abstract: This study argues that ignorance of businesses in disaster management systems from the point of spatial policies leads to deviations from initial recovery goals aiming to create a safer urban environment. Therefore, the paper examines the location choices of businesses in a disaster-stricken case from Turkey through an empirical research conducted after the 1999 Earthquake. In doing so, data were gathered from 232 firms in Adapazari city via a questionnaire to inquire about their location choices before and after the disaster and the reasons behind their strategy. Findings suggest that recovery goals at community level cannot be achieved without referring to the spatial decisions of businesses in hazard-prone areas. With regard to the findings of the study, policy recommendations are developed to guide post-disaster practises from a space-sensitive perspective by focusing on businesses. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 964-982 Issue: 7 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1143864 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1143864 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:7:p:964-982 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Guido Minucci Author-X-Name-First: Guido Author-X-Name-Last: Minucci Title: Assessing adaptive capacity of water management organizations. The case study of the municipality of Tomave (Bolivia) Abstract: Climate change is only one of several pressure and drivers, such as natural disasters, improvements in technologies and changing customers’ behaviors that water organizations have to relate and adapt to. This places new challenges (e.g. dealing with increased exposure, vulnerability, and uncertainty) to water management and require water organizations to change their perspective on how to deal with water issues. This paper builds on a literature review to identify dimensions and criteria of adaptive capacity and presents a conceptual framework to assess organizational adaptive capacity. The developed framework has been tested within the Municipality of Tomave (Bolivia). The paper results emphasize the incapacity to transform routines as the context is changing leads to the construction of barriers and to the inability of an organization to support the process of change of the society. In addition, the study emphasis that the development of a working system based on cooperation requires first that an organization acquires skills and adapt its routines to the new working system. Furthermore, the development of a participatory process of planning and implementation of policies would help to reduce the trade-offs and conflicts related to water management. Linked to this, the development of a system for monitoring and evaluation of policies implemented organization can contribute to build an iterative mechanism so to allow a redefinition and improvement of such policies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 847-872 Issue: 7 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:7:p:847-872 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seda Kundak Author-X-Name-First: Seda Author-X-Name-Last: Kundak Title: Foreword Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 827-828 Issue: 7 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1218120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1218120 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:19:y:2016:i:7:p:827-828 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Kreuzmair Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Kreuzmair Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Author-Name: Carmen Keller Author-X-Name-First: Carmen Author-X-Name-Last: Keller Title: Are people emotionally aroused by hypothetical medical scenarios in experiments? An eye tracking study with pupil dilation Abstract: Background: Many studies on the communication of medical risks use hypothetical medical scenarios. The results of these scenarios should have sufficient predictive accuracy to be generalized to real life; thus, it is important to know whether hypothetical medical scenarios work and whether there is a relationship between risk level and emotional arousal. Methods: In an eye tracking experiment (N = 67), we investigated the influence of a simple hypothetical medical scenario on pupil dilation, a measure of emotional arousal. In this medical scenario, the participants were shown three risk levels (low, middle, and high) and had to estimate the probability that a hypothetical patient has colon cancer. They were also given a non-medical scenario that controlled for changes in illumination and cognitive workload. Therefore, we supposed that the difference in pupil diameter between the medical and the non-medical scenario was due to emotional arousal. Results: We found that our hypothetical medical scenario had a significant effect on pupil diameter. The mean values of the mean pupil diameter in the first fifth of the fixations were higher for all risk levels in the medical scenario than in the non-medical scenario. In a more detailed analysis of the difference in pupil diameters between the two scenarios, we detected that, for the high-risk level, the emotional difference values (between the medical and non-medical scenarios) differed significantly from zero. Furthermore, we found that higher risk levels lead to higher emotional arousal and higher probability estimates. Conclusions: Even simple hypothetical medical scenarios cause emotional arousal. Thus, hypothetical medical scenarios work, and the results of studies not using real patients can be generalized to real medical situations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1308-1319 Issue: 10 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1147490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1147490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:10:p:1308-1319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucas Bergkamp Author-X-Name-First: Lucas Author-X-Name-Last: Bergkamp Title: The concept of as a model for risk regulation – its hidden and not so hidden ambitions, side effects, and risks Abstract: Beck’s risk society has become a highly influential theory in sociology and has begun to influence risk policy-making and regulation. The theory has been given too much credit, however. This article identifies and analyzes the troubling features of risk society, and demonstrates that it is a loose set of vague ideas, feelings, and hunches, rather than a theory. Risk society, as distinguished from modern industrial society, is a risk management society concerned with the identification and distribution of risks arising from industrial activities, while downplaying natural and other risks. Devoid of empirical content and analytical tools, it promotes a simplistic precautionary anti-industrial environmental and safety ethic. Risk society involves politicization of science and self-interested activism in risk management decision-making. Due to its unrealistic dogmas, ambitions, and side effects, risk society is unable to manage risks effectively and efficiently, and poses a threat to constitutional democracy. Policy-makers and risk managers, therefore, should not rely on risk society theory in designing and implementing risk management structures and regulations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1275-1291 Issue: 10 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153500 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:10:p:1275-1291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bernadette Sütterlin Author-X-Name-First: Bernadette Author-X-Name-Last: Sütterlin Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: Public perception of solar radiation management: the impact of information and evoked affect Abstract: Different geoengineering strategies have been proposed to fight climate change, and they are increasingly attracting the interest of scholars and policy-makers. However, public perception and acceptance will be crucial for the implementation of these technological approaches, such as solar radiation management (SRM). In the present study, we used an experimental approach to examine factors influencing laypeople’s perception of SRM and how information about SRM shapes people’s evaluation of geoengineering technologies. Participants (N = 250) were randomly assigned to one of three information conditions. The control group did not receive any specific information about SRM but was only informed that technologies existed for fighting climate change. The participants in the experimental groups received a short explanation of SRM, either with or without mentioning possible risks associated with this technological approach. Results indicate that a mere description of the technology already reduces support for technological solutions to fight climate change. This finding poses a serious challenge to researchers interested in convincing the public to accept experiments related to SRM. Analyses of the factors influencing perception and evaluation of geoengineering technologies revealed that, in the control group, the affect associated with climate change exerted a significant impact on the affective–cognitive evaluation of geoengineering technologies. However, this was not the case in the experimental groups. This means, the participants who received information about SRM did not rely on affective responses regarding climate change. Finally, results of mediation analyses showed that providing information resulted in a different affective–cognitive evaluation of geoengineering technologies that, subsequently, influenced people’s assessment of the benefits and risks associated with geoengineering technologies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1292-1307 Issue: 10 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153501 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:10:p:1292-1307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Derica Lambrechts Author-X-Name-First: Derica Author-X-Name-Last: Lambrechts Author-Name: Lars B. Blomquist Author-X-Name-First: Lars B. Author-X-Name-Last: Blomquist Title: Political–security risk in the oil and gas industry: the impact of terrorism on risk management and mitigation Abstract: Oil and gas companies are experiencing an increase in terrorist attacks. The industry became a legitimate target for terrorist groups in the 1990s and the number of attacks have increased yearly, with a spike after the 9/11 attacks. In today’s interconnected world, political risk is not only about the relationship between the host government and the company. Oil and gas companies may experience risks on a transnational, national and human security level. The success of new investments often depends on the successful utilization of risk management strategies. This study focuses on the importance of political–security risk in the oil and gas industry. In January 2013, the oil and gas industry experienced one of its deadliest attacks at the In Amenas gas facility in Algeria, forcing firms to reconsider its focus on security management. Statoil undertook a thorough analysis of security at the site as well as of the company′s corporate security risk management. The report revealed a lack of focus on political–security risk. This study argues that political–security risk has not been used to its full potential in the oil and gas industry. The oil and gas industry has always focused on site security, but a broader more holistic approach to risk management has been lacking. As a result of the In Amenas incident, the industry has become more willing to have a new discussion on security and this has resulted in changes in the way companies operate. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1320-1337 Issue: 10 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153502 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:10:p:1320-1337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Explaining Americans’ responses to dread epidemics: an illustration with Ebola in late 2014 Abstract: Despite several surveys of Americans’ responses to Ebola as people were treated or died in the US in the late fall of 2014, little was published on factors that might affect these responses, despite their value for informing future management and communication regarding outbreaks of novel infectious diseases. This explanatory aim was the goal of a national quota online sample of Americans (n = 815) who reported their beliefs and attitudes about Ebola in early December, three weeks after the second US death. Responses were shaped particularly by risk judgments and concern, but also by available Ebola information (from news attention or residence in a state with Ebola experience), political cues (partisanship, ideology), and demographics. Judgments of personal risk and US/global risk were shaped by largely different factors; for example, knowledge of Ebola exposure routes exhibited negative and positive signs, respectively. News attention was associated with both positive (e.g. trust in US Centers for Disease Control & Prevention [CDC]; knowledge) and negative (e.g. US/global risk perception; concern about a US outbreak and family member infection) reactions. Findings suggest challenges for future health communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1338-1357 Issue: 10 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1153507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153507 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:10:p:1338-1357 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adriane Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Adriane Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Author-Name: Sebastian Thuß Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Thuß Author-Name: Thomas Meyer Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer Title: Quality in risk reporting on energy issues in German news media Abstract: In media coverage, the context of the German energy transition, also referred to as Energiewende, casts a spotlight not only on various technology options (e.g. wind or coal power) but also on more abstract topics such as security of supply or electricity prices. Thereby, the public’s assessment of energy-related issues may greatly rely on perceived risks. Focusing on the quality of energy-related risk reporting, this contribution therefore is intended to explore the German print and TV media discourse on energy options or topics. In our sample, one in three articles connects an energy option or topic with an evident or potential unwanted event. Although the media’s effect on actual risk perception involves some controversies, researchers tend to criticize the media as being susceptible to framing and for failing to place unwanted events in perspective, e.g. by not presenting the corresponding likelihood of occurrence, which is necessary to define risk. If this critique holds true, accurate public risk assessment is partly hampered because media coverage implies uncertainty rather than providing all information available. We examined seven indicators of quality reporting derived from literature research: intensity, likelihood, controllability, desired uncertainty, sensationalism, emotional language, and type of unwanted event. Based on German energy media coverage in 2013, we found a relatively high occurrence of intensity and controllability, whereas likelihood and desired uncertainty were reported less often. By aggregating the indicators into a risk-reporting quality index, we did not observe a poor quality of risk reporting on energy issues. In contrast to previous research, the overall quality of energy-related risk reporting can be assessed as at least moderate, implying that the media depicts risks more precisely than assumed. The occurrence of quality indicators thereby significantly depends on the type of unwanted event rather than on the energy option considered. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1227-1252 Issue: 10 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1165280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1165280 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:10:p:1227-1252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Rossignol Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Rossignol Author-Name: Céline Parotte Author-X-Name-First: Céline Author-X-Name-Last: Parotte Author-Name: Geoffrey Joris Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Joris Author-Name: Catherine Fallon Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Fallon Title: Siting controversies analysis: framework and method for questioning the procedure Abstract: Siting controversies are commonplace, as well against the construction of roads, railways, nuclear waste disposals, as against windfarms. Local citizens resist against siting decisions taken by the authorities, following a dynamics often quoted as ‘Not In My Back Yard’. Yet contested for its lack of analytical value, NIMBY is still used strategically by actors to qualify citizens as irrational and egoistic. Beyond this labeling, many factors are investigated to understand the dynamics behind siting controversies. In this paper, we focus on the impact of the legal procedure structuring the implantation of windfarms in the Walloon Region (Belgium), and its translations within different decision-making processes in specific case studies. To that regard, we consider the legal procedure as a ‘public policy instrument’. It is neither neutral nor natural, and carry values and interests. It organizes interpersonal relations between actors, and is potentially catalyzer of frustrations. In addition, this legal procedure is the object of translations within different contexts, including different actors participating to specific decision-making processes. The empirical approach of this paper is based on case studies data and on the use of an innovative methodology called ‘Open Process Workshop’. This methodology consists of a structured workshop with key stakeholders, during which the legal procedure is questioned. Overall, we demonstrate that the focus on the legal procedure – and its translations within different decision-making processes – allows systemic analysis providing deep understandings of controversies and reaffirming the interlinks between ‘the social’ and ‘the technical’ in such controversies. In addition, we argue that the methodology used fosters the production of innovative knowledge, mutual understanding, and collective learning between the participants. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1253-1274 Issue: 10 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2014.983948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2014.983948 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:10:p:1253-1274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Todinov Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Todinov Title: Mechanisms for improving reliability and reducing risk by stochastic and deterministic separation Abstract: The paper provides for the first time a comprehensive introduction into the mechanisms through which the method of separation achieves risk reduction and into the ways it can be implemented in engineering designs. The concept stochastic separation of critical random events on a time interval, which consists of guaranteeing with a specified probability a specified degree of distancing between the random events, is introduced. Efficient methods for providing stochastic separation by reducing the duration times of overlapping critical random events on a time interval are presented. The paper shows that the probability of overlapping of critical events, randomly appearing on a time interval, is practically insensitive to the distribution of their duration times and to the variance of the duration times as long as the mean of the duration times remains the same. A rigorous proof is presented that this statement is valid even for two random events on a time interval. The paper also provides insight into various mechanisms through which deterministic separation improves reliability and reduces risk. It is demonstrated that the separation on properties is an efficient technique for compensating the drawbacks associated with homogeneous properties. It is demonstrated that improving reliability by including redundancy, improving reliability by segmentation and some of the deliberate weak link techniques and stress limiters techniques for reducing risk are effectively special cases of a deterministic separation. Finally, the paper demonstrates that in a number of cases, the way to extract benefit from the method of separation is to build and analyse a mathematical model based on the method of separation. A comprehensive classification of the discussed methods for stochastic and deterministic separation is also presented. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 448-474 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1382561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1382561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:448-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sven Ove Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sven Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Title: Risk from an anthropological point of view Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 532-533 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1386004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1386004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:532-533 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Månsson Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Månsson Author-Name: Marcus Abrahamsson Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Abrahamsson Author-Name: Henrik Tehler Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Tehler Title: Aggregated risk: an experimental study on combining different ways of presenting risk information Abstract: Contemporary disaster risk management requires the exchange and integration of risk information across societal sectors and administrative borders. However, differences in how risk is described can be an obstacle to making sense of the material. This paper focuses on the challenge of aggregating risk assessments from multiple stakeholders and aims to establish the characteristics of risk descriptions that are most conducive for attaining a comprehensive understanding of risk. In an empirical study, risk management students from two different scholarly traditions (engineering and social sciences) rated how useful different combinations of risk descriptions from two fictive municipalities were for (i) comparing their levels of risk and (ii) making decisions on risk-reducing measures in the area covered by both municipalities. Adopting a within-subjects design, the participants were faced with six different combinations of risk descriptions, which varied with respect to how specific assessments of consequences and likelihood were expressed, and whether a supporting narrative was provided. The study also explored the effects of combining risk descriptions of the same type (e.g. where both expressed consequences and probabilities with qualitative ordinal scales) with two of dissimilar types (e.g. one qualitative ordinal and one quantitative). Overall, the results indicate that disaster risk management systems would benefit from greater consistency in the way interdependent stakeholders describe risks, and from greater use of quantitative assessments. Furthermore, a supporting narrative can provide useful contextual information that may facilitate the comparison of incongruent risk descriptions. Challenges related to these findings are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 497-512 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1391315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1391315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:497-512 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachael M. Moyer Author-X-Name-First: Rachael M. Author-X-Name-Last: Moyer Author-Name: Geoboo Song Author-X-Name-First: Geoboo Author-X-Name-Last: Song Title: Cultural predispositions, specific affective feelings, and benefit–risk perceptions: explicating local policy elites’ perceived utility of high voltage power line installations Abstract: Policy controversies concerning the prioritized expansion of the National Energy Grid in the U.S. have drawn our attention to examine the variations of benefit–risk perceptions associated with High Voltage Power Line (HVPL) installation among policy elites, a critical conceptual segment of political actors constituting the U.S. energy policy subsystem. From early psychometric studies to more recent explorations of the emotional aspects of risk appraisal, specifying the role of affective feelings in understanding risk judgment has been a subject of much previous research. This paper seeks to advance such an affect-driven approach in an attempt to account for social psychology-based factors by systemically investigating how specific emotions and personally held intrinsic values and beliefs jointly influence individual-level perceptions of HVPL benefits and risks, relying on recent original survey data containing individual responses from 420 anonymous community leaders and key local policy-makers in the state of Arkansas. Building upon previous research rooted in the dual process model of risk judgment and appraisal tendency framework, a particular emphasis is given to identifying the triadic relationship between culturally biased value predispositions, specific emotional dimensions of affect heuristics, and perceptions pertaining to various aspects of HVPL risks and benefits. Through the implementation of the causal mediation analysis, we found that the effect of cultural value predispositions (i.e. egalitarianism, individualism, hierarchism, and fatalism) on perceived benefits and risks associated with HPVL installation among policy elites is partially mediated by specific affective feelings (i.e. fear, anger, happiness, and excitement) in very distinct ways. We conclude this paper by suggesting that a more robust understanding of the cognitive mechanism of benefit–risk perceptions, particularly those of individuals with more opportunities and resources to shape related policies, promises valuable insight for the development of more effective risk communications and better policy-making practices. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 416-431 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1391317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1391317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:416-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sandra Volken Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Volken Author-Name: Gabrielle Wong-Parodi Author-X-Name-First: Gabrielle Author-X-Name-Last: Wong-Parodi Author-Name: Evelina Trutnevyte Author-X-Name-First: Evelina Author-X-Name-Last: Trutnevyte Title: Public awareness and perception of environmental, health and safety risks to electricity generation: an explorative interview study in Switzerland Abstract: Well-informed public preferences are key to enabling successful and sustainable energy transitions worldwide. However, limited explorative evidence exists on what the public already knows and wants to know about the electricity generation technologies and their Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) risks. Understanding these issues is important for preparing informational materials and facilitating formation of informed preferences. We present results of an explorative interview study with 12 Swiss people. Despite the public debate on energy in Switzerland, we still identify significant awareness and knowledge gaps as well as misconceptions related to both technologies and their EHS risks. For accidental risks, the people tend to think beyond probabilities and consequences and consider further aspects, such as risk controllability and trust in experts and authorities. Most importantly, we find that people are able and tend to think of the electricity system as a whole portfolio: they actively realize the need to deploy multiple electricity technologies and accept some of the EHS risks. We conclude with concrete recommendations for preparing informational materials on electricity sector transitions in Switzerland and elsewhere. We also argue that future social research on energy should pay more attention to public perception of whole technology portfolios rather than single technologies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 432-447 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1391320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1391320 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:432-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua Trigg Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: Trigg Author-Name: Kirrilly Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Kirrilly Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Bradley Smith Author-X-Name-First: Bradley Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Pauleen Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Pauleen Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Archetyping relationships with companion animals to understand disaster risk-taking propensity Abstract: Pets factor into the daily decision-making of many people. Importantly, various characteristics of these human–animal relationships are known to strongly influence pet owners’ risk behaviour and, consequently, their animals’ welfare during disasters. Yet, few studies have examined a range of such characteristics concurrently in order to describe risk propensity differences in these relationships. In this study, 437 Australian companion-animal (pet) owners reported human–animal relational, personality and attitudinal characteristics, to examine differences in stated tendency to act to secure their pet’s welfare whilst risking potential harm in a hypothetical disaster dilemma. Cluster analysis identified five archetypal profiles differing in relational, personality, attitude and risk-propensity characteristics, as well as in stated willingness to risk personal safety for the well-being of a pet. Results suggest that relational archetypes are an effective means of examining pet–owner risk propensity, to better understand owners’ risk-taking to protect their animals from harm during a disaster. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 475-496 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1405458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1405458 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:475-496 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Author-Name: Klaus Lucas Author-X-Name-First: Klaus Author-X-Name-Last: Lucas Author-Name: Armin Haas Author-X-Name-First: Armin Author-X-Name-Last: Haas Author-Name: Carlo Jaeger Author-X-Name-First: Carlo Author-X-Name-Last: Jaeger Title: Things are different today: the challenge of global systemic risks Abstract: While most OECD countries have been rather successful in reducing risks to human lives, health, and the quality of the environment, the record for new global risks such as climate change, pandemics, financial breakdowns, and social inequality is much less convincing. This is the challenge of systemic risks. Since the global financial crisis, it has received rapidly growing attention. However, considerable conceptual confusion mars research on and practical responses to this challenge. We undertake an effort of conceptual clarification, starting with the paradigmatic example of the financial crisis. This leads to a view of global systems as involving an interplay between micro- and macrodynamics internal to the system, with the system simultaneously interacting with its environment. Such dynamics typically show periods of stability, punctuated by situations opening up several possible futures. Alternative global futures, like other prospects, constitute risks for an agent if she considers some of these futures as less desirable than others. Agents may have lexicographic preferences over futures they would like to avoid, so as to consider some futures as just undesirable, but others as catastrophic. If an agent expects some of the relevant futures at a bifurcation point of a global system to be catastrophic in this sense, they are faced with a systemic risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 401-415 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1409252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1409252 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:401-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Paula Beck da Silva Etges Author-X-Name-First: Ana Paula Beck da Silva Author-X-Name-Last: Etges Author-Name: Joana Siqueira de Souza Author-X-Name-First: Joana Siqueira Author-X-Name-Last: de Souza Author-Name: Francisco José Kliemann Neto Author-X-Name-First: Francisco José Author-X-Name-Last: Kliemann Neto Author-Name: Elaine Aparecida Felix Author-X-Name-First: Elaine Aparecida Author-X-Name-Last: Felix Title: A proposed enterprise risk management model for health organizations Abstract: Health care organizations are environments with high management complexity and subject to a constant exposure to risks. Enterprise risk management (ERM) has been studied and applied in different economic environments with the aim of improving organizational performance. However, the health sector still suffers from a lack of attention in this context, in particular with regard to the need for a high degree of financial transparency and for the establishment of process-orientated management, and this provides the motivation for the study described in this paper. An ERM model for health organizations is proposed, based on a systematic literature review and on seven case studies in Brazilian hospitals. An approach to economic risk assessment using indicators such as the cash flow at risk and the variability of costs and receipts from the proposed model is suggested. The health organizations involved in the case studies all interpret ERM as a source of information contributing to corporate governance, and the indicators listed provide constructive data for improvement-driven decision-making. Given the interest expressed by the organizations involved, further application and validation of the proposed model in subsequent studies is suggested. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 513-531 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1422780 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1422780 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:513-531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin P. Martyn Author-X-Name-First: Kevin P. Author-X-Name-Last: Martyn Author-Name: M. Martin Bosman Author-X-Name-First: M. Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bosman Title: Post-truth or agnogenesis? Theorizing risk and uncertainty in a neoliberal nature Abstract: In the aftermath of the great recession, many have investigated the characteristics of life in a ‘neoliberal nature’. In more recent months, we have also seen an apparent erosion of truth, the ‘post-truth’ moment. This paper argues that there are important and undertheorized links between the risk centrality of life in neoliberal nature and the post-truth moment. We begin by reviewing some treatments of risk from different fields, coming to the general conclusion that neoliberal nature is a place characterized primarily by its heightened risk(s). We then undertake a Foucauldian interpretation of neoliberal governmentality to demonstrate that the strategy of recasting society as atomized agents of risk is the source of a great deal of alienation and discontent, manifesting in an apparently post-truth citizen/society relationship. Next, we relate each of these concepts to the study of culturally induced ignorance, or ‘agnotology,’ to demonstrate that neoliberal governmentality in fact requires the systemic production of ignorance. We then propose an extension of agnotology to argue that a seemingly innocuous post-truth moment is better understood as an outgrowth of the deliberate production of targeted ignorance, especially in the context of environmental injustices. Finally, to provide an illustration of the trends described in this paper, we conclude with a section on the historic use of leaded gasoline in the U.S. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 951-963 Issue: 8 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1454497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1454497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:8:p:951-963 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aki Koivula Author-X-Name-First: Aki Author-X-Name-Last: Koivula Author-Name: Teo Keipi Author-X-Name-First: Teo Author-X-Name-Last: Keipi Author-Name: Arttu Saarinen Author-X-Name-First: Arttu Author-X-Name-Last: Saarinen Author-Name: Pekka Räsänen Author-X-Name-First: Pekka Author-X-Name-Last: Räsänen Title: Risk perceptions across the current political spectrum in Finland: a study of party members Abstract: Political party member perceptions of risk continue to attract a great deal of attention in current public discourse and media coverage, yet little research exists in terms of a comparative analysis of Finnish political parties’ views on the issue. Party members are in many ways a highly significant social group, one that exercises a great deal of decision-making power in modern civil societies. This article provides a novel and up-to-date look into the key areas of perceived risk held by the members of Finland’s political parties, in addition to a comparison of inter-party differences and similarities. The analysis is based on a unique survey data-set of the members of Finland’s six major political parties (N = 12,427). Included are the Finns Party, Centre Party, Left Alliance, Social Democratic Party, Green League and National Coalition Party. Together, these represent the political spectrum in Finland. Risk factors included primary categories dealing with various national, institutional, cultural and economic issues. Also included in the analysis was a look into whether length of party membership affects risk concern for the included issues. Findings showed that national and external risks were more of a concern for the Finns Party, while the Left and the Social Democrats considered economic issues a greater risk than did others. Furthermore, economic risk was most concerning to the left while external risks were generally viewed in line with the current centre-right administration. Some notable differences between old and new party members were also found. Findings emphasize the importance of understanding how political party members differ in their views of various societal risks while providing new points of comparison between those parties toward improved clarity of the national political landscape. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 964-982 Issue: 8 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1437060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1437060 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:8:p:964-982 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Ashley Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Simon Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Pilot workload and fatigue on four intra-European routes: a 12-month mixed-methods evaluation Abstract: There were predictions that the European Aviation Safety Agency’s (EASA’s) new Flight Time Limitations (FTLs) (European Union Regulation 83/2014) would adversely affect safety. Following implementation of the new regulations, research into flight-crew fatigue and workload was conducted at a medium-sized U.K-registered low-cost carrier (LCC). A mixed-methods approach drawing on instantaneous self-assessment (ISA) and participant observation was used to measure fatigue and workload on four intra-European routes. A modified U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine Crew Status Survey recorded ISA data on fatigue and workload. The author’s flight-deck observations generated data on the context of flight operations. Two findings stand out. First, 7.1% of those who completed the inbound Top-of-Climb–Top-of-Descent scale claimed to be either ‘Extremely tired’ or ‘Completely exhausted.’ Secondly, 9.3% of those who completed the inbound Top-of-Descent–On-Blocks scale claimed to be either ‘Extremely tired’ or ‘Completely exhausted.’ Pilots recorded maximum and average workload in the range 5–7 most often for phases Boarding–Off-blocks and Top-of-descent–On-blocks. The author recommends that further mixed-methods research into fatigue and workload be conducted at this and other carriers operating under European Union Regulation 83/2014. Research should be conducted regularly. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 983-1003 Issue: 8 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1430704 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1430704 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:8:p:983-1003 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyllbert Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Kyllbert Author-X-Name-Last: Oliveira Author-Name: Mirian Méxas Author-X-Name-First: Mirian Author-X-Name-Last: Méxas Author-Name: Marcelo Meiriño Author-X-Name-First: Marcelo Author-X-Name-Last: Meiriño Author-Name: Geisa Drumond Author-X-Name-First: Geisa Author-X-Name-Last: Drumond Title: Critical success factors associated with the implementation of enterprise risk management Abstract: The present research aimed to identify which critical success factors have the most influence on the implementation of Enterprise Risk Management – ERM, taking into consideration the important mission to ensure the survival, growth, and perpetuity of businesses in an environment with strong technology integration, global competition, and political, cultural, and economic contexts. To achieve this objective, a systematic and structured literature review was conducted, making it possible to identify 10 critical success factors for ERM initiatives that were analyzed and detailed, based on the literature findings and consultation with experts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1004-1019 Issue: 8 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1437061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1437061 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:8:p:1004-1019 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shital A. Thekdi Author-X-Name-First: Shital A. Author-X-Name-Last: Thekdi Author-Name: Samrat Chatterjee Author-X-Name-First: Samrat Author-X-Name-Last: Chatterjee Title: Toward adaptive decision support for assessing infrastructure system resilience using hidden performance measures Abstract: The understanding of resilience is an emerging topic within the study of risks affecting distributed infrastructure systems. Although recent studies have explored the quantification of system resilience, there has been limited research aimed at understanding the role of multiple performance measures, spatiotemporal heterogeneities, and modeling uncertainties within the assessment of resilience and associated decision-making. Under real-world conditions, there is an increased burden on analysts for translating observed system data (including human and electronic sensor observations) into system performance estimates that may not be directly observable. This paper addresses these issues using a scenario-based risk modeling approach to understand: (1) resilience of complex systems, often in cases of hidden (not readily observable) measures of performance, (2) resilience sensitivity to modeling uncertainties in event and system characteristics, and (3) resilience sensitivity to the measurement of performance across multiple operational perspectives. The methods in this paper integrate uncertainty-driven risk and probabilistic modeling within a multi-state Markov-based approach. This study contributes to the state-of-the-art by developing methodologies for assessing community perceptions of infrastructure system resilience using observable factors and inferring possibly hidden performance measures for facilitating adaptive decision-support. The methods are demonstrated with hypothetical spatiotemporal data across multiple system performance dimensions. The analysis results are useful for infrastructure security analysts, system decision-makers, and the general public. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1020-1043 Issue: 8 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1440412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1440412 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:8:p:1020-1043 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah A. Mason-Renton Author-X-Name-First: Sarah A. Author-X-Name-Last: Mason-Renton Author-Name: Isaac Luginaah Author-X-Name-First: Isaac Author-X-Name-Last: Luginaah Title: Lasting impacts and perceived inequities: community reappraisal of the siting of a regional biosolids processing facility in rural Ontario Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of the shift in community perceptions pre- and post-siting of a biosolids processing facility – the Organic Material Recovery Centre – in the rural Township of Southgate, Ontario. The study responds to the need for comparative studies examining residents’ perceptions of contested noxious facilities during acrimonious siting processes and later during facility operations. Interviews were conducted before and after the techno-industrial facility was sited to compare community perceptions of the proposed and operational facility, and further examine residents’ experiences with residual impacts and reflections on the siting process. Results reveal that once the facility began operations and residents had the opportunity to understand its operational mandate and directions, many residents seem to accept the facility as less threatening to well-being, quality of life and core values. Nonetheless, sustained community concerns shifted to invisible impacts and long-term uncertainty. Findings highlight lingering intra-community conflict between those supporting and those who remained concerned about negative impacts. As a result of the hostile community conflict, the local politics seems to have morphed into a ‘one-issue’ political scene, whereby all issues are divided along the lines of municipal councillors opinions of the facility These findings make methodological contributions with pre- and post-siting comparative qualitative research and contribute theoretically to our understanding of residents’ reappraisal of contested noxious techno-industrial facilities, show sustained divisive social impacts within the community, and call for meaningful consultation and increased participatory siting processes that accounts for the diversity of values and expectations during facility siting. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1044-1061 Issue: 8 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1440413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1440413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:8:p:1044-1061 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Tiozzo Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Tiozzo Author-Name: Anna Pinto Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Pinto Author-Name: Giulia Mascarello Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Mascarello Author-Name: Claudio Mantovani Author-X-Name-First: Claudio Author-X-Name-Last: Mantovani Author-Name: Licia Ravarotto Author-X-Name-First: Licia Author-X-Name-Last: Ravarotto Title: Which food safety information sources do Italian consumers prefer? Suggestions for the development of effective food risk communication Abstract: This study investigated which information sources Italian consumers use most frequently when they have a question about food safety in order to obtain useful insights to inform food risk communication. In 2011, a national survey was conducted targeting Italian people responsible for purchasing and preparing food for their households. Respondents’ choices of information sources on food safety were correlated with their socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics, their levels of objective knowledge, their levels of trust towards some authorities and their levels of self-perception regarding risk exposure. Our data analysis identified those information channels that are most likely to reach Italians actively seeking information. Mass media (radio/television/newspapers) were the most frequently used information source, followed by the Internet. Age, educational qualification, employment status, geographical area, family status and objective knowledge were the variables that influenced the choice for information sources used by the Italian population. The frequency of buying food products, the frequency of eating put and the frequency of cooking also showed a dependency relation. The profiles of those who actively seek information were also outlined. Among these, the Mass media users’ and the Internet users’ profiles were further analysed. Results show that Italian consumers do actively seek information about food safety, revealing that food safety continues to be a concern for the Italian consumers. Their interest in this topic represents an opportunity for public health authorities to address an audience of receptive consumers. Such information will be valuable in the design of targeted communication campaigns to increase consumers’ knowledge and awareness of food safety issues and will help authorities to choose the most effective channels through which to deliver key messages. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1062-1077 Issue: 8 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1440414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1440414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:8:p:1062-1077 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cécile Coquelet Author-X-Name-First: Cécile Author-X-Name-Last: Coquelet Author-Name: Marie-Axelle Granié Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Axelle Author-X-Name-Last: Granié Author-Name: Jean Griffet Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Griffet Title: Conformity to gender stereotypes, motives for riding and aberrant behaviors of French motorcycle riders Abstract: As sex differences are very pronounced in motorcycle crashes, both in terms of number and severity, the present study aims to determine the relationship between gender, motives for riding a motorcycle, and risk-taking behaviors among motorcyclists. Declared aberrant behaviors, conformity to gender stereotypes and motives to ride a motorcycle were investigated among 2262 riders of heavy motorcycles, through an Internet survey. Ages ranged from 18 to 78 years, 10.5% of the respondents were women. Results revealed the new scale on motives for riding a motorcycle was effective and allowed to show that competition motives were associated to masculinity, low femininity and youth. They also showed that maleness, masculinity, youth, and competition motives were predictors of violations and femaleness and low masculinity were predictors of lapses. Furthermore, competition motives were also mediators between masculinity and aberrant behaviors, except for personal protective equipment negligence. This study gives new knowledge on the relationship between conformity to gender stereotypes, motivations, and the behaviors of riders of heavy motorcycles. Results can be useful for adapting prevention campaigns to the small sub-groups that are the more at risk in the motorcyclists’ population. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1078-1089 Issue: 8 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1454494 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1454494 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:22:y:2019:i:8:p:1078-1089 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia Bassarak Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Bassarak Author-Name: Hans-Rüdiger Pfister Author-X-Name-First: Hans-Rüdiger Author-X-Name-Last: Pfister Author-Name: Gisela Böhm Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Böhm Title: Dispute and morality in the perception of societal risks: extending the psychometric model Abstract: The psychometric paradigm has identified two classic dimensions, dread and unknown risk, structuring the perception of risks. We propose that disputed risk and morality are two additional dimensions that are relevant to describe the cognitive representation of societal risks. Disputed risk captures two aspects of a societal risk: first, that consensus about scientific evidence is low, and second, that the public debate about the risk issue is highly controversial. Morality refers to judgments of reprehensibility, capturing the fact that societal risks frequently involve violations of moral principles. In a survey study employing two samples, a household sample (N = 418) and a student sample (N = 88), participants evaluated 24 societal risks on 23 psychometric scales intended to assess the four constructs dread, unknown risk, disputed risk, and morality. Principal component analyses yielded three dimensions: a common dimension of dread and morality, a disputed risk dimension, and unknown risk. We also assessed judgments of overall riskiness for all risks. Morality and dread both proved to be strong and distinctive predictors of perceived overall riskiness in regression analyses; disputed risk and unknown risk, in contrast, do not play a substantial role as predictors. These findings were replicated across both samples. We conclude that disputed risk constitutes a novel and unique psychometric dimension; morality, on the other hand, coincides with dread in the cognitive representation of societal risks, while still showing a distinct and strong effect in the prediction of risk judgments. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 299-325 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1043571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043571 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:299-325 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shannon Lydia Spruit Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Lydia Author-X-Name-Last: Spruit Title: Choosing between precautions for nanoparticles in the workplace: complementing the precautionary principle with caring Abstract: Workers who develop and use nanoparticles are on the front line of exposure to the purported risks of nanoparticles. Employers have a legal duty to protect their employees against any work-related harm. However, it is difficult to perform the required risk assessment and management when dealing with uncertainty. Risk ethicists have therefore argued for using the precautionary principle to guide such decisions on uncertain risks. In this paper, I argue that if we want to make use of innovative products, such as nanomaterials, but lack the knowledge and shared standards for choosing between protective measures, the precautionary principle is underdetermined. For the use of nanoparticles in working environments, there are several guidelines that suggest different precautionary strategies for dealing with their purported risks, but choosing between these guidelines proves difficult in the absence of a clear, scientific, decision principle. I therefore explore the ethics of care to develop a complementary decision criterion for the precautionary principle. From this perspective, the caring qualities of working relationships are key in comparing precautions with each other. I propose three conditions for assessing risk management strategies based on (1) the existence of a mutual concern for employee health and safety, (2) the connectedness and continuity of the relationships between employer and employee, and (3) the responsiveness of employers to employee needs. Using these criteria will support choosing between precautions, by shifting attention from the acceptability of imposing a risk to creating a social context in which the imposition of the residual risks can be considered acceptable. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 326-346 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1043574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:326-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yi Chen Author-X-Name-First: Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Zhao Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Zhao Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Peijun Shi Author-X-Name-First: Peijun Author-X-Name-Last: Shi Author-Name: Xiao Song Author-X-Name-First: Xiao Author-X-Name-Last: Song Author-Name: Pin Wang Author-X-Name-First: Pin Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Xing Wei Author-X-Name-First: Xing Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Author-Name: Fulu Tao Author-X-Name-First: Fulu Author-X-Name-Last: Tao Title: Public perception and responses to environmental pollution and health risks: evaluation and implication from a national survey in China Abstract: Concerns have been raised among policy-makers, researchers and Chinese citizens regarding the widespread environmental degradation that has occurred in China in recent decades. Years of environmental education and media coverage on pollution harm and health risks have not only provided information about pollution to the public, but have also strengthened people’s concerns. However, an ‘intense focus’ on pollution is far from sufficient; at present, it is necessary to assess to what extent the public can identify specific environmental conditions and whether they are ready to cope with potential health risks from pollution. Through face-to-face surveys on trains and at railway stations nationwide, we investigated public experiences of environmental pollution accidents, perceptions of local environmental risks (focused on air and water quality) and responses to local environmental conditions. By comparing public perceptions with official environmental monitoring data-sets, we concluded that the accuracy of perceptions related to four environmental factors ranged from 40 to 60% at the individual scale. Furthermore, the accuracies increased approximately 2–10% at the county scale and 10–30% at the city scale, highlighting the possible benefits of collective intelligence in helping the public to identify existing environment conditions more accurately. Additionally, despite great concerns about pollution and health, public attitudes toward coping with the dangers of pollution and health risks were found to be indifferent. Our study revealed factors at the individual, social and governmental levels that led to low levels of perception accuracy and response scores. Thereout, we stressed potential pathways to improve the accuracy of public perception and the positivity of responses. The survey results indicate that there is a long way to go before the public is well prepared to cope with the risks of pollution; as a consequence, it is necessary to improve both personal environmental awareness as well as governmental, social and commercial responses to pollution events. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 347-365 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1057199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1057199 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:347-365 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Pinto Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Pinto Author-Name: Giulia Mascarello Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Mascarello Author-Name: Nicoletta Parise Author-X-Name-First: Nicoletta Author-X-Name-Last: Parise Author-Name: Silvia Bonaldo Author-X-Name-First: Silvia Author-X-Name-Last: Bonaldo Author-Name: Stefania Crovato Author-X-Name-First: Stefania Author-X-Name-Last: Crovato Author-Name: Licia Ravarotto Author-X-Name-First: Licia Author-X-Name-Last: Ravarotto Title: Italian consumers’ attitudes towards food risks: - and -- profiles for effective risk communication Abstract: The study aims to assess Italian consumers’ attitudes towards food risks and seeks to outline their socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics on the basis of their attitudes (self-protective and non-self-protective) towards food risks. Using the Computer-assisted telephone interviewing survey method, a sample of 1000 Italian consumers was interviewed on risk perception issues and general eating habits. Factor analyses on the consumers’ propensities to read the label when buying a food product for the first time, their propensities to seek food-related information and their perceived levels of exposure to food risks have enabled us to define Italian consumers’ attitudes towards food risks. Distinguishing between consumers with more self-protective attitudes and those with less self-protective attitudes and identifying their distinctive socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics (e.g. gender, age, the frequency with which respondents do grocery shopping and the channels used for further inquiry) are crucial for communication campaigns aimed at reducing consumers’ exposure to food risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 366-384 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1057200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1057200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:366-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jung Eun Kang Author-X-Name-First: Jung Eun Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Author-Name: D.K. Yoon Author-X-Name-First: D.K. Author-X-Name-Last: Yoon Author-Name: Jinyoung Rhee Author-X-Name-First: Jinyoung Author-X-Name-Last: Rhee Title: Factors contributing to business actions in response to climate change in Korea Abstract: Climate change is a growing problem and has been highlighted as a global issue. Empirical evidence increasingly indicates its obvious potential risks to humans and society. As members of this society, business organizations face greatly diverse climate change-related risks that they must recognize and respond to. However, gaps exist between scientific evidence and the actions of business organizations. Few empirical studies have examined the business organizations’ actions taken in response to climate change in Korea. This paper addresses this critical gap in the climate change literature by examining business organizations’ behaviors and identifying the factors influencing their actions. We employ statistical models to compare corporate climate change actions, and we explain their variations using survey data. The results indicate that despite increasing concerns about climate change, businesses have implemented very limited precautionary mitigation and adaptation actions. In addition, the concerns of the businesses about future climate change impact, organizational capacity (leadership, staff capacity, existence of a relevant division or department), and business size are significant factors with respect to the implementation of climate change actions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 385-403 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1057203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1057203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:385-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eirik Bjorheim Abrahamsen Author-X-Name-First: Eirik Bjorheim Author-X-Name-Last: Abrahamsen Author-Name: Kenneth Pettersen Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: Pettersen Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Author-Name: Mareile Kaufmann Author-X-Name-First: Mareile Author-X-Name-Last: Kaufmann Author-Name: Tony Rosqvist Author-X-Name-First: Tony Author-X-Name-Last: Rosqvist Title: A framework for selection of strategy for management of security measures Abstract: In this paper, we present and discuss a framework for security risk management, focusing on the selection of a management strategy for decision-making on security measures in particular. The framework provides guidance on the selection of a suitable type of management strategy for various types of decision-making contexts. An Information and Communication Technology case study is used to illustrate the practical implications of the framework. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 404-417 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1057205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1057205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:404-417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katarina Giritli Nygren Author-X-Name-First: Katarina Author-X-Name-Last: Giritli Nygren Author-Name: Susanna Öhman Author-X-Name-First: Susanna Author-X-Name-Last: Öhman Author-Name: Anna Olofsson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Olofsson Title: Doing and undoing risk: the mutual constitution of risk and heteronormativity in contemporary society Abstract: This paper develops the concepts of ‘doing’ and ‘undoing’ risk, a new approach to risk research that echoes the ‘doing gender’ of gender studies. In this way, we combine intersectional and risk theory and apply the new perspective to empirical material. To better explore the doing and undoing, or the performance, of risk, we will refer to practices that simultaneously (re)produce and hide socio-political norms and positions, played out in contemporary, hierarchical relations of power and knowledge. The aim is to develop a theoretical understanding of doing and undoing risk. The study makes use of transcripts from five focus group interviews with men and women, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people of different ages living in Sweden to develop a theory of ‘doing risk’. The doing of risk of our informants takes place within the frame of a hegemonic heteronormativity. The way that risks are perceived and done in everyday life therefore always needs to be read within a frame of prevailing structures of power. This counts for all of us as we are all part of the hegemonic power structures and thereby are both subject to the intersecting doings of risk and performatively reproducing these power structures in practice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 418-432 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2015.1088056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2015.1088056 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:418-432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melissa L. Finucane Author-X-Name-First: Melissa L. Author-X-Name-Last: Finucane Author-Name: Michael J. Blum Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Blum Author-Name: Rajeev Ramchand Author-X-Name-First: Rajeev Author-X-Name-Last: Ramchand Author-Name: Andrew M. Parker Author-X-Name-First: Andrew M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parker Author-Name: Shanthi Nataraj Author-X-Name-First: Shanthi Author-X-Name-Last: Nataraj Author-Name: Noreen Clancy Author-X-Name-First: Noreen Author-X-Name-Last: Clancy Author-Name: Gary Cecchine Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Cecchine Author-Name: Anita Chandra Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Chandra Author-Name: Tim Slack Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Slack Author-Name: George Hobor Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Hobor Author-Name: Regardt J. Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Regardt J. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Author-Name: Ky Luu Author-X-Name-First: Ky Author-X-Name-Last: Luu Author-Name: Amy E. Lesen Author-X-Name-First: Amy E. Author-X-Name-Last: Lesen Author-Name: Craig A. Bond Author-X-Name-First: Craig A. Author-X-Name-Last: Bond Title: Advancing community resilience research and practice: moving from “me” to “we” to “3D” Abstract: Research and practice aimed at enhancing community resilience to disasters such as hurricanes have focused primarily on the survival of individuals and the development of social capital and networks. Less consideration has been given to the dynamics of social-ecological conditions that can govern post-disaster outcomes. This article provides a rationale for moving research and practice towards an adaptive systems framework, drawing on the cascading challenges that Gulf of Mexico coastal communities have endured since the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. The adaptive approach recognizes that, in some situations, crises can highlight avenues for improvement, where greater resilience can be achieved by addressing the dynamic context of a disaster. We discuss implications for clarifying interdependencies, bridging the science-society gap, and making course corrections through iterative processes. We also highlight how the approach might foster policy addressing global challenges such as changing climate conditions, rapid urbanization, and disease pandemics. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-10 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517377 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:1-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magda Osman Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Author-Name: Shola Radford Author-X-Name-First: Shola Author-X-Name-Last: Radford Author-Name: Yiling Lin Author-X-Name-First: Yiling Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Natalie Gold Author-X-Name-First: Natalie Author-X-Name-Last: Gold Author-Name: William Nelson Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Author-Name: Ragnar Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Title: Learning lessons: how to practice nudging around the world Abstract: The aim of this article is to cover three things: (1) to introduce the context behind why a report prepared by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2017 would be of such importance to researchers in various academic disciplines and public policy, (2) to present the details of a simple classification system that was applied to all 111 case studies of behavioural interventions (better known as nudges) referred to in the OECD (2017a) report, and (3) to discuss what needs to be done to help advance practitioners’ pursuit of effective behavioural interventions. This article aims to highlight the importance of accurately cataloguing the types of behavioural interventions that have been trialled/implemented across the world. By adopting an agreed classification system, researchers and practitioners can benefit from knowing what can work, and where it can work, as well as what does not work, in order to be better armed when considering the use of behavioural interventions to solve social policy issues. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 11-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517127 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:11-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Fellenor Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Fellenor Author-Name: Julie Barnett Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Barnett Author-Name: Clive Potter Author-X-Name-First: Clive Author-X-Name-Last: Potter Author-Name: Julie Urquhart Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Urquhart Author-Name: J. D. Mumford Author-X-Name-First: J. D. Author-X-Name-Last: Mumford Author-Name: C. P. Quine Author-X-Name-First: C. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Quine Title: ‘Real without being concrete’: the ontology of public concern and its significance for the Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) Abstract: Public concern is a pivotal notion in the risk perception, communication and management literature. It is, for example, a central concept with regard to the social amplification of risk, and as a justification for policy attention. Despite its ubiquity, the notion of public concern remains a ‘black box’ presenting a poorly understood state of affairs as a reified matter-of-fact. Paying attention to the deployment and metrics of public concern, and the work it is required to do, will enhance the power of approaches to understanding risk, and policymaking. Thus, the broad purpose of this paper is to unpack the notion of public concern by adopting an ontological yet critical perspective, drawing on a range of literature that considers ontology. We reflect on how publics and public concern have been conceptualised with regard to the dichotomies of individual/social and private/public, given that they imply different levels and dimensions of concern. We draw on empirical work that illuminates the assessment and measurement of public concern and how the public have responded to risk events. Considering public concern through an ontological lens affords a means of drawing renewed critical attention to objects that might otherwise appear finished or ready-made. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 20-34 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501598 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:20-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Webler Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Webler Author-Name: Marissa Holewinski Author-X-Name-First: Marissa Author-X-Name-Last: Holewinski Author-Name: Bethany Orrick Author-X-Name-First: Bethany Author-X-Name-Last: Orrick Author-Name: Raman Kaur Author-X-Name-First: Raman Author-X-Name-Last: Kaur Title: Toward a method for the rapid collection of public concerns and benefits of emerging energy technologies Abstract: The speed and scale with which new technologies emerge sometimes force decision makers to act without the benefit of thorough risk analyses and environmental and social impact analyses. Insights from interested and affected parties (IAPs) can be tapped to alert decision makers to expected risks and benefits associated with emerging technologies. One of the methodological challenges has been to identify IAPs with relevant knowledge of the emerging technology. Here we show how Facebook’s marketing tool can be employed to reach IAPs with experience and knowledge in a new energy technology and recruit them to a survey instrument. We demonstrate the approach in the context of hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas in the United States. A $200 1-week Facebook ad produced a diverse sample of 379 IAPs from 36 states that identified 41 benefits and 80 risks. This knowledge can be used to steer the direction of analyses for impact assessments. Comparison to a similar study showed a surprising number of differences, suggesting that larger samples are needed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 35-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1485174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1485174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:35-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sjoerd van Bemmel Author-X-Name-First: Sjoerd Author-X-Name-Last: van Bemmel Title: The perception of risk among unauthorized migrants in Ghana Abstract: In recent years, the number of unauthorized migrants trying to reach Europe by boat has increased. In an attempt to curtail this trend, European countries have increasingly deployed information campaigns regarding the risks involved in unauthorized migration. The assumption behind these campaigns is that a strong relation exists between the prevalence of high-risk migration and a lack of awareness of the involved dangers, and that the dissemination of ‘objective’ information would cause prospective migrants to refrain from leaving. Although regarded as a crucial tool in the management of migration, there is little evidence on their effectiveness. Based on four weeks of fieldwork in Ghana, this qualitative study has sought to fill this lacuna. By concentrating on both the circulation and perception of the available risk information in Ghana, this article explores the ways in which notions of risk affect the motivation and decision of unauthorized migrants to engage in high-risk behaviour. Thereby, it will be argued that unauthorized migrants are not the ignorant actors they are often portrayed to be, but that they make their decisions carefully and within a particular vulnerable, socioeconomic and cultural context. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 47-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:47-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sander C.S. Clahsen Author-X-Name-First: Sander C.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Clahsen Author-Name: Holly S. van Klaveren Author-X-Name-First: Holly S. Author-X-Name-Last: van Klaveren Author-Name: Theo G. Vermeire Author-X-Name-First: Theo G. Author-X-Name-Last: Vermeire Author-Name: Irene van Kamp Author-X-Name-First: Irene Author-X-Name-Last: van Kamp Author-Name: Bart Garssen Author-X-Name-First: Bart Author-X-Name-Last: Garssen Author-Name: Aldert H Piersma Author-X-Name-First: Aldert H Author-X-Name-Last: Piersma Author-Name: Erik Lebret Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Lebret Title: Understanding conflicting views of endocrine disruptor experts: a pilot study using argumentation analysis Abstract: To what extent do substances have the potential to cause adverse health effects through an endocrine mode of action? This question elicited intense debates between endocrine disrupting substances (EDS) experts. The pervasive nature of the underlying differences of opinion justifies a systematic analysis of the argumentation put forward by the experts involved. Two scientific publications pertaining to EDS science were analyzed using pragma-dialectical argumentation theory (PDAT). PDAT’s methodology allowed us to perform a maximally impartial and systematic analysis. Using PDAT, the structure of the argumentation put forward in both publications was reconstructed, main standpoints, and arguments were identified, underlying unexpressed premises were made explicit and major differences in starting points were uncovered. The five differences in starting points identified were subdivided into two categories: interpretative ambiguity about underlying scientific evidence and normative ambiguity about differences in broader norms and values. Accordingly, two differences in starting points were explored further using existing risk and expert role typologies. We emphasize that particularly the settlement of normative ambiguity, through the involvement of broader ethical, social or political values, inherently requires multi-stakeholder approaches. Extrapolation of our findings to the broader discussion on EDS science and further exploration of the roles of EDS experts in policy processes should follow from further research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 62-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517378 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517378 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:62-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niko Yiannakoulias Author-X-Name-First: Niko Author-X-Name-Last: Yiannakoulias Author-Name: Julien N. Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Julien N. Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Author-Name: J. Connor Darlington Author-X-Name-First: J. Connor Author-X-Name-Last: Darlington Title: The decision game: a serious game approach to understanding environmental risk management decisions Abstract: Here we describe the implementation of an experimental research tool called the Decision Game that we used to collect data on household flood risk management decisions. Participants using this tool play an interactive game that involves making household decisions about place of residence and a variety of household expenditures, including spending on flood insurance and private flood risk mitigation. Participants also answer survey questions before and after playing the game; the pre-game survey collected demographic information, and the post-game survey collected information about participant experiences with flooding and flood mitigation. Online and face-to-face participants showed similar engagement with the experiment, and most participants appeared to have made deliberate and considered decisions about risk mitigation. Online study participants had similar responses to those who participated in person, although face-to-face participants seemed slightly more likely to mitigate against risk. Overall, participants in this research were younger, more educated and more likely to rent a home than the average Canadian. Serious games may be useful for augmenting existing data gathering strategies used in understanding environmental decision making, particularly for rare catastrophic events for which stated preference surveys may be less informative. Serious games allow for sharing a mixture of information with study participants, including maps, video clips, text and even immersive 3D experiences, and can be administered online to increase participation levels. Future research will consider longer duration online experiments and more immersive interaction frameworks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 81-94 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517379 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:81-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pierluigi Martino Author-X-Name-First: Pierluigi Author-X-Name-Last: Martino Author-Name: Alessandra Rigolini Author-X-Name-First: Alessandra Author-X-Name-Last: Rigolini Author-Name: Giuseppe D’Onza Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe Author-X-Name-Last: D’Onza Title: The relationships between CEO characteristics and strategic risk-taking in family firms Abstract: We examine the influences of chief executive officer (CEO) personal characteristics on family firms’ strategic risk-taking. Building on upper echelons theory, we investigate the influences of CEO family relationships, the CEO professional education, other career experiences, tenure, and career horizon have on the risk level a company takes. By analyzing a sample of 107 Italian family firms listed on the Milan Stock Exchange, we find that company’s risk-taking significantly and negatively relates to CEO family relationship and professional education, but positively to CEO career horizon. This provides support to the argument that such CEO personal characteristics are key factors in explaining differences in risk-taking among family firms. Further, our analysis of control variables shows that family firms’ risk-taking relates positively to board size and negatively to company size. These results suggest that company and board characteristics also significantly influence the risk levels taken by a company. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 95-116 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517380 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:95-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heewon Cha Author-X-Name-First: Heewon Author-X-Name-Last: Cha Author-Name: Jungeun Yang Author-X-Name-First: Jungeun Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Soo Jin Kim Author-X-Name-First: Soo Jin Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: The influence of chronic and temporary accessibility on trust and policy support Abstract: Food is very closely related to our everyday life and consumers are intolerable to food risk. The impact of media report on food risk perception has been addressed but more elaborated approach on consumers’ cognitive process of food risk perception via media is needed. Theoretically guided by accessibility theory, we examined the relationship between consumers’ perception of food risk (i.e. food schema), media use, media frame, trust, and policy support. Furthermore, anger was employed as a mediating variable influencing on trust and policy support. Results found that the level of media use had a significant positive effect on trust and policy support. Among the media frames, the government responsibility frame and corporate responsibility frame were shown to be negative predictors for trust and policy support. As for the food schema, checking schema was the most influential negative factor on trust and policy support. Anger was found to exert a negative effect on trust and policy support but this effect decreased if the level of trust was high. In terms of the relationship between media frames and the food schema on anger, most food schema reduced the strong positive effects of the media frame on anger. This means peoples’ anger induced by media frames can be diminished by individuals’ specific food schema. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 117-138 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1547784 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1547784 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:117-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Eduarda Gonçalves Author-X-Name-First: Maria Eduarda Author-X-Name-Last: Gonçalves Title: The risk-based approach under the new EU data protection regulation: a critical perspective Abstract: The first broad reform of personal data protection legislation in the European Union entered into force in May 2018 (Regulation (EU) 2016/679, the General Data Protection Regulation). Remarkably, with this reform a risk-based approach has been introduced as the core data protection enforcement model, while data protection authorities see their regulatory role significantly weakened. The risk-based approach is to be implemented by the data controllers (i.e. the operators) via data protection impact assessments (evoking the established environmental impact assessment procedure) and notification of breaches, among other procedures. Hence the scope of both the concepts of risk and risk regulation spread beyond conventional domains, namely the environment, public health or safety, i.e. physical risks, to encompass risks to intangible values, i.e. individual rights and freedoms, presumably harder to assess and manage. Strikingly, the reform has been accompanied by a confident discourse by EU institutions, and their avowed belief in the reform’s ability to safeguard the fundamental right to data protection in the face of evolving data processing techniques, specifically, big data, the Internet of Things, and related algorithmic decision-making. However, one may wonder whether there isn’t cause for concern in view of the way the risk-based approach has been designed in the data protection legislation. In this article, the risk-based approach to data protection is analysed in the light of the reform’s underlying rationality. Comparison with the risk regulatory experience in environmental law, particularly the environmental impact assessment procedure, is drawn upon to assist us in pondering the shortcomings, as well as the opportunities of the novel risk-based approach. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 139-152 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517381 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:139-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kjartan Bjørnsen Author-X-Name-First: Kjartan Author-X-Name-Last: Bjørnsen Author-Name: Anders Jensen Author-X-Name-First: Anders Author-X-Name-Last: Jensen Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: Using qualitative types of risk assessments in conjunction with FRAM to strengthen the resilience of systems Abstract: In this paper, we look into how some qualitative types of risk assessments can be used in conjunction with functional resonance analysis method (FRAM) to strengthen the resilience of systems. In FRAM, variation in relation to meeting specified functions is central, but risk and uncertainty considerations are not an integral part. We suggest to add to FRAM an assessment of the modelling choices and judgements using strength of knowledge considerations and a qualitative sensitivity analysis. In this way, an improved basis for assessing and strengthening system resilience with FRAM is established. We illustrate the idea with a simple example from the oil and gas industry. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 153-166 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517382 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:153-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mario Martínez-Córcoles Author-X-Name-First: Mario Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Córcoles Author-Name: Konstantinos D. Stephanou Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos D. Author-X-Name-Last: Stephanou Author-Name: Markus Schöbel Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Schöbel Title: Exploring the effects of leaders’ individualized consideration in extreme contexts Abstract: Role clarity and trust in leadership are two crucial factors supporting soldiers in coping with uncertainty and imperfect knowledge. The present study examined the effects of leaders’ individualized consideration on both factors in a sample composed of 161 paratroopers from a parachute division of the NATO Airborne Forces. Conditional process modeling revealed that (1) leaders showing individualized consideration increase followers’ role clarity and, in parallel, develop a trusting relationship with them; (2) critical upward communication and perceived workload mediated and moderated these relationships, respectively. The implications of these findings for safety research and their practical applications are outlined. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 167-180 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517385 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:167-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennie Olofsson Author-X-Name-First: Jennie Author-X-Name-Last: Olofsson Title: ‘It is all about getting the volumes down’. Organizational framings of risk in relation to waste, waste management and temporality Abstract: Drawing on an ethnographic fieldwork at a waste facility site in the northern parts of Sweden, this article investigates organizational framings of risk (Hutter and Power 2005) in relation to waste and practices of waste management, employing the concept of temporality. The suggestion is that organizational framings of risk, as it contributes to steering the risk perception of the employees, also cater to a particular temporal register. In relation to the purposes of this article, the risks that my informants mentioned and/or perceived – as part of a particular organizational framework – were most often seen in terms of situated inconveniences and hazards that required technical, and logistic solutions. While this enabled them to take action, it also contributed to bounding risk and risk perception to a particular temporal register, intimately linked to what Barbara Adam (1998) refers to as the logics of industrial time. The logics of industrial time also suffuse formulations of current environmental policies and waste management plans, on a national as well as on an EU level where waste is seen primarily as a resource that continuously needs to be invented anew. As such, the logics of industrial time follow closely the beat of market fluctuations. Talking to representatives for the current waste facility site and observing some of their daily activities, potential risks with waste and practices of waste management were often weighed against other factors such as effectiveness, swiftness, and economic profits or losses: factors that also corresponded to short-time temporalities. While this reasoning, at first seemed to outperform any notion of risk, it actually conformed to the risks acknowledged by the organizational setting of which my informants were part. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 181-193 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1528296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1528296 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:181-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nina Lind Author-X-Name-First: Nina Author-X-Name-Last: Lind Author-Name: Helena Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Helena Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Author-Name: Ulf Emanuelson Author-X-Name-First: Ulf Author-X-Name-Last: Emanuelson Author-Name: Carl Johan Lagerkvist Author-X-Name-First: Carl Johan Author-X-Name-Last: Lagerkvist Title: A combination of differentiation and consolidation theory and risk-benefit analysis to examine decisions on mastitis prevention Abstract: Mastitis infections cause severe pain in dairy cows and are the most costly illness to farmers. This study combined differentiation and consolidation (Diff-Con) theory with risk-benefit analysis to explore how risky decisions are perceived and justified after a decision has been taken. More specifically, using survey data from 428 Swedish dairy farmers, their decisions about adopting preventive measures to control mastitis (mastitis control options, MCO) in dairy herds were examined. The analyses included group comparisons with non-parametric rank tests and use of both ordinary least squared regression and seemingly unrelated regression analysis to examine how prior adoption of MCO affects farmers’ attitudes to the MCO. The results showed that MCOs already adopted were rated higher in perceived riskiness (if not implemented) and in expected benefit (for illness prevention) than non-adopted MCOs. Having made the decision to implement a strategy increased the likelihood of that decision being perceived as more beneficial (reducing mastitis) and risky (in terms of disease increase if not implemented), irrespective of the combination of strategies used on the farm, during the post-consolidation stage. No difference in perceived illness prevalence could explain the farmers’ rating of the MCOs. These findings suggest that there may be a path dependency in farmers’ decision-making with respect to MCO. This implies that novel MCOs may have difficulty in achieving wider implementation. These results have implications for the development of strategies to communicate best practices for use of MCOs and for new research on MCOs and farmers’ decision-making. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 194-209 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1547783 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1547783 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:194-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Majak D’Agoôt Author-X-Name-First: Majak Author-X-Name-Last: D’Agoôt Title: Assessing the utility of risk management theory in the governance of new states: lessons from South Sudan Abstract: South Sudan was born amid great hope for a country that boasted vast natural wealth. Inheriting a virtually lunar political and economic landscape, this hope quickly gave way under kleptocratic governance and corruption, a volatile political environment with recent horrendous violence, and the ensuing loss of oil revenues and cuts in foreign investment and aid. These current crises were based on a historical lack of effective and legitimate power: South Sudan, in reality, has historically existed as a geographical appellation, with a bare minimum of cohesive society and functional nation-state, but with far more potent of trans-historical interethnic antipathies among its fractious communities and competing regions. To date, the reasons for South Sudan’s quick failure are rooted in either the vague problems of newness (fragility) and/or missteps by its elites (risk). This article assesses the relevance of political risk management literature for guiding the governance of nascent states and seeks to establish some criteria for distinguishing generic weakness from the risky behavior of political elites in engendering state failure. It asks whether the political elites of South Sudan were thinking about risk prior to the crisis, and why this risk management was so flawed – if it existed in the first place. The challenge is not only in disciplining, codifying, and containering the future through law-like regulations – but in managing the hazardscapes and complex risk milieu, such as, triggers that activate blowups. Always politicians – and especially in South Sudan – do not think through these concepts, and if they do, things might go better. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 210-226 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569089 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:210-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jialing Huang Author-X-Name-First: Jialing Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Janet Z. Yang Author-X-Name-First: Janet Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Beyond under the dome: an environmental documentary amplified public risk perception about air pollution in China Abstract: Air pollution is a major environmental problem in China and it poses serious risks to public health. Based on the social amplification of risk framework (SARF), this study examines how media, in particular, an impactful environmental documentary titled Under the Dome, influenced Chinese citizens’ risk perception about air pollution. Survey results showed that exposure to the documentary amplified risk perception and risk perception was significantly related to viewers’ information seeking behaviors, policy support, and individual mitigation action about this issue. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 227-241 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569090 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569090 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:227-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bridget K. Behe Author-X-Name-First: Bridget K. Author-X-Name-Last: Behe Author-Name: Jessica E. Fry Author-X-Name-First: Jessica E. Author-X-Name-Last: Fry Title: How much do plant guarantees reduce perceived risk? Abstract: Consumers do perceive risk in purchase decisions and seek to reduce both uncertainty and probability of loss. Risk also varies across persons and purchasing situations. Retailers promote product guarantees as risk reducers, but the quantitative evidence is lacking. They offer guarantees to help resolve outcomes from post-purchase problems mainly, product performance. We used an online survey to investigate the role of risk mitigation by money-back guarantees (MBGs) on a live product: plants. We obtained online responses from 504 US residents ≥ age 18 years who had made at least one live plant purchase in the six months prior to the study. As MBG length increased, perceived risk (PR) decreased. PR was higher for men than for women and declined as income increased. Subjects with a higher level of product involvement, expertise, delight, repurchase intentions, and regret had a higher level of PR. We conducted separate Chow tests for annual and perennial plants by price and MBG length and found several break points. As price increased from $5 to $10, a 30-d MBG reduced PR for annual plants while the reduction in PR was incrementally decreased for all guarantee lengths when annuals were priced over $20. With perennial plants, the MBG had an increasingly larger effect on reducing PR for each $10 increase in price. Overall, for each day increase in MBG length, we observed a 0.0337 decrease in PR, which meant that a 90-d MBG on a plant would reduce PR by 3%. This quantitative evidence of reduction in PR should encourage the use and communication of MBGs which have the potential to improve purchases, customer retention, and profitability. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 242-258 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569092 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:242-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Morten Fibieger Byskov Author-X-Name-First: Morten Fibieger Author-X-Name-Last: Byskov Title: Utilitarianism and risk Abstract: In day-to-day life, we are continuously exposed to different kinds of risk. Unfortunately, avoiding risk can often come at societal or individual costs. Hence, an important task within risk management is deciding how much it can be justified to expose members of society to risk x in order to avoid societal and individual costs y – and vice versa. We can refer to this as the task of setting an acceptable risk threshold. Judging whether a risk threshold is justified requires normative reasoning about what levels of risk exposure that are permissible. One such prominent normative theory is utilitarianism. According to utilitarians, the preferred risk threshold is the one that yields more utility for the most people compared to alternative risk thresholds. In this paper, I investigate whether and the extent to which utilitarian theory can be used to normatively ground a particular risk threshold in this way. In particular, I argue that there are (at least) seven different utilitarian approaches to setting an acceptable risk threshold. I discuss each of these approaches in turn and argue that neither can satisfactorily ground an acceptable risk threshold. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 259-270 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1501600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1501600 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:259-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Book review: Zinn, J.O. and McDonald, D. 2018. Risk in the New York Times Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 271-273 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1485176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1485176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:271-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Author-Name: P. Sol Hart Author-X-Name-First: P. Sol Author-X-Name-Last: Hart Author-Name: Christopher Clarke Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Author-Name: Nicole H. O’Donnell Author-X-Name-First: Nicole H. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Donnell Author-Name: Jay Hmielowski Author-X-Name-First: Jay Author-X-Name-Last: Hmielowski Title: What drives support for self-driving car technology in the United States? Abstract: Recent advances in automotive technology have made fully automated self-driving cars technologically feasible. Despite offering many benefits such as increased safety, improved fuel efficiency, and greater disability access, public support for self-driving cars remains low. While previous studies find that demographic factors such as age and sex influence self-driving car support, limited research has examined variables that are well known to predict public attitudes toward emerging technology. Using self-report data from a quota sample of American adults (N = 1008), we find that age and sex are not significantly associated with support for self-driving car policies when controlling for these other variables. Instead, significant predictors of support included trust in automotive institutions and regulatory bodies, recognition of self-driving car benefits, positive affect toward self-driving cars, and a greater perception that human-driven cars are riskier than self-driving cars. Importantly, we also find that individualism is negatively associated with support. That is, people who value personal autonomy and limited government regulation may perceive policies encouraging self-driving car use as threatening to their worldviews. Altogether, our results suggest strategies for encouraging greater public support of self-driving vehicles while also forecasting potential barriers as this technology emerges as a fixture in transportation policy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 275-287 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1517384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1517384 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:275-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sara Ekholm Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Ekholm Title: Swedish mothers’ and fathers’ worries about climate change: a gendered story Abstract: The present study considers whether parenthood has an impact on the worries that women and men have about climate change for the next generation and examines whether there are differences between the worries of mothers and fathers. The empirical material is based on a questionnaire-based survey that was administered in 2011 to a random selection of 3500 individuals in Sweden, with a response rate of 31%. The results indicate that parenthood, regardless of the parent’s gender, increases an individual’s worries about the impact of climate change on the next generation. Fathers are significantly more worried about climate change than men who are not parents; however, mothers do not worry significantly more than women who are not parents. In general, regardless of parenthood status, women worry about climate change more than men. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 288-296 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569091 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:288-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mounia Berdai Author-X-Name-First: Mounia Author-X-Name-Last: Berdai Author-Name: Antoine Tahan Author-X-Name-First: Antoine Author-X-Name-Last: Tahan Author-Name: Martin Gagnon Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Gagnon Title: Reproducibility investigation of elicitation techniques in risk assessment for hydraulic turbines Abstract: Certain elicitation techniques exert some control on expert opinions by leading them to a consensus or to a specific choice. In the absence of such guidelines, experts rely on their own knowledge to formulate opinions. This can result in large dispersions and affects the decision maker’s judgment. In this situation, we wonder what the relevant elicitation techniques are and how we can help experts to express their knowledge. From literature review, it is hard to decide if elicitation techniques are equivalent or not, which justifies the reproducibility analysis that we carry out in this paper. In this study, multiple experts have been involved in order to predict the defect size in hydraulic turbines, according to four proposed elicitation techniques. The comparison between these techniques was performed based on a suggested algorithm using the area metric concept. Our Findings show that elicitation techniques with ‘support’ tend to limit variations between experts and might be suitable only when prior knowledge on the expected elicited variable is available. Otherwise, we can end up with a distorted opinion of the elicited variable and an erroneous risk assessment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 297-312 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569093 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:297-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Probing the role of institutional stereotypes in Americans’ evaluations of hazard-managing institutions Abstract: Potential effects of institutional stereotypes on trust in hazard-managing organizations have been little explored. Americans’ views of attributes of government agencies, corporations, and non-profit advocacy groups (which try to influence policy) were probed in three surveys 2014–2016. Top-down ratings of positively and negatively phrased institutional attributes were based upon either perceived beliefs of ‘most Americans’ or the respondents themselves. Advocacy groups were rated most positive and least negative, and agencies the reverse, with corporations largely in the middle. Inter-individual differences in demographics, political ideology and interest, and worldviews produced modest variations in these views, supporting attributes’ culturally shared (i.e. stereotypical) nature. Explained variance in trust in institutions significantly increased (if with small to moderate effects) with the addition of stereotypes, particularly positive ones, controlling for other predictors. Institutional stereotypes may hold promise as complementary heuristics in citizen judgments of trust in hazard-managing organizations when they lack motivation or opportunity for situation-specific information; their effects when controlling for the latter (e.g. salient value similarity) remain to be tested. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 313-329 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569095 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569095 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:313-329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Ashley Clark Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Author-Name: John A. Rupp Author-X-Name-First: John A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rupp Author-Name: John D. Graham Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Title: How do incentives influence local public support for the siting of shale gas projects in China? Abstract: In 2016, China became the third largest producer of shale gas in the world. The Chinese central government has been supporting shale gas development since 2011. There are hopes that shale gas development, along with major efforts in renewable energy systems, can bring a fundamental change in the nation’s current coal-dependent energy system. Numerous challenges have slowed implementation including resistance to development of the industry by local residents living near shale gas sites. A significant body of research has examined the effectiveness of incentives in changing risk perceptions and attitudes toward the siting of industrial projects in the Western context. The present research identifies whether governmental incentives increase the extent of local support for shale gas projects in the Chinese context. Specifically, this paper strives to study two types of incentives: direct compensation to households bearing the potential negative impacts of shale gas projects and, household compensation accompanied by allocation of a portion of the shale tax revenues to local communities where the development occurs. An online survey with an embedded experiment was designed and conducted in August 2016 in five Chinese provinces where there are current or future shale gas projects. The experiment shows that household compensation alone or in combination with community reinvestment significantly increases local support of shale gas projects. Further, we found that the respondents most likely to be supportive after the experimental treatments are those who are young, more highly educated, have higher income, and perceive themselves as living close to a project. This research sheds light on how incentives might help contribute to resolution of siting controversies or prevent the onset of such controversies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 330-348 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569096 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569096 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:330-348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emina Herovic Author-X-Name-First: Emina Author-X-Name-Last: Herovic Author-Name: Timothy L. Sellnow Author-X-Name-First: Timothy L. Author-X-Name-Last: Sellnow Author-Name: Deanna D. Sellnow Author-X-Name-First: Deanna D. Author-X-Name-Last: Sellnow Title: Challenges and opportunities for pre-crisis emergency risk communication: lessons learned from the earthquake community Abstract: Prior to the 2009 L’Aquila event, earthquake forecasting and early warning research focused specifically on earthquakes as the crisis events. Although this is still true, the manslaughter convictions of six earthquake scientists and one public official for failed risk communication in 2009 served as a catalyst for expanding these goals to also intentionally examine the challenges of communicating earthquake risk with non-scientific during the pre-crisis stage of the earthquake lifecycle. The Crisis Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) Model developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides specific guidelines for doing so. Thus, based on a thematic analysis of interviews with 21 earthquake scientists, this study identifies what those responsible for communicating regularly about earthquake risk see as major communication challenges and the extent to which the CERC model recommendations are useful for addressing them. Results suggest that earthquake risk science communicators are most effective when they translate scientific and technical information simply, respond to competing messages, capitalize on relevant popular culture references, employ risk communication campaigns during ‘quiet periods’, and acknowledge uncertainty. These findings have implications not only for earthquake science risk communicators, but also for expanding the pre-crisis stage best practices proposed in the Crisis Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) model. Essentially, this study reveals that soliciting and responding to feedback in the pre-crisis stage could help spokespersons clarify or correct any messages that are perceived by audiences as unclear or are simply not accurate. Doing so may improve risk communication effectiveness not only during the pre-crisis stage but also throughout the earthquake crisis lifecycle. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 349-364 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:349-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gustav Lidén Author-X-Name-First: Gustav Author-X-Name-Last: Lidén Author-Name: Anna Olofsson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Olofsson Title: Living in a foreign country: the meaning of place of origin and gender for risk perceptions, experiences, and behaviors Abstract: Previous research has convincingly proven that perceptions, experience, and exposure to risks vary among certain groups in society. By drawing from a unique combination of Swedish survey data and interviews, this study aims to investigate perceptions and experiences of risks as well as in relation to behavior by analyzing the cleavages related to interactions between place of origin and gender. Theoretically, we see individual risk perception as part of situated hierarchical power relations where an individual’s position (which is an intersection of, for example, gender, race, age, and place of origin) structures action and thought. Findings verify that foreign-born men and women perceive risks to a greater extent than those born in Sweden. However, no direct pattern of ethnicity is apparent in exposure to risks, but since predictors measuring experience of discrimination are shown to be significant, the effect can be mediated by such circumstances. In terms of how risks have affected behavior, women, irrespective of their ethnicity, are affected. Exposure to tragic experiences among those who are foreign born can pose risks that are perceived to a greater extent. Furthermore, more vulnerable material conditions can also affect how risks are perceived, and uncertainty due to a lack of resources and as an inherent ingredient of living in a foreign country seem to enhance perceptions of risk and feelings of unsafety. Last, the sense of discrimination appears to influence exposure to certain risks, which might capture an interaction between racism and violence. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 365-378 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:365-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nina Heidenstrøm Author-X-Name-First: Nina Author-X-Name-Last: Heidenstrøm Title: Informal household preparedness: methodological approaches to everyday practices Abstract: Despite increasing attention to individuals’ everyday lives in the literature on risk, few studies investigate household preparedness within the everyday life context. Preparedness is most often regarded as a predefined set of capacities for dealing with emergencies. This article presents methodological approaches for studying what I suggest calling informal preparedness activities that are performed as part of daily life in households. Starting with the assumption that everyday life is enacted through culturally and socially shared practices, it is argued that preparedness is interwoven into these practices. Contrary to studying preparedness as the degree to which households are aware of and act according to a formal definition of preparedness, informal household preparedness focuses on preparedness as embedded in the routinised practices that make up everyday life. The study of informal household preparedness is based on three methodological approaches that explore these practices: (i) Performance of everyday practices, where interviews that focus on performance ask questions about what practitioners actually do; (ii) materiality, where walk-alongs are used to connect performance interviews to the material surroundings; and (iii) visualisation, where the material aspects of informal preparedness are documented. These approaches were carried out in a study of Norwegian households’ management of and preparedness for electricity and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure breakdowns. Addressing informal and formal preparedness activities expands our understanding of household preparedness and should help policy makers recognise the active role of households and their actual resources and constraints in future preparedness planning. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 379-397 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:379-397 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seoyeon Hong Author-X-Name-First: Seoyeon Author-X-Name-Last: Hong Author-Name: Eun Hae Park Author-X-Name-First: Eun Hae Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Glen Cameron Author-X-Name-First: Glen Author-X-Name-Last: Cameron Title: Look who is warning: individual differences in motivation activation influence behaviors during disasters Abstract: This study investigated individual differences in responses to disasters based on participants’ motivational reactivity and ethical ideology. Motivational reactivity was measured using the motivational activation measure (MAM), which assesses individual differences in appetitive and defensive system activations. Participants (N = 240) answered survey questions about how they would respond to natural disasters or emergency situations. Results showed that (1) participants with higher defensive activation scores were more likely to report they would share warnings during a disaster situation, (2) high appetitive system activation is associated with high ethical relativism, (3) high defensive system activation is associated with high ethical idealism, and (4) individuals’ personal moral philosophy moderates the effects of MAM score on intention to warn others. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 398-410 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569100 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:398-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Woodman Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Woodman Author-Name: Alexandra L. MacGregor Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra L. Author-X-Name-Last: MacGregor Author-Name: Lew Hardy Author-X-Name-First: Lew Author-X-Name-Last: Hardy Title: Risk can be good for self-esteem: beyond self-determination theory Abstract: Despite many decades of research that has highlighted all risk-taking sport activities as a means to satisfy sensation seeking needs (e.g., Zuckerman 1979), recent research has challenged that view and has revealed that some high-risk activities provide opportunities for agentic emotion regulation during participation, and are not driven by sensation-seeking needs (e.g., Barlow, Woodman, and Hardy 2013). Participation in high-risk sports is also associated with increased self-esteem (e.g., Aşçi, Demirhan, and Dinç 2007). The aim of the present study was to investigate the link between the agentic and emotion regulation benefits of specific high-risk activities and any associated self-esteem benefits. We hypothesized that the emotion regulation and agency experiences in high-risk physical activities would mirror the elevated self-esteem derived from these activities. We examined high-risk activity (n = 84), low-risk activity (n = 65), and control (n = 45) groups and found that the experience of agentic emotion regulation was greater during participation for high-risk sport participants. High-risk sport participants also had less post-activity difficulty with emotion regulation and higher self-esteem. This study provides the first support that activities that require greater agentic emotion regulation during participation also lead to elevated self-esteem. Basic psychological needs satisfaction did not account for the differences between groups, suggesting that people have other needs (e.g., the need to self-regulate) that are not incorporated into self-determination theory. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 411-423 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1588913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1588913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:411-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chinh C. Ngo Author-X-Name-First: Chinh C. Author-X-Name-Last: Ngo Author-Name: P. Marijn Poortvliet Author-X-Name-First: P. Marijn Author-X-Name-Last: Poortvliet Author-Name: Peter H. Feindt Author-X-Name-First: Peter H. Author-X-Name-Last: Feindt Title: Drivers of flood and climate change risk perceptions and intention to adapt: an explorative survey in coastal and delta Vietnam Abstract: This article contributes to current research about determinants of climate change and flood risk perception, and intentions to take adaptive measures. We propose a research model that distinguishes between vulnerability and severity components of perceived risks, and adds perceived adaptive capacity as a third factor to predict the intention to take adaptive measures. We used this combined model as a conceptual lens for an explorative survey among 1086 residents of coastal and delta communities in Vietnam. Pairwise analyses revealed a significant association of flood and climate change risk perceptions with individual’s flood experience, climate change knowledge, frequency of community participation and socio-demographic factors. However, in multivariate analysis, the influence of most socio-demographic factors became weak or patchy. Flood experience was the most influential driver of flood-related risk perceptions but weak for climate change-related risk perceptions and behavioural intentions. Knowledge strongly increased the intention to adapt to flood and climate risks and the perceived vulnerability to and severity of climate change risks, but reduced the perceived capacity to adapt to climate risks. Frequency of community participation increased the perceived vulnerability and severity of climate change risks, the intention to adapt to both climate and flood risks and the perceived capacity to adapt to flood risks, but reduced the perceived capacity to adapt to climate risks. Our research confirms earlier findings that individuals’ knowledge, place-specific experience and social-cultural influences are key predictors of both flood and climate change risk perceptions and intentions to take adaptive measures. These factors should therefore receive ample attention in climate risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 424-446 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1591484 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1591484 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:424-446 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jean Desrochers Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Desrochers Author-Name: J. François Outreville Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: François Outreville Title: Perceived risk and insurance decision taking for small losses Abstract: Little systematic research has investigated differences in expressed attitude as a function of the manner in which probability information is communicated to a decision maker. The purpose of this paper is to investigate differences in expressed attitude when insurance coverage is introduced in a known-risk situation (the probability of loss is known), an uncertain situation (there is no prior information on the probability of loss) or an ambiguous (the information provided is vague). The experiments reported in this paper have been developed and tested in the classroom with undergraduate students. Unlike the vast majority of previous work dealing with lotteries and laboratory gambles, this study examine the behavior of people when facing a purchase decision on a well-known consumer good, i.e. a bottle of wine. The comparative results provide some evidence on the risk-taking behavior of consumers for small losses. Within an insurance context, people prefer the more familiar option of a known-risk situation and contrary to expectations, the results do not provide support to ambiguity aversion but to ambiguity seeking. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 447-460 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1591485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1591485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:447-460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanne Swindells Author-X-Name-First: Joanne Author-X-Name-Last: Swindells Author-Name: Timothy Gomersall Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Gomersall Title: Public perception of dementia risk in the UK: a mental models approach Abstract: Dementia is a leading cause of death in the developed world. A number of modifiable risk factors for dementia have been identified, yet lay knowledge on dementia risk is limited. A mental models approach was used to compare lay and expert knowledge of risk in order to identify target areas for lay education. This method assumes experts and laypeople use different cognitive representations to make sense of phenomena. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 experts and 15 laypeople to construct mental models of dementia risk. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and entered into NVivo qualitative data analysis software for coding. Findings indicated that laypeople had some knowledge of modifiable risk factors but in contrast to the expert mental model, laypeople poorly understood the causal links between these factors and dementia risk. Lay participants were unsure of the interaction between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and primarily attributed dementia risk to ‘bad luck’. It is suggested that future dementia education could benefit by building upon a general appreciation of healthy behaviour with particular focus on explaining the causal pathways to dementia risk. Additionally, it may be productive to inform laypeople it is possible to ‘change one’s luck’ by engaging in protective behaviours. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 461-474 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1591486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1591486 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:461-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter H. Feindt Author-X-Name-First: Peter H. Author-X-Name-Last: Feindt Author-Name: P. Marijn Poortvliet Author-X-Name-First: P. Marijn Author-X-Name-Last: Poortvliet Title: Consumer reactions to unfamiliar technologies: mental and social formation of perceptions and attitudes toward nano and GM products Abstract: Using focus groups, the research analyses the mental and social processes through which consumers form perceptions and opinions about unfamiliar technologies and the derived products, taking the perception of nanotechnology and nano-products, GM and GM products as example. Our findings suggest that limited understanding of the technological principles and lack of (visible) products prevent the formation of experience-based attitudes and behavioral intentions. In this context, consumers interpret and assess cognitive interventions such as product labels or product information, as well as the trustworthiness of unfamiliar information sources, based on heuristic clues, association, mutual reassurance and previous attitudes. The established determinants of technology risk perception (e.g. knowledge, social norms, perceived risks and benefits and controllability) were the subject of constant deliberation and negotiation among participants. Consequently, the perception of risk and technology communication interventions might vary greatly across different locations and segments of the public, complicating risk communication and trust-building. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 475-489 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1591487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1591487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:475-489 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandre Bran Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre Author-X-Name-Last: Bran Author-Name: David C. Vaidis Author-X-Name-First: David C. Author-X-Name-Last: Vaidis Title: Assessing risk-taking: what to measure and how to measure it Abstract: Risk-taking has been a major field of interest for scientists and for applied purposes since decades. However, many researchers have noted that the current measurement instruments fail to show adequate validity and predictive power. Given the recent calls to develop new measures, this paper aims to highlight six key points that should be kept in mind when constructing or using measures of risk-taking concepts. Specifically, we encourage risk-taking scholars (a) to pay close attention to the terminology used in studies, (b) to distinguish measures of general and specific risk-taking, (c) to distinguish risk-taking from the appeal of risky activities, (d) to keep in mind the subjectivity of risk-taking, (e) to consider the measurement of passive risk-taking, and (f) to favour more realistic risk-taking tasks. Overall, these recommendations should help researchers to design and use more relevant risk-taking measures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 490-503 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1591489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1591489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:490-503 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hien Thi Thanh Ho Author-X-Name-First: Hien Thi Thanh Author-X-Name-Last: Ho Author-Name: Tsunemi Watanabe Author-X-Name-First: Tsunemi Author-X-Name-Last: Watanabe Title: The dynamics of textile firm responses to the restriction of endocrine disrupting surfactants: a Vietnam case study Abstract: Since textile industry has been claimed to endanger the environment and human health, the insight of textile firm behavior regarding chemical use and discharge is vital for designing environmental risk management strategies. This study aimed to explore the dynamics of responses to the restriction of nonylphenol (NP) and its ethoxylates (NPEOs) among the Vietnamese textile manufacturers from the perspectives of attitude and the perceptions of adaptabilities, risks, benefits, and barriers. The chemicals are used as surfactants and are known to be responsible for endocrine disrupting effects. In-depth interviews were conducted with technical specialists from four textile firms and one chemical supplier. Regulatory and market situations with regards to the chemicals were also assessed. The findings revealed varied responses to chemical elimination where perceived technical risk, financial risk, benefits, and barriers played different roles in driving a certain action. The attitude towards chemical restriction was shaped by the trade-off between perceptions of financial risk and benefits and was moderated by market strategy. Efforts, such as enhanced washing or reductions in the dose of NP/NPEOs, imply the potency of continuous discharge of these chemicals into the environment, suggesting critical investigations on NP/NPEOs removal to prioritize actions for balancing between economic growth and environmental protection. Poor access to new policies and technological and chemical innovations was the most important barrier among private firms, highlighting the roles of non-governmental textile and garment industrial/trade associations in enhancing their members’ informative capacity. The study reflects the significance of incorporation of firm behavior research into environmental risk management practice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 504-521 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1591490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1591490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:504-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nathaniel Whittingham Author-X-Name-First: Nathaniel Author-X-Name-Last: Whittingham Author-Name: Andreas Boecker Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Boecker Author-Name: Alexandra Grygorczyk Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Grygorczyk Title: Personality traits, basic individual values and GMO risk perception of twitter users Abstract: The present study investigates how the most foundational factors to individual differences – personality traits and personal values – affect the perceived safety of genetic modification and their relative importance. Publicly available communication data from 522 Twitter accounts discussing genetically modified foods and their safety was processed in two steps. First, accounts were categorized by the researchers as viewing GM foods as either safe or not safe. Second, using the IBM Watson platform, the Twitter communication data were subjected to lexical analysis to assign scores according to the Five Factor Model for personality traits and Schwartz’s basic individual values to the individual accounts. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine how perceived GM food safety is linked to personality traits and individual values. Although both traits and values significantly contribute to explaining GM attitudes, personality traits strongly moderate the effect of individual values on risk perception. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 522-540 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1591491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1591491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:522-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Author-Name: Michael Gochfeld Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Gochfeld Title: Involving community members in preparedness and resiliency involves bi-directional and iterative communication and actions: a case study of vulnerable populations in New Jersey following superstorm Sandy Abstract: Recent increases in hurricanes and other weather events have brought to light the importance of understanding what people think should be done to improve recovery and resiliency in their communities. While most studies focus only on perceptions of concerns, effects, medical issues and personal preparedness, herein subjects in New Jersey were interviewed to determine future actions they intend to follow, the actions they think agencies or others should be taking, and present a conceptual model for involvement of vulnerable community members in their own protection for future catastrophic events. The emphasis was on government and community actions. It is a bottom-up approach rather than a top-down approach to reduction of future risk. The case study involved subjects interviewed immediately following Sandy (general affected public; N = 756) and 2–3 years after Sandy (vulnerable population, N = 586). Concerns of subjects within 100 days related to friends family, safety and survival, food and water and medical concerns as well as recovery, repairs on their property, and community safety. Two to three years later, subjects remembered being significantly more concerned about family, friends, safety and survival, food and water and medical concerns than subjects interviewed within 100 days. Memories (or concern) also faded with respect to future preparedness; significantly more subjects interviewed 2–3 years after Sandy were going to do nothing, were less concerned about protecting family, community, and possessions than subjects interviewed within 100 days of Sandy. In contrast, the same percentage were going to evacuate and buy supplies, so it is not just a matter of forgetting the whole event. The data from open-ended questions indicated that subjects believed that recovery and preparation for a future severe storm event involved complicated and iterative activities of many different individuals, organizations, and governmental agencies. Thus we present an iterative, interactive model, and provide examples of how subjects viewed the interactions necessary to provide resiliency to their communities. We discuss the value-added of a bottoms-up approach to understanding risk reduction, preparedness and resiliency. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 541-556 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1593221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1593221 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:541-556 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Leslie Mabon Author-X-Name-First: Leslie Author-X-Name-Last: Mabon Author-Name: Midori Kawabe Author-X-Name-First: Midori Author-X-Name-Last: Kawabe Title: Engagement on risk and uncertainty – lessons from coastal regions of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan after the 2011 nuclear disaster? Abstract: This paper uses the case study of the south-east coast of Fukushima Prefecture in Japan to draw lessons for risk communication under situations of high uncertainty and conditions of varying trust. Based on an existing field of research into the social and ethical aspects of governing risks around environmental radioactivity, empirical qualitative material collected in Fukushima Prefecture over 2014 and 2015 is analysed around three key questions: who is undertaking risk communication and how they are perceived (in particular their motivations and perceived competence); what is the purpose of engagement with citizens and stakeholders on risk and uncertainty (i.e. whether it is to ‘convince’ people or allow them to come to their own informed decision); and whether risk communication may be considered responsive to the needs of the affected populations. The findings are then applied to Kasperson’s four questions for the future of risk communication in order to assess their wider implications. Particular attention is paid to how the individual or institution conveying the risk message is perceived, and in whose interests risk communication is undertaken. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1297-1312 Issue: 11 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1200658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1200658 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:11:p:1297-1312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ignacio Escuder-Bueno Author-X-Name-First: Ignacio Author-X-Name-Last: Escuder-Bueno Author-Name: Eric Halpin Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Halpin Title: Overcoming failure in infrastructure risk governance implementation: large dams journey Abstract: There is ample recognition of the risk inherent in our very existence and modes of social organization, with a reasonable expectation that implementing risk governance will result in enhanced resilience as a society. Despite this, risk governance is not a mainstream approach in the infrastructure sector, regardless of the increasing number of peer-reviewed published conceptualizations, mature procedures to support its application, or public calls to cope with systemic risks in our modern societies. This paper aims to offer a different view on the issue of risk governance, with focus in the analysis of the root causes of its relatively low degree of implementation in the infrastructure sector. We later analyze the impact of such essential causes, which we have grouped and labeled as the ontology, the concerns, the anathemas, and the forgotten, in the specific field of large dams. Finally, we describe the journey toward risk governance in the specific field of large dams, thus supporting the ultimate objective of this paper to facilitate an evidence-based approach to successful risk governance implementation within and outside the dam sector. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1313-1330 Issue: 11 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1215345 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1215345 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:11:p:1313-1330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rüdiger Goldschmidt Author-X-Name-First: Rüdiger Author-X-Name-Last: Goldschmidt Title: Selection of participatory formats as success factor for effective risk communication and decision-making processes. Conclusions from a systematic empirical format comparison Abstract: The article contributes arguments to the discussion about the effectiveness of dialogue and participation within the field of risk communication and decision-making, considering the special issue of societal resilience. The contribution summarises selected empirical findings of a systematic comparison of participatory formats based on a multi method and a multi concept approach as well as a comprehensive data base. The analyses detected systematic differences between the formats according to their internal impact on the persons involved and their external impact. These differences can be explained by procedural features of the formats. Appropriate format selection turned out to be an important success factor for developing effective participatory projects. The article sketches the opportunities for synthesising research findings to assess and compare formats. In addition, the potentials of how integrative research can structure and refine the available knowledge are illustrated, so that coordinators and organizers in the field are supported, for instance in selecting formats appropriately. Systematic knowledge of success factors does not only facilitate the practical field work. A couple of arguments from interdisciplinary literature indicate that effective interactive communication and decision-making can be seen as a functional and relevant resource in democratic systems to strengthen the society to react effectively against threats, and to cope with development issues. Effective dialogue and participation, therefore, can be understood as resources for strengthening the social resilience of modern democratic societies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1331-1361 Issue: 11 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1304975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1304975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:11:p:1331-1361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koen Beumer Author-X-Name-First: Koen Author-X-Name-Last: Beumer Title: Travelling risks: How did nanotechnology become a risk in India and South Africa? Abstract: India and South Africa have invested in nanotechnology since the early 2000s and have identified risks to human health and the environment as an important issue for governance. This is exemplary for a wider trend in which ‘developing countries’ play an increasingly prominent role in the development, production and use of emerging technologies. This validates the claim of the world risk society thesis that countries around the world are now confronted with the risks of emerging technologies. Little is known, however, about the way developing countries deal with the potential risks of emerging technologies. Starting from the observation that the risk colonization of nanotechnology in developing countries cannot be taken for granted, this article draws upon the relational theory of risk in order to investigate how nanotechnology became understood as an object of risk in South Africa and India. The article shows that nanotechnology was constituted as an object of risk in rather different ways in India and South Africa, demonstrating that the spread of risk discourses – and the emergence of a world risk society – cannot be understood without attending to the local context. The article shows that way risk is understood and dealt with changes as risk discourses travel around the world, giving many different faces to the world risk society. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1362-1383 Issue: 11 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1304978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1304978 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:11:p:1362-1383 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gianpaolo Di Bona Author-X-Name-First: Gianpaolo Author-X-Name-Last: Di Bona Author-Name: Alessandro Silvestri Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro Author-X-Name-Last: Silvestri Author-Name: Antonio Forcina Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Forcina Author-Name: Antonella Petrillo Author-X-Name-First: Antonella Author-X-Name-Last: Petrillo Title: Total efficient risk priority number (TERPN): a new method for risk assessment Abstract: Safety is one of the most important issues in modern industrial plants and industrial activities. The Safety Engineering role is to ensure acceptable safety levels of production systems, not only to respect local laws and regulations, but also to improve production efficiency and to reduce manufacturing costs. For these reasons, the choice of a proper model for risk assessment is crucial. In this context, the present research aims to propose a new method, called Total Efficient Risk Priority Number (TERPN), able to classify risks and identify corrective actions in order to obtain the highest risk reduction with the lowest cost. The main scope is to suggest a simple, but suitable model for ranking risks in a company, to reach the maximum effectiveness of prevention and protection strategies. The TERPN method is an integration of the popular Failure Mode Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) with other important factors in risk assessment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1384-1408 Issue: 11 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1307260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1307260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:11:p:1384-1408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Estrella Díaz Author-X-Name-First: Estrella Author-X-Name-Last: Díaz Author-Name: David Martín-Consuegra Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Martín-Consuegra Author-Name: Águeda Esteban Author-X-Name-First: Águeda Author-X-Name-Last: Esteban Title: The effect of new technologies on psychological consequences and risk perceptions of sales agents Abstract: The development of new technologies has had important effects on offline distribution channels and, specially, on the psychological effect and risk perceptions that the existence of the online channel may have on the sales agents. Sales agents are fearful that Internet-based competitors will cannibalize their roles in the organization, and might make them outdated and feel insecure about their jobs. This paper estimates the impact of sales agents’ perceptions of service cannibalization on role ambiguity, risk job uncertainty, employee commitment, and employee productivity, considering development of Internet channel, and multi-channel distribution. Data were collected from 497 sales agents who worked at travel agencies located in Spain. Once the model was specified and identified, its parameters were estimated, and authors used various statistics and indices to evaluate overall adaptation of the model. A structural equation modeling was used to examine the posited relationships. This research reinforces the importance of capturing sales agents’s perceptions, especially concerning job insecurity and other outcomes. Specifically, results suggest sales agents’ perceptions of service cannibalization have an effect on role ambiguity and risk and job uncertainty. This study considers the importance of analyzing perceptions of sales agents by travel agency managers to reduce negative consequences on employees, particularly important in view of multi-channel marketing, when a new marketing channel coexists with a traditional sales force. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1409-1429 Issue: 11 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313763 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313763 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:11:p:1409-1429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. G. van der Vegt Author-X-Name-First: R. G. Author-X-Name-Last: van der Vegt Title: A literature review on the relationship between risk governance and public engagement in relation to complex environmental issues Abstract: Over the last two decades demands for greater public engagement have emerged in policy circles and academia, particularly when it comes to risk-related decision-making, or risk governance. However, the literature shows there is a lack of evidence when it comes to the impact of public engagement initiatives and significant questions remain over who to include, what processes to follow and what outcomes to expect. Furthermore, the literature exhibits contradictions in how researchers with different theoretical approaches attempt to answer these kinds of questions. This paper therefore proposes a systematic literature review in order to map the current breadth and variation in the literature and to identify any major variations from previous findings. A methodical search query has been applied to Scopus and Web of Science to search for academic articles. These were subsequently assessed for their suitability through a structured literature selection process. The results identify a number of methodologically different approaches in which knowledge on risk governance and public engagement has been developed. These diverse approaches are eventually grouped into clusters based on similarities in co-citations and references that are identified through bibliometrics and a subsequent content analysis. The proposed clusters have been labeled risk governance; environmental science, policy and governance; disaster risk management; science and technology studies; post-normal science; and public understanding of science. These six clusters are ultimately discussed and differentiated based on their main features which is particularly relevant for researchers and policy-makers seeking to get an understanding of, or broaden their disciplinary engagement with, risk governance and public engagement. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-18 Issue: 11 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351466 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:11:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Agata Stasik Author-X-Name-First: Agata Author-X-Name-Last: Stasik Title: Global controversies in local settings: anti-fracking activism in the era of Web 2.0 Abstract: In this era of global challenges in energy policy, the importance of siting of facilities connected to development of energy system is greater than ever. At the same time, spreading of these facilities has often been controversial in surrounding communities. This article advances the debate on this phenomenon by focusing on an aspect of siting controversies that has become a game changer in recent years but has received remarkably little attention: the role of Web 2.0 in siting conflicts. To explore the impact of Web 2.0, the paper uses a case study approach, examining the influence of access to the Internet in two siting conflicts associated with shale gas prospecting in Poland in the period from 2012 to 2014. The possibilities that Web 2.0 offers to residents and other local actors in siting conflicts – access to knowledge, the ability to reframe the local debate using international resources, and mobilization of a network of support by sharing their version of the story – influence the dynamics of risk communication during siting controversies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1562-1578 Issue: 12 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313759 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:12:p:1562-1578 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshihiko Kadoya Author-X-Name-First: Yoshihiko Author-X-Name-Last: Kadoya Author-Name: Mostafa Saidur Rahim Khan Author-X-Name-First: Mostafa Saidur Rahim Author-X-Name-Last: Khan Title: Can financial literacy reduce anxiety about life in old age? Abstract: This study examines the role of financial literacy in reducing anxiety about life in old age. We hypothesize that financial literacy increases preparedness for old age through better savings and investment decisions, leading to the accumulation of more assets and earning more income, which enhances financial capacity and reduces anxiety. Using data from a nationwide panel survey in Japan, we provide evidence that financial literacy can reduce anxiety about life in old age by making people capable of accumulating more assets and earning more income. Moreover, the interaction of financial literacy with age and spouse reduces anxiety, while living with children increases anxiety about life during old age. We check the robustness of our results using an alternative measure of financial literacy, changing composition of the sample, controlling for residents’ geographical dispersion, and testing for endogeneity bias. The major findings remain unchanged after considering these factors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1533-1550 Issue: 12 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313760 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:12:p:1533-1550 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Morton Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Morton Author-Name: Julie A. Kmec Author-X-Name-First: Julie A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kmec Title: Risk-taking in the academic dual-hiring process: how risk shapes later work experiences Abstract: This article examines risk-taking in the job search process and whether women and men who are part of a dual-career couple experience different work-related consequences for taking such risks. Specifically, we explore how the decision to reveal dual-career status in the academic job search process impacts faculty members’ later promotions, productivity, pay, mobility, and career-related goals. We draw on a sample of roughly 230 faculty in seven US universities who were part of a dual-career couple at their time of hire. We find that risk-taking during the job search impacts some career outcomes, and does so similarly for women and men. Members of a dual-career couple who took the risk of revealing their dual-career status before a job offer reported significantly more positive career experiences related to promotion and productivity than those who did not reveal their status during the job search. Only the salary outcome was negatively related to revealing dual-career status in the job search process. Because of the nature of academic hiring, revealing a risky status during the job search process may ameliorate barriers to employment. Our study has important implications for research and the development of academic dual-career policies that make dual-career hiring more transparent. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1517-1532 Issue: 12 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313761 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:12:p:1517-1532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu Jie Ng Author-X-Name-First: Yu Jie Author-X-Name-Last: Ng Author-Name: Z. Janet Yang Author-X-Name-First: Z. Janet Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Arun Vishwanath Author-X-Name-First: Arun Author-X-Name-Last: Vishwanath Title: To fear or not to fear? Applying the social amplification of risk framework on two environmental health risks in Singapore Abstract: Smoke haze and dengue fever seasons were nationwide environmental health risk events that plagued Singapore between April and June 2013. Although relatively harmless compared to dengue fever, people in Singapore were visibly more disturbed by smoke haze. They engaged in preventive behaviors such as frantic purchasing of protective masks or staying indoors most of the time. Such reactions hint at the possibility of the social amplification of risk, a term coined to explain irrationally high public concerns over relatively minor risk issues, due to the visible nature of the risk event or people’s reactions to it. The current study aims to confirm the social amplification of risk for the haze event, as well as to test for the underlying reasons behind this phenomenon. Among the antecedents explored were the influence of information channels (traditional media and social media) on risk perception, negative affect, information seeking, and information sharing on the enactment of preventive behaviors. Data were collected from a sample of 343 college students through an online questionnaire. Results supported the presence of social amplification of risk for the haze event, and social media exposure was found to overshadow the influence of traditional media exposure on risk perception, negative affect, information seeking, information sharing, and preventive behaviors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1487-1501 Issue: 12 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313762 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:12:p:1487-1501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vanessa McDermott Author-X-Name-First: Vanessa Author-X-Name-Last: McDermott Author-Name: Kathryn Henne Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Henne Author-Name: Jan Hayes Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes Title: Shifting risk to the frontline: case studies in different contract working environments Abstract: An extensive body of safety literature and research discusses the integral role of rules and procedures in managing workplace hazards, ensuring worker safety, and safeguarding the environment. Nevertheless, organizational accidents and workplace injuries continue to occur, and individual employees often bear the brunt of responsibility. This paper examines how risk becomes shifted to individuals at the bottom of supply chains, focusing on two different groups of contract workers. Specifically, it draws on case studies conducted in Australia – one on civil contractors working around hazardous infrastructure and one on athletes who are subject to anti-doping requirements. A comparison of the two cases and their distinctive elements illuminates the ways in which structural pressures, organizational dynamics, and context-specific conditions influence the risks shouldered by individuals. Our analysis shows that, in both cases, adverse outcomes are widely seen as the responsibility of contract workers, prompting other actors to judge them as blameworthy. In doing so, risk in various forms (e.g. safety, financial, reputational) becomes shifted onto workers who are constrained by contracts and away from away from higher level actors and organizations that are generally in more powerful positions than frontline workers. This finding suggests that the burden of accountability and potentially liability is borne primarily by frontline workers. Because of this focus, it is easy to lose sight of organizational and structural conditions that contribute to the risks revealed at the individual level. Through an analysis of 57 interviews across both sectors, complemented by participant observations and a media review, this paper underscores the importance of critically considering not only individual worker actions, but also how regulation can support the diversion of risk, responsibility, and liability onto frontline workers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1502-1516 Issue: 12 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313764 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313764 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:12:p:1502-1516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasmin Ibrahim Author-X-Name-First: Yasmin Author-X-Name-Last: Ibrahim Author-Name: Anita Howarth Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Howarth Title: Communicating the ‘migrant’ other as risk: space, EU and expanding borders Abstract: Forced migration and border spaces as fault lines posing risks to society through the notion of ‘Othering’, remain under-explored in risk literature. With Europe facing its biggest humanitarian crisis with forced migration and displacement due to conflict zones, the borders of the European Union have received renewed attention in media. Refugees and the displaced are often depicted as ‘migrants’ and are seen as transgressing borders as illegitimate entities. Although increasing attention has been paid to border patrol and issues of securitization since 9/11, the ‘migrant’ body as ‘risky body’ in political and policy discussions is under-conceptualized and theorized in risk literature. We examine political discourses of the UK Government to discern how the migrant and the expanding borders of the EU are framed as forms of societal and economic risk and equally how these are mitigated with and through the discourse of space and borders. We take a constructionist approach to the ‘migrant’ problem in the EU and UK where risk is socially constructed through political discourse. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1465-1486 Issue: 12 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313765 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313765 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:12:p:1465-1486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gaëtan Merlhiot Author-X-Name-First: Gaëtan Author-X-Name-Last: Merlhiot Author-Name: Martial Mermillod Author-X-Name-First: Martial Author-X-Name-Last: Mermillod Author-Name: Jean-Luc Le Pennec Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Luc Author-X-Name-Last: Le Pennec Author-Name: Laurie Mondillon Author-X-Name-First: Laurie Author-X-Name-Last: Mondillon Title: Managing decision-making with certainty of threat Abstract: Several factors, such as emotion and uncertainty of the outcome, influence decision-making. We assessed decision-making during a risky event (natural hazard, focusing here on two types of volcanic threats) by manipulating the certainty of lethal threat in an information campaign. We hypothesized that the reduction of uncertainty of lethal threat in an information campaign would improve behavior through more suitable choices by reducing the use of emotional choices. In the scenario that occurred in a familiar place, participants who received information with uncertainty of lethal threat presented more emotional and comfortable choices, such as staying at home, rather than detached ones, such as leaving the area. These were either appropriate (for volcanic ash cloud) or inappropriate (for pyroclastic flow). The certainty hypothesis was partially validated, as certainty influenced the quality of choice in the scenarios that took place at home. Furthermore, participants in the volcanic disaster context presented less suitable decisions compared to those in the neutral context, which was discussed in terms of the presence of emotions, such as fear of volcanic eruption. Our results highlight the importance of controlling the comforting emotional aspect of the home environment in any information communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1551-1561 Issue: 12 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313766 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:12:p:1551-1561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sven Ove Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sven Ove Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Author-Name: Gertrude Hirsch Hadorn Author-X-Name-First: Gertrude Author-X-Name-Last: Hirsch Hadorn Title: Argument-based decision support for risk analysis Abstract: The calculation of statistical expectation values is a most useful tool in risk analysis, but it is not a panacea. Valuable additional decision support can be obtained from argument-based tools, i.e. rigorous tools based on conceptual distinctions and logical reasoning. If the decision problem is not well defined, then argument-based tools can be used to analyse the uncertainties involved and provide a more well-reasoned presentation of the problem. If the available information is insufficient for a reliable quantitative analysis, then argument-based tools can partly replace it as guidance for the decision-making process. Argument-based tools can be grouped into three main categories: (1) tools used to determine the impact of alternative structurings of decisions and to make an informed choice among them, (2) tools used for the evaluation of decision options, and (3) tools used for the choice among such options in terms of the relative strengths of the arguments that speak for and against each of the options. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1449-1464 Issue: 12 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:12:p:1449-1464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan M. Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: Jan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Author-Name: Teun Terpstra Author-X-Name-First: Teun Author-X-Name-Last: Terpstra Author-Name: José H. Kerstholt Author-X-Name-First: José H. Author-X-Name-Last: Kerstholt Title: Citizens’ adaptive or avoiding behavioral response to an emergency message on their mobile phone Abstract: Since November 2012, Dutch civil defense organizations employ NL-Alert, a cellular broadcast-based warning system to inform the public. Individuals receive a message on their mobile phone about the actual threat, as well as some advice how to deal with the situation at hand. This study reports on the behavioral effects of NL-Alert (n = 643). The current risk communication literature suggested underlying mechanisms as perceived threat, efficacy beliefs, social norms, information sufficiency, and perceived message quality. Results indicate that adaptive behavior and behavioral avoidance can be predicted by subsets of these determinants. Affective and social predictors appear to be more important in this context that socio-cognitive predictors. Implications for the use of cellular broadcast systems like NL-Alert as a warning tool in emergency situations are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1579-1591 Issue: 12 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351477 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:12:p:1579-1591 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shupei Yuan Author-X-Name-First: Shupei Author-X-Name-Last: Yuan Author-Name: John C. Besley Author-X-Name-First: John C. Author-X-Name-Last: Besley Title: Talking aggressively about GMOs? Examining the effect of aggressive risk communication with communicator’s facial expression and gender Abstract: Two experiments (N = 229 and N = 268) assessed the effect of aggressive risk communication about GMOs by a scientist on respondents’ perceptions of message quality and writer (the scientist communicator) likability. We also considered two factors from the communicator that may influence how individuals process aggressive messages – facial expression (study 1) and the gender (study 2). Both studies showed that aggressive communication has a negative effect on both perceived message quality and writer likability, which is explained by the level of negative expectancy violation individuals perceived. Moreover, study 1 showed that smiling appeared to be a negative influence on the outcomes and study 2 showed that gender did not influence how people perceive aggressive messages. The findings provided both scholarly and practical implications for science and risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1592-1607 Issue: 12 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1351480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1351480 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:21:y:2018:i:12:p:1592-1607 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Author-Name: Anne Michiels van Kessenich Author-X-Name-First: Anne Michiels Author-X-Name-Last: van Kessenich Title: Teaching children and youths about risk and risk analysis: what are the goals and the risk analytical foundation? Abstract: Work has recently been initiated to teach children and youths about risk and risk analysis, highlighting conceptual issues, risk assessment, risk communication, as well as risk management (decision-making). Using this work as a point of departure, this article provides a discussion of the foundation of this type of teaching: what do we wish to obtain, in short- and long-term perspectives, and what is the scientific risk analysis basis? Key pillars for the development of a scientific platform for such teaching is presented and discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 557-570 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1547785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1547785 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:557-570 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christoph Boehmert Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Boehmert Author-Name: Frederik Freudenstein Author-X-Name-First: Frederik Author-X-Name-Last: Freudenstein Author-Name: Peter Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Title: A systematic review of health risk communication about EMFs from wireless technologies Abstract: In the current paper, research on risk communication regarding radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) of mobile communication technologies is systematically reviewed. The following databases were searched in March 2017: EBSCO (PsycInfo, Academic search premier), Medline, SCOPUS, and emf-portal.org. Of 1139 unique hits, 28 articles (including 27 studies) remained after full-text eligibility screening. The majority of studies were experiments. The quality of all studies was evaluated against standardised criteria. Studies were assigned to nine different categories of content. Categories were comprehensibility of information (four studies), information on the (non-)existence of the risk (2), information about uncertainty (3), information focussed on different health effects (3), information about the source of the information (2), information about individual risk and exposure aspects (5), information about precautionary measures (14), effects of television reports and audio-visual advertisements (4), information regarding base station siting (2). For each topic, findings were summarised and, if possible, a recommendation for risk communication practice was derived. Throughout the topics, many studies did not only analyse the main effects but also interactions with recipient characteristics. Interaction analyses suggest that especially prior risk perception shapes the individual evaluation of information about RF-EMF and has an influence on perceived credibility, interpretation of verbal descriptors of uncertainty, perceived persuasiveness of arguments and the communication´s effect on risk perception. For information about precautionary measures, the evidence was combined in a meta-analysis. Mean effects showed a significant increase of risk perception regarding mobile phones and mobile phone base stations due to information about precaution (Hedges´ g = .16, 95% confidence interval (.05; .26) for mobile phone risk perception, g = .17 (.10; .24) for base station risk perception). Strategies for dealing with the influence of prior risk perception are discussed. Finally, limitations of the current study and potential avenues for future research are outlined. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 571-597 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1592211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1592211 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:571-597 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Inez Z. Ponce de Leon Author-X-Name-First: Inez Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Ponce de Leon Title: Of warnings and waiting: an examination of the path of information for two communities hit by Typhoon Haiyan Abstract: Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines in 2013, causing billions in damage, and taking thousands of lives. Media and researchers claimed that people did not have enough information about the storm, or did not understand the information given to them, and therefore did not evacuate. This research departs from the assumption of a knowledge deficit: it asks how people understood warnings and how information flowed from the government. This research focuses on Guiuan, a municipality that sustained heavy damage and loss of life, and the entry point of many typhoons in the Philippines. Guided by Stuart Hall’s Encoding-Decoding Theory, the researcher carried out focus group discussions with citizens and interviews with local government officials from one coastal and one inland village. Through systematic qualitative analysis of interviews and discussions, the researcher found that participants from different locations in the same municipality understood warning information differently, based on unique epistemological frames. While local government framed people as deficient in knowledge, the citizens actually called upon their previous experiences with storms in order to make evacuation decisions. However, they could not project worse scenarios from previous experience and needed a phenomenon to match an experience in real time before making an evacuation decision. These findings imply that disaster imagination, disaster memory, and disaster knowledge are all distinct concepts, and future research should examine how specific contexts frame risk. Early warning systems for storms must also take into account unique epistemological frames as a means to localize communication and engage communities in the decision-making process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 598-612 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1592212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1592212 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:598-612 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joe Steinhardt Author-X-Name-First: Joe Author-X-Name-Last: Steinhardt Title: The role of numeric and statistical content on risk perception in infographics about road safety Abstract: Numbers saturate news coverage and health and risk messaging. But as our expertise in the creation of statistical information increases, the ability to use those statistics in decision making remains frustratingly inadequate. There has been a wealth of research related to how to train people to better use the numbers they interact with on a daily basis. Far less research, however, explores the appropriate way to use numbers in communication. Two experiments explored the role of numbers in risk communication infographics related to road safety while driving. Experiment 1 found that the presence of numbers influence risk perception, but whether those numbers reflect accurate statistics or random numbers does not change their influence. Experiment 2 found that removing all statistics entirely from infographics and replacing them with linguistic gist representations of the numbers (i.e. words like ‘some’, ‘many’, ‘none’) increased risk perception even though people found the infographics to be less informative than the ones containing numbers. The results suggest that the gist representations of the numbers in the context of the infographics are equivalent regardless of their value, such that the very presence of statistics influences judgment and risk perception but not their meaning. They also suggest that people do not always realize how they are using statistical information in their judgement and decision making process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 613-625 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1596147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1596147 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:613-625 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Knight Lapinski Author-X-Name-First: Maria Knight Author-X-Name-Last: Lapinski Author-Name: Lindsay Neuberger Author-X-Name-First: Lindsay Author-X-Name-Last: Neuberger Author-Name: Katelyn Grayson-Sneed Author-X-Name-First: Katelyn Author-X-Name-Last: Grayson-Sneed Author-Name: Meredith L. Gore Author-X-Name-First: Meredith L. Author-X-Name-Last: Gore Title: Testing a susceptibility threshold for risk promotion messages in the shark diving context Abstract: This paper presents the results of two experiments designed to test a susceptibility threshold in the shark cage diving context, positing that persons who are high relative to low sensation-seekers are more likely to approach risks that are portrayed as scary and moderately probable. The results of study one provide evidence for the susceptibility threshold showing high sensation-seekers having greater behavioral intent to engage in risk behaviors when a message portrays a scary but only moderately probable risk. The second experiment finds high susceptibility messages result in more negative attitudes and behavioral intentions. Implications for risk message design and theory are addressed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 626-641 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1617337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1617337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:626-641 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Hudson Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Hudson Author-Name: Annegret H. Thieken Author-X-Name-First: Annegret H. Author-X-Name-Last: Thieken Author-Name: Philip Bubeck Author-X-Name-First: Philip Author-X-Name-Last: Bubeck Title: The challenges of longitudinal surveys in the flood risk domain Abstract: There has been much research regarding the perceptions, preferences, behaviour, and responses of people exposed to flooding and other natural hazards. Cross-sectional surveys have been the predominant method applied in such research. While cross-sectional data can provide a snapshot of a respondent’s behaviour and perceptions, it cannot be assumed that the respondent’s perceptions are constant over time. As a result, many important research questions relating to dynamic processes, such as changes in risk perceptions, adaptation behaviour, and resilience cannot be fully addressed by cross-sectional surveys. To overcome these shortcomings, there has been a call for developing longitudinal (or panel) datasets in research on natural hazards, vulnerabilities, and risks. However, experiences with implementing longitudinal surveys in the flood risk domain (FRD), which pose distinct methodological challenges, are largely lacking. The key problems are sample recruitment, attrition rate, and attrition bias. We present a review of the few existing longitudinal surveys in the FRD. In addition, we investigate the potential attrition bias and attrition rates in a panel dataset of flood-affected households in Germany. We find little potential for attrition bias to occur. High attrition rates across longitudinal survey waves are the larger concern. A high attrition rate rapidly depletes the longitudinal sample. To overcome high attrition, longitudinal data should be collected as part of a multisector partnership to allow for sufficient resources to implement sample retention strategies. If flood-specific panels are developed, different sample retention strategies should be applied and evaluated in future research to understand how much-needed longitudinal surveying techniques can be successfully applied to the study of individuals threatened by flooding. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 642-663 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1617339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1617339 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:642-663 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Camille La Brooy Author-X-Name-First: Camille Author-X-Name-Last: La Brooy Author-Name: Bridget Pratt Author-X-Name-First: Bridget Author-X-Name-Last: Pratt Author-Name: Margaret Kelaher Author-X-Name-First: Margaret Author-X-Name-Last: Kelaher Title: What is the role of consensus statements in a risk society? Abstract: This paper explores the role of consensus statements in a risk society. It uses Beck’s theory of risk to show that scientists have employed consensus statements in order to re-establish faith in science. Through analysing the goals of participants in consensus fora and comparing them to the fora processes, this paper considers how consensus statements and guidelines in public health can be viewed as remedies for the decline in expert trust experienced in the current risk society. To collect data, 25 interviews were undertaken with consensus panel participants from the USA, UK and Australia. Interviewees were from peak national agencies/commissioning agencies and were categorised as policymaker, practitioner and consumer stakeholders. Participants made recommendations for improving consensus processes in order to mitigate perceptions of risk. These were: (1) clearly stated goals; (2) robust, evidence-based and transparent processes of methodological development and participation/deliberation/decision-making; (3) diverse stakeholder representation, including increased consumer participation; (4) transparency about conflicts of interest; and, (5) robust, carefully worded recommendations. Poor-quality consensus statements can further entrench scepticism about the scientific enterprise. While consensus statements can be seen as a tool for moderating perceptions of risk, policymakers and scientists must ensure the integrity, strength and transparency of their research methods. This has the potential to facilitate policy, improve scientific accountability to the public and legitimise processes. While fostering greater trust is not a primary objective for scientists, an increase in legitimacy of process can be an important unintended consequence of improved quality consensus statements and an important antidote to the risk society. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 664-677 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1628094 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628094 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:664-677 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: An Gie Yong Author-X-Name-First: An Gie Author-X-Name-Last: Yong Author-Name: Louise Lemyre Author-X-Name-First: Louise Author-X-Name-Last: Lemyre Author-Name: Celine Pinsent Author-X-Name-First: Celine Author-X-Name-Last: Pinsent Author-Name: Daniel Krewski Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Krewski Title: Community social capital and individual disaster preparedness in immigrants and Canadian-born individuals: an ecological perspective Abstract: Psychological research on the predictors of disaster preparedness has mainly focused on individual-level factors, although the social environment plays an important role. Our goal is to provide a systemic perspective to help improve risk communication and risk management for natural disaster risks. We examined how community-level social capital related to individual-level disaster preparedness in immigrants compared with Canadian-born individuals. We characterised participants’ communities’ social capital by conceptually linking two national surveys using postal codes. We performed sequential linear multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between community social capital and individual disaster preparedness. Results revealed three components of social capital: societal trust, interaction with friends, and neighbourhood contact. Societal trust positively predicted the extent to which immigrants and Canadian-born individuals knew someone who would search for them post-disaster. Interestingly, results revealed that Canadian-born individuals were more likely to uptake emergency planning when living in a community with strong societal trust, while the reverse was true for immigrants. Results suggest that some components of social capital may have an effect on certain preparedness behaviours. Societal trust could have both positive and negative effects on emergency planning depending on individuals’ immigrant status. Risk communication and risk management should consider social capital as part of the framework for effective disaster preparedness. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 678-694 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1628090 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628090 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:678-694 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philipp Babcicky Author-X-Name-First: Philipp Author-X-Name-Last: Babcicky Author-Name: Sebastian Seebauer Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Seebauer Title: Collective efficacy and natural hazards: differing roles of social cohesion and task-specific efficacy in shaping risk and coping beliefs Abstract: Previous research in non-disaster contexts has shown that the concept of collective efficacy, which is a group’s sense of its ability to achieve a specific objective, assists understanding of community readiness and households’ decisions to take preparedness actions. Collective efficacy expands the concept of social capital, which refers to social resources such as trust, norms and networks, by addressing how likely communities are to activate these resources for specific tasks. This paper empirically investigates the effect of three distinct collective efficacy components on risk perception, fear and self-efficacy regarding natural hazards in Austria. The three components have differing impacts on risk and coping beliefs: (1) Social cohesion decreases risk perception and fear but has no effect on self-efficacy; (2) Efficacy belief in social support increases self-efficacy; (3) Efficacy belief in citizen groups increases risk perception and fear. The combination of efficacy belief in social support and citizen groups seems to be most promising for stimulating protective action, as they together promote both risk and coping appraisal. However, overreliance on social support may have the undesirable effect of creating a false sense of safety among disaster-prone households. The findings demonstrate that collective efficacy provides a meaningful perspective from which to examine risk and coping beliefs but caution against treating it as an umbrella concept, given the differing effects of its components. Future studies are needed to investigate the impact of collective efficacy on other key explanatory factors of protective action, such as response efficacy or non-protective responses. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 695-712 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1628096 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628096 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:6:p:695-712 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justyna Tasic Author-X-Name-First: Justyna Author-X-Name-Last: Tasic Author-Name: Sulfikar Amir Author-X-Name-First: Sulfikar Author-X-Name-Last: Amir Author-Name: Jethro Tan Author-X-Name-First: Jethro Author-X-Name-Last: Tan Author-Name: Majeed Khader Author-X-Name-First: Majeed Author-X-Name-Last: Khader Title: A multilevel framework to enhance organizational resilience Abstract: Organizational resilience is a capacity that emerges at multiple levels. Although the multilevel character of organizations has been generally acknowledged in existing organizational studies, there is a lack of theoretical and empirical studies that address how it affects organizational resilience. To adress this gap, this article offers a multilevel framework applicable to enhance organizational resilience and presents an empirical study to probe the impact of multilevel elements on organization's capacity for responding to critical situations. More specifically, the new framework will help an organization to enhance its resilience through a process of self-assessment on crisis preparedness and response capacity. This process will allow the organization to identify and remedy potential vulnerabilities in the interaction between its organs as well as environment. We argue that crisis management and organizational resilience are mutually shaped across multiple levels, from individual, organizational, to environmental. These multiple levels are operationalized operationalization in four phases: (1) reviewing and monitoring context, (2) testing preparedness, (3) analysing and assessing responses, and (4) strengthening capabilities. In these phases, we underline that resilience management requires continuous embracing of the dynamic processes within an organizational system and its environment. To validate the framework, we present an empirical study on a security organization, and describe the results to demonstrate how to utilise the tool in practice. In conclusion, we discuss how the multilevel framework can be further applied towards building stronger resilience management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 713-738 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1617340 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1617340 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:6:p:713-738 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Łukasz Markiewicz Author-X-Name-First: Łukasz Author-X-Name-Last: Markiewicz Author-Name: Rafał Muda Author-X-Name-First: Rafał Author-X-Name-Last: Muda Author-Name: Elżbieta Kubińska Author-X-Name-First: Elżbieta Author-X-Name-Last: Kubińska Author-Name: Paweł Augustynowicz Author-X-Name-First: Paweł Author-X-Name-Last: Augustynowicz Title: An explanatory analysis of perceived risk decision weights (perceived-risk attitudes) and perceived benefit decision weights (perceived-benefit attitudes) in risk-value models Abstract: All decision making requires a trade-off between risks and values. While Markowitz defined risk as the variance of returns (thus reasoning that investors should consider it as undesirable), the more general risk–value framework allows risk to be defined as a person’s subjective judgments. Psychological risk–return models go further, decomposing observed behavior (risk taking) into two processes: (1) a judgment of benefits and risks and (2) a trade-off between perceived benefits and perceived risks, with a person-specific willingness to trade-off units of returns (benefits) for units of risk, conceptualized as attitude toward perceived risk (PRA) and attitude toward perceived benefits (PBA). PRA and PBA describe the degree to which people find perceived risks and benefits attractive, all other things being equal, and are assumed to be relatively stable across situations and domains. We test this assumption in an empirical study, checking the temporal stability of PRA and PBA (using the a Domain-Specific Risk-Taking [DOSPERT] scale ) and the cross-task stability of PBA (performing comparisons between the DOSPERT and the Columbia Card Task[CCT]). Finally, we explain both PRA and PBA using the Big Five personality dimensions and Stimulating–Instrumental Risk Inventory (SIRI), showing that PBA weights increase with openness to experience, while the negative effect of perceived risk on risk taking (PRA) increases with conscientiousness and decreases with stimulating risk taking. The results show that PBA and PRA can be treated as traits which, in some instances at least, are stable across time and tasks, and which can be partially explained by personality, providing a link to the idea of a personality dependent ‘ideal point’ for risk preference. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 739-761 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1628089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628089 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:6:p:739-761 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: António Almeida Author-X-Name-First: António Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida Author-Name: Beatriz García Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Beatriz Author-X-Name-Last: García Fernández Author-Name: Isilda Rodrigues Author-X-Name-First: Isilda Author-X-Name-Last: Rodrigues Title: Perceptions of pre-service teachers on seismic risk and their implications for science education: a comparative study between Spain and Portugal Abstract: This study investigated the importance given by two groups of pre-service teachers of primary education from Spain and Portugal to seismic risk in a framework of different natural risks, both in personal terms and as future teachers. A questionnaire was used for data collection. Some questions about the seismic phenomenon were also included. The sample groups consisted of 110 students from an institution in Spain and 121 from one in Portugal. Both institutions are in cities affected by the historic Lisbon earthquake of 1755. The results showed that the risk of forest fire was the first choice for classroom study in both cases. The Spanish group was also more focused on the importance of other risks like flood and drought. The Portuguese group showed a greater concern with seismic risk, frequently referring to their own historic earthquake of 1755. A few gaps in knowledge concerning earthquake prediction and comparing seismic risk in different regions of their own countries were also found. In accordance with the results, it is suggested that training courses for primary school teachers should include Disaster Risk Education in Science Education for a better understanding of the impact of various hazards and a greater concern with seismic risk due to its particular features, especially in regions where the seismic pattern is characterized by long seismic cycles with major earthquake episodes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 762-780 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1617335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1617335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:6:p:762-780 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joey Hersh Author-X-Name-First: Joey Author-X-Name-Last: Hersh Author-Name: Deborah G. Martin Author-X-Name-First: Deborah G. Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Nicholas a. B. Geron Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas a. B. Author-X-Name-Last: Geron Author-Name: John Rogan Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Rogan Title: A Relational Theory of Risk: a Case Study of the Asian Longhorned Beetle Infestation in Worcester, MA Abstract: The rise of globalization and global increases in temperature have prompted the spread of invasive species, which poses a major threat to the ecosystem benefits provided by urban forests. Stakeholders such as urban residents, policy-makers, and forestry industry professionals deem these risks differently because they place value on threatened goods and services at different spatial and temporal scales. This article will use the frameworks of relational risk theory and relational place-making to connect ‘risk objects’ and ‘objects at risk’ to better understand how relationships of risk shape responses to threats to the environment. The data in this study comes from Worcester, MA, where discovery of the Asian Longhorned Beetle prompted the United States Department of Agriculture to remove 35,000 trees from streets and backyards in the quarantine zone. The three different stakeholder groups that were targeted for data collection were green industry representatives, government decision makers, and residents. Green industry representatives, decision makers, and residents were interviewed while additional residents responded to a survey. The results showed that greater understanding of the different objects and places at risk removed misconceptions between different stakeholders. Understanding is increased when each stakeholder recognizes the different spatial scales of the objects at risk. This improvement of transparency can lead to better communication of the variety of risks posed by invasive species and a faster and more unified response to the threats from invasive species or other natural disasters. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 781-795 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1628091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628091 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:6:p:781-795 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Todinov Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Todinov Title: Domain-independent approach to risk reduction Abstract: The popular domain-specific approach to risk reduction created the illusion that efficient risk reduction can be delivered successfully solely by using methods offered by the specific domain. As a result, many industries have been deprived of efficient risk reducing strategy and solutions. This paper argues that risk reduction is underlined by domain-independent methods and principles which, combined with knowledge from the specific domain, help to generate effective risk reduction solutions. In this respect, the paper introduces a powerful method for reducing the likelihood of computational errors based on combining the domain-independent method of segmentation and local knowledge of the chain rule for differentiation. The paper also demonstrates that lack of knowledge of domain-independent principles for risk reduction misses opportunities to reduce the risk of failure even in a mature field like stress analysis. The domain-independent methods for risk reduction do not rely on reliability data or knowledge of physical mechanisms underlying possible failure modes and are particularly well suited for developing new designs, with unknown failure mechanisms and failure history. In many cases, the reliability improvement and risk reduction by using the domain-independent methods reduces risk at no extra cost or at a relatively small cost. The presented domain-independent methods work across unrelated domains and this is demonstrated by the supplied examples which range from various areas of engineering and technology, computer science, project management, health risk management, business and mathematics. The domain-independent risk reduction methods presented in this paper promote building products and systems characterised by high-reliability and resilience. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 796-810 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1628093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628093 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:6:p:796-810 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacob Taarup-Esbensen Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Taarup-Esbensen Title: Communities as a risk in mining: managing community legitimacy Abstract: Using three cases from mining multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Armenia, this article conceptualises community risk, providing an alternative framework to conventional risk management approaches when managing local community relations. These approaches have been struggling to capture the increasingly complex risks originating from communities – both those who are directly affected by mining activities and the ones who have a vested interest in mining. The article defines two types of community relations which mining companies manage: communities of place (CofP), who live near the mine and are directly affected by its operations, and communities of interest (CofI), who are outside interest groups either opposing or supporting a given project. Community risks arise when CofPs create meaning about the legitimacy of the changes introduced into their physical and social environment, leading them to take action that affects the MNEs’ risk exposure to political, cultural or financial risks. The CofP can present these types of risks by acting alone or in cooperation with the CofI, who often have the resources and knowhow to affect corporate decision-making. The article contributes by defining community risk as an increasingly salient source of uncertainty for mining companies and MNEs in particular. Conceptualising community risk as the lack of legitimacy with these important stakeholder groups enables MNEs to strategise and adopt practices which are adapted to the local context. At the same time it assures investors, political and cultural stakeholders that the communities who have a specific interest in the project accept its impact. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 811-826 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1628095 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628095 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:6:p:811-826 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: The 2018 Gosport Independent Panel report into deaths at the National Health Service’s Gosport War Memorial Hospital. Does the culture of the medical profession influence health outcomes? Abstract: The 2018 Gosport Independent Panel report into deaths at the National Health Service’s Gosport War Memorial Hospital highlighted numerous organisational failings. With the aid of systems theory, this commentary identifies the root causes of events at Gosport. It is concluded that money spent on patient-safety initiatives will be wasted unless the root causes of error and malpractice are eliminated. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 827-831 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1591488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1591488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:6:p:827-831 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: N. Lauran Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Lauran Author-Name: F. Kunneman Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Kunneman Author-Name: L. Van de Wijngaert Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Van de Wijngaert Title: Connecting social media data and crisis communication theory: a case study on the chicken and the egg Abstract: In a crisis situation, communication is an important asset for safeguarding the reputation of an organization. The communication strategy that is used in a crisis influences the way people perceive the crisis. While extensive research is conducted and clear communication guidelines about crisis communication are provided, current research tends to focus on a single actor in a crisis within a homogeneous stakeholder group. In this article, we analyze whether and how different groups of stakeholders frame a crisis and the extent to which they attribute responsibility for the crisis to actors. The case concerns the use of an illegal lice detergent (fipronil) in eggs in the Netherlands in the summer of 2017. Based on the analysis of Twitter data related to the case using multiple methods (network analysis, a longitudinal analysis and the annotation of a sample of tweets), this study shows that a seemingly simple case in a single sub-arena has different subgroups that use different frames and attribute different responsibilities to different stakeholders. This result implies that a reconsideration of communication strategies during and after a crisis is needed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1259-1277 Issue: 10 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1628097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:10:p:1259-1277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Brendon Swedlow Author-X-Name-First: Brendon Author-X-Name-Last: Swedlow Title: Comparing cultural theory and cultural cognition theory survey measures to each other and as explanations for judged risk Abstract: Different approaches to operationalizing the cultural theory (CT) developed by Douglas, Thompson, Wildavsky, and others in survey research on risk perceptions are rarely compared, never for the same people outside of China. We compare for US respondents the construct validity of cultural worldview measures developed by Jenkins-Smith and colleagues—including both indices of items refining the Wildavsky and Dake approach, and short paragraphs (cultural ‘statements’)—to those developed by Kahan and colleagues based on cultural cognition theory (CCT). Correlational analyses reveal moderate convergent and discriminant validity among these measures, and along with regression analyses controlling for demographic variables similarly moderate predictive validity across measures for judgments of personal risk for 10 hazards. CT statements better discriminate between individualists and hierarchists, and CT indices explain more variance in judged risk (predictive validity) when controlling for demographic variables in regression analyses, but no cultural measure was consistently more predictive for the expected sign of regression coefficients. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications of our findings to foster further scholarly comparisons and improvements in these survey-based cultural approaches to explaining risk judgments. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1278-1300 Issue: 10 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1646310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1646310 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:10:p:1278-1300 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Hochrainer-Stigler Author-Name: Célian Colon Author-X-Name-First: Célian Author-X-Name-Last: Colon Author-Name: Gergely Boza Author-X-Name-First: Gergely Author-X-Name-Last: Boza Author-Name: Åke Brännström Author-X-Name-First: Åke Author-X-Name-Last: Brännström Author-Name: Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer Author-X-Name-First: Joanne Author-X-Name-Last: Linnerooth-Bayer Author-Name: Georg Pflug Author-X-Name-First: Georg Author-X-Name-Last: Pflug Author-Name: Sebastian Poledna Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Poledna Author-Name: Elena Rovenskaya Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: Rovenskaya Author-Name: Ulf Dieckmann Author-X-Name-First: Ulf Author-X-Name-Last: Dieckmann Title: Measuring, modeling, and managing systemic risk: the missing aspect of human agency Abstract: It is problematic to treat systemic risk as a merely technical problem that can be solved by natural-science methods and through biological and ecological analogies. There appears to be a discrepancy between understanding systemic risk from a natural-science perspective and the unresolved challenges that arise when humans with their initiatives and interactions are included in systemic-risk considerations. It is therefore necessary to investigate possible fundamental differences and similarities of systemic risk with and without accounting for human involvement. Focusing on applied and implementation aspects of measuring, modeling, and managing systemic risks, we identify three important and distinct features characterizing such fundamental differences: indetermination, indecision, and responsibility. We contend that, first, including human initiatives and interactions in systemic-risk considerations must emphasize a type of variability that is especially relevant in this context, namely the role of free will as a fundamental source of essential indetermination in human agency. Second, we postulate that collective indecision generated by mutual uncertainty often leads to the suspension or alteration of rules, procedures, scripts, and norms. Consequently, the associated systemic risks cannot be incorporated into explanatory models, as the new causal rules cannot be predicted and accounted for. Third, analogies from biology and ecology, especially the idea of ‘contagion,’ downplay human agency, and therefore human responsibility, promoting the false belief that systemic risk is a merely technical problem. For each of these three features, we provide recommendations for future directions and suggest how measuring, modeling, and managing approaches from the natural-science domain can best be applied in light of human agency. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1301-1317 Issue: 10 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1646312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1646312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:10:p:1301-1317 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caitlin Drummond Author-X-Name-First: Caitlin Author-X-Name-Last: Drummond Author-Name: Baruch Fischhoff Author-X-Name-First: Baruch Author-X-Name-Last: Fischhoff Title: Predictors of public attitudes toward controversial science 1979–1990 Abstract: Recent research has suggested that individuals with greater science literacy and education hold more polarized views on religiously and politically polarized scientific topics, such as human evolution and climate change (Drummond and Fischhoff 2017). We ask whether such a pattern is observed in public attitudes toward scientific controversies of a previous era. In secondary analyses of a major national survey, we examine social and individual factors associated with attitudes toward scientific controversies in the period 1979–1990. Our source is the National Science Foundation’s nationally representative Survey of Public Attitudes Toward and Understanding of Science and Technology, which asked about public attitudes toward nuclear power, food additives, genetic engineering, space exploration, human evolution, the Big Bang, and human/dinosaur co-occurrence. Despite some inconsistency in the measurement of key variables, the data reveal consistent relationships within topics and across survey-years: political ideology predicted polarization of attitudes toward nuclear power, while religiosity predicted polarization of attitudes toward genetic engineering, space exploration, human evolution, and the Big Bang. Unlike results from more recent surveys, respondents with more education and greater scientific knowledge were no more polarized by politics or religion, with the possible exception of attitudes toward human evolution. Our findings suggest the importance of historical context in interpreting public responses to science and technology issues. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1318-1335 Issue: 10 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1646313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1646313 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:10:p:1318-1335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaochen Angela Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Xiaochen Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Jonathan Borden Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Borden Title: How to communicate cyber-risk? An examination of behavioral recommendations in cybersecurity crises Abstract: This study intended to incorporate the Cognitive Appraisal Theory with the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) by demonstrating that the appraisal process and emotional arousals are an essential part of people’s risk message processing. A 2 (behavioral recommendations: present vs. not present) × 2 (threat: high vs. low) × 2 (message types) between-subject experiment design was used to investigate the effects of the intersection between organizational risk communication strategies on publics’ negative emotions (i.e. fear and anxiety) and behavioral intentions in a cybersecurity crisis (data breach) context. Results confirmed the prediction and indicated that negative emotions (i.e. fear and anxiety) mediated behavioral recommendation and threat’s influence on publics’ behavioral outcomes such as compliance intentions, information seeking intentions and prosocial behavioral intentions. The study has practical implications for public policy making regarding the communication of cybersecurity risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1336-1352 Issue: 10 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1646315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1646315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:10:p:1336-1352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zachary A. Collier Author-X-Name-First: Zachary A. Author-X-Name-Last: Collier Author-Name: James H. Lambert Author-X-Name-First: James H. Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Title: Value of risk information in negotiations with evolving preferences Abstract: Guidance on negotiation stresses thorough and careful preparation during the pre-negotiation phase leading up to the actual negotiation discussion. One vital aspect of preparation is to evaluate the interests, preferences, and priorities of both yourself and the opposing party. Traditional negotiation models treat preferences as static. However, preferences may be dynamic, and may change as scenarios before, during, or after the negotiation unfold. These scenarios influence preferences and therefore the payoffs associated with possible joint settlements. In this paper, we develop a model which views integrative negotiations through the lens of scenario analysis, in which scenarios influence the preferences of both negotiators. The result of scenario-based preferences is that different Pareto-efficient frontiers exist across multiple scenarios, which has implications for strategy and decision making. We apply the method to an illustrative case study of job choice between an applicant and employer under a number of relevant scenarios. The case study demonstrates the process of assessing the impacts of scenarios on joint payoffs, the identification of the most and least disruptive scenarios, and the utilization of different decision rules to select efficient contracts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1353-1369 Issue: 10 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1671891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1671891 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:10:p:1353-1369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nainan Wen Author-X-Name-First: Nainan Author-X-Name-Last: Wen Title: Understanding the Chinese public’s risk perception and information-seeking behavior regarding genetically modified foods: the role of social media social capital Abstract: In attempting to understand how the current social media environment foments risk perception and information seeking regarding genetically modified foods, this study integrated the risk information seeking and social capital models. Specifically, this study developed a research model consisting of bridging and bonding social capital, risk perception, affective response, perceived information-gathering capacity, and intention of GMO-related risk information seeking. Based on a stratified quota sample of 1,370 citizens collected in Jiangsu Province, China, this study found that bridging and bonding social capital directly and indirectly predicted risk information seeking regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The indirect paths were mediated by risk perception, affective response, and perceived information-gathering capacity. The implications of these findings were discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1370-1386 Issue: 10 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1673799 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1673799 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:10:p:1370-1386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: Climate change risk – what is it and how should it be expressed? Abstract: This paper provides new knowledge on how to understand and describe climate change risk. This type of risk is of the utmost importance for us all, but current approaches for conceptualizing and characterizing it, as for example used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), suffer from severe weaknesses, resulting in poor communication and misguidance. Two main problems are that the risk concept is too strongly associated with statistically expected values, and that the risk characterizations fail to integrate probabilities and judgments of the strength of the knowledge supporting these. The present paper points to and discusses these weaknesses. It shows how a solid risk science foundation can be formed, which clarifies the meaning of key climate change risk concepts and supports and improves the evidence-informed communication and decision-making. Specifically, the paper provides insights on the nexus between climate change risk, uncertainties and knowledge, including the potential for surprises, as well as the links between risk and vulnerability (resilience). Recommendations are provided on how to assess uncertainties in relation to risk, using precise and imprecise probabilities, combining these with strength of knowledge judgement, and establishing scientific processes to scrutinize the underlying knowledges basis with respect to potential surprises. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1387-1404 Issue: 11 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1687578 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1687578 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:11:p:1387-1404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Florentin Blanc Author-X-Name-First: Florentin Author-X-Name-Last: Blanc Author-Name: Michael Faure Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Faure Title: Smart enforcement in the EU Abstract: Increasingly enforcement of regulation is based on a risk-based or so-called smart enforcement. Smart enforcement implies that enforcement does not take place via ad random routine controls; but that either ex ante risk assessment has been used to target enforcement actions or that ex post enforcement strategies are adapted to the behaviour by the targeted community. The paper discusses three areas (occupational health and safety, food and veterinary control as well as environmental policy) where to different extents smart enforcement is or should be employed. A critical comparative analysis is provided, and it is concluded that the implementation of EU law could improve by using smart enforcement techniques. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1405-1423 Issue: 11 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1673800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1673800 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:11:p:1405-1423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Tangney Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Tangney Title: Understanding climate change as risk: a review of IPCC guidance for decision-making Abstract: This paper examines the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) recommendation for risk-based approaches to knowing and communicating policy problems, and its suitability as a general directive for public policy decision-makers and their advisors. Although explicitly ambiguous about what a risk-based approach is or should be, this paper shows how the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report nonetheless perpetuates ideals of objective risk calculation for rational policymaking. Policy evidence can benefit from context-appropriate problem-framings, as the IPCC concedes. Risk is one of a number of useful conceptual frames for understanding climate policy problems. This paper contributes to climate-related policymaking by describing how IPCC decision-scientists can enhance their guidance to account for the politics of policymaking. It cautions against continuing assumptions or prescriptions for the rational application of objective risk assessment to policymaking, and discusses some of the challenges faced to date by the risk-based approach when it has been applied to policymaking. The paper then briefly examines how we might better situate understandings of risk within alternative conceptual frames to advance climate change policy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1424-1439 Issue: 11 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1673801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1673801 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:11:p:1424-1439 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian G. J. Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Ian G. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Title: Taking responsibility: self-attribution for risk creation and its influence on the motivation to engage in risk management behaviors Abstract: Many risks (eg, climate change, poor health, plastic pollution) can be the result of human behaviors. Although anthropogenic risk creation is rarely intentional, it is still possible that in many circumstances individuals will recognize some degree of personal responsibility for creating the risk and, therefore, may perceive a moral obligation to manage that risk (eg, reducing carbon emissions, eating a low-fat diet, boycotting single-use plastics). However, the extent to which risk management behaviors are motivated by self-attribution for risk creation has received little empirical attention. To address this issue, a study was conducted in which participants responded to three scenarios (road safety, environmental, animal welfare) that each described a situation in which a particular risk developed and in which the participant’s liability for creating the risk varied. Participants then responded to measures of self-attribution for risk creation, perceived risk, objective liability, guilt, moral standards and willingness to manage the risk. A multiple regression showed that the only significant predictor of the participant’s willingness to manage the risk was self-attribution for risk creation. Moreover, further analysis showed that the positive relationship between self-attribution for risk creation and the willingness to manage the risk was moderated by perceived risk. Hence, individuals who accept greater responsibility for creating a risk may be more willing to engage in actions to manage that risk, and his/her willingness is also likely to increase as his/her perception of the risk increases. These findings provide new insights into the motivational forces underlying risk management behaviors and highlights important directions for future research and risk communication strategies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1440-1451 Issue: 11 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1673802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1673802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:11:p:1440-1451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Inez Angela Z. Ponce de Leon Author-X-Name-First: Maria Inez Angela Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Ponce de Leon Title: The limits of a disaster imagination: a study of two communities hit by Haiyan Abstract: In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan (Local Name: Yolanda) caused major damage and loss of life in the Philippines. Of special concern here is Palo, Leyte, which suffered the impact of storm surges. Previous studies blame media for not highlighting the impact of storm surges, people for ignoring the warnings given, and both people and government for not remembering and learning from previous storms. These notions assume that disaster knowledge, imagination, and memory are interlinked, and that government and people understand disaster risk in the same way. This study uses Encoding-Decoding Theory to challenge the assumption of uniform risk perception. The researcher investigated how warning information traveled from Palo’s local government to its citizens, how the information was understood, and what this understanding indicates about risk perceptions of the same phenomenon. The researcher conducted interviews and focus group discussions in two locations: one closer to the city center (Poblacion) and another closer to the sea (Coastal). Following systematic qualitative analysis of the data, the researcher found that local governments expected people to act intuitively on descriptive information. However, citizens assessed warnings against their immediate surroundings or an exact memory. Some were even resentful of their government, which changed how they regarded later storm warnings. These findings have implications for risk communication, which requires an understanding of risk subcultures and how they can vary even within the same municipality. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1452-1466 Issue: 11 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1687576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1687576 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:11:p:1452-1466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Brendon Swedlow Author-X-Name-First: Brendon Author-X-Name-Last: Swedlow Author-Name: Marcus W. Mayorga Author-X-Name-First: Marcus W. Author-X-Name-Last: Mayorga Title: Cultural theory and cultural cognition theory survey measures: confirmatory factoring and predictive validity of factor scores for judged risk Abstract: Two survey approaches to measuring cultural effects on risk views have been developed, both informed by the grid/group approach of Douglas and Wildavsky, well known to many risk analysts. Using data from an online national US panel, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted of ‘cultural theory’ (CT) and ‘cultural cognition theory’ (CCT) measures, which respectively purport to measure (1) four worldviews or cultural biases – hierarchism, individualism, egalitarianism, and fatalism – using both individual items and longer statements, and (2) indices of grid (hierarchism-egalitarianism) and group (individualism-communitarianism) using individual items. Confirmatory factor analyses showed CT measures (items and statements) tended to cluster as expected (i.e. four worldviews), particularly items which on their own exhibited the best fit, while CCT items loaded on the two hypothesized dimensions but with poor fit (particularly the reversed egalitarian and communitarian items to represent high-grid and low-group, respectively). Combining all measures representing the four cultural biases, or adding in the communitarian subscale for CCT, also created plausibly coherent factoring (e.g. hierarchical measures from CT and CCT loaded together, as did the CT-fatalist items and statements with the CCT-communitarian items), but model fit was poor again. Depending upon the criterion used, CT or CCT items’ factor scores appeared the superior predictor of personal and U.S. risk perceptions, but overall predictive validity was modest. These results were somewhat improved among those with high (versus low) political knowledge. If survey-based research on culture’s role in risk views is to thrive, further scholarly attention to such measurement issues is warranted. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1467-1490 Issue: 11 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1687577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1687577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:11:p:1467-1490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rabin Kim Author-X-Name-First: Rabin Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Jung Hee Ha Author-X-Name-First: Jung Hee Author-X-Name-Last: Ha Author-Name: Juliet Jue Author-X-Name-First: Juliet Author-X-Name-Last: Jue Title: The moderating effect of compassion fatigue in the relationship between firefighters’ burnout and risk factors in working environment Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine risk factors in working environment affecting firefighters’ burnout and to verify the moderating effect of compassion fatigue in the relationship between risk factors and burnout. A total of 371 firefighters working in large cities and small towns participated in the survey, and 341 questionnaires were analyzed. The questionnaires used in the study were the Working Environment Inventory, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Compassion Fatigue Self-test for Helpers Scale. The results presented a high correlation between risk factors, burnout, and compassion fatigue. The overall regression model of risk factors in working environment and burnout was significant, and the explanatory power of the independent variable was 0.444. The sub-factors affecting burnout were the lack of challenge, the role ambiguity, the role conflict, and overwork. Next, firefighters’ compassion fatigue was found to significantly control the effects of risk factors on burnout. In other words, as the level of compassion fatigue increased, the influence of risk factors in working environment on burnout increased. The significance of this study is to provide a basis for establishing environmental and psychological interventions which can reduce firefighters’ burnout. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1491-1503 Issue: 11 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1738529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1738529 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:11:p:1491-1503 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gunnar Breivik Author-X-Name-First: Gunnar Author-X-Name-Last: Breivik Author-Name: Trond Svela Sand Author-X-Name-First: Trond Svela Author-X-Name-Last: Sand Author-Name: Anders McDonald Sookermany Author-X-Name-First: Anders McDonald Author-X-Name-Last: Sookermany Title: Risk-taking attitudes and behaviors in the Norwegian population: the influence of personality and background factors Abstract: The article presents the results of an investigation where the main purpose was to see how willingness to take risks is distributed in the general adult population relative to socio-demographic background and personality. A representative sample (n = 1000) of the population 15 years and older was interviewed about socio-demographic background, personality type (Big Five, EPQ, Sensation Seeking) and willingness to take risks. We used a new scale containing eight dimensions, covering social, intellectual, achievement, political, economic, physical, ethical and existential types of risk. The results showed that people in general were risk averse in relation to physical, ethical, economic and existential risks but had a balanced bell-shaped distribution of scores on the other risk dimensions. There was a moderate to low positive correlation between all eight risk-taking dimensions except achievement risk versus ethical risk. Males were more willing to take risks than females on six of eight dimensions. Younger were more willing than older to take risks on all eight risk dimensions. Higher educational level influenced risk-taking positively in more than half of the dimensions, not only one’s own educational level but also father’s and even more mother’s educational level. There was a positive correlation with household income on three dimensions. All sensation seeking subscales and total sensation seeking correlated positively with all risk-taking dimensions. There were positive correlations with most risk-taking scales on EPQ’s Extraversion and Psychoticism and Big Five’s Extraversion, Stableness and Openness. Agreeableness and Conscientiousness had negative correlation with several risk-taking dimensions. A logistic regression model, identifying the 25 percent highest scorers on total risk-taking, found that being male and scoring high on sensation seeking were the most important predictors. Furthermore, high scores on the Big Five sub-scales Extraversion and Openness, as well as the Eysenck EPQ sub-scales Extraversion and Psychoticism predicted high willingness to take risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1504-1523 Issue: 11 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750455 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:11:p:1504-1523 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Kievik Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Kievik Author-Name: E. Giebels Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Giebels Author-Name: J. M. Gutteling Author-X-Name-First: J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gutteling Title: The key to risk communication success. The longitudinal effect of risk message repetition on actual self-protective behavior of primary school children Abstract: In the current study, the effect of repetitive risk messages on actual self-protective behavior in both the short- and long-term was tested. The research took place in the Risk Factory, a state-of-the-art safety-education-center in which children (age: 9–13) experience real-life-risks first hand and learn how to deal with dangerous situations. We assumed that risk message repetition increases the level of self-protective behavior to a larger extent than providing only one single risk message or than providing no risk message at all. We chose a behavioral training (active risk-communication) as research indicates that this form is more effective in increasing self-protectiveness than standard-passive techniques of risk communication. In our study among primary school children in the Netherlands (N = 265, Mage = 11.4 years), we tested the added predictive value of repeating risk messages via a serious game over and above the effect of the Risk Factory behavioral training (behavioral training repetition vs. behavioral training vs. no information) on self-protectiveness directly following and 3 months after the interventions. The self-protective behaviors measured in this study were related to “responding to an air aid alarm”, “how to deal with undesired behavior from others on the internet” and “when/how calling the Dutch emergency number (112)”. As expected, risk message repetition led to a significant increase in intentions to engage in as well as actual self-protective behavior on the short- as well as long-term. Respondents receiving risk message repetition showed significantly more risk mitigating behavior shortly after and three months after receiving the risk messages than respondents receiving a single risk message or no risk message. This study demonstrates that risk message repetition is beneficial when trying to enhance the resilience of primary school children. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1525-1540 Issue: 12 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1738527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1738527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:12:p:1525-1540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathon Mackay Author-X-Name-First: Jonathon Author-X-Name-Last: Mackay Author-Name: Albert Munoz Author-X-Name-First: Albert Author-X-Name-Last: Munoz Author-Name: Matthew Pepper Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Pepper Title: Conceptualising redundancy and flexibility towards supply chain robustness and resilience Abstract: As disruptions and uncertainty have become emergent themes within the supply chain literature, attention has shifted towards the choices enacted to combat the negative effects of disruptions. Extant research highlights the importance of system states – namely robustness and resilience – towards mitigating the probability and magnitude of disruptions, however, there appears to be a lack of conceptual guidance surrounding two popular strategies – redundancy and flexibility – that have been proposed to mitigate the impact of disruptions. To address this issue, we review and investigate contextual factors from empirical research that may offer insight into conceptual strategies that can be utilised to improve post-disruption system performance utilising a methodology based upon an abductive approach to conceptual theory building. In this paper published research on resilience and robustness in supply chains is considered, alongside research in other areas such as risk, systems theory, and ecology. Inference drawn from empirical research is often highly contextualised, but collectively highlights unique generalisable factors. Our research proposes four broad conceptual strategies – insurance, expediting, strategic adaptive capability and reconfiguration – that each uniquely serve to reduce the probability and magnitude of supply chain disruptions. Our research concludes that the difference in utility between redundancy and flexibility as means to enhance resilience and robustness is influenced by interactions between the supply chain, the disruption characteristics (inclusive of speed of onset and time horizon) and the decision maker. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1541-1561 Issue: 12 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1694964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1694964 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:12:p:1541-1561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susan J. Lincke Author-X-Name-First: Susan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Lincke Author-Name: Farida Khan Author-X-Name-First: Farida Author-X-Name-Last: Khan Title: Ethical management of risk: active shooters in higher education Abstract: This paper considers the response of higher educational institutions to the risk posed by active shooters. Such response is founded on risk management frameworks that determine expenditures incurred to reduce risk. We examine the principles on which such risk management may be based and show that the annual expenditures made by institutions will vary, depending on ethical values and how broadly organizational risk is understood. We derive an ethical risk maturity model and compare results of a quantitative risk analysis for each ethical maturity level, factoring in the relevant controls at each level. We also analyse a scenario via a qualitative analysis and Sandman’s outrage factor and evaluate several examples spent by various institutions within the framework of the model. We conclude that higher education would be well served to take a broad perspective of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1562-1576 Issue: 12 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1687575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1687575 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:12:p:1562-1576 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gea Hoogendoorn Author-X-Name-First: Gea Author-X-Name-Last: Hoogendoorn Author-Name: Bernadette Sütterlin Author-X-Name-First: Bernadette Author-X-Name-Last: Sütterlin Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: The climate change beliefs fallacy: the influence of climate change beliefs on the perceived consequences of climate change Abstract: Despite scientific agreement about the anthropogenic cause of climate change, the general public holds different beliefs regarding the causes of climate change. Some believe climate change to be caused by natural processes, while others believe it to be caused by human activities. People’s beliefs regarding the causes of climate change drive both their risk perception and their mitigation behavior, and such beliefs are not easy to alter. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how these beliefs shape people’s perception of the consequences of climate change. We find that beliefs regarding the causes of climate change can lead to different perceptions of the possible consequences of climate change. People who believed climate change to be caused by human activities rather than by natural processes perceived the consequences of the 2017 hurricanes to be worse, as well as to cause more suffering, than people who believed climate change to be caused by natural processes. These results suggest a fallacy, since the suffering of people and animals affected by hurricanes does not depend on the causes of those hurricanes, but rather on the damage that is caused. With regard to communication, it is important to link the currently observable events possible caused by climate change to human behavior, since doing so may increase people’s awareness of the severity of the consequences of anthropogenic climate change and, thus, possibly also their willingness to engage in mitigation behavior and prevention measures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1577-1589 Issue: 12 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1749114 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1749114 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:12:p:1577-1589 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Delibašić Boris Author-X-Name-First: Delibašić Author-X-Name-Last: Boris Author-Name: Dragana Makajić-Nikolić Author-X-Name-First: Dragana Author-X-Name-Last: Makajić-Nikolić Author-Name: Marko Ćirović Author-X-Name-First: Marko Author-X-Name-Last: Ćirović Author-Name: Nataša Petrović Author-X-Name-First: Nataša Author-X-Name-Last: Petrović Author-Name: Milija Suknović Author-X-Name-First: Milija Author-X-Name-Last: Suknović Title: A ski injury risk assessment model for ski resorts Abstract: We propose a ski injury risk assessment model which allows ski resorts to take targeted and preventive actions towards critical ski regions. Currently, ski resorts mostly measure ski injury risk based on the ratios constituted of the number of injuries and number of skier days. We argue that this measure can be improved by using ski lift transportation, a more fine-grained measure of risk than skier days. As compared to skier days, which provide a birds-eye view on the risk level of a ski resort, ski lift transportation allows for a spatial-temporal granularity of risk calculation. In this paper, we calculate risk as a measure of injury rate, severity of injuries, and exposure. The model is validated on the data from Kopaonik ski resort, Serbia, which was gathered during five consecutive seasons on more than 17 million ski lift transportation records of nearly 1.45 million skier-days with 1889 reported injuries. During the observed period, the capacity of ski lift transportation system in Kopaonik increased by 58%, and injury rate increased nearly two times, which is due to the emergence of new transportation patterns, as we show in the paper. These patterns heavily influence distribution of injury rates across the ski resort. The proposed model allows for more targeted strategies for injury risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1590-1602 Issue: 12 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1749113 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1749113 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:12:p:1590-1602 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vladimír Baláž Author-X-Name-First: Vladimír Author-X-Name-Last: Baláž Author-Name: Lenka Valuš Author-X-Name-First: Lenka Author-X-Name-Last: Valuš Title: Migration, risk tolerance and life satisfaction: evidence from a large-scale survey Abstract: This paper brings new evidence on risk tolerance, migration and life satisfaction from a large-scale survey from in European countries (N = 28,636). The sample specifically targets young populations, which have been under-researched thus far. We distinguish between risk tolerance based on the ‘risk trait’ and that based on perceived competence. We relate these two types of risk tolerance to life satisfaction and show that the ‘risk trait’ and competence-based risk tolerance impact life satisfaction in different ways. We provide an explanation of the psychological phenomena that underlies the life satisfaction of migrants and stayers. The ability to tolerate higher risks and, plan and manage one’s own life is likely to foster increased life satisfaction. It may be an unintended and positive consequence of international migration. The findings contribute to the understanding of how migration affects people’s well-being. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1603-1619 Issue: 12 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750454 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:12:p:1603-1619 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca E. Morss Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca E. Author-X-Name-Last: Morss Author-Name: Heather Lazrus Author-X-Name-First: Heather Author-X-Name-Last: Lazrus Author-Name: Ann Bostrom Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Bostrom Author-Name: Julie L. Demuth Author-X-Name-First: Julie L. Author-X-Name-Last: Demuth Title: The influence of cultural worldviews on people’s responses to hurricane risks and threat information Abstract: This article explores whether and how cultural worldviews influence people’s responses to approaching natural hazard threats, using data from a survey that asked residents of coastal Florida, USA, about a scenario of a hurricane forecasted to affect their region. The analysis finds that stronger individualist worldview is associated with lower hurricane-related evacuation intentions, cognitive risk perception, negative affect, response and self-efficacy, perceptions of government preparedness, and information seeking. It is also associated with greater hurricane information avoidance, perceptions of bias in key hurricane information sources, and negative reactance to hurricane threat information. Mediation analysis indicates that stronger individualists’ lower evacuation intentions are explained by their lower cognitive risk perception, negative affect, and response efficacy related to the hurricane threat. Their greater negative reactance to the hurricane threat information is partly explained by their lower cognitive risk perception, but not by their lower efficacy; both are counter to the predictions of the Extended Parallel Process Model. These results demonstrate that worldviews can interact with how people perceive and respond to near-term hazard risks and risk information, and they suggest that hazard risk communication should consider cultural theory when designing and conveying forecasts, warnings, and other risk messages. The authors recommend further research to investigate in greater depth the roles of cultural theory in these contexts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1620-1649 Issue: 12 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750456 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750456 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:12:p:1620-1649 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas A. M. Stege Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Stege Author-Name: John F. B. Bolte Author-X-Name-First: John F. B. Author-X-Name-Last: Bolte Author-Name: Liesbeth Claassen Author-X-Name-First: Liesbeth Author-X-Name-Last: Claassen Author-Name: Danielle R. M. Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: Danielle R. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Timmermans Title: Electromagnetic field exposure in power plants: a qualitative assessment of work safety perceptions among employees Abstract: Electromagnetic fields, or EMF, are ubiquitous in our daily life. Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) are generated by any device using electric current. Especially in workplace situations involving MRI scanners, welding equipment, induction heaters, and power plants, they are known for potentially high field strengths. These high field strengths may lead to adverse health effects if insufficient preventive measures are in place. This study investigates employees’ perceptions on work safety regarding EMF exposure. We held 15 semi-structured interviews in three different (non-nuclear) power plants in the Netherlands. We found that power plants in this study made ample use of fences and warning signs where needed, creating a safe working environment. Nevertheless, some workers perceive that there are vague regulations, organizational issues and lack of clarity on the properties of EMF. Participants also indicated that there is some room for improvement with respect to work safety meetings on EMF. Employees want to be informed about EMF and its potential health effects and mitigation methods, but their information need is limited and straightforward. A simple warning system, along with safety information on paper, may be sufficient. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1650-1660 Issue: 12 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:12:p:1650-1660 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamie K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: COVID-19: confronting a new world risk Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 833-837 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1842988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1842988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:833-837 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dominic H. P. Balog-Way Author-X-Name-First: Dominic H. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Balog-Way Author-Name: Katherine A. McComas Author-X-Name-First: Katherine A. Author-X-Name-Last: McComas Title: COVID-19: Reflections on trust, tradeoffs, and preparedness Abstract: The global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has already had an enormous impact and will surely have profound consequences for many years to come. The authors reflect on three risk communication themes related to the pandemic: trust, tradeoffs, and preparedness. Trust is critically important during such a rapidly evolving event characterized by scientific uncertainty. Reflections focus on uncertainty communication, transparency, and long-term implications for trust in government and science. On tradeoffs, the positive and unintended negative effects of three key risk communication messages are considered (1) stay at home, (2) some groups are at higher risk, and (3) daily infections and deaths. The authors argue that greater attention to message ‘tradeoffs’ over ‘effectiveness’ and ‘evaluation’ over ‘intuition’ would help guide risk communicators under pressure. On preparedness, past infectious disease outbreak recommendations are examined. Although COVID-19 was inevitably ‘unexpected’, important preparedness actions were largely overlooked such as building key risk communication capacities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 838-848 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1758192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:838-848 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Title: The COVID-19 pandemic: how can risk science help? Abstract: This paper reflects on how risk science, with its concepts, principles, approaches, methods and models, can support the actual assessments, communication and handling of the vulnerabilities and risks related to the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic. We highlight the importance of acknowledging uncertainty as a main component of risk, in order to properly characterize and communicate risk, as well as to understand the difference between professional risk judgements and risk perception. We challenge the use of the commonly referred to phrase that the policies adopted are science-based, in a situation like this characterized by fundamental uncertainties about the underlying phenomena and the effects of possible interventions. Arguments are provided for a ‘balanced’ use of precaution, combined with adaptive management and learning. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 849-854 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1756383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756383 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:849-854 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arkadiusz Sieroń Author-X-Name-First: Arkadiusz Author-X-Name-Last: Sieroń Title: Does the COVID-19 pandemic refute probability neglect? Abstract: Cass Sunstein coined the term ‘probability neglect’ to characterize the cognitive bias of disregarding probability when assessing low-probability but high-impact threats. He also related this cognitive bias to terrorism risk, andapplied the concept to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, I show that such claims are not justified. I argue that an alternative hypothesis could be that people who downplay the epidemiological threat and do not take precautionary measures suffer from exponential-growth bias. I also show that probability theory, and thus the concept of probability neglect, cannot be easily applied to real-world problems, such as terrorist attacks or pandemics, occurring in a non-ergodic, uncertain environment. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 855-861 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1772346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1772346 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:855-861 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norman E. Fenton Author-X-Name-First: Norman E. Author-X-Name-Last: Fenton Author-Name: Martin Neil Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Neil Author-Name: Magda Osman Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Author-Name: Scott McLachlan Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: McLachlan Title: COVID-19 infection and death rates: the need to incorporate causal explanations for the data and avoid bias in testing Abstract: COVID-19 testing strategies are primarily driven by medical need - focusing on people already hospitalized with significant symptoms or on people most at risk. However, such testing is highly biased because it fails to identify the extent to which COVID-19 is present in people with mild or no symptoms. If we wish to understand the true rate of COVID-19 infection and death, we need to take full account of the causal explanations for the resulting data to avoid highly misleading conclusions about infection and death rates. We describe how causal (Bayesian network) models can provide such explanations and the need to combine these with more random testing in order to achieve reliable data and predictions for the both policy makers and the public. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 862-865 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1756381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756381 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:862-865 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Neil Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Neil Author-Name: Norman Fenton Author-X-Name-First: Norman Author-X-Name-Last: Fenton Author-Name: Magda Osman Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Author-Name: Scott McLachlan Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: McLachlan Title: Bayesian network analysis of Covid-19 data reveals higher infection prevalence rates and lower fatality rates than widely reported Abstract: Widely reported statistics on Covid-19 across the globe fail to take account of both the uncertainty of the data and possible explanations for this uncertainty. In this article, we use a Bayesian Network (BN) model to estimate the Covid-19 infection prevalence rate (IPR) and infection fatality rate (IFR) for different countries and regions, where relevant data are available. This combines multiple sources of data in a single model. The results show that Chelsea Mass. USA and Gangelt Germany have relatively higher IPRs than Santa Clara USA, Kobe, Japan, and England and Wales. In all cases the infection prevalence is significantly higher than what has been widely reported, with much higher community infection rates in all locations. For Santa Clara and Chelsea, both in the USA, the most likely IFR values are 0.3–0.4%. Kobe, Japan is very unusual in comparison with the others with values an order of magnitude less than the others at, 0.001%. The IFR for Spain is centred around 1%. England and Wales lie between Spain and the USA/German values with an IFR around 0.8%. There remains some uncertainty around these estimates but an IFR greater than 1% looks remote for all regions/countries. We use a Bayesian technique called ‘virtual evidence’ to test the sensitivity of the IFR to two significant sources of uncertainty: survey quality and uncertainty about Covid-19 death counts. In response the adjusted estimates for IFR are most likely to be in the range 0.3–0.5%. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 866-879 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1778771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1778771 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:866-879 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C. Bryce Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Bryce Author-Name: P. Ring Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Ring Author-Name: S. Ashby Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ashby Author-Name: J. K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: J. K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Title: Resilience in the face of uncertainty: early lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic Abstract: The transboundary dynamics of COVID-19 present an unprecedented test of organisational resilience. In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS), a talisman of collective fortitude against disease and illness, has struggled to cope with inadequate provision of virus tests, ventilators, and personal protective equipment needed to fight the pandemic. In this paper, we reflect on the historic dynamics and strategic priorities that have undermined the NHS’s attempts to navigate these troubled times. We invoke the organisational resilience literature to address ‘the good, the bad and the ugly’ of preparedness in readiness and response to the current pandemic. In particular, we draw on Meyer’s (1982) seminal work on ‘adaptation to jolts’, excavating current preparedness failings. We argue an overreliance on perceived efficiency benefits of ‘lean production’ and ‘just in time’ continuity planning superseded strategic redundancy and slack in the system. This strategic focus was not simply the result of a failure in foresight, but rather a failure to act adaptively on knowledge of the known threats and weaknesses spotlighted by earlier projections of an inevitable pandemic threat. In conclusion, we consider how the UK Government and NHS must now undergo a phase of ‘readjustment’ in Meyer’s terms, in light of these failings. We suggest that independent responsibility for national future preparedness should be handed to the NHS free from political interference. This would operate under the umbrella of a national emergency preparedness, resilience and response public body, enshrined in law, and similar in governance to the current Bank of England. This will help ensure that foresight is accompanied by durability and fortitude in safeguarding the UK against future pandemic threats. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 880-887 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1756379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756379 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:880-887 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paula Ungureanu Author-X-Name-First: Paula Author-X-Name-Last: Ungureanu Author-Name: Fabiola Bertolotti Author-X-Name-First: Fabiola Author-X-Name-Last: Bertolotti Title: Backing up emergency teams in healthcare and law enforcement organizations: strategies to socialize newcomers in the time of COVID-19 Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is putting significant pressure on emergency teams in healthcare and law enforcement organizations. In order to provide rapid backup, new workers must be socialized rapidly and effectively. In addition to considering the pros and cons of various newcomer socialization strategies and tools, healthcare and law enforcement organizations may need to design hybrid socialization strategies at the light of four essential processes of emergency teams: roles, knowledge, interpersonal relations and emotion management. We suggest that emergency teams based on the combined resources of old-timers and newcomers where the more experienced team members contribute actively to the socialization of new members can have unexpected positive effects on the team. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 888-901 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1765002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1765002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:888-901 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ann Bostrom Author-X-Name-First: Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Bostrom Author-Name: Gisela Böhm Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Böhm Author-Name: Robert E. O’Connor Author-X-Name-First: Robert E. Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor Author-Name: Daniel Hanss Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Hanss Author-Name: Otto Bodi-Fernandez Author-X-Name-First: Otto Author-X-Name-Last: Bodi-Fernandez Author-Name: Pradipta Halder Author-X-Name-First: Pradipta Author-X-Name-Last: Halder Title: Comparative risk science for the coronavirus pandemic Abstract: Judgment, decision making, and risk researchers have learned a great deal over the years about how people prepare for and react to global risks. In recent years, risk scholars have increasingly focused their energies on climate change, and as pandemic coronavirus has swept the globe many of these scholars are comparing the coronavirus pandemic with climate change to inform risk management. Risk communication research and the best practices developed from it are predicated on findings from the 1970’s to the present showing that there are structural similarities in how people think about widely divergent risks. Consequently, these lessons from risk communication of climate change (and from the canon of best practices) apply to the coronavirus pandemic. In the empirical comparison of student perceptions reported here, we replicate these structural similarity findings, but also find that moral concerns in particular deserve attention as a potentially distinct dimension of risk perception, on which different risks may also differ, as pandemic risks appear to evoke less moral concern than climate change. The need for communications to be timely, honest, credible, empathetic, and informative for useful individual actions is fundamental and essential for communicating effectively about the coronavirus epidemic. Some countries have heeded risk sciences, and are coping more successfully with pandemic coronavirus. Others have failed to implement these old lessons, which our data suggest still apply. While these failures may reinforce cynicism about political and public enthusiasm for accepting science, comparisons between the coronavirus pandemic and climate change may also foster greater aspirations for collective action. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 902-911 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1756384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756384 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:902-911 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Woohyun Yoo Author-X-Name-First: Woohyun Author-X-Name-Last: Yoo Author-Name: Doo-Hun Choi Author-X-Name-First: Doo-Hun Author-X-Name-Last: Choi Title: Predictors of expressing and receiving information on social networking sites during MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea Abstract: Social networking sites (SNS) are becoming one of the most significant platforms for social interaction and information exchange in epidemics. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about what facilitates or hinders individuals’ engagement in information exchange in the event of an infectious disease outbreak. This study examined the effects of potential predictors that might be associated with the expression and reception of information on SNS during the South Korea Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak. Analysis of an online survey among 1000 adults from the general population of South Korea showed that expressing and receiving MERS-related information were predicted differentially by diverse social-demographic, socio-economic, and psychosocial factors. Among psychosocial characteristics, risk perceptions and self-efficacy interacted with each other to predict the expression and reception of MERS-related information. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 912-927 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:912-927 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yushim Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yushim Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Minyoung Ku Author-X-Name-First: Minyoung Author-X-Name-Last: Ku Author-Name: Seong Soo Oh Author-X-Name-First: Seong Soo Author-X-Name-Last: Oh Title: Public health emergency response coordination: putting the plan into practice Abstract: Insufficient specifications about public health emergency coordination involving government entities have been criticized as a contributing factor in managerial and institutional shortcomings. In response, this study analyzed the coordination plan and actions taken during the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea. Using network data, we found a low congruence between the planned response coordination networks and those carried out. This result was observed for two reasons. First, unrealized or newly emerging relationships among planned actors contributed to the low congruence. Second, the response plan overlooked the role and relationships of several intermediary actors between the local and national actors in the government system. The broad implication is that public health emergency preparedness and response agencies may be cognizant of the neglected areas in drawing the boundaries between—and the relationships of—core and emergent actors in emergency planning. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 928-944 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1628092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628092 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:928-944 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jisoo Ahn Author-X-Name-First: Jisoo Author-X-Name-Last: Ahn Author-Name: Lee Ann Kahlor Author-X-Name-First: Lee Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Kahlor Author-Name: Ghee-Young Noh Author-X-Name-First: Ghee-Young Author-X-Name-Last: Noh Title: Outbreak! Socio-cognitive motivators of risk information sharing during the 2018 South Korean MERS-CoV epidemic Abstract: This study examines socio-cognitive motivators of information-sharing behaviors during the 2018 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea. During the outbreak, an online survey was fielded to 988 South Korean adult members of an online research panel. The survey included questions about MERS-CoV-related risk perceptions, and attitudes and beliefs about risk information behaviors during the outbreak. The concepts and relationships sought through those questions were informed by the risk information seeking and processing model and related works. Data analysis suggests that sharing risk information about MERS-CoV was heavily shaped by risk information seeking (such that more seeking led to more sharing) and somewhat shaped by perceived pressure from others to share risk information. Interestingly, perceived level of knowledge and perceived level of risk were not significantly related to sharing. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 945-961 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1800065 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1800065 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:945-961 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Esi E. Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Esi E. Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Title: Risk communication in a double public health crisis: the case of Ebola and cholera in Ghana Abstract: During 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic, many West African countries experienced perennial outbreaks of various infectious diseases. Given the geographic dynamics of disease outbreaks in the region, it seems obvious that research on risk communication needs to contemplate how these countries manage risk communication about simultaneously occurring infectious diseases. Yet, this is missing in risk communication scholarship. I draw on insights from the social amplification of risk framework to assess how three amplification stations responded to risk signals about proximate Ebola and cholera outbreaks in 2014 in Ghana. Based on in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with risk communicators, media workers, and community members, I argue that the differing individual and social experiences of Ebola and cholera in Ghana were shaped by historical, religious, socio-cultural, and institutional processing of risk signals, which guided judgements about risks. This study contributes to the literature on the social amplification of risk framework and risk and crisis communication by showing how the context of an impending crisis can lead to a health crisis for a preventable and treatable disease through the amplification and attenuation of risks signals. The study recommends the inclusion of lay people perspectives in the development of risk and crisis communication campaigns. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 962-977 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1819386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1819386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:962-977 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachael Piltch-Loeb Author-X-Name-First: Rachael Author-X-Name-Last: Piltch-Loeb Author-Name: David Abramson Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Abramson Title: From information to intervention: connecting risk communication to individual health behavior and community-level health interventions during the 2016 Zika outbreak Abstract: Emerging disease threats are on the rise. Risk communication in an emerging threat is used by public health officials to reach the population in a timely and effective manner. However, limited research has drawn on data gathered during an emerging threat to understand how risk communication shapes intervention perceptions. This analysis examines the relationship between risk communication, especially where information comes from, and receptivity to individual-level and community-level health interventions in an emerging threat using evidence from the 2016 rise of Zika. Data comes from a repeat cross-sectional survey conducted three times in 2016, representative of the United States population. Drawing on leading theories of risk communication, a structural model (SEM) is used to measure the relationships of interest. Two distinct SEMs are used to compare and contrast the relationship between source of information and individual health behavior change and community-level health interventions while also exploring the role of knowledge, perceived risk, and demographics. Results of both direct and indirect SEM pathways show different sources of information may be more effective in promoting particular interventions. Promoting community-level interventions can be accomplished through dissemination of information in print news to increase knowledge and ultimately receptivity. However, there is a far more complex relationship between risk communication and personal intervention receptivity. With a more nuanced understanding of the way information from a particular source effects intervention receptivity, communicators can reach the public more effectively to limit the consequences of an emerging public health threat. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 978-993 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1819388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1819388 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:978-993 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Dryhurst Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Dryhurst Author-Name: Claudia R. Schneider Author-X-Name-First: Claudia R. Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider Author-Name: John Kerr Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Kerr Author-Name: Alexandra L. J. Freeman Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra L. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Author-Name: Gabriel Recchia Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Recchia Author-Name: Anne Marthe van der Bles Author-X-Name-First: Anne Marthe Author-X-Name-Last: van der Bles Author-Name: David Spiegelhalter Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Spiegelhalter Author-Name: Sander van der Linden Author-X-Name-First: Sander Author-X-Name-Last: van der Linden Title: Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world Abstract: The World Health Organization has declared the rapid spread of COVID-19 around the world a global public health emergency. It is well-known that the spread of the disease is influenced by people’s willingness to adopt preventative public health behaviors, which are often associated with public risk perception. In this study, we present the first assessment of public risk perception of COVID-19 around the world using national samples (total N = 6,991) in ten countries across Europe, America, and Asia. We find that although levels of concern are relatively high, they are highest in the UK compared to all other sampled countries. Pooled across countries, personal experience with the virus, individualistic and prosocial values, hearing about the virus from friends and family, trust in government, science, and medical professionals, personal knowledge of government strategy, and personal and collective efficacy were all significant predictors of risk perception. Although there was substantial variability across cultures, individualistic worldviews, personal experience, prosocial values, and social amplification through friends and family in particular were found to be significant determinants in more than half of the countries examined. Risk perception correlated significantly with reported adoption of preventative health behaviors in all ten countries. Implications for effective risk communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 994-1006 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:994-1006 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Laura Ruiu Author-X-Name-First: Maria Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiu Title: Mismanagement of Covid-19: lessons learned from Italy Abstract: Maria Laura Ruiu is lecturer at Northumbria University (Newcastle upon Tyne). She has recently completed her second PhD in Social Sciences (Northumbria University). She also acted as post-doctoral researcher at the Desertification Research Centre (University of Sassari, Italy) investigating the adaptive capacity of some communities to climate change impact. This paper analyses the first phases of the Covid-19 (Coronavirus) outbreak management in Italy by exploring the combination of political, scientific, media and public responses. A lack of coordination between political and scientific levels, and between institutional claim-makers and the media, suggests a mismanagement of the crisis during the first phases of the outbreak. The outbreak management suffered from the five communication weaknesses identified by Reynolds, related to i) mixed messages from multiple messengers; ii) delay in releasing information; iii) paternalistic attitudes; iv) lack of immediate reaction to rumours; and v) political confusion. This supports that the communication of uncertainty around an unknown threat should be accompanied by both political and scientific cohesion. However, both political and scientific dysfunctions caused the failure of several government efforts to contain the outbreak. This paper contributes towards informing policymakers on some lessons learned from the management of the Covid-19 in one of the most affected countries in the world. The Italian case study offers the opportunity for other countries to improve the management of the outbreak by limiting the spread of both chaos and panic. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1007-1020 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1758755 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758755 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1007-1020 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Mei Ling Wong Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Mei Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Olivia Jensen Author-X-Name-First: Olivia Author-X-Name-Last: Jensen Title: The paradox of trust: perceived risk and public compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore Abstract: Public trust in the authorities has been recognised in risk research as a crucial component of effective and efficient risk management. But in a pandemic, where the primary responsibility of risk management is not centralised within institutional actors but defused across society, trust can become a double-edged sword. Under these conditions, public trust based on a perception of government competence, care and openness may in fact lead people to underestimate risks and thus reduce their belief in the need to take individual action to control the risks. In this paper, we examine the interaction between trust in government, risk perceptions and public compliance in Singapore in the period between January and April 2020. Using social media tracking and online focus group discussions, we present a preliminary assessment of public responses to government risk communication and risk management measures. We highlight the unique deployment of risk communication in Singapore based on the narrative of ‘defensive pessimism’ to heighten rather than lower levels perceived risk. But the persistence of low public risk perceptions and concomitant low levels of compliance with government risk management measures bring to light the paradox of trust. This calls for further reflection on another dimension of trust which focuses on the role of the public; and further investigation into other social and cultural factors that may have stronger influence over individual belief in the need to take personal actions to control the risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1021-1030 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1756386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1021-1030 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katarina Giritli Nygren Author-X-Name-First: Katarina Author-X-Name-Last: Giritli Nygren Author-Name: Anna Olofsson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Olofsson Title: Managing the Covid-19 pandemic through individual responsibility: the consequences of a world risk society and enhanced ethopolitics Abstract: At the end of March 2020, international media present Swedish management of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic as soft and irresponsible. Thus, Sweden, which is usually regarded as exceptionally risk averse and cautious, has chosen an unexpected risk management approach. The aim of this article is to reflect on how the Swedish government has managed the Covid-19 pandemic until early April 2020 from two theoretical perspectives, the risk society thesis and governmentality theory. We make a brief review of how previous pandemics have been managed compared to Covid-19 and try to understand the consequences of the Swedish handling of present pandemic with a particular focus on the governance of the pandemic and the exercise of power rather than definite risk management strategies during the pandemic. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1031-1035 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1756382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756382 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1031-1035 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter M. Wiedemann Author-X-Name-First: Peter M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wiedemann Author-Name: Wolfgang Dorl Author-X-Name-First: Wolfgang Author-X-Name-Last: Dorl Title: Be alarmed. Some reflections about the COVID-19 risk communication in Germany Abstract: This article addresses six typical communication traps regarding COVID-19 which can also be observed with respect to other risk topics. First, we argue that risk communication can slide into what is known as ‘risk kitsch’. This refers to the misconception that avoiding risk automatically results in safety. However, the avoidance of one risk always leads to other risks. Life without risk is not possible. We go on to scrutinize the unquestioning belief in numbers. It would seem that describing risks in terms of numbers promises to overcome chaos, provide order, and create a sense of agency over the threatening health risks. However, is this really so? Don’t numbers also lie, lead astray, or misrepresent? The third issue we examine is the impact of pictures and individual cases on risk perception. What key picture – or rather what particular graphic – shapes the risk perception of COVID-19? What message does it convey? Does it bias and mislead us? The fourth issue involves the use of COVID-19 modeling studies which aim to provide answers to a number of essential questions: How bad can it get? What does it depend on? What can be done? Yet it is clear that not all assumptions underlying modeling computations are valid. Information content is not necessarily the same as reality content. The fifth section examines the question of how politics can navigate through the crisis. Is it navigating with a faulty compass? How defective is the compass? We then consider the question of morality, which is a crucial issue during a pandemic with its life- and-death stakes. Are moral evaluations always helpful? Or does a rigorously moral discourse hinder the necessary consideration of alternative options in dealing with the pandemic? Finally, we will draw some conclusions. What could better risk communication on COVID-19 look like? What can be improved, and how? Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1036-1046 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1825984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1825984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1036-1046 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: King-wa Fu Author-X-Name-First: King-wa Author-X-Name-Last: Fu Author-Name: Yuner Zhu Author-X-Name-First: Yuner Author-X-Name-Last: Zhu Title: Did the world overlook the media’s early warning of COVID-19? Abstract: This perspective is written to give a rapid response to discuss the role of media in risk communication in the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyze two sets of media data, China’s social media and global news event, and draw a few initial observations in relation to the impacts of China’s information control policy, global risk governance, and the role of WHO. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1047-1051 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1756380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756380 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1047-1051 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicole M. Krause Author-X-Name-First: Nicole M. Author-X-Name-Last: Krause Author-Name: Isabelle Freiling Author-X-Name-First: Isabelle Author-X-Name-Last: Freiling Author-Name: Becca Beets Author-X-Name-First: Becca Author-X-Name-Last: Beets Author-Name: Dominique Brossard Author-X-Name-First: Dominique Author-X-Name-Last: Brossard Title: Fact-checking as risk communication: the multi-layered risk of misinformation in times of COVID-19 Abstract: The emergence of the 2019 novel coronavirus has led to more than a pandemic—indeed, COVID-19 is spawning myriad other concerns as it rapidly marches around the globe. One of these concerns is a surge of misinformation, which we argue should be viewed as a risk in its own right, and to which insights from decades of risk communication research must be applied. Further, when the subject of misinformation is itself a risk, as in the case of COVID-19, we argue for the utility of viewing the problem as a multi-layered risk communication problem. In such circumstances, misinformation functions as a meta-risk that interacts with and complicates publics’ perceptions of the original risk. Therefore, as the COVID-19 “misinfodemic” intensifies, risk communication research should inform the efforts of key risk communicators. To this end, we discuss the implications of risk research for efforts to fact-check COVID-19 misinformation and offer practical recommendations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1052-1059 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1756385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756385 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1052-1059 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Todd Landman Author-X-Name-First: Todd Author-X-Name-Last: Landman Author-Name: Luca Di Gennaro Splendore Author-X-Name-First: Luca Di Gennaro Author-X-Name-Last: Splendore Title: Pandemic democracy: elections and COVID-19 Abstract: This article provides an initial assessment of the many risks posed by the COVID-19 pandemic on the conduct of genuine and transparent elections in the world. It begins with explaining why elections are a vital part of democracy, and then using the notion of the electoral cycle, constructs a risk matrix that assesses the relative impact and likelihood of risks to the cycle, as well as proposes a number of potential mitigations to these risks. The variety and number of elections, dimensions of the electoral cycle that can be disrupted, and the need for solutions raises significant questions about the future of democracy itself. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1060-1066 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1765003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1765003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1060-1066 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Trautrims Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Trautrims Author-Name: Martin C. Schleper Author-X-Name-First: Martin C. Author-X-Name-Last: Schleper Author-Name: M. Selim Cakir Author-X-Name-First: M. Selim Author-X-Name-Last: Cakir Author-Name: Stefan Gold Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Gold Title: Survival at the expense of the weakest? Managing modern slavery risks in supply chains during COVID-19 Abstract: This paper reflects on the implications of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on modern slavery risks in supply chains. We first reason that the global supply and demand shock resulting from COVID-19 exacerbates workers’ vulnerability to modern slavery. Then, we discuss challenges firms face to detect, prevent, and mitigate increasing modern slavery risks in supply chains during COVID-19. We conclude our paper by arguing that proactive, value-oriented, and long-term supply chain management approaches increase firms’ resilience to cope with highly volatile and extreme events, such as COVID 19. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1067-1072 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1772347 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1772347 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1067-1072 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aengus Collins Author-X-Name-First: Aengus Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Author-Name: Marie-Valentine Florin Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Valentine Author-X-Name-Last: Florin Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: COVID-19 risk governance: drivers, responses and lessons to be learned Abstract: The COVID-19 outbreak was neither unpredictable nor unforeseen, yet it blind-sided policymakers when it emerged, leading to unprecedented global restrictions on human activity and almost certainly triggering the first global economic contraction since WWII. This paper considers the key factors in the eruption of the crisis, as well as the lessons that should be learned from it. The paper begins with an outline of COVID-19’s spread, highlighting six key drivers that have determined its severity: the exponential pace of transmission, global interconnectedness, health-sector capacity, wider state capacity, the economic impact of suppression measures, and fragilities caused by the 2008 financial crisis. The paper then proceeds by considering the steps that have been taken in response to five key challenges, corresponding to elements of the IRGC risk governance framework: technical assessment, risk perception, evaluation, management and communication. While acknowledging that only tentative conclusions can be drawn at this early stage, the paper ends with a series of ten recommendations designed to increase preparedness for future crises. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1073-1082 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1760332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1760332 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1073-1082 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jens O. Zinn Author-X-Name-First: Jens O. Author-X-Name-Last: Zinn Title: ‘A monstrous threat’: how a state of exception turns into a ‘new normal’ Abstract: This article explores the factors that helped COVID-19 to become a ‘monstrous threat’ to humanity, which legitimises significant restrictions to people’s freedom and is justified by the ethics to keep everyone safe. It analyses how rigid means increase old inequalities and produce secondary risks and significant side-effects and demonstrates how, with social and economic costs soaring, governments seek ways back – not to the old normal – but new social practices and attitudes towards infectious diseases, thereby transforming the state of exception into a ‘new normal’. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1083-1091 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1758194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1083-1091 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jamie K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Title: Recalibrating pandemic risk leadership: Thirteen crisis ready strategies for COVID-19 Abstract: Good leadership is widely regarded as a crucial component of risk and crisis management and remains an enduring theme of more than 40 years of inquiry into emergencies, disasters, and controversies. Today, the question of good leadership has come under the spotlight again as a key factor shaping how successfully nations have dealt with the COVID-19 global health crisis. Amidst plummeting levels of public trust, the worst recession of the G7, and the highest death toll in Europe, the UK’s pandemic leadership response has faced especially stern accusations of incompetence and culpability for what has been described as the most catastrophic science policy failure for a generation. Addressing these issues, this paper argues for the adoption of a more pluralised UK leadership approach for handling COVID-19. Particularly, it is contended that as COVID-19 is a multifaceted problem that presents many varied and distributed challenges, UK leadership should employ a differentiated range of strategic mechanisms and processes to help improve substantive understandings and decision-making, support collective resilience, and build adaptive capacities as the crisis continues. The paper accordingly identifies and elaborates thirteen strategies, drawing on lessons and insights from the risk and crisis management field, that are proposed to serve as a useful heuristic to help guide UK pandemic leadership in this endeavour. To illustrate the value and application of each strategy, examples are provided of noteworthy leadership responses to COVID-19 observed internationally thus far, as well as leadership problems that have hampered the UK’s pandemic response. In conclusion, it is suggested that in as far as the conduct expected of leaders during a pandemic, or any other crisis, should maintain and be reflective of democratic values and standards of legitimacy, these strategies may also provide broadly applicable normative criteria against which leadership performance in handling COVID-19 may be judged as crisis ready. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1092-1120 Issue: 7-8 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1842989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1842989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:7-8:p:1092-1120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Some foundational issues related to risk governance and different types of risks Abstract: Risk governance has in recent years become a commonly used concept in relation to the understanding, assessment, management and communication of risk or risk problems, including so-called systemic risks. Substantial scientific work has been conducted to establish a proper foundation for this concept and its applications. Nonetheless, there are still some issues that remain to be clarified, for example how to best characterise risks and risk problems that need risk governance approaches. The purpose of the present article is to provide new insights into the risk governance concept by critically examining some common definitions and uses of key terms. In particular, the article seeks to shed new light on the interpretation of risk-problem classes: simple, complex, uncertain and ambiguous. A set of recommendations is presented on how to improve current risk governance theories and practices, including a suggestion for a modified risk-problem classification system. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1121-1134 Issue: 9 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569099 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:9:p:1121-1134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maurice Eisenbruch Author-X-Name-First: Maurice Author-X-Name-Last: Eisenbruch Title: Krʊəh: astrology, risk perception, and vulnerability to mishap and disaster in Cambodia Abstract: There are strong cross-cultural differences in the subjective judgment of risk perception of hazards or disasters. This article aims to examine the cultural construction of risk perception and who is at risk of succumbing to a disaster, using the 2010 human stampede at the Diamond Island bridge in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, as a case study. It focuses on the role of astrology in indicating who is at risk and why. An ethnographic study was conducted in Phnom Penh and nine provinces, involving five survivors and eight of their family members, 34 bereaved relatives of nine people who had been killed, 31 villagers, and 48 key informants including monks, female Buddhist devotees, lay officiants, mediums, and traditional healers. People consulted astrological practitioners, monks, and healers for diagnosis using methods that drew on stories in the Dhammapada and the Jātaka stories. Risk and vulnerability to mishap were believed to arise from the intersection between /krʊəh cɑŋray/ (គ្រោះចង្រៃ), or astrological misfortune, and /riesəy/ (រាសី), the person’s zodiac house at a given time. Krʊəh was calculated by diviners using from five systems: ‘the exact year’ /kʊət cnam/ (គត់ឆ្នាំ); ‘zodiac year treads in the current year,’ /coan cnam/ (ជាន់ឆ្នាំ); ‘incompatibility of the current and birth years,’ /cʰoŋ cnam/ (ឆុងឆ្នាំ); ‘fatal astrological angle day of week,’ /tŋay ʔɑŋsaa/ (ថ្ងៃអង្សា); and ‘tail end of the old and the beginning of the new year,’ /cɑmniə cnam/ (ចំនៀរឆ្នាំ). Where indicated, whether by monks or healers, or by common knowledge, people sought ritual interventions to banish their /krʊəh/. The cultural framing of risk and vulnerability in Cambodia seems to be based on ancient Vedic astrology and contributes to the understanding of astrology in contemporary Buddhist societies. There are implications for the development of culturally responsive strategies to effectively communicate with communities about their risk and vulnerability to mishap, and disaster. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1135-1157 Issue: 9 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1778770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1778770 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:9:p:1135-1157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Zhipeng Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Zhipeng Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Xiang Liu Author-X-Name-First: Xiang Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Safety risk analysis of restricted-speed train accidents in the United States Abstract: An understanding of accident risk based on historical safety data can support the development and prioritization of effective accident prevention strategies. While previous studies have focused extensively on the safety risks associated with high-frequency-high-consequence accidents, comparatively little work has been undertaken to evaluate railroad risk and safety under restricted-speed operations. In the United States, restricted speed is defined as a speed that permits stopping within one-half the range of vision, but not exceeding 20 miles per hour. Human-reliant restricted-speed operation has been common on U.S. freight railroads for over a century. Recently, a series of severe accidents due to violations of restricted speed rules has triggered renewed interest in understanding and improving restricted-speed operational safety. To this end, this paper develops a statistical analysis of restricted-speed train accidents occurring between 2000 and 2016, based on data from the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration. Our study quantitatively analyzes the distribution of restricted-speed accident frequency, severity, risk, and other pertinent characteristics. The research finds that while the overall train accident rate has declined substantially, there is no significant improvement regarding the restricted-speed train accident rate over the studied period. In order to characterize the risk profile of this type of accident, two alternative risk measures, namely mean value and Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR), are developed to estimate an annual restricted-speed train accident risk. In particular, the CVaR represents the expected consequence in worst-case scenarios, which more effectively characterizes the low-probability-high-consequence restricted-speed accidents under certain circumstances. Furthermore, based on a micro-level study employing developed Fault Tree Analysis, effective human-error mitigation actions (e.g. valid medical program, alerter system) and advanced train control (e.g. Positive Train Control) are discussed as two primary restricted-speed accident risk prevention strategies to improve the safety level of train operations at restricted speeds. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1158-1176 Issue: 9 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1617336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1617336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:9:p:1158-1176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dorsey Kaufmann Author-X-Name-First: Dorsey Author-X-Name-Last: Kaufmann Author-Name: Monica D. Ramirez-Andreotta Author-X-Name-First: Monica D. Author-X-Name-Last: Ramirez-Andreotta Title: Communicating the environmental health risk assessment process: formative evaluation and increasing comprehension through visual design Abstract: The environmental health risk assessment process informs clean-up activities at hazardous waste sites. Ensuring this process is accessible and transparent to communities is crucial for environmental health literacy initiatives. The goals of this project were to develop plain language and effective visuals that can be used when communicating the risk assessment process and methods used to predict excess cancer risk(s) due to environmental exposures. In this study, a community factsheet entitled, “Understanding Environmental Health Risk Assessment” was developed and a participatory design and formative evaluation approach was implemented with a set of representative users (n = 11). Community members living in the vicinity of two Arizona hazardous waste sites as well as three public health professionals/researchers were asked to evaluate the functionality and accessibility of the factsheet, particularly the graphics and whether the text was written in plain language. Participant responses revealed the following major findings: 1) form follows function, 2) graphic elements should outweigh text, 3) line of sight and layout is critical to information accessibility, 4) color coding dramatically aids the reader, 5) content should be strategically grouped, 6) concepts per figure should be minimized to ensure comprehension, 7) interactive content is preferred over static content, and 8) communication efforts need to interweave new information with the targeted audience's past and current environmental health understandings to aid in their ability to retain new concepts. Based on participant feedback, new and improved layout decisions, infographics and accompanying text were designed and prepared. This research demonstrates the need and importance of participatory design, information design prototyping, formative evaluation, and a cultural model of risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1177-1194 Issue: 9 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1628098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1628098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:9:p:1177-1194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marta Portela Maseda Author-X-Name-First: Marta Author-X-Name-Last: Portela Maseda Author-Name: Sara Fernández-López Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-López Author-Name: Lucía Rey-Ares Author-X-Name-First: Lucía Author-X-Name-Last: Rey-Ares Title: Understanding cross-regional differences in stock market participation: the role of risk preferences Abstract: Previous research on the effect of risk preferences on stock market participation (SMP) has applied an individual-based approach without modelling how contextual factors may influence individuals’ attitudes. By adopting an ‘interactionist approach’, this article explores the role of the region’s risk attitudes in the SMP decision, together with individuals’ risk preferences. Using a sample of 57,491 individuals living in 60 European regions in 2013 and applying multilevel modelling, the results confirm that the region’s risk attitudes, together with individual characteristics, are driving forces of SMP. Therefore, future policies and reforms aimed at increasing SMP should take into account not only the existence of individual differences among Europeans but also the existence of differences in cultural region factors. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1195-1210 Issue: 9 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1646307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1646307 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:9:p:1195-1210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karin Jarnkvist Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Jarnkvist Title: Intersectional perspectives of house owner narratives on climate risks Abstract: The aim of this article is to investigate the construction of climate risks and to identify how it intersects with different forms of discursive categories in house owner narratives. Interviews with 44 house owners in four regions exposed to climate risks in Sweden were analyzed using the narrative method. I use intersectional risk theory, in which risk is constructed in relation to different forms of power structure, to interpret the narratives. The results indicate that narrators do risk in different ways in relation to the master narratives of the climate threat and individual environmental responsibility, which dominate the official rhetoric in Sweden. Three risk narratives are revealed in the interviews: (1) the master narrative of ‘the responsible house owner,’ (2) the alternative narrative of ‘the vulnerable house owner’, and (3) the counter-narrative of ‘the safe house owner.’ The climate risks talked about could relate to the narrator’s own house or to risks at a local or global level. The results indicate that different intersections of class, gender, age, and place shape different ways of positioning in relation to risk, by describing oneself as more or less aware of and exposed to climate risks. The analysis also reveals that different intersections of social structures lead to shifting prerequisites for house-owner preparedness towards preventing and managing climate risks. Such an understanding is important when trying to comprehend why some house owners adapt their homes to a changed climate while others do not. Aspects like these are necessary to consider while, e.g. deciding on policy and writing information and guidelines on adaptation to climate change. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1211-1224 Issue: 9 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1646314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1646314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:9:p:1211-1224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oscar Luigi Azzimonti Author-X-Name-First: Oscar Luigi Author-X-Name-Last: Azzimonti Author-Name: Matteo Colleoni Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Colleoni Author-Name: Mattia De Amicis Author-X-Name-First: Mattia Author-X-Name-Last: De Amicis Author-Name: Ivan Frigerio Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Frigerio Title: Combining hazard, social vulnerability and resilience to provide a proposal for seismic risk assessment Abstract: This research has been produced in the context of the updating of regional and national directives for predicting, mitigating and preventing seismic risk and for implementing regular and emergency local planning policies. Applied to the municipalities of Lombardy, it proposes a range of indicators aimed at describing and analysing the local features that make a place and the populations who live there, or periodically pass through it, more vulnerable and less resilient. More specifically, the study comprises the construction of two indices: a vulnerability index to understand the characteristics of a place that amplify risk, increasing the damage potentially caused by an earthquake in the emergency phase; and a resilience index, which summarises the resources available for reconstruction and the capacity for progressively restoring normality in the long run. The development of the indicators and indices follows a critical review of the American literature, the European debate on risk governance and the recent studies on social vulnerability in Italy. Attention is also devoted to elements usually underestimated in vulnerability research, such as places’ transport links and accessibility. Carried out using ecological research and GIS methods and techniques, the study proposes an analytical (social and territorial) and mapping-based interpretation of social vulnerability and resilience in Lombardy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1225-1241 Issue: 9 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1646308 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1646308 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:9:p:1225-1241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rumy Hasan Author-X-Name-First: Rumy Author-X-Name-Last: Hasan Author-Name: Christopher Chatwin Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Chatwin Author-Name: Mustafa Sayed Author-X-Name-First: Mustafa Author-X-Name-Last: Sayed Title: Examining alternatives to traditional accident causation models in the offshore oil and gas industry Abstract: Several recent studies assert that in complex systems, mishaps often result from non-linear interactions between very normal behaviours. These interactions gradually shift the system to a point at which safety is compromised. Exploring such a paradigm can shine a light on the reasons behind the failure of current safety models. This paper attempts to assess accident causation theory and complexity and systems thinking in the offshore oil and gas industry. Additionally, the lack of a theoretical basis to deal with complex socio-technical environments has been a common theme, so this paper further seeks out patterns that emerge after-the-fact, which could help to identify relevant theories. The paper recommends chaos theory and resilience engineering as alternative theoretical foundations for safety frameworks in the offshore oil and gas industry. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1242-1257 Issue: 9 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1673796 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1673796 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:23:y:2020:i:9:p:1242-1257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: Journal of risk research special issue in honour of Ortwin Renn Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1850260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1850260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2020:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andreas Klinke Author-X-Name-First: Andreas Author-X-Name-Last: Klinke Title: Public understanding of risk and risk governance Abstract: The general public often fears the wrong risks and has a blind spot when it comes to global existential risks. People have divergent and emotive attitudes to risk rather than rational understanding. For this reason, public understanding of risk and risk governance promotes a non-tendentious and theory-neutral approach designed in a way so that laypersons can become aware of, make sound judgments about and take action in terms of risk. Public understanding refers to the creation of scientific literacy, sagacity, and decisional competence within a broad public. The public understanding encompasses two primary dimensions: knowledge and rationality. They empower the public’s ability to adopt an impartial perspective which is essential to ensure the democratic formation of public opinion and political will. I argue that the public understanding can be established through the engagement of the public. I explore and conceptualize the generation and propagation of the public understanding of risk and risk governance through three elements of understanding: epistemic, ontological, and teleological. These elements constituting public understanding are produced by a tripartite functional differentiation of deliberative production, namely an interplay between scientific, associational and public deliberation within risk governance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 2-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750464 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:2-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wolfgang Kröger Author-X-Name-First: Wolfgang Author-X-Name-Last: Kröger Title: Automated vehicle driving: background and deduction of governance needs Abstract: Autonomous vehicles (AV) aim to absolve humans from cumbersome performance of tasks and eliminate them from being of a hazard source. Some state that AV will become reality soon, diffuse faster than classical automotive innovations, others are even afraid of hype. Platoons on highways and public transport vehicles coping with limited driving situations at low speed will lead the way, rather than general-purpose fully-automated cars; a combination of driverless and human-driven cars over decades is foreseeable. AV are expected to provide various benefits for users and our society. Although significantly improved traffic safety is expected severe crashes will happen, rejecting the vision of “zero risk”. Benefits are confronted by some “buts”: Potentially new stress due to blind reliance on algorithms and loss of control; wireless communication channels between vehicles and infrastructure may introduce systemic failures and new entry points for hacker-attacks to safety-critical features and thus new high-profile risks. AV with systems, operating precisely in a dynamic environment including unpredictable behavior of others, represent an unprecedented technological challenge and level of complexity. They need to be understood as entire system; test-driving in dedicated fields and real environments, in particular, needs to be complemented by alternative ways and validated methods. Regarding release to public roads, two paradigms are pursued – “self-certification” or “type permission”. Autonomous driving will involve a multiplicity of parties including new decision-making entities like learning algorithms and will enable innovative collective mobility concepts with vanishing traditional boundaries. Besides purely technological aspects, environmental, legal, socio-political and ethical issues need to be highlighted. Potential risks are double-sided and systemic by nature; they are coined by high complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity and multiple influencing factors. A stepwise governance approach with enlarged stakeholder participation seems to be advisable. As part of the process the public needs to be better informed and sensitized; expected benefits and concerns need to be balanced, safety targets to be fixed and verified. As commonly agreed transparency and communication should play a central role within the process. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 14-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750465 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750465 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:14-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nick Pidgeon Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Pidgeon Title: Engaging publics about environmental and technology risks: frames, values and deliberation Abstract: This paper documents a personal conceptual and methodological journey to develop processes of public engagement and deliberation for use with risk issues. Commencing from the 1995 volume by Ortwin Renn and colleagues on Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation alongside the 1996 National Academies Understanding Risk report, the paper first describes the parallel development of public engagement thinking within risk communication research and within science and technology studies. 16 case studies of research involving public engagement with risk issues are then presented, with topics ranging across major accident risks, geoengineering, nanotechnologies, genetic modification, climate change, fracking, energy systems change and energy use in everyday life. With reference to these case studies four methodological lessons for public engagement practice are discussed: information framing, who participates, facilitating spaces for reflection and deliberation, and data synthesis to access broader values. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 28-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1749118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1749118 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:28-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claire Mays Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Mays Title: Going up: riding the risk escalator with Ortwin Abstract: In 35 years of research and intervention as an ‘academic without a university’, the author has found intersection with Ortwin Renn’s work, benefited from his generous collaborative philosophy and network creation, and learned about the inside/outside polarity of institutional risk governance and the public. This perspective piece is a personal look backward, based on a 46-slide, predominantly visual presentation to the 29 June 2018 Potsdam workshop convened by R. Löfstedt in honor of Renn and attended by 16 colleagues from across Europe and the globe. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 47-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1738531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1738531 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:47-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saman Rashid Author-X-Name-First: Saman Author-X-Name-Last: Rashid Author-Name: Anna Olofsson Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Olofsson Title: Worried in Sweden: the effects of terrorism abroad and news media at home on terror-related worry Abstract: We investigate whether terrorist activity abroad affects worry regarding terrorism in Sweden, and the possible mediating effect of news media. Terrorism uses violence to obtain political or social objectives: in addition to the impact on the immediate victims, terrorism affects a much wider audience emotionally by spreading fear and insecurity. Previous research shows that terrorist attacks in a country cause worry for the people in that country; however, little is known about the relationship between public worry and terrorist attacks abroad. This study draws from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), the Swedish press archive Mediearkivet, and the Swedish National Annual Survey (SOM), producing a theoretical model using Generalized Structural Equation Modelling (GSEM). The results show that public worry about terrorism co-varies with the frequency of terrorist activity occurring in the wider geo-cultural region, even if outside of the country of residence. It also shows that public worry is affected not only by single, impactful attacks – so-called ‘one-off’ attacks – but also by an increase in the number of total (even if less individually impactful) attacks in the region. Notably, media coverage ameliorates the impact of terrorism on public worry to some degree. For policy makers these results are particularly important since they show that even in countries free of terrorist events, public fear needs to be managed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 62-77 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1738528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1738528 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:62-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pia-Johanna Schweizer Author-X-Name-First: Pia-Johanna Author-X-Name-Last: Schweizer Title: Systemic risks – concepts and challenges for risk governance Abstract: Modern societies are confronted with ‘systemic risks’ which challenge conventional risk analysis and management. The phrase ‘systemic risks’ denotes risk phenomena which are exceedingly complex and interdependent. Systemic risks originate in tightly coupled systems. They are characterised by cascading effects, tipping points and non-linear developments. Furthermore, compared to their potential impacts, they often lack proportional public awareness and adequate policies. Conventional risk management struggles with these challenges. Yet many threats to modern society, such as financial crises and the impacts of anthropogenic climate change, match these attributes. This article investigates the concept of systemic risks and raises questions for governance. The concept of inclusive risk governance serves as a guiding principle. In particular, the article draws on the Risk Governance Framework by the International Risk Governance Council to address the challenges of systemic risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 78-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1687574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1687574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:78-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Webler Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Webler Author-Name: Seth Tuler Author-X-Name-First: Seth Author-X-Name-Last: Tuler Title: Unpacking the idea of democratic community consent-based siting for energy infrastructure Abstract: We highlight issues relevant to a consent-based siting process for energy facilities with the intent to inform government officials, planners, and stakeholders on potential critical issues and challenges associated with such a process. In this paper we trace the history and meaning of “consent” in the academic literature associated with medical ethics, research ethics, international development, and political theory. We identify key themes and challenges to consider in the design of a consent-based process for energy-related facilities. Successful design and implementation of a consent-based process that communities and stakeholders find legitimate, effective, and practical will require careful reflection and attention to procedures for operationalizing core principles of consent and addressing challenges that can undermine them. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 94-109 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1843068 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1843068 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2020:i:1:p:94-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Mei Ling Wong Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Mei Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Title: Temporality and systemic risk: the case of green bonds Abstract: This paper initiates the discussion on the temporal dimensions of systemic risk, building on the pioneering work of Ortwin Renn and colleagues. Temporality is implicit in the key characterisations of systemic risk, but never addressed specifically as a concept or a framing devise in risk research. This paper, therefore, explores what a temporal approach to systemic risk might constitute at the conceptual level. An initial attempt at operationalising a temporal lens is applied to the example of green bonds, bringing to light how the processes of creating a bond structure and securitisation bundles together multiple temporalities into the network of the bond on the one hand, and multiples other temporalities on the other. This leads to higher levels of inter-dependencies and co-movements within and across systems, with greater risk that failure in one part of the network can quickly lead to systemic failure. This is not to dismiss the many strengths of green bonds in dealing with climate change but calls for a deeper reflection on synchroneity and better techniques and processes to improve time coordination among the different financial and non-financial actors. This opens up new avenues for future research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 110-120 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1843067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1843067 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2020:i:1:p:110-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoffrey Podger Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey Author-X-Name-Last: Podger Title: The Grenfell disaster and risk governance: based on a presentation originally given at Potsdam on June 29 2018 at a seminar in honour of Professor Ortwin Renn Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 121-126 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2020 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1850229 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1850229 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2020:i:1:p:121-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: New challenges for risk analysis: systemic risks Abstract: Systemic risks are a product of profound and rapid technological, economic and social changes associated with three major transformations. They are characterized by high complexity, trans-boundary effects, stochastic relationships, and nonlinear cause-effect patterns with tipping points and often associated with less public attention than they deserve. The full range of sys-temic risks from natural hazards to cybersecurity will be used to illustrate these characteristics and their implications. Due to these characteristics, systemic risks are overextending established risk management and creating new, unsolved challenges for policy making in risk governance. Their negative effects are often pervasive, impacting fields beyond the obvious primary areas of harm. The paper relates to an integrative risk concept including evaluation criteria, different risk classes and corresponding management strategies for the handling of systemic risks. The paper argues that a deliberative approach is needed for risk management and policy making in risk governance to prevent, mitigate or control systemic risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 127-133 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1779787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1779787 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:127-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hugh D Walpole Author-X-Name-First: Hugh D Author-X-Name-Last: Walpole Author-Name: Robyn S Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Robyn S Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: Extending a broadly applicable measure of risk perception: the case for susceptibility Abstract: Many empirical studies that inform research, policy and practice surrounding hazards and risk and concerned with how members of the public perceive risk. However, these studies often assess perceived risk using a diverse range of either very general measures or measures of specific subsidiary concepts (for instance, the severity of consequences or the likelihood of occurrence). Previous research by Wilson and others has suggested that perceived risk is best understood and measured as a multidimensional construct that includes beliefs about the likelihood and severity of consequences and the feelings or affect elicited by the hazard. The research presented here extends the work of Wilson et al. by separating the likelihood of consequences into two components that denote the likelihood of the occurrence of a hazard (exposure) and the likelihood of experiencing consequences given exposure (susceptibility). This research replicates findings from Wilson et al. that perceived risk is best conceived of as a multidimensional construct and that affective responses are a primary driver of holistic judgments of both personal and general risk across a variety of hazards. We find that perceptions of susceptibility explain unique variance in holistic judgments of risk, however the importance of the susceptibility concept differs across hazards and across judgments of personal and general risk. These results suggest that measures of susceptibility can meaningfully increase our ability to understand the beliefs that underlie perceptions of the risk posed by a diverse range of hazards. This suggests that developing measures including susceptibility can provide unique opportunities to improve risk communication and risk management policy outcomes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 135-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1749874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1749874 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:135-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: Perceived characteristics of hazard-managing organizations for institutional stereotypes and their effects on trust Abstract: Institutional stereotypes’ contents and effects on trust of hazard managers can be determined by directly eliciting ratings of government, business, and nonprofit institutions (‘top-down’ approach), or by a bottom-up approach used here. U.S. residents were recruited in 2015 through an opportunity sample from Amazon Mechanical Turk (n = 752). Americans’ views of positive and negative attributes of 11 organizations each within the institutions of government agencies, corporations, and nonprofit advocacy groups (which try to influence policy) were elicited to test four hypotheses. First, relative positions of organizations within these three institutions on positive and negative attributes converged with these institutions’ relative top-down positions. Second, given great variation in reported familiarity across institutions, organizations, and individuals, familiarity increased distinctions among organizations within an institution while attenuating both positive and negative attributions. Inter-individual differences in demographics, political views, and worldviews produced small variations in positive and negative attributes, supporting their culturally shared (stereotypical) nature. Familiarity did not greatly distinguish ratings per organization of its typicality for its institution, a critical variable for bottom-up identification of stereotypical attributes, but top ‘typical’ organizations for familiar and unfamiliar respondents rarely overlapped. Third, explained variance in trust in ‘typical’ organizations was greatly affected by perceived positive and negative organizational attributes. Fourth, familiarity increased attributes’ effects on trust, probably reflecting influence of both institutional stereotypes and organization-specific beliefs. Low organizational familiarity limited this bottom-up study’s ability to confirm that high-familiarity ‘typical’ organizations and the top-down approach converged on the same stereotypical attributes, but results were not inconsistent with such convergence. Replication with more representative samples, and extending stereotypes research to other cultures, is warranted. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 148-166 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1749115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1749115 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:148-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hongfeng Qiu Author-X-Name-First: Hongfeng Author-X-Name-Last: Qiu Author-Name: Suwei Weng Author-X-Name-First: Suwei Author-X-Name-Last: Weng Author-Name: Michael Shengtao Wu Author-X-Name-First: Michael Shengtao Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: The mediation of news framing between public trust and nuclear risk reactions in post-Fukushima China: A case study Abstract: Although China has become the world’s most ambitious country in adopting nuclear energy, few studies have investigated the role of communication behind public acceptance of nuclear risk in this country. This study explored the association of Chinese newspapers’ framing of nuclear power with public trust in government and their reactions to nuclear risk. The results revealed that the more the respondents identified with the news framing, the more trust they placed in the government regarding nuclear risk control (NRC). Public identification with news framing also mediated the effect of trust in government on risk perceptions and acceptance. Because online news distribution in China is primarily limited to official news organizations, official discourses about nuclear risk have yet to be substantially challenged in cyberspace. These findings suggest that the enduring, positive news framing, which is guaranteed by China’s ubiquitous information control, has greatly contributed to the country’s nuclear energy blueprint. However, a trust-based model of risk communication that is facilitated by propaganda and information control may stem ‘healthy scepticism’ about the large-scale deployment of nuclear energy facilities. This study thus reminds policymakers to review the performance of their risk communication policies and to consider the necessity and proper methods of public risk engagement. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 167-182 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1749116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1749116 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:167-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Hayes Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes Author-Name: Orana Sandri Author-X-Name-First: Orana Author-X-Name-Last: Sandri Author-Name: Sarah Holdsworth Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Holdsworth Title: ‘More likely to be killed by a coconut’: varying professional perceptions of risk impacting residential development planning around pipelines Abstract: Best practice in land use planning linked to hazardous infrastructure requires that views of multiple stakeholders are considered. This study addresses the varying views of risk held by two groups of experts – pipeline sector engineers and land use planners – when it comes to decision making about residential development at the urban fringe near existing high pressure gas pipeline infrastructure. Given that third-party activities, particularly excavation, are the largest cause of pipeline failure, continuing urban expansion into historically rural areas poses a significant risk to high pressure pipelines. The serious fires or explosions that can result have the potential to impact any nearby communities. Consequently, land use planning decisions can have a direct impact on public safety near pipelines. Drawing on interviews with land use planners and pipeline sector engineers in Australia, the comparative analysis highlights the different perceptions of risk of these groups driven by differing views about how to frame the issue of new housing near existing pipelines. Current institutional structures foster a lack of trust. Better risk governance would result in less conflict between the various parties and hence better community outcomes for both safety and amenity. The study also demonstrates that risk research findings focused on hazardous facility siting does not translate directly into the converse case of residential development siting near industrial facilities. This case provides evidence of a broader need for risk research and land use planning to better address ‘hazard creep’ – where residential development moves into areas potentially impacted by existing hazardous facilities such as pipelines but also including dams and other kinds of infrastructure. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 183-197 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1694963 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1694963 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:183-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Ayton Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Ayton Author-Name: Leonardo Weiss-Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo Author-X-Name-Last: Weiss-Cohen Title: Smoking versus vaping: how (not) to communicate their relative harms Abstract: Here we consider how the relative harms of two nicotine products were communicated in a public health campaign. Following a peer-reviewed evaluation that rated the relative harm of a range of nicotine products relative to the harm of smoking, and which rated the relative harm of vaping as about 5% that of smoking (D. J. Nutt et al., 2014 European Addiction Research, 20(5), 218–225), the UK government launched a campaign which transposed these relative harms into relative safety, promoting the message that “vaping is 95% safer than smoking”. We discuss the communication issues arising from transposing a measure of relative harms into relative safety and report the results of an experiment which shows that significantly more people correctly appreciated the ratio of the relative harms from smoking and vaping after reading the statement “vaping is 5% as harmful as smoking” than after reading the statement “vaping is 95% safer than smoking”. We discuss the policy implications of our findings. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 198-214 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1749117 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1749117 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:198-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shoji Ohtomo Author-X-Name-First: Shoji Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtomo Author-Name: Yukio Hirose Author-X-Name-First: Yukio Author-X-Name-Last: Hirose Author-Name: Susumu Ohnuma Author-X-Name-First: Susumu Author-X-Name-Last: Ohnuma Title: Public acceptance model for siting a repository of radioactive contaminated waste Abstract: The disposal of designated radioactive contaminated waste resulting from the Fukushima nuclear accident is a primary issue in Japan. However, residents often strongly oppose siting a repository of designated waste; therefore, a possible site remains undecided. The NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) aspect, whereby people refuse to build a repository in their hometown, has led to strong opposition. This study examined a public acceptance model for the siting investigation of a repository of designated waste. The model proposes that the antecedents of the three types of fairness, namely, procedural, distributive, and interpersonal fairness, determine public acceptance in addition to affecting evaluation of designated waste. The study investigated the differences of influences of the three types of fairness between residents in possible siting areas and in a non-siting area to compare the cognitive process toward the NIMBY issue. The respondents included 1016 residents in possible siting areas (Miyagi, Tochigi, Gunma, Ibaraki, and Chiba Prefectures), and 1006 residents in a non-siting area (the Tokyo metropolitan area). All respondents completed a web-based questionnaire. The results revealed that the influence of procedural fairness on public acceptance in the non-siting area was stronger than it was in the possible siting areas. Conversely, the influence of distributive fairness was stronger in the possible siting areas than it was in the non-siting area. Furthermore, affect evaluation through antecedents of fairness was more influential for public acceptance in the possible sites than it was in the non-siting area. Therefore, the findings suggest that the strong opposition due to the NIMBY aspect was caused by the differences between the process of fairness and the concept of fairness that people emphasize. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 215-227 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750457 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:215-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lotte Skøt Author-X-Name-First: Lotte Author-X-Name-Last: Skøt Author-Name: Jesper Bo Nielsen Author-X-Name-First: Jesper Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Nielsen Author-Name: Anja Leppin Author-X-Name-First: Anja Author-X-Name-Last: Leppin Title: Risk perception and support for security measures: interactive effects of media exposure to terrorism and prior life stress? Abstract: The present study investigated the effects of prior levels of general life stress on young adults’ cognitive and emotional reactions to media coverage of terrorism. University students (n = 94) completed an online baseline survey, after which they were randomly assigned to a terrorism or non-terrorism media exposure condition. Approximately 1–2 weeks later, participants attended an experimental session in which they were shown a real life news clip about a recent terrorist event (terrorism media exposure) or a non-violent societal risk (non-terrorism media exposure). Participants filled out a brief online survey immediately before and after the intervention. Socio-demographic factors and perceived life stress were assessed at baseline. Perceived susceptibility to terrorism, terrorism-related worry, and support for security measures were measured at pre- and post-intervention. Data were analyzed using a series of two-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for pretest scores and relevant socio-demographic factors. Significant interaction effects were found between media exposure and perceived life stress on support for the following security measures: video surveillance, mandatory bag checks at universities, and security patrols at universities during the day. More specifically, participants with lower levels of stress scored similarly on these measures in the terrorism and non-terrorism media exposure groups, whereas among those with higher stress levels, scores were significantly greater in the terrorism compared to non-terrorism media exposure group. Thus, young adults with elevated levels of perceived life stress were more responsive to media coverage of terrorism compared to those with lesser life stress when it comes to a desire for regulatory action. This indicates that higher levels of general life stress may sensitize young people towards the impact of threatening information. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 228-246 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750460 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:228-246 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joachim Jean-Jules Author-X-Name-First: Joachim Author-X-Name-Last: Jean-Jules Author-Name: Ricardo Vicente Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Author-X-Name-Last: Vicente Title: Rethinking the implementation of enterprise risk management (ERM) as a socio-technical challenge Abstract: ERM is currently the risk management approach intended to render an organization more anticipatory and effective in evaluating, embracing, and managing the myriad risks that it may face. Accordingly, ERM has been embraced by a number of large and medium-sized organizations worldwide. However, many of those companies, while they still believe in the concept of ERM, are frustrated by implementation issues that have impeded the expected benefits of ERM.Therefore, this paper develops a theoretical framework that identifies social factors - factors peculiar to organizational structure and roles, human behavior and quality of working within the organization - and technical factors - factors peculiar to the organizational work system which includes technology, policies, rules procedures and related knowledge among other aspects - that are critical to achieving successful ERM implementation from the perspective of ERM as a complex process innovation. More specifically, this research addresses a significant question: What factors are critical to achieving successful ERM implementation? Given the significant disparity between the adoption and actual implementation and use of ERM, this is an important question. Our conceptualization of ERM implementation draws on three theoretical perspectives: the sociotechnical, the mutual adaptation and the dynamic capability perspective to frame our theoretical foundation. Yet, theories of process-based innovation suggest that an array factors combine together in influencing the extent to which complex business processes such as Enterprise risk management are successfully implemented. Our study casts light on the role of particular socio-technical factors that influence the successful implementation of ERM, extends our understanding of ERM beyond its current narrow financial view, and relates ERM implementation more closely to the challenges of management practice. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 247-266 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750462 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:247-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George W. Warren Author-X-Name-First: George W. Author-X-Name-Last: Warren Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: COVID-19 vaccine rollout risk communication strategies in Europe: a rapid response Abstract: Risk communication is a vital part of any risk management strategy but has become even more important in the time of the COVID-19 global health crisis. In recent months, nations across Europe have begun to consider strategies for rolling out vaccines, which is widely seen as the way to overcome high death rates and widespread lockdowns over the course of 2020. In most European nations, vaccinations are not mandatory and thus public willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 must be high to achieve lofty goals of reaching herd immunity from the virus. This paper evaluates current communication strategies on vaccine rollouts in several European nations: the UK, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Following an outline of the history of vaccination issues and unique public vaccine hesitancy profiles in each nation, an overview on current risk communication strategies around the vaccine rollout are offered, focusing on two key areas: (1) communication of the vaccine rollout timeline and ‘expectations management’, and (2) communication of which groups are to be prioritised for any vaccine. From the findings of the paper, it is recommended that nations aiming to promote high vaccine uptake and avoid trust-destroying events: promote informed consent amongst their citizens; are cautious in optimism and manage expectations appropriately; follow scientific advice to vaccine rollout strategies; disseminate and administer the vaccine using local trusted doctors, GPs and nurses; are open and honest about when people will get a vaccine and uncertainties associated with them. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 369-379 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1870533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1870533 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:369-379 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Glynis M. Breakwell Author-X-Name-First: Glynis M. Author-X-Name-Last: Breakwell Author-Name: Rusi Jaspal Author-X-Name-First: Rusi Author-X-Name-Last: Jaspal Title: Identity change, uncertainty and mistrust in relation to fear and risk of COVID-19 Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic produced threats not only to physical and psychological health but also to the very fabric of family, work and social life. Individuals differ markedly in their ability to cope with such threats. Drawing on Identity Process Theory, our study examines identity processes that shape emotional and attitudinal responses to COVID-19. Survey data were collected from 251 adults in the UK during July 2020. Identity resilience, trust in science and scientists, fear of COVID-19 and perceived own risk of infection were measured. Respondents then watched a video clip designed to focus their thinking further upon the disease. Immediately after, levels of feeling afraid, uncertainty about self-protection, mistrust of anyone offering COVID-19 advice, and perceptions of identity change were indexed. A structural equation model of the relationship between these variables was tested and proved a good fit for the data. Identity resilience is negatively related to fear of COVID-19, which in turn is positively related to perceived own risk of COVID-19. Higher identity resilience is associated with greater uncertainty and feeling more afraid. Greater identity change is associated with higher mistrust, uncertainty and feeling more afraid. Trust in science and scientists correlates positively with perceived own risk of COVID-19 and negatively with mistrust of those offering advice on preventive behaviour. This study shows the usefulness of the identity resilience concept in modelling responses to health hazards. It also illustrates that focusing, even for a short time, on the characteristics of such a hazard can elicit perceived identity changes. Arousing fear is unlikely to initiate self-protection in those who are already fearful or who have less identity resilience. Fostering greater general trust in science and scientists, though difficult, will be valuable, particularly in encouraging public acceptance of mass vaccination against the virus when misinformation and conspiracy theories about it abound. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 335-351 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1864011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1864011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:335-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sten Hansson Author-X-Name-First: Sten Author-X-Name-Last: Hansson Author-Name: Kati Orru Author-X-Name-First: Kati Author-X-Name-Last: Orru Author-Name: Sten Torpan Author-X-Name-First: Sten Author-X-Name-Last: Torpan Author-Name: Asta Bäck Author-X-Name-First: Asta Author-X-Name-Last: Bäck Author-Name: Austeja Kazemekaityte Author-X-Name-First: Austeja Author-X-Name-Last: Kazemekaityte Author-Name: Sunniva Frislid Meyer Author-X-Name-First: Sunniva Frislid Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer Author-Name: Johanna Ludvigsen Author-X-Name-First: Johanna Author-X-Name-Last: Ludvigsen Author-Name: Lucia Savadori Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Savadori Author-Name: Alessandro Galvagni Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro Author-X-Name-Last: Galvagni Author-Name: Ala Pigrée Author-X-Name-First: Ala Author-X-Name-Last: Pigrée Title: COVID-19 information disorder: six types of harmful information during the pandemic in Europe Abstract: The outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 propelled the creation, transmission, and consumption of false information – unverified claims, misleading statements, false rumours, conspiracy theories, and so on – all around the world. When various official or unofficial sources issue erroneous, misleading or contradicting information during a crisis, people who are exposed to this may behave in ways that cause harm to the health and well-being of themselves or others, e.g., by not taking appropriate risk reducing measures or blaming or harassing vulnerable groups.To work towards a typology of informational content that may increase people’s vulnerability in the context of the coronavirus pandemic, we explored 98 instances of potentially harmful information that spread in six European countries – France, Italy, Norway, Finland, Lithuania, and Estonia – between March and May 2020.We suggest that during the pandemic, exposure to harmful information may have made people more vulnerable in six ways: (1) by discouraging appropriate protective actions against catching/spreading the virus, (2) by promoting the use of false (or harmful) remedies against the virus, (3) by misrepresenting the transmission mechanisms of the virus, (4) by downplaying the risks related to the pandemic, (5) by tricking people into buying fake protection against the virus or into revealing their confidential information, and (6) by victimising the alleged spreaders of the virus by harassment/hate speech. The proposed typology can be used to guide the development of risk communication plans to address each of these information-related vulnerabilities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 380-393 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1871058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1871058 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:380-393 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matan Shapiro Author-X-Name-First: Matan Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Title: The Risks of the Mask Abstract: In this article we go beyond epidemiological models to make a case for a more holistic approach to the use of face masks as a risk mitigation factor in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. We argue that while masking offers a measure of protection from infection, its moral, political, and affective implications produce two main collateral risks. These are: (1) the heightening of social boundaries, which thus increase the potential of conflict between different social groups; and (2) the impairment of normative interaction rituals followed by a dynamic of distancing, insulation, and social alienation. While we stop short from constructing a hierarchy of risks, we do argue that policy makers should consider these collateral risks as part of any large-scale Covid-19 risk mitigation and communication strategy. We thus provide some principled guidance on how that might be done. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 492-505 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1907611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1907611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:492-505 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudia R. Schneider Author-X-Name-First: Claudia R. Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider Author-Name: Sarah Dryhurst Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Dryhurst Author-Name: John Kerr Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Kerr Author-Name: Alexandra L. J. Freeman Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra L. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Author-Name: Gabriel Recchia Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Recchia Author-Name: David Spiegelhalter Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Spiegelhalter Author-Name: Sander van der Linden Author-X-Name-First: Sander Author-X-Name-Last: van der Linden Title: COVID-19 risk perception: a longitudinal analysis of its predictors and associations with health protective behaviours in the United Kingdom Abstract: In this study, we present results from five cross-sectional surveys on public risk perception of COVID-19 and its association with health protective behaviours in the UK over a 10-month period (March 2020 to January 2021). Samples were nationally balanced on age, gender, and ethnicity (total N = 6,281). We find that although risk perception varies between the time points surveyed, it is consistently, significantly, and positively correlated with the reported adoption of protective health behaviours, such as wearing face masks or social distancing. There is also an increase in reported health protective behaviours in the UK between March 2020 and January 2021. The strength of the association between risk perception and behaviour varies by time point, with a stronger relationship in January 2021 compared to March and May 2020. We also assess the stability of the psychological determinants of risk perception over time. People’s prosocial tendencies and individualistic worldviews, experience with the virus, trust in government, science, and medical professionals, as well as personal and collective efficacy all emerged as significant predictors. With few exceptions, these predictors remained consistent in their relationship with risk perception over time. Lastly, we find that psychological factors are more predictive of risk perception than an objective measure of situational severity, i.e. the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases at the time of data collection. Implications for risk communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 294-313 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1890637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1890637 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:294-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George W. Warren Author-X-Name-First: George W. Author-X-Name-Last: Warren Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Author-Name: Jamie K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Title: COVID-19: the winter lockdown strategy in five European nations Abstract: European lockdown strategies over the winter of 2020 have brought into sharp relief the need for effective strategies to reduce the rate of COVID-19 transmission and lower the rate of hospitalisations and deaths. Understanding exactly how European nations have arrived at this point, and the process by which they have done this, is key to learning constructive lessons for future pandemic risk management. Bringing together experience from across five European nations (the UK, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland), this paper outlines what has occurred between September 2020 and mid-January 2021. Our analysis draws out several themes important to understanding the different national risk management approaches adopted, namely: the extent to which lessons were learned or overlooked from the first wave of the pandemic; the relationship between science and policy; the speed and responsiveness of policy decisions; and differing levels of reliance on individual responsibility for safeguarding public health. Subsequently, we recommended that: there is more involvement of decision scientists and risk analysts in COVID-19 decision making, who have largely been absent thus far; the epidemiological science should be followed where possible, but when value judgments are made this should be clearly and transparently communicated; proactive measures avoiding policy delay should be followed to reduce the rate of infection and excess deaths; governments must avoid confusing or inconsistent regional implementation and communication of interventions; rebuilding public trust is key to promoting public compliance and support for COVID-19 health measures; overreliance on individual responsibility as the focus of non-pharmaceutical interventions should be avoided; public compliance with COVID-19 restrictions requires pre-tested simple messages; open and consistent engagement with local leaders and officials should become a mainstay of government efforts to help ensure consistent adoption of nationwide COVID-19 policy measures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 267-293 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1891802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1891802 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:267-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ou Li Author-X-Name-First: Ou Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Chan Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Chan Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Title: How the COVID-19 pandemic influences judgments of risk and benefit: the role of negative emotions Abstract: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its worldwide spread has an unprecedented impact on many people's daily life. As an external crisis event that is not going to end any time soon, will COVID-19 affect people’s risk judgment towards other risk items in daily life? The present study addresses this gap by examining the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on judgments of risk and benefit, and further exploring the underlying mechanisms. Three hundred and forty-nine participants were recruited and divided into two groups based on whether they were severely affected or mildly affected by COVID-19. The results showed that the severely affected group (vs. the mildly affected group) gave higher judgments of risk and lower judgments of benefit towards risk items such as “air travel” and “nuclear power plant,” and these effects were mediated by the COVID-19-induced negative emotions (fear and anxiety). This study suggests that the adverse effects brought from one external crisis event (e.g., the current COVID-19 pandemic) will spill over and interfere with the judgment of the decision-maker on other routine matters through negative emotions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 466-476 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1900338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1900338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:466-476 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Bogliacino Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Bogliacino Author-Name: Rafael Charris Author-X-Name-First: Rafael Author-X-Name-Last: Charris Author-Name: Camilo Gómez Author-X-Name-First: Camilo Author-X-Name-Last: Gómez Author-Name: Felipe Montealegre Author-X-Name-First: Felipe Author-X-Name-Last: Montealegre Author-Name: Cristiano Codagnone Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano Author-X-Name-Last: Codagnone Title: Expert endorsement and the legitimacy of public policy. Evidence from Covid19 mitigation strategies Abstract: During a pandemic, the government requires active compliance by citizens. While these demands can be enforced with rewards and punishments, legitimacy allows the government to achieve the same results with greater cost effectiveness. The way in which a government can acquire substantive legitimacy depends on how it communicates and justifies its decisions. In this article, we measure revealed legitimacy, via approval of three potential mitigation strategies against Covid19, when they are defended using expert endorsement, consultation by civil society, and mediation between opposing interests. Our methodological choice was to randomly assign participants to either a non-conflicting priming or to one that emphasizes the risks involved, (e.g. connection between health and economy, uncertainty, and economic costs). The data come from an online experiment we conducted as part of a longitudinal study in several countries. The countries included are Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The results show that the support of experts in non-controversial domains is preferred (consensus of value, low uncertainty, diffuse rents). Contrary to our hypotheses, we found that citizen deliberation is not preferred under high epistemic uncertainty, and mediation is either indifferent or not preferred under conflict of value and conflict of interest. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 394-415 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1881990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1881990 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:394-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shuhuan Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Shuhuan Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: Impact of perceived risk on epidemic information seeking during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China Abstract: This paper examines how perceived risk influences epidemic information seeking behaviour, which in turn helps us understand public information seeking generally. To this end, the effects of perceived risk, information needs and negative emotions on public epidemic information seeking were examined using a structural equation model (SEM) based on data collected via an online survey (N = 407) covering two regions in China, Guangdong and Hubei, and based on the Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model (RISP). The results show that the epidemic risk perceived by citizens impacts information seeking based on the mediating effects of information needs and negative emotions. Furthermore, perceived risk has positive effects on information needs and negative emotions in that higher levels of information needs and stronger negative emotions positively facilitate the seeking of epidemic information. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 477-491 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1907609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1907609 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:477-491 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tarig Ali Author-X-Name-First: Tarig Author-X-Name-Last: Ali Author-Name: Maruf Mortula Author-X-Name-First: Maruf Author-X-Name-Last: Mortula Author-Name: Rehan Sadiq Author-X-Name-First: Rehan Author-X-Name-Last: Sadiq Title: GIS-based vulnerability analysis of the United States to COVID-19 occurrence Abstract: The outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States has resulted in over 11.2 million cases and over 240 thousand deaths. COVID-19 has affected the society in unprecedented way with its socioeconomic impact yet to be determined. This study aimed at assessing the vulnerability of the US at the county-level to COVID-19 using the pandemic data from January to June of the year 2020. The study considered the following critical factors: population density, elderly population, racial/ethnic minority population, diabetics, income, and smoking adults. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to validate the independence of the factors. Spatial correlations between the COVID-19 occurrence and the factors were examined using Jaccard similarity analysis, which revealed relatively high correlation. A vulnerability to COVID-19 map with a five-level Likert scale was created using Logistic Regression Analysis in ArcGIS. The map showed close agreement in seven representative states, which were selected based on COVID-19 cases including NY, CA, FL, TX, OH, NC, and MT with R2 values between 0.684 and 0.731 with Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) values between ±0.033 and ±0.057. Furthermore, vulnerability levels from ‘High’ to ‘Very High’ were obtained for the top ten counties with the highest COVID-19 cases with residual values less than or equal to 0.04. The method and resulted vulnerability map can aid in COVID-19 response planning, prevention programs and devising strategies for controlling COVID-19 and similar pandemics in the future. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 416-431 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1881991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1881991 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:416-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yerina S. Ranjit Author-X-Name-First: Yerina S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ranjit Author-Name: Haejung Shin Author-X-Name-First: Haejung Author-X-Name-Last: Shin Author-Name: Jennifer M. First Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer M. Author-X-Name-Last: First Author-Name: J. Brian Houston Author-X-Name-First: J. Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Houston Title: COVID-19 protective model: the role of threat perceptions and informational cues in influencing behavior Abstract: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected 55 million people and caused more than 1,333,742 deaths globally in eight months since its first outbreak. People are increasingly engaging with information using interpersonal communication, traditional and social media to understand the novel virus. The deluge of information can be detrimental in containing this illness that primarily depends on human behavior for transmission. In this environment, health communication theories can provide an insight into the decision-making process of adopting prevention behaviors recommended by public health authorities. We propose that information cues will influence protective behaviors indirectly mediated by perceived susceptibility and perceived severity of COVID-19 threat. In early April 2020, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among a convenience sample among 1,545 people across the United States. Results showed that informational cues influence the behavior of staying at home and maintaining social distancing mediated by perceived susceptibility and perceived severity. Use of social media was shown to have a negative influence on perceived susceptibility and social distancing, suggesting the confounding role of misinformation in influencing people’s perception of threat from COVID-19, and their compliance to heath recommendations. Theoretical and practical implications are further discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 449-465 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1887328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1887328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:449-465 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jody Chin Sing Wong Author-X-Name-First: Jody Chin Sing Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Janet Zheng Yang Author-X-Name-First: Janet Zheng Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Beyond party lines: the roles of compassionate goals, affect heuristic, and risk perception on Americans’ support for coronavirus response measures Abstract: Employing a nationally representative sample (N = 1009), this research examines Americans’ support for coronavirus response measures influenced by three psychological factors—compassionate goals, affect heuristic, and risk perception. Results indicate that Republicans, Independents, and Democrats are equally prone to experiencing compassionate goals. Further, two socially oriented emotions (solidarity and sympathy) and risk perception mediate the relationship between compassionate goals and support for government response measures, but only the emotions mediate the relationship between compassionate goals and donation intention. Since compassionate goals promote cooperative behaviors, effective communication messaging highlighting compassionate goals may help alleviate political polarization during crises. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 352-368 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1864012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1864012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:352-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Brown Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Lynne Coventry Author-X-Name-First: Lynne Author-X-Name-Last: Coventry Author-Name: Gillian Pepper Author-X-Name-First: Gillian Author-X-Name-Last: Pepper Title: Information seeking, personal experiences, and their association with COVID-19 risk perceptions: demographic and occupational inequalities Abstract: The impacts of COVID-19 are not evenly distributed in society. Understanding demographic and occupational differences in personal experiences and information seeking and how these shape perceptions of COVID-19 related risk may help to improve the effectiveness of public health strategies in the future. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 496 participants during the first UK lockdown, in May 2020. We recorded data to assess people’s experiences of the pandemic, examining how they varied with demographic factors such as age, gender, occupational status, and key worker status. We also recorded data on COVID-19 related information seeking, and how experiences and information seeking behaviours were related to perceptions of COVID-19 related risk. We found that key workers reported greater exposure to COVID-19 and more extensive experience of the virus within their social circles. Those key workers who perceived their personal protective equipment to be more effective felt that the virus was less of a threat to their lives. Trust in COVID-19 information was highest in information from the UK Government and NHS, and lowest in information from social media. We also found that men reported lower levels of perceived threat to life from the virus than women – a difference that mirrors the gender difference in occupational risk within our sample. Among those in employment, lower occupational class was also associated with higher levels of perceived risk of infection and perceived threat to life. Key workers who feel that they are insufficiently protected by their PPE experience increased levels of perceived threat, which may lead to negative health behaviours. This highlights the need for employers to ensure that key workers feel they are adequately protected from COVID-19. Our findings highlight some of the inequalities in the distribution of risk across society and discuss demographic differences in perceptions of risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 506-520 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1908403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1908403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:506-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaochen Angela Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Xiaochen Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Understanding the cultural orientations of fear appeal variables: a cross-cultural comparison of pandemic risk perceptions, efficacy perceptions, and behaviors Abstract: To understand the cultural nuances of fear appeal model variables, this study conducted a cross-cultural survey comparing risk perceptions, efficacy perceptions, and behaviors during the 2019-nCoV pandemic in China (N = 425) and in the U.S. (N = 352). Hofstede’s cultural orientations (collectivism, power distance, long-term orientations, and indulgence) were applied to examine variables in the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) (severity, susceptibility, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and compliance behavior). Findings show that, on the individual level, all the fear appeal variables, except for severity, are partially culturally rooted and are associated with at least two of the cultural orientations. On a national level, after controlling for individual and cultural differences, the Chinese sample reported higher severity, susceptibility, and self-efficacy, but lower compliance behaviors than the U.S. sample. No difference was found in response efficacy. Results imply that different fear appeal variables (severity vs. susceptibility, self-efficacy, and response efficacy) may function differently when it comes to their cultural orientations. The study gives suggestions as to how risk communication efforts can be maximized based on each of the fear appeal variables’ relationships with the cultural orientations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 432-448 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1887326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1887326 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:432-448 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benjamin Lucas Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Lucas Author-Name: Todd Landman Author-X-Name-First: Todd Author-X-Name-Last: Landman Title: Social listening, modern slavery, and COVID-19 Abstract: In addition to the public health crisis visited upon the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has created unique uncertainties for organisations engaged with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), spanning a range of matters, such as maintaining operational momentum, financial sustainability, achieving policy influence, and engaging in strategic communications. In this article, we focus on organisations engaged in the fight against modern slavery, a significant part of Sustainable Development Goal 8, which seeks to ‘promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all’ with a particular focus on the call for states to ‘[t]ake immediate and effective measures to … end modern slavery’ (SDG 8.7). Our analysis highlights the importance of ‘social listening’ during the temporal and spatial progression of COVID-19 to: (a) facilitate the identification of agenda proxies reflected in strategic communications used by anti-slavery organisations, and (b) to provide insights into changing communication tactics deployed by these organisations in the context of mass-communication using social media as a result of the global pandemic. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 314-334 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1864009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1864009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:3-4:p:314-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Douglas L. Bessette Author-X-Name-First: Douglas L. Author-X-Name-Last: Bessette Author-Name: Robyn S. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Robyn S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Joseph L. Arvai Author-X-Name-First: Joseph L. Author-X-Name-Last: Arvai Title: Do people disagree with themselves? Exploring the internal consistency of complex, unfamiliar, and risky decisions Abstract: It is commonly accepted that people disagree with one another. In this article, we present results that suggest people may disagree with themselves. Using eight decision-making contexts ranging in familiarity, complexity, and risk, we show that a nationally representative sample (n = 1874) of respondents made choices that were inconsistent across two complimentary methods of eliciting preferences. We show that on average individuals demonstrate higher levels of internal consistency, or alignment between their choices and their stated values and concerns, when decisions are ‘easy’, or simple, familiar, and have little risk. However, this consistency declines when people are confronted with difficult choices involving unfamiliar, complex contexts involving high risk. Moreover, providing additional and salient contextual information about alternatives, such as brand names, model information, or the specific components of a risk mitigation strategy, results in significantly lower levels of consistency when compared to situations where this information is withheld. This finding suggests that people rely on simplifying heuristics when making easy decisions; however, this kind of information is less influential when choices are difficult. Importantly, we show that higher levels of education also have a significant and positive association with the consistency of people’s choices. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 593-605 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:593-605 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Title: Evidence-based uncertainty analysis: What should we now do in Europe? A view point Abstract: There has been a great deal of discussion regarding both the communication of scientific uncertainties associated with regulatory decisions as well as the supposed need for more transparent uncertainty analyses associated with risk assessments themselves.  More recently, in Europe this discussion has been led by the European Food Safety Authority’s Scientific Committee.  In this viewpoint, we both review the ongoing debates surrounding uncertainty analysis as well as discuss some of the problems associated with communicating uncertainties. In the final section of the viewpoint, we offer some recommendations regarding what EFSA could do now going forward. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 521-540 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1316763 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1316763 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:521-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: Further reflections on EFSA’s work on uncertainty in scientific assessments Abstract: This is a perspective paper, discussing the ongoing developments on uncertainty analysis at the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). These developments raise interesting questions, which have recently been addressed by several authors. These questions relate to the fundamentals of uncertainty analysis – what it actually is and can do, the link between uncertainty analysis and risk, and how the uncertainties should be best communicated. The paper discusses these issues. It argues that the current EFSA guidance document provides valuable insights and recommendations concerning uncertainty analysis in scientific assessments but is subject to several severe weaknesses, which could seriously hamper effective implementation. A key point made is that the EFSA understanding and use of probabilities to represent and describe uncertainties, which is based on a betting type of interpretation, is unfortunate and should be replaced by a more suitable approach. It is a key message of the present paper that the concepts of risk and knowledge need to be more strongly highlighted in the EFSA guidelines. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 553-561 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1391321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1391321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:553-561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathon P. Schuldt Author-X-Name-First: Jonathon P. Author-X-Name-Last: Schuldt Author-Name: Katherine A. McComas Author-X-Name-First: Katherine A. Author-X-Name-Last: McComas Author-Name: Colleen A. Burge Author-X-Name-First: Colleen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Burge Title: Intersecting frames in communicating environmental risk and uncertainty Abstract: Risk scholars have long examined how public opinion about environmental issues is shaped by message framing devices, for example, as when climate change is portrayed as a ‘public health’ vs. ‘environmental health’ issue, or when the phenomenon itself is labeled as ‘global warming’ vs. ‘climate change.’ Yet, seldom do these framing devices occur in isolation; instead, they often co-occur – or intersect – in messaging about emerging environmental risks, which may hold underappreciated implications for theory and practice. This paper introduces the concept of intersecting frames, which we define as occurring whenever communicators emphasize a subset of the available aspects of an issue (i.e. emphasis framing) that itself is referred to using one of a larger set of alternative labels used to represent the issue in discourse. As an initial exploration of the concept, we report on a web experiment featuring 602 US respondents in which Vibrio bacteria in oysters was framed primarily as a risk either to public or environmental health that was attributed either to ‘global warming’ or ‘climate change.’ Whereas prior research suggested that public health framing and climate change labeling should reduce climate skepticism, we observed increased skepticism among political conservatives when these framing devices were employed simultaneously. We discuss possible cognitive mechanisms that may underlie effects of intersecting frames and consider implications for risk communication more broadly. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 562-573 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1382559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1382559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:562-573 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Author-Name: Maeve McLoughlin Author-X-Name-First: Maeve Author-X-Name-Last: McLoughlin Author-Name: Magda Osman Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Title: Uncertainty analysis: results from an empirical pilot study. A research note Abstract: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has long been an advocate of greater transparency. One of the tools promoted to achieve more transparency is to describe the underlying uncertainties within EFSA’s scientific opinions. The key issue though is whether members of the European public actually want to know more about the details of the scientific uncertainties associated with a certain risk topic or a scientific opinion or would they prefer to know less about these uncertainties? In this short research note we attempt to address this question. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 606-616 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313768 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313768 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:606-616 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joacim Rydmark Author-X-Name-First: Joacim Author-X-Name-Last: Rydmark Author-Name: Jan Kuylenstierna Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Kuylenstierna Author-Name: Henrik Tehler Author-X-Name-First: Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Tehler Title: Communicating uncertainty in risk descriptions: the consequences of presenting imprecise probabilities in time critical decision-making situations Abstract: One important question concerning a risk description is to what extent it should contain information about the uncertainty surrounding an estimated probability for an event, for example, by using some form of probability range. Presenting a point estimate together with a range can inform the decision-maker about both the best judgement as well as the strength of knowledge regarding the probability in question, so that the decision-maker can take this information into consideration when making decisions. However, communicating uncertainty in risk descriptions may lead to delays in the decision-making process, due to people’s general aversion to ambiguity and other forms of uncertainty. This can be devastating in time critical decision-making situations, where delaying decisions leads to substantial costs or losses - as in the case of a military command and control (C2) situation or in crisis response management (CRM). This study investigated how 106 university students handled a fictive time critical military decision-making situation with imprecise probabilities presented in the form of ranges. The purpose was to make a first estimation regarding if presenting uncertainty in risk descriptions could be a problem in these kinds of situations. The results show that almost half of the participants delayed their decisions and that many participants showed little restraint regarding their waiting time. These results indicate that communicating uncertainty in risk descriptions can be a problem in time critical decision-making situations, and that presenting uncertainty in risk descriptions may require decision-makers to be educated in the specific problems associated with decision-making in these types of situations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 629-644 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1801807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1801807 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:629-644 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Michelle Driedger Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Michelle Driedger Author-Name: Ryan Maier Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Maier Author-Name: Cindy Jardine Author-X-Name-First: Cindy Author-X-Name-Last: Jardine Title: ‘Damned if you do, and damned if you don’t’: communicating about uncertainty and evolving science during the H1N1 influenza pandemic Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 574-592 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1459793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1459793 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:574-592 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ullrika Sahlin Author-X-Name-First: Ullrika Author-X-Name-Last: Sahlin Author-Name: Matthias C.M. Troffaes Author-X-Name-First: Matthias C.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Troffaes Title: A note on EFSA’s ongoing efforts to increase transparency of uncertainty in scientific opinions Abstract: This is a comment on Lofstedt and Bouder’s paper, which explores the prospects of evidence based uncertainty analysis in Europe, focusing on the ongoing development on uncertainty analysis at the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). We very much welcome a discussion on the need to develop better treatment and communication of uncertainty in risk analysis, as we believe that such discussion is long overdue. Lofstedt and Bouder raise many relevant points, in particular the call for evidence based uncertainty analysis. However, there is need to distinguish different types of communication in the discussion and facilitate – not diminish – the description and communication of uncertainty between risk assessors and decision-makers. We find that EFSA has taken steps toward a novel approach to guide their scientific experts and risk assessors in uncertainty analysis based on a modern and scientific view on uncertainty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 545-552 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1313769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1313769 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:545-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magda Osman Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Author-Name: Peter Ayton Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Ayton Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Author-Name: Nick Pidgeon Author-X-Name-First: Nick Author-X-Name-Last: Pidgeon Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: Evidence based uncertainty: what is needed now? Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 622-628 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1646316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1646316 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:622-628 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Neil Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Neil Author-Name: Norman Fenton Author-X-Name-First: Norman Author-X-Name-Last: Fenton Author-Name: Magda Osman Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Author-Name: David Lagnado Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Lagnado Title: Causality, the critical but often ignored component guiding us through a world of uncertainties in risk assessment Abstract: The idea of uncertainty analyses, which typically involves quantification, is to protect practitioners and consumers from drawing unsubstantiated conclusions from scientific assessments of risk. The importance of causal modelling in this process – along with the inference methods associated with such modelling – is now increasingly widely recognized; yet organizations responsible for policy on uncertainty and risk in critical domains have generally ignored this body of work. We use recent guidance from the European Food Standards Authority on uncertainty analyses and the communication surrounding them and guidance on uncertainties by the intergovernmental panel on climate change to illustrate the conceptual tangles that come from failing to acknowledge explicitly the necessity of causal reasoning in understanding uncertainties. We conclude that both organizations present guidance documents that specify how uncertainty can be quantified without any explicit reference to a principled framework or methodological approach that can quantify, and, from this, communicate uncertainties. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 617-621 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1604564 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1604564 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:617-621 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Magda Osman Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Title: Making a meal out of uncertainty Abstract: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)’s prepared a guidance document on uncertainty, and the lead article by Lofstedt and Bouder considers the implications the document raises for how scientists communicate the limiting factors in their scientific discoveries and insights to regulatory bodies and the public. The aim of this commentary is to echo and perhaps even amplify the sentiments of the lead article, which in essence recommends a cautionary approach to two issues: rolling out uncertainty analysis procedures across other European agencies, and making scientific uncertainties transparent for public consumption. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 541-544 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2016.1240708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2016.1240708 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:541-544 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gulsum Kubra Kaya Author-X-Name-First: Gulsum Kubra Author-X-Name-Last: Kaya Author-Name: James Ward Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Ward Author-Name: Anna Pearman Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Pearman Author-Name: John Clarkson Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Clarkson Title: Evaluation of the formal risk assessment practice in hospitals in England Abstract: In England, hospitals routinely conduct a formal risk assessment practice to ensure the safety of patients and staff. However, although specific criticisms have been made on the practice, few investigated the formal risk assessment practice in the literature. This study investigates the risk assessment policies and procedures of one hundred hospitals in the English National Health Service (NHS) through content analysis. Findings revealed that hospitals provided varied descriptions of the terms risk and risk assessment. The concept of risk was often defined to be an undesired event, and risk assessment was often explained with the involvement of risk control step. Despite the variety in the descriptions of the risk terms, all hospitals recommended following similar steps to undertake risk assessments. Risk matrices- and therefore risk scoring – are at the heart of the formal practice, which increases the possibility of wrong risk prioritisation. This study provides several recommendations for the improvement of current guidelines by considering both Safety-I and Safety-II approaches. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 771-779 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1775682 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1775682 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:6:p:771-779 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ido Sivan-Sevilla Author-X-Name-First: Ido Author-X-Name-Last: Sivan-Sevilla Title: Framing and governing cyber risks: comparative analysis of U.S. Federal policies [1996–2018] Abstract: Cyber risk governance has been occupying U.S. policymakers in the past two decades. This pressing challenge calls for a better understanding of how policymakers frame and consequently craft risk governance frameworks using public policies. Through a novel typology that analyzes the patchwork of laws and regulations in this policy space, this article investigates how policymakers design risk governance frameworks to address cyber risks. This typology is based on a systematic text analysis of thirty federal policies from the past twenty-two years (1996–2018) in which (N = 463) key sentences were recognized and coded to ten risk governance categories. Existent literature highlights the significance of risk framing to policy outputs and explains cross-national rather than cross-sector variance in risk governance. It also considers only specific cyber policy measures and does not question the link between policymakers’ risk perceptions and chosen policy paths. In contrast, this study finds that policymakers create three distinct risk governance frameworks across private owners of critical infrastructures, health and financial service provides, and companies in the broader digital economy. These risk regimes are comparatively analyzed to gauge variance (1) across sectors: in the role of the government and the extent to which it dictates coercive risk management steps, and (2) over time: on the ways in which the government has responded to cyber threats. I found that variance stemmed from the institutional configurations in each regulated sector and the consequent decision-making structures that had been institutionalized early on, rather than the framing of cyber risks. Tracing the governance of cyber risks and the missing link between policymakers’ risk perceptions and actions, this study sheds light on how seemingly technical decisions of cybersecurity governance can be social and political issues that are contingent on institutional settings and early policy decisions, questioning the central role of framing to risk governance outputs. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 692-720 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1673797 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1673797 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:6:p:692-720 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aymeric Luneau Author-X-Name-First: Aymeric Author-X-Name-Last: Luneau Author-Name: Jean-Michel Fourniau Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Fourniau Title: Involving stakeholders in the risk regulation process: the example of ANSES Abstract: Since its creation in 2010, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES) has opened up its governance and risk assessment processes to the representatives of professional organisations, NGOs, trade unions and agricultural unions. In 2015, the head of ANSES gave us the opportunity to carry out a one-year inquiry focusing on the design of the agency’s participatory framework and the views of stakeholders about their involvement in work with ANSES. Relying on empirical analysis mixing quantitative and qualitative data, our paper gives an overview of the results of our inquiry.Firstly, we will describe how ANSES involves stakeholders. We will show that the agency’s participatory framework articulates a dialogic, consultative and informative procedure. Then, we will explore the reasons why stakeholders participate in ANSES’ committees. While the interviewed stakeholders perceive their membership at the agency as a key measure for strengthening their status in the field of risk governance, they point out the difficulty of seeing whether their participation has influenced ANSES’ strategy. We argue that this ‘lack of clarity’ follows from the segmentation of the three participatory procedures, which undermines the stakeholders’ ability to obtain a broad understanding of how the agency operates. Furthermore, since ANSES is responsible only for risk assessment, stakeholders at the agency’s committees see merely a fraction of a process that operates via other ‘arenas’ such as ministries. As a consequence, stakeholders must have a strong ‘interactional expertise’ to be able to grasp the slightest change in the agency’s strategy, which benefits in the first hand stakeholders that have been deeply involved in the French risk governance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 740-755 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1687573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1687573 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:6:p:740-755 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jiyoung Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jiyoung Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Yungwook Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yungwook Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: When thinking of my death leads to thinking of others’ deaths: the effect of collectivism, psychological closeness, and mortality salience on prosocial behavioral intentions in the Sewol ferry disaster Abstract: Many South Koreans were traumatized by the 2014 Sewol ferry incident. Focusing on the Sewol ferry incident, this study examined the relationship between collectivism, psychological closeness, and prosocial behavior intentions and further investigated how thoughts about one’s own death moderated this association. Using a sample of South Korean adults (N = 310), we conducted an online experiment and generated several important findings: (a) collectivism increased psychological closeness; (b) psychological closeness increased prosocial behavior intentions; (c) collectivism increased prosocial behavior intentions; (d) psychological closeness mediated the relationship between collectivism and prosocial behavior intentions; and (e) the mediation effect of psychological closeness on the relationship between collectivism and prosocial behavior intentions was strong for people who thought about their own deaths. Our research complements the terror management theory (TMT) by suggesting that thinking about one’s own death can have a beneficial role in eliciting a prosocial behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. This study contributes to building a disaster-related policy and resilient infrastructure in that it helps understanding how collectivistic orientations and psychological closeness toward disasters play roles in disaster preparedness and management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 756-770 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1738530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1738530 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:6:p:756-770 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Bec Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Bec Author-Name: Susanne Becken Author-X-Name-First: Susanne Author-X-Name-Last: Becken Title: Risk perceptions and emotional stability in response to Cyclone Debbie: an analysis of Twitter data Abstract: In March 2017, a category 4 cyclone, ‘Cyclone Debbie’, made landfall across the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) region of Australia. Drawing on the social amplification of risk framework and the concept of emotional stability, this research aims to provide insight into the perceptions of risk and individual responses to the disaster event using Twitter data, facilitating future analysis of social media messages during disaster events. This study uses Twitter data collected from the GBR region before, during and after Cyclone Debbie. Findings revealed changes in emotional stability across the stages of the cyclone. The findings suggested that statements revealing lower emotional stability were associated with amplified perceptions of risk, whilst increased emotional stability attenuated perceptions of risk. However, this was not the case for the characteristic ‘empathy’, which may have contributed to amplified perceptions of risk. Preparedness was also found to portray higher emotional stability characteristics. The findings have implications for future research analysing social media messages, as well as for disaster planning and response strategies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 721-739 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1673798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1673798 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:6:p:721-739 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lisbet Fjaeran Author-X-Name-First: Lisbet Author-X-Name-Last: Fjaeran Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: Making visible the less visible – how the use of an uncertainty-based risk perspective affects risk attenuation and risk amplification Abstract: We show how an uncertainty-based perspective on risk conceptualization and characterization affects attenuation and amplification: two concepts described in the Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF). Compared to more traditional ways of considering risk, an uncertainty-based risk perspective has a stronger focus on uncertainties and the knowledge, supporting assigned probabilities and risk assessment results. This way of relating to risks has implications for processes described in the SARF. Adopting an uncertainty-based perspective on risk may inject some amplification into risk assessment and management processes. We argue that, in relation to risk problems characterized by complexity, uncertainty and conflicting values, an uncertainty-based understanding of risk can improve assessment and management processes and practice in ways that can prevent attenuation from occurring and/or spreading. Based on an analysis of a case regarding the authorization and regulation of feed additives, we propose an extension of the SARF to better cover attenuation processes and to allow more comprehensive analyses. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 673-691 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1687579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1687579 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:6:p:673-691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dominic Balog-Way Author-X-Name-First: Dominic Author-X-Name-Last: Balog-Way Author-Name: Darrick Evensen Author-X-Name-First: Darrick Author-X-Name-Last: Evensen Author-Name: Ragnar Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Title: Effects of public trust on behavioural intentions in the pharmaceutical sector: data from six European countries Abstract: Few studies have empirically examined the relationship between trust and its consequences in the pharmaceutical context (e.g. the consequences of trust in medicines advice for patient behaviour). This study empirically examined the European public’s perceived trustworthiness of medical, societal, and industry sources of medicines advice, and its consequences for their behavioural intentions including their medicine-taking and information-seeking behaviour. A representative survey (N = 6,001) was conducted with adults from six European countries: Great Britain, France, Germany, Denmark, Italy, and Poland. As expected, respondents consistently rated advice from medical sources (GPs, pharmacists, local hospitals, emergency services) as significantly more trustworthy than advice from societal sources (the Internet, friends/relatives, and the mass media) and, especially, industry (pharmaceutical companies and brand specific websites). A structural equation model then revealed strong associations between the public’s perceived trustworthiness of these medical, societal, and industry sources and their medicine-taking and information seeking intentions. Important national variations were found including in the public’s opinions on when authorities should convey new safety information. Implications for communicating benefit-risk information in a more transparent regulatory environment are discussed, including the importance of maintaining and strengthening trust in medical actors and committing more resources to supporting national risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 645-672 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1694962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1694962 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:6:p:645-672 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ida Sjöberg Author-X-Name-First: Ida Author-X-Name-Last: Sjöberg Author-Name: Katarina Giritli Nygren Author-X-Name-First: Katarina Author-X-Name-Last: Giritli Nygren Title: Contesting city safety - exploring (un)safety and objects of risk from multiple viewpoints Abstract: The aim of this article is to engage theoretically with city safety and fear by combining insights from intersectional theories of risk with poststructuralist theories of emotion. We argue that the performative feelings of fear and safety need to be disentangled from hegemonic discourses in order to illuminate who the imagined subjects are that comprise the so-called ‘everyone’ for whom safety agents intend to create safe cities. Our analysis is based on group and individual interviews with a total of 39 informants, including police officers, municipal safety agents, university students, LGBTQ community members, immigrants, wheelchair users, elders and alcohol users. The results show how current norms and risks are linked, and why they must always be understood within the framework of existing power structures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1251-1265 Issue: 10 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1819391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1819391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:10:p:1251-1265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Nissen Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Nissen Author-Name: Trond Heir Author-X-Name-First: Trond Author-X-Name-Last: Heir Title: Security interventions and perceived safety and threat following workplace terrorism: a three-wave longitudinal study of ministerial employees in Norway Abstract: Spending on counterterrorism interventions has increased markedly in recent decades despite limited evidence supporting their effectiveness. Effectiveness research is mostly based on statistical modelling of risk and risk reduction and tends to ignore the impact interventions have on the subjective consequences of terrorism in a population – e.g. increased fear and anxiety. Feeling fearful and unsafe is common after terrorism and has been shown to mediate negative health outcomes and reduce work functioning in violence-exposed workers. The primary aim of the present study was to explore if visible security measures and escape- and evacuation training are associated with perceived safety and threat in terror-exposed employees. Data from a three-wave longitudinal questionnaire-based observational study of ministerial employees conducted 10, 22 and 34 months after the terrorist attack on the government headquarters in Oslo, Norway in 2011 was combined with retrospective data on installed visible security measures and escape- and evacuation training in ministries for the same period. The main outcomes were employees’ perceived safety and threat at work, both scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Results were analyzed with multilevel mixed-effects ordered logistic regression. There was some evidence that more installed visible security measures were associated with higher employee perceived safety at work (.020 < p value < .061). The findings on the association between security measures and employee perceived threat were unclear, and there was no evidence that escape- and evacuation training was associated with employee perceived safety or threat. Contrary to what is oftentimes argued in the literature, our study suggests that the installation of visible security measures increases perceived safety in terror-exposed individuals and has no clear effect on perceived threat. Our findings may help close knowledge gaps in counterterrorism effectiveness research and aid decision-makers when discussing post-terrorism strategies and interventions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1304-1318 Issue: 10 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1848903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1848903 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:10:p:1304-1318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Persson Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Persson Author-Name: Mikael Granberg Author-X-Name-First: Mikael Author-X-Name-Last: Granberg Title: Implementation through collaborative crisis management and contingency planning: the case of dam failure in Sweden Abstract: This article builds on the field of collaborative crisis management, a mix of collaborative public management (CPM) and crisis management (CM). A field that often focuses on large-scale threats, sometimes labelled societal challenges, whose impacts are broad and cross-cutting and impacts many actors in society and drives demand for collaboration. In this study, we are interested in events that have broad and disastrous impacts on society, high degrees of uncertainty and potentially cascading effects and we study this through an in-depth case study of collaborative crisis management tasked with contingency planning for dam failure risk in a large river basin in central Sweden. We find that there was a lack in reach of the collaboration potentially limiting capacity and capacity building in ways that can limit preparedness and increase vulnerability in a crisis situation. We also found that contingency planning was treated as a demarcated project with a beginning and an end and not entirely as a continuous process. Both these observations go against the basic principles of contingency planning. Hence, there is a need to acknowledge and abridge varying levels of organisational capacity and build/maintain awareness within and between the organisations and actors involved. This study shows that the practice of cross-sector collaboration and contingency planning is both complex and complicated. The article has the potential to aid policy-makers in the field to pinpoint central aspects of cross-sector collaboration and contingency planning that needs to be addressed in order to mitigate limits to preparedness and increased vulnerability in a crisis situation. A deeper knowledge on these challenges and problems can also support progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goal 9 (especially in relation to the aspect of building resilient infrastructure) through its empirical focus on infrastructure failure in terms of dam failure. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1335-1348 Issue: 10 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1863845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1863845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:10:p:1335-1348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Millman Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Millman Author-Name: Dan Rigby Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Rigby Author-Name: Davey L. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Davey L. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Title: Investigating heterogeneity in food risk perceptions using best-worst scaling Abstract: The psychometric paradigm has dominated the field of empirical work analysing risk perceptions. In this paper, we use an alternative method, Best-Worst Scaling (BWS), to elicit relative risk perceptions concerning potentially unsafe domestic food behaviours. We analyse heterogeneity in those risk perceptions via estimation of latent class models. We identify 6 latent segments of differing risk perception profiles with the probability of membership of those segments differing between experts and the lay public. The BWS method provides a practical approach to assessing relative risks as the choices made by the participants and subsequent analysis have a strong theoretical basis. It does so without the influence of scale bias, the cognitive burden of ranking a large number of items or issues of aggregation of data, often associated with the more commonly used psychometric paradigm. We contend that BWS, in conjunction with latent class modelling, provides a powerful method for eliciting risk rankings and identifying differences in these rankings in the population. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1288-1303 Issue: 10 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1848902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1848902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:10:p:1288-1303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edison Bicudo Author-X-Name-First: Edison Author-X-Name-Last: Bicudo Author-Name: Alex Faulkner Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Faulkner Author-Name: Phoebe Li Author-X-Name-First: Phoebe Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Software, risks, and liabilities: ongoing and emergent issues in 3D bioprinting Abstract: The growing use of software in biomedicine has enlarged the capacities of researchers and clinicians. This, one might expect, would enhance the precision and safety of biomedicine. However, it has been recognized that software can bring about new risks to the field of medicine and medical devices, requiring at least some degree of caution from the different players responsible for technology governance and risk management. This phenomenon is focused on in this paper, from the viewpoint of 3D bioprinting.Bioprinting is the production of bioactive structures in a layer-by-layer deposition of cells, with the use of devices called bioprinters. The latter can only function by receiving instructions from software. This paper focuses on some software-supported techniques that are key for bioprinting. It shows that a growing range of software packages has been used in bioprinting, a trend that is greatly fostered by open source software.In this evolution, the clinical potentialities of bioprinting come closer to their realization. At the same time, however, uncertainties emerge, related to issues such as data protection, use of biological samples, and others. The growing use of open source software complexifies the scenario, because it leads to a multiplication of actors directly or indirectly involved in the technology’s development, making it difficult to trace liabilities and damages.As no national regulation has been produced to tackle such uncertainties, they have been (provisionally and precariously) addressed in the licenses of software packages. In the years to come, as clinical products eventually spring from bioprinting research, more robust governance schemes will have to emerge in which risks and liabilities are dealt with more carefully by different players. Moreover, regulations will have to address the practice of combining different software packages in the same bioprinting process, as well as the growing globalization of bioprinting research and commercial exploration. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1319-1334 Issue: 10 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1848904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1848904 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:10:p:1319-1334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew S. VanDyke Author-X-Name-First: Matthew S. Author-X-Name-Last: VanDyke Author-Name: Cory L. Armstrong Author-X-Name-First: Cory L. Author-X-Name-Last: Armstrong Author-Name: Karen Bareford Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Bareford Title: How risk decision-makers interpret and use flood forecast information: assessing the Mississippi River Outlook email product Abstract: While the National Weather Service and its River Forecast Centers and Weather Forecast Offices produce visuals, graphics, and outreach designed to support weather forecasts and warnings and inform decisions about natural resource management and emergency services, opportunities exist for risk communication scholarship to refine theory and promote best practices for communicating such information to the various stakeholders who need it. In September 2019, two focus groups were conducted with a sample (N = 14) of National Weather Service-Memphis’ core partners to gauge perceptions about how the Weather Forecast Office provides technical information about flood risk patterns, paying particular attention to evaluations of its Mississippi River Outlook product. Research findings demonstrated that core partners may benefit from targeting risk information depending on partners’ information needs and their technical knowledge/expertise. Similarly, the results suggested a need to offer context or interpretation for unique data points (e.g., gage tables, experimental forecasts, charts, and graphs) to successfully communicate important risk information and to clarify potential misunderstandings; this consideration was underscored by the finding that core partners tended to disseminate the Mississippi River Outlook product to others in the community (e.g., business owners; residents). These findings highlight the importance of audience testing in the development of risk communication and decision-making tools. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1239-1250 Issue: 10 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1819390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1819390 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:10:p:1239-1250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rajan Nathan Author-X-Name-First: Rajan Author-X-Name-Last: Nathan Author-Name: Jonathon Whyler Author-X-Name-First: Jonathon Author-X-Name-Last: Whyler Author-Name: Peter Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: Risk of harm to others: subjectivity and meaning of risk in mental health practice Abstract: In everyday mental health practice, clinicians are expected to assess and manage the risk of harm that may be caused by their patients to others. An informed approach to the activities of risk assessment and management should be grounded in a thorough understanding of the notion of risk. Whilst there are agreed definitions of risk, they do not do justice to the complexity of in-vivo representations of risk. Based on a review of the literature, an analysis of clinical guidelines, and practicing psychiatrists’ reflections on their own clinical experiences and sample vignettes, this article explores the varied subjective representations of risk in mental health practice. Of specific relevance to the possibility of an individual causing harm is the need to recognise that the causal agent of harm is an as-yet-unrealised state of consciousness, and that actions that may reduce risk are multiple and have effects that are difficult to define in advance. From an analysis of the semantic context of the use of the word ‘risk’ within practice guidance, the authors demonstrate a wide range of meanings (including harm, possibility of harm, characteristics of possible harm, a state with changeable potential for harm, and different states of potential harm) with different degrees of embodiment. With reference to clinical scenarios, the formation of individual subjective representations of risk are shown to vary not only in the way they can be characterised (e.g. likelihood, severity, and imminence), but also in the extent to which they come into subjective focus. Uncovering the different ways risk is represented in practice should allow a more refined approach to guiding and studying the process of risk assessment and management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1228-1238 Issue: 10 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1819389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1819389 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:10:p:1228-1238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristyn L. Karl Author-X-Name-First: Kristyn L. Author-X-Name-Last: Karl Author-Name: Ashley Lytle Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Lytle Title: Nuclear weapons risk communication: evaluating the impact of message exposure and format Abstract: Many experts believe the risk of nuclear war today is the highest it’s been in generations. Yet much of the public has little awareness of nuclear threats and is ill-prepared to take the actions needed to save lives, including their own. Using a survey experiment on a diverse national sample of U.S. citizens fielded across two time periods, this study evaluates the impact of risk communication regarding nuclear weapons threat. We measure the effectiveness of nuclear preparedness messages across formats, finding infographics to be the most effective. Importantly, we also find that any message exposure improves recall of the recommended action, confidence, and message acceptance, with these shifts positively impacting subsequent behavioral intentions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1205-1227 Issue: 10 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1819387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1819387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:10:p:1205-1227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xianlin Jin Author-X-Name-First: Xianlin Author-X-Name-Last: Jin Author-Name: Patric R. Spence Author-X-Name-First: Patric R. Author-X-Name-Last: Spence Title: Understanding crisis communication on social media with CERC: topic model analysis of tweets about Hurricane Maria Abstract: This study outlines the communication patterns that emerged throughout phases of Hurricane Maria according to the crisis and emergency risk communication model. Topic model analysis, latent semantic analysis, and word-cloud analysis were utilized to capture the complexity of communication through this extreme event. Topics that emerged during different phases of the event are discussed. Findings concerning communication use and content were consistent with previous research. However, the use of topic model analysis allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of communication during a natural disaster and uncovered communication patterns that are less represented in the existing literature. Implications and theory development in the case of crises alongside big data tools in crisis communication are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1266-1287 Issue: 10 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1848901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1848901 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:10:p:1266-1287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hung-Lung Wei Author-X-Name-First: Hung-Lung Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Author-Name: Michael K. Lindell Author-X-Name-First: Michael K. Author-X-Name-Last: Lindell Author-Name: Carla S. Prater Author-X-Name-First: Carla S. Author-X-Name-Last: Prater Author-Name: Jiuchang Wei Author-X-Name-First: Jiuchang Author-X-Name-Last: Wei Author-Name: Fei Wang Author-X-Name-First: Fei Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: Texas households’ expected responses to seasonal influenza Abstract: This study examined people’s expected responses to seasonal influenza in terms of risk perceptions from different exposure paths and protective actions that could avoid illness. The data reveal significant differences among ten exposure paths and seven protective actions. Among the exposure paths, drinking from an infected person's glass without washing it received the highest hazard rating, whereas walking past that person on the sidewalk got the lowest rating. With regard to the seven protective actions, frequent hand washing had the highest ratings on protective efficacy and utility for other purposes and was the most strongly expected to be implemented, whereas wearing a surgical mask had the lowest ratings on these attributes and was least strongly expected to be implemented. As predicted, female gender and past influenza experience had significant positive correlations with hazard-related attributes and behavioral expectations but had nonsignificant correlations with resource-related attributes. This study’s findings suggest ways of enhancing the effectiveness of risk communication for seasonal influenza and other respiratory infectious diseases. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1405-1425 Issue: 11 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1863847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1863847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:11:p:1405-1425 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liesbeth Claassen Author-X-Name-First: Liesbeth Author-X-Name-Last: Claassen Author-Name: Frans Greven Author-X-Name-First: Frans Author-X-Name-Last: Greven Author-Name: Fred Woudenberg Author-X-Name-First: Fred Author-X-Name-Last: Woudenberg Author-Name: Danielle Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: Danielle Author-X-Name-Last: Timmermans Title: ‘Stay clear from the smoke’: effects of alternative public messages in case of large-scale chemical fires Abstract: In the Netherlands, until recently, public messages in case of a large chemical fire, routinely contained phrases such as: ‘no hazardous materials have been detected in the smoke’, ‘there is no danger to public health’, and ‘people are recommended to stay indoors and close doors and windows’. Such messages not only fail to adequately inform people about risk, they are also inherently inconsistent. That is, the advice to stay clear from the smoke makes little sense unless there is a potential danger of the smoke. To improve risk communication in case of major fires, we developed several alternative risk messages and tested them in a digital experiment. We found that participants who read alternative messages that included the phrase: ‘all smoke is harmful’ considered the message more credible and less inconsistent than those who read the routine message. However, they also perceived the risk as higher. Participants who read an alternative message in which a qualification of the extremely low chance of developing cancer by inhaling the smoke was added, considered the message just as credible but also more clear. Moreover, they had lower perceptions of risk than those who read the alternative message without a qualification of risk. Responses with respect to adherence to recommendations or expectations towards government actions did not differ depending on the message. Based on our findings, we conclude that a public warning in case of major fires should take the public perspective into account, fitting the content s to the needs of the final receivers, and conveying a clear, consistent and informative message to enhance a basic understanding of the risk involved and the rationale of recommendations. This will not only enhance trust and credibility it may also reduce concerns and promote adherence to recommendations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1426-1438 Issue: 11 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1863848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1863848 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:11:p:1426-1438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jay D. Hmielowski Author-X-Name-First: Jay D. Author-X-Name-Last: Hmielowski Author-Name: Alex W. Kirkpatrick Author-X-Name-First: Alex W. Author-X-Name-Last: Kirkpatrick Author-Name: Amanda D. Boyd Author-X-Name-First: Amanda D. Author-X-Name-Last: Boyd Title: Understanding public support for smart meters: media attention, misperceptions, and knowledge Abstract: Public opinion on critical issues, such as technology deployment aimed at reducing greenhouse gases or increasing energy efficiency, may be impacted through information disseminated through the media. It is therefore increasingly important to understand the role media plays in spreading misinformation to the public. Through this study, we add to the growing body of literature on misinformation by exploring the relationship between media attention, risk perceptions, knowledge of, and support for smart meter technology. Smart meter deployment has been hindered, in part, due to beliefs that the technology causes cancer or can lead to incorrect electricity billing. To examine the relationship between misinformation and support for smart meter technology, we analyzed a quota sample of 1,046 people living in the U.S. Results show that paying attention to smart meter stories is related to familiarity with false information about smart meters. Familiarity with false information is also associated with misperceiving risks regarding the technology (e.g. those who are aware of false information about health problems associated with smart meters are more concerned about health-related problems associated with this technology). Ultimately, reporting higher levels of concern about smart meters is associated with lower support for government and industry policies aimed at increasing smart meter installation. However, the relationship for misperceptions, which decreased support for smart meters, was only present among those with low knowledge levels of the technology. Results indicate that knowledge may be a protective factor in terms of mitigating the effects that misinformation could have on outcomes such as support for policies or technological developments. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1388-1404 Issue: 11 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1863844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1863844 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:11:p:1388-1404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Author-Name: Marja Ylönen Author-X-Name-First: Marja Author-X-Name-Last: Ylönen Title: How the risk science can help us establish a good safety culture Abstract: This paper is about how we can make further sense of the safety culture concept in safety and risk management. Safety culture is here understood as shared beliefs, norms, values, practices and structures, with respect to safety, in an organization. We argue that the risk science (interpreted in its broadest sense to also include safety science) provides important reference points for what these beliefs, norms, values and practices should be. For example, the risk science highlights that complexity needs to be acknowledged and confronted by resilience-based strategies, in addition to the use of risk assessments. A safety culture which is not built on the state of the art of the risk science cannot be considered ‘good’. The main aims of the paper are to draw attention to this issue and present a framework that can help organizations to develop a safety culture that builds on the risk science. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1349-1367 Issue: 11 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1871056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1871056 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:11:p:1349-1367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Self Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Self Author-Name: Henry Rothstein Author-X-Name-First: Henry Author-X-Name-Last: Rothstein Title: Institutional constraints on ‘nudge-style’ risk rating systems: explaining why food hygiene barometers were rolled-out in the UK but abandoned in Germany Abstract: This article advances international comparative regulatory scholarship on the implementation of nudge-style risk rating systems that are used to empower the public to make ‘right’ choices for their health, safety or security and help shape regulatee behaviour. Little attention, however, has been paid to the policy question of the extent to which the international introduction of such approaches and the form that they take, is dependent on the institutional contexts of regulation in different countries. Drawing on 55 key informant interviews and extensive policy document analysis, we examine starkly contrasting attempts to introduce ‘food hygiene barometers’ in the UK and Germany, having been successfully introduced in the former, but abandoned in the latter. This outcome can partly be explained by the stronger sectoral organisation of food businesses and the number of policy veto points they can exploit in Germany compared to the UK. More significantly, however, the study identifies strong institutional contrasts between the two countries; both in the way they balance rights to consumer information, public health and economic activity as well as the extent to which ideas of consumer sovereignty can be instrumentalised for regulatory purposes. The article concludes by pointing to how the form, purposes or even the very possibility of nudge-style public policy interventions are likely to vary from country to country, depending on their fit with the conceits and character of nationally-specific regulatory philosophies, constitutional and legal norms, and juridical ideas about consumer sovereignty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1465-1481 Issue: 11 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1887329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1887329 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:11:p:1465-1481 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew B. Stephensen Author-X-Name-First: Matthew B. Author-X-Name-Last: Stephensen Author-Name: Torsten Martiny-Huenger Author-X-Name-First: Torsten Author-X-Name-Last: Martiny-Huenger Title: Liking and perceived safety across judgments of distinct instances of a category of activity Abstract: Prior research on the affect heuristic demonstrated that the more a person likes an object or activity, the safer and more valuable it is judged to be. That relation was found when judging stimuli at the categorical level (e.g., nuclear power, airplane travel, heart surgery). Yet risk judgments and decisions usually pertain to specific instances of an object or activity rather than their categorical representations. We examined whether the relation between liking and perceived safety holds across multiple judgments of specific instances of an activity distinguished by contextual information. In four studies (N = 372), participants with domain-specific experience (backcountry skiers) completed multicue risk judgments under high uncertainty (judging the avalanche risk in backcountry skiing scenarios) and reported their degree of liking the scenarios. We demonstrate that the positive relation between liking and perceived safety holds across multiple judgments of specific instances of the activity. Furthermore, the liking-perceived safety relation (i.e., judging liked slopes to be safe, judging disliked slopes to be unsafe) held among backcountry skiers who like the activity and consider it safe at the categorical level. We discuss these findings from the perspective that contextual valence and perceived risk can dynamically diverge from categorical valence and perceived risk when perceiving specific instances of that category. These findings have implications for research on attitudes toward risk in extreme sports and other high-risk activities. Although it has been proposed that participants in extreme sports like risk and the thrill it provides, we found that backcountry skiers exhibit a healthy positive relation between liking and perceived safety when judging specific instances of skiing in avalanche terrain. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1482-1498 Issue: 11 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1905693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1905693 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:11:p:1482-1498 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michelle Driedger Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Driedger Author-Name: Ryan Maier Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Maier Author-Name: Gabriela Capurro Author-X-Name-First: Gabriela Author-X-Name-Last: Capurro Author-Name: Cynthia Jardine Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Jardine Title: Drawing from the ‘bank of credibility’: perspectives of health officials and the public on media handling of the H1N1 pandemic Abstract: The H1N1 global pandemic of 2009–10 was moderate in its severity, which led many members of the public to denounce news organizations for ‘hyping’ the threat posed by the virus. This outcome was troubling as it portended a potentially cynical public audience in the event of a future emerging infectious disease. As we face a new Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) with COVID-19, public trust in public health information and mediated messaging is more important than ever. Health authorities aim to inform the public through various avenues, particularly by engaging news media as a bridge to deliver pertinent information. We draw on the Trust, Confidence, and Cooperation (TCC) Model to examine how citizens and health officers evaluated news coverage of the H1N1 pandemic in Canada and the impact it had on public trust in public health recommendations. Following the H1N1 pandemic, we conducted interviews (n = 28) with senior health officials in Canadian federal and provincial jurisdictions and focus groups with general population Canadians (n = 130) in three provinces. Findings showed that many health officials and members of the public considered that the pandemic H1N1 was hyped in news coverage and that the immunization campaign was portrayed as chaotic, potentially affecting trust in pandemic messaging and response activities. Our results highlight the key role of news coverage in pandemic communication. Further, we recommend that health authorities complement their media engagement with direct communication with citizens; and increased training for public health officers to engage with news media and promote public trust. The lessons of this study remain crucially relevant given that legacy news media continue to be important sources of health information as the world fights to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1499-1516 Issue: 11 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1936604 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1936604 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:11:p:1499-1516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Bazzoli Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Bazzoli Author-Name: Matteo Curcuruto Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Curcuruto Title: Safety leadership and safety voices: exploring the mediation role of proactive motivations Abstract: Motivating employees to speak up about safety issues in organizations is a daunting task for both scholars and practitioners. Previous research has shown that safety leadership is one of the most studied predictors because of its wide-reaching effects on safety behaviors. This contribution aims to test whether Parker et al.’s proactive motivational states (‘can do,’ ‘reason to,’ and ‘energized to’ motivations) mediate the relationship between transformational, transactional, and passive safety leadership and an expanded set of safety voice behaviors, a form of upwards safety communication. We tested our model using data gathered from a sample (N = 238) of US workers. Our results showed that (1) all three motivational states mediate the relationship between transformative leadership and promotive safety voice; (2) only ‘reason to’ and ‘energized to’ mediate the relationship between transactional leadership and preventive and prohibitive safety voices; and (3) only ‘can do’ motivations mediate the relationship between passive leadership and hostile safety voices. Implications for research and practice are also discussed: these results may be leveraged to improve practitioners’ ability to motivate employees to speak up, a notoriously difficult task, by considering the employees’ motivational drivers. We found that, in the safety realm, the relationship between a leader’s behavior and their followers’ safety behavior is partially mediated by employees’ belief that they are able to broaden their workplace role, their feeling of ownership, and their engagement. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1368-1387 Issue: 11 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1863846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1863846 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:11:p:1368-1387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Linda Foettinger Author-X-Name-First: Linda Author-X-Name-Last: Foettinger Author-Name: Friederike Doerwald Author-X-Name-First: Friederike Author-X-Name-Last: Doerwald Author-Name: Karin Bammann Author-X-Name-First: Karin Author-X-Name-Last: Bammann Title: Understanding parental risk perception regarding unintentional injuries of infants and toddlers within the home: a grounded theory approach Abstract: Unintentional injuries within the home are a major health risk for infants and toddlers. Previous theoretical and empirical work identified parental risk perception as a key determinant of parents’ preventive behaviour. Yet, little is known about how parents perceive their children’s risk for unintentional injuries within the home. Since unintentional injuries are considered largely preventable, theoretical guidance that helps to better understand parental risk perception is required. The objective of this study was to develop a theoretical model which helps to better understand how parents perceive the risk of their infants and toddlers regarding unintentional injuries within the home. In this qualitative study, nine photo-based semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of infants and toddlers (0 to 4 years) in the city and district of Munich. Grounded theory methodology was used for data collection and analysis. Findings indicate that parental risk perception can be described as a continuum which is determined by the development and personality of the child as well as by ‘teachable moments’, such as previous (near-)injuries. While risk perception of parents with only one child was predominantly driven by the development of the child, risk perception of parents with two children was driven by the personality of the child. A first theoretical model that describes how parents perceive their children’s risk regarding unintentional home injuries was developed. Since this study highlights differences in parental risk perception depending on whether one or two children are living in the household, future research on parental risk perception should consider the number of children living in the household. From our theoretical model, practical implications for tailoring prevention interventions by health practitioners can be derived (e.g. exposing parents to information of the developmental process of the child), which may increase parents’ engagement in injury prevention. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1439-1449 Issue: 11 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1863850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1863850 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:11:p:1439-1449 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah C. Jenkins Author-X-Name-First: Sarah C. Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins Author-Name: Adam J. L. Harris Author-X-Name-First: Adam J. L. Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: Magda Osman Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Title: What drives risk perceptions? Revisiting public perceptions of food hazards associated with production and consumption Abstract: As food technology continues to advance, the potential for new food products to enter the food market grows, attracting considerable media interest. Whilst previous research has explored public perceptions of food-related hazards, much of this took place over 10 years ago. Continued technological developments have yielded new food products, for which there is no extant research on public perceptions. In light of this, there is a pressing need to update and extend research exploring public perceptions of food-related hazards. Using a psychometric approach, a nationally representative UK sample (n = 907) provided ratings of 11 old and new food hazards on a total of 12 risk characteristics (identified from previous research). Principal components analysis identified two main components: ‘dread’ and ‘knowledge’, which explained 80.8% of the variance in perceptions, consistent with past findings. Additives were perceived as the least dreaded and most known of the hazards considered, whereas ractopamine pork, atrazine corn and hormone beef were dreaded the most. 3D printed food and lab-grown meat were perceived as the least known. Our results highlight the importance of knowledge in shaping risk perceptions and have implications for risk management. An understanding of the factors which determine risk perceptions is vital for the development of effective risk management and risk communication strategies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1450-1464 Issue: 11 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1871057 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1871057 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:11:p:1450-1464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Johannes G. van der A Author-X-Name-First: Johannes G. Author-X-Name-Last: van der A Author-Name: Dick T. H. M. Sijm Author-X-Name-First: Dick T. H. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Sijm Title: Risk governance in the transition towards sustainability, the case of bio-based plastic food packaging materials Abstract: In the transition to a sustainable society, many new technologies and materials are developed. These often have disadvantages, examples thereof with a sustainability claim that entailed risks to public health are identified. Risk Governance should ideally address and deal with those potential risks. However, governance mechanisms to efficiently deal with these risks seem to be lacking. In this study, the Risk Governance in the lifecycle of three innovative bio-based plastic food contact materials (FCMs) were evaluated. Interviews were conducted with representatives of all stages in the lifecycle to identify risk management strategies to prevent or control public health risk. Experts were asked to share their views on the identified strategies. Nineteen different risk management strategies have been identified from the three case studies and compared with the principles of the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) framework and showed that less than 50% corresponded to those of the IRGC framework. In addition, eighteen randomly sampled bio-based FCMs were chemically analysed to get insight in the presence of potentially hazardous substances. The presence of hazardous chemicals in the bio-based FCMs provide indications of potential chemical health risks. Apparently, there is no structural application of risk governance in the three bio-based FCM studied. Strategies are applied to manage public health risks, but these are usually implemented too limited to effectively manage the identified risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1639-1651 Issue: 12 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1894473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1894473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:12:p:1639-1651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atousa Khodadadyan Author-X-Name-First: Atousa Author-X-Name-Last: Khodadadyan Author-Name: PhD Researcher Author-X-Name-First: PhD Author-X-Name-Last: Researcher Author-Name: Gabe Mythen Author-X-Name-First: Gabe Author-X-Name-Last: Mythen Author-Name: Beverley Bishop Author-X-Name-First: Beverley Author-X-Name-Last: Bishop Author-Name: Hirbod Assa Author-X-Name-First: Hirbod Author-X-Name-Last: Assa Title: Grasping the nettle? Considering the contemporary challenges of risk assessment Abstract: The process of risk regulation is crucial across a range of institutions, sectors and industries. Regulatory bodies worldwide are confronted with a plethora of challenges in managing risks and uncertainties. The precise sources of these challenges are diverse, but are commonly associated with the degree of confidence in predicting and quantifying risks. When the level of confidence is high, regulators tend to specify the outputs and take quantitatively informed preventive measures. However, when levels of confidence are lower, regulators may favour an inflection toward more qualitative considerations of risks to inform resilience building and absorption of adverse consequences. As part of an ongoing research project designed to explore the potentialities of developing a holistic framework for risk assessment which blends qualitative and quantitative methods, this article maps out the key challenges involved in evaluation and decision-making within risk regulatory bodies. In defining the problems and issues faced both by organizations in general and practitioners involved in everyday assessment and management of risk, we have developed a heuristic designed to assist in understanding, categorising and evaluating risk. It is anticipated that the development of knowledge in this area can contribute toward progressive process modifications, improved decision-making at senior management level, and enhance risk management practices amongst regulatory agencies. The project involved semi-structured interviews with practitioners working in risk regulatory bodies from the UK, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and New Zealand. In coalescing the findings of empirical studies, the sources of these challenges were discussed as being related to rational, technical and expert factors. The main areas of analysis focused on in this article revolve around the process of evaluation, organisational strategies, structural factors and expert perceptions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1605-1618 Issue: 12 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1894472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1894472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:12:p:1605-1618 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barry Sheehan Author-X-Name-First: Barry Author-X-Name-Last: Sheehan Author-Name: Finbarr Murphy Author-X-Name-First: Finbarr Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy Author-Name: Arash N. Kia Author-X-Name-First: Arash N. Author-X-Name-Last: Kia Author-Name: Ronan Kiely Author-X-Name-First: Ronan Author-X-Name-Last: Kiely Title: A quantitative bow-tie cyber risk classification and assessment framework Abstract: Cyber-attacks pose a growing threat to global commerce that is increasingly reliant on digital technology to conduct business. Traditional risk assessment and underwriting practices face serious shortcomings when encountered with cyber threats. Conventional assessment frameworks rate risk based on historical frequency and severity of losses incurred, this method is effective for known risks; however, due to the absence of historical data, prove ineffective for assessing cyber risk. This paper proposes a conceptual cyber risk classification and assessment framework, designed to demonstrate the significance of proactive and reactive barriers in reducing companies’ exposure to cyber risk and quantify the risk. This method combines a bow-tie model with a risk matrix to produce a rating based on the likelihood of a cyber-threat occurring and the potential severity of the resulting consequences. The model can accommodate both historical data and expert opinion and previously known frameworks to score the Threats, Barriers and Escalators for the framework. The resultant framework is applied to a large city hospital in Europe. The results highlighted both cyber weaknesses and actions that should be taken to bolster cyber defences. The results provide a quick visual guide that is assessable to both experts and management. It also provides a practical framework that allows insurers to assess risks, visualise areas of concern and record the effectiveness of implementing control barriers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1619-1638 Issue: 12 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1900337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1900337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:12:p:1619-1638 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. M. Sanne Author-X-Name-First: J. M. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanne Author-Name: H. Matschke Ekholm Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Matschke Ekholm Author-Name: M. Rahmberg Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rahmberg Title: Contextualizing resilience indicators – comparable across organizations yet specific to context Abstract: In an increasingly complex and interdependent world, it has become increasingly difficult and costly to identify and protect systems, communities or organizations against all possible threats. Resilience approaches, however, provide capacities or abilities to respond to hazards and threats beyond existing scenarios and associated response plans, as well as learn from these disturbances and improve performance. Thus, resilience approaches provides increased capabilities for strengthening beyond traditional risk, crisis and business continuity approaches. However, there are inherent challenges of contextualizing resilience indicators for specific uses for specific critical infrastructures while also designing a comprehensive and multidimensional approach as well as for comparison across various infrastructures. Based upon the development and application of an indicator-based decision-support system for resilience in a Horizon 2020 project, we describe and analyse how we addressed such challenges, providing opportunities for improving resilience for drinking water supply and distribution in Sweden. The findings show the value of a modular approach, iterative indicator design processes with relevant stakeholders, the necessity to attend to their organizational processes, to the regulatory context as well as to the assignments, evaluation criteria and cognitive regimes among various target audiences. The approach is a useful methodology to achieve policy objectives for critical infrastructures from a systemic perspective, such as identifying and evaluating resilience, development of measures to increase resilience and the development of performance metric as well as facilitating information-sharing and training. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1652-1667 Issue: 12 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1913632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1913632 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:12:p:1652-1667 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aida Alvinius Author-X-Name-First: Aida Author-X-Name-Last: Alvinius Author-Name: Edward Deverell Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Deverell Author-Name: Susanne Hede Author-X-Name-First: Susanne Author-X-Name-Last: Hede Title: Militarisation, masculinisation and organisational exclusion in the crisis preparedness sector Abstract: This study aims to deepen the understanding of processes that affect collaboration between professions and organisations in the crisis preparedness domain from a gender perspective. A total of twenty-three Swedish duty officers participated in the study. The analysis of the interviews show that collaboration can be understood as (a) the militarisation of civil crisis management actors, which means that many of the work processes and cultures that originate in military organisations can now be found in the security and crisis management sector; (b) the masculinisation, which means that when male dominance appears to prevail, active strategies are used against women, civilian personnel and also inexperienced colleagues and (c) organisational exclusion which emerges particularly in situations where collaboration between female-dominated and male-dominated organisations are required. The findings are important for crisis preparedness research and practice and should work in favour of evening out asymmetries in collaborative crisis management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1544-1557 Issue: 12 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1881989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1881989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:12:p:1544-1557 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bengt Johansson Author-X-Name-First: Bengt Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson Author-Name: Derek R. Lane Author-X-Name-First: Derek R. Author-X-Name-Last: Lane Author-Name: Deanna D. Sellnow Author-X-Name-First: Deanna D. Author-X-Name-Last: Sellnow Author-Name: Timothy L. Sellnow Author-X-Name-First: Timothy L. Author-X-Name-Last: Sellnow Title: No heat, no electricity, no water, oh no!: an IDEA model experiment in instructional risk communication Abstract: Instructional communication is a vital component of the risk communication process. Without adequate instruction, individuals are less likely to understand, value, and follow guidelines for protecting themselves and their loved ones. The IDEA model (internalization, distribution, explanation, and action), applied successfully in crisis communication, has shown promise for use in instructional risk communication, as well. More specifically, it may address challenges that have plagued risk managers for decades regarding how to promote effective risk preparedness decisions in the midst of uncertainty and lack of understanding about perceived risk relevance. This study tested the effectiveness of the IDEA model for designing instructional messages in a risk preparedness campaign in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. The campaign was designed to enhance citizens’ preparedness in case of a crisis where the supply of heat, water, and electricity would be out for three days. A post-test only quasi-experimental cross-sectional survey research design conducted on data collected from 1876 survey participants revealed that citizens viewing a message adhering to the IDEA model components (treatment) had significantly more comprehension (i.e. cognitive learning) and found the message significantly more relevant and useful (i.e. affective learning) than those viewing a status quo (control) message. Practical applications and suggestions for future research are also provided. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1576-1588 Issue: 12 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1894468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1894468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:12:p:1576-1588 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alette Eva Opperhuizen Author-X-Name-First: Alette Eva Author-X-Name-Last: Opperhuizen Author-Name: Susanna Pagiotti Author-X-Name-First: Susanna Author-X-Name-Last: Pagiotti Author-Name: Jasper Eshuis Author-X-Name-First: Jasper Author-X-Name-Last: Eshuis Title: The roles of news media as democratic fora, agenda setters, and strategic instruments in risk governance Abstract: This study analyzes news media’s role in governmental decision-making processes related to a gradually intensifying series of earthquakes resulting from gas drilling in the Netherlands, and catastrophic natural earthquakes in Italy. According to the risk governance actors interviewed in both cases, media play three roles, as: democratic fora, agenda setters, and strategic instruments. Media attention for risk can create ripple effects in governmental decision-making processes. However, media attention tends to be risk-event driven and focuses on direct newsworthy consequences of events. For ‘non-event risks’, or when newsworthiness after a risk-event fades, the media’s agenda setting and democratic fora roles are limited. This contributes to risk attenuation in society, potentially resulting in limited risk prevention and preparedness. Governmental actors report difficulties in using news media for strategic communication to facilitate risk governance because of media’s tendency towards sensationalism. Our research suggests that, in the governance of earthquake-risk news, media logic overrules other institutional logics only for a short while and not in the long run when the three roles of media do not reinforce each other. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1517-1531 Issue: 12 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750458 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:12:p:1517-1531 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Oliver Todt Author-X-Name-First: Oliver Author-X-Name-Last: Todt Author-Name: José Luis Luján Author-X-Name-First: José Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Luján Title: Constructing consumers: regulatory and methodological consequences of defining consumer preferences in European health claim regulation Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the underlying assumptions and choices of the European regulatory process for health claims. The latter are scientifically substantiated statements, usually in the form of food labels, regarding the health benefits that a food may confer upon its consumer. We show that the European regulator (the European Food Safety Authority, EFSA) has adopted a particular construction (or definition) of a ‘standard consumer’ of foods with health claims, as well as chosen to give preeminent importance to one particular objective of this regulation (protecting consumers from false claims). EFSA’s choices of standards of proof (establishment of causality between food intake and desired outcome) and scientific methodology (randomized controlled trials) are coherent with this objective and the adopted definition of the consumer. We argue that it is not clear if consumers will react to the regulation as intended by the regulator, due to the possibility that only a fraction of consumers actually correspond to the regulator’s definition of a standard consumer of foods with health claims. We conclude that only empirical research on actual consumer uptake of the EU regulation would allow for an assessment of its effectiveness. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1532-1543 Issue: 12 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1873825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1873825 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:12:p:1532-1543 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily D. Esplin Author-X-Name-First: Emily D. Author-X-Name-Last: Esplin Author-Name: Peter D. Howe Author-X-Name-First: Peter D. Author-X-Name-Last: Howe Title: It’s a dry heat: professional perspectives on extreme heat risk in Utah Abstract: Heat waves are the deadliest weather-related hazard in the United States while also increasing in frequency, intensity, and duration. Population growth is also occurring in places most exposed to extreme heat. Current US National Weather Service (NWS) guidelines to issue heat alerts vary geographically and may not facilitate optimal heat risk communication. This study focuses on professionals’ decision making and communication in the context of extreme heat risk in Utah, a state with historically low but increasing heat risk due to climate change, a growing population, and rising outdoor recreation visitation. We analyze the mental models of decision-makers responsible for forecasting, communicating, and managing heat risk in Utah using interviews with 32 weather forecasters, media broadcasters, and public officials including park managers. Results demonstrate that institutional norms have influenced how forecasters characterize extreme heat in the western region of the US. NWS heat alerts and tools are new and unfamiliar to many decision-makers, especially in areas of the state where previous criteria did not warrant alerts. Only 44% of participants from these areas were familiar with NWS heat alerts compared to 100% of participants from areas with a history of heat events. While experience with NWS heat alerts and tools varied widely among participants, 100% were familiar with heat protective behaviors. 94% stated they had personally experienced extreme heat and 66% stated that this experience influenced their decisions. Personal experience may be an effective means to communicate heat risk and promote adaptive practices. These insights may be generalizable to other settings where risk is changing and communication strategies are underdeveloped. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1558-1575 Issue: 12 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1887325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1887325 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:12:p:1558-1575 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tamara Stotz Author-X-Name-First: Tamara Author-X-Name-Last: Stotz Author-Name: Angela Bearth Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Bearth Author-Name: Signe Maria Ghelfi Author-X-Name-First: Signe Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Ghelfi Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: Keep the status quo: randomization-based security checks might reduce crime deterrence at airports Abstract: Due to the increasing number of passengers at airports, regular security checks reached their capacity limits. Thus, alternative security checks are being discussed to increase their efficiency. For example, instead of screening all passengers briefly, a randomly selected sample of passengers could be screened thoroughly. However, such randomization-based security checks could be perceived as less secure based on the assumption that fewer illegal objects would be uncovered than through regular security checks. To analyze whether this is the case, we conducted an online experiment that investigated people’s perceptions of and preference for traditional and randomization-based security checks from both the passenger and the criminal perspectives. The findings suggest that within security checks with explicitly stated equal probabilities of detecting illegal objects, passengers do not exhibit strong preferences for either the traditional or the randomization-based security checks. However, randomization-based security checks would be preferred by criminals. Thus, with regard to security, the status quo, namely traditional security checks, is still the best way to keep airports secure. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1589-1604 Issue: 12 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1894469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1894469 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:12:p:1589-1604 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raul P. Lejano Author-X-Name-First: Raul P. Author-X-Name-Last: Lejano Author-Name: Daniel Stokols Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Stokols Title: Analytics for local knowledge: exploring a community’s experience of risk Abstract: In privileging expert risk assessments, we may be failing to recognize the authenticity of a community’s actual experience of risk. We should remind ourselves that expert measures are always only partial, often surrogate, estimates of such experience and, at times, may fail to capture the actual nature of risk. There is a need for modes of analysis that allow better description of risk as experienced by community. We develop and test the methods for exploring hitherto delegitimized modes of knowing risk. In this exploratory research, narrative-linguistic analysis and cognitive mapping were used to evaluate the experience of residents near a large, municipal landfill. Text was analyzed, in part using speech-act theory. These methods aspire to thick description, as opposed experts' thin description of risk, and add to the analytical tools at our disposal. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 833-852 Issue: 7 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1476902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1476902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:7:p:833-852 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jody Chin Sing Wong Author-X-Name-First: Jody Chin Sing Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Janet Zheng Yang Author-X-Name-First: Janet Zheng Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Seeing is believing: examining self-efficacy and trait hope as moderators of youths’ positive risk-taking intention Abstract: The present study builds on research related to the illusion of skills acquisition and the risk perception attitude framework to examine positive risk-taking intention amongst youths. Positive risk-taking allows youths to experience self-growth as they push through boundaries when engaging in creative activities. Through a longitudinal between-subjects experiment, we investigate whether watching videos of positive risk-taking will influence young adults’ likelihood to engage in similar activities because of vicarious learning. United States and Singapore participants (N = 646) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (1) recreational (n = 160), (2) health (n = 163), (3) prosocial (n = 154), and (4) control group (n = 169). Watching others participate in positive risk-taking behaviors did not attenuate participants’ risk perception; on the contrary, the health video actually increased risk perception. Individuals with higher self-efficacy and trait hope reported a higher risk-taking intention. Findings from this study highlight the need for scholars and educators to be aware that although watching positive risk-taking videos has minimal influence on youths’ risk perception, it reduces their intention to partake in risky activities in the future. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 819-832 Issue: 7 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:7:p:819-832 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James T. Luxhøj Author-X-Name-First: James T. Author-X-Name-Last: Luxhøj Author-Name: William Joyce Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Joyce Author-Name: Carl Luxhøj Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Luxhøj Title: A ConOps derived UAS safety risk model Abstract: The purpose of NASA’s Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration in the National Airspace System project is to support the FAA with research that examines the risks involved with using UAS for commercial operations. The safety risk model described in this paper aims to provide such research and is derived from a NASA Concept of Operations (ConOps). A ConOps is a document that describes a specific commercial operation for an aircraft and presents the operation’s logistics, its associated environment, plausible scenarios, safety and performance considerations of the operation, and a possible plan for the execution of the operation. The specific operation defined in the studied ConOps focuses on a UAS administering a ‘targeted aerial application’ of agricultural chemicals to small, pre-determined areas of crops in large fields. Applying UAS to agriculture in this manner is very realistic since it is a relatively minimal risk operation compared to other potential UAS commercial operations and presents significant value to the agricultural community. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 796-818 Issue: 7 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2017.1409253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2017.1409253 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:7:p:796-818 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Armand Quenum Author-X-Name-First: Armand Author-X-Name-Last: Quenum Author-Name: Heimir Thorisson Author-X-Name-First: Heimir Author-X-Name-Last: Thorisson Author-Name: Desheng Wu Author-X-Name-First: Desheng Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: James H. Lambert Author-X-Name-First: James H. Author-X-Name-Last: Lambert Title: Resilience of business strategy to emergent and future conditions Abstract: Assuring future performance of systems-of-systems through advanced-technology investments is a perpetual challenge of industry and agencies. Among the complicating factors are technology innovation, escalating scales, and diversity of software and hardware applications, increasing availability and scrutiny of big data, and evolving business, environmental, and legal contexts. These factors are engaging system owner/operators to continually reprioritize these investments, even as transparent principles for investment are needed for appropriate oversight and auditing. In this paper, a branch of resilience analysis offers to address multiple layers of uncertainty that arise from technology plans around future disruptions to large-scale systems-of-systems. The paper presents a methodology to quantify and manage the disruptive influence of individual systems perspectives to the prioritization of technology investments across the system-of-systems. The methodology is demonstrated through a case study on an information technology investment portfolio of the US Department of Commerce, USA. The experience suggests how fiscal limitations, combining with several other factors, has the largest disruption to the prioritization of investments. The results furthermore describe how investments perform relative to one another and characterize where the system-of-systems might be resilient to the perspectives of constituent systems.Abbreviations: BEA: Bureau of Economic Analysis; BIS: Bureau of Industry and Security; DOC: United States Department of Commerce; FY: Fiscal Year; IT: Information Technology; MCDA: Multicriteria Decision Analysis; NOAA: National Oceaic and Atmospheric Administration; NTIA: National Telecommunications and Information Administration; USPTO: United States Patent and Trademark Office. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 870-888 Issue: 7 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1485172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1485172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:7:p:870-888 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aki Koivula Author-X-Name-First: Aki Author-X-Name-Last: Koivula Author-Name: Pekka Räsänen Author-X-Name-First: Pekka Author-X-Name-Last: Räsänen Author-Name: Atte Oksanen Author-X-Name-First: Atte Author-X-Name-Last: Oksanen Author-Name: Teo Keipi Author-X-Name-First: Teo Author-X-Name-Last: Keipi Title: Risk response over time: political compartmentalization of terrorism risk perception Abstract: Societal threats are a growing concern in European democracies in light of risks of terrorism. At the same time, we are witnessing a visible trend of political polarization across the countries. Therefore, there is a need to understand how risk perceptions have changed over time ideologically and demographically. This article provides a novel look into risk response over time while considering potential ideological links to the phenomenon. The analysis is based on four comparable population surveys collected between 2004 and 2017 (N = 7,775) in Finland. Findings showed that terrorism risk perception was highest in 2004 and declined during the 2010s despite multiple terrorist attacks in Western Europe. Terrorism risk perception became ideologically based in 2014 and 2017, and the decrease in terrorism was explained by the deepening of political polarization. Overall, the findings reflect the evolution of risk perception over time depending on values, attitudes and goals, here linked to political ideology. These findings help us to deepen our understanding of the significance of recent political movements and emerging parties affecting not only political systems but also the realignment of traditional parties. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 781-795 Issue: 7 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1750461 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1750461 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:7:p:781-795 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erfan Hoseini Author-X-Name-First: Erfan Author-X-Name-Last: Hoseini Author-Name: Marcel Hertogh Author-X-Name-First: Marcel Author-X-Name-Last: Hertogh Author-Name: Marian Bosch-Rekveldt Author-X-Name-First: Marian Author-X-Name-Last: Bosch-Rekveldt Title: Developing a generic risk maturity model (GRMM) for evaluating risk management in construction projects Abstract: The literature on risk management acknowledges a growing number of Risk Maturity Models (RMM). However, for the construction sector, there is no validated RMM that is based on both theory and experts’ opinions. In this article, a Generic RMM (GRMM), inspired by the EFQM model, is developed and validated to remedy this shortcoming. The GRMM uses a list of statements extracted from risk management literature by means of qualitative content analysis. The statements and the model are both validated by means of two focus group sessions, based on which the statements and the model are improved. According to the experts, the GRMM is easy to use and provides projects with a clear picture of potential improvements regarding risk management. Project managers can use the GRMM for planning and improving risk management, as well as for cross-project analysis for learning purposes. Further research on application of the GRMM in real projects is recommended. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 889-908 Issue: 7 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1646309 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1646309 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:7:p:889-908 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brooke F. Liu Author-X-Name-First: Brooke F. Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Amisha M. Mehta Author-X-Name-First: Amisha M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mehta Title: From the periphery and toward a centralized model for trust in government risk and disaster communication Abstract: In the context of disaster research, trust is ubiquitous. Despite its reach across multiple research domains, the devil is in the lack of a comprehensive understanding of how trust is defined, measured, and applied in the context of government risk and disaster communication. This article presents a systematic literature review of trust research undertaken in the context of government as opposed to corporate, risk, and disaster communication. Findings show that trust is rarely defined, but those articles that do define it draw on multiple definitions, which has implications for the operationalization of trust in communication research and practice. Another source of variance is around the theoretical or conceptual frameworks for trust. Research mostly treats trust at the periphery, assuming its existence rather than exploring how it operates in government risk and disaster communication settings. In terms of its application, the majority of empirical work around trust is focused on the response phase of disasters. Following from this review, this study offers a research road map for trust and argues for a centralized view of trust in government risk and disaster communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 853-869 Issue: 7 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1773516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1773516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:7:p:853-869 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Bouder Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Author-Name: T. Perko Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Perko Author-Name: R. Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Author-Name: O. Renn Author-X-Name-First: O. Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Author-Name: C. Rossmann Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Rossmann Author-Name: D. Hevey Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Hevey Author-Name: M. Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Author-Name: W. Ringer Author-X-Name-First: W. Author-X-Name-Last: Ringer Author-Name: C. Pölzl-Viol Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Pölzl-Viol Author-Name: A. Dowdall Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dowdall Author-Name: I. Fojtíková Author-X-Name-First: I. Author-X-Name-Last: Fojtíková Author-Name: F. Barazza Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Barazza Author-Name: B. Hoffmann Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann Author-Name: A. Lutz Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Lutz Author-Name: S. Hurst Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Hurst Author-Name: C. Reifenhäuser Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Reifenhäuser Title: The Potsdam radon communication manifesto Abstract: Risk communication efforts to mitigate the second cause of lung cancer worldwide (after tobacco smoking) – the radioactive gas radon in buildings – are often ineffective. Therefore, new European legal requirements bind member states to prepare communication strategies to ‘… increase public awareness and inform local decision makers, employers and employees of the risks of radon…’ (Council directive 2013/59/EURATOM, ANNEX XVIII/(10)). This manifesto is written to support states to prepare an effective and efficient communication strategy and to avoid the main pitfalls in radon communication. It is based on the discussions that took place at a Workshop on Radon Risk Communication, organized by the German Federal Office of Radiation Protection (BfS) and hosted by the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies IASS in Potsdam, Germany from 8 to 10 of October 2019. The authors present a strategic view on the concrete measures that may be taken by authorities, experts and scientists to communicate the risk of radon to human health and to promote radon protection actions more effectively. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 909-912 Issue: 7 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1691858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1691858 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:7:p:909-912 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicolas Mayer Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Mayer Author-Name: Jocelyn Aubert Author-X-Name-First: Jocelyn Author-X-Name-Last: Aubert Title: A risk management framework for security and integrity of networks and services Abstract: It is clearly acknowledged that, in complex sectors like telecommunications, to consider an infrastructure as fully secure, although desirable, is not realistic. The current European regulation on public communications networks is aware of this assumption and currently requires that Telecommunications Service Providers (TSPs) take appropriate technical and organizational measures to manage the risks posed to the security of networks and services. In this context, risk management has become both a key aspect for dealing with security and a main trust vector included particularly in regulations. In this context, our paper concerns the establishment of a national security risk management framework to comply with national and European regulations for TSPs. This framework is composed of two parts: a security risk management tool to be used by the TSPs and an analysis tool to be used by the regulatory authority to gather and assess the risk management reports from the TSPs. The latter is specifically used to benchmark the security level of TSPs and the security of the sector as a whole. This paper reports on the design of this framework and the challenges emerging after an entire regulatory cycle. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 987-998 Issue: 8 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1779786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1779786 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:8:p:987-998 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chunbing Bao Author-X-Name-First: Chunbing Author-X-Name-Last: Bao Author-Name: Jie Wan Author-X-Name-First: Jie Author-X-Name-Last: Wan Author-Name: Dengsheng Wu Author-X-Name-First: Dengsheng Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Jianping Li Author-X-Name-First: Jianping Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Aggregating risk matrices under a normative framework Abstract: Risk matrices have been proven as useful risk management tools, especially in the cases where data are not sufficient. Current usage of risk matrices in both literature and practice is related to single risk assessment. However, sometimes the decision makers care more about the overall risk consisting of several of single risks, which is in the scope of the aggregation of single risks measured by risk matrices. Unfortunately, two notions, namely, incomparability of different qualitative risk ratings and incomparability of different risk types, hinder the aggregation of risk matrices. Therefore, few literature studied on this issue and even ISO have not given a solution. In this paper, a general framework for risk matrix aggregation is proposed. The basic idea is to transform the risk matrices into other equivalents to operate the aggregation process. Based on this framework, three methods, namely, the fuzzy set method, the interval number, and the probability density function methods, are introduced. The three methods are applied to an illustrative example to show the feasibility of the general framework. Then these methods are compared from three different aspects, i.e., comprehensibility, complexity, and degree of explanation of risk matrix. In practice, when these methods are employed to aggregate risk matrices, the findings of this paper show that the interval number method is the least robust; though the probability density function method has a lower degree of explanation of risk matrix, it could be taken as a substitution as the fuzzy set method, thanks to its simplicity. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 999-1015 Issue: 8 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1588912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1588912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:8:p:999-1015 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Courtney M. Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Courtney M. Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Raymond J. Dezzani Author-X-Name-First: Raymond J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dezzani Title: Examining relationships between traditional vulnerability data proxies and hurricane risk perception indicators Abstract: Development, social processes, cultures, beliefs, risk perceptions, and attitudes contribute to spatial variations in vulnerability. Risk perceptions directly and indirectly affect how individuals react to and cope with risks, which can affect both pre-disaster vulnerability and post-disaster recovery. Risk perceptions influence how people develop and implement hazard mitigation and adaptation strategies to address risks before a disaster occurs. Understanding how individuals develop risk perceptions and act on them in response to hazards can provide information about existing public risk perception that is essential for the development and implementation of successful mitigation strategies. This paper presents a methodology for identifying and measuring the influence and interdependence of risk perception indicators on vulnerability at the local scale, using Sarasota County, FL as a case study. We use contingency tables to identify interdependence between categorical demographic and risk perception variables and determine ways in which significant pairings support existing literature on risk-reduction behaviours in vulnerable populations, or ways in which this information may be specific to Sarasota County, FL. Results suggest that interdependence exists between risk perceptions and demographics, but the degree of interdependence varies across specific variables, including presence of dependent populations (e.g., children under the age of 5) and duration of residency. Decision makers can use this information to identify non-traditional vulnerability indicators that influence preparation and evacuation behaviour and target customized risk communication to those populations. This information can also help decision makers identify and address attitudes or social processes that cause unequal access to information or risk reduction/mitigation resources in individuals. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 913-940 Issue: 8 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1773517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1773517 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:8:p:913-940 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dexiang Wu Author-X-Name-First: Dexiang Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Desheng Dash Wu Author-X-Name-First: Desheng Author-X-Name-Last: Dash Wu Title: Credit risk control and management using limited diversification Abstract: The diversified strategy can reduce the systematic risk efficiently, but may fail to account for emergent and default risk that many decision-makers usually face at large-scale level. Modern data-driven methodologies allow optimizing both systematic and non-systematic risks in a unified framework. In this article, we demonstrate an approach to analyze and compare partial-diversified portfolios of Credit Default Swap. We classify and investigate different metrics of credit risks and integrate them with limited diversification and other performance objectives. We test the developed approach in a study of hundreds of business contract investments over the recent financial crisis. The results indicate that the decisions using limited diversification are more robust in terms of allocation structure and out-of-sample downside risks reduction. Therefore, the partial-diversified optimization models provide alternatives to support a variety of problems involving unknown risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 958-971 Issue: 8 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2018.1485173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2018.1485173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:8:p:958-971 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Linda Kvarnlöf Author-X-Name-First: Linda Author-X-Name-Last: Kvarnlöf Author-Name: Erika Wall Author-X-Name-First: Erika Author-X-Name-Last: Wall Title: Stories of the storm: the interconnection between risk management strategies and everyday experiences of rurality Abstract: Households play an important role in risk management. In this article, we take a closer look at risk management strategies applied by rural citizens in relation to an actual situation: a specific storm. The storm chosen, named Ivar, hit the northern parts of Sweden in December 2013 and caused major blackouts and heavy problems for road and train traffic due to extensive tree falls. After the storm, there were persistent problems with electricity, Internet, telephone communications, heating and drinking water supply, especially in the affected rural areas. The aim of this article is to explore the interconnection between risk management strategies and living conditions among rural citizens affected by this storm and its aftermath. The empirical material consists of narrative interviews with households from the area most affected by the storm: a small company town where the citizens were without electricity for 5-10 days after the storm. Our analysis resulted in two broad storylines (‘stories of social dismantling’ and ‘stories of capability’) illustrating how household risk management is intertwined with subjective experiences of rurality. That is, the households made sense of their experiences of the storm by relating them to an urban norm and to the everyday experience of living in ‘the periphery’. By that, rural households’ risk management strategies can be understood as a manifestation of different power relations in society (urban/rural, centre/periphery) as well as being embedded in the everyday experience of rurality. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1016-1029 Issue: 8 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1789694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1789694 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:8:p:1016-1029 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yaojie Yue Author-X-Name-First: Yaojie Author-X-Name-Last: Yue Author-Name: Kecui Dong Author-X-Name-First: Kecui Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: Xiangwei Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Xiangwei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Xinyue Ye Author-X-Name-First: Xinyue Author-X-Name-Last: Ye Title: Assessing wild fire risk in the United States using social media data Abstract: Massive Geo-tagged social media data provide new opportunities for disaster risk assessment, prevention, and management. This article presents a proof of concept for assessing wildfire risk using Geo-tagged social media data, by taking wildfire risk as a function of wildfire hazard and social–ecological vulnerability. The case study of the United States shows that the regions with the highest wildfire hazard are concentrated in the Western, while the most vulnerable areas are mainly distributed in the Eastern, the Western Coast, and the Southern parts of the nation. Areas with high wildfire risk are mainly located in the Northwestern and Southeastern United States. It shows that the wildfire risk level has significant linear relationship with population density. Massive and vulnerable population might result in significant increase in wildfire risk perception. We conclude that Geo-tagged social media data have great potential in disaster risk studies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 972-986 Issue: 8 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569098 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:8:p:972-986 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lina Jovarauskaite Author-X-Name-First: Lina Author-X-Name-Last: Jovarauskaite Author-Name: Gisela Böhm Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Böhm Title: The emotional engagement of climate experts is related to their climate change perceptions and coping strategies Abstract: The study aimed to reveal the role of emotions in Lithuanian climate experts’ perceptions of climate change (i.e., their beliefs about the causes and risk perceptions of climate change) and fill the gap in scientific knowledge about the coping strategies that climate experts tend to employ in order to deal with climate-change-related emotions. To investigate climate experts’ emotional reactions to climate change, we applied a four-factor model comprising morality-based other- and self-related as well as consequence-based retrospective and prospective emotions. The results indicated that the climate experts showed great variation in their emotional reactions; two clusters of experts emerged – those who were emotionally engaged and those who were disengaged with regard to climate change. Emotionally engaged experts were more likely than their disengaged counterparts to emphasize anthropogenic climate change, to believe that the consequences of climate change would appear both locally and globally, and to consider the consequences to be uncontrollable, dreadful, and morally unacceptable. Emotionally engaged and disengaged climate experts agreed on the extent to which they evaluated climate change as societally disputed. Additionally, experts working in the government were more emotionally engaged with climate change issues than academics. Finally, in order to deal with climate-change-related emotions, emotionally engaged experts were more likely to invoke problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies, whereas the two groups of experts did not differ in their tendencies to avoid climate change issues. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 941-957 Issue: 8 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1779785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1779785 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:8:p:941-957 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucia Suhanyiova Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Suhanyiova Author-Name: Amy Irwin Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Irwin Author-Name: Rhona Flin Author-X-Name-First: Rhona Author-X-Name-Last: Flin Title: Product safety culture: a preliminary study in the UK manufacturing industry Abstract: Do accidents where users are injured or killed by unsafe products reveal underlying weaknesses in the safety culture of the responsible organisations? While manufacturing firms have long been concerned with organizational culture factors that relate to product quality, there has been much less attention to the relationship with consumer safety. Product safety culture can be defined as the attitudes, norms, beliefs and behaviours of staff in manufacturing organisations that affect the integrity of a product in relation to the well-being of its users. There has been limited research into this type of safety culture, with the exception of several studies from the food industry. This exploratory study in one large company adopted a qualitative approach to identify the dimensions of product safety culture in the manufacture of engineered products. Study 1 consisted of phone interviews (8 managers, 2 workforce). Study 2 was on two UK manufacturing sites where interviews and focus groups were conducted (46 participants in total: 7 managers, 39 workforce). The transcriptions were coded using inductive thematic analysis to identify the main components of product safety culture. The findings indicated six principal dimensions: management commitment to product safety, communication, safety systems, trust, understanding of safety systems and product safety ethic. The first five dimensions are well-established components of culture relating to worker and process safety. The last dimension appears to be a distinctive component (compared to other types of safety culture) relating to an employee’s moral and ethical stance toward product safety, where user well-being is considered during product manufacture. This ethical component is a more novel feature which suggests that fostering concern for unknown product users may be an additional facet of product safety culture worth investigating in the effort to reduce the risks to consumers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1030-1048 Issue: 8 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1805637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1805637 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:8:p:1030-1048 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeremy M. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Clifford A. Grammich Author-X-Name-First: Clifford A. Author-X-Name-Last: Grammich Title: Protecting brands from counterfeiting risks: tactics of a total business solution Abstract: Firms may employ different approaches to protect their products. Previous research has typologized the tactics that firms might use in differing ways; among these have been tactics associated with individual products, those undertaken with partners, and whether a tactic is internally or externally focused. Yet there has been no systematic consideration of all the tactics firms might employ in protecting their brands. This research seeks to identify all the tactics that firms might use in a total business solution to brand protection. We gathered suggested tactics from 42 respondents (representing ranks such as managers, directors, vice presidents), 33 representing global, widely recognizable brand-owning firms and the remainder from universities or associations. Altogether, our respondents suggested 1,347 tactics, of which 756 were unique (many respondents from differing firms suggested similar tactics). Using a grounded-theory approach, we classified these tactics into 12 categories and dozens of subcategories. We found some differences in suggested tactics by firm size, as well as in depth and breadth of suggested tactics. More important, however, we found the role of brand protection is far greater than what previous research and taxonomies suggest. We confirm the presence of previous tactics, but identify many more as well, affirming the relevance of a total business solution. These included categories of tactics supporting each of the six principles of the total business solution: emphasizing prevention, proactivity, and strategy; identifying the infringer as the unseen competitor; creating and relying on performance metrics and using data and analysis to mitigate risk; creating a culture of continuous improvement and embracing learning; highlighting the value of internal and external controls and mechanisms for detecting and responding to infringements; and promoting a holistic approach that integrates and coordinates all parts of the firm for brand protection. Future research based on larger, random samples of a broader variety of firms may find still additional tactics or map these tactics to larger strategies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1141-1160 Issue: 9 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1806908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1806908 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:9:p:1141-1160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Llewellyn Leonard Author-X-Name-First: Llewellyn Author-X-Name-Last: Leonard Author-Name: Rolf Lidskog Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Lidskog Title: Industrial scientific expertise and civil society engagement: reflexive scientisation in the South Durban Industrial Basin, South Africa Abstract: Although the significance of scientific expertise is often proposed and empirically illustrated in academic literature, it is still unclear how environmental expertise becomes authoritative, and how its legitimacy can be challenged. In order to understand the interplay between scientific expertise and civil society engagement, this paper examines how industrial scientific expertise has worked with surrounding communities and civil society to inform scientific decisions, and for the co-creation of scientific knowledge formations. A particular case is analysed, that of the South Durban Industrial Basin in KwaZulu-Natal. This area comprises a mixed use of residential areas juxtaposed with heavy industries. Scientific expertise, especially within the industrial sectors, is therefore important in the prevention, alleviation and management of risks to residents, society and the environment. The study finds that there is poor engagement between scientific expertise with communities and civil society, not least when it comes to environmental issues. A reason for this is poor governance, enforcement and leadership with an overriding objective of industrial expansion for economic development by both government and industry. Another reason is that, with a few exceptions, the communities have mainly been concerned about socio-economic issues. This has resulted in a double bind, where scientific expertise and government have not shared environmental information with civil society at the same as the civil society, has not on the whole requested it. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1127-1140 Issue: 9 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1805638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1805638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:9:p:1127-1140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clare Cannon Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Cannon Author-Name: Kevin Fox Gotham Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Fox Author-X-Name-Last: Gotham Author-Name: Katie Lauve-Moon Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Lauve-Moon Author-Name: Brad Powers Author-X-Name-First: Brad Author-X-Name-Last: Powers Title: From the general to the specific: the influence of confidence and trust on flood risk perception Abstract: This study advances scholarly debate on the impact of confidence and trust on flood risk perceptions using data from a random sample of 403 residents in New Orleans, a U.S. coastal city with hundreds of miles of levees to protect the city from flooding. The research focuses on several predictors including specific trust measures of local, state, and federal authorities, sociodemographic characteristics, and experience with flood damage. Using ordinal logistic regression, we find that residents who perceive the levee system as unlikely to protect their homes and the city are significantly more likely to perceive an increased risk of flooding. Previous flood experience, age, female gender, and race were also significant predictors of flood risk perception. In contrast to prevailing risk research that has found that general trust and general confidence negatively affect risk perception, our findings show mixed support for the hypothesis that higher levels of confidence and trust result in lower perceptions of risk. Our findings reveal the nuances of risk perception and suggest that specific notions of trust and confidence can have positive and negative influences on flood risk perception depending on respondent views toward flood protection systems and specific institutions and government agencies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1161-1179 Issue: 9 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1806909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1806909 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:9:p:1161-1179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Doo-Hun Choi Author-X-Name-First: Doo-Hun Author-X-Name-Last: Choi Title: The impact of media use on policy support on fine dust problem in South Korea’s atmosphere: the mediating role of attribution of responsibility and perceived risk Abstract: Analyzing data from a nationwide online panel survey in South Korea, this study examined the impact of media use on attribution of responsibility to individuals and the government, perceived risk, and policy support regarding the problem of fine dust in the atmosphere. Our study found that media use had a direct and indirect effect on policy support through attribution of responsibility to individuals and the government and perceived risk related to the air pollution problem. The results also showed that people’s attribution of responsibility to individuals and the government played a large role in mediating the association between media use and perceived risk, which could consequently affect support for public policy aimed at mitigating the fine dust problem. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1101-1112 Issue: 9 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1801809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1801809 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:9:p:1101-1112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Siv Rebekka Runhovde Author-X-Name-First: Siv Rebekka Author-X-Name-Last: Runhovde Title: Risking Munch. The art of balancing accessibility and security in museums Abstract: The art of expressionist painter Edvard Munch has been the target of numerous thefts in Norway. This article considers the history of risk management in two victimized museums, and the influence of past challenges on contemporary views regarding the role of security. Empirical research suggest that the institutions studied, by giving priority to accessibility and art mediation, combined with unawareness of risk and lack of funding, have compromised security and inadvertently made the art a suitable target for crime. Demonstrating a reactive rather than a proactive approach to risk management, victimization and public exposure of security oversights have led to gradual policy changes in the museums. While stricter security has deterred thefts, several respondents described the response as over-securitization, with counterproductive effects on staff and visitors. Findings reveal that the responsibility to ensure public access, stimulate art appreciation and safeguard collections represents a conflict of interest between professionals working in museums that continue to challenge the development of preventative measures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1113-1126 Issue: 9 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1801810 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1801810 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:9:p:1113-1126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justine Bedford Author-X-Name-First: Justine Author-X-Name-Last: Bedford Author-Name: Luke van der Laan Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: van der Laan Title: Operationalising a framework for organisational vulnerability to intentional insider threat: the OVIT as a valid and reliable diagnostic tool Abstract: There are several models and frameworks that assist in understanding insider threat. However, practical limitations in operationalising these models include them being overly complex, too subjective, cumbersome, or lacking dimensionality. In response, this study looks to operationalise a practice-based framework for determining organisational vulnerability to intentional insider threat. The study reports on an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to determine the validity and reliability of the Organisational Vulnerability to Intentional Insider Threat (OVIT) diagnostic tool. The EFA results (construct validity and reliability statistics) show promise for the use of the OVIT in operationalising intentional insider threat detection. Limitations of the study are presented and future research progressing this exploratory study are encouraged. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1180-1203 Issue: 9 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1806910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1806910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:9:p:1180-1203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Weirui Wang Author-X-Name-First: Weirui Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Lei Guo Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Guo Title: Benefits and risks of genetically modified mosquitoes: news and Twitter framing across issue-attention cycle Abstract: This study examines how online news and Twitter framed the discussion about genetically modified mosquitoes differently in response to Zika as the issue-attention cycle progressed. Results show that Twitter discussions relied on recurring frames. By contrast, online news media used a wider variety of benefit and risk frames than Twitter, which helped generate new knowledge. The issue-attention cycle did make a difference in the frame used. We observed a dramatic decline in benefit coverage in Twitter but not in online news media coverage. For Twitter, risk coverage spiked in the middle stages of the cycle. There was nearly no mention of risk at the beginning and ending stages of the cycle in Twitter coverage. Online news media presented a different pattern that benefit coverage was constantly high and risk coverage stably increased as the issue-attention cycle progressed. Implications are discussed in light of the media characteristics. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1086-1100 Issue: 9 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1801808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1801808 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:9:p:1086-1100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dominic George Duckett Author-X-Name-First: Dominic George Author-X-Name-Last: Duckett Author-Name: Altea Lorenzo-Arribas Author-X-Name-First: Altea Author-X-Name-Last: Lorenzo-Arribas Author-Name: Graham Horgan Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Horgan Author-Name: Anna Conniff Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Conniff Title: Amplification without the event: the rise of the flexitarian Abstract: The social amplification of risk framework typically represents consequential effects associated with high levels of media attention proceeding from an initial risk event. This study considers selective meat-eating as risk-related social behaviour that is evidently not initiated by a single event yet, nevertheless, is demonstrably subject to extensive and broad-based media coverage. Recent reported trends indicate a rise in so-called ‘flexitarianism’ and reducetarianism’ whereby people choose to restrict their consumption of meat in favour of a more plant-based diet. Through a content analysis of UK newspaper articles, we support claims from recent survey data that ‘environmental concerns’, ‘animal welfare issues’ and ‘health considerations’ are all strongly associated with decisions to eat less meat. Our study extends the explanatory scope of risk amplification by showing a more nuanced relationship between media coverage and risk-related behaviour in the case of selective meat-eating. Our findings have wider implications for risk communication and the role of the media in other contexts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1049-1071 Issue: 9 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1800066 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1800066 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:9:p:1049-1071 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Altaaf Osman Author-X-Name-First: Altaaf Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Author-Name: Charlene C. Lew Author-X-Name-First: Charlene C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lew Title: Developing a framework of institutional risk culture for strategic decision-making Abstract: Although practitioners have long sought to define risk culture, its role in strategic decision-making is not yet well understood. This paper addresses this gap from an institutional theory and organisational culture perspective. Findings from a qualitative study in the automotive industry provide insights into the importance of risk culture in strategic decision-making. Based on the findings, we propose a framework for understanding the different factors of risk culture that affect strategic decision-making. This yields insights into the facets of risk culture and highlights the role that both the board as well as management play in driving a risk culture and fostering the values and behaviours required for enabling risk appropriate strategic decisions. Management may use the findings to define a culture that will drive risk-appropriate behaviour, create alignment for the organisation, allow for transparency and accountability and foster improved strategic decision-making. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1072-1085 Issue: 9 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1801806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1801806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:24:y:2021:i:9:p:1072-1085 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chunhua Niu Author-X-Name-First: Chunhua Author-X-Name-Last: Niu Author-Name: Zhixin Jiang Author-X-Name-First: Zhixin Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang Author-Name: Hongbing Liu Author-X-Name-First: Hongbing Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Kehu Yang Author-X-Name-First: Kehu Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Xuping Song Author-X-Name-First: Xuping Author-X-Name-Last: Song Author-Name: Zhihong Li Author-X-Name-First: Zhihong Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: The influence of media consumption on public risk perception: a meta-analysis Abstract: Media is an important explanatory variable in the research on the social amplification of risk; the public often perceives risks in social life through media consumption such as by relying on, using, and trusting the media dialectically. Currently, researchers have not reached a consistent conclusion about the relationship between media consumption and public risk perception (PRP). This study uses meta-analysis to integrate empirical literature and conducts a more in-depth and systematic analysis of the relationship between media consumption and PRP. The results show that (1) there is no significant correlation between general media use (GMU) and PRP, there is positive relationship between selective media exposure (SMEX) and PRP, and there is no significant correlation between media source credibility (MSC) and PRP. (2) Further meta-regression and subgroup analyses show that country type significantly moderates the relationship between GMU and PRP. Compared with high uncertainty avoidance countries, the relationship between GMU and PRP in low uncertainty avoidance countries is stronger. Moreover, risk type significantly moderates the relationship between SMEX and PRP. Compared with terrorist crime, environmental, accident and other types of risks, the SMEX is more positively correlated with public’s food safety and health risk perception. In addition, media type moderates the relationship between MSC and PRP. Compared with traditional media and internet social media, the MSC of mixed media have a stronger positive relationship with PRP. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 21-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1819385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1819385 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:21-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yinghui Cao Author-X-Name-First: Yinghui Author-X-Name-Last: Cao Author-Name: Nianjie Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Nianjie Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Xuliang Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Xuliang Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Jiahua Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Jiahua Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Warning dissemination and public response in China’s new warning system: evidence from a strong convective event in Qingdao City Abstract: The Chinese national emergency warning system has been officially launched since 2015 to provide multi-hazard warnings to the public, but its efficiency and effectiveness remain unclear. Based on a dataset of 914 samples collected short after a hazardous convective weather event in Qingdao, this paper investigates the dissemination efficiency and behavior-changing effectiveness of various warning communication approaches used in the Chinese system. The results show that the total reception rate of meteorological warnings was 36%, yet to be improved. Out of the three communication approaches, direct transmission by officials was the most effective in fostering risk perception and stimulating behavior, but exhibited the lowest dissemination efficiency. Social diffusion also played a vital role in warning dissemination, followed by media relaying, but both lacked cognitive and behavioral effectiveness. Environmental cues served as an important source supplemental to meteorological warnings, but were subject to a high level of uncertainty and inconsistency. Finally, gender, age and education level of the warning recipients were found to influence the dissemination efficiency and behavioral effectiveness of the three warning approaches to varied extent. These results are partially consistent with previous findings in countries with well-developed warning systems, but shed light on the areas for further improvement of the Chinese warning system, as well as the establishment of efficient and effective new warning systems in other contexts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 67-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1905694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1905694 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:67-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abroon Qazi Author-X-Name-First: Abroon Author-X-Name-Last: Qazi Author-Name: Mecit Can Emre Simsekler Author-X-Name-First: Mecit Can Emre Author-X-Name-Last: Simsekler Title: Quality assessment of enterprise risk management programs Abstract: Enterprise risk management (ERM) is an important process for organizations to manage risks and identify opportunities in a holistic manner. Earlier studies have explored antecedents and consequences of ERM programs considering organizational, procedural, technical, and other related factors. However, limited evidence is available regarding the effectiveness of ERM programs. Using semi-structured interviews with ERM experts, this paper explores how experts assess the efficacy and quality of ERM programs and whether they adopt project management (PM) and total quality management (TQM) tools for implementing and improving the ERM program. Further, the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique is used to explore causality among factors influencing the efficacy of an ERM program. The findings of this study provide useful insights to both practitioners and researchers to better understand the importance of assessing and enhancing the quality of ERM programs, and establish cause-effect relationships across factors influencing the efficacy of such programs. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 92-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2021 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1913633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1913633 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2021:i:1:p:92-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hajime Sato Author-X-Name-First: Hajime Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Author-Name: Andrew Webster Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Webster Title: Mixed effects of mass media reports on the social amplification of risk: frequencies and frames of the BSE reports in newspaper media in the UK Abstract: The social amplification of risk framework explains why risks provoke public concerns, and presumes that risk signals and societal responses are determinants of the social process by which risks can be amplified or attenuated. This process considers mass media as central to disseminating information, and a conventional view suggests that media hype risks and increase public fear. This study aimed to examine how the discovery of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), the newspaper reports regarding its potential transmission to humans, and the following social events were framed in the UK, and how media functioned in the process of the social amplification of BSE risks. Newspaper articles were collected from archives of the five UK national dailies for the period 1985–2008, and were coded according to the frames, geographic focus, policy discussion and their slant, and the argument bases for policy discussions. The changes in frequency and frames over time were examined. The number of published articles increased, as BSE-related events occurred. Agriculture and trade remained dominant themes, followed by commerce and incident details. Factual reports, including neutral policy discussions, dominated the articles. When advocacy was evident, appeals for weaker policy measures appeared most frequently, favoring balance between objectives and addressing the rational acceptance of health risks. Newspaper media contributed to the social amplification of BSE risks, responding to societal events by producing numerous alarming articles that did not originate from any single health or industry viewpoint but dominated the press with factual reports. Policy advocacy was suppressed by arguments for the rational acceptance of risks. Such media behaviors demonstrated ambivalence, and may have amplified the risks less than expected, without isolating health risks, increasing public fear, or advocating stronger government policies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 48-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1905691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1905691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:48-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sonia Brondi Author-X-Name-First: Sonia Author-X-Name-Last: Brondi Author-Name: Federico Neresini Author-X-Name-First: Federico Author-X-Name-Last: Neresini Author-Name: Andrea Sciandra Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Sciandra Title: The social representation of nanotechnologies and its relationships with those of science and technology: Making familiar the unfamiliar between enthusiasm and caution Abstract: This study examined the social representation (SR) of nanotechnologies and its relationships with those of science and technology. It aimed to understand the role of pre-existing and neighbouring forms of shared knowledge in orienting the way laypeople autonomously develop ideas about an unfamiliar issue, and related implications for its perceived risks and public acceptance or rejection. The study involved 489 Italian participants, stratified according to gender, age and education level. They completed an ad-hoc questionnaire with multiple free association tasks to the word-stimuli nanotechnologies, science and technology, and close-ended questions to gauge ‘familiarity’ levels with nanotechnologies and ‘engagement’ in nanotechnologies through media. The results suggested the presence of a rather shared and organised SR of nanotechnologies whose content is cautiously enthusiastic. The biomedical domain seems to be the most easily accepted field of application for nanotechnologies, indicating a ‘preferential channel’ through which they could be more welcome and trusted. Concerning inter-representation relationships, comparisons among SRs identified a strong connection among these three objects, indicating the existence of a coherent representation system where the SR of nanotechnologies is nested in those of science and technology, which, in turn, are in a reciprocal relationship. Fine-grained comparisons allowed for grasping further insights. The results showed that the SR of nanotechnologies is the least enthusiastic, highlighting critical voices among laypeople, although peripherally. Specifically, it presents elements of perceived risks and rejection on one hand, and elements indicating a detached approach in which individuals struggle to detect potentialities and advantages on the other, contrary to what has been found for science and technology at large. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 113-137 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1936606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1936606 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:113-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hugh D. Walpole Author-X-Name-First: Hugh D. Author-X-Name-Last: Walpole Author-Name: Robyn S. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Robyn S. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Title: Both analysis and feelings? The influence of risk beliefs on holistic risk judgments through dual systems using the ESSA model Abstract: Considerable previous research has examined factors that make up risk perception (its content), and the mechanisms through which risk is perceived (the process(es)). Content-based models have the advantage of identifying specific beliefs that may be out of line with expert judgments, while process-based models are better able to isolate specific mechanisms through which beliefs operate. Despite the advantages of both types, to date most models of risk perception have focused on either one or the other. Here we present and test a revised version of the content-based model tested in Walpole and Wilson (2021) that includes exposure to hazards, susceptibility to consequences and the magnitude of consequences (risk beliefs) and affective responses to hazards. We arrange these concepts in a mediated format that is capable of representing the deliberative and affective processes through which risk beliefs are integrated into holistic risk judgments. We test two versions of the model using a sample of undergraduate students (n = 422), one in which risk beliefs operate independently of one another, and another where the effects of risk beliefs interact with one another. We find evidence to suggest that affective responses are a plausible mediator between risk beliefs and holistic risk judgments, suggesting that this arrangement of the model is capable of representing both deliberative and affective pathways for apprehending risk. Further we find evidence to suggest that the effects of risk beliefs augment one another in elevating holistic risk judgments through both pathways. We close by discussing implications for risk communication and directions for future research. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1907610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1907610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:1-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nina Heidenstrøm Author-X-Name-First: Nina Author-X-Name-Last: Heidenstrøm Title: The utility of social practice theory in risk research Abstract: Social science risk studies often begin with one of two starting points: a particular risk, such as that of natural or technical disasters, or, alternately, with the individual experiencing risk. But risk may not be the guiding concept for how people act in the social world. This article explores how social practice theory broadens the possible starting points for social science risk research and in turn improve our understanding of risk. It does so by drawing on existing empirical studies within risk research that make use of practice-oriented theories and outline three essential arguments for practice-based risk research. First, that risk is understood as embedded in socially shared practices, second, that risk is routinised, and third, that risk is present in both social and material relations. Together, these arguments make out an analytical starting point of ‘practices of interest and intersecting practices’, representing a methodological situationalism, where actions rather than actors are at the core of research. In conclusion, a sensibility for practice in risk research is suggested. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 236-251 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1936608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1936608 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:236-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maeve Carys McLoughlin Author-X-Name-First: Maeve Carys Author-X-Name-Last: McLoughlin Title: Charting the global rise of the modern plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 268-270 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1947873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1947873 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:268-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Heyerdahl Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Heyerdahl Title: Risk assessment without the risk? A controversy about security and risk in Norway Abstract: Security and ‘securing’ is high on the public agenda. Questions are raised on where, to what degree and against what the government and others should introduce preventive security measures. This article investigates a controversy in Norway about the role of probability in risk assessment within security. The article asks how the question of the probability of incidents is problematized and addressed by actors involved. It discusses how the controversy can be interpreted and what it might tell us about security and risk. The article builds on an exploratory study of the reasoning of security professionals in relation to a standard on security risk assessment. It shows how the downplaying of probability is defended, but also how it creates dilemmas and is criticized. The argument against estimating probability is that it is often difficult or impossible. Probability is, however, also a moderating factor. Probability turns unlikely futures into lower risks than likely futures. Those arguing against the security risk standard point to the consequence of downplaying probability in risk estimates. A key finding is how risk assessment in areas of low tolerance for incidents introduces a discrepancy that is difficult to handle. On the one hand, security analysts are supposed to deal with threats as risks, implying scaling, comparison and level of acceptance. On the other hand, they are supposed to create security, implying the opposite of scaling and risk acceptance. Risk assessment becomes difficult if there is little appetite for taking risk. Michael Power’s three ideal models of risk management logics are introduced in the discussion as heuristic tools of a sensitizing kind. The article concludes that risk research could benefit from engaging with security theory, to investigate how risk management might be shaped by security practises. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 252-267 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1936610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1936610 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:252-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. O. Okoli Author-X-Name-First: J. O. Author-X-Name-Last: Okoli Author-Name: J. Watt Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Watt Author-Name: G. Weller Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Weller Title: A naturalistic decision-making approach to managing non-routine fire incidents: evidence from expert firefighters Abstract: The current paper builds on the naturalistic decision-making paradigm to advance the meaning and application of expert intuition in real-life settings. While conventional models of expert intuition often link intuitive competence to pattern recognition skills, the current paper advances prior knowledge by demonstrating that intuitive expertise is inextricably linked to actors’ ability to discriminate between subtle informational cues through the process of information filtering. Drawing on data from a phenomenological study involving thirty (30) fireground commanders (UK = 15, Nigeria = 15), the study utilised the critical decision method (CDM) to explore the cognitive strategies utilised by these expert fire-fighters. The method entailed that each expert participant shared a retrospective non-routine fire incident that particularly challenged their expertise, allowing the resulting qualitative data to be coded and analysed using a combination of emergent themes analysis (ETA) and interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Specifically, the paper develops and discusses: (i) a theoretical model of intuition that emerged directly from the expert incident accounts (ii) an inventory of forty-two critical cues that aided expert decision-making on the fireground, alongside a cue classification framework. Competence on the fireground was found to be a function of experts’ cue discriminatory and information filtering abilities that subsequently allowed information from multiple sources to be processed and utilised efficiently. Although the firefighting domain formed the central focus of this study, findings are deemed generalisable across other high-risk organisations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 198-217 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1936609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1936609 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:198-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian G. J. Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Ian G. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: Yaniv Hanoch Author-X-Name-First: Yaniv Author-X-Name-Last: Hanoch Title: Anthropogenic risk creation: understanding and addressing the challenges via a conceptual model Abstract: Humans create many risks, ranging from those that are relatively negligible and easily managed to those that are far less wieldy and pose a threat to the existence of humanity, the lives of numerous other species and/or the functionality of local and global ecosystems. The literature on the process of anthropogenic risk creation is limited and piecemeal, and there has been far greater emphasis on using reactive approaches to deal with anthropogenic risks (e.g. risk management) rather than on employing proactive approaches to avert further risk creation (e.g. responsible innovation). An obvious starting point for averting or reducing future anthropogenic risk creation is to understand better the generic features of the risk creation process and to identify points at which the creation process might be better controlled or averted. To this end, this paper presents a simplified conceptual Model of Anthropogenic Risk Creation (MARC) that provides a broad descriptive overview of the sequential stages that appear to have been evident in several historic and contemporary instances of anthropogenic risk creation. By explicating the stages in the risk creation process, MARC highlights the key points at which more attention could be given (e.g. by innovators, policymaker, regulators) to implementing or encouraging greater risk prevention or limitation. Moreover, MARC can help to stimulate critical debate about the extent to which humanity inadvertently creates adverse conditions, such as those that inhibit human prosperity and sustainability, and the extent to which anthropogenic risk creation is adequately understood, researched and managed. This paper also critically reflects upon related issues, such as risk creation as a learning process and the relative merits of initiatives to promote greater responsibility in research and innovation. Important areas for future research on the anthropogenic risk creation process are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 218-235 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1913630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1913630 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:218-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vincent Bouchet Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchet Author-Name: Hugo Dayan Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Dayan Author-Name: Camille Contoux Author-X-Name-First: Camille Author-X-Name-Last: Contoux Title: Finance and climate science: worlds apart? Abstract: There is growing interest in the impact of climate change on the financial system. For financial institutions, the development of knowledge specific to climate risks requires collaboration with the academic sphere, and in particular with climate scientists. However, five years after the Paris agreement, such collaborations are scarce. Through a compared analysis of the perception and management of climate risks by financial risk managers and climate scientists, we seek to understand how different risk perceptions can be an obstacle to collaboration between these two social groups. To this end, we adopt an interdisciplinary approach based on the results of semi-structured interviews. We identify two types of differences that constitute obstacles: differences in valuation, linked to the perception of the climate threat and the vulnerability of the financial system, and differences in the construction of a relationship of risk, related to the modelling, organisation and communication of risk and uncertainty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 176-197 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1913635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1913635 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:176-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Apoorva Joshi Author-X-Name-First: Apoorva Author-X-Name-Last: Joshi Title: Motivating sustainable behaviors by framing biodiversity loss as a public health risk Abstract: Earth’s biodiversity is being lost at an alarming rate. Researchers have consistently underscored the need to conserve biodiversity not only for the sake of the environment, but also to safeguard human health itself. Biodiversity loss is a chronic, largely abstract risk that is difficult for people to visualize tangibly. This can limit what people think they can do to help conserve it. However, experts regularly implore the wider adoption of more sustainable behaviors because these are linked to both conserving biodiversity and improving the long-term quality of human life. This study centrally examines whether framing the risk of biodiversity loss in terms of its impacts on human health can persuade people to adopt recommended sustainable behaviors to protect themselves against its harmful effects on their health. A survey-based experiment testing the effect of risk-framed messages found that low-risk messages were associated with higher risk perceptions, fear, efficacy, and protection motivation than high-risk messages. The primary contribution of this study is the mapping of causal pathways between factors in the protection motivation model in the context of a chronic, global environmental and health risk. A moderated serial mediation analysis demonstrates how risk perceptions, fear, response and self-efficacy, maladaptive rewards, and response costs influence intentions to adopt sustainable behaviors. In exploring the effects of efficacy independent of the coping appraisal additive, findings show that efficacy moderates the impact of risk perceptions on fear, and coping appraisal moderates the impact of fear on protection motivation. A broader conceptualization of efficacy and implications for sustainability campaigns, practice, and future research are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 156-175 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1913634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1913634 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:156-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily L. Howell Author-X-Name-First: Emily L. Author-X-Name-Last: Howell Author-Name: Patrice Kohl Author-X-Name-First: Patrice Author-X-Name-Last: Kohl Author-Name: Dietram A. Scheufele Author-X-Name-First: Dietram A. Author-X-Name-Last: Scheufele Author-Name: Sarah Clifford Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Clifford Author-Name: Anqi Shao Author-X-Name-First: Anqi Author-X-Name-Last: Shao Author-Name: Michael A. Xenos Author-X-Name-First: Michael A. Author-X-Name-Last: Xenos Author-Name: Dominique Brossard Author-X-Name-First: Dominique Author-X-Name-Last: Brossard Title: Enhanced threat or therapeutic benefit? Risk and benefit perceptions of human gene editing by purpose and heritability of edits Abstract: Public discourse and deliberation are key to developing socially responsible and acceptable human gene editing research and applications. Researchers have raised concerns, however, that discourse about heritable gene edits, especially for non-therapeutic (or enhancement) purposes, might negatively bias public opinion of applications, including non-heritable edits to cure or prevent disease. Yet limited research exists examining how information about different gene editing applications elicits different perceptions of the technology. Using a U.S.-representative sample and survey-embedded experiment, we tested how exposure to information about different types of edits affects support and perceptions of benefits, risks, and moral acceptability of human gene editing. We randomly assigned respondents to a control or to an experimental condition in which they read information about one of four broad types of potential applications: (1) heritable edits for enhancement; (2) heritable edits for therapy; (3) non-heritable edits for enhancement; (4) non-heritable edits for therapy. Respondents then answered questions tapping multiple dimensions of support for and risk/benefit perceptions of human gene editing. Our results indicate partial evidence that exposure to information about heritable and/or enhancement edits colors perceptions of human gene editing more broadly but also that support for therapeutic edits is robust. Participants who read information about therapy edits perceived human gene editing in general more favorably in terms of benefits, risks, and moral acceptability than did participants who read about enhancements. Exposure to information about therapy versus enhancement edits, however, did not significantly influence support for therapy edits in particular. Heritability of edits had significant influence only on perceived risk, with heritable edits triggering higher risk perceptions. Interestingly, heritability seems to primarily affect views of risk of gene editing but not views of benefits, moral acceptability, or levels of support. We did not find differing effects depending on whether heritable edits were for therapy or enhancement. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 139-155 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1806911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1806911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:139-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jens O. Zinn Author-X-Name-First: Jens O. Author-X-Name-Last: Zinn Author-Name: Marcus Müller Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Title: Understanding discourse and language of risk Abstract: Understanding risk communication in the public sphere is important for risk studies since the management of risk not only requires decision makers and experts to communicate risk well but also to understand how risk is debated in the public sphere more broadly. This special issue therefore discusses approaches which examine the linguistic representation of risk in text and how it changes over time. With the increasing body of digitised text available for research, scholars are now able to use advanced quantitative content analysis, text mining technologies, and corpus linguistic computational tools for the analysis of large text corpora. These advancements are also useful for risk studies and social science research. Specifically, the news media and other bodies of large text (corpora) built from, for example, parliamentary debate, social media, or government websites, have become a valuable resource for the analysis of language and discourse of risk which can be used to better understand the dynamics of risk communication in the public sphere. The contributions exemplify different research strategies by means of a number of case studies (e.g. terrorism, obesity, fracking, climate change, pre-exposure prophylaxis, migration as well as diachronic analysis of the use of risk in parliamentary debate and news coverage) and discuss key aspects of applying such research tools. This introduction outlines the central features of different ways to approach risk through discourse and language, before highlighting unresolved issues and the prospects for research and methodology of corpus-based risk studies and, finally, introducing the contributions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 271-284 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.2020883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.2020883 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:271-284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Grazia Galantino Author-X-Name-First: Maria Grazia Author-X-Name-Last: Galantino Title: The use of risk language in migration discourse. A comparative exploration of German and Italian newspapers Abstract: Media studies emphasise the increasing use of security frames in migration reporting around the world, but they rarely engage in systematic analysis of risk language. Studying the use of risk language in media discourse could advance our understanding of how migration has come to be perceived, staged and handled as a risk by discursively constructing links to possible future harm for the security of individuals and societies. Using a dictionary-based approach, this study examines how the word ‘risk’ and other close terms, such as ‘danger’ and ‘threat’, are used in the press coverage of migration in Germany and Italy in 2015–16. The findings show that different risk words not only coexist but often compete with each other to convey specific interpretations of the issue. By associating migration to specific topics of debate the media emphasise harmful consequences for the host societies and trigger an understanding of migration as a threat to security. These findings draw attention to the interaction between the construction and the control of risk, and to the performative power of language in mobilizing symbolic and material resources to address social issues. The study also confirms that systematic analysis of media texts can offer a more informed understanding of the relation between analytical and lay concepts of risk, even if variations across languages suggest some caution when using a comparative approach to study risk discourse. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 331-346 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.2001673 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.2001673 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:331-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirill Gavrilov Author-X-Name-First: Kirill Author-X-Name-Last: Gavrilov Title: Who is to blame for the terrorist attack? Comparison of content analysis and survey data as sources of responsibility ascriptions Abstract: There is a growing body of research that uses different content analysis techniques to study risk and related issues. In this article, we focused on the question of how analysis of textual data relates to individual judgments, specifically responsibility ascriptions after the case of a terrorist attack. Our methodological goal was to assess the agreement between the results obtained via unobtrusive methods and evaluations extracted from survey data. Our substantive goal was to examine the specificity of responsibility attributions in the situation of a terrorist attack based on manual content analyses of blog posts. We addressed these questions in three empirical studies. The first focused on the 2011 Domodedovo Airport bombing. A content analysis of a random sample of 1050 posts showed that individual terrorists are rarely blamed in contrast to other actors. This unexpected finding inspired the subsequent studies. In the second study, a content analysis of essays written by students about terrorist attacks in Volgograd in 2013 (n = 26) was used in conjunction with an online survey of these students. The result was that almost all the actors had high blame ratings, even actors not mentioned in the essays. A third study examined the 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting. Apart from essays and an online survey of students (n = 80), we also conducted a manual content analysis of blog posts (n = 300). We found weak, but important evidence for concurrence of content analysis and survey data: students who mentioned French authorities in essays indeed blamed this actor higher in the survey. In conclusion, content analysis proved to be a suitable tool for inferring responsibility ascriptions from textual data, but reconstructed evaluations from texts do not always correspond to the opinion poll data. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 285-302 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1990111 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1990111 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:285-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke C. Collins Author-X-Name-First: Luke C. Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and ‘risk’ in the news Abstract: This study investigates ‘risk’ as discussed in news coverage and in relation to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): a treatment that has been proven to restrict the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the U.S. and the U.K. & Ireland, there are issues concerning the provision and take-up of PrEP, which can lead to health inequalities. Raising awareness and tackling stigma are priorities in ensuring that those who would benefit from PrEP can access it, since these are reported to be obstacles to potential users seeking out the treatment. The media has been shown to be an important resource for public understanding of health issues and there is evidence to suggest that the news media have contributed to the uncertainty and stigma around PrEP, which has discouraged some from supporting and taking PrEP. In this study, I examine a corpus of 1424 news articles on PrEP (1,017,743 words) from the U.S. and the U.K. & Ireland, in the period 2016–2019. Using methods from corpus linguistics, I show that forms of ‘risk’ appear to a statistically significant degree in the data, providing a quantitative basis on which to explore these in more detail. Focusing on publications that use a high proportion of 'risk' words (compared with the overall average), I show that the focus on various risks associated with PrEP differs according to publication and that references to ‘risk’ are used both to advocate for the wider provision of PrEP and to caution against the effects of providing PrEP, i.e. concerns about ‘risk compensation’. Corpus methods are shown to augment existing studies of PrEP coverage, providing a systematic method for identifying recurrent lexical features in the data and thereby showing how we can report the linguistic aspects of risk representation.CDC, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; NAT, National Aids Trust; PrEP, Pre-exposure prophylaxis; WHO, World Health Organisation. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 379-394 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1894470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1894470 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:379-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Rooke Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Rooke Author-Name: Adam Burgess Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Burgess Title: Mapping and characterising changes to risk amplification within the British Press: 1985–2017 Abstract: British news media were central to the amplification of health risk concerns in the late 1990s and early 2000s such as mobile phone radiation, genetically modified foods and the MMR vaccine, which made an international impact. Few comparable examples seemed to follow, suggesting this was a distinctive period of risk amplification. This impression was investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Content analyses were conducted on a corpus of British risk reporting (n = 63,423) from across the range of daily national newspapers. Quantitative content analysis investigated changes to the volume of risk-based news publication, alongside the expression of sensationalist and politicising language. The qualitative content analysis utilised a rhetorical framing analysis to explore the changes to risk amplifying news frames across a sample of highly amplified news stories (n = 1490). The framing analysis sought to investigate temporal changes to the expression of uncertainty, certainty, blame, trust, stigma and dread within risk reporting. We found evidence that there was an early peak period and subsequent waning of amplification. Further, we identified four distinct periods of risk reporting which are elaborated in the paper: a period of low risk amplification between 1985-1994; a second period of high-risk amplification between 1995-2004; a third period of low but distinct amplification between 2005-2014; and an ongoing contemporary and more speculatively defined period from 2015 of higher amplification. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 303-316 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1881993 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1881993 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:303-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcus Müller Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Müller Author-Name: Ruth M. Mell Author-X-Name-First: Ruth M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mell Title: ‘Risk’ in political discourse. A corpus approach to semantic change in German Bundestag debates Abstract: Our paper presents a diachronic corpus linguistic approach to the conceptualisation and framing of ‘risk’ in German parliamentary discourse. We analyse all occurrences of risk based on the complete collection of plenary protocols of the German Bundestag covering the legislative periods 1–18 (1949–2017). We apply methods used in Digital Discourse Analysis to show how the concept of ‘risk’ changes through time. Therefore, we investigate co-occurrences to find typical collocations and contexts. We measured three peaks: the first in the late 1950s, the second from the 1970s onwards, and the third in the first decade of the new millennium. We show that ‘risk’ as a negative and ‘chance’ as a positive concept have partly taken the communicative place of ‘danger’ and ‘possibility’. The collocates of risk that can be related to different knowledge domains increase until 2009. This hints at the growing importance of risk thematizations in more and more thematic contexts. Technology and economics turn out to be the most important of these contexts. The analysis shows a clear tendency towards a negative and rather generic use of the word risk. Our results provide for the first time a data-driven insight into the long-term development of the ‘risk’ concept in political discourse of the Federal Republic of Germany. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 347-362 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1913631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1913631 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:347-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Mattfeldt Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Mattfeldt Title: Risk in discourses around fracking: a discourse linguistic perspective on the UK, the USA and Germany Abstract: Hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” is a relatively new method of energy extraction that makes it possible to use considerable amounts of shale gas that were hitherto unreachable. Although proponents of fracking voice their hopes for energy independence and an economic boost, fracking has been under discussion in several countries, its possible risks playing a key role when it comes to political decisions regarding the technology. This paper shall examine media discourses surrounding the usage of fracking with a specific regard to the risks that are constituted. Discourses in the UK, the US and Germany are compared, focusing on similarities and differences. These three countries are chosen since the political approach on fracking has been quite different, with the US being one of the first countries to use fracking. The corpora are analyzed with a focus on the depiction of conflictive issues in the framework of so-called agonality. The public perception of risks is shaped by their dominance in the media and the way they are phrased (e.g. as something to worry about), which means that differences in the depiction of risks between the corpora of these three countries are particularly noteworthy. Most readers will not be experts on fracking and thus rely on linguistic descriptions of the technology and its possible potentials and risks. Thus, it is important to analyze how language constitutes fracking. While all three corpora focus on risks concerning drinking water, there are major differences, e.g. when it comes to the discursive weight of earthquakes that might be caused by fracking. Although this is a risk that could affect all countries, only the UK press describes this as a serious risk. The paper also focuses on risks that are harder to grasp, e.g. threats to the traditional social structure of communities where fracking is practiced. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 317-330 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1881992 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1881992 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:317-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reiner Grundmann Author-X-Name-First: Reiner Author-X-Name-Last: Grundmann Title: Using large text news archives for the analysis of climate change discourse: some methodological observations Abstract: This paper explores the contribution of software-based tools that are increasingly used for the semi-automated analysis of large volumes of text, especially Topic Modelling and Corpus Linguistics. These tools highlight the potential of getting interesting and new insights quickly, but at a cost. Linguistic aspects need to be considered carefully if computer-assisted technologies are to provide valid and reliable results. Main features of these tools will be presented, and some general problems and limitations will be discussed. The relation between technical tools and theoretical frameworks is discussed. The main empirical reference is the case of climate change. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 395-406 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1894471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1894471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:395-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gavin Brookes Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Brookes Author-Name: Paul Baker Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Title: Fear and responsibility: discourses of obesity and risk in the UK press Abstract: This paper examines how the UK print media represents risk in reporting about obesity. Using corpus linguistics methods (keywords, collocations and consideration of concordance lines) combined with qualitative discourse analysis, references to risk were analysed in a 36-million-word corpus of articles from the national British press about obesity, published between 2008 and 2017. Two main analytical directions were followed: differences between newspapers (in terms of political affiliation and format) and change over time. Obesity was found to be both a risk factor for diseases like cancer but also itself the consequence of risk factors such as over-eating or not getting enough sleep. When talking about risk, tabloid newspapers tended to discuss the former type of risk, whereas broadsheets focussed on the latter. Left-leaning newspapers tended to focus on the role of powerful institutions, while right-leaning newspapers wrote more about risk in terms of individuals, either focussing on personal responsibility or the role of biological factors in determining an individual’s risk. References to risks relating to obesity increased both in terms of raw frequency and proportional frequency over the decade examined, with the largest increase occurring between 2016 and 2017. The year 2017 was characterised by more reference to scientific research and risks of health conditions that were referred to in dramatic terms (e.g. as a deadly risk), as well as containing more personalised language (e.g. more use of the second person pronoun your). The analysis indicates how notions of risk intersect with neoliberal principles of illness and self-management. In addition, readers receive different messages about risks relating to obesity depending on which newspapers they read, and there is evidence for an increasing reliance on a discourse of fear around obesity in the British national press overall. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 363-378 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1863849 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1863849 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:363-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James M. White Author-X-Name-First: James M. Author-X-Name-Last: White Author-Name: Rolf Lidskog Author-X-Name-First: Rolf Author-X-Name-Last: Lidskog Title: Ignorance and the regulation of artificial intelligence Abstract: Much has been written about the risks posed by artificial intelligence (AI). This article is interested not only in what is known about these risks, but what remains unknown and how that unknowing is and should be approached. By reviewing and expanding on the scientific literature, it explores how social knowledge contributes to the understanding of AI and its regulatory challenges. The analysis is conducted in three steps. First, the article investigates risks associated with AI and shows how social scientists have challenged technically-oriented approaches that treat the social instrumentally. It then identifies the invisible and visible characteristics of AI, and argues that not only is it hard for outsiders to comprehend risks attached to the technology, but also for developers and researchers. Finally, it asserts the need to better recognise ignorance of AI, and explores what this means for how their risks are handled. The article concludes by stressing that proper regulation demands not only independent social knowledge about the pervasiveness, economic embeddedness and fragmented regulation of AI, but a social non-knowledge that is attuned to its complexity, and inhuman and incomprehensible behaviour. In properly allowing for ignorance of its social implications, the regulation of AI can proceed in a more modest, situated, plural and ultimately robust manner. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 488-500 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1957985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1957985 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:488-500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hao Cheng Author-X-Name-First: Hao Author-X-Name-Last: Cheng Author-Name: Calvin Burns Author-X-Name-First: Calvin Author-X-Name-Last: Burns Author-Name: Matthew Revie Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Revie Title: Risky-choice framing and its null effect on integral emotions Abstract: The effects of risky-choice framing are well-established and have been demonstrated in several decision contexts. Recent research has pointed to a role for affect and emotions in risky-choice framing, but those findings may have been influenced by carry-over effects due to the use of multiple decision problems. In a one-off decision, the effects of risky-choice framing on affect and emotions remain unclear. This article extends the risky-choice framing literature by using the Emotion-Imbued Choice model to investigate whether integral fear and anger can account for the effects of risky-choice framing in a one-off decision. In two studies involving a one-off decision about internet connectivity and human lives respectively, we expected higher levels of integral fear in participants who chose the certain option in the positive framing condition as compared to the negative framing condition, and also higher levels of integral anger in participants who chose the risky option in the negative framing condition as compared to the positive framing condition. Our findings did not support these hypotheses and suggest that the effects of risky-choice framing are not due to integral emotions. We explained our findings by proposing that the choice architecture involved in risky-choice framing prevents integral emotions from becoming attached to the choice options because it offers a less effortful decision tactic than considering one’s emotional response to those options. We call for future research to investigate this possibility and to also consider the demand characteristics of conducting risky-choice framing problems online. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 453-467 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1936611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1936611 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:453-467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ahmet Coskun Acik Author-X-Name-First: Ahmet Coskun Author-X-Name-Last: Acik Author-Name: Paul Trott Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Trott Author-Name: Emre Cinar Author-X-Name-First: Emre Author-X-Name-Last: Cinar Title: Risk governance approach to migration: a viable alternative to precautionary management Abstract: Migration can offer both significant benefits and costs. This article reviews and synthesises approaches and related critiques on managing migration. Precautionary approaches to migration are guided by securitisation and governmentality paradigms that imply a potential impediment, whereby models are informed by security- and threat-nexus (cost), making the paradigm one-dimensional. The need for a holistic model for consistent migration management is frequently expressed in migration literature. Here, inclusive risk governance is proposed as a viable alternative model that can produce better policy outcomes by fulfilling four conditions: (a) enhancing inclusion and participation; (b) appraising costs and benefits; (c) considering the impact on all affected stakeholders; and (d) facilitating constructive deliberation. Incorporating these elements to support coherent goals makes the model a valid enabler, corresponding better to the diversity of the migration policy context. This model is demonstrated through a critical reading of the literature that has suggested that migration is managed through securitisation, governmentality, and risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 468-487 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1957984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1957984 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:468-487 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anita Etale Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Etale Author-Name: Priska Ammann Author-X-Name-First: Priska Author-X-Name-Last: Ammann Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: The influence of socio-economic status on risk prioritisation Abstract: This study examined the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on risk prioritisation. Participants ranked 28 hazards according to how risky they considered them to be for the South African society. The results showed SES had an influence on hazard prioritisation, e.g., alcohol was considered the most significant societal hazard by low SES individuals, but was ranked 10th by high SES individuals. High SES individuals on the other hand, were significantly more concerned than low SES individuals about personal security risks. A second aim of the study was to delineate the interaction between SES and gender, and whether this also influenced risk perception. The data revealed statistically significant interactions between gender and SES for a number of hazards including personal security hazards, government corruption, climate change, and alcohol. SES influenced risk perceptions even at the level of gender so that individuals of similar gender but different SES perceived risks from the same hazard disparately. This suggests that people’s socioeconomic status influenced how they perceived risks, irrespective of gender. Together, these findings suggest that SES is an important determinant of people’s risk perceptions, and that it can modify even the effects of gender. These findings also have practical implications because they imply that risk perceptions are not similar between socio-economic groupings. As such, assessments derived in high SES or developed contexts may not adequately describe low SES or developing contexts. Context-relevant data are, therefore, key to successful risk management and communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 501-519 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1958046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1958046 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:501-519 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marika Hietala Author-X-Name-First: Marika Author-X-Name-Last: Hietala Author-Name: Robbe Geysmans Author-X-Name-First: Robbe Author-X-Name-Last: Geysmans Title: Social sciences and radioactive waste management: acceptance, acceptability, and a persisting socio-technical divide Abstract: Radioactive waste management (RWM) is a complex challenge, spanning various timeframes and societal domains, ranging from the technical, to the social, political and economic. As such, it has also attracted substantial attention from the social sciences. This article reviews social scientific engagement with RWM over the past two decades (2000-2019), with a particular focus on how this literature has engaged with and can be positioned vis-a-vis the ‘socio-technical’ challenge posed by radioactive waste. Analyzing a total of 275 published articles, we identify and discuss three dominant strands of research that all relate to the issue of acceptance/acceptability of RWM in society, focusing respectively on 1) individual(ized) perceptions about risks, benefits and facility siting; 2) governance approaches; and 3) ethical and epistemological issues connected to RWM. While calls have been made for a socio-technical approach towards radioactive waste, we argue that the majority of social scientific engagement with RWM has focused on ‘social’ processes, thus reinforcing a divide between the ‘social’ and the ‘technical’ aspects of RWM. Overall, social scientists should engage in and would benefit from greater reflection on their engagement with RWM, and direct efforts towards moving beyond multi-disciplinarity towards interdisciplinary approaches. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 423-438 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1864010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1864010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:423-438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael D. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Michael D. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: Brittnie T. Owens Author-X-Name-First: Brittnie T. Author-X-Name-Last: Owens Author-Name: Rachel L. Utter Author-X-Name-First: Rachel L. Author-X-Name-Last: Utter Author-Name: Rebecca J. Boachie Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca J. Author-X-Name-Last: Boachie Author-Name: Delaney R. Keith Author-X-Name-First: Delaney R. Author-X-Name-Last: Keith Title: Boundary conditions for gender differences in risk taking Abstract: Gender differences in risky behavior and decision-making have been observed across a number of behavioral domains. Reviews of this literature have tended to overlook the question of whether specific objective situational factors that are relevant to a particular risky decision moderate observed gender differences within risk domains. The current work explores this question by employing a naturalistic observation method. Over 2,700 pedestrians were observed crossing a busy intersection adjacent to a college campus in the southeastern U.S. Observers noted the number of male and female pedestrians present during each cycle of the traffic signal as well as how many individuals of each gender either crossed when the ‘don’t walk’ sign was active or waited for the safer ‘walk’ signal in order to cross. Also noted was whether these pedestrians were crossing at a ‘low risk’ area of the intersection, where a concrete safety island was present, or a ‘high risk’ area, where there was no safety island. The oft-observed gender difference in physical risk-taking was observed, with men being substantially more likely to cross during a ‘don’t walk’ signal compared to women. However, this was only observed at the ‘low risk’ area of the intersection. In contrast, risk-taking did not differ by gender at the ‘high risk’ crossing area. Implications for the understanding of the nature of gender-differences in risk taking are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 536-545 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1962953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1962953 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:536-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alaina De Biasi Author-X-Name-First: Alaina Author-X-Name-Last: De Biasi Author-Name: James Carr Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Carr Author-Name: Matthew Almanza Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Almanza Author-Name: Adam Zwickle Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Zwickle Title: A micro-place evaluation of the relationship between ‘risky places’ and risk perceptions Abstract: The movement towards micro-place level assessments has contributed to the growing popularity of place-based police strategies. Complementing this movement, risk terrain modeling (RTM) is a methodological approach that identifies a micro-place’s vulnerability to crime by considering the combined spatial influences of physical features of the landscape linked to criminal behavior, along with past crime exposure. Given the growing popularity of this tool, studies that explore how RTM contributes to prior knowledge on crime risk are of great value. Our study is the first to expand upon previous applications of RTM by integrating the insights from the risk and decisions sciences to consider the perspective of potential crime victims. This type of evaluation can shed light on factors related to victimization and inform police strategies. To this end, our study utilizes a mixed-method approach to examine whether participants’ perceptions of risk determined from visual inspections of micro-places correspond to statistical (or objective) risk produced from a risk terrain model of robbery in downtown Detroit, Michigan. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a low, medium, or high risk micro-place, and asked to respond to a series of questions that measured their risk perceptions. Overall, participants’ perceptions of their risk of being robbed were the inverse of that predicted by our risk terrain model. Our qualitative analysis suggests that this disconnect can be largely explained by the presence of people and lighting. In a follow-up study, we alter the levels of people and lighting at low and high risk micro-places. We found that high levels of people an lighting play a dominant role in informing risk perceptions, superseding all other considerations. We discuss the implications of our findings for crime prevention, as well as our study’s limitations and directions for future research.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2021.2001672 . Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 520-535 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.2001672 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.2001672 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:520-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Connor Larkin Author-X-Name-First: Connor Author-X-Name-Last: Larkin Author-Name: Caitlin Drummond Otten Author-X-Name-First: Caitlin Author-X-Name-Last: Drummond Otten Author-Name: Joseph Árvai Author-X-Name-First: Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Árvai Title: Paging Dr. JARVIS! Will people accept advice from artificial intelligence for consequential risk management decisions? Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI), a branch of computer science based upon algorithms that can analyze data and make decisions autonomously, is becoming increasingly prevalent in the technology that powers modern society. Relatively little research has examined how humans modify their judgments in response to their interactions with AI. Our research explores how people respond to different types of risk management advice received from AI vs. a human expert in two contexts where AI is commonly deployed: medicine and finance. Through online studies with representative samples of Americans, we first find that participants generally prefer to receive medical and financial risk management advice from humans over AI. In two follow-up studies, we presented participants with a hypothetical medical or financial risk and asked them to make an initial decision—to address the risk immediately or to wait for more information—and to rate their confidence in this decision. Next, participants were informed that either a human expert or AI had analyzed their case and recommended either immediate risk management action or a wait-and-see approach. Participant then made a final decision using the same response scale as before. We compared participants’ initial and final decisions, examining the extent to which participants updated their decisions upon receiving their recommendation as a function of the recommendation itself and its source. We find that participants updated their decisions to a greater degree in response to recommendations from human experts as compared to AI, but the magnitude of this effect differed by context.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2021.1958047 . Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 407-422 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1958047 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1958047 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:407-422 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maarten Goetstouwers Author-X-Name-First: Maarten Author-X-Name-Last: Goetstouwers Author-Name: Tom Sauer Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Sauer Title: The security of transport of radioactive and nuclear material in Belgium Abstract: This article describes and assesses the security of transport of radioactive and nuclear material in Belgium that has been boosted after the terrorist attacks in Brussels in 2016. The article looks at the different possibilities of terrorist attacks on transports of radioactive and nuclear material and the possible consequences: theft of radioactive material for use in a radioactive exposure device, a radioactive dispersal device, or an improvised nuclear weapon; or a conventional attack on a transport, releasing radiation into the environment. The focus on insider threat is a step forward, but it may not divert attention from regularly updating security measures against outsider threat. Some recommendations are provided to ensure continuous improvement in the transport of radioactive and nuclear material. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 439-452 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1905692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1905692 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:439-452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan-Henrik Meyer Author-X-Name-First: Jan-Henrik Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer Title: To trust or not to trust? Structures, practices and discourses of transboundary trust around the Swedish nuclear power plant Barsebäck near Copenhagen Abstract: This article examines the role of transboundary trust throughout the evolution of relations regarding the Swedish Barsebäck nuclear power plant, located opposite Copenhagen on the narrow straits separating Denmark and Sweden, which created cross-border tensions until its closure in 1999/2005. The article examines changes in transboundary trust in and between the actors relevant for decision-making regarding the plant, during the three phases of the conflict. It focuses on three aspects, which shaped the development of transboundary trust: first, the role played by pre-existing structures of cross-border institutional, interpersonal and ideological trust, secondly, practices of trust-building that various actors applied to maintain, enhance or rebuild transboundary trust, and thirdly, the growing discourses of mistrust and even distrust in the institutions advocating the use of nuclear power – regardless on which side of the border they were located. The article argues that changes in contemporary views on nuclear risk and the concomitant politicisation of the issue of nuclear power broadened the range of relevant actors, and contributed to changing trust relations. It suggests a mutually reinforcing interaction between interpersonal, institutional and ideological trust, and finds few differences in discourses about institutional trust between transboundary and domestic authorities. Its findings highlight the importance of productive mistrust for nuclear safety, and thus demonstrate that both trust and mistrust are important for living with, but also for limiting (nuclear) risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 562-576 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1913629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1913629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:562-576 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Rosaria Di Nucci Author-X-Name-First: Maria Rosaria Author-X-Name-Last: Di Nucci Author-Name: Ana María Isidoro Losada Author-X-Name-First: Ana María Author-X-Name-Last: Isidoro Losada Author-Name: Dörte Themann Author-X-Name-First: Dörte Author-X-Name-Last: Themann Title: Confidence gap or timid trust building? The role of trust in the evolution of the nuclear waste governance in Germany Abstract: Nuclear waste disposal represents one of the biggest socio-economic challenges of this century and probably for many centuries to come. It is a highly complex issue due to the interrelated technical, material, social, economic and political dimensions as well as the real or perceived risks involved. Distrust in technology, institutions, industry and even experts and decision-making processes are some of the reasons for opposition to nuclear waste disposal strategies. Our contribution analyses the dynamics of trust and distrust in Germany over the evolution of the search for a nuclear waste repository site in the last 40 years, identifies major turning points and explores the main factors that shaped trust/distrust relations over time. Site selection conflicts have often provoked ‘confidence gaps’ and site selection policies depend heavily on relationships based on mutual recognition and trust. We select key factors considered necessary to build trust in institutions and siting selection procedures and review recent changes in the institutional setting, including the establishment of a National Civil Society Board and the attempt to design more participatory procedures. Twenty-one stakeholders and experts were asked to rate some of the identified factors necessary for building trust and whether the measures carried out so far are sufficient to enhance trust in the relevant institutions and procedures and increase public confidence. Without a trust-building process for the siting, development and operation of a risky asset, a short-term attenuation of long-lasting conflicts is unlikely. The legacy of the past still plays an inhibiting role. In addition to expert judgement, evidence was derived from document analysis and participatory observation in the works of the German ‘Commission on the Storage of High-level Radioactive Waste’ and of the ‘National Civil Society Board’ as well as of events of regulator and operator. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 594-612 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1936605 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1936605 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:594-612 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Cotton Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Cotton Title: Deep borehole disposal of nuclear waste: trust, cost and social acceptability Abstract: Globally, radioactive waste governance has been subject to a participatory-deliberative turn. Increasing the opportunities for public involvement is presented as a means to build trust and to alleviate siting conflicts over facility construction. However, a move towards community partnership and voluntarism in site selection belies a lack of social control over technology choice, given the oft-repeated claim of a settled global scientific consensus on the safety and efficacy of waste disposal in a mined geological disposal facility (GDF) 450-800m below the surface. Consensus on the GDF concept is critiqued as a form of ‘sticky knowledge’ and path dependency within a socio-technical regime that began in the 1960s to the exclusion of alternatives. One contemporary alternative is the deep borehole disposal (DBD) concept. DBD emplaces spent fuel, plutonium or higher-activity wastes in boreholes to a depth 5 km below the surface. In this paper DBD is subject to socio-technical analysis extending to six inter-related considerations concerning: cost, land use, decision-making scale, trust, geographic distribution and temporality. DBD is presented as a preferred solution to a GDF because it ameliorates the challenges associated with inflexible megaproject development. Such challenges include project size, timing, and cost over-runs that limit the social acceptability of mined repositories at the community scale. DBD, by contrast, is an incremental technology strategy. A DBD-focused solution lowers public costs and decision-thresholds, localizes waste disposal by reducing transportation, and shortens the timeframe from decision-to-implementation. Together these factors encourage communities to take an active role in the decision process, maintaining vigilant mistrust and accountability in ways that are not possible for a multi-generational, national-scale GDF. DBD is therefore proffered as a means to improve the overall social acceptability of higher activity radioactive waste disposal siting processes. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 632-647 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1957988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1957988 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:632-647 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Markku Lehtonen Author-X-Name-First: Markku Author-X-Name-Last: Lehtonen Author-Name: Ana Prades Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Prades Author-Name: Josep Espluga Author-X-Name-First: Josep Author-X-Name-Last: Espluga Author-Name: Wilfried Konrad Author-X-Name-First: Wilfried Author-X-Name-Last: Konrad Title: The emergence of mistrustful civic vigilance in Finnish, French, German and Spanish nuclear policies: ideological trust and (de)politicization Abstract: High levels of public trust in institutions and generalised interpersonal trust in “the unknown other” are generally seen to facilitate decision-making on nuclear energy and waste. However, earlier research has highlighted the potential virtues of mistrustful “civic vigilance” and politicisation as means of enhancing the robustness of policy decisions. Drawing on expert and stakeholder interviews as well as secondary material, this article examines the role of the largely neglected ideological dimension of trust in shaping the emergence of civic vigilance in the form of counter-expertise in four countries with distinct trust profiles: Finland as a “high-trust society”, France and Spain as “societies of mistrust”, and Germany as an intermediate case. The article concludes by stressing the co-evolution of civic vigilance with ideological and institutional trust, processes of (de)politicisation, and with the historically shaped and continuously evolving context. Strong ideological trust in the state has in Finland hindered the development of mistrustful counter-expertise, but has in France and Germany provided a foundation for its emergence, whereas the weakness of ideological trust in the state has in Spain undermined civic vigilance. The hypothesis that politicisation – opening up the debate and policymaking to broader publics – fosters the emergence of mistrustful civic vigilance holds for Finland, and largely for France and Germany, whereas in Spain, the particular form of politicisation – as “nuclearisation of politics” – has hampered the development of counter-expertise. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 613-631 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1957986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1957986 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:613-631 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Markku Lehtonen Author-X-Name-First: Markku Author-X-Name-Last: Lehtonen Author-Name: Ana Prades Author-X-Name-First: Ana Author-X-Name-Last: Prades Author-Name: Josep Espluga Author-X-Name-First: Josep Author-X-Name-Last: Espluga Author-Name: Stathis Arapostathis Author-X-Name-First: Stathis Author-X-Name-Last: Arapostathis Title: Introduction to the special issue “Trust, mistrust, distrust, and trust-building in the nuclear sector: historical and comparative experience from Europe” Abstract: Trust is essential for successful participatory policymaking in high-risk industries, such as nuclear energy and radioactive waste management. However, while efforts at building trust are omnipresent in policy practice, the downsides of excessive trust and the potential virtues of mistrust and distrust are poorly recognised by practitioners, and remain under-researched in social science scholarship. This special issue contributes to filling the research gap by presenting a unique collection of articles transnational, comparative and historical analysis of trust, mistrust, and distrust in empirical cases of past and present nuclear energy and radioactive waste management projects across Europe. This introduction presents a shared conceptual framework for the articles of the special issue, built on two distinctions: 1) the three key concepts of trust, mistrust, and distrust, and 2) the three dimensions – social, institutional, and ideological – that cut across those three key concepts. A number of tasks for future research are identified. These include more fine-grained and context-sensitive analysis that would help operationalise concepts such as prudent scepticism and mistrustful civic vigilance in real-world situations; better understanding of when constructive mistrust might turn into dysfunctional distrust; the dynamics of trust, mistrust, and distrust in non-democratic societies; and the interaction between interpersonal, institutional, and ideological dimensions of trust, mistrust, and distrust. Finally, more conceptual and empirical work is needed to integrate and operationalise the principle of mistrustful vigilance in existing social science research on techno-scientific promises and expectations, in an effort at developing new ‘regimes of promise’, better in tune with the current era of apocalyptic threats and ambiguous perceptions concerning the risks and blessings of techno-science. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 547-561 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2067892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2067892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:547-561 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannes Lagerlöf Author-X-Name-First: Hannes Author-X-Name-Last: Lagerlöf Author-Name: Göran Sundqvist Author-X-Name-First: Göran Author-X-Name-Last: Sundqvist Author-Name: Anne Bergmans Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmans Title: Striving for technical consensus by agreeing to disagree: the case of monitoring underground nuclear waste disposal facilities Abstract: Socio-technical arrangements seeking to produce consensus are understood differently by theories in science and technology studies. Some scholars argue that consensus ambitions are coercive in that they oppress the (inevitable) alternatives to the dominant values and interests that are enforced under a guise of consensual unity. Others argue that consensus is inherently characterized by value and interest heterogeneity, i.e. downplaying processes of coercion and exclusion, and instead emphasizing ‘multiplicity’. In this article, we combine both these seemingly contradictory insights to understand how a European Union Research and Development Project sought to produce consensus among a range of international actors about introducing new technology into existing nuclear waste management programmes. By presenting the political and technical contexts of two national programmes – the Swedish and the French – we show that political and legislative preconditions for monitoring differed between the countries. The project thereby faced the European Union’s expectations of honouring certain (political) values by producing consensus and the simultaneous turmoil of divergent national trajectories. This turmoil, however, was reconciled by ‘agreeing to disagree’. By producing consensus on the level of technical protocols that allowed a degree of flexibility, both the political values of European harmonization imposed on the project and the integrity of the somewhat divergent national programmes were honoured. Fundamentally, we argue that the coercive aspects of this process are constituted by the naturalization of European Union policy, but that such coercive efforts still leave some room for diversity, i.e. flexibility. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 666-679 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2049620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2049620 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:666-679 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Markku Lehtonen Author-X-Name-First: Markku Author-X-Name-Last: Lehtonen Author-Name: Matti Kojo Author-X-Name-First: Matti Author-X-Name-Last: Kojo Author-Name: Mika Kari Author-X-Name-First: Mika Author-X-Name-Last: Kari Author-Name: Tuija Jartti Author-X-Name-First: Tuija Author-X-Name-Last: Jartti Author-Name: Tapio Litmanen Author-X-Name-First: Tapio Author-X-Name-Last: Litmanen Title: Trust, mistrust and distrust as blind spots of Social Licence to Operate: illustration via three forerunner countries in nuclear waste management Abstract: The notion of social licence to operate (SLO) has become a widely applied concept for companies in mining and resource extraction industries to manage their social and community relations, in the face of local criticism and opposition. SLO literature and practice have highlighted earning the trust of the local community as a key requirement for an SLO. This article addresses three weaknesses in how the current SLO literature addresses trust. The arguments are illustrated via examples from nuclear waste management in Finland, France and Sweden – three forerunners in implementing high-level nuclear waste repository projects. Nuclear waste management constitutes a relevant case for analysis, as an industry that faces significant risk-related challenges of local acceptance, ethics, economics, and democratic debate. Focussing on the oft-used SLO framework of Boutilier and Thomson, with its emphasis on interactional and institutionalised trust between the company and the local community, we address three gaps in the SLO literature: 1) insufficient conceptualisation of trust, in particular the dynamics between different dimensions of trust, mistrust and distrust; 2) lack of attention to the potential Virtues of mistrust and distrust; and 3) the downsides of taking the institutionalisation of trust as the ultimate criterion of a strong SLO, especially in contexts entailing significant asymmetries of power. The article concludes by suggesting ways of alleviating the identified weaknesses, via greater recognition of the multidimensionality of trust, mistrust and distrust, the Virtues of mistrustful civic vigilance, and greater attention to trust dimensions that lie beyond the community-company relations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 577-593 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1957987 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1957987 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:577-593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatiana Kasperski Author-X-Name-First: Tatiana Author-X-Name-Last: Kasperski Author-Name: Andrei Stsiapanau Author-X-Name-First: Andrei Author-X-Name-Last: Stsiapanau Title: Trust, distrust and radioactive waste management in contemporary Russia Abstract: Trust in public institutions in Russia is notoriously low. Yet trust in nuclear energy is, on the contrary, very high, with two-thirds of the population supporting its continued development. To understand this apparent paradox this article explores the meanings of trust with regard to the recently started process of siting repositories for radioactive waste (RW) in Russia as they are articulated in corporate and social contexts, in particular in the “closed” nuclear cities that will be the sites of repositories. We focus on the ways in which trust is defined by the promoters of the projects and by the residents of the hosting communities during public hearings related to the plans to build nuclear waste disposal facilities at a dozen of newly proposed sites. We argue that the hearings are less about trust building per se as they are about accommodating and neutralizing distrust by emphasizing the absence of better alternatives. Using examples from hearings, we discuss three main dimensions of trust: interpersonal, institutional and ideological, as we show the importance of the ideological component of trust that partially compensates for strong institutional distrust. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 648-665 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2049619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2049619 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:648-665 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meredith Jacobson Author-X-Name-First: Meredith Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobson Author-Name: Hollie Smith Author-X-Name-First: Hollie Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Heidi R. Huber-Stearns Author-X-Name-First: Heidi R. Author-X-Name-Last: Huber-Stearns Author-Name: Emily Jane Davis Author-X-Name-First: Emily Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Davis Author-Name: Antony S. Cheng Author-X-Name-First: Antony S. Author-X-Name-Last: Cheng Author-Name: Alison Deak Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Deak Title: Comparing social constructions of wildfire risk across media, government, and participatory discourse in a Colorado fireshed Abstract: This study examined how wildfire risk is framed by different entities and actors within a common region, during and after experiencing several large wildfire events. Using a social constructionist lens, we viewed wildfire risk as a fluid and variable concept that is socially constructed and framed through public discourse. Inconsistent social constructions of wildfire risk may pose challenges for effective wildfire risk governance and management, which requires the coordination of diverse entities including government, land managers, homeowners, and community groups. We sought to understand differing social constructions of wildfire risk within one region, the Northern Colorado Front Range, across four domains of social discourse: mainstream media coverage, governmental planning documents, a community collaborative group’s meeting notes, and Community Wildfire Protection Plans. Through multiple rounds of qualitative coding, we compared how values at risk, causes of risk, and solutions to mitigate risk are framed across discourse domains. We also identified which agencies, organizations, or other actors’ voices were most prominent within each domain. Our results show inconsistent framings of wildfire risk definition across the data, building upon past literature that has identified divides between fire suppression and mitigation work, as well as disconnects between media representations of fire and perspectives of resource managers and scientists. Lastly, we highlight two examples of cross-cutting discourses - public drinking water and smoke – as concepts that span boundaries and may have the power to generate broader coordination and support for wildfire policy solutions and action. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 697-714 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1962954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1962954 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:6:p:697-714 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Ashley Clark Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Author-Name: John A. Rupp Author-X-Name-First: John A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rupp Author-Name: John D. Graham Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Title: A comparative study of Chinese and American public perceptions of shale gas development Abstract: This paper examines public perceptions of shale gas development in China and the United States. Public perceptions are important, as they are known to influence public policy at national and local levels of government in both multi-party and single-party governance systems. Online surveys were conducted in several states/provinces in each country, the US survey in 2014 (N = 2833); the China survey in 2016 (N = 1571). Similar survey instruments were used in both countries.The survey results show that the reported levels of public support for shale gas development among Chinese respondents in select provinces are significantly higher than that among US respondents in the states included in this study. Perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of shale gas have both similarities and differences. Shale gas is perceived favorably in both samples because it is seen as a way to reduce dependence on foreign energy suppliers and strengthen the economy. The potential environmental advantages appear to be relatively more important to Chinese respondents than to American respondents. The statement “shale gas development is good for the environment because it substitutes dirty energy such as coal and oil” is seen as “Extremely important” by 54.23% of all Chinese respondents but by only 33.75% of American respondents. When it comes to the potential disadvantages of shale gas development, concerns about impacts on drinking water quality are important in both samples. Earthquakes related to shale gas is the second most important concern to Chinese respondents but a lesser concern to US respondents. We argue that the results are consistent with risk experiences, a variety of socio-cultural theories, and differences in media coverage in the two countries. Future work should examine how public perceptions in the two countries change over time, and how the stances of environmental groups, government, and industry may influence public opinion. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 715-737 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.2009900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.2009900 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:6:p:715-737 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luis Otero-González Author-X-Name-First: Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Otero-González Author-Name: Pablo Durán-Santomil Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Durán-Santomil Author-Name: Darine Marouf Author-X-Name-First: Darine Author-X-Name-Last: Marouf Title: Can ERM ratings explain the performance and risk of EMEA insurance companies? Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) on the performance, value and risk not only of European insurance companies, but also of Middle Eastern and African (MEA) ones using Standard and Poor’s (S&P’s) ERM rating. Using information from 150 insurance companies, 101 from Europe and 49 from the Middle East and Africa (MEA), during the period 2014–2016, our main finding confirms the positive impact of implementing quality ERM in insurance companies, both in Europe and the MEA region. However, this is not valued by the market (using the Tobin’s Q) in the MEA region. Furthermore, we notice that the higher the ERM quality is for the MEA region, the lower the level of risk-taking by the company is. Finally, we find that the positive effect of ERM in companies operating outside Europe on accounting indicators is superior owing to the effect on performance being greater in companies in those areas, where improved risk management and corporate governance is more influential. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 738-763 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.2020881 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.2020881 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:6:p:738-763 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth H. Hurst Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth H. Author-X-Name-Last: Hurst Author-Name: Joseph E. Trujillo-Falcón Author-X-Name-First: Joseph E. Author-X-Name-Last: Trujillo-Falcón Author-Name: Justin Reedy Author-X-Name-First: Justin Author-X-Name-Last: Reedy Author-Name: Chris Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Citizen deliberation at South Carolina’s ‘Our Coastal Future Forum’: Talking through risk related to climate change Abstract: Deliberative democracy has increasingly been used as a form of citizen engagement and involvement in risk-related and environmental domains. However, there is much to learn about how citizens talk about and understand risks related to climate change in the context of community deliberative forums, and how deliberation might contribute to productive climate policy solutions. To contribute to this growing body of work, we use the lens of Construal Level Theory (CLT) to analyze transcripts from a large community forum held in the US state of South Carolina. Our analysis reveals a broad range of risk construal from deliberative participants, with many people discussing climate risks as psychologically near despite the longer horizon often associated with climate change. The results suggest that deliberative forums can be useful venues for helping citizens grapple with the myriad risks and construal levels associated with climate change. Rather than simply helping move climate risks ‘closer’ to people, deliberation might be more useful in allowing people to understand climate risks at multiple levels of psychological distance and leveraging this nuanced understanding to develop potential solutions and mitigation strategies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 764-777 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.2020882 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.2020882 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:6:p:764-777 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roberta Troisi Author-X-Name-First: Roberta Author-X-Name-Last: Troisi Author-Name: Paolo Castaldo Author-X-Name-First: Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Castaldo Title: Technical and organizational challenges in the risk management of road infrastructures Abstract: This paper outlines a theoretical framework for the risk management of road infrastructures from the perspective of organizational studies and engineering science. The framework moves beyond the traditional approach analysing each road infrastructure in isolation, and adopts the emerging systemic approach aimed at optimizing the interrelation between infrastructures, while at the same time extending this approach by considering actors as well as infrastructures. The initial focus is on the interaction between the parts (infrastructure and related actors) within a system (infrastructure and related actors within administrative boundaries) with a focus on two organizational modes: coordination and fragmentation. The choice between coordination and fragmentation depends on the span of safety and the level of risk. Furthermore, coordination and fragmentation offer useful insights for decision-makers by addressing specific modes of governance aimed at avoiding a lack of cooperation and ineffective responses. The paper then examines satellite data obtained from differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) in a geographical information system (GIS) platform. The aim is to identify the span of safety within a system, concerning specific infrastructures with the related actors, and to assess the risk levels for road infrastructures. The approach is intended to identify the most appropriate organizational mode. The potential of this approach was tested in a sample area of Rome (Italy), and the results reveal a significant span of safety with a common negligible risk, and a subspan of safety with a moderate risk. In the first case, coordination between the parts is desirable. As a result, long-term and fully shared solutions can be adopted, including joint planning operations and standard operating rules. In the second case, fragmentation is indicated, with more flexible solutions characterized by sharing and local autonomy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 791-806 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2028884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2028884 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:6:p:791-806 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrice Kohl Author-X-Name-First: Patrice Author-X-Name-Last: Kohl Author-Name: Chloe Wardropper Author-X-Name-First: Chloe Author-X-Name-Last: Wardropper Title: Knowledge of majority scientific agreement on anthropogenic climate change predicts perceived global risk better than perceived personal risk Abstract: Studies examining climate change risk perceptions rarely differentiate between personal and general risk perceptions. Researchers could come to conflicting conclusions about what variables are important in predicting people’s perceptions of risk if they do not differentiate between perceptions of personal and general risk. In this study, we used data from a survey of residents in a Midwestern region of the United States to examine the relationship between two measures of knowledge and perceptions of the risk of climate change at personal and the global (i.e. general) levels. Knowledge of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change significantly predicted perceptions of both types of risks, but was more strongly related to greater risk perceptions at the global level. Knowledge of climate change’s impact on regional flooding predicted greater climate change risk perception, and we did not find a difference in its association with risk perception at the global versus the personal level. Understanding how different types of knowledge influence peoples’ perception of climate change risks can foster a better understanding of related decision-making processes and used to support more strategic public education and communication on climate change.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2022.2028883 . Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 778-790 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2028883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2028883 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:6:p:778-790 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin Lemée Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Lemée Author-Name: Oscar Navarro Author-X-Name-First: Oscar Author-X-Name-Last: Navarro Author-Name: Mary Guillard Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Guillard Author-Name: Nathalie Krien Author-X-Name-First: Nathalie Author-X-Name-Last: Krien Author-Name: Céline Chadenas Author-X-Name-First: Céline Author-X-Name-Last: Chadenas Author-Name: Etienne Chauveau Author-X-Name-First: Etienne Author-X-Name-Last: Chauveau Author-Name: Michel Desse Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Desse Author-Name: Marie Coquet Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Coquet Author-Name: Mélisande Lamarre Author-X-Name-First: Mélisande Author-X-Name-Last: Lamarre Author-Name: Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi Author-X-Name-First: Ghozlane Author-X-Name-Last: Fleury-Bahi Title: Impact of risk experience and personal exposure on coastal flooding and coastal erosion risk perception and coping strategies Abstract: The increasing vulnerability of coastal areas to climate change and coastal Risks, is now clearly established due to sea level rise. These events, which have become commonplace, constitute a danger for residents and for public facilities, roads, homes, etc. and make these areas more and more vulnerable. Although measures to reduce this vulnerability of coastal cities have been identified by experts and authorities, a resistance exists to their implementation by the inhabitants of these areas exposed to coastal risks. The aim of our study is to investigate risk perception and coping strategies used by inhabitants of areas at risk of coastal flooding and coastal erosion, and to identify potential differences between these two types of coastal risks. More precisely, this study seeks to identify the major predictors of the willingness to cope using Bayesian regression. 208 inhabitants of coastal areas exposed at risk of coastal flooding and erosion in Pays de la Loire, region of western France, participated to our study. Results reveal that coastal erosion is perceived as a greater threat, essentially because it is perceived as more frightening than coastal flooding. Moreover, our results showed that past experiences of coastal risks had an impact on the willingness to use active coping strategies and that there were major differences in the choice of strategy depending on the risks. These results are discussed in terms of risk management. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 681-696 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1962952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1962952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:6:p:681-696 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-391760941571451331.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Dimitrios Chionis Author-X-Name-First: Dimitrios Author-X-Name-Last: Chionis Author-Name: Nektarios Karanikas Author-X-Name-First: Nektarios Author-X-Name-Last: Karanikas Author-Name: Alice-Rebecca Iordan Author-X-Name-First: Alice-Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Iordan Author-Name: Antonia Svensson-Dianellou Author-X-Name-First: Antonia Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson-Dianellou Title: Risk perception and communication factors in aviation: Insights from safety investigators Abstract: Although effective risk management is highly dependent on risk perception and communication, limited attention has been given to the influence and consideration of these two constructs and their factors in the aviation industry. This research aimed to map practices and perspectives of safety investigators regarding risk perception and communication in aviation and reveal respective influential parameters. The interviews with ten experienced safety investigators revealed that they consider and search risk perception and communication factors but with a divergent emphasis. Investigators acknowledged the effects of emotional and cognitive biases as well as the role of context when examining risk perception and communication factors and attributed the shaping of the latter to organisational practices, mainly training, supervisory and cultural aspects. Overall, the findings of this study suggest investigation methods could be enriched with a systematic approach to examining the role of risk perception and communication and considering their shaping factors while also providing directions for abating subjectivity when addressing these two constructs. This could be facilitated by developing a common reference framework for risk perception and communication and be accompanied by support from specialists and training in the management of investigators’ heuristics. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 844-859 Issue: 7 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2038246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2038246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:7:p:844-859 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver5916102058181518875.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Won-Ki Moon Author-X-Name-First: Won-Ki Author-X-Name-Last: Moon Author-Name: Lee Ann Kahlor Author-X-Name-First: Lee Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Kahlor Author-Name: Janet Zheng Yang Author-X-Name-First: Janet Zheng Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Hayoung Sally Lim Author-X-Name-First: Hayoung Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Lim Title: Risk perception, affect, and information avoidance during the 2016 U.S. Presidential election Abstract: During a presidential election cycle, voters consume information to alleviate uncertainty about the candidates and the process. As a result, elections offer an interesting (and somewhat novel) context for studying risk-related information behaviors. Here we argue that individuals avoid certain information, depending on the amount of risk they perceive and to what extent they experience risk-related affect. Based on national survey data collected one month prior to the 2016 U.S. presidential election (N = 512), we found that risk perception influenced information avoidance through affective responses to the different types of risks. Specifically, financial and political risk influenced avoidance through negative affective response to risk, while policy risk influenced avoidance through both positive and negative affective response. Thus, the mediation of affective responses varies by the type of perceived risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 860-873 Issue: 7 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2038247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2038247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:7:p:860-873 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-4653997132025867689.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Houcai Wang Author-X-Name-First: Houcai Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Li Xiong Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Xiong Author-Name: Chengwen Wang Author-X-Name-First: Chengwen Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Nan Chen Author-X-Name-First: Nan Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Title: Understanding Chinese mobile social media users’ communication behaviors during public health emergencies Abstract: Mobile social media has become a significant platform for information exchange and social interaction during public health emergencies, and it has experienced exponential growth during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has forced many emergency agencies to rethink the way emergency information is disseminated. Mobile social media can be applied to public health emergency response, and it has great potential value as a tool for fostering government-citizen relationships during public health emergencies. Furthermore, consideration of specific risk cultures and rigorous censorship of social media may influence citizens’ use of mobile social media during the pandemic or other public health emergency. Thus, to investigate the specific mobile social media communication behaviors of Chinese citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic, we surveyed 2,074 mobile social media users in China from February to August 2020. We found that the state-oriented risk culture and strict censorship of social media, influence Chinese mobile social media users to seek and share information about the pandemic during public health emergencies; this finding has practical implications and academic value, because it increases the understanding of mobile social media users’ communication behaviors, supports shared situational awareness, and increases social resilience when responses to public health emergencies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 874-891 Issue: 7 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2049621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2049621 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:7:p:874-891 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-987176437660585131.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Amanda D. Boyd Author-X-Name-First: Amanda D. Author-X-Name-Last: Boyd Author-Name: Chris M. Furgal Author-X-Name-First: Chris M. Author-X-Name-Last: Furgal Title: Towards a participatory approach to risk communication: the case of contaminants and Inuit health Abstract: Indigenous populations residing in the Arctic commonly rely on country foods for nutritional, spiritual and cultural benefits. However, some food sources have become contaminated with heavy metals or persistent organic pollutants. As a result of these contaminants, it is critical that risk communicators develop effective and culturally appropriate health messages about the risks and benefits of eating country foods. To address this challenge in the Canadian Inuit region of Nunavik, a working group was formed to advance risk management, determine health advisories, and communicate recommendations about local country foods. The Nunavik Child Development Study (NCDS) Communications Working Group included local hunters, educators, health care professionals, researchers, and communicators, among others. In-depth interviews with members of the NCDS Communications Working Group were completed to provide insight into the risk management approach and how communication messages and materials were developed and delivered. Study results reveal the importance of including members of the Inuit population affected by the risk in the design and dissemination of communication material. In addition, researchers and healthcare professionals were able to: (1) access important local knowledge; (2) better understand the perceptions of the populations; and (3) assess behaviors that contributed to contaminant exposure. By incorporating multiple perspectives and including members of the population in the affected region in the decision-making process, there was greater consensus in risk management and communication design. We discuss the benefits and challenges of utilizing an approach that includes participatory elements, and how lessons from this case can contribute to participatory risk communication literature more broadly. This study ultimately provides insight into how using elements of a participatory approaches to risk management and communication – that considers different experiences, knowledges, and skills – can result in potentially more culturally relevant health advisories and risk communication campaigns. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 892-910 Issue: 7 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2061035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2061035 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:7:p:892-910 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver-4072319518838603299.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Author-Name: Michael Gochfeld Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Gochfeld Title: Consistency and local adaptation in use of ecological and eco-cultural indicators: assessing risk from contamination Abstract: The United States and other countries have radiological and chemical legacy wastes remaining from World War II and the Cold War. Assessing risk to human health and the environment from contaminated sites requires inventorying wastes, and examining risks. We use five large U.S. Department of Energy sites to assess the kinds and temporal patterns of indicators used to evaluate ecological resources. Our objective was to determine if there is consistency in types of indicators monitored, whether there are temporal data sets, and how eco-cultural indicators are used. For our assessment, we examined the sites’ Annual Environmental Reports that are meant to inform regulators, stakeholders, resource trustees and the public of their environmental performance in reducing risk and protecting humans and the environment. We present tables of ecological and eco-cultural indicators (and temporal trends) for each site, including contaminant levels in listed species, contaminant levels in consumed species, population levels of endangered/threatened species, biodiversity in communities, and information on invasive species. There is consistency in types of ecological and eco-cultural indicators selected among sites, but the specific indicators differ and are often site-specific. There are temporal patterns for species that serve an ecological and eco-cultural function, and that provide information on risk to eco-receptors and humans. There are fewer cultural indicators, and no temporal trends data for them. The data can be used to improve indicator use and monitoring across the DOE complex, and provide models for assessment of risk to ecological and eco-cultural resources at other contaminated sites. Being able to assess relative risk among sites provides managers, regulators, and the public with information to aid in prioritization of remediation tasks, as well as assessing whether remediation and restoration have reduced risks to ecological receptors and human consumers, and achieved the continued protection of ecological and eco-cultural resources on these sites. It also provides a model to prioritize funds and projects among preserves, national forests and wildlife refuges, and other protected lands. The first step is determining current indicators and commonalities among sites, which will allow managers, public policymakers, and the public to make science-based, adaptive management decisions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 911-939 Issue: 7 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2077412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2077412 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:7:p:911-939 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver6572655514706029794.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Dermot Barr Author-X-Name-First: Dermot Author-X-Name-Last: Barr Author-Name: John Drury Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Drury Author-Name: Sanjeedah Choudhury Author-X-Name-First: Sanjeedah Author-X-Name-Last: Choudhury Title: Understanding collective flight responses to (mis)perceived hostile threats in Britain 2010-2019: a systematic review of ten years of false alarms in crowded spaces Abstract: Crowd flight incidents from (mis)perceived threats are important social, psychological, and political phenomena that have been neglected in previous research. They are potentially deadly, economically disruptive, and individually distressing incidents that may result in armed police responses. Despite the seriousness of these phenomena, we know little about their occurrence in Britain. We carried out a systematic review using PRISMA principles on the Nexis media database to analyse the nature of these false alarm incidents and the relationship between false alarms and other variables, in particular real terror attacks. ‘Urgent’ crowd flight responses, often called ‘stampedes’, were found to be rare, and resulted in relatively few serious injuries. Diverse public behaviour was recorded, and competitive behaviour was relatively rare. False alarm incidents were mainly reported in locations known to be soft targets for terrorism, and incidents were associated with the National Threat Level in the second half of the decade, peaking in 2017. They were also associated with psychologically-relevant attacks in Europe, particularly indiscriminate Islamist attacks, rather than right-wing terrorism. Implications for developing a social psychological understanding of these events are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 825-843 Issue: 7 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2049622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2049622 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:7:p:825-843 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: catalog-resolver756448750231944310.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004 Author-Name: Tom W. Reader Author-X-Name-First: Tom W. Author-X-Name-Last: Reader Title: Stakeholder safety communication: patient and family reports on safety risks in hospitals Abstract: Safety communication relates to the sharing of safety information within organizations in order to mitigate hazards and improve risk management. Although risk researchers have predominantly investigated employee safety communication behaviors (e.g. voice), a growing body of work (e.g. in healthcare, transport) indicates that public stakeholders also communicate safety information to organizations. To investigate the nature of stakeholder safety communication behaviors, and their possible contribution to organizational risk management, accounts from patients and families – recorded in a government public inquiry – about trying to report safety risks in an unsafe hospital were examined. Within the inquiry, 410 narrative accounts of patients and families engaging in safety communication behaviors (voicing concerns, writing complaints, and whistleblowing) were identified and analyzed. Typically, the aim of safety communication was to ensure hospital staff addressed safety risks that were apparent and impactful to patients and families (e.g. medication errors, clinical neglect), yet unnoticed or uncorrected by clinicians and administrators. However, the success of patient and family safety communication in ameliorating risk was variable, and problems in hospital safety culture (e.g. high workloads, downplaying safety problems) meant that information provided by patients and families was frequently not acted upon. Due to their distinct role as independent service-users, public stakeholders can potentially support organizational risk management through communicating on safety risks missed or not addressed by employees and managers. However, for this to happen, there must be capacity and openness within organizations for responding to safety communication from stakeholders. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 807-824 Issue: 7 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2061036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2061036 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:7:p:807-824 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1646311_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Marie-Valentine Florin Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Valentine Author-X-Name-Last: Florin Title: Risk governance and 'responsible research and innovation' can be mutually supportive Abstract: Risk governance (RG) is concerned with processes and principles to improve the management of risk. When implemented to deal with risks from new technologies, it must also contribute to enhancing innovation, rather than constraining it, in such a way that innovation itself can also contribute to reducing risks. To increase its relevance to some of the challenges that managers face, RG must constantly adapt to the objectives and priorities of organisations, as well as their supporting values. One of these priorities in Europe and elsewhere is that organisations develop research and innovation in a way that is 'responsible'. Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is thus defined by the European Commission Horizon 2020 programme as ‘an approach that anticipates and assesses potential implications and societal expectations with regard to research and innovation, with the aim to foster the design of inclusive and sustainable research and innovation’. This article addresses the difficulties of implementing RRI principles in the practice and suggests that an analogy can be made between processes in place for RG and processes that could be developed for RRI. It further suggests that RG could be used to support the development of RRI. The practice of RG can offer relevant ways to assess and manage RRI and provide guidance for the development of procedural and normative RRI. Embedding RRI in practice is a challenge that requires considerations at the organisational and individual level. This article concludes by suggesting questions that researchers can consider to ensure that their work is in line with expectations from both effective RG and RRI. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 976-990 Issue: 8 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1646311 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1646311 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:8:p:976-990 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1617338_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Anna Berti Suman Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Berti Suman Title: The role of information in multilateral governance of environmental health risk: lessons from the Equatorial Asian haze case Abstract: A multilateral approach to the governance of environmental health risk could be regarded as a possible response to the complexity of current risk problems. Such multilateral governance is deemed advisable in consideration of the need to achieve an adaptive risk management approach and establish a dialogue among the stakeholders involved in or affected by a specific risk. However, whereas the benefits of multilateral risk governance are clear in theory, in practice – and specifically for the environmental health domain – there seems to be a shortage of successful cases where this multilateral approach has been actually applied. In particular, this article targets the necessity to understand ‘multilateral’ in a broad sense, thus also including the international community and civil society actors, both organized in collectives (e.g. NGOs) and wider civil society (e.g. on-the-ground citizens). The case of the Equatorial Asian haze is investigated to respond to a theoretical question, namely whether and how processes of deviating dynamics can trigger an improvement in risk governance, especially stimulating alternative information production and pushing for the release of key information held by the government. Access to information results in being a necessary step to achieve multilateral risk governance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 959-975 Issue: 8 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1617338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1617338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:8:p:959-975 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1569094_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Tuuli Vilhunen Author-X-Name-First: Tuuli Author-X-Name-Last: Vilhunen Author-Name: Matti Kojo Author-X-Name-First: Matti Author-X-Name-Last: Kojo Author-Name: Tapio Litmanen Author-X-Name-First: Tapio Author-X-Name-Last: Litmanen Author-Name: Behnam Taebi Author-X-Name-First: Behnam Author-X-Name-Last: Taebi Title: Perceptions of justice influencing community acceptance of spent nuclear fuel disposal. A case study in two Finnish nuclear communities Abstract: Final disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from nuclear power plants (NPPs) is an ethical issue with implications within and across generations. We address this issue from the perspective of nuclear communities that host nuclear waste disposal sites. These are primarily the communities that face injustice due to the potential radiological risks. A resident survey (n = 454) was conducted in two Finnish nuclear communities, i.e. Eurajoki and Pyhäjoki, that are being considered as alternative sites for a second repository for SNF. The nuclear waste management (NWM) company Posiva is already building a repository in Eurajoki, the first in Finland. These communities are in different stages of their lifecycles as nuclear communities. We investigated the residents’ conceptions of justice and trust regarding the repository SNF management and its main actors, and how these conceptions related to acceptance of the repository. The main findings show that residents of both communities perceived intragenerational and intergenerational injustices to be important in the procedures and the distribution of risks and benefits of the proposed repository. Claims regarding justice and trust were related to the acceptance of the repository. The community with the longer history with NWM expressed greater mistrust and perceived greater procedural injustice than the community with less earlier experience, which – in turn – expressed more concern over intragenerational distributive justice than the former community. Moreover, having longer history with NWM did not lead to a different understanding regarding responsibility toward future generations as resident’s in both communities expressed similar concern over intergenerational justice. Moreover, having more experience of NWM did not enhance local acceptance. We emphasize that these results should be understood in the light of the prevailing situation in Finland, where the planning of the second repository is at a very early stage. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1023-1046 Issue: 8 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1569094 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569094 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:8:p:1023-1046 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2104345_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Behnam Taebi Author-X-Name-First: Behnam Author-X-Name-Last: Taebi Author-Name: Marjolein van Asselt Author-X-Name-First: Marjolein Author-X-Name-Last: van Asselt Author-Name: Ibo van de Poel Author-X-Name-First: Ibo Author-X-Name-Last: van de Poel Title: Multilateral governance of technological risks; editors’ overview 1 Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 941-944 Issue: 8 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2104345 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2104345 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:8:p:941-944 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1864008_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Agata Stasik Author-X-Name-First: Agata Author-X-Name-Last: Stasik Author-Name: Dariusz Jemielniak Author-X-Name-First: Dariusz Author-X-Name-Last: Jemielniak Title: Public involvement in risk governance in the internet era: impact of new rules of building trust and credibility Abstract: The article draws attention to the multidirectional impact of the widespread Internet communication on public involvement in risk governance processes. The prevalence of Internet communication changes the rules of building credibility and trust, and a position of expert knowledge. As online peer-to-peer information are not verified by any single trustworthy institution, the expert community often perceives it as a source of disturbance in risk governance. We refuse to frame online communication simply in terms of a threat to responsible dealing with risks and, instead, demonstrate how it creates new conditions for public involvement in risk governance, which may strengthen or hamper responsible risk governance, potentially compensating for the shortcomings of the system based solely on state agencies’ activities. Basing on the qualitative analysis of three critical cases, we show how the involvement of Internet-enabled groups impacts the risk governance of specific issues in Poland. Specifically, the Internet-enabled participation amplifies evidence-based concerns (the case of city air pollution), signals new “unknown unknowns” (the case of fracking), or weakens procedures based on the body of scientific knowledge (the case of vaccination controversy). To decide when and how to harness the potential of internet-enabled public involvement and when to focus on limiting the harms it may engender, we propose a framework that takes into account the level of uncertainty, the extent to which risk mitigation policy in place reflects the scientific consensus (if there is one), and the accepted rules of credibility and trust by Internet-enabled groups to expert knowledge. We claim that risk governance processes should routinely involve analyses and actions aimed at governing risks that ignore the impact of widespread Internet use may prove counter-effective. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 991-1007 Issue: 8 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1864008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1864008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:8:p:991-1007 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1779784_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Pita Spruijt Author-X-Name-First: Pita Author-X-Name-Last: Spruijt Author-Name: Arthur C. Petersen Author-X-Name-First: Arthur C. Author-X-Name-Last: Petersen Title: Multilevel governance of antimicrobial resistance risks: a literature review Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing and spreading throughout the world. Many academic publications address the human health care, veterinary, food safety and environmental aspects of this cross-border challenge. This paper focuses on the broader issue of the governance of AMR at multiple levels, from local to global. The paper provides a literature overview on the full complexity of the governance of the risk. A structured search strategy for the period 2002–2016 was applied using online databases. The literature is analyzed and presented along five themes that were distilled: levels, sectors, responsibilities, uncertainties, and values. On top of the medical-technical dimension of AMR, these five themes need to be taken into account for the governance of AMR risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 945-958 Issue: 8 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1779784 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2020.1779784 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:8:p:945-958 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2053391_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188 Author-Name: Jamie K. Wardman Author-X-Name-First: Jamie K. Author-X-Name-Last: Wardman Author-Name: Frederic Bouder Author-X-Name-First: Frederic Author-X-Name-Last: Bouder Title: ‘All we have to do is be uncertain’: assessing the ‘amplification of institutional incertitude’ in European food safety and risk governance Abstract: This paper addresses efforts made by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in recent years to foreground the identification, representation, and public disclosure of scientific uncertainty in its risk assessment procedures and communications, a process aptly characterised in this paper as the ‘amplification of institutional incertitude’. We argue that while the introduction of EFSA’s novel uncertainty reforms has opened a welcome space for academic and policy dialogue, this strategic initiative will nevertheless struggle to reconcile ongoing stakeholder concerns about the legitimacy, direction, and authority of the agency’s scientific opinions and expert advice. We observe that the instigation of EFSA’s uncertainty reforms is prefigured by a longstanding policy tension running at the heart of the agency’s directives requiring officials to be both open and transparent on the one hand, whilst being free from political influence and remaining distanced from risk management decisions on the other. The uncertainty reforms adopted may accordingly be understood as a way for EFSA to reconcile a current ‘uncertainty paradox’ facing the agency by accommodating wider concerns about uncertainty and opening itself up to further scrutiny of its risk assessment processes without relinquishing independence. We argue that prior policy tensions are unlikely to be resolved by simply ‘being uncertain’ however, because this prescriptive ‘solution’ offers only limited congruency with the wider problem diagnoses facing the agency. Moreover, we caution that as institutional incertitude is increasingly amplified, EFSA will in turn be further prompted to rethink and refresh its stakeholder engagement initiatives in order to improve its standing in the food safety field amidst ongoing criticisms and calls for greater inclusion, oversight, and input that follow. Finally, we offer some policy recommendations and highlight the need for future lines of research inquiry to take greater account of the socio-political context in which the assessment and communication of uncertainty takes place. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1008-1022 Issue: 8 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2053391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2053391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:8:p:1008-1022 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1990112_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jeongwon Yang Author-X-Name-First: Jeongwon Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Combating pandemic: an exploration of social media users’ risk information seeking during the COVID-19 outbreak Abstract: The world is currently experiencing an unprecedented pandemic crisis. To explore public’s information behaviors in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, this study aims 1) to empirically explore determinants of information seeking behaviors during COVID-19 by testing the framework of risk information seeking (FRIS), and 2) to assess the model under social media context by integrating social media engagement into the original variable in the model, given that the social situation of COVID-19 and the new media environment has changed how people engage with their community and seek information. As a result of conducting an online survey and testing the proposed hypotheses, the study found acceptable model fits from both the measurement model and structural model. This research presents novel findings on what instigates lay public to seek information during the pandemic crisis: 1) Pathways that consistently supported the original framework’s findings suggest how social media engagement can generate a virtual involvement with the issue to an extent which induces similar level of affective and behavioral responses; 2) media saturation and overflowing information channels omitted the mediating role of information need between current knowledge and information seeking; 3) individuals with higher social media engagement demonstrate higher seeking intent, mediated by negative emotion and social pressure. Overall, by applying the new media setting and the COVID-19 context to a pre-existing information seeking model, this article asserts the need for more pragmatic risk communication strategies that encompass the idiosyncratic aspects of pandemic crisis and the public’s information behaviors in a new media landscape. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1190-1212 Issue: 10 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1990112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1990112 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:10:p:1190-1212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1958045_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Deborah Lupton Author-X-Name-First: Deborah Author-X-Name-Last: Lupton Author-Name: Sophie Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Title: ‘The day everything changed’: Australians’ COVID-19 risk narratives Abstract: Concepts and practices related to risk are central to people’s experiences of the COVID-19 crisis and attempts to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus. Sociological perspectives and empirical research on risk and uncertainty have much to offer for insights into how people conceptualise and respond to health risks such those associated with this new pandemic: including identification of the geographical, political, socioeconomic and other contextual dimensions. In this article, we provide findings from a qualitative interview-based project on Australians’ experiences of the first six months of the pandemic in 2020, including the national lockdown. A total of 40 adults from across Australia took part in a semi-structured telephone interview. Adopting a narrative analysis approach, we explored people’s biographical, embodied, spatial and affective experiences in what we term their ‘COVID-19 risk narratives’. We further identified the events and circumstances that contributed to people beginning to feel at heightened personal risk from COVID-19 or which helped them feel safe or less vulnerable. The findings highlight the roles of factors including media coverage, previous experiences with infectious disease, beliefs about personal health and immunity, the government’s implementation of containment measures, observations of others’ behaviours and experiences, interactions with healthcare providers, geographical location and concern for family members. We argue that surfacing the interplay of these dynamic complex and highly contextual forces and relationships is vital to understanding COVID-19 risk understandings and practices. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1147-1160 Issue: 10 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1958045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1958045 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:10:p:1147-1160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2049623_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Magda Osman Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Author-Name: Zoe Adams Author-X-Name-First: Zoe Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Author-Name: Bjoern Meder Author-X-Name-First: Bjoern Author-X-Name-Last: Meder Author-Name: Christos Bechlivanidis Author-X-Name-First: Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Bechlivanidis Author-Name: Omar Verduga Author-X-Name-First: Omar Author-X-Name-Last: Verduga Author-Name: Colin Strong Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Strong Title: People’s understanding of the concept of misinformation Abstract: In the main, work has focused on defining and conceptualising the term misinformation, why and how people share misinformation, as well as the consequences for individual behaviour and policy making. Misinformation is an especially live issue in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and the communication that people use to inform their interpretations of risks, and claims about what is needed to reduce exposure and spread of the virus. However, we know very little about what the public take the concept of misinformation to mean. Therefore, here and for other matters of public interest, it is worth understanding what informs the way people report what misinformation means to them. To address this, we present findings from a large scale representative survey (N = 4,407) from four countries (Russia, Turkey, UK, USA) to investigate the various ways in which people understand the concept of misinformation. Intentionality appears to matter, where most agreement was for the general description of misinformation as ‘Information that is intentionally designed to mislead’ (69.00%). Relative to other sources (e.g. media, other people), experts (48.38%) and scientific evidence (60.20%) were the most common sources by which to determine that something is misinformation. Finally, looking at specific features of information, misinformation was most associated with information that exaggerated conclusions from facts (49.24%), didn’t provide a complete picture (48.83%), and was presented as fact rather than opinion or rumour (43.07%). In general, country and demographic factors (age, gender, education, marital status, employment status) did not appear to distinguish these patterns of responses. This work helps to reveal what people report they take the concept of misinformation to mean, which may inform ways of targeting it. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1239-1258 Issue: 10 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2049623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2049623 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:10:p:1239-1258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1947874_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: George W. Warren Author-X-Name-First: George W. Author-X-Name-Last: Warren Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: Risk communication and COVID-19 in Europe: lessons for future public health crises Abstract: Risk communication is key to engaging with the public on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to promote acceptance, compliance and policy support. This article outlines the considerations needed for effective risk communication to promote support for and compliance with NPIs alongside building trust, before assessing the hazard characteristics of COVID-19 on public perceptions. Highlighting examples of risk communication successes and failures in five European case study countries: France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK, this article aims to underline the impact of risk communication on public trust and confidence in respective government COVID-19 strategies, and outline recommendations for future public health crises. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1161-1175 Issue: 10 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1947874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1947874 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:10:p:1161-1175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2077411_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Tessa Swanson Author-X-Name-First: Tessa Author-X-Name-Last: Swanson Author-Name: Jon Zelner Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Zelner Author-Name: Seth Guikema Author-X-Name-First: Seth Author-X-Name-Last: Guikema Title: COVID-19 has illuminated the need for clearer AI-based risk management strategies Abstract: Machine learning methods offer opportunities improve pandemic response and risk management by supplementing mechanistic modeling approaches to pandemic planning and response based on diverse sources of data at every level from the local to global scale. However, such solutions rely on the availability of appropriate data as well as communication and dissemination of that data to develop tools and guidance for decision making. A lack of consistency in the reporting and availability of disaggregated, detailed data on COVID-19 in the US has limited the application of artificial intelligence methods and the effectiveness of those methods for projecting the spread and subsequent impacts of this disease in communities. These limitations are missed opportunities for AI methods to make a positive contribution, and they introduce the possibility of inappropriate use of AI methods when not acknowledged. Going forward, governing bodies should develop data collection and sharing standards in collaboration with AI researchers and industry experts to facilitate preparedness for pandemics and other disasters in the future. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1223-1238 Issue: 10 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2077411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2077411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:10:p:1223-1238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2116083_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Nikolas Koch Author-X-Name-First: Nikolas Author-X-Name-Last: Koch Author-Name: Bill Durodié Author-X-Name-First: Bill Author-X-Name-Last: Durodié Title: Scientists advise, ministers decide? The role of scientific expertise in UK policymaking during the coronavirus pandemic Abstract: COVID-19 has been a transformational crisis, uprooting everyday lives and causing some of the most significant health, social, and economic challenges in recent memory. Similarly, coronavirus has also forced significant political change, refocusing attention on politics and policymaking structures during a time of crisis. This shift is exemplified by scientific advisers’ role at the forefront of governmental decision-making. Scientific advice has provided vital knowledge and insight into the government’s pandemic responses.However, the coronavirus pandemic has also highlighted the complex nature of combining science with politics, as well as the difficulties involved in distinguishing between expert advice and political or moral choices. Such complexity warrants a reconsideration of science’s impact on policymaking. Namely, from a long-term view, the growth of governmental experts started well before the coronavirus pandemic. Partly, this proliferation is driven by a desire to improve policymaking, given that there is a clear need to effectively consult, consider, and act on the advice of experts in all fields of government.Nevertheless, societal changes like a declining trust in government also mean that expert advice can increasingly be used as a tool to legitimate or depoliticise debates. Considering the complexity of fighting a global pandemic, this belies that advice must be effectively scrutinised within broader contextual or operational considerations – a government cannot simply ‘follow the science’. Coronavirus highlights the need for a renewed focus on the interplay of expertise and policymaking, considering who, why, and on what basis governments are advised – as well as what lessons they draw from it. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1213-1222 Issue: 10 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2116083 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2116083 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:10:p:1213-1222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2077416_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Øyvind Ihlen Author-X-Name-First: Øyvind Author-X-Name-Last: Ihlen Author-Name: Sine Nørholm Just Author-X-Name-First: Sine Nørholm Author-X-Name-Last: Just Author-Name: Jens E. Kjeldsen Author-X-Name-First: Jens E. Author-X-Name-Last: Kjeldsen Author-Name: Ragnhild Mølster Author-X-Name-First: Ragnhild Author-X-Name-Last: Mølster Author-Name: Truls Strand Offerdal Author-X-Name-First: Truls Strand Author-X-Name-Last: Offerdal Author-Name: Joel Rasmussen Author-X-Name-First: Joel Author-X-Name-Last: Rasmussen Author-Name: Eli Skogerbø Author-X-Name-First: Eli Author-X-Name-Last: Skogerbø Title: Transparency beyond information disclosure: strategies of the Scandinavian public health authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic Abstract: The concept of transparency has been problematized in risk research. This exploratory study contributes to the risk literature by considering an established three-dimensional transparency framework (information substantiality, accountability, and participation) and discussing the opportunities for and challenges to risk communication in relation to the framework. Furthermore, we examine the strategies of Scandinavian health authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic and the different levels of public trust in these authorities. In general, Norwegian authorities received higher levels of trust than their Swedish and Danish counterparts. We argue that this was partly due to differences in transparency management. Our findings support the importance of the three transparency dimensions and indicate that transparency regarding uncertainties positively impacts levels of trust. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1176-1189 Issue: 10 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2077416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2077416 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:10:p:1176-1189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1936607_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Karwan M-Amen Author-X-Name-First: Karwan Author-X-Name-Last: M-Amen Author-Name: K. I. Mahmood Author-X-Name-First: K. I. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahmood Author-Name: S. A. Shabu Author-X-Name-First: S. A. Author-X-Name-Last: Shabu Author-Name: N. P. Shabila Author-X-Name-First: N. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Shabila Title: Exploring perspectives on COVID-19 risk, protective behavior and control measures Abstract: Public perceptions and behaviors in relation to COVID-19 have been at the forefront of public health policy to mitigate the transmission of the infection and reduce the burden on healthcare infrastructure. This study assesses people’s perspectives towards COVID-19, especially concerning disease risk, adherence to protective measures, and the effectiveness of the imposed prevention and control measures. An explorative study based on Q-method was conducted in Erbil, the Kurdistan Region. The study involved a purposively selected sample of 40 persons representing different educational, social, and economic levels. 41 statements were extracted that covered various aspects of the impact of COVID-19 on the lives of people and their perspectives about these experiences, using 41 statements answerable with a nine-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from ‘least agree’ to ‘most agree’. Data analysis involved a by-person factor analysis using PQMethod 2.35. Three distinct viewpoints and one consensus perspective were identified. Viewpoint 1, confidence and adherence to protective measures, centers on compliance with the main protective measures, the seriousness of COVID-19, and the effectiveness of the public health preventive measures. Viewpoint 2, apprehensiveness and noncompliance, focuses on extreme apprehension from the disease and concerns about the public health policies against COVID-19. Viewpoint 3, inattentive, emphasizes the lack of awareness and adherence to protective measures by the people and the ineffectiveness of the public health preventive measures. The primary aspects distinguishing the three viewpoints included risk perception, protective behavioral response, and public health preventive measures. Risk perception can potentially guide appropriate protective behavior. To strengthen preventive measures and comply with protective behaviors, different approaches that can address the needs of different groups of people are required. The focus should be on increasing risk awareness, reducing anxiety, and explaining the justification and effectiveness of public health policy preventive measures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1118-1130 Issue: 9 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1936607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1936607 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:9:p:1118-1130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1936613_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Wändi Bruine de Bruin Author-X-Name-First: Wändi Author-X-Name-Last: Bruine de Bruin Author-Name: Aulona Ulqinaku Author-X-Name-First: Aulona Author-X-Name-Last: Ulqinaku Author-Name: Dana P. Goldman Author-X-Name-First: Dana P. Author-X-Name-Last: Goldman Title: Effect of COVID-19 vaccine allocation strategies on vaccination refusal: a national survey Abstract: Currently, one of the most pressing public health challenges is encouraging people to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Due to limited supplies, some people have had to wait for the COVID-19 vaccine. Consumer research has suggested that people who are overlooked in initial distribution of desired goods may no longer be interested. Here, we therefore examined people’s preferences for proposed vaccine allocation strategies, as well as their anticipated responses to being overlooked. After health-care workers, most participants preferred prioritizing vaccines for high-risk individuals living in group-settings (49%) or with families (29%). We also found evidence of reluctance if passed over. After random assignment to vaccine allocation strategies that would initially overlook them, 37% of participants indicated that they would refuse the vaccine. The refusal rate rose to 42% when the vaccine allocation strategy prioritized people in areas with more COVID-19 – policies that were implemented in many areas. Even among participants who did not self-identify as vaccine hesitant, 22% said they would not want the vaccine in that case. Logistic regressions confirmed that vaccine refusal would be largest if vaccine allocation strategies targeted people who live in areas with more COVID-19 infections. In sum, once people are overlooked by vaccine allocation, they may no longer want to get vaccinated, even if they were not originally vaccine hesitant. Vaccine allocation strategies that prioritize high-infection areas and high-risk individuals in group-settings may enhance these concerns. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1047-1054 Issue: 9 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1936613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1936613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:9:p:1047-1054 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1958044_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jorge Matute Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Matute Author-Name: Ramon Palau-Saumell Author-X-Name-First: Ramon Author-X-Name-Last: Palau-Saumell Author-Name: Jan Meyer Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer Author-Name: Belén Derqui Author-X-Name-First: Belén Author-X-Name-Last: Derqui Author-Name: Noelia Jiménez-Asenjo Author-X-Name-First: Noelia Author-X-Name-Last: Jiménez-Asenjo Title: Are you getting it? Integrating theories to explain intentions to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in Spain Abstract: Based on the Health-Belief Model, the Theory of Reasoned Action and elements from social exchange, political ideology and fairness theories, this study explores the factors explaining individuals’ intentions to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Data were collected from a representative sample of the Spanish population composed of 507 citizens. The proposed model is tested with Partial Least Squares. Empirical testing suggests that attitudes toward the vaccine and moral norms directly determine citizens’ behavioral intentions to get vaccinated. These attitudes are mainly explained by perceptions about the benefits and risks associated with the vaccine and, to a lesser extent, by the perceived susceptibility, severity and knowledge of the disease, and each individual’s personal health orientation. Contrary to our expectations, perceived social pressures and cues to action do not explain behavioral intentions and attitudes, respectively. The findings from this study also suggest that political ideology indirectly, rather than directly, determines attitudes and behavioral intentions to get vaccinated via increased perceptions of trust and fairness involving the government’s decisions regarding the vaccination campaign. Overall, results suggest that reasons for accepting, or rejecting, the vaccine are heterogeneous and more complex than expected. Findings provide relevant insights for policymakers when it comes to designing effective interventions to increase the acceptance of the vaccine and reduce infection rates in the short term. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1055-1074 Issue: 9 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1958044 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1958044 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:9:p:1055-1074 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1986566_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jacob Voegel Author-X-Name-First: Jacob Author-X-Name-Last: Voegel Author-Name: Yoav Wachsman Author-X-Name-First: Yoav Author-X-Name-Last: Wachsman Title: The effect of culture in containing a pandemic: the case of COVID-19 Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic affected every country. Countries where people wore a mask, maintained social distance, and frequently washed their hands were more likely to contain the pandemic. In this article, we investigate how Hofstede’s cultural dimensions influenced the success that countries had containing this pandemic. We find that countries with higher uncertainty avoidance and indulgence had significantly higher rates of COVID-19 cases. However, there is no evidence that masculinity-femininity, power distance, long-term orientation, or individualism significantly affected people’s response to the pandemic. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1075-1084 Issue: 9 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1986566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1986566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:9:p:1075-1084 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2001674_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: George W. Warren Author-X-Name-First: George W. Author-X-Name-Last: Warren Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: COVID-19 vaccine rollout management and communication in Europe: one year on Abstract: Vaccines represent one of the most important methods to reduce the risk of hospitalisation and mortality as a result of COVID-19. To ensure the spread and risk of the Delta variant of COVID-19 is minimised, as many people as possible nationally must be fully vaccinated. Ensuring success in reaching high rates of vaccination relies on both effective risk management and risk communication strategies. This paper evaluates vaccine rollout management and communication strategies in five European nations: France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and England within the UK, updating findings from a previous paper on the same topic from January 2021. This paper evaluates these five nations’ management and communication strategies regarding the vaccine rollout timeline and prioritisation. Further, we discuss the effectiveness and importance of vaccine or immunity passports, highlighting the importance of ensuring that the needs of minoritised groups are considered in promoting the vaccine rollout, and ensuring fairness when prioritising certain groups over others to have earlier access to any vaccine. In conclusion, recommendations for policy makers and public health communicators are put forward. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1098-1117 Issue: 9 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.2001674 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.2001674 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:9:p:1098-1117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1936612_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Ricci P. H Yue Author-X-Name-First: Ricci P. H Author-X-Name-Last: Yue Author-Name: Bobo H. P. Lau Author-X-Name-First: Bobo H. P. Author-X-Name-Last: Lau Author-Name: Cecilia L. W. Chan Author-X-Name-First: Cecilia L. W. Author-X-Name-Last: Chan Author-Name: Siu-Man Ng Author-X-Name-First: Siu-Man Author-X-Name-Last: Ng Title: Risk perception as a double-edged sword in policy compliance in COVID-19 pandemic? A two-phase evaluation from Hong Kong Abstract: The emphasis of risk has been recognized as a crucial component to effective and successful policy compliance amidst a crisis. Yet, during the COVID-19 pandemic, when the impact of risk may fluctuate with the severity of the prolonged pandemic, and that the public consider not only public health factors when they choose but also whether to follow a COVID-19-related policy, perceived risk may not always lead to policy compliance. Two cross-sectional online surveys (during almost zero case period in late April to May, 2020 (Wave 2) and during the biggest outbreak in July, 2020 (Wave 3)) with convenient sampling were conducted to examine the dichotomous role of perceived severity and perceived susceptibility in influencing policy compliance in Hong Kong. A total of 1816 responses from local adults were collected (Wave 2: N = 564; Female % = 69.7%; Mean age = 39.4; Wave 3: N = 1252; Female %=68.8%; Mean age = 40.2). Although policy compliance is found to increase with the scale of the outbreak, results from path analyses showed that perceived susceptibility and perceived severity have an indirect role in policy complying behaviour when the objective risk is low. Risk variables, including attitude, knowledge, benefit and trust, have directly shaped policy compliance. More importantly, perceived severity boosts policy compliance but perceived susceptibility was associated with disobedience to public health policies. Meanwhile, Hong Kong citizens have a selective and conscious preference regarding the stringency of public health policy: They welcome more law and order, with increasing magnitude of penalty, but reject lockdown measures such as a curfew. Regression results implied that demography had a mild contribution to the acceptance of public health policies, with only the female gender being statistically related to higher policy acceptance. The findings of this study imply that boosting attitude, knowledge, benefit and trust would come more directly helpful in promoting public health policy compliance than emphasizing on risks alone. This study calls for further reflection on the traditional role of risk, especially perceived susceptibility, in mobilizing policy compliance to COVID-19-related measures. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1131-1145 Issue: 9 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1936612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1936612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:9:p:1131-1145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2038244_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Angela Bearth Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Bearth Author-Name: Michael Siegrist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Siegrist Title: The drivers and barriers of wearing a facemask during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Switzerland Abstract: Encouraging people to wear a facemask in situations where social distance is not possible is a relatively low-cost and low-impact measure to protect people from infections with SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the present study investigated various barriers and drivers regarding people’s self-reported wearing of protective facemasks in mandatory and non-mandatory situations. Data from a longitudinal study with four waves in Switzerland was used (N = 728). The findings show that the compliance with “wearing a facemask” increased over the duration of the pandemic, particularly after the lockdown measures were lifted. More importantly, the study shows that perceived effectiveness of wearing a facemask are important drivers, while various perceived costs (e.g., financial, comfort) act as barriers. Risk communicators should be aware that the communicated effectiveness (self or others) is associated with people’s willingness to wear facemasks in public, independently of the involved and perceived costs or whether wearing a facemask is mandatory or not.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2022.2038244 . Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1085-1097 Issue: 9 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2038244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2038244 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:9:p:1085-1097 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2127849_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Maddy L. Dyer Author-X-Name-First: Maddy L. Author-X-Name-Last: Dyer Author-Name: Hannah M. Sallis Author-X-Name-First: Hannah M. Author-X-Name-Last: Sallis Author-Name: Jasmine N. Khouja Author-X-Name-First: Jasmine N. Author-X-Name-Last: Khouja Author-Name: Sarah Dryhurst Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Dryhurst Author-Name: Marcus R. Munafò Author-X-Name-First: Marcus R. Author-X-Name-Last: Munafò Title: Associations between COVID-19 risk perceptions and mental health, wellbeing, and risk behaviours Abstract: Mental health has worsened, and substance use has increased for some people during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Some cross-sectional studies suggest that higher COVID-19 risk perceptions are related to poorer mental health and greater risk behaviours (e.g. substance use). However, longitudinal and genetic data are needed to help to reduce the likelihood of reverse causality. We used cross-sectional, longitudinal, and polygenic risk score (PRS; for anxiety, depression, wellbeing) data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We examined cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal associations between COVID-19 risk perceptions (i.e. cognitive, affective, self, other, and a combined ‘holistic’ measure) and mental health (i.e. anxiety, depression), wellbeing, and risk behaviours. Pandemic (April–July 2020) and pre-pandemic (2003–2017) data (ns = 233–5,115) were included. Higher COVID-19 risk perceptions (holistic) were associated with anxiety (OR 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.20 to 3.52), depression (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.18), low wellbeing (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.45 to 2.13), and increased alcohol use (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.72). Higher COVID-19 risk perceptions were also associated with self-isolating given a suspected COVID-19 infection (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.68), and less face-to-face contact (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.98) and physical contact (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.00). Pre-pandemic anxiety (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.09) and low wellbeing (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.74) were associated with higher COVID-19 risk perceptions. The depression PRS (b 0.21, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.40) and wellbeing PRS (b − 0.29, 95% CI −0.48 to −0.09) were associated with higher and lower COVID-19 risk perceptions, respectively. Poorer mental health and wellbeing are associated with higher COVID-19 risk perceptions, and longitudinal and genetic data suggest that they may play a causal role in COVID-19 risk perceptions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1372-1394 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2127849 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2127849 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1372-1394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2142950_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Author-Name: Shital A. Thekdi Author-X-Name-First: Shital A. Author-X-Name-Last: Thekdi Title: On how to characterize and confront misinformation in a risk context Abstract: Misinformation is one of the largest challenges for risk assessment and communication. However, the term misinformation in relation to risk has not yet been clearly interpreted by the risk field. Basic definitions of misinformation point to false, incorrect, inaccurate and misleading information. However, when it comes to risk, there is in many cases no reference for what is the truth - the risk magnitude needs to be evaluated on the basis of analysis and judgments. What is judged as misinformation by some, could be seen as adequate information by others. In this paper we reflect on the meaning and scope of the misinformation concept in relation to risk and uncertainty. The main goal is to obtain new knowledge on the topic by relating the discussion to risk science fundamentals, on the understanding, characterization and perception of risk. A structure for a classification of misinformation in relation to risk is proposed. Several measures are also presented to explore how to meet the misinformation challenge in risk contexts. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1272-1287 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2142950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2142950 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1272-1287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2128391_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Gabriela Capurro Author-X-Name-First: Gabriela Author-X-Name-Last: Capurro Author-Name: Ryan Maier Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Maier Author-Name: Jordan Tustin Author-X-Name-First: Jordan Author-X-Name-Last: Tustin Author-Name: Cynthia G. Jardine Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia G. Author-X-Name-Last: Jardine Author-Name: S. Michelle Driedger Author-X-Name-First: S. Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Driedger Title: The spokesperson matters: evaluating the crisis communication styles of primary spokespersons when presenting COVID-19 modeling data across three jurisdictions in Canada Abstract: Risk prevention measures are more likely to be accepted if people trust risk managers and their ability to handle the crisis, which often depends on who communicates with the public. During the COVID-19 pandemic, some Canadian officials became the main spokespersons of pandemic response in their jurisdiction, speaking almost daily to the public. We evaluated how the primary official for each jurisdiction chose to communicate about epidemiological modeling with the public and how they used modeling data to support their pandemic decisions. We conducted textual and visual analyses of press conferences held in British Columbia, Manitoba, and Ontario. Then, we asked focus group participants who they trusted the most and the least for information on COVID-19. We identified two main communication styles: compassionate-informative and condescending-evasive. Spokespersons following the former demonstrate a trust-building effort by providing straightforward answers, demonstrating expertise, while showing empathy and risk management competence. Those who followed the latter style predominantly offered superficial and defensive responses, engaging in blame-shifting and politicizing risk. Focus group participants trusted most the spokespersons who follow a compassionate-informative style are considered trustworthy, which could increase compliance with public health measures. However, those who use the condescending-evasive style were seen as less trustworthy. Our results underscore, first, the importance of disassociating political agendas from risk communication and emergency response during public health crises. Second, spokespersons should be trained in risk and crisis communication to engage with reporters and the public positively. Finally, crisis communication should emphasize the scientific evidence behind guidelines, while acknowledging scientific uncertainty. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1395-1412 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2128391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2128391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1395-1412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2067891_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Trisha R. Shrum Author-X-Name-First: Trisha R. Author-X-Name-Last: Shrum Author-Name: Sarah A. Nowak Author-X-Name-First: Sarah A. Author-X-Name-Last: Nowak Author-Name: Scott C. Merrill Author-X-Name-First: Scott C. Author-X-Name-Last: Merrill Author-Name: John P. Hanley Author-X-Name-First: John P. Author-X-Name-Last: Hanley Author-Name: Tung-Lin Liu Author-X-Name-First: Tung-Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Eric M. Clark Author-X-Name-First: Eric M. Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Author-Name: Asim Zia Author-X-Name-First: Asim Author-X-Name-Last: Zia Author-Name: Christopher Koliba Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Koliba Title: Pro-environmental attitudes, altruism, and COVID-19 risk management behavior Abstract: Limiting the spread of COVID-19 during the pandemic is a collective action problem that calls on individuals to act, not just for their benefit but also for the benefit of others in their community. Many environmental problems, especially climate change, share this characteristic, which invites inquiry on whether those predisposed to act to solve environmental problems may also be predisposed to act to solve health-focused collective action problems. In this study, we use a survey instrument to examine how pro-environmental attitudes and two types of altruism relate to the tendency to follow social distancing guidelines and limit voluntary social exposure during the pandemic. We find that pro-environmental behaviors predict a feeling of moral obligation to reduce COVID-19 risk and a lower level of voluntary social exposure. Voluntary, individual-level altruism has no relationship with social exposure. These findings point to important insights about the connections between different types of collective action and the nuances in altruistic behavior. These insights may lead to essential guidance for public health and environmental messaging that respects and leverages the differences in voluntary, individual-level altruism and collective altruism. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1356-1371 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2067891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2067891 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1356-1371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2116086_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Cassandra L. C. Troy Author-X-Name-First: Cassandra L. C. Author-X-Name-Last: Troy Author-Name: Juliet Pinto Author-X-Name-First: Juliet Author-X-Name-Last: Pinto Author-Name: Zheng Cui Author-X-Name-First: Zheng Author-X-Name-Last: Cui Title: Managing complexity during dual crises: social media messaging of hurricane preparedness during COVID-19 Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic drastically altered the lives of global populations. As many struggled to adapt to the challenges of a pandemic, 2020 brought the most active Atlantic hurricane season on record. Government officials and other emergency management sources were faced with the challenge of crafting communications that took into account these dual crises and the challenges people navigated when making storm preparation decisions in light of health risks posed by COVID-19. Past research has shown that social media act as valuable sources of information during emergencies and natural disasters, therefore a mixed methods approach was used to analyze tweets about preparation for Hurricane Laura, which struck America’s Gulf Coast during August 2020. The Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Model (CERC) was used to examine how the simultaneous occurrence of threats in the pre-crisis and maintenance stages impacted the public’s concerns as well as how official messaging matched with or diverged from audience needs. Findings indicate the continuing utility of CERC, while at the same time suggesting needed revisions for when dual crises strike, situations that are likely to continue in an age of accelerating climate change. We couch conclusions with implications for scholars, practitioners and public officials. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1458-1475 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2116086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2116086 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1458-1475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2142949_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Mobeen Ahmad Author-X-Name-First: Mobeen Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmad Author-Name: Umair Majid Author-X-Name-First: Umair Author-X-Name-Last: Majid Title: The value of information: a qualitative analysis of how trust in information sources influences the decision to vaccinate in parents Abstract: Parents’ trust in information sources on vaccines influences their decision to vaccinate their children. This study explores how trust in information sources can promote or reduce vaccine hesitancy among parents. We conducted a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis of 29 vaccine hesitancy studies that focused on information and trust. We found that parents were particularly distrustful of (1) pharmaceutical companies, (2) physicians, (3) the government, and (4) academic research. Distrust partly stemmed from a belief that pharmaceutical companies unduly influenced physicians, the government, and academic research to maximize financial profit at the expense of population health. A non-judgmental, nonpartisan approach—whether with health care providers or family and friends—increased parents’ trust in the information source. Strategies that address parental concerns regarding scientific research and improve communication between parents and providers may increase adherence to vaccination schedules. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1444-1457 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2142949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2142949 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1444-1457 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_1958043_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: James Price Dillard Author-X-Name-First: James Price Author-X-Name-Last: Dillard Author-Name: Chun Yang Author-X-Name-First: Chun Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Yan Huang Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: Feeling COVID-19: intensity, clusters, and correlates of emotional responses to the pandemic Abstract: News of the pandemic has the potential to produce an array of positive and negative emotions, all of which have potent ramifications for subsequent risk to mental and physical well-being. This project sought to assess (a) the intensity of those emotional responses, (b) whether or not it was possible to identify meaningful clusters of emotional reactions, and (c) what social, personal, and communication indices might discriminate among those clusters. An online survey (N = 758) was conducted in April 2020 to assess emotional experiences of the pandemic with respect to fear, anger, sadness, contentment, and hope. COVID-related emotions were much more intense than emotions in everyday life or emotional responses to H1N1. Latent profile analysis produced a four-cluster solution in which two groups reported either high (Labiles) or low intensity of all five emotions (Stoics), and two other groups manifested either mainly positive (Optimists) or mainly negative affect (Pessimists). Profile membership was associated with sex, pre-existing health conditions, social connections to a positive diagnosis, political orientation, and variable patterns of interpersonal and mediated communication. Given the specific patterning of positive versus negative emotions, some groups are at higher risk of emotional sequelae than others. However, the intensity of emotional response in the entire sample, coupled with the negative-stronger-than-positive pattern, suggests the COVID-19 will produce undesirable, non-viral health consequences across the population. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1288-1305 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2021.1958043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2021.1958043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1288-1305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2038245_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Corrado Paolo Martelletti Author-X-Name-First: Corrado Paolo Author-X-Name-Last: Martelletti Author-Name: Alessandro Santirocchi Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro Author-X-Name-Last: Santirocchi Author-Name: Pietro Spataro Author-X-Name-First: Pietro Author-X-Name-Last: Spataro Author-Name: Clelia Rossi-Arnaud Author-X-Name-First: Clelia Author-X-Name-Last: Rossi-Arnaud Author-Name: Ragnar E. Löfstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar E. Author-X-Name-Last: Löfstedt Author-Name: Vincenzo Cestari Author-X-Name-First: Vincenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Cestari Title: Predictors of COVID-19 risk perception, worry and anxiety in Italy at the end of the 2020 national lockdown Abstract: The present study examined the psychological predictors of four measures assessing the cognitive and emotional reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of Italian respondents (N = 497). Using a snowball sampling strategy, an online questionnaire was disseminated through various social media between 29th April and 29th May 2020, that is at the end of the period of national lockdown. Correlational and regression analyses indicated that a) cognitive risk was higher for participants who were younger and had direct experience with the virus; b) affective risk was higher for participants who were female, followed COVID-19-related information closely, and thought that the restrictive measures adopted by the Italian government were not sufficient; c) experienced worry was higher for participants who were female, had higher levels of prosociality and thought that the risks of COVID-19 were exaggerated; and d) state anxiety was higher for participants who were female, younger and had lower levels of prosociality. Taken together, these results support the notion that the cognitive and affective dimensions of risk perception should be analyzed as separate variables and that worry can be regarded as a construct partially independent of anxiety. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1306-1320 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2038245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2038245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1306-1320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2151764_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Ragnar Lofstedt Author-X-Name-First: Ragnar Author-X-Name-Last: Lofstedt Title: The elements of choice: why the way we decide matters Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1476-1477 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2151764 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2151764 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1476-1477 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2108121_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Clare E. B. Cannon Author-X-Name-First: Clare E. B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cannon Author-Name: Regardt Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Regardt Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Author-Name: Fred Buttell Author-X-Name-First: Fred Author-X-Name-Last: Buttell Author-Name: Tiffany Jarquin Author-X-Name-First: Tiffany Author-X-Name-Last: Jarquin Title: Assessing explanatory variables of perceived stress to disaster: implications for risk research Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to increase social, economic, and psychological risks, including increased perceived stress – or the degree to which a person perceives a stressor and their ability to cope with it. The current study uses novel data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess the role of a range of demographic and disaster-related experiential variables on perceived stress (n = 744). Hierarchical linear regression indicates that women experience greater perceived stress than men and as age and educational attainment increase, perceived stress decreases. Respondents experiencing rent/mortgage stress, job loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic, anticipated reliance on others, and worry about ongoing impacts of COVID-19 on their physical health, the economy, and personal relationships also experience increased perceived stress. Results provide empirical evidence of risks stemming from the multiple concerns (i.e., financial, psychological, and physical health) of U.S. residents regarding the COVID-19 disaster. Findings indicate the need for policy and legislative actions, such as the U.S.-wide eviction moratorium, to support individuals suffering from multiple impacts from the pandemic and to reduce perceived stress and its attendant risks including increased incidents of posttraumatic stress and depression. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1259-1271 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2108121 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2108121 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1259-1271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2107051_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Richárd Szántó Author-X-Name-First: Richárd Author-X-Name-Last: Szántó Author-Name: Levente Dudás Author-X-Name-First: Levente Author-X-Name-Last: Dudás Title: COVID-19 skepticism and the perception of risk Abstract: A large group of people are receptive to COVID skeptic messages which can be linked to lower levels of perceived risk and uncompliant behavior. Using a survey instrument targeting young adults, which we repeated during the second and fourth waves of COVID-19, we explored how various psychological factors affect risk perception and to what degree can these be linked to COVID skepticism. Our results suggest that higher skepticism is very strongly associated with a lower risk perception. Skepticism also mediates the effects of well-known antecedents of risk perception, such as individualism, pro-social attitudes and trust in scientists. We found that contracting the virus is associated with increased risk perception and increased skepticism, which is contradictory, but understandable considering our sample composition. Among those who had a family member or a friend contracting the virus we observed higher levels of perceived risk and lower skepticism. The longitudinal nature of our research highlights that the influence of trust in scientists and government are dependent on the public discourse, which naturally develops over time. Differences in risk perception based on gender, which is well established in the literature and significant in our first sample, have diminished by the time of our second sample, suggesting this effect could be crowded out as people’s understanding grows and beliefs form about the virus. The findings emphasize the importance of assessing skepticism not only for researchers studying COVID related risk perception and its psychological predictors, but also for policy makers combating hazardous scenarios like the pandemic. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1321-1336 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2107051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2107051 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1321-1336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2142951_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jingjing Zeng Author-X-Name-First: Jingjing Author-X-Name-Last: Zeng Author-Name: Meng Yuan Author-X-Name-First: Meng Author-X-Name-Last: Yuan Author-Name: Guihua Huang Author-X-Name-First: Guihua Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: Individual characteristics or cultures? Public risk perception in the coronavirus pandemic Abstract: Public risk perception varies by sub-groups but is key in a robust risk management. This study uses the Grid Group Cultural Theory (GGCT) to test how cultures, compared to subjective knowledge level and demographic factors, influence three measures of public risk perception—perceived risk to individuals themselves, the place they live, and China. This study uses an original survey conducted from February 17 to March 14, 2020 during the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19). This research found that age and household income correlate positively with perceived risk to individuals themselves, and education and household income correlate positively with perceived risk to the place they live, whereas egalitarian and hierarchical cultural indices correlate positively with the perceived risk to China. Further tests of interactive effect of culture and individual characteristics on risk perceptions found that the effect of hierarchy on risk perceptions depends on household income. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1413-1443 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2142951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2142951 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1413-1443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2108122_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Yue Dai Author-X-Name-First: Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Dai Author-Name: Yi-Hui Christine Huang Author-X-Name-First: Yi-Hui Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Wufan Jia Author-X-Name-First: Wufan Author-X-Name-Last: Jia Author-Name: Qinxian Cai Author-X-Name-First: Qinxian Author-X-Name-Last: Cai Title: The paradoxical effects of institutional trust on risk perception and risk management in the Covid-19 pandemic: evidence from three societies Abstract: Adopting the theoretical lenses of social amplification of risk framework and trust paradox, this study examines how people’s attention to media information influences their risk perception and risk management behaviors (i.e. vaccination intention) in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic in three Chinese societies (i.e. Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Mainland China). A total of 9,575 valid samples were obtained via online survey panels. The results revealed that media attention significantly influenced risk perception and risk management across the three societies. Institutional trust, however, could amplify or attenuate risk perception and risk management in different societies: While institutional trust was found to have a positive impact on people’s risk perception in Taiwan and Mainland China, a negative impact was discovered in Hong Kong. Moreover, different dimensions of institutional trust, which we term ability-based trust and benevolence-based trust, were found to mediate the effect of media attention on risk perception and risk management in different societies: While both dimensions were significant mediators for Taiwan, benevolence-based trust and ability-based trust was the only mediator for Mainland China and Hong Kong, respectively. The paradoxical impact of institutional trust on risk perception and risk management is explained with contextual factors specific to each of the three societies, supplemented with post-hoc analysis on how publics assign risk management responsibility to risk management institutions in different societies. Overall, the results provide empirical support to the social amplification of risk framework (SARF) by highlighting the roles of media and institutions as social stations that shape risk perception. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1337-1355 Issue: 11-12 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2108122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2108122 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:25:y:2022:i:11-12:p:1337-1355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2108116_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Tom W. Reader Author-X-Name-First: Tom W. Author-X-Name-Last: Reader Author-Name: Alex Gillespie Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Gillespie Title: Developing a battery of measures for unobtrusive indicators of organisational culture: a research note Abstract: Measuring organisational culture is important for detecting the values and practices that increase organisational risk (e.g., unethical conduct). Self-report methods (e.g., surveys) are mostly used to study culture: however, due to reporting biases and sampling limitations, and the rapid advance of digital data, researchers have proposed unobtrusive indicators of culture (UICs; e.g., drawn from social media, company reports, executive data) as a supplementary methodology for identifying organisations at risk of failure. A UIC is a single measure of organisational culture drawn from data collected without engaging employees, and research using UICs is in its nascent stage. Although various data sources have been established for studying culture unobtrusively, researchers have yet to explore the application of multiple UICs drawn from different data sources. To investigate this, we developed an experimental battery of 83 UICs drawn from seven data sources (e.g., company earnings calls, employee online reviews, executive data), applying diverse analyses (e.g., natural language processing, quantitative analysis of behavioural data) to measure eight dimensions of culture (e.g., governance, integrity). We then applied the battery to assess 312 large European companies. We found that the UICs could distinguish between companies and different industries, and one dimension (customer focus) was associated with an outcome variable commonly used in culture research (Return on Capital Employed). However, we were not able to establish a coherent set of statistically reliable dimensions due to the clustering of UICs by data source. This clustering likely occurred because data sources reflected the values and practices of different stakeholders (e.g., employees, managers), which underscores a conceptualisation of culture that is focused less on shared values across an institution, and more on the values, priorities, and practices experienced by different sub-groups. Future research could structure UICs according to data sources and apply UICs to examine the causes of organisational failure. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2108116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2108116 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:1-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2077414_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Madeleine Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Madeleine Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Author-Name: Stefan Kaufman Author-X-Name-First: Stefan Author-X-Name-Last: Kaufman Author-Name: Celine Klemm Author-X-Name-First: Celine Author-X-Name-Last: Klemm Author-Name: Brett Hutchins Author-X-Name-First: Brett Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchins Title: The co-evolution of government risk communication practice and context for environmental health emergencies Abstract: Environmental health emergencies, such as smoke events from bushfires and chemical fires, present a significant threat to human health. Risk communication is a key aspect of the public health response. However, recurring public criticism of government communication during these emergencies indicates that communication practice is not yet adequate. Improving communication requires a deeper understanding of risk communication practice. Despite extensive risk communication research, knowledge of government practice of risk communication is limited. This article focuses on an aspect of practice that deserves greater attention: the interconnectedness of practice with context (including social, political, institutional and event-specific contexts). Qualitative interviews gathered insights into practice from the practitioners tasked with communicating during smoke events, and thematic analysis drew on our conceptualisation of the relationship between context and practice for government risk communication. Our analysis shows that government risk communication practice and context co-evolve over time: crisis incidents emerge from inadequate practice during complex and unique smoke event; shifting social and political contexts increase expectations of practice; and adaptive institutional contexts change practice. Communication practice is observed to improve as a result of this co-evolution. The relationship between context and practice is commonly viewed as one-way (i.e. context influencing practice). However, this view underplays the influence of practice on context. Our analysis identifies the active role of practice in influencing the context in which future practice occurs. Suggestions for practice and academic research are made. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 83-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2077414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2077414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:83-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2107050_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Priyanka A. Naidu Author-X-Name-First: Priyanka A. Author-X-Name-Last: Naidu Author-Name: A. Ian Glendon Author-X-Name-First: A. Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Glendon Author-Name: Trevor J. Hine Author-X-Name-First: Trevor J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hine Title: Climate change risk and terror management theory Abstract: Being intrinsically associated with death-related themes (e.g. decay, destruction, lack of control, chaos), communicating climate change risks may elicit thoughts in an audience about their own mortality – potentially invoking terror management responses. This study examined individual differences in death-thought accessibility (DTA) amongst Australian university students (N = 241) after exposure to information about climate change impacts, to predict climate change risk perceptions. It was posited that information about the impacts of climate change would lead to worldview defence (a terror management strategy) via increasing death-related thoughts. Although climate change salience did not invoke DTA, there was evidence that choosing not to complete word-fragments in a death-related manner reflected a high death-defensive response, rather than low-DTA. Compared with a control condition, climate change salience participants’ risk perceptions shifted liberally. The function of death-related thoughts depended on the individual’s climate change beliefs. Climate-deniers with high-DTA in the climate change salience condition showed greater risk perceptions compared to those with high-DTA in the control condition. Risk perceptions did not change as a function of DTA amongst climate-acceptors. A general implication was that climate change communications, may not produce counterproductive terror management outcomes as has been previously hypothesized. Rather they may motivate more realistic attitudes, such as perceiving climate change as high-risk, even amongst climate-deniers. From a policy perspective, to maximise acceptance, climate change information may benefit from being presented within frameworks that support individuals’ important personal worldviews. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 19-36 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2107050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2107050 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:19-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2091002_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Nicole D. Sintov Author-X-Name-First: Nicole D. Author-X-Name-Last: Sintov Author-Name: Kristin F. Hurst Author-X-Name-First: Kristin F. Author-X-Name-Last: Hurst Title: Experimental support for a trust heuristic Abstract: Scholars have argued that trust acts as a decision-making heuristic, aiding people in assessing the risks of various technologies. This may be especially likely for social trust, or integrity (vs. calculative trust, or competence), and among people with limited experience with a given technology. The goal of this research is to provide an experimental test of the trust heuristic. In three experiments, which were identical except for the technology of focus (Study 1: autonomous vehicles, N = 1691; Study 2: nuclear power, N = 844; Study 3: airplane travel, N = 853), participants recruited from an online platform completed measures of trust, and then were randomly assigned to respond to measures of perceived risk in either a treatment (time pressure) or control condition. Competence and integrity were significantly negatively associated with risk perceptions. In Studies 1–2, the relationship between integrity (not competence) and risk was significantly stronger in the timed vs. untimed condition. However, Study 3, which focused on a context characterized by greater experience, did not find this effect. Results support the role of integrity, but not competence, as a decision-making heuristic, and suggest that greater levels of experience weaken the influence of integrity on risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 37-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2091002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2091002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:37-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2077413_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Christopher D. Wirz Author-X-Name-First: Christopher D. Author-X-Name-Last: Wirz Author-Name: Dominique Brossard Author-X-Name-First: Dominique Author-X-Name-Last: Brossard Author-Name: Katherine Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Name: Paul Block Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Block Title: The risk of relocation: risk perceptions and communication surrounding the tradeoffs between floods and economic opportunities in Iquitos, Peru Abstract: In this qualitative study, we analyze the experiences of those living in flood-prone economically constrained communities by exploring relocation, risk perceptions, and communication in the context of extreme seasonal flood disasters. Our study included semi-structured interviews with residents in three communities and unstructured interviews with local experts in Iquitos, Peru. Our results suggest that strategic communication plans and interventions for flood-prone communities should emphasize economic opportunities, rather than trying to emphasize flood risks, since the economic domain appears to be more salient for individuals living in these communities. Conversely, communication in relocated communities, should emphasize safety and overall quality of life, but also consider the economic stresses people face. Ultimately, communication and relief efforts related to addressing problems associated with disasters should start with an understanding of the experiences, perceptions, and communication practices of the communities they are assisting. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 97-112 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2077413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2077413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:97-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2077415_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jocelyn Raude Author-X-Name-First: Jocelyn Author-X-Name-Last: Raude Author-Name: Christina Xiao Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao Author-Name: Pascal Crépey Author-X-Name-First: Pascal Author-X-Name-Last: Crépey Title: Revisiting the primary bias: the role of innumeracy in the misperception of prevalence of chronic illnesses Abstract: Although people have been repeatedly found to underestimate frequencies of common illnesses and overestimate those of rare illnesses, not much is known about this consistent bias in risk perception, termed “primary bias” in the literature, as well as the origin of its variations among different subpopulations. To fill this gap, we conducted a national survey among a representative sample of the French population (n = 3,245) to compare the perceived and actual prevalence of chronic illnesses, and to test the hypothesis that numeracy may play an important role in the accuracy of judgments of risk frequencies. The participants were asked to complete a 10-items numeracy scale and to estimate the prevalence of a variety of social conditions and chronic illnesses such as cancers or heart diseases by using a percentage scale. The analyses show that (1) participants tend to greatly overestimate the prevalence of conditions affecting small percentages of people, and underestimate those affecting a large percentage of them, (2) the Tversky and Kahneman’s probability weighting function provides an adequate model to represent the discrepancy between the perceived and actual prevalence of these illnesses or occupations, and (3) the magnitude of the primary bias varies principally as a function of the respondents’ numeracy. These results suggest that the primary bias that affects perceptions of prevalence of chronic diseases is not fundamentally different from those characterizing other types of probabilistic judgments. They also confirm that numeracy plays a considerable role in people’s ability to transform epidemiological observations from their social environment into more accurate estimates. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 64-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2077415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2077415 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:64-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2116085_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ferdiana Hoti Author-X-Name-First: Ferdiana Author-X-Name-Last: Hoti Title: The impact of uncertainty communication on emotional arousal and participation intention: the psychophysiological effects of uncertainties on experts Abstract: Research related to uncertainty communication remains contradictory, with some authors providing arguments of why it should be communicated, whereas others arguing that we should not do so. Practically, though, the decision on whether or not to openly communicate uncertainties remains on the level of experts of a certain field. That is why, in this article we analyze the psychophysiological reaction of experts when exposed to uncertainty as well as their willingness to participate in decision-making procedures about nuclear decommissioning (a salient issue, in which many uncertainties prevail) and using a sample of N = 134 participants which are employees of nuclear-related institutions in Belgium (divided in 2 groups: familiar and unfamiliar with decommissioning). By using the Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT) and Uncertainty Management Theory (UMT), we study for the first time (1) whether communicating uncertainty influences participation intention directly and (2) whether this impact is mediated by emotional arousal. The method consists of an experimental design, combining a survey with psychophysiological measurement of emotional arousal. Results show that participation intention is directly influenced by attitudes toward participation, moral norm and time constraints, whereas familiarity with the topic of decommissioning influences participation intention indirectly, through attitude toward participation. Uncertainty communication, our main variable of interest, does not influence participation intention. It does influence, though, emotional arousal (concerning the public acceptance of the remaining radioactivity resulting from decommissioning), but it does not generate negative feelings such as anger or fear. Given that in the literature there is a debate on whether or not uncertainties should be communicated, the findings of this study imply that the concern that uncertainty communication leads to negative feelings should not be used as a reason not to communicate uncertainty anymore. Further implications and limitations are discussed in the article. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 199-218 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2116085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2116085 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:199-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2091001_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Philip A. Ebert Author-X-Name-First: Philip A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ebert Author-Name: Ian N. Durbach Author-X-Name-First: Ian N. Author-X-Name-Last: Durbach Title: Expert and lay judgements of danger and recklessness in adventure sports Abstract: We investigate differences in perceived danger and recklessness judgements by experts (experienced skiers, N=362) and laypeople (N=2080) about participation in adventure sports across the same judgemental task using a third person perspective. We investigate the relationship between danger and recklessness and the extent to which fatality frequency, as well as other contextual factors such as gender, dependants, competence, and motivations of the sports participant affect expert and laypeople judgements respectively. Experienced skiers gave lower overall danger and recklessness ratings than non-skiers. Experienced skiers’ judgements were also more sensitive than non-skiers’ to variations in the fatality rate of the activity and the competence level of the participant, yet were less sensitive to whether the event was done for external benefit such as a charity. Recklessness judgements were overall more sensitive to changes in activity descriptions than danger judgements. Our findings support the emerging picture of adventure sports participants as rational and sensitive to risk-relevant features rather than somehow pathological in their risk perception. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 133-146 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2091001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2091001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:133-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2108120_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Lucia Bellora-Bienengräber Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Bellora-Bienengräber Author-Name: Clemens Harten Author-X-Name-First: Clemens Author-X-Name-Last: Harten Author-Name: Matthias Meyer Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Meyer Title: The effectiveness of risk assessments in risk workshops: the role of calculative cultures Abstract: This paper investigates drivers of the effectiveness of risk assessments in risk workshops dominated by ‘quantitative skepticism’. Moreover, it contrasts our findings with those of previous research that assumed the dominance of ‘quantitative enthusiasm’. Quantitative skepticism is a calculative culture characterized by an attitude that regards risk assessments as learning tools supporting the holistic formation of judgments incorporating difficult-to-quantify information. It contrasts with quantitative enthusiasm, which is a calculative culture that considers risk assessments as fully descriptive of reality. Prior research primarily focused on understanding the effectiveness of risk assessments under a calculative culture of quantitative enthusiasm. To understand what drives the correctness of risk assessment and the time needed to assess risks in workshops under a calculative culture of quantitative skepticism, we use an agent-based model that simulates risk assessment with risk workshops and that models agents’ cognitive processes using ECHO, a constraint satisfaction network (CSN). Our simulations show that, compared to risk workshops under conditions of quantitative enthusiasm, there are often lengthy periods of stagnation in individual and collective risk assessments and a strong path dependency on discussions. Prioritizing concerned participants improves the correct assessment of high risks at the expense of the correct assessment of low risks. Notwithstanding similarities in the drivers of the effectiveness of risk assessment across different calculative cultures, our results show that the predominant calculative culture matters when—to enhance their effectiveness—designing and implementing risk workshops. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 163-183 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2108120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2108120 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:163-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2108119_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michelle S. F. Arcúrio Author-X-Name-First: Michelle S. F. Author-X-Name-Last: Arcúrio Author-Name: Fabiana S. de Arruda Author-X-Name-First: Fabiana S. Author-X-Name-Last: de Arruda Title: Risk management of human factors in airports screening process Abstract: Screening process at airports is considered as a critical element for airport security. The screening checkpoints are a component of the airport infrastructure that constitutes a contribution to the security of nations. Regarding the human factor in screening checkpoints, there is an opportunity to consider their specificities within the scope of risk management. This study aimed to develop a consistent tool (risk matrix) which serves as a guide for airports to assess and map human factors in the screening checkpoints. The research method involved four phases, namely: Phase 1: Criterion-conceptual design of the Risk Matrix Modeling; Phase 2: Instrument Construction; Phase 3: Instrument validation; and Phase 4: Practical application of the instrument in a real airport operational context. The risk matrix structure comprises four methodological steps (context, risks, assessment and response) and presents criteria that were not used for this purpose, such as residual risks analysis and financial impact dosimetry linked to administrative measures arising from quality control actions. The tool consists of eleven correlated spreadsheets and is a useful model for mapping human factors (HF-AVSEC) under the security scope. The main results from this study are: (i) the elaboration of a conceptual model for the human factors risk matrix in AVSEC; (ii) the establishment of criteria for the human factors risk matrix; (iii) the development of a practical instrument modeling for AVSEC human factor management (HFM-AVSEC); (iv) validation of the risk matrix criteria by an expert panel working in Class AP-3 and Class AP-2 airports; (v) the application of the matrix in two Brazilian airports (Class AP-2 and Class AP-3), constituting a pioneering, practical and effective contribution to the AVSEC in terms of risk management at airports. The proposed matrix can be replicated by organizations in the aviation industry and by other entities structured as complex and socio-technical systems. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 147-162 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2108119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2108119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:147-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2108118_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ronald B. Larson Author-X-Name-First: Ronald B. Author-X-Name-Last: Larson Title: Food safety concerns and food defense support: a cross-cultural study Abstract: Consumers face the risk that their food is unsafe because of natural and accidental contamination (traditional food safety problems) or deliberate contamination (food defense problems). Coordinated international efforts with leadership from developed countries could help reduce these food risks. If consumers within or between countries have different attitudes about the risks, it may be difficult to generate sufficient political support for building an international food safety system. A unique consumer survey of adults in the US, the UK, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Japan identified consumer attitudes about traditional food safety and food defense. Concerns about traditional food safety, confidence in the system to prevent intentional contamination, and funding allocations between food safety and food defense were examined in models with two sets of cultural control measures. Many people perceived food safety to be different from food defense. Food safety concerns were linked to gender, age, presence of children, education, income, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity. Food defense confidence was associated with gender, age, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance. Funding allocations were examined in two models and power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism were significant. Although it was expected that low concerns about food safety and low confidence in food defense would increase the allocation share for food defense, this was not confirmed in the data. Many differences were noted between countries, showing the importance of culture for understanding attitudes toward food risks. Although both sets of cultural measures made significant contributions, neither was judged to be superior to country dummy variables. Given the variations found in attitudes toward food safety and food defense, creating an international solution to reduce food risks will be difficult. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 113-132 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2108118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2108118 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:113-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2116084_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Prerna Shah Author-X-Name-First: Prerna Author-X-Name-Last: Shah Author-Name: Janet Z. Yang Author-X-Name-First: Janet Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: LeeAnn Kahlor Author-X-Name-First: LeeAnn Author-X-Name-Last: Kahlor Title: Psychological distance, risk perception, and affect: Texas residents’ support for carbon capture and storage Abstract: Climate change poses innumerable threats to economic, social, and environmental systems. Despite our best efforts, emerging research indicates that mitigation and adaptation efforts must incorporate technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) to draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it elsewhere. This study examines how psychological distance and perceived risk pertaining to climate change influence Texans’ support for CCS through perceived CCS costs/benefits and affect. Overall, the results indicate that perceived psychological distance of climate change influences support for CCS through risk perception about local climate change impacts, perceived CCS benefits, and affective evaluation. Political partisanship moderates the relationship between psychological distance and climate change risk perception, but not the relationship between psychological distance and support for CCS. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 184-198 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2116084 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2116084 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:184-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2162105_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Manuel Schulz Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Schulz Author-Name: Jens O. Zinn Author-X-Name-First: Jens O. Author-X-Name-Last: Zinn Title: Rationales of risk and uncertainty and their epistemological foundation by new phenomenology Abstract: Risk studies have shown that many people rather than following rational means of managing risk refer to non-rational (hope, faith) and in-between rationales (trust, intuition), which are not irrational but reasonable and based on subjective experiences, which are difficult to overcome by the communication of mere expert knowledge. We suggest that the problem of analyzing subjective risk management can be itemized as a result of the tension between subjective and objectified forms of certitudes. To clarify this distinction, the article turns to the New Phenomenology of Hermann Schmitz for outlining the different epistemological foundations of rational, non-rational and in-between rationales. We then develop a model of three different forms of knowledge that are involved in subjective risk management and elaborate the basic neo-phenomenological distinction of subjective and objective facts by differentiating the latter ones into rational and non-rational ones. We conclude with considering consequences of these epistemological challenges for risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 219-232 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2162105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2162105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:219-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2127848_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Adam M. Finkel Author-X-Name-First: Adam M. Author-X-Name-Last: Finkel Title: Stated-preference tradeoffs between regulatory costs and benefits: testing unit asking and double framing effects Abstract: A novel stated-preferences approach to imputing the value of life to estimate regulatory benefits elicits people’s preferred tradeoffs on behalf of the nation between national regulatory costs and nation-wide regulatory benefits, in contrast to the conventional approach of seeking estimates of the ‘value of a statistical life’ (VSL) by asking subjects how much they would be willing to pay personally for a small reduction in their own mortality risk. Two national-preference survey experiments were pursued here. The first U.S. experiment (n = 396) offered a between-person test of the effect of asking people to evaluate a hypothetical single life prolonged by regulation, before assessing the tolerable cost to the national economy of a hypothetical regulation prolonging 100 lives (LF frame). This unit asking task increased imputed means for the social benefit of a life prolonged (SB1LP*) in national tradeoffs. Cautions to respondents about responses that generated particularly low implicit SB1LP* values did not substantively reduce implausible values. The second U.S. experiment (n = 505) had people respond to both the lives-first (LF) frame, preceded by a unit asking task, and the costs-first (CF) frame (i.e. eliciting ‘reasonable’ numbers of lives prolonged if estimated regulatory cost is $1 billion each year). These frames both mimic the kinds of decisions that regulators face, as the VSL stated preference method does not. Higher LF values in earlier between-person studies were replicated in the unit asking within-person design here. A partial order effect occurred for the second experiment: starting with the CF frame yielded a subsequent LF mean four times higher. Open-ended probing found beliefs that regulatory costs are justified only by prolonging many lives may explain lower CF values. Using both frames can inform both conventional stated preference research (which uses only the LF frame) and regulators. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 256-272 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2127848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2127848 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:256-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2128392_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ruben D. Vromans Author-X-Name-First: Ruben D. Author-X-Name-Last: Vromans Author-Name: Steffen C. Pauws Author-X-Name-First: Steffen C. Author-X-Name-Last: Pauws Author-Name: Lonneke V. van de Poll-Franse Author-X-Name-First: Lonneke V. Author-X-Name-Last: van de Poll-Franse Author-Name: Emiel J. Krahmer Author-X-Name-First: Emiel J. Author-X-Name-Last: Krahmer Title: Effects of comparative information when communicating personalized risks of treatment outcomes: an experimental study Abstract: Despite great promise of using personalized risks of treatment outcomes during shared decision-making, patients often experience difficulty evaluating and using them. We examined the effects of providing comparative information of the average person’s risk when discussing personalized risks on people’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses. Participants (n = 1,807) from a representative sample of the Dutch population received personalized risks of treatment side-effects in three different health scenarios. Participants either received only their own personalized risk statistic, or with comparative data indicating that their risk was below or above average. Furthermore, we examined whether the effects would be influenced by message format (natural frequencies with or without icon arrays) and individual differences (subjective numeracy, health literacy, and graph literacy). Providing comparative information did not influence participants’ risk perceptions, affective evaluations, nor their treatment intention. However, participants who were told that their personalized risks were above average, estimated their own risk as lower than participants who received the same personalized risks that were below average or that were without any comparative data. Message format and individual differences did not influence people’s responses to comparative data. Healthcare professionals can consider providing comparative data for helping people make sense of their personalized risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 324-343 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2128392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2128392 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:324-343 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2127850_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Melisa Muric Author-X-Name-First: Melisa Author-X-Name-Last: Muric Author-Name: Peter Thijssen Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Thijssen Author-Name: Catrinel Turcanu Author-X-Name-First: Catrinel Author-X-Name-Last: Turcanu Author-Name: Tanja Perko Author-X-Name-First: Tanja Author-X-Name-Last: Perko Author-Name: Yevgeniya Tomkiv Author-X-Name-First: Yevgeniya Author-X-Name-Last: Tomkiv Title: Foxes caught in the same snare: a methodological review of social radon studies Abstract: Mitigating risk from exposures to indoor radon is a critical public health problem confronting many countries worldwide. In order to ensure effective radon risk management based on social scientific evidence, it is essential to reduce scientific uncertainty about the state of social methodology. This paper presents a review of methodological (best) practices, and sensitivity to bias, in research on public attitudes and behaviours with regards to radon risks. Using content analysis, we examined characteristics of research design, construct measurement, and data analysis. Having identified certain challenges based on established and new typologies used to assess methodological quality, our research suggests that there is a need for attention to (limitations of) cross-sectional design, representative and appropriate sampling, and a pluralist approach to methods and analysis. Furthermore, we advocate for more comparative research, rigorous measurement and construct validation. Lastly, we argue that research should focus on behavioural outcomes to ensure effective radon risk management. We conclude that for any field to thrive it is crucial that there is methodological reflexivity among researchers. Our recommendations serve as a useful guide for researchers and practitioners seeking to understand and enhance the rigor of social methodology in their field. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 273-301 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2127850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2127850 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:273-301 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2142952_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nico Ebert Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Ebert Author-Name: Kurt A. Ackermann Author-X-Name-First: Kurt A. Author-X-Name-Last: Ackermann Author-Name: Angela Bearth Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Bearth Title: When information security depends on font size: how the saliency of warnings affects protection behavior Abstract: Prior research on how to improve the effectiveness of information security warnings has predominantly focused on either the informational content of warnings or their visual saliency. In an online experiment (N = 1’486), we disentangle the effect of both manipulations and demonstrate that both factors simultaneously influence decision making. Our data indicate that the proportion of people who engage in protection behavior can be increased by roughly 65% by making a particular warning message more visually salient (i.e. a more conspicuous visual design is used). We also show that varying the message’s saliency can make people behave very differently when confronted with the same threat or behave very similarly when confronted with threats that differ widely in terms of severity of outcomes. Our results suggest that the visual design of a warning may warrant at least as much attention as the informational content that the warning message conveys. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 233-255 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2142952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2142952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:233-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2127851_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Lois Addo Agyepong Author-X-Name-First: Lois Addo Author-X-Name-Last: Agyepong Author-Name: Xin Liang Author-X-Name-First: Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Liang Title: Mapping the knowledge frontiers of public risk communication in disaster risk management Abstract: Public risk communication (PRC) emerged as an interdisciplinary field in response to the need for integrative approaches to cope with individual resilience and adaptive behavior during emergencies, promoting a government or stakeholder-public dyad approach and providing policy and institutional frameworks. Research on PRC is fast developing into a diverse knowledge domain from a descriptive and theoretical approach to an empirical approach and diverse theories relating to risk and disaster management. However, scholars’ diverse philosophical ideas and multifarious research can inhibit interdisciplinary discourse and hamper practical implications. This integrative review analysis of research in PRC from different interdisciplinary involved bibliometric analysis and content analysis of 819 articles from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The study aims to ascertain the development trends in this field. The bibliometric analysis and systematic review were conducted to identify the knowledge patterns. The findings illustrate the mappings of the trend and emergence of PRC, contribution analysis and address a macroview of risk communication in disaster management, providing an in-depth understanding of scholarly contributions by summarising previous studies, milestones and frontiers. It also identifies several research gaps such as limitations on cross-cultural comparisons addressing risk communication, perceptions and behaviors in making causality claim, geographical diversity in risk communication and so forth. And provides a deeper understanding of the emerging trend in this field of study. The article concludes by proposing and discussing future research for further advancement of this discipline. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 302-323 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2127851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2127851 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:302-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2170451_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Li Wang Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: David Demeritt Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Demeritt Author-Name: Henry Rothstein Author-X-Name-First: Henry Author-X-Name-Last: Rothstein Title: Regulating through disclosure: the case of food hygiene barometer ratings in China Abstract: This paper provides the first assessment of China’s twenty-year experiment with food hygiene barometer rating systems, originally developed in the West for publicly communicating the grades awarded by food safety inspectors to individual businesses. This approach to regulating through disclosure is often celebrated for efficiently ‘nudging’ improved business compliance by empowering consumers to make ‘better’ decisions, but little is known about disclosure-based regulation in China or other low- and middle-income countries. Combining policy document and quantitative social media analysis with key informant interviews (n = 35), we show that barometers have failed to improve hygiene in China’s rapidly expanding private food sector: more than 75% of restaurants in four diverse case-study localities remain merely ‘Adequate’ with many of those unable in practice to meet basic safety standards. This is because regulatory implementation has been hesitant and unreliable; consumers ignore or distrust barometers; and food businesses lack the capacity and competitive incentive to improve. That failure to empower consumer sovereignty and leverage business behaviour change, however, also reflects how barometers – despite their liberal individualist conceit - were adapted to China’s revolutionary ‘mass line’ traditions of societal supervision of government regulators as much as food businesses. We conclude that barometers – far from being a ‘light-touch’ alternative to command-and-control regulation- require significant governance capacity, which may be lacking in low- and middle-income countries that struggle to conduct even basic regulatory oversight. Disclosure-based regulation also requires high levels of economic development, formalisation and trust to inculcate consumer and business responsiveness to information disclosures. Finally, our paper contributes to debates about risk communication and regulation by drawing the novel conclusion that the conceits underpinning seemingly universal tools of regulating through disclosure, get adapted to national state traditions and norms in ways that are far removed from their origins. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 393-414 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2170451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2170451 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:393-414 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2187434_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Zohreh Bayatrizi Author-X-Name-First: Zohreh Author-X-Name-Last: Bayatrizi Title: Risk, religion, and reified camels: the past and the future of insurance in Iran Abstract: This paper is a contribution to the understanding of insurance and risk management as a culturally mediated form of social action. It examines how commercial insurance functions in the Iranian marketplace, focusing on insurance against liability in bodily harm. The quantum of damages (diya) currently used in Iran’s ‘Islamicized’ laws, including in insurance law, is rooted in the historical conventions of Bedouin Arabs, chief among which was the cultural use of camels as a benchmark for the valuation of human life. The imposition of this cultural rule on contemporary insurance contracts complicates risk management via probabilistic logic, because there are major fluctuations in camel valuations in the Iranian market today. The use of this benchmark also has significant socio-economic implications for the insured. But, at the same time, there is surprising synergy between ancient culture and modern business because the same traditions that established camels as the benchmark for diya also gave birth to one of the earliest forms of proto-insurance against liability and continue to give religious legitimacy to the insurance business. By examining the incorporation of the Islamic quantum of damages in insurance calculations, this paper contributes to the broader understanding of the cultural and moral underpinnings of insurance, and sheds light on how the tensions between the cultural and economic elements of risk management are managed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 380-392 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2187434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2187434 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:380-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2170454_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jing Zeng Author-X-Name-First: Jing Author-X-Name-Last: Zeng Author-Name: Mengyue Li Author-X-Name-First: Mengyue Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Xiyu Pu Author-X-Name-First: Xiyu Author-X-Name-Last: Pu Author-Name: Liang Liu Author-X-Name-First: Liang Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Title: Exploring the effects of information insufficiency on residents’ intention to seek information about waste-to-energy incineration projects Abstract: Waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration provides an efficient and sustainable solution for disposing of municipal waste. However, the planning and construction of WTE incineration projects are prone to generating strong opposition from neighbors because of the potential environmental and health risks. From the standpoint of risk communication, this study explores the core determinants of information seeking intention regarding WTE incineration projects. The hypothesized model emphasizing the important role of information insufficiency is constructed based on the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model. The relationships between information seeking intention and core components are investigated using a survey of 1726 residents. The structural equation modeling results show that perceived current knowledge, perceived risk, negative emotion, perceived information gathering capacity, informational subjective norms, information insufficiency, and relevant channel beliefs are the primary predictors of intention to seek information. Additionally, the results indicate that information insufficiency has a mediating effect on the direction of intention to seek information. Relevant channel beliefs, in particular, affect information seeking intention indirectly through information insufficiency. Moreover, negative emotions such as ‘worry’ and ‘annoyance’ have different impacts on information insufficiency. ‘Worry’ positively influences information insufficiency, but ‘annoyance’ would be negatively related to information insufficiency. The theoretical implications are discussed, as well as practical guidance on risk communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 415-432 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2170454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2170454 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:415-432 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2176912_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Marja Ylönen Author-X-Name-First: Marja Author-X-Name-Last: Ylönen Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: A new perspective for the integration of intelligence and risk management in a customs and border control context Abstract: This paper concerns intelligence and risk management in a customs and border control context. Intelligence here refers to the collection, sharing, processing, analysis and dissemination of information on threats, related to cross-border movements of goods, travellers, illegal activities, and serious organized crime. The main aim of the paper is to present a new perspective for the integration of intelligence and risk management for this context. The perspective, which builds on contemporary risk and safety science knowledge, as well as studies on intelligence, organizations, management, and social mechanisms, provides concepts, principles, and a unified framework for this integration. The paper gives customs and border control management new insights and instruments on how to organize and handle risk and intelligence issues and studies. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 433-449 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2176912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2176912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:433-449 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2176913_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Diego Dametto Author-X-Name-First: Diego Author-X-Name-Last: Dametto Author-Name: Britta Oertel Author-X-Name-First: Britta Author-X-Name-Last: Oertel Author-Name: Christiane Pölzl-Viol Author-X-Name-First: Christiane Author-X-Name-Last: Pölzl-Viol Author-Name: Christoph Böhmert Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Böhmert Title: Is targeting the solution? Evidence from an experiment on radon risk communication Abstract: While prolonged exposure to radon is one of the most significant risk factors for lung cancer, public awareness and willingness to mitigate the risk are typically low, even in regions with high radon concentrations. Given this, it has been voiced that health protection agencies should follow a more targeted risk communication approach (Perko & Turcanu, 2020). While targeted and tailored risk communication approaches have been shown to be successful, especially regarding so-called lifestyle risks (smoking, unhealthy diet, etc.), the effects of targeted radon risk communication from a health protection agency perspective have not been analyzed thus far. To this end, we conducted an online experiment. Four web pages were created targeting four stakeholder groups: (1) tenants and (2) house owners in municipalities with high radon concentrations, (3) tenants and (4) house owners in areas adjacent to municipalities with high radon concentrations. The content of the web pages was designed based on the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection’s (BfS) materials. Participants (n = 293 valid cases) were randomly assigned either to the experimental or control group. We assessed differences between the stakeholder groups regarding information comprehension, risk perception, behavioral intention, perceived efficacy of measures against radon, and (personal) uncertainty regarding radon. In a MANOVA including all five dependent variables, the null hypothesis that there are no differences regarding these variables between the stakeholder groups could not be rejected (Wilk’s Λ = 0.9980, p = .99). Given an achieved statistical power of 1-β = .93 for effects of medium size according to Cohen, it is quite unlikely that medium or large effects can be achieved by targeting risk communication to the stakeholder groups described above, given our data. As the statistical power to detect small effects was low (1-β = .21), these cannot be precluded. Potential reasons for this finding and implications for risk communication practice are discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 450-467 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2176913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2176913 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:450-467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2170450_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Rui Gaspar Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Gaspar Author-Name: Samuel Domingos Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Domingos Author-Name: Hugo Toscano Author-X-Name-First: Hugo Author-X-Name-Last: Toscano Author-Name: Jessica Filipe Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Filipe Author-Name: Gisela Leiras Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Leiras Author-Name: Beatriz Raposo Author-X-Name-First: Beatriz Author-X-Name-Last: Raposo Author-Name: Cícero Pereira Author-X-Name-First: Cícero Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira Author-Name: Cristina Godinho Author-X-Name-First: Cristina Author-X-Name-Last: Godinho Author-Name: Rita Francisco Author-X-Name-First: Rita Author-X-Name-Last: Francisco Author-Name: Claudia Silva Author-X-Name-First: Claudia Author-X-Name-Last: Silva Author-Name: Miguel Telo de Arriaga Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Telo de Author-X-Name-Last: Arriaga Title: Crises social sensing: longitudinal monitoring of social perceptions of systemic risk during public health crisis Abstract: Monitoring how different people – as ‘social sensors’ – evaluate and respond to crisis such as pandemics, allows tailoring crisis communication to the social perceptions of the situation, at different moments. To gather such evidence, we proposed a index of social perceptions of systemic risk (SPSR), as an indicator of a situational threat compromising risks to physical health, psychological health, the economy, social relations, health system, and others. This indicator was the core of a social sensing approach applied to crisis situations, implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic through a content analysis of more than 130.000 public comments from Facebook™ users, in COVID-19 related publications. This content coding allowed creating a SPSR index monitored during a one-year descriptive longitudinal analysis. This index correlated with co-occurring events within the social system, namely epidemiological indicators across measurement cycles (e.g. new deaths; cumulative number of infection cases; Intensive Care Unit hospitalizations) and tended to reflect the epidemiological situation severity (e.g. with the highest level registered during the worst pandemic wave). However, discrepancies also occurred, with high SPSR registered in a low severity situation, i.e. low number of hospitalizations and deaths (e.g. school year beginning), or low SPSR in a high severity situation (e.g. 2nd pandemic wave during Christmas), showing other factors beyond the epidemiological situation contributing to the social perceptions. After each ‘crisis period’ with SPSR peaking, there was a ‘restoration period’, consistently decreasing towards average levels of the previous measurement cycle. This can either indicate social resilience (recovery and resources potentiation) or risk attenuation after a high-severity period. This study serves as preliminary proof of concept of a crises social sensing approach, enabling monitoring of social system dynamics for various crisis types, such as health crisis or the climate crisis. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 345-366 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2170450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2170450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:345-366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2162106_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jia Chen Author-X-Name-First: Jia Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Lin Wang Author-X-Name-First: Lin Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Haiying Wang Author-X-Name-First: Haiying Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Heechan Kang Author-X-Name-First: Heechan Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Author-Name: Moon-Hyon Hwang Author-X-Name-First: Moon-Hyon Author-X-Name-Last: Hwang Author-Name: Do Gyun Lee Author-X-Name-First: Do Gyun Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Influences of PM2.5 pollution on the public’s negative emotions, risk perceptions, and coping behaviors: a cross-national study in China and Korea Abstract: This study is a cross-national study and aimed to investigate how perception of PM2.5 air pollution influences public’s avoidant and protective behaviors, whether there are correlations between the public’s PM2.5 negative emotions, risk perception and coping behaviors, and whether there are significant differences between China and Korea. To better understand the mechanisms of coping behaviors related to the risk of PM2.5 exposure, the study divided coping behaviors into avoidant behaviors, which reduce exposure to PM2.5, and protective behaviors, which reduce the health hazards of PM2.5, for more specific analysis. Three hypotheses were proposed. The results of a comparative analysis showed differences in the mechanisms mediating the relationship between PM2.5 risk perceptions and coping behaviors, between the Chinese and Korean participants. The positive correlation between risk perception and coping behaviors was partially supported, and the ‘negative emotions-risk perception-risk coping behavior’ explanatory pathway was partially supported as well. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the psychology of the public affected by PM2.5 and aid in better communicating the risks of and effective response to the impact of PM2.5 pollution. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 367-379 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2162106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2022.2162106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:367-379 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2187435_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: A. L. F. De Lorena Author-X-Name-First: A. L. F. Author-X-Name-Last: De Lorena Author-Name: A. P. C. S. Costa Author-X-Name-First: A. P. C. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Title: What entails risk management maturity in public organisations? Abstract: This article investigates which attributes and contingent factors are crucial to develop a public sector risk management maturity model (PSRMMM). The purpose of this study is not to provide a PSRMMM per se, but to be a scientific reference in the creation of future models to better guide public organisations. Accordingly, enterprise risk management literature and specific public sector factors were analysed to build a questionnaire that was carried out in Brazilian federal and state public organisations. Next, a path of multivariate statistical techniques (CATPCA, K-modes, and multinomial logistic regression analysis) was used to analyse the data collected from 330 survey responses. Results reveal that 12 statistically significant variables explain 5 different levels of public sector risk management maturity. This study stands out for its originality in indicating the main contingent factors and attributes a PSRMMM must have per level of maturity, facilitating the development of prescriptions to guide implementation improvements. Moreover, this study has practical implications to government policymakers who use PSRMMM to assess the performance of public organizations in implementing risk management frameworks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 563-580 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2187435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2187435 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:563-580 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2187433_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nicholas Norman Adams Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Norman Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Title: Defensive pessimism-like thinking in practice: the (dys)functional strategy for coping with risk uncertainty in the offshore oilfield? Abstract: UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) offshore oilfield drilling is recognised as a high-hazard occupation that occurs in one of the riskiest locations in the world. Dangerous machinery, combustible hydrocarbons, unpredictable weather conditions, rapidly shifting situational factors, rotating crews, and lengthy travel over rough seas by helicopter are just some salient risk-factors. At present, little scholarly research explores how regular offshore workers develop cognitive strategies to attempt to cope with ever-present risks. This research draws on an embedded ethnography of a remote offshore oilfield drilling platform in the UK North Sea. The risks of working offshore and the strategies workers developed and employed to deal with continual risk uncertainties were discussed in face-to-face interviews with thirty-five active drilling crew as they laboured on complex well-drilling operations. Notably, defensive pessimism (DP) like thinking was recurrently exhibited, with many workers recounting detailed narratives of mental role-play for ‘worst case’ offshore and helicopter travel scenarios. Often, thinking appeared interlinked with strengthening motifs for workers’ preparation and planning skills regarding occupational risk possibilities. These strategies are presented, as is a discussion of the effects such strategies had upon oilmen. The benefits of growing scholarly conversation surrounding DP-like thinking in practice are highlighted. alongside the methodological application of DP theory for further study surrounding practical development of coping strategies in similar high-risk workspaces. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 547-562 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2187433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2187433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:547-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2176914_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jun Hao Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Hao Author-Name: Jianping Li Author-X-Name-First: Jianping Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Dengsheng Wu Author-X-Name-First: Dengsheng Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: Bibliometric analysis of risk science from 1996 to 2021: insights and implications Abstract: Risk science is a disciplinary system for accurately predicting, assessing, and managing risks. It includes concepts, theories, frameworks, methods, principles, and models related to knowledge generation, to better understand, evaluate, characterize, and manage risk. To better describe the development of risk science, this study selects 10,950 papers from 1996 to 2021 and performs a scientometric analysis of risk science. This study provides high-level insights into journal publishing trends, structures, and trends by leading countries, institutes, authors, and their respective collaboration networks. In addition, we analyze the structure and evolution of the research focus questions. The findings aim to help scholars and risk practitioners understand the structure and development of the field, and identify critical contributors and hot topics to improve the risk science field. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 485-501 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2176914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2176914 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:485-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2181856_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Takashi Kusumi Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Kusumi Author-Name: Asako Miura Author-X-Name-First: Asako Author-X-Name-Last: Miura Author-Name: Kanayo Ogura Author-X-Name-First: Kanayo Author-X-Name-Last: Ogura Author-Name: Kazuji Nishikawa Author-X-Name-First: Kazuji Author-X-Name-Last: Nishikawa Title: Attitudes toward possible food radiation contamination following the Fukushima nuclear accident: a nine-year, ten-wave panel survey Abstract: After the Fukushima nuclear accident, we examined changes in risk perception regarding the radiation contamination of food and information-seeking behavior among residents of three regions progressively more distant from the disaster area, the Tokyo Metropolitan area to the Kansai area. We conducted a ten-wave panel survey and obtained data from 1,752 citizens six months to nine years after the accident. The results indicate that anxiety related to radioactive contamination, active information-seeking behavior, and avoidance of foods from affected areas decreased with time. Active information-seeking behavior and radiation-related knowledge were higher in the disaster-affected prefectures than in other areas. Conversely, avoidance of foods from affected areas was lower in affected prefectures than in the Kansai area. The credibility of government information increased from a considerably low level but did not reach the midpoint level. Multiple regression analysis, cross-lagged analysis, and structural equation modeling indicated that avoidance of foods from affected areas was promoted by anxiety related to radioactive contamination (experiential thinking/System 1) and inhibited by critical thinking attitudes (analytical thinking/System 2). Finally, we discussed the significance of risk literacy, which integrates risk-related knowledge, scientific literacy, media literacy, and critical thinking. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 502-523 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2181856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2181856 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:502-523 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2176910_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ji Won Kim Author-X-Name-First: Ji Won Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Jiyoung Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jiyoung Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Yue Dai Author-X-Name-First: Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Dai Title: Misinformation and the Paradox of Trust during the covid-19 pandemic in the U.S.: pathways to Risk perception and compliance behaviors Abstract: As declared “infodemic” by the World Health Organization, the proliferation of Covid-19 misinformation has posed a significant challenge to public health efforts to tackle the pandemic. Despite initial evidence on the association between misinformation and behavior, researchers have yet to fully identify intervening variables to account for the behavioral effects of Covid-19 misinformation. To address this question, this study aims to examine whether and how consuming misinformation would predict public trust in health and political institutions, and in turn, shape risk perception and adherence to preventive behaviors. We conducted a web-based survey using a nationally representative sample of 1,400 U.S. adults in October 2020. We found that Covid-19 misinformation exposure was linked to lower trust in public health experts but higher trust in government, which led to a decrease in the perceived severity of Covid-19 and less compliance with public health guidance. Our findings uncover the complex social and psychological processes by which misinformation consumption undermines public health efforts during the pandemic crisis. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 469-484 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2176910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2176910 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:469-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2181858_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Aron Larsson Author-X-Name-First: Aron Author-X-Name-Last: Larsson Author-Name: Christine Große Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Große Title: Data use and data needs in critical infrastructure risk analysis Abstract: This paper provides an overview and mapping of needs and use of data related to formal risk analysis within the context of critical infrastructures, including activities of risk assessments and risk modelling as a part of preventive work against major accidents and crises. The aim is to contribute to a greater understanding of the type of data that is actually used in published sources where different risk assessment or risk analysis methods are applied for critical infrastructure protection. The study focuses specifically on the presentation of applications of quantitative or semi-quantitative risk analysis in the scientific literature within the domain of societally important services and critical infrastructures. The survey was delimited to peer reviewed research papers between the years 2010 and 2020 and resulted in a total number of 183 papers subject for evaluation. The results provide insights into the type of data that is used, missing or difficult to obtain for an application of the identified methods. To obtain a comprehensive critical infrastructure risk analysis data needs are related to three different data dimensions; geospatial topology data, socio-economic data, and infrastructure data. However, no databases are currently available with the explicit purpose to support critical infrastructure risk analysis. Even though this is not viewed as a problem in the examined papers, collecting that data is resource intensive which is a barrier for a more systematic use of formal risk analysis methods. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 524-546 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2181858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2181858 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:524-546 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2204859_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Temitope Tunbi Onifade Author-X-Name-First: Temitope Tunbi Author-X-Name-Last: Onifade Title: Risk analysis versus risk governance: the case study of the Ebola Virus Disease Abstract: Risk notions mostly espoused by the world risk society and securitization theories have influenced the two major risk handling methods: risk analysis and risk governance. Engaging the risk notions, some scholars and policy makers have identified risk governance as superior to risk analysis. Risk analysis, considered the classical method, has technical parameters, leaving out important societal considerations. Risk governance, an emerging method, reaches beyond technical into societal parameters, so it is more holistic. This risk analysis-governance distinction prompts the question on what exactly risk governance adds to risk analysis. To answer the question, the article uses methodology and concepts in policy studies: qualitative methods, mainly a policy analysis of the 2013/2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak as a case study and synthesis of relevant bodies of literature, backed by secondary data from institutional and country sources; and the adaptive and integrative risk governance model of Klinke and Renn (2012) as a conceptual framework to guide the policy analysis. The claim is that, depending on the model, risk governance mainly adds components that incorporate multilevel and multistakeholder participation to enhance risk handling. The overall finding in support of this claim is that risk governance, as more entrenched in international risk handling, considerably allows both multistakeholder and multilevel participation under its components, while risk analysis, generally dominating national risk handling, does not allow substantial multistakeholder participation under its components, although it appears that it could considerably allow multilevel participation as well. Despite the additions of risk governance to risk analysis, as practiced, both methods fail to be as inclusive as possible, suggesting there is room for improvement to risk handling.   Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 625-647 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2204859 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2204859 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:6:p:625-647 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2194892_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Marja Ylönen Author-X-Name-First: Marja Author-X-Name-Last: Ylönen Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: A framework for understanding risk based on the concepts of ontology and epistemology Abstract: Two fundamental philosophical concepts of social science are ontology (idealism and realism), relating to what reality is, and epistemology (epistemological realism, epistemological idealism), relating to how one can obtain knowledge about that reality. These concepts are cornerstones in identifying, understanding, and describing core strategies in sociological theorizing (empiricism, substantialism, rationalism, and subjectivism). Similar philosophical concepts have been introduced and defined in risk science, to explain, assess and understand the risk concept. This paper studies and reconciles these two perspectives with the aim of obtaining new insights on how risks can be better understood, described, and communicated. Earlier work on this topic is extended by using contemporary risk science knowledge, as recently presented by the Society for Risk Analysis. The paper presents a framework for depicting the different ontological and epistemological stands in the risk domain. This framework can be useful for both theoretical and applied researchers studying risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 581-593 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2194892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2194892 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:6:p:581-593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2204875_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Zoe Adams Author-X-Name-First: Zoe Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Author-Name: Magda Osman Author-X-Name-First: Magda Author-X-Name-Last: Osman Title: Institutional trust, risk and product safety: a consumer survey Abstract: This study aims to expand our understanding of institutional trust by examining how consumers express their trust in a UK product safety regulator, the Office for Product Safety and Standards (OPSS). It uses publicly available data from two waves of nationally representative surveys (N = 20,526) conducted by OPSS between November 2020 and August 2021. Questions were selected for analysis if they aligned with the organisation’s definition of a trusted regulator: protecting people and places, and empowering people to make good choices. Of the 211 survey items in Wave 1 and 150 in Wave 2, 42 pairs of questions were selected. Only nine of the 42 analyses were statistically significant, and of those only two were interpretable at a reliable statistical threshold (i.e. medium effect size threshold). The results are valuable in demonstrating how institutional trust may be affected by product safety-related behaviours, experiences, beliefs and attitudes concerning the risks to which consumers are potentially exposed. However, the general lack of reliable findings also highlights methodological challenges in the way official government surveys investigate institutional trust, risk, and general product safety issues on both a linguistic and conceptual level. By examining the survey results and the survey itself, we show how empirical and theoretical insights can inform government efforts to capture important phenomena. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 648-674 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2204875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2204875 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:6:p:648-674 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2208119_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Kristi Nero Author-X-Name-First: Kristi Author-X-Name-Last: Nero Author-Name: Kati Orru Author-X-Name-First: Kati Author-X-Name-Last: Orru Author-Name: Tor-Olav Nævestad Author-X-Name-First: Tor-Olav Author-X-Name-Last: Nævestad Author-Name: Alexandra Olson Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Olson Author-Name: Merja Airola Author-X-Name-First: Merja Author-X-Name-Last: Airola Author-Name: Lucia Savadori Author-X-Name-First: Lucia Author-X-Name-Last: Savadori Author-Name: Austeja Kazemekaityte Author-X-Name-First: Austeja Author-X-Name-Last: Kazemekaityte Author-Name: Gabriella Lovasz Author-X-Name-First: Gabriella Author-X-Name-Last: Lovasz Author-Name: Jelena Kajganovic Author-X-Name-First: Jelena Author-X-Name-Last: Kajganovic Title: Mechanisms behind COVID-19 scepticism among socially marginalised individuals in Europe Abstract: Homeless and materially disadvantaged people are considered particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. So far, there is no systematic knowledge about how the homeless and materially disadvantaged people perceive the risks of COVID-19 and what factors influence the development of sceptical views and underestimation of dangers posed by the virus. The aim of our study is therefore to: (1) Explore COVID-19 risk perception of socially marginalised individuals, focusing on their assessment of the probability of getting infected by the virus and the perceived harmful consequences of the disease; and (2) examine the factors influencing COVID-19 risk beliefs of these individuals. We use cross-sectional survey data with 273 participants from eight countries and data from 32 interviews and five workshops with managers and staff of social care organisations in ten European countries. Our results indicate that among survey participants, 49% can be labelled COVID-19 sceptics with regard to probability of getting infected, and 38% with regard to harmful consequences of the disease. We find that COVID-19 scepticism is related to low levels of all types of social capital, low trust in information from authorities and being a minority. However, the most important predictor is the respondents’ general lack of concern about health risks. Additionally, the qualitative data indicates the multifaceted nature of COVID-19 scepticism, as it may relate to the origins of COVID-19, the probability of infection, its consequences and protective measures, among others. Improved understanding about factors influencing COVID-19 scepticism in these groups contributes to a better understanding of the information disorder during crises, and the ways in which this could be managed through policies against marginalisation, including in disaster risk reduction. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 675-696 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2208119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2208119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:6:p:675-696 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2194900_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sebastián Sánchez-Castillo Author-X-Name-First: Sebastián Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez-Castillo Author-Name: Esteban Galán-Cubillo Author-X-Name-First: Esteban Author-X-Name-Last: Galán-Cubillo Author-Name: Lindsey Drylie-Carey Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey Author-X-Name-Last: Drylie-Carey Title: Unmuting leadership: the impact of Zelensky’s social media strategy at the inset of the Ukrainian War Abstract: Since the start of the war in Ukraine in February 2022, President Zelensky has used his social networks to request international support. This research analyzes the audiovisual discourse of the hegemonic networks during the first 40 days of the humanitarian war crisis in the context of risk communication. The contribution of this research relates to the unveiling of a new era where social media platforms are no longer the underdog of traditional media. This paper analyzes the visual content of President Zelensky’s most followed social media profile, Instagram. This paper builds on previous work examining the political leaders of the most affected European countries during the first days of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and how they enhanced the use of their social media profiles in order to communicate about the crisis. In contrast to the use of social media during the COVID-19 pandemic, the audiovisual narrative created by the president of Ukraine optimized the social network’s resources and achieved an impactful and authentic approach to leadership during the first 40 days of crisis. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 610-624 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2194900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2194900 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:6:p:610-624 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2208142_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jody Chin Sing Wong Author-X-Name-First: Jody Chin Sing Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Janet Zheng Yang Author-X-Name-First: Janet Zheng Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Risk perception of the COVID-19 vaccines: revisiting the psychometric paradigm Abstract: Americans’ concerns about the risks of vaccination are rising in recent years. In the original piece that explicated the psychometric paradigm, vaccinations were rated as less dreaded and less unknown. However, in 2016, vaccinations were more dreaded and more unknown in the public eye. A national survey (N = 1025) conducted in August 2021 reflects this trend in risk perception of the COVID-19 vaccines. Individuals who report different risk perceptions based on the unknown and dread characteristics associated with the COVID-19 vaccines also report different behavioral intent toward the vaccines. Overall, these findings show unknown risk to have a more salient impact on participants’ risk perception that influence their vaccine-related decisions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 697-709 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2208142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2208142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:6:p:697-709 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2170453_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Gregory Gorman Author-X-Name-First: Gregory Author-X-Name-Last: Gorman Author-Name: Stig Hellebust Author-X-Name-First: Stig Author-X-Name-Last: Hellebust Author-Name: Dean Venables Author-X-Name-First: Dean Author-X-Name-Last: Venables Author-Name: Kevin Ryan Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan Author-Name: Marica Cassarino Author-X-Name-First: Marica Author-X-Name-Last: Cassarino Title: Introducing forecast-based public health warnings to promote engagement with air quality risk: a survey of citizens’ attitudes in Cork, Ireland Abstract: Policies aimed at raising the public’s awareness on the causes and consequences of air pollution are crucial to incentivise behavioural change that can benefit the health of people and the environment. Air quality forecasting (AQF) can inform early public health warnings aimed at mitigating exposure to air pollution and promoting behaviours that may be less impactful on air quality (e.g. transport, home heating). Although research in this area is limited, evidence suggests that it is important to understand the factors influencing people’s attitudes towards air quality and the perceived benefits of AQF-based warnings to inform policy on the most optimal ways to engage the public on this matter. As part of the implementation of a local clean air strategy embedding AQF, and guided by information processing theories, this study investigated perceptions of the potential introduction of AQF-based warnings among 509 adults in Cork City (Ireland) via an online survey including quantitative and qualitative questions. Content analysis identified overall positive views, with perceived benefits including education, exposure management, and, to a lesser extent, behavioural change. Quantitative analysis showed moderate levels of concern, low awareness of air quality monitoring and low sense of personal control, thus supporting the need for accessible and actionable messaging. We observed variations in attitudes and engagement preferences based on both socio-demographic and psychological factors. Policy implications are discussed with regards to the importance of positive messaging and diversified communication channels to optimise AQF-based public warnings Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 594-609 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 6 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2170453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2170453 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:6:p:594-609 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2208128_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ingrid Glette-Iversen Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid Author-X-Name-Last: Glette-Iversen Author-Name: Azadeh Seif Author-X-Name-First: Azadeh Author-X-Name-Last: Seif Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: Characterizations of COVID-19 risk: review and suggestions for improvement of current practices Abstract: To handle the risks related to coronavirus and the COVID-19 disease, governments worldwide have adopted different policies and strategies. These policies and strategies build on various approaches and methods to assess and convey the risks. This paper looks more closely into these approaches and methods. We review and discuss practices in four countries (Norway, the UK, the US and Sweden), focusing on the approaches, methods and models used to assess and describe the risks related to COVID-19. The main aims are to present some current thinking, reveal differences and suggest areas for improvement. The paper concludes that current practices can be enhanced by incorporating ideas and approaches from contemporary risk science, particularly in relation to how to treat uncertainties and reflect degrees of knowledge. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 725-747 Issue: 7 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2208128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2208128 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:7:p:725-747 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2208134_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Meng Yuan Author-X-Name-First: Meng Author-X-Name-Last: Yuan Author-Name: Yan Yang Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Hongtao Yi Author-X-Name-First: Hongtao Author-X-Name-Last: Yi Title: Environmental condition, cultural worldview, and environmental perceptions in China Abstract: Understanding public debates on environmental problems is critical for enhancing the effectiveness and social acceptance of environmental policies. This article aims to understand how factual environmental condition and culture influence the perceived severity of environmental problems in China. Relying on Cultural Theory and Cultural Cognitive Theory, we measure grid with an egalitarianism-hierarchy scale and group with an individualism–communitarianism scale. We use a large scale nationwide representative survey data——the Chinese General Social Survey——to identify Chinese political subcultures and find that environmental condition alone rarely play a role in Chinese environmental perceptions, and that as hypothesized, moving from egalitarianism to hierarchy, people perceive six of eight environmental problems to be less severe, whereas moving from individualism to communitarianism, people perceive five of eight environmental problems to be more severe. Meanwhile, the effect of environmental condition on the relationship between cultural worldview and perceived severity is very limited. This study has implications for environmental communication. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 748-777 Issue: 7 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2208134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2208134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:7:p:748-777 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2208138_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sylvester Senyo Horvey Author-X-Name-First: Sylvester Senyo Author-X-Name-Last: Horvey Author-Name: Jones Odei-Mensah Author-X-Name-First: Jones Author-X-Name-Last: Odei-Mensah Title: The measurements and performance of enterprise risk management: a comprehensive literature review Abstract: Global economic crises and complexities in the business environment have flawed the traditional risk management system. These have provided lessons to business leaders and enhanced the popularity of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). ERM is the holistic approach to managing the overall risks of an organisation to achieve its strategic goals. Despite its relevance, the question about the appropriate measurement for ERM and the performance of ERM remains. This study provides a comprehensive and systematic literature review on the measurement and performance of ERM. Google Scholar was the primary search tool for ERM literature from 2001 to 2020, and papers listed in SCImago journal ranking were discussed. According to the review, there is no specific approach to measuring ERM; hence, scholars rely on different proxies. Most studies rely on secondary sources, particularly the Chief Risk Officer’s appointment as a simple ERM proxy. This approach is widely adopted in the literature due to the difficulty in assessing ERM information. This paper recommends that further studies on the empirical measurement of ERM should rely on both primary and secondary data as they complement each other. This will provide more insight and allow more factors to be considered for a robust ERM measurement. In terms of performance, the ERM literature reveals mixed findings; however, there is enough evidence to support the assertion that ERM enhances firm profitability and value. Also, an advanced level of ERM implementation significantly improves firm performance. We suggest that scholars consider examining the ERM-performance relationship in emerging economies, as most of these studies centred on the US and European economies. In addition, future studies should consider investigating the non-linear relationship and how moderating factors affect the ERM-performance relationship. Firms must also strengthen their ERM system, as a higher level of ERM implementation improves performance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 778-800 Issue: 7 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2208138 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2208138 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:7:p:778-800 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2208121_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jocelyn Fraser Author-X-Name-First: Jocelyn Author-X-Name-Last: Fraser Author-Name: Livia Mello Author-X-Name-First: Livia Author-X-Name-Last: Mello Author-Name: Nadja C. Kunz Author-X-Name-First: Nadja C. Author-X-Name-Last: Kunz Title: Lost in translation: inadequate non-technical risk assessment within major project teams in mining Abstract: Infrastructure projects increasingly encounter delays due to non-technical risks (NTR), those risks arising from interactions between business and external stakeholders with the potential to create future negative impacts on society and the environment. One sector where NTR is having a significant adverse impact is the global mining sector, where industry leaders rank NTRs as the leading cause of business risk. We investigate how NTRs are assessed during project pre-feasibility using semi-structured interviews with 20 respondents from major mining companies. We find four main factors contribute to the problem of NTR assessment: there is lack of clarity about what constitutes a NTR; there are different interpretations of how NTR is defined and evaluated; there are disciplinary silos within project teams that impede a holistic assessment of risk; and there is conflation between risk and root cause. These factors contribute to striking differences in perceptions of non-technical risks between professionals in project management versus their sustainability colleagues. A four step process is proposed to improve non-technical risk assessment, align project and sustainability professionals, and identify opportunities for mitigation measures. This work seeks to improve NTR management within mining, a sector that is under-represented in existing literature, by adding empirical research examining how project teams identify and assess non-technical risk and contributes to theory at the nexus of project management and sustainability. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 711-724 Issue: 7 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2208121 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2208121 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:7:p:711-724 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2208146_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Myriam Dunn Cavelty Author-X-Name-First: Myriam Author-X-Name-Last: Dunn Cavelty Author-Name: Christine Eriksen Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksen Author-Name: Benjamin Scharte Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Scharte Title: Making cyber security more resilient: adding social considerations to technological fixes Abstract: How can a focus on socio-technical vulnerability and uncertainty make cyber security more resilient? In this article, we provide a conceptual discussion of how to increase cyber resilience. First, we show how cyber security and resilience thinking co-evolved through their connection to critical infrastructures, and how the ensuing dominant technical focus inevitably always falls short due to the diverse societal values that underpin their critical social functions. We argue that a sole focus on aggregate systems neglects the important differences in how cyber threats are experienced and dealt with by individuals. Second, we draw on insights from social resilience and disaster management literature to establish a better link between individuals and cyber systems. We focus on two key aspects of cyber security that highlight its social nature: vulnerability and uncertainty. Instead of thinking of cyber security as a “technical problem + humans,” we suggest cyber security should be conceptualized as a “social problem + technology.” We conclude by highlighting three ways forward for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners: interdisciplinary research, public debate about a set of normative questions, and the need for an uncertainty discourse in politics and policymaking. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 801-814 Issue: 7 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2208146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2208146 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:7:p:801-814 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2208149_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Marcus Mayorga Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Mayorga Author-Name: Byungdoo Kim Author-X-Name-First: Byungdoo Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Americans’ COVID-19 risk perceptions and risk perception predictors changed over time Abstract: Identifying and understanding risk perceptions—“how bad are the harms” to humans or to what they value that people see as potentially or actually arising from entities or events—has been critical for risk analysis, both for its own sake, and for expected associations between risk perceptions and subsequent outcomes, such as risky or protective behavior, or support for hazard management policies. Cross-sectional surveys have been the dominant method for identifying and understanding risk perceptions, yielding valuable data. However, cross-sectional surveys are unable to probe the dynamics of risk perceptions over time, which is critical to do while living in a dynamically hazardous world and to build causal understandings. Building upon earlier longitudinal panel studies of Americans’ Ebola and Zika risk perceptions using multi-level modeling to assess temporal changes in these views and inter-individual factors affecting them, we examined patterns in Americans’ COVID-19 risk perceptions in six waves across 14 months. The findings suggest that, in general, risk perceptions increased from February 2020 to April 2021, but with varying trends across different risk perception measures (personal, collective, affective, affect, severity, and duration). Factors in baseline risk perceptions (Wave 1) and inter-individual differences across waves differed even more: baseline ratings were associated with how immediate the threat is (temporal distance) and how likely the threat would affect people like oneself (social distance), and following the United States news about the pandemic. Inter-individual trend differences were shaped most by temporal distance, whether local coronavirus infections were accelerating their upward trend, and subjective knowledge about viral transmission. Associations of subjective knowledge and risk trend with risk perceptions could change signs (e.g. from positive to negative) over time. These findings hold theoretical implications for risk perception dynamics and taxonomies, and research design implications for studying risk perception dynamics and their comparison across hazards. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 815-835 Issue: 7 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2208149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2208149 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:7:p:815-835 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2197612_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Domagoj Vrbos Author-X-Name-First: Domagoj Author-X-Name-Last: Vrbos Author-Name: Barbara Gallani Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Gallani Title: Introduction to the special issue Abstract: At the crossroads of fast-paced communication trends and the partnerships EFSA has forged with its peer organisations globally, social sciences evolved to become an integrated part of the organisation’s work - the topic also grew to become a salient part of the scientific programme of EFSA conferences. Organised every three to four years, the latter aim to bring together experts and stakeholders to discuss key food safety topics and share knowledge, data and expertise. Most recently, the ONE Conference held in Brussels 21-24 June 2022, offered the opportunity to do so as part of the session on ‘Putting science into context – the future of social sciences in risk analysis’. In this special issue, we wish to highlight some of the key points discussed and offer the opportunity for conference speakers, coming from organisations that inspired the evolution of social science at EFSA, to further elaborate the evidence-based approaches employed to strengthen communication and engagement in their work. We also welcome commentaries of established experts in this area on key conference takeaways and ways forward to continuously improve the application of humanities and social sciences in regulatory organisations working in the realm of food regulation, food safety and public health and nutrition. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 837-840 Issue: 8 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2197612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2197612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:8:p:837-840 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2197616_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Beth Armstrong Author-X-Name-First: Beth Author-X-Name-Last: Armstrong Author-Name: Darren Bhattachary Author-X-Name-First: Darren Author-X-Name-Last: Bhattachary Author-Name: Alex Bogdan Author-X-Name-First: Alex Author-X-Name-Last: Bogdan Author-Name: Caitlin Connors Author-X-Name-First: Caitlin Author-X-Name-Last: Connors Author-Name: Laura Broomfield Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Broomfield Author-Name: Joanna Disson Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Disson Author-Name: Rebecca Gillespie Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Gillespie Author-Name: Helen Heard Author-X-Name-First: Helen Author-X-Name-Last: Heard Author-Name: Alice John Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: John Author-Name: Lucy King Author-X-Name-First: Lucy Author-X-Name-Last: King Author-Name: Marfot Miah Author-X-Name-First: Marfot Author-X-Name-Last: Miah Author-Name: Ely Mirzahosseinkhan Author-X-Name-First: Ely Author-X-Name-Last: Mirzahosseinkhan Author-Name: Michelle Patel Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Patel Author-Name: Alice Rayner Author-X-Name-First: Alice Author-X-Name-Last: Rayner Author-Name: Sophie Watson Author-X-Name-First: Sophie Author-X-Name-Last: Watson Title: Digital methods of social science in food regulation: case studies from the Food Standards Agency Abstract: The use of digital methods in social research has increased significantly, offering some benefits over traditional research methods, and some new challenges. The UK Food Standards Agency’s social science provides several case studies of how digital methods can be effectively utilized in practice. The agency has adopted various digital methods including web push surveys, online panels, online deliberative dialogue and citizen science platforms to gather data and gain insights into citizens’ attitudes and behaviours when it comes to the food system and food safety and standards. The implementation of these digital methods has allowed for more efficient data collection, and when applied with care and creativity can offer a high level of engagement and participation from the public. Furthermore, the use of citizen science platforms such as Zooniverse has allowed for the involvement of the general public in the research process, leading to increased public understanding and engagement with the research. The broad use of digital methods in social research as demonstrated by the UK Food Standards Agency’s social science highlights the utility of such methods for current and future research practices. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 855-865 Issue: 8 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2197616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2197616 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:8:p:855-865 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2197614_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Lynn Frewer Author-X-Name-First: Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Frewer Author-Name: Max Blanck Author-X-Name-First: Max Author-X-Name-Last: Blanck Author-Name: Stephan Bronzwaer Author-X-Name-First: Stephan Author-X-Name-Last: Bronzwaer Author-Name: Laura Martino Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Martino Author-Name: Domagoj Vrbos Author-X-Name-First: Domagoj Author-X-Name-Last: Vrbos Author-Name: Yann Devos Author-X-Name-First: Yann Author-X-Name-Last: Devos Title: Summary of the ONE SOCIETY track > opportunities and challenges Abstract: This report summarises the main discussions, conclusions and recommendations of the ‘One Society’ track of the ‘ONE – Health, Environment & Society – Conference 2022’ (21st–24th June 2002; Brussels and online), which was organised by the European Food Safety Authority. The four themes in the One Society track focused on risk communication, social science, engagement, including collaboration, the EU research agenda, and open science: more specifically, their integration into our understanding of existing and emerging food safety risks within agri-food systems, and as part of the ‘One Health’ context. The conclusions suggested that understanding food safety risks within ‘One Health’ requires collaboration and co-production of risk assessment and research objectives, data, methodologies and translation into policy with all interested actors, including the general public. Furthermore, effective implementation of open science practices and inter-agency collaboration are key to ensuring that policy and governance conditions can be optimised within the context of the transdisciplinary research environment in which the ‘One Health’ concept is embedded. Among main outcomes, the ‘One Society’ track clearly highlighted the need to: i) realise the EU’s collaborative food safety knowledge ecosystem, as no single actor can master the level of complexity alone, ii) consistently apply an ‘audience-first’ approach and use participatory formats from science to policymaking; iii) dedicate resources to build bridges with research projects; and iv) make open science a reality and a ‘default’ principle for regulatory science. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 883-894 Issue: 8 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2197614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2197614 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:8:p:883-894 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2197613_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Domagoj Vrbos Author-X-Name-First: Domagoj Author-X-Name-Last: Vrbos Author-Name: Giorgia Zamariola Author-X-Name-First: Giorgia Author-X-Name-Last: Zamariola Author-Name: Laura Maxim Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Maxim Author-Name: Giulia Nicolini Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Nicolini Author-Name: Paul Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Author-Name: James Ramsay Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Ramsay Author-Name: Matthias Rasche Author-X-Name-First: Matthias Author-X-Name-Last: Rasche Author-Name: Claire Rogers Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Rogers Author-Name: Luca Schombert Author-X-Name-First: Luca Author-X-Name-Last: Schombert Author-Name: Anthony Smith Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Barbara Gallani Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Gallani Title: Societal insights in risk communication planning – a structured approach Abstract: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) receives hundreds of requests for scientific risk assessments each year and publishes on average over 500 scientific outputs annually. To optimise the planning for its risk communications, the authors developed a two-phase approach for assessing incoming requests that follows the first two stages of the IRGC’s Risk Governance Framework―Pre-Assessment (Screening) and Appraisal (Risk Perceptions and Social Concerns Assessment)―and is driven by use of social insights, analytics, and professional knowledge. During the Pre-Assessment phase requests from risk managers are pre-screened and filtered then processed using a checklist divided into sections on the characteristics of risks, knowledge/awareness of them, and the institutional and market context. A decision tree was developed to manage the combinations of factors needed to trigger preparation for future risk communications options. Use of the approach was implemented and refined at EFSA from 2019 to 2021. During the Appraisal phase, societal insights from social research, media analysis and social media listening are compiled to i) map the elements to consider for risk communication and ii) identify the overall sensitivity of the subject matter, taking into account concerns, expectations and risk perceptions. These assessments of risk perception and societal concerns have been developed for sensitive topics and potentially emerging issues with the aim of identifying risks that share similar characterises, in terms of level of knowledge and risk perception. These two stages provide mechanisms to identify topics and clusters of topics of interest for risk communication and to drive the subsequent development of communication objectives and strategies. This is expected to inform the eventual development of standardised communication responses on topics within specific clusters. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 841-854 Issue: 8 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2197613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2197613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:8:p:841-854 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2197615_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Leonie Dendler Author-X-Name-First: Leonie Author-X-Name-Last: Dendler Author-Name: Mariana Morais Author-X-Name-First: Mariana Author-X-Name-Last: Morais Author-Name: Jan Nikolas Hargart Author-X-Name-First: Jan Nikolas Author-X-Name-Last: Hargart Author-Name: Joana S. Lourenço Author-X-Name-First: Joana S. Author-X-Name-Last: Lourenço Author-Name: Domagoj Vrbos Author-X-Name-First: Domagoj Author-X-Name-Last: Vrbos Author-Name: Paul Ortega Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega Author-Name: Kamila Sfugier Tollik Author-X-Name-First: Kamila Author-X-Name-Last: Sfugier Tollik Author-Name: Georgios Alaveras Author-X-Name-First: Georgios Author-X-Name-Last: Alaveras Author-Name: Barbara Gallani Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Gallani Author-Name: Michelle Patel Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Patel Author-Name: Laura Broomfield Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Broomfield Author-Name: Ortwin Renn Author-X-Name-First: Ortwin Author-X-Name-Last: Renn Title: Participatory versus analytic approaches for understanding risk perceptions: a comparison of three case studies from the field of biotechnology Abstract: Considering growing participatory turns in regulatory scientific risk analysis, this paper compares how social scientists use participatory and analytical methods to understand risk perceptions and meet competing demands for representativeness and inclusiveness. Drawing on case studies of how three European risk agencies use participatory and analytic methods in the context of biotechnology, it confirms difficulties of analytic methods to shed light on perceptions when applied to unfamiliar topics. It also shows the potential of participatory in particular deliberative formats to engage affected populations in the risk analysis process, despite challenges in promoting inclusiveness. The cases call for the integration of methods, while remaining aware of the need to understand the mutual interplay in the constructions of risks and structural inequalities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 866-882 Issue: 8 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 8 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2197615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2197615 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:8:p:866-882 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2218862_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Shirley S. Ho Author-X-Name-First: Shirley S. Author-X-Name-Last: Ho Author-Name: Wenqi Tan Author-X-Name-First: Wenqi Author-X-Name-Last: Tan Title: Mapping mental models of parents’ risk perceptions of autonomous public transport use by young children: a social representations theory approach Abstract: Numerous countries are integrating autonomous vehicles into their public transport systems. Among the expected benefits of autonomous public transport, increased mobility for families with young children is foregrounded. Yet, the potential risks associated with autonomous public transport may impede parents’ acceptance of the technology for use by their children. As risk communication is an effective strategy for mitigating the influence of risk perception on acceptance, this study sought to proactively identify risk perceptions that parents hold toward autonomous public transport. Against the backdrop of Singapore’s imminent deployment of autonomous public transport and informed by the social representations theory, we elicited a mental model of parents’ risk perceptions toward autonomous public transport that was sensitive to the diversity of opinion among parents and their preferences for risk communication messages about autonomous public transport. To that end, we conducted three online focus group discussions consisting of 21 Singaporean parents who had children aged 2 wk to 12 years old. Theoretically, this study addresses research gaps in the mental models literature and offers theoretical implications for scholars seeking to employ the mental models approach to understand lay risk perceptions. Practically, this study informs the design of relevant and targeted risk communication messages about autonomous public transport. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 989-1005 Issue: 9 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2218862 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2218862 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:9:p:989-1005 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2220334_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Xin Nie Author-X-Name-First: Xin Author-X-Name-Last: Nie Author-Name: Xingyi Wu Author-X-Name-First: Xingyi Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Han Wang Author-X-Name-First: Han Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Qing Kang Author-X-Name-First: Qing Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Author-Name: Fengqin Li Author-X-Name-First: Fengqin Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Lihua Li Author-X-Name-First: Lihua Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Hua Qiao Author-X-Name-First: Hua Author-X-Name-Last: Qiao Title: What psychological factors lead to the abandonment of cultivated land by coastal farmers? An interpretation based on the psychological distance Abstract: For a long time, the research on the cultivated land abandonment behavior of farmers, caused by natural constraints such as coastal ecological environment vulnerability and frequent extreme climates, has received extensive attention. However, few scholars pay attention to the impact of psychological construction of farmers’ environmental risk perception on abandoned farming behavior, especially the use of psychological distance (PD) to quantify this abstract psychological process. Taking Shankou Town, Guangxi, China as an example, this study combines the PD in the field of sociology with the construal level theory to build a PD framework for coastal farmers. A structural equation model was used to explore the influence mechanism of the social, temporal, hypothetical, and spatial distances on farmers’ cultivated land abandonment behavior. We found that coastal land abandonment is affected by social trust and the probability of extreme weather, although the risk preference under the ‘discount rate’ is not significantly affected. At the same time, the closer the spatial distance between the residence and the coastline, the higher the abandonment of cultivated land, although with a different impact. In addition, population mobility and human-sea connection were found to play a mediating role in the effect of psychological distance on cultivated land abandonment. We confirmed that the direction of the effects of the four types of psychological distance on land abandonment behavior is not consistent. This study is helpful to understand the cultivated land abandonment behavior of farmers in coastal zone, and tries to provide reference for coastal zone planting planning. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 947-968 Issue: 9 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2220334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2220334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:9:p:947-968 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2208144_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Liwen Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Liwen Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Qing’an Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Qing’an Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: Covering conflicts and risks: Chinese newspapers’ peace-loving discourse and their use of risk language Abstract: The process through which people and society begin to see and frame something as risky is complex. As risk communication practitioners play a critical role in fostering real-world risk governance, this study emphasizes the performative role of language in mobilizing symbolic resources to build and control risks from a communication standpoint. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was used to reveal patterns of how two events – the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine dispute – were covered by the Chinese media, and speculate about the relationship between risk communication practice and its wider geopolitical context. Results revealed different frames were used for the two events, and that ‘threat’ was most frequently used when addressing the Russia-Ukraine dispute, whereas ‘risk’ was adopted for most COVID-19-related articles. Two themes were generated when interpreting the discourse through a critical geopolitical approach: ‘From the COVID-19 Approach to the Political Systems’ and ‘China as a global Player through its peaceful Rise’. While China prefers to maintain peace in its interaction with other global actors, the Chinese government does not simply accept adversity, particularly when it comes to geopolitical conflicts derived from arbitrary ideological disagreements. The study adds to the current literature on the relationship between the practice and context of risk communication, as well as to the underrepresented regional online news coverage of risks and conflicts that focus on China. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1020-1036 Issue: 9 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2208144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2208144 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:9:p:1020-1036 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2249906_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Yu Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Ashley Clark Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Author-Name: John A. Rupp Author-X-Name-First: John A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rupp Author-Name: John D. Graham Author-X-Name-First: John D. Author-X-Name-Last: Graham Title: How trust in government relates to public attitudes toward shale gas development in China Abstract: Public trust in government influences public attitudes toward the development of new technology. However, research conducted to assess the relationship has been done primarily in Western-style democracies. This research examines how public trust in the Chinese government is related, directly and indirectly, to public attitudes toward shale gas development. An online survey of a large convenience sample of Chinese residents (n = 1361) was conducted in 2022 in five provinces where shale gas extraction and/or exploration are occurring. We found that trust in central government has a direct positive association with the perceived benefits and risks of shale gas development. Respondents with higher trust in central and provincial government are more likely to express support shale gas development. There is also a statistically significant indirect positive association with support for shale gas development via greater perceived benefits, yet we did not find a statistically significant indirect effect of trust on support for shale gas development through perceived risks. The results are interesting because in China the government and the shale gas industry are more closely connected than they are in Western-style democracies and the environmental movement in China is at an early stage of development. Future research should examine how attitudes in China evolve as the scale of the shale gas industry grows and the environmental movement grows. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 895-910 Issue: 9 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2249906 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2249906 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:9:p:895-910 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2218861_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nohad Ali Author-X-Name-First: Nohad Author-X-Name-Last: Ali Author-Name: Dennis Rosenberg Author-X-Name-First: Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenberg Title: Mixed and worried? Examining the association between locality type and worrying about social phenomena in Arab citizens of Israel Abstract: This study examined the association between the type of locality ethnic minorities reside in and their worrying about social phenomena through the lens of the social capital theory. The study aimed at showing that worry profiles, as well the extent of being concerned about various social phenomena, are not the same for the minority residents of ethnically homogeneous and of ethnically heterogeneous localities. Moreover, the main assumption was that residing in heterogeneous locality corresponds to an increase in concerns about social phenomena. The data were obtained from the Personal and Community Security Index Survey which was conducted among the Arab citizens of Israel in 2020 (N = 947). The data were analyzed using multinomial and linear regression models. The results show that residing in ethnically mixed localities was associated with having a highly worried profile. Residing in mixed localities also related to a greater worry about the general social and the violence-related phenomena. The results supported the social capital theory. The results suggest that residing in ethnically homogeneous localities plays a protective role with respect to being concerned about social phenomena. The results imply that public decision makers should develop long-term plans to reduce worry levels in minority residents of ethnically mixed localities which will include provision of tailored services, fighting against violence, and informing about the proposed solutions for each phenomenon of concern. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1006-1019 Issue: 9 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2218861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2218861 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:9:p:1006-1019 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2220331_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Xia Cao Author-X-Name-First: Xia Author-X-Name-Last: Cao Author-Name: Binfang Yang Author-X-Name-First: Binfang Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Jiansong Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Jiansong Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: The global research trends on health risk perception and communication: a bibliometric study and visualization analysis Abstract: Background: It is meaningful that both scholars and practitioners recognize the multifaceted nature of health risk perception and communication (HRPC). Extensive studies related to HRPC have been conducted to date. However, no bibliometric analysis has systematically investigated this issue. We aim to identify the current landscape and frontier trends of scientific achievements on HRPC through bibliometric approaches. Methods: Quantitative analysis of publications relating to HRPC from 1999 to 2021 was interpreted and graphed through the Web of Science Core Collection database on October 21, 2022. A variety of quantitative variables was analyzed, including publication and citation counts, H-index, and journal citation reports. Co-authorship, citation, co-citation, and co-occurrence analyses were performed for countries/regions, institutions, authors, and keywords using the VOSviewer and CiteSpace. Results: A total of 1,518 original and review articles in English were identified. The United States has considerable influence in this field, with the majority of publications (772, 50.86%), citations (23,951 times), the highest H-index (453), and close collaborations with the United Kingdom and Australia. The most contributive institution was University of North Carolina. The most productive author is Waters EA, followed by Lemyre L and Renner B. However, the relatively low level of research cooperation existed between institutions and authors. Important topics mainly include the connotations, categories, theoretical framework models, and application scenarios of HRPC. Among the promising hotspots, ‘Covid-19,’ ‘pandemic’, ‘vaccine hesitancy’, ‘social media’, ‘e-cigarettes’, and ‘mental health’ displayed relatively latest average appearing year. Conclusion: Global trends indicate a growing scientific output on HRPC, and developed countries are leading the way. There is still a need to improve collaboration between research teams. The focus gradually shifts from theoretical research to empirical research. It is recommended to pay attention to the latest hot spots, such as ‘Covid-19’, ‘vaccine hesitancy’, ‘social media’, ‘e-cigarettes’, and ‘mental health’. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 969-988 Issue: 9 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2220331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2220331 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:9:p:969-988 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2231003_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: V. Eijrond Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Eijrond Author-Name: L. Claassen Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Claassen Author-Name: D. Timmermans Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Timmermans Title: Contrasting perspectives on the risks of intensive livestock farming in The Netherlands: a survey study Abstract: In the Netherlands, intensive livestock farming is a recurrent topic of societal debate with stakeholders having quite different perspectives on the benefits and harms. In particular, stakeholders appear to have different perceptions on the risks to human and animal health. This paper reports a quantitative analysis of a survey on the perceptions of risks and benefits of intensive livestock farming conducted among the general public, including people living in livestock dense municipalities (n = 808), farmers (n = 237) and other stakeholders (n = 367). Results show that farmers and citizens have contrasting views about the benefits and concerns and in particular about the risks of intensive livestock farming for human health as well as animal well-being. People living in livestock dense communities held a somewhat more positive view than the general public, yet odour hinder and air quality was perceived as a serious health problem, but not by farmers. These differences in risk perceptions may well be explained from differences in interest, experience and options for control of potential hazards. Our study reflects more than just the perceived risks related to intensive livestock farming, but also reveal the global and multidimensional legitimate concerns and views on what matter to different groups of people. We argue that these differences in risk perspectives should be taken into account when communicating about human health risks, and should also be more explicitly addressed in discussions about the risks of intensive livestock farming in order to develop more inclusive policies that are supported by stakeholders. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 911-930 Issue: 9 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2231003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2231003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:9:p:911-930 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2230983_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Fatema Al-Rubai’ey Author-X-Name-First: Fatema Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Rubai’ey Author-Name: Abdul Gabbar Al-Sharafi Author-X-Name-First: Abdul Gabbar Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Sharafi Title: Ethos in COVID-19 crisis communication: evidence from Oman Abstract: There is little research on the effectiveness of the rhetorical strategies adopted by governments in COVID-19 crisis communication. This study aimed to answer the following two questions: (1) What are the ethos-related rhetorical strategies used in the official Arabic discourse of COVID-19 crisis communication in Oman? (2) Aligned with Seeger’s model of best practice in crisis communication, to what extent are these ethos-related rhetorical strategies effective in delivering a successful crisis response communication? The data came from Oman’s COVID-19 Supreme Committee press conference. The data included the first six press conferences covering the period from April 2, 2020 to May 7, 2020. The study showed that Oman’s COVID-19 crisis communication exhibits a variety of ethos-related rhetorical strategies, mainly to establish, reinforce and restore speaker’s credibility. The study also showed that Oman’s COVID-19 crisis communication was effective from a rhetorical perspective because it made use of rhetorical strategies that aligned well with Seeger’s best practice of honesty, candor and openness. One of the key recommendations of this paper is to call for Seeger’s model to be expanded to cover areas that this model does not currently address, namely speaker’s competence and message believability. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 931-946 Issue: 9 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2230983 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2230983 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:9:p:931-946 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2259411_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sarah Duckett Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Duckett Author-Name: George Warren Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Warren Title: Foolproof: why we fall for misinformation and how to build immunity by Sander Van Der Linden book review Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1153-1154 Issue: 10 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2259411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2259411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:10:p:1153-1154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2259405_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Bas Heerma van Voss Author-X-Name-First: Bas Author-X-Name-Last: Heerma van Voss Author-Name: Ira Helsloot Author-X-Name-First: Ira Author-X-Name-Last: Helsloot Title: How states deal with long-term destabilizing risks Abstract: Many risks of events with the potential to cause societal collapse either lie far in the future or have a low chance of materializing in any given year. However, optimal mitigation of these long-term destabilizing risks requires state action in the present. We provide a novel framework for understanding why states struggle to formulate a rational response to these risks. In our framework, insights from cognitive psychology, long-term governance and game theory in international relations are integrated. Cognitive biases limit state forecasting accuracy; political incentives and state structures are generally not aligned with tackling the important challenges of the long-term; and global cooperation, a necessary component of mitigation of long-term destabilizing risks, is constrained by suboptimal institutional design in the face of game-theoretical challenges to cooperation. We illustrate this framework by looking at the case of how states fared against epidemic risk in the pre-COVID-19 period. Using 2019 indices of pandemic preparedness, we show that, as a result of the challenges included in our framework, almost all countries failed to take low-cost, high-benefit measures for preventing and mitigating pandemic risk. This underinvestment was widely acknowledged at the time, and occurred in spite of the well-established favorable cost-benefit ratios of such measures. In addition, international cooperation failed to lead to adequate preventive, mitigative and response policies. We argue that, considering the stakes, deepening our knowledge of why states do not adequately mitigate long-term destabilizing risks should be a priority for the study of governance. We conclude with recommendations both for policy makers and researchers. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1119-1136 Issue: 10 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2259405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2259405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:10:p:1119-1136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2259402_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Mikel Subiza-Pérez Author-X-Name-First: Mikel Author-X-Name-Last: Subiza-Pérez Author-Name: Aiora Zabala Author-X-Name-First: Aiora Author-X-Name-Last: Zabala Author-Name: Daniel Groten Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Groten Author-Name: Laura Vozmediano Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Vozmediano Author-Name: César San Juan Author-X-Name-First: César San Author-X-Name-Last: Juan Author-Name: Jesús Ibarluzea Author-X-Name-First: Jesús Author-X-Name-Last: Ibarluzea Title: Waste-to-energy risk perception typology: health, politics and environmental impacts Abstract: Where strategies to reduce and recycle urban solid waste are insufficient, waste incineration is proposed as second-best management. Waste-to-energy facilities often raise remarkable public controversy, which the Not-In-My-Backyard effect does not explain sufficiently. Heterogeneous concerns lead to diverse risk perception profiles that standard psychometric scales cannot uncover. We explore this diversity of profiles by analyzing risk perceptions about a recently built waste-to-energy facility in Gipuzkoa (Spain), a case underlined by a decades-long public debate about waste management alternatives. Using Q, a semi-qualitative method, we identify risk perceptions within a diverse sample of fifty participants, including residents at different distances to the facility. We identify three main types of risk perception based on the relative importance respondents gave to 26 possible perceived risks of the facility. We define risk perception types according to the concerns that respondents with similar views emphasized most: human health, politics and institutions, and local social-ecological impacts. Whereas human-health and social-ecological concerns could be partially addressed with information—including timely and accessible reporting of effluent monitoring—and improved safety, building institutional trust to mitigate the concerns in the second risk perception type requires longer-term dynamics. Understanding heterogeneous risk profiles as done in this study can support adequate communication strategies and help policymakers prioritize governance areas to improve. Our results contribute to understanding social-environmental risk perceptions associated with controversial facilities. Using an approach that is new in this domain, these results add nuanced understanding that complements the quantitative profiling prevalent in the literature on risk perceptions and about waste-to-energy plants. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1101-1118 Issue: 10 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2259402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2259402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:10:p:1101-1118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2249909_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Catherine Mei Ling Wong Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Mei Ling Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Yuanyuan Wu Author-X-Name-First: Yuanyuan Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: Limits to inoculating against the risk of fake news: a replication study in Singapore during COVID-19 Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare the problem of fake news as one of the defining challenges of our time. The sudden proliferation of fake news and its direct impact on public health and safety led to increasing attention to pre-bunking interventions as a possible tool against the risks of fake news. These studies claimed that it is possible to use pre-emptive interventions such as games to induce cognitive resistance against the deception techniques deployed by fake new producers. We wanted to test if this method could be as effective in a non-Western context, and in an on-going catastrophic risk event. This paper presents the results of a replication study of Roozenbeek and van der Linden’s gaming experiment with certain modifications tailored to the case of Singapore in 2020 in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. We could not replicate the results of the original study. However, we found factors that could have accounted for the different results, including high levels of trust in English mainstream media and the government, and positive attitudes towards censorship. We also found that participants were most resistant against conspiratorial deception techniques but also more vulnerable to impersonation techniques. We reflect on what the results of our study say about the limitations of psychology-focused interventions and the need for a wider suite of interventions targeting different levels of analysis, including sociological factors and the risk context. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1037-1052 Issue: 10 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2249909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2249909 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:10:p:1037-1052 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2259399_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Soo Jung Hong Author-X-Name-First: Soo Jung Author-X-Name-Last: Hong Author-Name: Yungwook Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yungwook Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Dread and unknown characteristics of particulate matter pollution: cognitive and affective routes to air pollution prevention Abstract: This study investigates the effect of dread and unknown risks on individuals’ cognitive and affective responses and decision-making related to particulate matter (PM) air pollution. In particular, we investigate how dread and unknown risks play different roles in forming the cognitive and affective routes that affect the South Korean public’s intentions to reduce PM air pollution by adopting risk mitigation behaviors. One thousand South Korean adults participated in the study via a professional research company in 2022. Statistical analysis was performed using PROCESS Marco. Indirect effects and their significance were estimated using bias-corrected bootstrap (n = 5,000 resampling) confidence intervals (CIs). According to the results, perceived dread of PM air pollution had significant and positive associations with perceived health risks and negative emotion, and perceived risks had a significant and positive association with negative emotion. Moreover, the perceived unknown-ness of PM air pollution had a significant and positive association with perceived uncertainty, which had a significant and negative association with negative emotion. Our mediation models demonstrate that the cognitive and affective routes associated with the two risk dimensions had different effects on behavioral intentions to reduce PM air pollution. These distinct cognitive and affective routes have significant theoretical implications for the effective application of the psychometric paradigm in addressing various risk-related issues. The findings also imply that an appropriate level of negative emotion is crucial to motivate the public’s engagement in risk-reduction behaviors. While employing campaign messages that integrate perceived risk and negative emotional appeals derived from dread can be effective, caution should be taken not to diminish the public’s negative emotions when addressing the risk-related uncertainty in campaigns or interventions. Overall, our findings not only have several practical implications for environmental communication strategies but also make important theoretical contributions to the literature on risk perceptions and the psychometric paradigm. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1085-1100 Issue: 10 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2259399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2259399 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:10:p:1085-1100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2259407_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sander van der Linden Author-X-Name-First: Sander Author-X-Name-Last: van der Linden Title: Reply to book review Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1155-1156 Issue: 10 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2259407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2259407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:10:p:1155-1156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2249927_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Rebekka Schwesig Author-X-Name-First: Rebekka Author-X-Name-Last: Schwesig Author-Name: Irina Brich Author-X-Name-First: Irina Author-X-Name-Last: Brich Author-Name: Jürgen Buder Author-X-Name-First: Jürgen Author-X-Name-Last: Buder Author-Name: Markus Huff Author-X-Name-First: Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Huff Author-Name: Nadia Said Author-X-Name-First: Nadia Author-X-Name-Last: Said Title: Using artificial intelligence (AI)? Risk and opportunity perception of AI predict people’s willingness to use AI Abstract: Surveys worldwide show that the public perceives artificial intelligence (AI) as a double-edged sword: A risk and an opportunity. However, how this ambiguous perception of AI is related to people’s willingness to use AI-based applications has yet to be investigated. To this end, two online experiments were conducted, including two samples, N = 246 and N = 495 (quota-sample, representative for age and gender). As hypothesized, people’s risk-opportunity perception of AI applications correlated positively with the probability of using AI. Exploratory analyses indicated that people’s willingness to use AI significantly depended on the context of AI use (medicine vs. transport vs. media vs. psychology). This research expands existing behavioral research by investigating ambiguous and not solely risk-taking behavior for different AI application contexts. Study results motivate the investigation of causal-effect relations and underline the need to understand risk and opportunity perception stability across different contexts of AI use. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1053-1084 Issue: 10 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2249927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2249927 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:10:p:1053-1084 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2259406_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Harishankar Vasudevanallur Subramanian Author-X-Name-First: Harishankar Vasudevanallur Author-X-Name-Last: Subramanian Author-Name: Casey Canfield Author-X-Name-First: Casey Author-X-Name-Last: Canfield Author-Name: Daniel B. Shank Author-X-Name-First: Daniel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Shank Author-Name: Matthew Kinnison Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Kinnison Title: Combining uncertainty information with AI recommendations supports calibration with domain knowledge Abstract: The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) decision support is increasing in high-stakes contexts, such as healthcare, defense, and finance. Uncertainty information may help users better leverage AI predictions, especially when combined with their domain knowledge. We conducted a human-subject experiment with an online sample to examine the effects of presenting uncertainty information with AI recommendations. The experimental stimuli and task, which included identifying plant and animal images, are from an existing image recognition deep learning model, a popular approach to AI. The uncertainty information was predicted probabilities for whether each label was the true label. This information was presented numerically and visually. In the study, we tested the effect of AI recommendations in a within-subject comparison and uncertainty information in a between-subject comparison. The results suggest that AI recommendations increased both participants’ accuracy and confidence. Further, providing uncertainty information significantly increased accuracy but not confidence, suggesting that it may be effective for reducing overconfidence. In this task, participants tended to have higher domain knowledge for animals than plants based on a self-reported measure of domain knowledge. Participants with more domain knowledge were appropriately less confident when uncertainty information was provided. This suggests that people use AI and uncertainty information differently, such as an expert versus second opinion, depending on their level of domain knowledge. These results suggest that if presented appropriately, uncertainty information can potentially decrease overconfidence that is induced by using AI recommendations. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1137-1152 Issue: 10 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2259406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2259406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:10:p:1137-1152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2259414_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Christine Fassert Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Fassert Author-Name: Valérie November Author-X-Name-First: Valérie Author-X-Name-Last: November Author-Name: Cassandre Rey-Thibault Author-X-Name-First: Cassandre Author-X-Name-Last: Rey-Thibault Title: Facing nonscalability: are risks still ‘risks’ when compound and catastrophic? Abstract: Crisis intensification and acceleration (e.g. the triple disaster in Fukushima, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the increase in extreme climatic events) have raised new challenges. Recent research went a step further by exploring new types of risks: compound risks. This article examines different definitions of compound risks and identifies their differences and common features. Starting from a definition restricted to the combination of natural hazards, the concept progressively unfolds to include a combination of hazards and local vulnerabilities, including the competition of different resources for mitigating their effects or the effects at different scales. Our article contributes to this theoretical effort. We explore how compound risks are envisioned in the current practices of preparation by actors in charge of risks management and crisis preparation, through 3 cases studies: medium size towns in France, Le Havre and Nantes, facing urban risks; a case study of the COVID-19 pandemic management at the French governmental level; and the doctrines in the case of a nuclear accident. Compound risks are understood in relation to scaling. The change of nature brought by a change of scale is explored through interdependencies, threshold, and rupture effects, which are intertwined with collapse. Are risks and risk management scalable? Compound risks consequences for political response are also studied. They may call for new types of governance, new modes of preparedness, and even new institutions. We conclude that compound risks question the very paradigm of risk management and crisis preparedness and may call for entirely new ways of facing extreme situations that question the very role and agency of politics. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1157-1173 Issue: 11 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2259414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2259414 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:11:p:1157-1173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2259415_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Giulia Priolo Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Author-X-Name-Last: Priolo Author-Name: Martina Vacondio Author-X-Name-First: Martina Author-X-Name-Last: Vacondio Author-Name: Stephan Dickert Author-X-Name-First: Stephan Author-X-Name-Last: Dickert Author-Name: Nicolao Bonini Author-X-Name-First: Nicolao Author-X-Name-Last: Bonini Title: The influence of COVID-19 Mortality Rate Formats on Emotional Reactions, Risk perception, and self-protective Behavioral Intentions Abstract: We investigated whether different Mortality Rate Formats used to express the same objective probability affected people’s Emotional reactions, Risk perception, and protective behavioral intentions. A sample from the Italian population (N = 604) was exposed to six different formats (i.e. Absolute value; Raw ratio; 1 in X; Verbal; Percentage; Probability) to report the mortality rate of COVID-19 in a between-subject design. In line with expectations, the Probability format led to lower emotional reactions compared to all the other formats. Moreover, results from a path analysis revealed that emotional reactions predicted risk perception. The Mortality Rate Formats also had an indirect effect on Behavioral Intentions to protect oneself, which was mediated by emotional reactions and risk perception. The effect sizes of these indirect effects ranged from small to medium. The direct effect of risk on intentions was found to differ among two dimensions of risk. Affective Risk led to higher Behavioral Intentions, while Deliberative Risk had the opposite effect. We discuss these results in line with the ongoing debate regarding the role played by risk scientists during the pandemic and offer practical implications for risk management during health crises like COVID-19. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1174-1190 Issue: 11 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2259415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2259415 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:11:p:1174-1190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2264314_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Adam Mayer Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Mayer Author-Name: Ellison Carter Author-X-Name-First: Ellison Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Title: Should we use natural gas in our homes? Risk perceptions from the U.S Abstract: Multiple municipalities in the U.S. have banned natural gas hook-ups in new home construction. Several state governments have pre-empted those bans. Yet little is known about public perceptions of natural gas appliances in the home. We used survey data to evaluate risk perceptions associated with natural gas appliances and investigate potential demographic and ideological effects on risk perceptions. We find little political polarization or “white male” effects, but those who are dissatisfied with indoor air quality and concerned about climate change have heightened risk perceptions. Overall, natural gas risk perceptions are low. However, as of late 2022, the health implications of natural gas use in the home and potential mitigation policy have entered public discourse, implying that these risks may become more salient and politically charged. We conclude by discussing implications for indoor environments and policy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1213-1226 Issue: 11 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2264314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2264314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:11:p:1213-1226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2270669_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Zhenhao Yu Author-X-Name-First: Zhenhao Author-X-Name-Last: Yu Author-Name: Weina Qu Author-X-Name-First: Weina Author-X-Name-Last: Qu Author-Name: Yan Ge Author-X-Name-First: Yan Author-X-Name-Last: Ge Title: Utilizing MRBQ to investigate risky rider behavior in Chinese young riders: combining the effect of Big Five personality and sensation seeking Abstract: The motorcycle rider behavior questionnaire (MRBQ) is one of the most extensively used questionnaires to explore risky rider behavior worldwide. However, whether previous research adopted other scales or other versions of MRBQ, neither of them fully cover the typicality of the risky behavior in Chinese motorcyclists. Moreover, past research investigated the MRBQ while combining the joint effect of Big Five personality (BFP) and sensation seeking lacks. Our study aims to revise the Chinese version of MRBQ in young riders and explore the relationship among BFP, sensation seeking, MRBQ, and self-reported traffic violations. 278 online participants filled out the Big Five Inventory measuring BFP, the sensation seeking scale, MRBQ items selected from previous versions in other countries, and self-reported traffic violations from the traffic management system (crashes, traffic violation frequency, penalty points, and fines). Exploratory factor analysis suggested 7 factors (safety equipment, traffic errors, speed violations, control errors, stunts, traffic violations, and safety violations), and the internal consistency reliability ranged from 0.58–0.91. The hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that agreeableness and conscientiousness in BFP negatively predicted the total MRBQ score, while openness in BFP and sensation seeking positively predicted the total MRBQ score. In addition, the Poisson regression analysis suggested that all kinds of self-reported traffic violations could be positively predicted by the total MRBQ score. Path analysis suggested the fully mediating role of sensation seeking. In conclusion, the Chinese version of the MRBQ is useful for future studies and the sensation seeking plays a mediating role between the Big Five personality and MRBQ. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1263-1282 Issue: 11 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2270669 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2270669 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:11:p:1263-1282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2264301_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Branden B. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Branden B. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Byungdoo Kim Author-X-Name-First: Byungdoo Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: COVID-19 risk perception measures: factoring and prediction of behavioral intentions and policy support Abstract: Although early concepts of risk perception measures distinguished cognitive from affective items, until recently multi-dimensional taxonomies were absent from risk perception studies, and even more from tests of their association with behavior or policy support. Six longitudinal panel surveys on U.S. COVID-19 views (n = 2004 February 2020, ending April 2021) allowed testing of these relationships among ≤ 10 risk perception items measured in each wave. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed consistent distinctions between personal (conditioning perceived risk on taking further or no further protective action), collective (U.S., global), affective (concern, dread), and severity (estimates of eventual total U.S. infections and deaths) measures, while affect (good-bad feelings) and duration (how long people expect the outbreak to last) did not fit with their assumed affective and severity (respectively) parallels. Collective and affective/affect risk perceptions most strongly predicted both behavioral intentions and policy support for mask wearing, avoidance of large public gatherings, and vaccination, controlling for personal risk perception (which might be partly reflected in the affective/affect effects) and other measures. These findings underline the importance of multi-dimensionality (e.g. not just asking about personal risk perceptions) in designing risk perception research, even when trying to explain personal protective actions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1191-1212 Issue: 11 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2264301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2264301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:11:p:1191-1212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2287999_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Ioana Iacob Author-X-Name-First: Ioana Author-X-Name-Last: Iacob Author-Name: M. Granger Morgan Author-X-Name-First: M. Granger Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Title: Public perceptions of hydrogen hubs in Southwestern Pennsylvania Abstract: With the growing interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier and the federal-level investments in the development of hydrogen hubs in the United States, public perception and understanding of hydrogen and of regional hydrogen hubs will play a key role. The tri-state region of Southwestern Pennsylvania is a prime candidate for the development of such a hub. Because most people in the region have almost no familiarity with hydrogen, a modified mental models approach was developed. Eight participatory seminars were conducted over the course of five months in the greater Pittsburgh region to develop an initial understanding of likely public reactions. The study presents an overview of which advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties were mentioned across the group interviews, both as related to blue hydrogen and to a hypothetical hydrogen hub. While some discussions confirmed prior findings on public perception studies, we found that even when topics are not introduced by a facilitator, the interviews allowed participants the freedom to raise even advanced engineering topics independently. The groups were asked to identify which groups would be likely to support and oppose a hypothetical hub project. Participants’ responses displayed unique regional considerations. Based on the discussions observed, developing a cohesive public communication strategy between public and private sectors will need to account for both hydrogen production methods and, where relevant, associated technologies (such as carbon capture and sequestration). Lastly, regional differences are likely to play a role in determining the topics and communication strategy that would best address potential concerns of residents. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1283-1298 Issue: 11 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2287999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2287999 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:11:p:1283-1298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2270605_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Zhuling Liu Author-X-Name-First: Zhuling Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Janet Z. Yang Author-X-Name-First: Janet Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Information seeking and information avoidance about per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination: knowledge, personal control, or affect? Abstract: Applying the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model, this study explores the antecedents to information seeking and information avoidance about a relatively novel risk – per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination. Based on an experimental survey, we found that current knowledge, informational subjective norms, and risk perception are positively related to information seeking and information avoidance. Perceived personal control is positively related to information avoidance, but not related to information seeking. Fear is positively related to information seeking, but sadness is not related to either seeking or avoidance. Lastly, information seeking and information avoidance are associated with preventive behaviors related to PFAS contamination in the opposite direction. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1227-1243 Issue: 11 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2270605 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2270605 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:11:p:1227-1243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2270663_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Torgeir Kolstø Haavik Author-X-Name-First: Torgeir Kolstø Author-X-Name-Last: Haavik Author-Name: Trond Kongsvik Author-X-Name-First: Trond Author-X-Name-Last: Kongsvik Author-Name: Marius Vigen Author-X-Name-First: Marius Author-X-Name-Last: Vigen Title: Risk in transit: a case study of the introduction of a new risk definition for risk management in the Norwegian petroleum industry Abstract: In 2015, a new risk definition was presented by the Norwegian Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA-N) as a petroleum regulation update and ‘rolled out’ in the PSA-N organisation and the oil and gas industry as a regulatory guideline, changing the definition of risk from ‘the combination of probabilities and consequences’ to ‘the consequences of an activity, with associated uncertainties’. This article reports on research that explores the industrial effects of this change. We have conducted qualitative interviews with both operator employees and consultants, and we have undertaken a qualitative cross-sectional analysis, where we explored how the implementation of the new risk definition is experienced by different actors in the industry. The analysis draws on translation perspectives from institutional theory and focuses on the developments of theory and practice influenced by the interaction between the industry and consultancies, academia and the regulator. We find that the new risk definition has had some practical influence on risk management, particularly exemplified through a generally raised awareness about uncertainty, in addition to some direct effects on risk analysis tools. The study also demonstrates pros et cons with a functional regulatory regime. On one hand it gives the companies significant leeway for them to tailor their treatment and evaluation of uncertainty to the context. On the other hand, with different understandings of uncertainty among the companies, it is more challenging for the regulator to perform audits in a structured manner. Furthermore, the study sheds light on different power aspects that are at play, influencing the interplay between standardised definitions, legislative instruments, practice, experience, and expertise. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1244-1262 Issue: 11 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 11 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2270663 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2270663 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:11:p:1244-1262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288002_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Yinghan Liang Author-X-Name-First: Yinghan Author-X-Name-Last: Liang Author-Name: Ben Ma Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Ma Author-Name: Ziyao Wang Author-X-Name-First: Ziyao Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Qi Bian Author-X-Name-First: Qi Author-X-Name-Last: Bian Title: Exploring public acceptance of nuclear waste in Taiwan, China: investigating the impact of perceived risks and benefits of nuclear energy Abstract: Nuclear energy has become a complicated and controversial issue. The public perception of controversial issues in general has an influential role in this policy debate. With representative data (N = 1,933) from Taiwan, China, this study explores the factors that influence public acceptance of nuclear waste facilities and suggests a moderating mediation model of their acceptance. This study finds that public acceptance of nuclear waste facilities is typically a psychological perception issue, rather than a political one which is quite different from public acceptance of nuclear energy. In addition, this study finds that perceived environmental justice is a significant variable in the relationship between risk perception of nuclear waste and public acceptance of nuclear waste facilities. Further, this study also summarizes a moderated mediation model of the public’s acceptance of nuclear waste facilities and reveals the risk perception of nuclear energy weakens, while the benefit perception of nuclear energy strengthens the relationship between the risk perception of nuclear waste facilities and public acceptance of nuclear waste facilities. Furthermore, a substitutional relationship between the risk perception of nuclear energy and the risk perception of nuclear waste facilities was identified. Policy implications based on the empirical results are also discussed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1314-1330 Issue: 12 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:12:p:1314-1330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288000_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Lars Erik Kjekshus Author-X-Name-First: Lars Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Kjekshus Title: Competing institutional logics in hospital management during the COVID-19 pandemic – lessons for the future Abstract: Hospitals had to adapt quickly when the COVID-19 pandemic broke out in January 2020. This article analyses the organisation of the crisis management efforts of Oslo University Hospital (OUH). The analysis is based on theories that organising is a process of sensemaking, especially in the face of unexpected events. Crises stress test organisations and can highlight important decision patterns and otherwise hidden underlying logics. Theories of emergency and crisis management distinguish between anticipation and resilience. In the analyses of the OUH case, two different emergency logics, planned and ad hoc was identified. The different logics create tension in priorities and the choice of problems and solutions during the pandemic. The analysis was based on 19 in-depth interviews that took place in three clinics at OUH between December 2020 and November 2021, as well as internal audits and documents from OUH and published works. The analysis of OUH show that the resilient, ad hoc emergency logic was mostly present in the first phase of the pandemic and allowed flexibility and fast centralised decision-making. This process-based organising is particularly suitable to tackle crises but face difficulties in normal operations. To learn from past crisis management experiences and develop robust hospitals for the future, a greater awareness of the relationship between different emergency logics and sensemaking in crises is needed. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1299-1313 Issue: 12 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288000 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288000 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:12:p:1299-1313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288010_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Benjamin Hofbauer Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin Author-X-Name-Last: Hofbauer Title: Systemic risks and solar climate engineering research. Integrating technology ethics into the governance of systemic risks Abstract: The paper explores how the framework of systemic risks can help govern the risks imposed through solar climate engineering research. The central argument is that a systemic perspective of risk is a useful tool for analysing and assessing the risks imposed through Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) research. SAI is a form of climate engineering that could cool the planet by enhancing its albedo through the injection of aerosols into the stratosphere. Researching such a technology creates systemic risks with a strong sociotechnical component. This component consists of the potential societal harm that a developing or new technology might cause to existing norms, values, institutions, and politics. The systemic risk framework is a valuable heuristic for this case, given the complex interdependencies of societal systems, infrastructures, markets, etc. At the same time, the systemic risk framework can be enhanced through the inclusion of a more robust and reflected ethical considerations on technological risks. Consequently, this article seeks to supplement the systemic risk governance framework with insights from technology ethics. Specifically, the paper offers an ethically reflective conception of societal value dynamism and stakeholder engagement and participation, tying it to existing systemic risk governance approaches. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1383-1395 Issue: 12 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:12:p:1383-1395 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288011_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Terje Aven Author-X-Name-First: Terje Author-X-Name-Last: Aven Title: When to dismiss an alternative hypothesis or theory? A risk and uncertainty perspective Abstract: In society, there is often an ‘official view’ – a mainstream account – and alternatives to this view are seen as representing a disturbance and hampering this view’s policy implementation. There is often considerable pressure to dismiss these alternatives. Reference to conspiracy theories is commonly used to ensure such dismissal. This paper discusses the issue of when an alternative hypothesis or theory can and should be dismissed. New insights are provided by taking a risk and uncertainty science perspective. This perspective clarifies the understanding of and relationships between fundamental concepts relevant to this discussion, such as plausibility, knowledge, uncertainty and probability (likelihood), and what are proper measurements and characterizations of these concepts. A set of criteria is developed to be used as a checklist for what aspects to consider when evaluating such alternatives. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1396-1407 Issue: 12 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:12:p:1396-1407 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288004_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Anita Kovačič Čelofiga Author-X-Name-First: Anita Author-X-Name-Last: Kovačič Čelofiga Author-Name: Tina Tomažič Author-X-Name-First: Tina Author-X-Name-Last: Tomažič Title: Risk communication and Covid-19 through the lens of anonymous sources Abstract: The extent of the Covid-19 pandemic and the health, social and economic crisis it caused, brought additional burden to journalists, but also new power. At a time when the pandemic dominated the media space, the media assumed a key role in explaining, interpreting and offering help in understanding the pandemic to the public. Reporting on the pandemic brought many challenges for journalists, as they had to adapt their activities in accordance with the new reality. When communicating about risks and reporting on sensitive topics that have a great social impact, to which the pandemic and Covid-19 undoubtedly belong, it is even more important that media reporting is based on ethical and professional standards, to be responsible and transparent. Especially in risk communication, in times of crisis, reliable and verified information must be provided to the public. In the study, we were interested in the research of the reliance of journalists on anonymous sources in reporting on the pandemic. The paper’s aim is was analyze the frequency of use of anonymous information according to different topics, type and tone of information, to see if anonymous media sources’ use varied in times of a pandemic. Articles about Covid-19 contained more primary information, but less secondary and tertiary anonymous information. In Covid-19 articles more anonymous information with neutral sentiment was presented, but, at the same time, there was less information with negative sentiment and no information with positive sentiment. Particularly worrying was a low share of articles with included clarification on granting anonymity, on the other hand, there were significantly more verified sources of anonymous information with Covid-19 articles. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1353-1369 Issue: 12 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:12:p:1353-1369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288014_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Xinxia Dong Author-X-Name-First: Xinxia Author-X-Name-Last: Dong Author-Name: Janet Z. Yang Author-X-Name-First: Janet Z. Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Title: Insufficiency and capacity: seeking and processing of risk information about PFAS Abstract: According to the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model, greater information insufficiency leads to more active information seeking and systematic processing, and these relationships are moderated by perceived information gathering capacity. These moderation effects, however, have only been documented in a few studies. We employ an experimental design to examine these relationships. The research context is per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination, an emerging environmental health risk. Based on data collected from 538 U.S. adults, we found that information insufficiency interacted with perceived information gathering capacity to influence systematic processing and information seeking intention. These results suggest that it is important to reduce the entry barrier of risk communication materials related to PFAS by simplifying the language used to explain this topic, as well as to highlight the relevance of PFAS contamination to people’s everyday life. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1408-1421 Issue: 12 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:12:p:1408-1421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288003_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Michelle SH Lim Author-X-Name-First: Michelle SH Author-X-Name-Last: Lim Author-Name: Yang Miang Goh Author-X-Name-First: Yang Miang Author-X-Name-Last: Goh Title: Development and validation of the Design-for-Safety (DfS) climate measurement tool Abstract: Design-for-Safety (DfS) is a promising intervention to address safety and health risks in construction. At the same time, past research on construction safety and health consistently emphasized the importance of measuring safety climate in ensuring good safety performance. However, existing construction safety climate measurement tools are focused on measuring construction workers’ perception of safety management within their projects or organizations. Therefore, existing construction safety climate construct and measurement tools cannot be directly applied in the DfS context, which is focused on the upstream project team comprising designers and developers. Thus, the DfS climate construct and a corresponding measurement instrument were created. DfS climate is defined as project team members’ shared perceptions of the DfS policies, practices, and procedures that arise from the behaviours they observe getting rewarded, supported, and expected. With a sample of 242 responses, the questionnaire was subjected to exploratory factor analysis. The instrument consisted of 19 questions. These questions were split into five dimensions: participation of leader, member cooperation, member participation, project resources, and expectations for stakeholder representation. The study found that DfS climate was linked to outcome variables such as whether design changes arising from DfS review would be incorporated into the design. The research makes an academic contribution by creating the concept of DfS climate, accounting for the cognitive aspect of performing DfS. In addition, practical contributions are made as organizations can measure the DfS climate for their projects and find areas to improve. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1331-1352 Issue: 12 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:12:p:1331-1352 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288016_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Don C. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Don C. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Gino Howard Author-X-Name-First: Gino Author-X-Name-Last: Howard Author-Name: Russell A. Matthews Author-X-Name-First: Russell A. Author-X-Name-Last: Matthews Author-Name: Tyler Cowley Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: Cowley Title: Eliciting risk preferences: is a single item enough? Abstract: Economists and psychologists frequently use single-item measures of risk preferences despite potential limitations in reliability and criterion validity compared to their multi-item counterparts. This can be particularly problematic when individual differences in risk preferences are used to predict real-world economic, health, and financial outcomes. In this paper, we compare a popular single-item measure of risk preference, the General Risk Question (GRQ), to multi-item measures of domain-general and specific risk preference measures. In a two-wave survey study of 434 adults, we found that the GRQ had good psychometric reliability and converged with other multi-item measures of risk preferences. The GRQ also exhibited a similar pattern of associations with other personality and demographic variables as compared to multi-item measures. However, the predictive validity of the GRQ was lower than multi-item measures for most of the outcomes examined. The GRQ also explained less incremental variance for real-world outcomes over the Big Five personality traits than the multi-item counterparts. Although the GRQ is a construct-valid measure of risk preferences, researchers should nonetheless consider the trade-off between survey efficiency and predictive efficacy when deciding whether a single item is enough. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1422-1438 Issue: 12 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288016 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:12:p:1422-1438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288006_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Erika A. Waters Author-X-Name-First: Erika A. Author-X-Name-Last: Waters Author-Name: Gabrielle Pogge Author-X-Name-First: Gabrielle Author-X-Name-Last: Pogge Author-Name: Heather Orom Author-X-Name-First: Heather Author-X-Name-Last: Orom Author-Name: Marc T. Kiviniemi Author-X-Name-First: Marc T. Author-X-Name-Last: Kiviniemi Author-Name: Jennifer L. Hay Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer L. Author-X-Name-Last: Hay Author-Name: Malwina Lewicka Author-X-Name-First: Malwina Author-X-Name-Last: Lewicka Author-Name: Natasha C. Allard Author-X-Name-First: Natasha C. Author-X-Name-Last: Allard Author-Name: Gregory D. Webster Author-X-Name-First: Gregory D. Author-X-Name-Last: Webster Author-Name: James A. Shepperd Author-X-Name-First: James A. Author-X-Name-Last: Shepperd Title: I don’t know my child’s asthma risk: evidence against satisficing as an explanation for ‘don’t know’ responses Abstract: Several studies suggest that ‘don’t know’ (DK) responses to risk perception items may represent meaningful expressions of uncertainty about disease risk. However, researchers are often discouraged from including a DK response option in survey items due to concerns about respondents overusing it to minimize cognitive effort—a phenomenon often referred to as satisficing. Our objective was to investigate whether patterns of DK responses to risk perception survey items were consistent with satisficing behavior. We conducted a secondary analysis of survey data from 814 parents and guardians (hereafter caregivers) of children with asthma. Caregivers answered 18 items assessing their perceived risk of their child experiencing two types of poor asthma outcomes: asthma exacerbation, and low asthma control. We examined differences in the frequency and distribution of DK responses across all 18 items and by type of risk perception item (i.e. 2 vs. 5 response options, absolute vs. comparative risk). We found that 32% (n = 548) of respondents marked DK at least once. Of the 266 caregivers who provided any DK response, most did so for only 1 or 2 items (51.9%, n = 138), and only 6% (n = 15) answered DK to more than half of the items. Using random coefficient Poisson models, we found more DK responding for dichotomous absolute (30.1%) than ordinal absolute items (5.3%), b = 1.72, p<.001. We also found fewer DK responses to the ordinal absolute items than the comparative items (8.2%), b=-0.49, p<.001. Using Chi-square tests, we found that inattentive responding was not associated with responding DK. Our findings suggest that satisficing is unlikely to completely explain DK responding to perceived risk survey items. Researchers who exclude DK response options from risk perception survey items may obtain an incomplete understanding of their study sample’s beliefs about risk. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1370-1382 Issue: 12 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:26:y:2023:i:12:p:1370-1382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288023_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Mousa Pazhuhan Author-X-Name-First: Mousa Author-X-Name-Last: Pazhuhan Author-Name: Melika Amirzadeh Author-X-Name-First: Melika Author-X-Name-Last: Amirzadeh Title: Community flood resilience assessment of Saadi neighborhood, Shiraz, Iran Abstract: Flash floods have recently become a recurrent phenomenon with devastating impacts on different cities, particularly vulnerable communities in Iran. Community resilience is a relatively recent approach to resilience, increasingly used in the natural hazards and climate change literature. This study aims to assess the community resilience of a flood-prone district, the Saadi neighborhood, in Shiraz, Iran. Based on an extensive literature review, an indicator-based framework was outlined to measure community resilience to flash floods using five dimensions: social, community capital, economic, institutional, and infrastructural and housing resilience. The primary data on community flood resilience assessment was collected through a survey using questionnaires. Using simple random sampling, 374 individuals from the residents of the study area were selected. The data were ranked and analyzed through qualification methods, descriptive statistics and expert panel weighting system. The overall composite community resilience and the community resilience indices’ scores were .56 out of 1 for the selected community, indicating a moderate level of resilience. The findings showed that institutional and infrastructure/housing conditions had a limited impact on community resilience. However, social trust and community capital were crucial for aiding the community’s rapid recovery from a flood disaster and preparing for future floods. Policymakers and resilience planners, thus, should focus on the lessons that can be learnt from the past floods, particularly in terms of infrastructure and institutional resilience, as these have a significant impact on the overall resilience of local communities. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 21-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:21-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2288012_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Gisela Böhm Author-X-Name-First: Gisela Author-X-Name-Last: Böhm Author-Name: Hans-Rüdiger Pfister Author-X-Name-First: Hans-Rüdiger Author-X-Name-Last: Pfister Author-Name: Vanessa Ayres-Pereira Author-X-Name-First: Vanessa Author-X-Name-Last: Ayres-Pereira Author-Name: Ingvar Tjøstheim Author-X-Name-First: Ingvar Author-X-Name-Last: Tjøstheim Title: E-privacy concerns: a facet theoretical approach Abstract: Although the ubiquitous use of smartphones and social media poses serious risks to the privacy of users, research is sparse regarding how users perceive these risks. We present a study investigating the perception of e-privacy risks, assuming that risk perception depends on context and situation, and employing a facet theory approach to define and analyze privacy risk perceptions. Specifically, we define three facets that characterize situations involving an e-privacy risk: Facet A refers to the type of data disclosed, distinguishing three types: a person’s identity information, information about health, and information about private activities. Facet B refers to the type of actor misusing the information, distinguishing between commercial organizations, public authorities, social networks, and criminal actors. Facet C distinguishes three kinds of harm that might be experienced as a consequence: financial loss, physical harm, and negative psycho-social experiences. Questionnaire items were constructed by creating fictitious but realistic scenarios, each representing a combination of one element from each facet, yielding 36 (3 × 4 × 3) scenarios. For each scenario, respondents rated the likelihood and the negativity of experiencing that scenario. Following the facet theoretical paradigm, item intercorrelations were analyzed via ordinal multidimensional scaling. Results from a representative survey among 500 adult Norwegians yield a distinct partitioning with respect to Facets A and B, called a radex configuration. Facet B (actors) shows an angular partition. Facet C (type of harm) yields a contrast of financial versus psycho-social harm. In sum, we conclude that our three-faceted definition provides a satisfying first approximation to people’s perception of privacy risks on the Internet while remaining open for extensions with additional facets. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 1-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2288012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:1-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2299829_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Joanna Burger Author-X-Name-First: Joanna Author-X-Name-Last: Burger Title: Sliding scales for assessing and communicating human and ecological risks and complexities for restoration, remediation crises, and decisions Abstract: Many lands were degraded or destroyed by human activities, including contamination from industry and military facilities. The United States and other industrialized counties have legacy wastes remaining from the Second World War, the Cold War, and industrialization. There is increasing need to return degraded land to suitable future land uses, including ecological parks and preserves. This paper proposes a conceptual model of the different levels of information needed to understand the risk to human health, the environment, and ecological resources. I propose a four-part approach: (1) general model for assessing ecological resources, (2) model for assessment needed for remediation or restoration projects, (3) a sliding scale, conceptual model for causes, events, and sources that lead to exposure and risk, and (4) an additional step that includes environmental justice (equity, diversity, and inclusion) as a necessary consideration of traditional exposure assessment. While the factors involved in ecological risk assessment are well established, the combination of human health, ecological health, and environmental justice determining risk for remediation or restoration projects is not. Major factors useful for human health, environmental, and ecological evaluation include causes, events (earthquakes, accidents, chemical releases), sources, exposure, and informational challenges, as well as barriers to exposure. I propose that exposure through an environmental justice (diversity, equity, and inclusion) lens should be a key component of risk assessment. Each of these factors involves a sliding scale or continuum that must be considered in evaluating risk and communicating with the regulators, resource trustees, land managers and the public. The conceptual model also serves as a template for obtaining information about the environment that will be useful for communicating the importance of different risk factors. The model was developed for consideration of remediation on Department of Energy lands, it can be applied more broadly to other projects. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 108-123 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2299829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2299829 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:108-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2311410_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Hye-Jin Paek Author-X-Name-First: Hye-Jin Author-X-Name-Last: Paek Author-Name: Thomas Hove Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Hove Title: Message framing and trust as moderated mediating mechanisms for effective government response to uncertain risk messages Abstract: This study explores moderating and mediating mechanisms that determine the effectiveness of government responses to media messages about a risk. Focusing on the risk of radiation-contaminated water originating from Japan, it investigates how uncertainty, gain and loss frames, and trust affect the risk communication process. A survey experiment tested the extent to which media messages about a risk in conjunction with government responses to those messages would either amplify or dampen an unwarranted reaction to the risk (in this case, the intention to refrain from consuming seafood). The experiment was conducted among 982 adult residents of South Korea and consisted of a 2 message uncertainty (mentioned vs. not mentioned) × 2 government response frame (gain vs. loss) between-subjects design with conditions randomly assigned. Our conditional process model (Model 12 using PROCESS macro) yielded three main findings. First, neither the uncertainty of the message nor the type of government response frame had significant direct or interaction effects on unwarranted behavioral intention (UBI). Second, among those with a high level of basic trust in government (BTG), government messages with a gain frame generated a higher level of trust in the government’s response (TGR). Third, a gain-framed government response also generated a lower level of UBI via TGR, but only among those with a high level of BTG. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 124-137 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2024.2311410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2024.2311410 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:124-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2293039_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: A. L. F. De Lorena Author-X-Name-First: A. L. F. Author-X-Name-Last: De Lorena Author-Name: A. P. C. S. Costa Author-X-Name-First: A. P. C. S. Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Title: PRisk-MM: a public sector risk management maturity model for Brazilian public organisations Abstract: This article proposes a risk management maturity model focused on the public sector and developed for Brazilian public organisations, the PRisk-MM. The PRisk-MM contains 5 levels of maturity and 23 maturity attributes related to 15 dimensions. The model was elaborated following the scientific rigour found in the literature on maturity models, being divided into 2 main phases: the development of the model and its validation in 5 public organisations of 2 state governments. The development of the PRisk-MM is based on a previous study conducted by De Lorena and Costa, who proposed a reference model with attributes and key contingent factors for public organisations using data collected in the federal and state governments of Brazil. The assessment procedure of the model uses triangular fuzzy numbers to better treat the subjectivity and ambiguity of human judgement when analysing maturity dimensions and their attributes. Moreover, the PRisk-MM is adaptive to governments’ contexts and, once applied, presents prescriptions on what organisations must do to develop their risk management implementation. Since the Prisk-MM demonstrates practical implications as a government tool, policymakers are expected to use it to assess the public organisations’ status of maturity and compare their performance in implementing RM. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 46-62 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2293039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2293039 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:46-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2293043_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Matteo Curcuruto Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Curcuruto Author-Name: Michelle Renecle Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Renecle Author-Name: Francisco Gracia Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Author-X-Name-Last: Gracia Author-Name: James I. Morgan Author-X-Name-First: James I. Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Author-Name: Ines Tomas Author-X-Name-First: Ines Author-X-Name-Last: Tomas Title: Improving workplace safety through mindful organizing: participative safety self-efficacy as a mediational link between collective mindfulness and employees’ safety citizenship Abstract: Mindful organizing is a team-level capability that allows teams in high-risk environments to anticipate when something can potentially go wrong and adapt their operations just in time to protect the organizational system from negative consequences. This study aimed to extend our understanding of how mindful organizing affects employees’ propensity to engage in a broad range of safety citizenship behaviours through the mediation of participative safety self-efficacy. Participative safety self-efficacy is a psychological state that enables individuals to have confidence in their capability to engage in constructive behaviours that go beyond the formal requirements of their job description. A multilevel mediation model was tested using data collected from a large sample of chemical workers (N = 443) operating in fifty work teams. The findings showed that mindful organizing on a team level fosters both individual safety citizenship (helping; voice; initiative) and prescribed safety compliance through enhancing individual participative self-efficacy. This mediation relationship is significantly stronger for safety citizenship than for safety compliance. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 85-107 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2293043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2293043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:85-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2293040_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Yolanda C. Lin Author-X-Name-First: Yolanda C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Author-Name: Asa B. Stone Author-X-Name-First: Asa B. Author-X-Name-Last: Stone Author-Name: Gareth Byatt Author-X-Name-First: Gareth Author-X-Name-Last: Byatt Author-Name: Lindsey Rotche Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey Author-X-Name-Last: Rotche Title: How is counterfactual thinking integrated in organizational risk and resilience practices? Abstract: Managing risk from natural hazards and other types of critical risks is fundamental to the viability, sustainability, and resilience of organizations of all types and sizes. It is, crucially, an important part of demonstrating their purpose and commitment to society and the broader environment, which incorporates what they do to help tackle climate change. Counterfactual thought is the process of reimagining the past, for example, for a particular event that has occurred, as being different than what actually transpired. In this study, we investigate how this process and mindset of counterfactual thinking can have specific value in helping people in organizations to have a more robust way of analyzing and managing risk. The role and potential impact of counterfactual-based practices on risk mitigation and management, and an increased focus on purposeful resilience in a business context, has not previously been widely studied. We have conducted 10 semi-structured interviews with people in senior positions in various organizations, global contexts, scales, covering a range of industries and sectors including construction and property, engineering, mining, nonprofit, and consulting. Through these interviews we identify: (1) existing challenges of current risk management systems; (2) types of risks of concern in the organizations interviewed; (3) the current and potential use of counterfactual practices in these organizations; and (4) the perceived value of counterfactual practices within the business setting for risk mitigation and resilience. We share best practices that emerged from the study, especially the role of leadership, diversity, and inclusion as a necessary foundation for successful implementation of counterfactual risk practices. The findings from this project can be used to inform businesses interested in adopting emerging downward counterfactual risk and resilience practices to improve their preparedness to manage critical and evolving risks. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 63-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2023.2293040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2023.2293040 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:63-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2315997_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Francisca N. Santana Author-X-Name-First: Francisca N. Author-X-Name-Last: Santana Author-Name: Natalie Herbert Author-X-Name-First: Natalie Author-X-Name-Last: Herbert Author-Name: Gabrielle Wong-Parodi Author-X-Name-First: Gabrielle Author-X-Name-Last: Wong-Parodi Title: Descriptive social norms, social support, and behavioral response to climate-related and co-occurring health hazards Abstract: Climate-related health hazards pose grave risks to human health and well-being. Individual-level behavioral response is critical given increasingly severe climate-related health hazards, such as wildfire smoke, co-occurring with other health hazards, such as COVID-19. Existing models of behavior traditionally focus on the role of threat and efficacy appraisals; however, social factors, such as social norms and social support, are also of interest to scholars and policymakers. We examine how threat and efficacy appraisal, along with descriptive social norms and social support, are related to behavioral intentions in response to wildfire smoke and COVID-19. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample (n = 502), when wildfire smoke and COVID-19 were active health threats – we found threat and efficacy appraisal were positively associated with behavioral intentions. We also found that descriptive social norms were correlated with intended response, and cognitive appraisals may mediate the effect of such norms on behavioral intentions. Social support negatively moderated the relationship between response efficacy and threat appraisal, respectively, on behavioral intentions; however, we found no evidence of social support moderating the relationship between self-efficacy and behavioral intentions. Thus social factors should be considered with cognitive appraisals when examining factors motivating behavioral response to climate-related health hazards. Behavioral interventions and public health communications leveraging descriptive social norms may promote adaptation to various threat types, directly and through perceptions of threat and efficacy. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 138-165 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2024.2315997 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2024.2315997 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:138-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2328194_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Jiale Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Jiale Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Farzana Quoquab Author-X-Name-First: Farzana Author-X-Name-Last: Quoquab Author-Name: Jihad Mohammad Author-X-Name-First: Jihad Author-X-Name-Last: Mohammad Title: The pro-environmental travel behaviour intention in the post-pandemic era: the role of risk communication, risk perception and environmental concerns Abstract: Using the attribution theory, this study develops model of pro-environmental behaviour intention (PETBI) in post-pandemic era. Particularly, this study aims to examine the relation between environmental concerns, risk communication, risk perception of the COVID-19 pandemic, and individuals’ PETBI in the tourism industry. An online survey was carried out, which yielded 272 valid responses. PLS-SEM was employed to analyse the data and examine the strength of the relationships between variables. The findings revealed that risk communication of COVID-19, positively impact cognitive and affective risk perception and environmental concern exert significant positive effects on PETBI. Additionally, affective risk perception significantly affects environmental concern. In addition, environmental concern mediates the relationship between affective risk perception and PETBI. Contrary to the expectation, cognitive risk perception does not exert an effect on environmental concern. This study provides significant research insights for the tourism industry and local governments, on the whole, to develop proper mechanisms in addressing risk communication and perception of COVID-19 to enhance PETB in the post-pandemic era. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 274-294 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2024.2328194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2024.2328194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:274-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2315989_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Nírvia Ravena Author-X-Name-First: Nírvia Author-X-Name-Last: Ravena Author-Name: Norbert Fenzl Author-X-Name-First: Norbert Author-X-Name-Last: Fenzl Author-Name: Rômulo Magalhães de Souza Author-X-Name-First: Rômulo Author-X-Name-Last: Magalhães de Souza Author-Name: Voyner Ravena Cañete Author-X-Name-First: Voyner Author-X-Name-Last: Ravena Cañete Author-Name: Roberto Célio Limão de Oliveira Author-X-Name-First: Roberto Célio Limão Author-X-Name-Last: de Oliveira Author-Name: Cleyton Alves Candeira Pimentel Author-X-Name-First: Cleyton Alves Author-X-Name-Last: Candeira Pimentel Title: Assessing climate change scenarios in the Amazon Basin: a risk governance model Abstract: The impacts of climate change are becoming more severe and can only be addressed through governance that spans from local to global levels. To enhance adaptation and response strategies, we need to integrate the knowledge of local communities and improve institutional and state capacity. In the Amazon Basin, current plans for adaptation and response only consider a global perspective, without any input from local communities. By including the region-specific knowledge of these communities, we can better identify the risks related to climate change. The research aimed to answer the question of how to integrate these specificities in an operational risk governance model. We developed an operational risk governance model for Amazon (R-GOMAM) that explores cross-scale interplay and risk identification related to climate change. It provides a comprehensive perspective of risk governance across different scales. A combination of methods was used to integrate the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of data collection and analysis. Additionally, we applied fuzzy logic, to synthesize the cross-scale interplay model. The model was able to account for all dimensions of the Amazon Basin countries, including dryland agriculture, floodplain agriculture, vegetable extraction, fishing, animal breeding, water quality, and household infrastructure. It considered the complexity and uncertainty of risk governance, identified hazard scenarios, and determined the level of risk in the region. Our evaluation of institutional and state capacity in the Purus River Basin revealed insufficient regulations and institutional mechanisms to address climate change risks. Our model identifies different scenarios of hazards and determines the degree of risk in the Amazon Basin countries. Prior models for Brazilian regions overlooked local differences in institutional and state capacities. Our study fills this gap, serving as a supplement for assessing climate change effects in not just Amazonia but other regions as well. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 167-184 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2024.2315989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2024.2315989 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:167-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2317317_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Lisbet Fjaeran Author-X-Name-First: Lisbet Author-X-Name-Last: Fjaeran Author-Name: Kenneth Pettersen Gould Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Pettersen Author-X-Name-Last: Gould Author-Name: Rob Goble Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Goble Title: Before amplification: the role of experts in the dynamics of the social attenuation and amplification of risk Abstract: In this article, we use system/network theory together with the social amplification of risk framework (SARF) to show how expert actors over time and across multiple events can contribute to social risk amplification and attenuation. The framework and the theory, in particular the concepts of risk emplacement and displacement, are employed in the analysis of an illustrative case related to the use of the feed additive, narasin, and provide explanations of how risks are part of continuously ongoing and dynamic social processes. By emphasizing the role of experts in such developments, connecting what happens in expert communities with the processing of risks and effects on the outside, the analysis shows the larger context within which social risk attenuation and amplification happen. Showing the value of integrating different theories and perspectives, this article lays the foundations for further studies of risk amplification and attenuation dynamics. Based on the results of the analysis, we indicate opportunities to update and further develop the SARF. We also present some implications for public policy and risk management practices including addressing the positive contributions of risk amplification and how this relates to adaptive risk management approaches. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 219-237 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2024.2317317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2024.2317317 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:219-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2328196_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Zhaojun Yang Author-X-Name-First: Zhaojun Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Mengdi Wu Author-X-Name-First: Mengdi Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Jun Sun Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Sun Author-Name: Yali Zhang Author-X-Name-First: Yali Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Aligning redundancy and flexibility for supply chain resilience: a literature synthesis Abstract: Redundancy and flexibility are important key drivers for achieving supply chain resilience. However, there is a lack of comparison between these two elements, and their effectiveness on supply chain resilience, as well as how their relationship affects it. To address these problems, this study synthesizes the literature on supply chain resilience, redundancy, and flexibility, and clarifies specific strategies for aligning redundancy and flexibility for supply chain resilience in practice. In particular, it identifies the dimensions of redundancy and flexibility, and delineates four supply chain statuses: vulnerable, robust, lean, and resilient. The understanding leads to a supply chain resilience management framework, which provides operational guidance for enterprises to evaluate supply chain vulnerability and improve operation status. Overall, the framework contributes to the literature with the roles that redundancy and flexibility play in achieving supply chain resilience in terms of their manifestations and interactions. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 313-335 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2024.2328196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2024.2328196 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:313-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2317319_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Esi E. Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Esi E. Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Title: Do knowledge, trust in source content, and magnitude of information influence COVID-19 risk perceptions? Comparing Ghanaian and US respondents Abstract: Diverse outcomes from the COVID-19 pandemic from different countries raise questions about how information related factors influence judgements about the risks of the outbreak. Adopting a comparative survey approach, this study investigates whether and how, knowledge, content trust, and content magnitude are associated with COVID-19 risk perception among respondents in Ghana and the United States (n = 736) during the first phase of the pandemic (April -June 2020). Using snowball and convenience sampling strategies, the online comparative cross-sectional survey found that US respondents had higher risk perceptions, but in both countries, risk perceptions were moderate to low. The study found that those who trusted traditional media content (television, radio, and printed materials) and received high volumes of information from these sources had higher risk perceptions. Hierarchical linear regression (stepwise) indicated that income is a positive predictor of risk perceptions in both US and Ghana. However, while all three knowledge variables influenced risk perceptions in the US, only transmission knowledge influenced risk perceptions in Ghana. While trust in content from radio lowered risk perceptions, trust in content from television and printed materials increased risk perceptions in Ghana. For the US, trust in the content of printed materials led to higher risk perception. High volumes of information from printed materials increased risk perceptions in Ghana but lowered risk perceptions in the US. For pandemics that require stay-at-home orders, legacy media such as television and printed materials should be considered and utilized for information dissemination in both countries. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 254-273 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2024.2317319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2024.2317319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:254-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2317318_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Shruti Acharya Author-X-Name-First: Shruti Author-X-Name-Last: Acharya Author-Name: Thomas Aechtner Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Aechtner Author-Name: Sunil Venaik Author-X-Name-First: Sunil Author-X-Name-Last: Venaik Author-Name: Sanjay Dhir Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay Author-X-Name-Last: Dhir Title: Bibliometric analysis of vaccine hesitancy research from behavioural perspectives (2015–2022) Abstract: Vaccine hesitancy has emerged as one of the top challenges to global health and has received increasing attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study is a descriptive bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on vaccine hesitancy from a behavioural perspective, covering publications from 2015 to 2022. The study used data retrieved from the Scopus database to examine bibliometric indicators, including publication trends, citation analysis and top-cited articles, the most impactful journals in which vaccine hesitancy articles appear, the most productive and influential countries from which research was produced, international collaborations between countries, leading authors, author collaboration networks and research themes. Predictably, the literature on vaccine hesitancy has increased significantly since 2020. The most impactful journals in which this research appeared are primarily linked to the academic fields of health and behavioural studies, social sciences, health psychology, and health communications. The majority of the extant vaccine hesitancy literature, research collaborations and its authors are associated with the United States and European nations. Furthermore, analysing the most frequently occurring terms in the titles and abstracts of the retrieved 352 articles yielded four research themes. These included analyses of individual predispositions towards vaccination encompassing attitudes, behaviour, risk perceptions, belief, fear, and intentions towards vaccines and vaccination. Other prominent themes included vaccine hesitancy in general and concerning COVID-19 vaccines specifically, child vaccination and interventions to increase vaccine uptake and implications of social media and information with respect to vaccine hesitancy. The findings indicate that research productivity around vaccine hesitancy was greatest in western and high-income countries, revealing the need to invest and conduct further research in low- and middle-income countries to understand its global nuances better. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 238-253 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2024.2317318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2024.2317318 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:238-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2315999_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Laura N. Rickard Author-X-Name-First: Laura N. Author-X-Name-Last: Rickard Author-Name: Mary Beth Deline Author-X-Name-First: Mary Beth Author-X-Name-Last: Deline Author-Name: Nathan Smith Author-X-Name-First: Nathan Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: The fish scales of justice: the influence of perceived justice on social license to operate for aquaculture development Abstract: Cultivating seafood in water environments, global aquaculture production is on the rise. As the sector grows, however, so too do challenges in securing the necessary social license to operate (SLO): ongoing approval from various stakeholders. Previous research in both risk communication and SLO suggests that perceived justice plays a foundational role in establishing legitimacy and subsequent public acceptance and approval. Yet, gaps in our understanding of both justice and SLO – as well as the relationships between these concepts – remain. In this study, we approach SLO as a stage model, applying a four-factor model of justice (including interpersonal, procedural, distributive, and informational justice) to examine whether – and if so, how – justice factors and their associated rules may be differently salient at SLO stages among stakeholders associated with siting land-based recirculating aquaculture facilities in three U.S. communities. Results of qualitative in-depth interviews with stakeholders at each site (n = 55) demonstrate how various justice rules are distinctly embedded in certain SLO stages, and that such rules may function as stage shift factors, moving communities toward granting or withholding social license for these projects. Theoretical and practical implications of this research are presented. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 185-218 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2024.2315999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2024.2315999 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:185-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RJRR_A_2328195_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Jens O. Zinn Author-X-Name-First: Jens O. Author-X-Name-Last: Zinn Author-Name: Manuel Schulz Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Schulz Title: Rationalization, enchantment, and subjectivation – lessons for risk communication from a New Phenomenology of everyday reasoning Abstract: The success of risk communication in democratic societies depends on a good understanding of people’s knowledge and ways of reasoning, which requires a broader perspective of ‘societal risk communication’. This includes all kinds of rationales how people and social institutions communicate, make sense of, and engage with risk and uncertainty to better understand the epistemological challenges for risk communication by experts and social decision-makers. For this purpose, we utilize insights from New Phenomenology and specify three rationales how people and social institutions engage with risk and uncertainty, following earlier work: ‘rational’ evidence-based modes of engaging with risk are accompanied by ‘non-rational’ (e.g. faith, hope) and ‘in-between’ modes (e.g. intuition, trust). In everyday life these idealtype modes rarely occur in pure but modified form. Therefore, we advance Zinn’s original work by introducing a dynamic model of decision-making under risk and uncertainty along the three types drawing on New Phenomenology. There are systematic differences in the embodied and the abstract forms of knowledge people refer to when making sense of risk and uncertainty while the abstract forms differ in their empirical saturation. The dynamized framework helps to understand institutional challenges as well as people’s sense-making, which show tendencies of ‘rationalization’, ‘enchantment’ and ‘subjectivation’. Journal: Journal of Risk Research Pages: 295-312 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 2 X-DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2024.2328195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/13669877.2024.2328195 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:jriskr:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:295-312